title: Glycogen synthase kinase-3 regulates the phosphorylation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus nucleocapsid protein and viral replication.
abstract: Coronavirus (CoV) nucleocapsid (N) protein is a highly phosphorylated protein required for viral replication, but whether its phosphorylation and the related kinases are involved in the viral life cycle is unknown. We found the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV N protein to be an appropriate system to address this issue. Using high resolution PAGE analysis, this protein could be separated into phosphorylated and unphosphorylated isoforms. Mass spectrometric analysis and deletion mapping showed that the major phosphorylation sites were located at the central serine-arginine (SR)-rich motif that contains several glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 substrate consensus sequences. GSK-3-specific inhibitor treatment dephosphorylated the N protein, and this could be recovered by the constitutively active GSK-3 kinase. Immunoprecipitation brought down both N and GSK-3 proteins in the same complex, and the N protein could be phosphorylated directly at its SR-rich motif by GSK-3 using an in vitro kinase assay. Mutation of the two priming sites critical for GSK-3 phosphorylation in the SR-rich motif abolished N protein phosphorylation. Finally, GSK-3 inhibitor was found to reduce N phosphorylation in the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-infected VeroE6 cells and decrease the viral titer and cytopathic effects. The effect of GSK-3 inhibitor was reproduced in another coronavirus, the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus. Our results indicate that GSK-3 is critical for CoV N protein phosphorylation and suggest that it plays a role in regulating the viral life cycle. This study, thus, provides new avenues to further investigate the specific role of N protein phosphorylation in CoV replication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chia-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Shiou-Hwei
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Yeou-Guang
authors.initials: YG
authors.lastname: Tsay
authors.forename: Ya-Hsiung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Chuan-Liang
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Yen-Shun
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sheng-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ti-Jung
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Ding-Shinn
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Pei-Jer
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D016384:Consensus Sequence / Q000502:physiology; D000086462:Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D006517:Murine hepatitis virus / Q000502:physiology; D009154:Mutation; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010449:Peptide Mapping / Q000379:methods; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D045473:Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus / Q000502:physiology*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000086462:Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D038341:Glycogen Synthase Kinases