title: The risk of infections with biologic therapies for rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the risk of serious and nonserious bacterial and viral infections associated with the use of biologic therapy (abatacept, adalimumab, anakinra, etanercept, infliximab, and rituximab) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was derived from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane clinical trials register and database of systematic reviews and relevant congress abstracts up to and including February 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the general population, patients with RA have a heightened risk of infection, including tuberculosis. Long-term clinical trials and postmarketing studies indicate that anakinra and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are associated with an increased risk of infections versus conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), especially early in the course of treatment. The most common sites of infection are the respiratory tract (including pneumonia), skin and soft tissue, and the urinary tract. The risk of tuberculosis also appears higher with TNF inhibitors (in particular, infliximab) versus DMARDs, although this can be reduced by screening and prophylaxis. TNF inhibitors do not appear to significantly increase the risk of reactivating chronic viral infections. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations are generally effective in the face of TNF inhibitors or abatacept. Available data suggest that the risk of infections and serious infections with abatacept and rituximab may be similar to that of the TNF inhibitors. To date, there have been no reports from clinical trials of increased tuberculosis or opportunistic infections with abatacept or rituximab.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All marketed TNF inhibitors for compared to control RA appear to increase the risk of serious and nonserious infections compared with DMARDs. Although suggestive, data for abatacept and rituximab are less definitive and longer periods of patient exposure to these agents are needed before an assessment of their risks can be made.
authors.affiliation: University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1670, USA. DEFurst@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Daniel E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Furst
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D001691:Biological Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007239:Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha