title: Guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a placebo-controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the efficacy of guanfacine extended release (GXR), a selective alpha(2A)-adrenoceptor agonist, with placebo in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This double-blind, 9-week, dose-ranging, parallel-design, multicenter trial randomized 6- to 17-year-olds with ADHD to once-daily oral GXR in 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-mg doses or placebo. Primary outcome was change in total ADHD Rating Scale-IV score from baseline to endpoint. Secondary outcomes included changes in scores of hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive subscales; clinician and parent ratings; duration of clinical effect; and safety measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant reductions in ADHD Rating Scale-IV scores were observed from baseline to endpoint at all doses of GXR, with effect sizes ranging from 0.43 to 0.62. In subjects receiving GXR, mean heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased as the dose of GXR increased and then returned toward baseline during the dose-maintenance and dose-tapering phases of the trial. Most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (> or = 5%) were somnolence, headache, fatigue, sedation, dizziness, irritability, upper abdominal pain, and nausea. Somnolence, sedation, and fatigue adverse events emerged within the first 2 weeks of dosing and generally resolved by study end.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Guanfacine extended-release was effective in reducing symptoms of ADHD. Adverse events were mild to moderate, did not interfere with improvements in attention, and rarely led to discontinuation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, ML 0559, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA. floyd.sallee@uc.edu
authors.forename: Floyd R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Sallee
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGough
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wigal
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyne
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005260:Female; D016316:Guanfacine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010919:Placebos; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D010919:Placebos; D016316:Guanfacine