title: SEM analysis of the acid-etched enamel patterns promoted by acidic monomers and phosphoric acids.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although self-etching bonding systems (SES) are indicated to prepare dental enamel for bonding, concerns have been expressed regarding their effectiveness. The aim of this study was to analyze the etching pattern (EP) of nine SES in comparison with 35% and 34% phosphoric acid etchants (FA) on intact (IN) and ground (GR) enamel surface.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two human third molars were sectioned in mesial-distal and buccal-lingual directions, and four dental fragments were obtained from each tooth. Half of the fragments were ground using 600-grit SiC paper and the other half remained intact. The fragments were randomly assigned into 22 groups, according to the texture of enamel surface (IN and GR) and the technique to etch the enamel (34% FA, 35% FA, AdheSE primer; Brush & Bond; Clearfil Protect Bond primer; iBond; One-up Bond F; OptiBond Solo Plus primer; Tyrian SPE primer; Unifil Bond primer and Xeno III). Conditioners were applied to IN and GR enamel surfaces, according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens etched with phosphoric acids were washed with water, while the surfaces treated with SES were submitted to alternate rinsing with alcohol and acetone. The specimens were dried, sputter-coated and examined under a scanning electron microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both IN and GR enamel surfaces, the EP of 34 and 35% FA was deeper and more homogeneous in comparison to EP of SES, except for Tyrian SPE. The acidic monomer action of self-etching systems was more effective on GR enamel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the SES are less aggressive than phosphoric acid etchants and their etching effects were reduced on intact enamel surfaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba School of Dentistry, Campinas State University, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Mirela Sanae
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shinohara
authors.forename: Marcelo Tavares
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Vinícius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Hipólito
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Mario Fernando
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Goes