title: An evaluation of the epidural catheter position by epidural nerve stimulation in conjunction with continuous epidural analgesia in adult surgical patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The epidural stimulation test to confirm epidural catheter position has been described as being simple, fast, and reliable. We evaluated the feasibility of the epidural stimulation test and its potential in contributing to effective postoperative continuous epidural analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty adult patients (ASA I-III) undergoing major abdominal surgery or thoracotomy were to receive continuous epidural analgesia at a thoracic level postoperatively. The epidural stimulation test was performed after catheter placement, after local anesthetic boluses, and during epidural analgesia, up to six times in each patient. Catheter positions were verified by epidurography (before start of epidural analgesia and again on the second postoperative day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several technical issues (e.g., need to flush catheter with saline in order to maintain adequate stimulation during >25% of all measurements) and interpretation problems (e.g., interference of respiratory activity [n = 6]) made the implementation of the epidural stimulation test rather time consuming, both at the time of catheter placement and during epidural analgesia. Immediately after catheter placement (before test dose) the epidural stimulation test did not identify four of four catheters positioned outside the spinal canal. In addition, the initial epidural stimulation test indicated a possible intrathecal or paravertebral placement in 3 of 25 catheters correctly positioned in the epidural space. During 107 of 122 (88%) measurements with the catheter tip situated epidurally and with preceding or simultaneous administration of epidural local anesthetic, the epidural stimulation test elicited a motor response. Continuous epidural analgesia provided adequate pain relief in all 25 patients having positive epidurography.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The epidural stimulation test was often associated with technical difficulties and interpretation problems. The role of the repeated use of the epidural stimulation test for quality assurance in patients undergoing postoperative continuous epidural analgesia remains undetermined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. johannes.forster@hus.f
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Förster
authors.forename: Tomi T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Niemi
authors.forename: Markku T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Salmenperä
authors.forename: Saana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ikonen
authors.forename: Per H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000601:surgery; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002404:Catheterization; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D011859:Radiography; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000779:Anesthetics, Local