title: The combination of muscle transpositions and static procedures for reconstruction in the paralyzed face of the patient with limited life expectancy or who is not a candidate for free muscle transfer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In long-standing complete and irreversible facial palsy where reconstruction by nerve grafting alone is no longer sufficient, reconstruction by dynamic procedures such as muscle transplantation or muscle transposition is required. The authors present the results obtained by regional muscle transposition for reconstruction of eye closure and smile in patients with irreversible facial palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-nine patients treated by temporalis transposition for the eye and eight patients treated by masseter transposition for the mouth are presented. Assessment of outcome was based on clinical examination and analysis of facial movements by three-dimensional video analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperatively, the paretic eye fissure was on average 2.30 +/- 2.17 mm wider than the healthy one. The difference was reduced postoperatively to 0.95 +/- 1.89 mm. Paralytic lagophthalmus during closure of the eyes was 9.59 +/- 3.03 mm preoperatively and was reduced postoperatively to 4.33 +/- 2.68 mm. Ocular tearing and desiccation were reduced drastically in all patients. Static asymmetry of the mouth corner improved from 14.17 +/- 5.26 mm preoperatively to 5.38 +/- 3.23 mm postoperatively. The index of dynamic symmetry improved from -0.17 +/- 0.25 preoperatively to 0.18 +/- 0.19 postoperatively. This means that, postoperatively, the amplitude of motion on the reconstructed side reached 18 +/- 19 percent that of the amplitude on the healthy side, whereas preoperatively a shift of the paralyzed mouth corner toward the healthy side occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle transposition improves static symmetry and provides dynamic activity to a certain degree. It is therefore a valuable concept for patients with limited life expectancy.
authors.affiliation: Vienna, Austria; and Zurich, Switzerland From the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, and the Core Unit for Medical Statistics and Informatics, Section of Clinical Biometry, Medical University of Vienna, General Hospital Vienna, and the Laboratory for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology.
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Michaelidou
authors.forename: Chieh-Han John
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Tzou
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Edgar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stüssi
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mittlböck
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D008406:Masseter Muscle / Q000637:transplantation*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011300:Preoperative Care; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013703:Temporal Muscle / Q000637:transplantation*