title: Implications of modifying the duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder in developed and developing countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of western studies have suggested that the 6-month duration requirement of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) does not represent a critical threshold in terms of onset, course, or risk factors of the disorder. No study has examined the consequences of modifying the duration requirement across a wide range of correlates in both developed and developing countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population surveys were carried out in seven developing and 10 developed countries using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (total sample=85,052). Prevalence and correlates of GAD were compared across mutually exclusive GAD subgroups defined by different minimum duration criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lifetime prevalence estimates for GAD lasting 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months were 7.5%, 5.2%, 4.1% and 3.0% for developed countries and 2.7%, 1.8%, 1.5% and 1.2% for developing countries, respectively. There was little difference between GAD of 6 months' duration and GAD of shorter durations (1-2 months, 3-5 months) in age of onset, symptom severity or persistence, co-morbidity or impairment. GAD lasting >or=12 months was the most severe, persistently symptomatic and impaired subgroup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both developed and developing countries, the clinical profile of GAD is similar regardless of duration. The DSM-IV 6-month duration criterion excludes a large number of individuals who present with shorter generalized anxiety episodes which may be recurrent, impairing and contributory to treatment-seeking. Future iterations of the DSM and ICD should consider modifying the 6-month duration criterion so as to better capture the diversity of clinically salient anxiety presentations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PRC. singlee@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ruscio
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
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authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Bromet
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authors.lastname: Demyttenaere
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authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gureje
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lepine
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levinson
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Medina-Mora
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oakley Browne
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posada-Villa
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019049:Developed Countries; D003906:Developing Countries; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult