title: Modulation of nuclear factor-kappaB improves cardiac dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothesis is that partial nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibition can alleviate cardiopulmonary dysfunction associated with ischemia and reperfusion injury following cardiopulmonary bypass and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (CPB/DHCA) in a pediatric model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal case study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two-week-old piglets (5-7 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Piglets received 100 microg/kg of SN50, a peptide inhibitor of NF-kappaB translocation and activation, 1 hour before CPB. The control group received saline. Animals were cooled to 18 degrees C with CPB, the piglets were in DHCA for 120 minutes, and the piglets were then rewarmed on CPB to 38 degrees C and maintained for 120 minutes after CPB/DHCA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sonomicrometry and pressure catheters collected hemodynamic data. Transmural left and right ventricular tissues were obtained at the terminal time point for determination of NF-kappaB activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data are expressed as mean +/- sd.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxygen delivery was maintained at 76 +/- 13 mL/min at baseline and 75 +/- 5 mL/min at 120 minutes after CPB/DHCA (p = 0.75) in SN50-treated animals vs. 99 +/- 26 mL/min at baseline and 63 +/- 20 mL/min at 120 minutes in the untreated group (p = 0.0001). Pulmonary vascular resistance (dynes.sec.cm) increased from 124 +/- 59 at baseline to 369 +/- 104 at 120 minutes in the untreated piglets (p = 0.001) compared with SN50-treated animals (100 +/- 24 at baseline and 169 +/- 88 at 120 minutes, p = 0.1). NF-kappaB activity was reduced by 74% in left ventricles of SN50-treated compared with SN50-untreated animals (p < 0.001). Plasma endothelin-1 (pg/mL), an important vasoconstrictor regulated by NF-kappaB, increased from 2.1 +/- 0.4 to 14.2 +/- 5.7 in untreated animals (p = 0.004) but was elevated to only 4.5 +/- 2 with SN50 treatment (p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvement of cardiopulmonary function after ischemia/reperfusion was associated with the reduction of NF-kappaB activity in piglet hearts. Maintenance of systemic oxygen delivery and alleviation of pulmonary hypertension after CPB/DHCA in piglets administered SN50, possibly through a reduction of circulating endothelin-1, suggest that selective inhibition of NF-kappaB activity may reduce ischemia and reperfusion injury after pediatric cardiac surgery.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. jodie.duffy@cchmc.org
authors.forename: Jodie Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Duffy
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: McLean
authors.forename: Jefferson M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Adam J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Czaikowski
authors.forename: Connie J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pearl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013552:Swine; D019210:Troponin I / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D010455:Peptides; C118258:SN50 peptide; D019210:Troponin I; D002154:Calpain