title: Tragic results of suboptimal gynecologic cancer operations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to analyze gynecological cancer patients who underwent suboptimal or failed surgeries with unsatisfactory and undesired results.
  
  
  METHODS
  During 1997-2007, 74 women were referred to our gynecological oncology service after suboptimal or failed surgeries for ovarian, cervix, endometrium and vulvar cancers. Medical records were evaluated retrospectively to determine the reasons of suboptimal surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimal cytoreduction was achieved in ten women (21.7%), 32 women (69.5%) had suboptimal surgical cytoreduction and four women (8.6%) had failed surgery, Seven patients were recurrences (3 had liver metastasis, 2 had pelvic metastasis, 2 had bladder metastasis); two patients died due to bladder metastasis, one patient died six days after surgery due to a pulmonary embolism in the suboptimal cytoreduction group, and one patient died due to ascites in the failed surgery group. Optimal surgery was achieved in three women (27.2%) and eight women (72.7%) had suboptimal surgery in the cervical cancer population. One patient had a recurrence with pelvic metastasis in the suboptimal group. Suboptimal surgery was achieved in one woman with vulvar cancer. Optimal surgery was achieved in seven women (43.7%) and nine women (56.2%) had suboptimal surgery in the endometrial cancer population. One patient died 11 days after surgery due to sepsis in the optimal surgery group. One patient died 21 months after primary surgery and the other patient had a recurrence with paraaortic lymph nodes, ascites and omental thickening in the suboptimal surgery group. The prognosis of 30 (65.2%) women in the ovarian cancer population, eight (72.7%) women in the cervical cancer group, 11 (68.7%) women in the endometrial cancer group, and one woman (100%) in the vulvar cancer population was unknown. The unknown cases of all genital cancers were missed during followup and we could not reach them using their phone or address information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If a gynecologist does not have enough experience or expertise about gynecological cancer operations, he or she must consider the possible harm that any surgical intervention might do, as the latin phrase "primum non nocere" means and should refer patients to a gynecological oncology center without performing any surgery. Optimal gynecologic surgery can only be carried out correctly when education becomes available throughout the world. Thus postgraduate fellowship programs should be considered urgently to extend the general gynecologists' surgical experience and expertise in developing and undeveloped countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dicle University School of Medicine Diyarbakir, Turkey.
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kuyumcuoğlu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kale
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000601:surgery*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008485:Medical Audit; D019300:Medical Errors; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D017211:Treatment Failure; D055815:Young Adult