title: Asking the right questions: views on genetic variation research among black and white research participants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic variation research (GVR) may raise concerns about misuse of information and discrimination. Seemingly contradictory positive views about GVR have also been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To dissect this inconsistency, our objectives were to: (1) explore open-ended views of GVR and (2) quantify views of and willingness to participate in GVR by race.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  801 African-American and white prior participants in a case-control genetic epidemiology study of colon cancer risks (NCCCS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative measures evaluated responses to questions about good and bad things about GVR. Quantitative measures evaluated positive and negative perceptions, perceptions of discrimination, and likelihood of future participation by race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Open-ended queries about GVR resulted in few "negative" responses. In closed-ended questions, however, African Americans were more likely to feel that such research would: result in higher insurance (41% vs. 30%, p = 0.008), not benefit minorities (29% vs. 14%, p=<0.001), reinforce racism (32% vs. 20%, p = 0.002), and use minorities as guinea pigs (27% vs. 6%, p < 0.001). Overall, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, African-American race remained inversely associated with feeling "very positive" about GVR (46% vs. 57%, p = 0.035). In contrast, African Americans were as likely as whites to express willingness to participate in future GVR studies (46%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open-ended questions about GVR were unlikely to spontaneously generate "negative" responses. In contrast, when presented specific examples of potentially negative implications, more respondents agreed, and minorities were more likely to express concerns. This suggests that while participants appear generally positive about GVR, their inability to articulate views regarding these complex concepts may require that researchers engage lay audiences, ensure accurate understanding, and provide them with language to express concerns.
authors.affiliation: Emory University School of Medicine, 49 Jessie Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA 30331, USA. jcbusse@emory.edu
authors.forename: Jada
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bussey-Jones
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garrett
authors.forename: Mairead
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moloney
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: Giselle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corbie-Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000208:ethnology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D011639:Public Opinion; D035842:Research Subjects; D044465:White People