title: Epistaxis simulator: an innovative design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This article provides directions for creating a cost-effective epistaxis simulator using an existing CPR Trainer and expired medical supplies.
  
  
  METHODS
  An epistaxis simulator was created and presented to attending Emergency Medicine physician-educators at Evanston Northwestern Healthcare as an adjunct for procedural training. The materials and methods for making the nosebleed simulator are outlined in this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We created an epistaxis model utilizing an older CPR Trainer, i.v. tubing, and a bag of normal saline. The model provided realistic epistaxis. This simulator is able to simulate a nosebleed's response to proper positioning of nasal packing by creating hemostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Existing task trainers can be modified to provide learners with novel features that can expand the number of simulated clinical conditions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Emergency Medicine, Evanston Northwestern Healthcare, Center for Simulation Technology and Academic Research (CSTAR) Evanston, IL 60201, USA. cpettineo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Pettineo
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vozenilek
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kharasch
authors.forename: Ernest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aitchison
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D004867:Equipment Design; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007087:Illinois; D008348:Manikins; D008962:Models, Theoretical