title: Survey of public knowledge and responses to educational slogans regarding cold-water immersion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cold water temperature is a significant factor in North American drownings. These deaths are usually attributed to hypothermia. Survey questions were administered to 661 attendees of cold-stress seminars-including medical, rescue, law enforcement and lay attendees-to determine general knowledge of the effects of ice water immersion and responses to 2 public service educational slogans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five questions were posed at the beginning of seminars to 8 groups (ranging in size from 46 to 195) during a 2-year period. Pi(2) analyses were used to determine if responses within any occupational category differed from the group responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high portion of respondents greatly underestimated the time to become hypothermic in ice water (correct answer >30 minutes; 84% stated 15 minutes or less) and the time until cooling was life threatening (correct answer >60 minutes; 85% stated 30 minutes or less). There were no occupational differences in these responses. Most of the respondents identified a correct cause of death during cold stress (81% stated cardiac arrest, hypothermia, or drowning). Although both educational slogans had some advantages, between 40% (Slogan #1) to 50% (Slogan #2) of respondents did not respond correctly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of respondents underestimated the time available for survival during ice water immersion. It is important to educate the public accurately to decrease the probability of panic under these circumstances. More work is required to develop effective educational slogans that provide proper information and actions for victims of cold-water immersion.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine and the Health Leisure and Human Performance Research Institute, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Gordon G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giesbrecht
authors.forename: Thea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pretorius
mesh_terms: D003080:Cold Temperature; D004332:Drowning / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D007101:Immersion / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018635:Rescue Work; D012769:Shock / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors