title: Thoracic aortic aneurysm: reading the enemy's playbook.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  At the Yale University Center for Thoracic Aortic Disease, we have been using our clinical experience and laboratory investigations to shed light on the pathophysiology of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA), the clinical behavior of thoracic aortic aneurysm, and the optimal clinical management.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Yale database contains information on 3,000 patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm, with 9,000 patient-years of follow-up and 9,000 imaging studies. Advanced statistical techniques were applied to this information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis yielded the following Yale-generated observations: (1) TAA is a genetic disease with a predominantly autosomal dominant mode of inheritance; (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzymes are activated in the pathogenesis of TAA; (3) wall tension in TAA approaches the tensile limits of aortic tissue at a diameter of 6 cm; (4) by the time a TAA reaches a clinical diameter of 6 cm, 34 percent of affected patients have suffered dissection or rupture; (5) extreme physical exertion or severe emotion often precipitate acute dissection; and (6) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and RNA expression profile changes are being identified that predispose a patient to TAA and can serve as biomarkers for screening for this virulent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The "playbook" of TAA is gradually being read, with the help of scientific investigations, positioning practitioners to combat this lethal disease more effectively than ever before.
authors.affiliation: Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. john.elefteriades@yale.edu
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Elefteriades
mesh_terms: D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000601:surgery*; D001019:Aortic Rupture; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008382:Marfan Syndrome / Q000235:genetics; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008957:Models, Genetic; D015233:Models, Statistical; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases