title: Iontophoretically enhanced ciclopirox delivery into and across human nail plate.
abstract: Transungual delivery of antifungal drugs is hindered by the low permeability of human nail plates, and as such, repeated dosing over a long period of time is necessary for effective treatment. The objectives of this study were to explore the possibilities of (a) enhancing the delivery of ciclopirox (CIC) across human nail plates and (b) sustaining CIC delivery from the larger resultant drug depot in the nail plates with constant voltage iontophoresis. In vitro passive and 9 V cathodal iontophoretic transport experiments of CIC across human nails were performed. Transungual CIC delivery with Penlac was the control. The amounts of CIC released from and deposited in the nails were determined in drug release and extraction experiments, respectively. Iontophoresis increased the flux of CIC permeated across the nail approximately 10 times compared to passive delivery from the same formulation or from Penlac. A significant amount of CIC was loaded into and released from the nails; the CIC concentrations were estimated to be above the minimum inhibitory concentrations of CIC for dermatophytic molds. The apparent transport lag time decreased in iontophoretic transport. The results demonstrate that iontophoresis was able to deliver an effective amount of CIC into and across the nails, and this suggests the feasibility of a constant voltage battery-powered transungual iontophoretic device.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000077768:Ciclopirox; D004058:Diffusion; D015194:Diffusion Chambers, Culture; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009262:Nails / Q000378:metabolism*; D011728:Pyridones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011728:Pyridones; D000077768:Ciclopirox; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine