title: Methotrexate-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in germ cells of mice: intervention of folic and folinic acid.
abstract: Methotrexate (MTX) is an anti-metabolite widely used in the treatment of neoplastic disorders, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The basis for its therapeutic efficacy is the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), a key enzyme in the folic acid (FA) metabolism. FA is a water-soluble vitamin which is involved in the synthesis of purines and pyrimidines, the essential precursors of DNA. Folinic acid (FNA) is the reduced form of FA that circumvents the inhibition of DHFR. Folate supplementation during MTX therapy for psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis reduces both toxicity and side effects without compromising the efficacy. Further, FNA supplementation reduces the common side effects of MTX in the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. FA and FNA are reported to have protective effects on MTX-induced genotoxicity in the somatic cells; however their protective effects on the germ cells have not been much explored. Previously, we evaluated the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of MTX in the germ cells of mice. In the present study, we have intervened FA and FNA for the protection of germ cell toxicity induced by MTX in male swiss mice. The animals were pre-treated with FA at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 microg/kg for 4 consecutive days per week and on day five; MTX was administered at the dose of 20mg/kg once. FNA was administered at the doses of 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, 6 h (h) after single administration of MTX at the dose of 20 mg/kg. The dosing regimen was continued up to 10 weeks. The germ cell toxicity was evaluated using testes weight (wt), sperm count, sperm head morphology, sperm comet assay, histology, TUNEL and halo assay in testis. The results clearly demonstrate that prior administration of FA and post-treatment with FNA reduces the germ cell toxicity induced by MTX as evident from the decreased sperm head abnormalities, seminiferous tubule damage, sperm DNA damage, TUNEL positive cells and increased sperm counts. In the present study, we report that FA and FNA ameliorate the germ cell toxicity of MTX in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160062, India.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Padmanabhan
authors.forename: D N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vikram
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramarao
authors.forename: G B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Jena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005854:Germ Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008853:Microscopy; D015394:Molecular Structure; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid; D002955:Leucovorin; D008727:Methotrexate