title: Laboratory observation of electron phase-space holes during magnetic reconnection.
abstract: We report the observation of large-amplitude, nonlinear electrostatic structures, identified as electron phase-space holes, during magnetic reconnection experiments on the Versatile Toroidal Facility at MIT. The holes are positive electric potential spikes, observed on high-bandwidth ( approximately 2 GHz) Langmuir probes. Investigations with multiple probes establish that the holes travel at or above the electron thermal speed and have a three-dimensional, approximately spherical shape, with a scale size approximately 2 mm. This corresponds to a few electron gyroradii, or many tens of Debye lengths, which is large compared to holes considered in simulations and observed by satellites, whose length scale is typically only a few Debye lengths. Finally, a statistical study over many discharges confirms that the holes appear in conjunction with the large inductive electric fields and the creation of energetic electrons associated with the magnetic energy release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, and Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porkolab
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Egedal
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Le