title: The brain in the age of old: the hippocampal formation is targeted differentially by diseases of late life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To rely on the anatomical organization of the hippocampal formation in understanding whether and how late-life diseases such as diabetes and stroke contribute to age-related cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to document brain infarcts and to generate high-resolution functional maps of the hippocampal formation in 240 community-based nondemented elders (mean age, 79.7 years) who received a comprehensive medical evaluation. Sixty participants had type 2 diabetes mellitus, whereas 74 had MRI-documented brain infarcts, and the first analysis was designed to pinpoint hippocampal subregions differentially linked to each disorder. Then, guided by the results, additional functional MRI studies in aging rhesus monkeys and mice were used to test proposed mechanisms of dysfunction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although both diabetes and brain infarcts were associated with hippocampal dysfunction, each was linked to separate hippocampal subregions, suggesting distinct underlying mechanisms. The hippocampal subregion linked to diabetes implicated blood glucose as a pathogenic mechanism, a hypothesis confirmed by imaging aging rhesus monkeys and a mouse model of diabetes. The hippocampal subregion linked to infarcts suggested transient hypoperfusion as a pathogenic mechanism, a hypothesis provisionally confirmed by comparing anatomical patterns across subjects with infarcts in different vascular territories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together with previous findings, these results clarify how diseases of late life differentially target the hippocampal formation, identify elevations in blood glucose as a contributing cause of age-related memory decline, and suggest specific interventions that can preserve cognitive health.
authors.affiliation: Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brickman
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luchsinger
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ferrazzano
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pichiule
authors.forename: Mitsuhiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshita
authors.forename: Truman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DeCarli
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayeux
authors.forename: Susan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Vannucci
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose