title: The evaluation of nociceptive intensity by using free radicals direct measurement by EPR method in the tail of anaesthetized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to demonstrate the ability to measure free radicals and singlet oxygen, using EPR methods, in the tail of anaesthetized rats. The advantage of this method lies in the potential for continuous evaluation of free radicals and singlet oxygen during nociceptive processes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance (EPR/ESR) was used. DMPO and PBN as spin traps and thermal mechanical pulp (TMP) as a spin detector of singlet oxygen were used. Thirty-one adult male (Wistar) rats were used for the experiments. They were housed according to principles of good laboratory practice. The animals were stimulated for 10 minutes on 5 consecutive days by using clamps on the hind limbs. During the EPR measurement they were anaesthetized with a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. Hydroxyl and nitroxide free radicals, as well as singlet oxygen were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After nociceptive stimulation, free hydroxyl radicals were increased as well as free nitroxide radicals. Singlet oxygen was also increased after nociceptive stimulation. Antioxidants significantly decreased the increase in hydroxyl radicals after nociceptive stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirmed an increase in free radicals and singlet oxygen after nociceptive stimulation and a reduced increase after application of antioxidants. Direct EPR methods were first used in the tail of anaesthetized rats and represent an extremely useful tool for the evaluation of pain intensity in living animals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic. richard.rokyta@lf3.cuni.cz
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rokyta
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Stopka
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kafunkova
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krizova
authors.forename: Jitka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fricova
authors.forename: Václav
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Holecek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004578:Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D010146:Pain / Q000378:metabolism*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026082:Singlet Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D013623:Tail / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005609:Free Radicals; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D026082:Singlet Oxygen; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical