title: Ultrastructural characterization of fresh and cryopreserved in vivo produced ovine embryos.
abstract: Controlled slow freezing and vitrification have been successfully used for ovine embryo cryopreservation. Selection of embryos for transfer is based on stereomicroscopical embryo scoring after thawing, but the subjectivity inherent to this selection step has been demonstrated by ultrastructural studies of controlled slow frozen, in vivo produced ovine morulae and blastocysts. These studies have shown that certain abnormalities remain undetected by stereomicroscopy only. In the present study, using ovine in vivo produced morulae and blastocysts, we have studied the ultrastructural alterations induced by open pulled straw vitrification (OPS) and controlled slow freezing, compared stereomicroscopical embryo scoring with light microscopy evaluation of embryo's semithin sections, and related the ultrastructural cellular damage with the embryo classification by stereomicroscopical embryo scoring of embryos' and semithin section evaluation by light microscopy. The ultrastructural lesions found for OPS-vitrified and controlled slow frozen embryos were similar, independently of embryo stage. A significant higher number of grade 3 embryos was found at stereomicroscopical scoring after controlled slow freezing (P=0.02), and a significant higher number of grade 3 blastocysts was found at semithin sectioning after OPS vitrification (P=0.037). The extension of ultrastructural damage, especially of mitochondria and cytoskeleton, was related to the semithin classification but not to stereomicroscopical scoring at thawing. This suggests that semithin scoring is a useful tool for predicting ultrastructural lesions and new improvements in cryopreservation and thawing methods of ovine embryos are still warranted, including in the case of blastocysts cryopreserved by OPS vitrification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Institute of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences (ICAM), University of Evora, 7000-092 Evora, Portugal. emvb@uevora.pt
authors.forename: E M V
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Bettencourt
authors.forename: J N C E
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: de Matos
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Romão
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rocha
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sousa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005260:Female; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009028:Morula / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D012756:Sheep / Q000196:embryology*