title: Missense mutations and single nucleotide polymorphisms in ABCB11 impair bile salt export pump processing and function or disrupt pre-messenger RNA splicing.
abstract: The gene encoding the human bile salt export pump (BSEP), ABCB11, is mutated in several forms of intrahepatic cholestasis. Here we classified the majority (63) of known ABCB11 missense mutations and 21 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to determine whether they caused abnormal ABCB11 pre-messenger RNA splicing, abnormal processing of BSEP protein, or alterations in BSEP protein function. Using an in vitro minigene system to analyze splicing events, we found reduced wild-type splicing for 20 mutations/SNPs, with normal mRNA levels reduced to 5% or less in eight cases. The common ABCB11 missense mutation encoding D482G enhanced aberrant splicing, whereas the common SNP A1028A promoted exon skipping. Addition of exogenous splicing factors modulated several splicing defects. Of the mutants expressed in vitro in CHO-K1 cells, most appeared to be retained in the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded. A minority had BSEP levels similar to wild-type. The SNP variant A444 had reduced levels of protein compared with V444. Treatment with glycerol and incubation at reduced temperature overcame processing defects for several mutants, including E297G. Taurocholate transport by two assessed mutants, N490D and A570T, was reduced compared with wild-type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work is a comprehensive analysis of 80% of ABCB11 missense mutations and single-nucleotide polymorphisms at pre-mRNA splicing and protein processing/functional levels. We show that aberrant pre-mRNA splicing occurs in a considerable number of cases, leading to reduced levels of normal mRNA. Thus, primary defects at either the protein or the mRNA level (or both) contribute significantly to BSEP deficiency. These results will help to develop mutation-specific therapies for children and adults suffering from intrahepatic cholestasis due to BSEP deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gene and Cell Based Therapy, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK. jab28a@clinmed.glaAc.uk
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Sandra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Strautnieks
authors.forename: Gudrun
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ihrke
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pagani
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Knisely
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Linton
authors.forename: Giorgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mieli-Vergani
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D000074020:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002780:Cholestasis, Intrahepatic / Q000235:genetics; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004285:Dogs; D005091:Exons; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D007438:Introns; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000235:genetics*; D012326:RNA Splicing; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C093491:ABCB11 protein, human; D000074020:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 11; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D012322:RNA Precursors