title: rNAPc2 inhibits colorectal cancer in mice through tissue factor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recombinant nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (rNAPc2) is a specific inhibitor of tissue factor (TF)/factor VIIa complex with novel antithrombotic activity. TF is highly expressed in human colorectal tumors, and levels are positively correlated with disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  To explore the therapeutic potential and mechanism of action of rNAPc2 during tumor growth and metastasis, we tested rNAPc2 in several experimental colorectal cancer models in mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of rNAPc2 inhibited pulmonary metastasis in mice systemically disseminated with CT26 murine colon carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Combining rNAPc2 with the cytotoxic agent 5-fluorouracil or bevacizumab (humanized anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody) resulted in additive growth inhibition and simultaneous reduction of microvessel density in HCT116 human colorectal tumor xenografts in nude mice. Furthermore, rNAPc2 potentiated CPT-11 in inhibiting hepatic metastasis in nude mice with portal vein injection of HCT116 tumor cells. Long-term administration of rNAPc2 significantly suppressed spontaneous formation of intestinal tumors in Apc(Min/+) mice. Using a RNA interference approach, we showed that TF expression is necessary for rNAPc2-mediated inhibition of HCT116 human colorectal tumor xenograft growth in nude mice, indicating that the antitumor effect of rNAPc2 may be transduced through TF that is expressed on tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  rNAPc2 is a potent anticancer agent when used in combination with chemotherapy or antiangiogenic therapy in mouse models of colorectal cancer, and TF positivity appears to be required for its activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Research, Nuvelo, Inc., San Carlos, California 94070, USA. jzhao@nuvelo.com
authors.forename: Jingsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Servando
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palencia
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015801:Helminth Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007414:Intestinal Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000556:secondary; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000502:physiology*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D015801:Helminth Proteins; C400226:anti-coagulant protein C2, Ancylostoma caninum; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D013925:Thromboplastin; D005472:Fluorouracil