title: Radiation exposure during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with routine intraoperative cholangiography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For many years, intraoperative cholangiography during cholecystectomy to aid definition of the biliary anatomy and to detect choledocholithiasis has been advocated. Although radiation exposure in fluoroscopic procedures is a concern, few available data exist regarding the radiation exposure incurred during intraoperative cholangiography. This study aimed to determine the average radiation exposure sustained during this procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Radiation dose data were recorded between 5 September 2007 and 21 July 2008 for 108 consecutive patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with intraoperative cholangiography. Dose area product values were used to calculate the entrance skin dose, an indicator of potential skin damage, and the effective dose, an indicator of long-term cancer risk, for each patient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the 108 patients (67% females) included in the data analysis was 51 years (range, 17-87 years). The mean entrance skin dose during intraoperative cholangiography was 0.0069 +/- 0.0066 Gy, and the mean effective dose was 0.18 +/- 0.17 mSv. No results exceeded the threshold of 2 Gy for skin damage, and the lifetime risk for the development of new cancer due to intraoperative cholangiography was less than 0.001%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Radiation doses administered during intraoperative cholangiography are safe and do not represent a contraindication to this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Box 201, Level 7, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK. alankarthi@googlemail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karthikesalingam
authors.forename: Sheraz R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Markar
authors.forename: Ruwan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weerakkody
authors.forename: Stewart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Raaj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Praseedom
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008452:Maximum Allowable Concentration; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011874:Radiometry; D012306:Risk; D012867:Skin / Q000528:radiation effects; D055815:Young Adult