title: Towards comprehensive assessment of mitral regurgitation using cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is increasingly used to assess patients with mitral regurgitation. Its advantages include quantitative determination of ventricular volumes and function and the mitral regurgitant fraction, and in ischemic mitral regurgitation, regional myocardial function and viability. In addition to these, identification of leaflet prolapse or restriction is necessary when valve repair is contemplated. We describe a systematic approach to the evaluation of mitral regurgitation using CMR which we have used in 149 patients with varying etiologies and severity of regurgitation over a 15 month period. Following standard ventricular cine acquisitions, including 2, 3 and 4 chamber long axis views and a short axis stack for biventricular function, we image movements of all parts of the mitral leaflets using a contiguous stack of oblique long axis cines aligned orthogonal to the central part of the line of coaptation. The 8-10 slices in the stack, orientated approximately parallel to a 3-chamber view, are acquired sequentially from the superior (antero-lateral) mitral commissure to the inferior (postero-medial) commissure, visualising each apposing pair of anterior and posterior leaflet scallops in turn (A1-P1, A2-P2 and A3-P3). We use balanced steady state free precession imaging at 1.5 Tesla, slice thickness 5 mm, with no inter-slice gaps. Where the para-commissural coaptation lines curve relative to the central region, two further oblique cines are acquired orthogonal to the line of coaptation adjacent to each commissure. To quantify mitral regurgitation, we use phase contrast velocity mapping to measure aortic outflow, subtracting this from the left ventricular stroke volume to calculate the mitral regurgitant volume which, when divided by the left ventricular stroke volume, gives the mitral regurgitant fraction. In patients with ischemic mitral regurgitation, we further assess regional left ventricular function and, with late gadolinium enhancement, myocardial viability. Comprehensive assessment of mitral regurgitation using CMR is feasible and enables determination of mitral regurgitation severity, associated leaflet prolapse or restriction, ventricular function and viability in a single examination and is now routinely performed at our centre. The mitral valve stack of images is particularly useful and easy to acquire.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Unit, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK. john.chan98@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: K M John
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wage
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Symmonds
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rahman-Haley
authors.forename: Raad H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Mohiaddin
authors.forename: David N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Firmin
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pepper
authors.forename: Dudley J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Pennell
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Kilner
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D019028:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cine; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left