title: Use of tick surveys and serosurveys to evaluate pet dogs as a sentinel species for emerging Lyme disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate dogs as a sentinel species for emergence of Lyme disease in a region undergoing invasion by Ixodes scapularis.
  
  
  METHODS
  353 serum samples and 78 ticks obtained from dogs brought to 18 veterinary clinics located in the lower peninsula of Michigan from July 15, 2005, through August 15, 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum samples were evaluated for specific antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi by use of 3 serologic assays. Ticks from dogs were subjected to PCR assays for detection of pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 353 serum samples from dogs in 18 counties in 2005, only 2 (0.6%) contained western blot analysis-confirmed antibodies against B burgdorferi. Ten of 13 dogs with I scapularis were from clinics within or immediately adjacent to the known tick invasion zone. Six of 18 I scapularis and 12 of 60 noncompetent vector ticks were infected with B burgdorferi. No ticks were infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and 3 were infected with Babesia spp.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serosurvey in dogs was found to be ineffective in tracking early invasion dynamics of I scapularis in this area. Tick chemoprophylaxis likely reduces serosurvey sensitivity in dogs. Ticks infected with B burgdorferi were more common and widely dispersed than seropositive dogs. In areas of low tick density, use of dogs as a source of ticks is preferable to serosurvey for surveillance of emerging Lyme disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By retaining ticks from dogs for identification and pathogen testing, veterinarians can play an important role in early detection in areas with increasing risk of Lyme disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, College of Agricultural and Natural Resources, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Jean I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Erik S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Graham J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hickling
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000254:growth & development*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology*; D004285:Dogs; D018884:Ixodes / Q000382:microbiology*; D008193:Lyme Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D008824:Michigan / Q000453:epidemiology; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance / Q000662:veterinary; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies; D013984:Tick Infestations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial