title: Influence of intraoperative capsule rupture on outcomes in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of tumor capsule rupture on disease prognosis in stage I epithelial ovarian cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I epithelial ovarian cancer operated on at the Mayo Clinic and The Ohio State University between January 1991 and December 2007 were identified. Relevant tumor characteristics, procedures performed, adjuvant therapies, and follow-up were recorded and analyzed. Inclusion criteria included comprehensive staging. Cox proportional hazards, Kaplan-Meier estimation, log rank test, and chi test were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 161 cases that met inclusion criteria. Seventy-four (46%) patients had intact capsules without positive cytology or surface involvement; 61 (38%) had capsule rupture; 33 (20%) had positive cytology; and 22 (14%) had surface involvement. Overall, 22 of 161 (14%) patients recurred and 12 of 161 (7%) patients died of their disease. In univariable analysis, both intraoperative capsule rupture and positive cytologic washings portended worse disease-free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 3.6, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5-8.9; P=.004 and HR 5.2, 95% CI 2.1-12.3; P<.001, respectively) and disease-specific survival (HR 4.1, 95% CI 1.3-15.4; P=.018 and HR 5.9, 95% CI 1.8-19.3; P=.005, respectively). In multivariable analysis, capsule rupture (HR 4.2, 95% CI 1.8-10.9; P=.001) and positive cytologic washings (HR 6.4, 95% CI 2.5-16.0; P<.001) remained independent predictors of worse disease-free survival. Disease-free survival and disease-specific survival were shortest for stage IC cases with positive cytology, surface involvement, or both, that also had intraoperative rupture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In stage I epithelial ovarian cancer, intraoperative capsule rupture portends a higher risk of disease recurrence and death from disease. Careful intraoperative removal of ovarian masses is important, and recognizing the higher-risk nature of such cases is imperative.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: From the Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Gynecologic Oncology, the Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus; and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
authors.forename: Jamie N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Bakkum-Gamez
authors.forename: Debra L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Leigh G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Seamon
authors.forename: Giovanni D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Aletti
authors.forename: Cecelia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Powless
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Keeney
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: O'Malley
authors.forename: William A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Cliby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D012422:Rupture, Spontaneous; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult