title: Psychopathy traits in adolescents with childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are thought to be at higher risk of psychopathy. Early biological and social adversity may contribute to this risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine psychopathy traits in ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a sample of children with ADHD who had reached adolescence, total psychopathy and 'emotional-dysfunction' scores (e.g. callousness, lack of affect) were assessed using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 156 (79%) eligible families participated. Total psychopathy and emotional-dysfunction scores were elevated in comparison to published UK norms but none scored in the clinical range for psychopathy. Adjusting for associated conduct problems, total psychopathy scores were associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy, emotional-dysfunction scores were associated with birth complications, and neither was associated with family adversity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD show psychopathy traits but are not 'psychopaths'. Early adversity, indexed by pre- or perinatal adversity but not family factors, appears to be associated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Langley
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: Naureen
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Whittinger
authors.forename: Kenny
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Goozen
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: O'Donovan
authors.forename: Marianne B M
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: van den Bree
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thapar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001724:Birth Weight; D019955:Conduct Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult