title: Requirement of transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 for transforming growth factor beta-induced alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and extracellular matrix contraction in fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibrosis is believed to occur through normal tissue remodeling failing to terminate. Tissue repair intimately involves the ability of fibroblasts to contract extracellular matrix (ECM), and enhanced ECM contraction is a hallmark of fibrotic cells in various conditions, including scleroderma. Some fibrogenic transcriptional responses to transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), including alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) expression and ECM contraction, require focal adhesion kinase/Src (FAK/Src). The present study was undertaken to assess whether TGFbeta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) acts downstream of FAK/Src to mediate fibrogenic responses in fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used microarray, real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and collagen gel contraction assays to assess the ability of wild-type and TAK1-knockout fibroblasts to respond to TGFbeta1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ability of TGF to induce TAK1 was blocked by the FAK/Src inhibitor PP2. JNK phosphorylation in response to TGFbeta1 was impaired in the absence of TAK1. TGFbeta could not induce matrix contraction or expression of a group of fibrotic genes, including alpha-SMA, in the absence of TAK1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that TAK1 operates downstream of FAK/Src in mediating fibrogenic responses and that targeting of TAK1 may be a viable antifibrotic strategy in the treatment of certain disorders, including scleroderma.
authors.affiliation: University College London (Royal Free Campus), London, UK.
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi-wen
authors.forename: Sunil K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Parapuram
authors.forename: Daphne
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pala
authors.forename: Yunliang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eastwood
authors.forename: Christopher P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Denton
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Leask
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005355:Fibrosis; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D051417:Focal Adhesion Kinase 1; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D000099151:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinase 7; C496051:Ptk2 protein, mouse