title: Effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline and diazinon on different biological organisation levels of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos and larvae.
abstract: In this study the effects of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA), a decomposition product of the herbicides propanil and diuron (and other pesticides), and diazinon, a neurotoxic insecticide, on early life stages of zebrafish Danio rerio were assessed. The toxicity of these substances with different modes of action (acetylcholine esterase inhibitor vs. polar narcosis) was tested for single substances as well as in binary mixtures. To study effects on different biological organisation levels (from the molecular up to the whole organism level) the molecular stress response regarding Hsp70, the embryonic and larval development and the locomotor activity were investigated as integrative biomarkers. In single substance tests 3,4-dichloroaniline elicited deformations at > or = 0.25 mg/l during the 11 days subchronic test, whereas locomotor activity and mortality were impaired at > or = 0.5 mg/l. Diazinon effects on those parameters were obvious at > or = 2 mg/l, except for the deformation rate (11 days:1 mg/l). In equitoxic mixtures of both substances concentration additivity was observed for deformation rate and mortality (11 days). An increase in the Hsp70 content occurred in zebrafish exposed to 0.25 mg 3,4-DCA/l as well as to 0.05 mg diazinon/l; in mixtures concentration additivity could be shown. The investigated endpoints varied in respect to their sensitivity, with deformations and Hsp70 levels as most sensitive parameters concerning 3,4-DCA and Hsp70 as most sensitive parameter concerning diazinon. Accordingly, for an integrated understanding of the effects of chemicals and their mixtures on fish, a battery of different test methods should be applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Str. 20, 72072 Tübingen, Germany. volker.scheil@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Scheil
authors.forename: Cornelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kienle
authors.forename: Raphaela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osterauer
authors.forename: Almut
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gerhardt
authors.forename: Heinz-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Köhler
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000814:Aniline Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D000818:Animals; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D015027:Zebrafish
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D018840:HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; C014464:3,4-dichloroaniline; D003976:Diazinon