Pediatric intestinal retransplantation: techniques, management, and outcomes.
BACKGROUND
Intestinal retransplantation (Re-ITx) has historically been associated with high morbidity and mortality.


METHODS
The outcomes of all children receiving Re-ITx between 1990 and 2007 at our center were reviewed.


RESULTS
One hundred seventy-two children received primary intestinal grafts. Fourteen children (8.1%) were retransplanted with 15 grafts. Causes of graft failure were acute cellular rejection (ACR, n=4), liver failure (n=2), chronic rejection (n=3), posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (n=1), graft dysmotility or dysfunction (n=3), ACR with severe infection (n=1), and arterial graft aneurysm (n=1). Initial transplants were isolated bowel in nine, liver-bowel in five, and one multivisceral. The mean time of initial graft survival was 34.2 months. Re-ITx was with isolated bowel in two, liver-bowel in four, and multivisceral in nine (four with kidney). Initial immunosuppression was Tac-Pred based in nine and rabbit antithymocyte globulin-Tac based in six cases. Re-ITx was carried out under Tac-Pred in six, rabbit antithymocyte globulin-Tac in eight, and alemtuzumab monoclonal anti-CD52 antibody in one. Ten (71.4%) patients are alive with functioning grafts at a mean current follow-up time of 55.9 months. Four patients died from posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder, severe ACR, fungal sepsis, and bleeding from pseudoaneurysm, respectively, at a mean time of 5.7 months post-Re-ITx. All surviving patients weaned-off total parenteral nutrition at a median time of 32 days and 90% are off intravenous fluids.


CONCLUSIONS
Improved long-term survival and outcome in pediatric Re-ITx may be attributed to improvements in initial immunosuppression protocols, technical modifications, proper timing, and improved infectious disease monitoring. Careful patient selection and posttransplant management are essential for successful long-term outcome.
Mazariegos
George V
GV
Hillman Center for Pediatric Transplantation, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. george.mazariegos@chp.edu
Soltys
Kyle
K
Bond
Geoffrey
G
Girnita
Alin
A
Machaidze
Zurab
Z
Jaffe
Ronald
R
Green
Michael
M
Martin
Dolly
D
Zeevi
Adriana
A
Squires
Robert
R
Perez
Graciela
G
Abu-Elmagd
Kareem
K
Sindhi
Rakesh
R
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000637:transplantation*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification / Q000276:immunology; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015996:Survival Rate; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult