title: Effectiveness of immediate preoperative injection of radiopharmaceutical and blue dye for sentinel node biopsy in patients with breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in breast cancer conventionally utilises a preoperative radioisotope injection and lymphoscintigraphy, which is time consuming and painful. The aim of this study was to evaluate a potentially more efficient and practical technique of immediate preoperative injection of blue dye and radiopharmaceutical by the surgeon (without involvement of a nuclear medicine department).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and sixty three clinically node negative patients with invasive breast cancer undergoing breast-conserving surgery were included. The radiopharmaceutical was delivered to the operating suite and injected by the surgeon in the subareolar region immediately after induction of anaesthesia. Sentinel node biopsy was performed in conjunction with removal of any palpable axillary lymph nodes (axillary node sampling).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sentinel nodes (SNs) were detected in 161 of 163 women. On average, 3.0 sentinel nodes were identified. Twenty nine patients had involved nodes of whom 28 had a positive sentinel node. Of the two patients with failed identification, one had involved axillary lymph nodes on sampling and the other had an involved intramammary lymph node.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This method produces results identical to those obtained with other techniques. This study shows that sentinel node biopsy can be performed safely without involvement of a nuclear medicine department with the added benefits of no preoperative injection and improved efficiency in the operating suite.
authors.affiliation: Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK. jmd@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radhakrishna
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kehoe
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Millar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: J St J
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008875:Middle Aged; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; D013668:Technetium Tc 99m Aggregated Albumin; C083602:technetium Tc 99m nanocolloid; C008769:sulfan blue