title: The chaperones Hsp90 and Cdc37 mediate the maturation and stabilization of protein kinase C through a conserved PXXP motif in the C-terminal tail.
abstract: The life cycle of protein kinase C (PKC) is tightly controlled by mechanisms that mature the enzyme, sustain the activation-competent enzyme, and degrade the enzyme. Here we show that a conserved PXXP motif (Kannan, N., Haste, N., Taylor, S. S., and Neuwald, A. F. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 104, 1272-1277), in the C-terminal tail of AGC (c-AMP-dependent protein kinase/protein kinase G/protein kinase C) kinases, controls the processing phosphorylation of conventional and novel PKC isozymes, a required step in the maturation of the enzyme into a signaling-competent species. Mutation of both Pro-616 and Pro-619 to Ala in the conventional PKC betaII abolishes the phosphorylation and activity of the kinase. Co-immunoprecipitation studies reveal that conventional and novel, but not atypical, PKC isozymes bind the chaperones Hsp90 and Cdc37 through a PXXP-dependent mechanism. Inhibitors of Hsp90 and Cdc37 significantly reduce the rate of processing phosphorylation of PKC. Of the two C-terminal sites processed by phosphorylation, the hydrophobic motif, but not the turn motif, is regulated by Hsp90. Overlay of purified Hsp90 onto a peptide array containing peptides covering the catalytic domain of PKC betaII identified regions surrounding the PXXP segment, but not the PXXP motif itself, as major binding determinants for Hsp90. These Hsp90-binding regions, however, are tethered to the C-terminal tail via a "molecular clamp" formed between the PXXP motif and a conserved Tyr (Tyr-446) in the alphaE-helix. Disruption of the clamp by mutation of the Tyr to Ala recapitulates the phosphorylation defect of mutating the PXXP motif. These data are consistent with a model in which a molecular clamp created by the PXXP motif in the C-terminal tail and determinants in the alphaE-helix of the catalytic domain allows the chaperones Hsp90 and Cdc37 to bind newly synthesized PKC, a required event in the processing of PKC by phosphorylation.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacology Department, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039-0721, USA.
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: Natarajan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000502:physiology; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018833:Chaperonins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D004795:Enzyme Stability / Q000502:physiology; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: C498362:CDC37 protein, human; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C103269:Cdc37 protein, rat; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D018841:HSP90 Heat-Shock Proteins; C533585:HSP90AA2P protein, human; D007527:Isoenzymes; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D064546:Protein Kinase C beta; D018833:Chaperonins