Inhaled corticosteroids and asthma control in children: assessing impairment and risk.
OBJECTIVE
To review the use of inhaled corticosteroids on asthma control in children by using the new therapeutic paradigm outlined in the Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma.


METHODS
A systematic review of the literature was performed by using the Medline and Embase databases (January 1996 to October 2007).


RESULTS
A total of 18 placebo-controlled, clinical trials in >8000 children (aged 0-17 years) with asthma met the criteria for evaluating monotherapy with inhaled corticosteroids: 13 double-blind studies of inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo and 5 controlled studies that compared inhaled corticosteroids to a nonsteroid antiinflammatory agent. The findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Compared with placebo, inhaled corticosteroid treatment was associated with reductions in both the impairment and risk domains. (2) Improvements in impairment and risk observed with inhaled corticosteroids were generally greater than those observed with nonsteroid antiinflammatory comparator medications. (3) Inhaled corticosteroids were well tolerated. (4) Small reductions in growth rates were evident when compared with placebo and/or comparator nonsteroid antiinflammatory medication use in the long-term (>1-year) studies, but when measured, the reductions diminished with time.


CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with inhaled corticosteroids improves the asthma-control domains of impairment and risk in children. Differences in study protocols make detailed comparisons difficult. Specific needs for additional trials include (1) more studies using appropriate indicators for impairment (eg, rescue-medication use; symptoms scores; asthma/episode-free days) and risk (eg, forced expiratory volume in 1 second in children who can perform spirometry; exacerbations requiring oral corticosteroids; urgent care usage) and (2) more studies evaluating adolescents; the majority of the data reported were for children up to the age of 12 years, and data for adolescents are often lost (either grouped with adults [eg, studies in patients > or =12 years old] or not included [eg, studies of school-aged children < or =12 years old]). Attention should be given to standardizing variables that will permit comparison of outcomes between trials.
Rachelefsky
Gary
G
Executive Care Center for Asthma, Allergy, and Respiratory Diseases, Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. grachelefsky@mednet.ucla.edu
D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000367:Age Factors; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors
D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents