title: Activity of vancomycin against epidemic Clostridium difficile strains in a human gut model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vancomycin and metronidazole remain the only primary options for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). Recent reports have suggested a superior clinical response to vancomycin therapy compared with metronidazole, but this has been difficult to prove or explain. There are few robust in vitro data of the effects of antibiotic treatment of CDI in a gut reflective setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used clindamycin to induce high-level toxin production by two epidemic C. difficile PCR ribotypes in a human gut model of CDI. Vancomycin was instilled into the models to achieve in vivo faecal concentrations. C. difficile populations and toxin titres, and gut bacterial populations and vancomycin levels were monitored before, during and after vancomycin instillation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clindamycin treatment elicited C. difficile germination and high-level cytotoxin production. Vancomycin reduced total viable counts and cytotoxin titres of both C. difficile PCR ribotypes, with no evidence of recurrence before the model runs were ended. C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 populations exhibited greater germination capacity than did PCR ribotype 106. Vancomycin was more rapidly effective against the greater numbers of PCR ribotype 027 vegetative forms. Vancomycin showed no activity against C. difficile spores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bacteriological response to vancomycin varies between strains causing CDI, possibly correlating with the extent of germination capacity. Vancomycin effectively reduced vegetative forms and cytotoxin titres of both of the epidemic C. difficile PCR ribotypes evaluated, but showed no anti-spore activity. Comparison with the results of a previous gut model study showed that vancomycin was more effective than metronidazole in reducing C. difficile PCR ribotype 027 numbers and cytotoxin titres.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: Simon D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baines
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Katie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saxton
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D002981:Clindamycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D050296:Microbial Viability; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002981:Clindamycin; D014640:Vancomycin