title: Macrophage-secreted factors enhance the in vitro expansion of DMD muscle precursor cells while preserving their myogenic potential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autologous cell transplantation has been proposed as a possible therapeutic approach for Duchenne dystrophy. In this approach, patients' muscle precursor cells (mpcs) obtained from muscle biopsies would be expanded ex vivo, genetically modified to restore dystrophin expression and then reimplanted in the original donor. Such strategy would have the advantage of bypassing the immune response problem, but on the other hand, it would require a large number of cells because of the poor viability and mobility of transplanted myoblasts. Besides, extensive multiplication of mpcs is difficult and can affect their myogenic ability. Given the key role of inflammation in muscle regeneration, we set out to verify if factors secreted by inflammatory cells could be used to improve in vitro expansion of DMD-mpcs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have previously shown that a murine macrophage conditioned medium (mMCM) could increase the in vitro proliferation rate of rat and mouse mpcs. Here we tested the effect of mMCM on cultures of human, dystrophin-deficient mpcs (DMD-mpcs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the presence of mMCM, DMD-mpcs displayed an increased proliferation rate, while at the same time, maintaining their myogenicity after many in vitro passages. Expanded cells were also injected in muscles of immuno-deficient mice, showing that they were also able to participate in muscle regeneration within recipient muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using macrophagic factors, we were able to increase the amount of DMD-mpcs obtainable after 38 days of culture by >7 x 10(3)-fold. These findings indicate that macrophagic factors hold great potential for future use in cell transplantation protocol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malerba
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasut
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frigo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Coppi
authors.forename: M David
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Baroni
authors.forename: Libero
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vitiello
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000503:physiopathology; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016189:Dystrophin; D019098:Telomerase