title: Trends in driving under the influence of drugs: a register-based study of DUID suspects during 1977-2007.
abstract: Our aim was to describe the incidence and trends of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) and to examine the main drug findings and their trends in suspected DUID cases in Finland. A register-based study was conducted of all suspected DUID cases during 1977-2007. The data included 31,963 DUID offenders apprehended by the police with a positive finding for illicit/licit drug impairing driving performance. Toxicological results were analyzed in blood and/or urine specimens in one central laboratory. The incidence of suspected DUID cases increased 18-fold during 1977-2007. Most of the suspects were men (89.7%). However, the male-female ratio decreased from 13.9 to 7.3. The mean age decreased from 36.2 years in 1977 to 29.9 years in 2001 but has since reincreased. Most often found substances were benzodiazepines (75.7%), amphetamines (46.0%), cannabinoids (27.7%) and opioids (13.8%). Most common illicit drugs, amphetamines and cannabinoids, started to appear at the end of the 1980s. Poly-drug findings were common (77.1%). Suspected DUID cases have increased sharply after the introduction of a zero tolerance law, especially in regard to amphetamines. DUID is an increasing problem in Finland, and needs serious attention.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland. karoliina.ojaniemi@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Karoliina K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ojaniemi
authors.forename: Tomi P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Lintonen
authors.forename: Antti O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Impinen
authors.forename: Pirjo M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lillsunde
authors.forename: Aini I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Ostamo
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000097:blood; D001334:Automobile Driving; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012744:Sex Ratio; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines