Review of the possible relationship and hypothetical links between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and the simple sleep related movement disorders, parasomnias, hypersomnias, and circadian rhythm disorders.
Recent evidence has been accumulating that the sleep of individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is not only disrupted in a nonspecific way but that ADHD has an increased association with simple sleep related movement disorders such as restless legs syndrome/periodic limb movements in sleep (RLS/PLMS), rhythmic movement disorder (body rocking and head banging), and parasomnias, such as disorders of partial arousal (sleep walking, sleep terrors, and confusional arousals). In addition increased associations have been reported between ADHD and hypersomnias such as narcolepsy and sleep apnea as well as circadian rhythm disorders, such as delayed sleep phase syndrome. These relationships are reviewed and the implications for such associations are explored. Patients with sleep disorders should be queried about the symptoms of ADHD and vice versa.
Walters
Arthur S
AS
New Jersey Neuroscience Institute at JFK Medical Center, Seton Hall University School of Graduate Medical Education, Edison, NJ, USA. Arthur.Walters@Vanderbilt.edu
Silvestri
Rosalia
R
Zucconi
Marco
M
Chandrashekariah
Ranju
R
Konofal
Eric
E
D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020447:Parasomnias / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020178:Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020919:Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology