title: Alcohol primes the airway for increased interleukin-13 signaling.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Using an experimental model of airway fibrosis following lung transplantation, we recently showed that chronic alcohol ingestion by donor rats amplifies airway fibrosis in the recipient. Associated with alcohol-mediated amplification of airway fibrosis is increased transforming growth factor beta-1(TGFbeta(1)) and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression. Other studies have shown that interleukin-13 (IL-13) modulates TGFbeta(1) signaling during experimentally-induced airway fibrosis. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-13 is a component of alcohol-mediated amplification of pro-fibrotic mediators in the alcoholic lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  To test this hypothesis, we analyzed tracheal epithelial cells and type II alveolar cells from control- or alcohol-fed rats, alcohol-treated mouse lung fibroblasts, and human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro for expression of various components of the IL-13 signaling pathway. Signaling via the IL-13 pathway was assessed by measuring levels of phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription-6 (STAT6). In addition, we performed heterotopic tracheal transplantation using control-fed and alcohol-fed donor rats and analyzed tracheal allografts for expression of components of the IL-13 signaling pathway by RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interleukin-13 expression was detected in type II alveolar epithelial cells and human bronchial epithelial cells, but not in lung fibroblasts. IL-13 expression was decreased in whole lung and type II cells in response to alcohol exposure. In all cell types analyzed, expression of IL-13 signaling receptor (IL-13R alpha(1)) mRNA was markedly increased. In contrast, mRNA and protein expression of the IL-13 decoy receptor (IL-13R alpha(2)) were decreased in all cells analyzed. Exposure to alcohol also increased STAT6 phosphorylation in response to IL-13 and lipopolysaccharide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from multiple cell types in the pulmonary system suggest that IL-13 and its receptors play a role in alcohol-mediated activation of pro-fibrotic pathways. Taken together, these data suggest that alcohol primes the airway for increased IL-13 signaling and subsequent tissue remodeling upon injury such as transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA. pmitche@emory.edu
authors.forename: Patrick O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: J Spencer
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ritzenthaler
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roman
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pelaez
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Guidot
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053661:Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D053663:Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha2 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000637:transplantation
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D018793:Interleukin-13; D053661:Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit; D053663:Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha2 Subunit; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; D000431:Ethanol