title: Natural organic matter and sunlight accelerate the degradation of 17ss-estradiol in water.
abstract: Nanomolar concentrations of steroid hormones such as 17beta-estradiol can influence the reproductive development and sex ratios of invertebrate and vertebrate populations. Thus their release into surface and ground waters from wastewater facilities and agricultural applications of animal waste is of environmental concern. Many of these compounds are chromophoric and susceptible to photolytic degradation. High intensity UV-C radiation has been demonstrated to degrade some of these compounds in engineered systems. However, the degradation efficacy of natural solar radiation in shallow fresh waters is less understood. Here photolytic experiments with 17beta-estradiol demonstrated modest photodegradation (~26%) when exposed to simulated sunlight between 290 and 720 nm. Photodegradation significantly increased (~40-50%) in the presence of 2.0-15.0 mg/l of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) derived from humic acids of the Suwannee River, GA. However, rates of photodegradation reached a threshold at approximately 5.0 mg/l DOC. Observed suppression of photolysis in the presence of a radical inhibitor (i.e. 2-propanol) indicated that a significant proportion of the degradation was due to radicals formed from the photolysis of DOC. Although photodegradation was greatest in full sunlight containing UV-B (290-320 nm), degradation was also detected with UV-A (320-400 nm) and visible light (400-720 nm) alone.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA. dmleech@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Dina M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Leech
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wetzel
mesh_terms: D019840:2-Propanol / Q000494:pharmacology; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000737:chemistry*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology; D006812:Humic Substances; D010782:Photolysis; D045483:Rivers; D013472:Sunlight; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D006812:Humic Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004958:Estradiol; D019840:2-Propanol