title: Pathological role of angiostatin in heart failure: an endogenous inhibitor of mesenchymal stem-cell activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recently, a clinical trial was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of transendocardial transplantation of autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) for the treatment of heart failure (HF). Because some HF patient-derived sera did not induce proliferation of autologous MSC, the present study aimed to elucidate humoral factors in sera that attenuate MSC activation and to investigate the role of these humoral factors in the pathogenesis of HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhibitory effects present in serum were analysed by culturing human MSC with sera from 10 HF patients (FS <25%, BNP >100 pg/ml) and four healthy control subjects. Among the patients, two sera from HF patients showed significant inhibitory activity on MSC proliferation. Protein array and ELISA analysis revealed that these sera contained high levels of angiostatin as well as the active form of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, which generates angiostatin. Angiostatin significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of cultured human MSC and increased their apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In a rat HF model, serum levels of angiostatin and MMPs increased, but treatment with an MMP inhibitor suppressed these increases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that angiostatin, which can attenuate the activity of MSC, might play a role in the progression of HF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Regenerative Medicine & Tissue Engineering, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Fujishirodai 5-7-1, Suita, Osaka, Japan. yamahara@ri.ncvc.go.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamahara
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tomoike
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kangawa
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitamura
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nagaya
mesh_terms: D043168:Angiostatins / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D043168:Angiostatins; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9