title: Two-phase increase in the maximum size of life over 3.5 billion years reflects biological innovation and environmental opportunity.
abstract: The maximum size of organisms has increased enormously since the initial appearance of life >3.5 billion years ago (Gya), but the pattern and timing of this size increase is poorly known. Consequently, controls underlying the size spectrum of the global biota have been difficult to evaluate. Our period-level compilation of the largest known fossil organisms demonstrates that maximum size increased by 16 orders of magnitude since life first appeared in the fossil record. The great majority of the increase is accounted for by 2 discrete steps of approximately equal magnitude: the first in the middle of the Paleoproterozoic Era (approximately 1.9 Gya) and the second during the late Neoproterozoic and early Paleozoic eras (0.6-0.45 Gya). Each size step required a major innovation in organismal complexity--first the eukaryotic cell and later eukaryotic multicellularity. These size steps coincide with, or slightly postdate, increases in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen, suggesting latent evolutionary potential was realized soon after environmental limitations were removed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geological and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Building 320, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. jlpayne@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Alison G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Boyer
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Seth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finnegan
authors.forename: Michał
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kowalewski
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: S Kathleen
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: McClain
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: McShea
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Novack-Gottshall
authors.forename: Felisa A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Stempien
authors.forename: Steve C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001272:Atmosphere; D005075:Biological Evolution; D049628:Body Size / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D005057:Eukaryotic Cells; D005580:Fossils; D049690:History, Ancient; D010100:Oxygen
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen