title: Cytokines and acute phase serum proteins as markers of inflammatory regression during the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the pattern of pro-inflammatory cytokines, anti-inflammatory cytokines and the acute phase response (APR) as markers of the response to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were evaluated at three time points: pretreatment (T0), treatment month 3 (T3) and treatment month 6 (T6). Levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukine-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were determined using ELISA in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cell and monocyte culture. Levels of total protein, albumin, globulins, C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were also determined. All of these parameters were also evaluated, only once, in a group of healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In relation to controls, patients presented cytokine levels and APR that were higher at T0, lower at T3 and either lower (TNF-alpha, IL-10, TGF-beta, AAG and ESR) or normal (IFN-gamma and CRP) at T6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For individuals with negative smear sputum microscopy, CRP, AAG and ESR are potential markers of pulmonary tuberculosis and of the need for treatment; CRP (T0 > T3 > T6 = reference) can also be a marker of treatment response. In the patients, the Th0 profile (IFN-gamma, IL-10, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta), inducer of and protector against inflammation, predominated at T0, whereas the Th2 profile (IL-10, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta), protecting against the harmful pro-inflammatory effect of the remaining TNF-alpha, predominated at T6. The behavior of IFN-gamma (T0 > T3 > T6 = controls) suggests its use as a marker of treatment response.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho, Botucatu, SP, Brasil. elianaperesi@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Eliana
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peresi
authors.forename: Sônia Maria Usó Ruiz
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Sueli Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Calvi
authors.forename: Jussara
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marcondes-Machado
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001799:Blood Sedimentation / Q000187:drug effects; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000097:blood*; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002097:C-Reactive Protein