title: Discrimination of flicker frequency rates in the reptile tuatara (Sphenodon ).
abstract: By investigating the mechanisms that underlie the perception of environmental cues, we may begin to understand how the sensory system governs behavioral responses. This is the first empirical study to examine learning and visual sensitivity in a reptile species, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). We established a non-intrusive psychophysical method by employing an instrumental paradigm in order to examine discrimination learning and the ability to distinguish different flicker frequencies in the tuatara. Seventeen tuatara were trained under an operant conditioning task to respond to various discriminative stimuli flickering between 2.65 and 65.09 Hz. Tuatara were able to learn the operant task and discriminate between a constant light and flicker frequency rates between 2.65 and 45.61 Hz, but not at 65.09 Hz. We demonstrated a reliable psychophysical method where these reptiles could learn a basic operant task and discriminate visual stimuli in the form of flicker frequency rates. The tuatara's ability to perceive flickering light is comparable to that of avian, mammalian, and other reptilian species. This method is thus suitable for more comprehensive examinations of vision and additional sensory abilities in other reptiles.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, New Zealand. kwoo@galliform.bhs.mq.edu.au
authors.forename: Kevin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hunt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Nicola J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: Ben D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant; D003463:Cues; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005425:Flicker Fusion / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008116:Lizards / Q000502:physiology*; D008322:Mammals / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle; D012104:Reptiles / Q000502:physiology; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014796:Visual Perception