title: Intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage resulting from cervical spine dural arteriovenous fistulas: literature review and case presentation.
abstract: Cervical dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVFs) are a rare cause of intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) but should be considered when other sources are not found. Subarachnoid hemorrhage caused by dAVF is thought to occur as a result of venous hypertension in most cases. The clinical presentation, acute onset of severe headache, is similar to that in patients with other causes of SAH; however, severe neurological deficits (Hunt and Hess Grade IV and V SAH) have not been reported in SAH caused by cervical dAVFs. Patients with this type of SAH commonly report suboccipital headache, neck pain, and nausea, and thus these hemorrhages can be easily dismissed as perimesencephalic SAH. Vigilant evaluation with 4-vessel cerebral angiography, including selective catheterization of both proximal vertebral arteries, should be performed. The practice of unilateral vertebral artery injection with reflux into the contralateral vertebral and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries has the potential to overlook cervical dAVF. Magnetic resonance imaging may be useful to evaluate for other causes of SAH but is probably not sensitive for the identification of a cervical dAVF. Surgical treatment of this lesion has an excellent outcome.
authors.affiliation: Illinois Neurological Institute, University of Illinois College of Medicine atPeoria, Peoria, Illinois 61637, USA. danfassett@gmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Fassett
authors.forename: Stylianos K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Rammos
authors.forename: Pankti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Harsh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Couldwell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001164:Arteriovenous Fistula / Q000150:complications*; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013118:Spinal Cord Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods