title: Acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection in early childhood: independent contributions of infected mothers, fathers, and siblings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infected siblings, mothers, and fathers have all been suggested to be major sources for Helicobacter pylori acquisition among children, but few studies have addressed the potential role of various family members simultaneously.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review was performed on studies investigating intrafamilial transmission of childhood H. pylori infection. Within the Ulm Birth Cohort Study, which consists of 1,066 healthy newborns, born between November 2000 and November 2001 and followed up to age 4, and their siblings and parents, the independent role of the infection status of parents and siblings in transmission of H. pylori among children at age 4 was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among four studies reporting infected mothers and siblings as independent risk factors for childhood H. pylori infection, odds ratios (ORs) for childhood infection given an infected sibling decreased meaningfully after adjustment for maternal infection status. Within the Ulm Birth Cohort Study, the prevalence of infection was 3.0% among index children at age 4. In bivariate analyses, maternal, paternal, and sibling infection were all strongly and significantly related to infection of the child. However, after multivariate adjustment, only maternal infection persisted as the single strong and significant risk factor (OR 13.0, 95% confidence interval 3.0-55.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These patterns suggest that mutual control for H. pylori status of other family members is crucial for estimating the role of mothers, fathers, and siblings in the transmission of childhood H. pylori infection. In populations with low H. pylori prevalence the infected mother is likely to be the main source for childhood H. pylori infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, The German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weyermann
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rothenbacher
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D001944:Breath Tests; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000635:transmission*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010290:Parents; D035781:Siblings