title: Motivating factors for seeking cosmetic surgery: a synthesis of the literature.
abstract: The fascination in physical beauty is becoming more and more prevalent in today's society. Beauty in American culture is defined by the media through magazines, television, and music. The perfect career, the perfect family, social status, and high self-esteem all revolve around having an impeccable figure. Research shows that 94% of the covers of women's magazines showcase a woman with a thin physique (A. R., Malkin, K., Wornian, & J. C. Chrisler, 1999). Therefore, it is not surprising that year after year, millions of people elect for cosmetic surgery. According to the , approximately 11.7 million cosmetic surgical and nonsurgical procedures were performed and Americans spent $13.2 billion on these procedures. This is a 457% increase since 1997. As the demand for elective cosmetic surgery continues to rise, it is important for healthcare employees to recognize the motive behind the decision to seek cosmetic surgery. The purpose of this literature review project was to ascertain those factors that influence or motivate patients to seek cosmetic surgery. This project investigated physical, psychiatric, and psychosocial factors associated with individuals who undergo elective cosmetic surgery. It has been shown that the motivation for cosmetic surgery is based on a combination of psychological and emotional factors. Researchers surmise that body image, teasing history, and self-esteem were associated with motivational factors for those patients who elected to seek cosmetic surgery (T. Soest, I. L. Kvalem, K. C. Skolleborg, & H. E. Roald, 2006). In addition, the researchers concluded that body dysmorphic disorder, education, and culture are also predicting factors in the decision to have cosmetic surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult and Elderly Nursing, University of Florida College of Nursing, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. cindiarn@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Cynthia Figueroa
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Champion
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Secor
mesh_terms: D001504:Beauty; D001828:Body Image; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004522:Educational Status; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000523:psychology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008402:Mass Media; D009042:Motivation; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D012649:Self Concept; D012945:Social Values; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000523:psychology* / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States