title: Alcohol and drugs in fatally and non-fatally injured motor vehicle drivers in northern Sweden.
abstract: Alcohol and drugs are important risk factors for traffic injuries, a major health problem worldwide. This prospective study investigated the epidemiology and the presence of alcohol and drugs in fatally and hospitalized non-fatally injured drivers of motor vehicles in northern Sweden. During a 2-year study period, blood from fatally and hospitalized non-fatally injured drivers was tested for alcohol and drugs. The study subjects were recruited from well-defined geographical areas with known demographics. Autopsy reports, medical journals, police reports, and toxicological analyses were evaluated. Of the fatally injured, 38% tested positive for alcohol and of the non-fatally 21% tested positive; 7% and 13%, respectively, tested positive for pharmaceuticals with a warning for impaired driving; 9% and 4%, respectively, tested positive for illicit drugs. The most frequently detected pharmaceuticals were benzodiazepines, opiates, and antidepressants. Tetrahydrocannabinol was the most frequently detected illicit substance. No fatally injured women had illegal blood alcohol concentration. The relative proportion of positively tested drivers has increased and was higher than in a similar study 14 years earlier. This finding indicates that alcohol and drugs merit more attention in future traffic safety work.
authors.affiliation: Section of Forensic Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden. kristin.ahlm@formed.umu.se
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ahlm
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Björnstig
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oström
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines