title: Modulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferative response by diltiazem : in vitro comparison in younger versus older subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The gradual aging of population has increased the number of elderly patients receiving kidney transplants. In elderly transplant recipients, careful immunosuppression has to be maintained to avoid both rejection and adverse effects. Clinical protocols after kidney transplantation include use of the calcium channel antagonist diltiazem to ameliorate the hypertensive effect and nephrotoxicity of the immunosuppressant agent ciclosporin (cyclosporine).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Since immune response can be impaired by senescence, we evaluated the influence of diltiazem on lymphocyte proliferation both alone and in the presence of ciclosporin in younger versus older subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from younger healthy donors (aged 19-24 years) and older subjects (aged 59-65 years) were isolated and stimulated with mitogens, recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2), purified protein derivative (PPD) antigen from Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (alphaCD3 moAb) in the presence or absence of 10(-4), 10(-5), 10(-6), 10(-7) mol/L concentrations of diltiazem. In some experiments, lymphocytes from younger and older subjects were used as responder cells in an allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the presence of different concentrations of diltiazem and 10 ng/mL of ciclosporin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that PBMC from older subjects were more susceptible to immunosuppression induced by low concentrations of diltiazem when mitogens were used to stimulate cells. In particular, when pokeweed mitogen was used, diltiazem 10(-7) mol/L was associated with statistically significant immunosuppression in older subjects compared with younger subjects. This effect was not observed when IL-2, PPD antigen and alphaCD3 moAb were used as stimulators. Moreover, in the allogeneic MLR, we found no differences between younger and older subjects when the 10(-)(5), 10(-)(6) and 10(-7) mol/L concentrations of diltiazem were used alone or in the presence of ciclosporin. Only addition of the supratherapeutic 10(-4) mol/L concentration of diltiazem to ciclosporin was associated with statistically significant immunosuppression in older versus younger subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that PBMC from older subjects are no more susceptible than PBMC from younger subjects to therapeutic doses of diltiazem when T-cell receptors are directly or indirectly involved. On the contrary, when PBMC activation was not mediated by T-cell receptor involvement, as in the case of pokeweed mitogen, susceptibility to a therapeutic concentration of diltiazem in older subjects was enhanced. Moreover, co-administration of therapeutic doses of diltiazem and ciclosporin in an MLR showed no significant differences between younger and older subjects in an in vitro model of lymphocyte response to allogeneic transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since we found no variations in immunosuppression between older and younger subjects when therapeutic doses of diltiazem were added to ciclosporin, our data do not discourage the use of diltiazem in older kidney transplant recipients receiving ciclosporin therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. antonella.dambrosio@iss.it
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: D'Ambrosio
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Giordani
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colucci
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vanacore
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Quintieri
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D017252:CD3 Complex / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011043:Pokeweed Mitogens / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D014373:Tuberculin / Q000494:pharmacology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D017252:CD3 Complex; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011043:Pokeweed Mitogens; D014373:Tuberculin; D016572:Cyclosporine; D004110:Diltiazem