title: Generating classes of 3D virtual mandibles for AR-based medical simulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation and modeling represent promising tools for several application domains from engineering to forensic science and medicine. Advances in 3D imaging technology convey paradigms such as augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality inside promising simulation tools for the training industry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motivated by the requirement for superimposing anatomically correct 3D models on a human patient simulator (HPS) and visualizing them in an AR environment, the purpose of this research effort was to develop and validate a method for scaling a source human mandible to a target human mandible within a 2 mm root mean square (RMS) error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show that, given a distance between 2 same landmarks on 2 different mandibles, a relative scaling factor may be computed. Using this scaling factor, results show that a 3D virtual mandible model can be made morphometrically equivalent to a real target-specific mandible within a 1.30 mm RMS error.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virtual mandible may be further used as a reference target for registering other anatomic models, such as the lungs, on the HPS. Such registration will be made possible by physical constraints among the mandible and the spinal column in the horizontal normal rest position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Neha R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hippalgaonkar
authors.forename: Alexa D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sider
authors.forename: Felix G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Hamza-Lup
authors.forename: Anand P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Santhanam
authors.forename: Bala
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaganathan
authors.forename: Celina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Imielinska
authors.forename: Jannick P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rolland
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014584:User-Computer Interface