title: Diet and melanoma risk: effects of choice of hospital versus population controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hospital-referred subjects are widely used as controls in studies on the relation between diet and cancer risk. However, concern has been raised about the potential for bias of such type of referents, and few studies seem to have examined their reliability in estimating dietary habits of the underlying general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a northern Italian setting, the differences in dietary patterns between 41 individuals referred for non-neoplastic lesions to hospital surgical outpatient units and age- and sex-matched subjects drawn from the general population were examined. The effects of such differences when carrying out a case-control study on a neoplastic disease, cutaneous melanoma, were also analyzed. Dietary intake was assessed using the EPIC food frequency questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Population controls showed higher intakes of energy, animal proteins and animal fats compared with sex- and age-matched hospital controls, whereas intake of carbohydrates and fiber was comparable. An excess melanoma risk associated with intake of animal proteins and fats emerged when hospital controls were used as the referent group, whereas no such relation was detected when cases were compared to population controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that hospital-referred subjects may not reflect dietary habits of the underlying general population and may be unsuitable for case-control studies concerning the relation between diet and cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. carlotta.malagoli@unimore.it
authors.forename: Carlotta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Malagoli
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vinceti
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pellacani
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sieri
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seidenari
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergomi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins