title: TGFbeta-1 and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions promote smooth muscle gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells: possible application in therapies for urological defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For regenerative and cellular therapies of the urinary tract system, autologous bladder smooth muscle cells (SMCs) have several limitations, including constricted in vitro proliferation capacity and, more importantly, inability to be used in malignant conditions. The use of in vitro (pre-)differentiated multipotential adult progenitor cells may help to overcome the shortcomings associated with primary cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  By mimicking environmental conditions of the bladder wall, we investigated in vitro effects of growth factor applications and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions on smooth muscle gene expression and on the morphological appearance of adherent bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Transcription growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta-1) upregulated the transcription of myogenic gene desmin and smooth muscle actin-gamma2 in cultured BMSCs. Stimulatory effects were significantly increased by coculture with urothelial cells. Prolonged stimulation times and epigenetic modifications further enhanced transcription levels, indicating a dose-response relationship. Immunocytochemical staining of in vitro-differentiated BMSCs revealed expression of myogenic protein alpha-smooth muscle actin and desmin, and changes in morphological appearance from a fusiform convex shape to a laminar flattened shape with filamentous inclusions similar to the appearance of bladder SMCs. In contrast to the TGFbeta-1 action, application of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) did not affect the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined application of TGFbeta-1 and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions promoted in vitro outgrowth of cells with a smooth muscle-like phenotype from a selected adherent murine bone marrow-derived cell population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University Hospital and Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen - Germany. cbecker@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laeufer
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arikkat
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jakse
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002450:Cell Communication; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D003893:Desmin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D051379:Mice; D024510:Muscle Development; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D012038:Regeneration; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001745:Urinary Bladder Diseases / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D019459:Urothelium / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D003893:Desmin; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1