title: Reconsidering the generation time hypothesis based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence comparisons in annual and perennial angiosperms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in plant annual/perennial habit are hypothesized to cause a generation time effect on divergence rates. Previous studies that compared rates of divergence for internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) in angiosperms have reached contradictory conclusions about whether differences in generation times (or other life history features) are associated with divergence rate heterogeneity. We compared annual/perennial ITS divergence rates using published sequence data, employing sampling criteria to control for possible artifacts that might obscure any actual rate variation caused by annual/perennial differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative rate tests employing ITS sequences from 16 phylogenetically-independent annual/perennial species pairs rejected rate homogeneity in only a few comparisons, with annuals more frequently exhibiting faster substitution rates. Treating branch length differences categorically (annual faster or perennial faster regardless of magnitude) with a sign test often indicated an excess of annuals with faster substitution rates. Annuals showed an approximately 1.6-fold rate acceleration in nucleotide substitution models for ITS. Relative rates of three nuclear loci and two chloroplast regions for the annual Arabidopsis thaliana compared with two closely related Arabidopsis perennials indicated that divergence was faster for the annual. In contrast, A. thaliana ITS divergence rates were sometimes faster and sometimes slower than the perennial. In simulations, divergence rate differences of at least 3.5-fold were required to reject rate constancy in > 80 % of replicates using a nucleotide substitution model observed for the combination of ITS1 and ITS2. Simulations also showed that categorical treatment of branch length differences detected rate heterogeneity > 80% of the time with a 1.5-fold or greater rate difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although rate homogeneity was not rejected in many comparisons, in cases of significant rate heterogeneity annuals frequently exhibited faster substitution rates. Our results suggest that annual taxa may exhibit a less than 2-fold rate acceleration at ITS. Since the rate difference is small and ITS lacks statistical power to reject rate homogeneity, further studies with greater power will be required to adequately test the hypothesis that annual and perennial plants have heterogeneous substitution rates. Arabidopsis sequence data suggest that relative rate tests based on multiple loci may be able to distinguish a weak acceleration in annual plants. The failure to detect rate heterogeneity with ITS in past studies may be largely a product of low statistical power.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA. dsoria@ngs.org
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Soria-Hernanz
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fiz-Palacios
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000737:chemistry; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer / Q000737:chemistry*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017343:Genes, Plant; D018745:Genome, Plant; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018744:DNA, Plant; D021903:DNA, Ribosomal Spacer