title: Increased expression of lipocalin-type prostaglandin D2 synthase in osteoarthritic cartilage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostaglandin D synthase (PGDS) is responsible for the biosynthesis of PGD and J series, which have been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory and anticatabolic effects. Two isoforms have been identified: hematopoietic- and lipocalin-type PGDS (H-PGDS and L-PGDS, respectively). The aims of this study were to investigate the expressions of H-PGDS and L-PGDS in cartilage from healthy donors and from patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and to characterize their regulation by interleukin-1-beta (IL-1beta) in cultured OA chondrocytes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expressions of H-PGDS and L-PGDS mRNA and protein in cartilage were analyzed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Chondrocytes were stimulated with IL-1beta, and the expression of L-PGDS was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. The roles of de novo protein synthesis and of the signalling pathways mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-kappaB), and Notch were evaluated using specific pharmacological inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  L-PGDS and H-PGDS mRNAs were present in both healthy and OA cartilage, with higher levels of L-PGDS than H-PGDS (> 20-fold). The levels of L-PGDS mRNA and protein were increased in OA compared with healthy cartilage. Treatment of chondrocytes with IL-1beta upregulated L-PGDS mRNA and protein expressions as well as PGD2 production in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The upregulation of L-PGDS by IL-1beta was blocked by the translational inhibitor cycloheximide, indicating that this effect is indirect, requiring de novo protein synthesis. Specific inhibitors of the MAPK p38 (SB 203580) and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) (SP600125) and of the NF-kappaB (SN-50) and Notch (DAPT) signalling pathways suppressed IL-1beta-induced upregulation of L-PGDS expression. In contrast, an inhibitor of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK/MAPK) (PD98059) demonstrated no significant influence. We also found that PGD2 prevented IL-1beta-induced upregulation of L-PGDS expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report demonstrating increased levels of L-PGDS in OA cartilage. IL-1beta may be responsible for this upregulation through activation of the JNK and p38 MAPK and NF-kappaB signalling pathways. These data suggest that L-PGDS might have an important role in the pathophysiology of OA.
authors.affiliation: Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Research Centre of the University of Montreal Hospital Center, Notre-Dame Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada. nadia.zayed@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zayed
authors.forename: Xinfang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nadir
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chabane
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Benderdour
authors.forename: Johanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martel-Pelletier
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pelletier
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duval
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fahmi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D010007:Osteochondritis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054834:Lipocalins; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C022466:prostaglandin R2 D-isomerase