title: Comparison of body dissatisfaction and cosmetic rhinoplasty with levels of veil practicing in Islamic women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between Islamic veiling, body dissatisfaction, and desire for cosmetic rhinoplasty (CR) has not been studied. We therefore compared body dissatisfaction (BD), depression, self-esteem, and prevalence and desire to have CR in 1,771 Iranian females.
  
  
  METHODS
  A battery of questionnaires was administered and participants were categorized into three groups of Islamic veil practicing: voluntarily and ideologically (IVP), non-complete (NCIVP), and Inconsiderate (IIVP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite a similar BMI, the IVP group scored significantly lower on BD, prevalence of dieting and exercising in order to be sexually appealing, and depression, higher on self-esteem, and had a lower desire for a CR than the two other groups. Prevalence of CR was significantly higher in the IIVP group than the other groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who practiced more strict Islamic veiling techniques had increased body satisfaction and self esteem, and decreased depression scores and desire for CR. Consistent with other studies, our findings show that observance of a strict religious practice has a protective effect on psychological health.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU), Tehran, IRI. r.rastmanesh@sbmu.ac.ir
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rastmanesh
authors.forename: Marci E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gluck
authors.forename: Zhaleh
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shadman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001828:Body Image; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003020:Clothing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D007514:Islam / Q000523:psychology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012649:Self Concept; D014930:Women / Q000523:psychology*