title: Herpes simplex virus infection is sensed by both Toll-like receptors and retinoic acid-inducible gene- like receptors, which synergize to induce type I interferon production.
abstract: The innate antiviral response is initiated by pattern recognition receptors, which recognize viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Here we show that retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I-like receptors (RLRs) in cooperation with Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9 is required for expression of type I interferons (IFNs) after infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV). Our work also identified RNase L as a critical component in IFN induction. Moreover, we found that TLR9 and RLRs activate distinct, as well as overlapping, intracellular signalling pathways. Thus, RLRs are important for recognition of HSV infection, and cooperate with the Toll pathway to induce an antiviral response.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: Simon B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: Søren B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Christoffer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Emanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Quartin
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Zhijian J
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: Søren R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Paludan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases / Q000276:immunology*; D004722:Endoribonucleases / Q000276:immunology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000821:virology; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051379:Mice; D018139:Simplexvirus / Q000276:immunology*; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D007370:Interferon Type I; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D004722:Endoribonucleases; C031956:2-5A-dependent ribonuclease; C503356:Ddx58 protein, mouse; D000071457:DEAD Box Protein 58; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases