title: Cardiovascular disease risk factor (CVDRF) associated waist circumference patterns in obese-prone children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study tested whether children born at high risk (HR) compared with low risk (LR) for obesity are more likely to have a waist circumference (WC) associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors (CVDRF-WC) and tested whether CVDRF-WC status tracks over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective cohort study involved 71 children, three to eight years, who were divided into two groups, LR (n = 37) and HR (n = 34), based upon maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI). HR subjects were subdivided into HR normal-weight (HRNW) and HR overweight (HROW) groups, based on BMI > or = 85%. Children were classified as having or not having a CVDRF-WC at each year, using age- and gender-specific WC cut-offs. Anthropometry was assessed annually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although HR children had a significantly greater mean WC than LR children at years 5-8 (p < 0.03), these differences became non-significant after adjusting for BMI. HROW were more likely to have a CVDRF-WC status (p < or = 0.0001) at age 4 years (10%, 5%, vs. 58%), 5 years (3%, 10%, vs. 60%), 6 years (0%, 0%, vs. 70%), 7 years (0%, 0%, vs. 50%) to 8 years (0%, 0%, vs. 55%) than LR and HRNW. Although 60-100% of the children tracked CVDRF-WC status, higher proportions of HROW children (0-40%) transitioned into having a CVDRF-WC, compared with LR (0-6%) and HRNW (0-9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HROW were more likely to have or develop a CVDRF-WC. Although the effects of obesity risk on WC may be secondary to BMI, clinically assessing WC in obese-prone children may help identify youth at risk for obesity-related complications.
authors.affiliation: The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-4399, USA. peddm@aol.com
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Leibowitz
authors.forename: Reneé H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Albert J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Stunkard
authors.forename: Virginia A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Stallings
authors.forename: Robert I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Berkowitz
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stettler
authors.forename: Jesse L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chittams
authors.forename: Myles S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Faith
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference