title: Alkaline phosphatase treatment improves renal function in severe sepsis or septic shock patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alkaline phosphatase (AP) attenuates inflammatory responses by lipopolysaccharide detoxification and may prevent organ damage during sepsis. To investigate the effect of AP in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock on acute kidney injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multicenter double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase IIa study (2:1 ratio).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six intensive care unit patients (20 men/16 women, mean age 58 +/- 3 years) with a proven or suspected Gram-negative bacterial infection, >or=2 systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria (<24 hours), and <12 hours end-organ dysfunction onset were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  An initial bolus intravenous injection (67.5 U/kg body weight) over 10 minutes of AP or placebo, followed by continuous infusion (132.5 U/kg) over the following 23 hours and 50 minutes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median plasma creatinine levels declined significantly from 91 (73-138) to 70 (60-92) micromol/L only after AP treatment. Pathophysiology of nitric oxide (NO) production and subsequent renal damage were assessed in a subgroup of 15 patients. A 42-fold induction (vs. healthy subjects) in renal inducible NO synthase expression was reduced by 80% +/- 5% after AP treatment. In AP-treated patients, the increase in cumulative urinary NO metabolite excretion was attenuated, whereas the opposite occurred after placebo. Reduced excretion of NO metabolites correlated with the proximal tubule injury marker glutathione S-transferase A1-1 in urine, which decreased by 70 (50-80)% in AP-treated patients compared with an increase by 200 (45-525)% in placebo-treated patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In severe sepsis and septic shock, infusion of AP inhibits the upregulation of renal inducible NO synthase, leading to subsequent reduced NO metabolite production, and attenuated tubular enzymuria. This mechanism may account for the observed improvement in renal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heemskerk
authors.forename: Rosalinde
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masereeuw
authors.forename: Olof
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Moesker
authors.forename: Martijn P W J M
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Bouw
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: Wilbert H M
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Frans G M
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Russel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004790:Enzyme Induction; D005260:Female; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010919:Placebos; D018805:Sepsis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D010919:Placebos; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D003404:Creatinine; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase