title: Stem cells in melanoma development.
abstract: Cutaneous melanoma is a significant health problem worldwide. Available treatments can induce objective tumor regression in a small percent of patients, but these responses are not always associated with improved long-term survival. The resistance of melanoma to therapy and its predestined recurrence are related to the genetic heterogeneity and genomic instability of the tumor. For many years these genetic alterations were thought to be linked to the accumulation of random mutations in functionally differentiated cells which transform them into malignant cells that have lost their ability to differentiate and have acquired drug resistance. In the last few years it has been largely demonstrated that melanoma as other solid tumors contains a subpopulation of cells (CSCs) considered the source of the primary tumor mass, of new tumor nodules and responsible for drug resistance and cancer recurrence. In this review, we provide an overview of findings and advances in CSCs research that are relevant to the initiation, natural history, and the response to treatment of malignant melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Transfusion Medicine, Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10 Room 1C711, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: David F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Stroncek
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Francesco M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Marincola
authors.forename: Ena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D053687:Adult Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008544:Melanocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009154:Mutation; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy