title: Measurement of the full-field polymerization shrinkage and depth of cure of dental composites using digital image correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to measure the full-field polymerization shrinkage of dental composites using optical image correlation method.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bar specimens of cross-section 4mm x 2mm and length 10mm approximately were light cured with two irradiances, 450 mW/cm(2) and 180 mW/cm(2), respectively. The curing light was generated with Optilux 501 (Kerr) and the two different irradiances were achieved by adjusting the distance between the light tip and the specimen. A single-camera 2D measuring system was used to record the deformation of the composite specimen for 30 min at a frequency of 0.1 Hz. The specimen surface under observation was sprayed with paint to produce sufficient contrast to allow tracking of individual points on the surface. The curing light was applied to one end of the specimen for 40s during which the painted surface was fully covered. After curing, the cover was removed immediately so that deformation of the painted surface could be recorded by the camera. The images were then analyzed with specialist software and the volumetric shrinkage determined along the beam length.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A typical shrinkage strain field obtained on a specimen surface was highly non-uniform, even at positions of constant distance from the irradiation surface, indicating possible heterogeneity in material composition and shrinkage behavior in the composite. The maximum volumetric shrinkage strain of approximately 1.5% occurred at a subsurface distance of about 1mm, instead of at the irradiation surface. After reaching its peak value, the shrinkage strain then gradually decreased with increasing distance along the beam length, before leveling off to a value of approximately 0.2% at a distance of 4-5mm. The maximum volumetric shrinkage obtained agreed well with the value of 1.6% reported by the manufacturer for the composite examined in this work. Using irradiance of 180 mW/cm(2) resulted in only slightly less polymerization shrinkage than using irradiance of 450 mW/cm(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to the other measurement methods, the image correlation method is capable of producing full-field information about the polymerization shrinkage behavior of dental composites.
authors.affiliation: Minnesota Dental Research Centre for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455USA.
authors.forename: Jianying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Alex S L
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Satterthwaite
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D006244:Hardness; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D055115:Light-Curing of Dental Adhesives; D044367:Phase Transition; D023861:Photography, Dental
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C507210:premise composite resin