title: Evaluation of splicing efficiency in lymphoblastoid cell lines from patients with splicing-factor retinitis pigmentosa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is caused by mutations in a variety of genes, most of which have known functions in the retina. However, one of the most perplexing findings of recent retinal genetics research was the discovery of mutations causing dominant RP in four ubiquitously expressed splicing factors. The aim of this study was to use lymphoblast cell lines derived from RP patients to determine whether mutations in two of these splicing factors, PRPF8 and PRPF31, cause measurable deficiencies in pre-mRNA splicing.
  
  
  METHODS
  cDNA was prepared from lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from RP patients bearing mutations in the splicing factor genes and controls, grown under a variety of conditions. Introns representing the U2 and U12 intron classes, with both canonical and noncanonical donor and acceptor sequences, were analyzed by real-time PCR to measure the ratio of spliced versus unspliced transcripts for these introns. In addition, plasmids encoding the retinal outer segment membrane protein-1 (ROM-1; exon 1 to exon 2) gene, both in the wild-type form and with mutations introduced into the splice donor sites, were transfected into cell lines. The spliced versus unspliced cDNA ratios were measured by real-time RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Splicing of four canonical U2 introns in the actin beta (ACTB), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), PRPF8, and retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) genes was unaffected in PRPF8 mutant cells. However, the splicing efficiency of RPGR intron 9 was significantly decreased in PRPF31 mutant cell lines. In contrast, a consistent decrease in the splicing efficiency of all U12 and noncanonical U2 introns was seen in PRPF8, but not in PRPF31, mutant cells, with statistical significance for STK11 intron 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In spite of the ubiquitous expression patterns of the genes implicated in splicing factor RP, no pathology has yet been documented outside the retina. The observed differences in splicing efficiency described herein favor the hypothesis that these mutations may have a subpathological effect outside the retina. These observations argue against a defect in some yet to be discovered additional function of these proteins and support the alternative hypothesis that this form of RP does indeed result from aberrant splicing of retinal transcripts.
authors.affiliation: Section of Ophthalmology and Neuroscience, Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ivings
authors.forename: Katherine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Towns
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Matin
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Frederique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ponchel
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Grainger
authors.forename: Rajkumar S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ramesar
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Chris F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Inglehearn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns / Q000235:genetics; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics; D012326:RNA Splicing / Q000235:genetics*; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D059470:Tetraspanins; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D005136:Eye Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C454222:PRPF31 protein, human; C115374:PRPF8 protein, human; D012322:RNA Precursors; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C513106:ROM1 protein, human; D059470:Tetraspanins