title: An evaluation of practice pattern for venous thromboembolism prevention in Lebanese hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a major cause of death among hospitalized patients. Many VTE prophylaxis guidelines have been developed, including the American College of Chest Physicians (ACCP). VTE prophylaxis is required in specific patients; however, its practice is not always optimal, and often depends on the hospitals' protocols. In Lebanon, information about the appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis in health care centers is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the pattern of VTE prophylaxis application, including agents, doses, duration of treatment, and route of administration, in Lebanese health care centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Lebanese multi-center, prospective, chart review study was conducted over 4 months. Data on demographics, VTE prophylaxis medication, dose, route, duration, and associated risk factors were collected by pharmacy students. The appropriateness of VTE prophylaxis was determined as per ACCP guidelines. Patients receiving VTE treatment were excluded from the study. Institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained from each hospital center.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 840 patients were included. Both gender groups were equally represented in the sample and the mean age was 59 +/- 19.53 years. The majority (639/840, 76.1%) of the sample were at high risk for deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and inappropriate VTE prophylaxis was reported in 35% of the low-risk group, in 70% of the moderate-risk group, and in 39% of the high-risk group (P < 0.0001). Comparing proper VTE prophylaxis practice between intensive care unit (ICU) and non-ICU patients, there was no statistical difference observed in teaching hospitals (67.2% vs. 65.5%, P = 0.312). However, in non-teaching hospitals, appropriate VTE prophylaxis practice was more prevalent in ICU than non-ICU patients (65.9% vs. 51.2%, P = 0.004). The average duration of VTE prophylaxis was less than 10 days. Missing data was a major limitation for this study, where, for instance, the duration of prophylaxis could not be accurately abstracted in half of the sample. Another limitation was the absence of laboratory results needed for clinical assessment of the regimen used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reflected the importance of assessing VTE prophylaxis in Lebanese hospitals, thus, the need for implementing established guidelines to improve the overall patient safety.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice Department, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon. abeer.zeitoun@lau.edu.lb
authors.forename: Abeer A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zeitoun
authors.forename: Hani I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Dimassi
authors.forename: Dania Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: El Kary
authors.forename: Marwan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Akel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D011247:Pregnancy; D011249:Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular; D017064:Process Assessment, Health Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control*; D055815:Young Adult