title: Selective use of intraoperative sentinel lymph node pathological evaluation in breast cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In breast cancer staging, the need for intraoperative sentinel lymph (SLN) evaluation is not well established. This study compares intraoperative use of touch preparation (TP), frozen section (FS), and factors that may influence the selective use of intraoperative SLN analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Breast cancer patients (1998-2007) undergoing SLN evaluation were retrospectively reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 205 SLN procedures, 157 cases underwent intraoperative evaluation, 43% (FS) and 57% (TP) with positive pathology in 21% and 20%, respectively. The false negative case rate was 16% for TP versus 12% for FS. Of T1, low-grade tumors, 9% were intraoperatively positive, versus 43% of T2-3, moderate- to high-grade tumors (P = .006). Additional positive axillary nodes were found in 43% of the higher risk patients versus 0% in the lower risk groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both TP and FS are accurate for intraoperative SLN evaluation and can be selectively applied to breast cancer staging in low- and high-risk groups.
authors.affiliation: University of Utah, Department of Surgery, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gawlick
authors.forename: Mary C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Mone
authors.forename: Heidi J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Rafe C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Connors
authors.forename: Edward W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy / Q000379:methods*