title: Timothy hays differing in dietary cation-anion difference affect the capability of dairy cows to maintain their calcium homeostasis.
abstract: Forages low in dietary cation-anion difference (DCAD) can be used to decrease the DCAD in prepartum diet but the extent to which DCAD needs to be reduced is of recent interest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of timothy hays differing in DCAD at maintaining Ca homeostasis. Six nonlactating and nonpregnant multiparous Holstein cows were fed diets containing timothy (Phleum pratense L.) hay with DCAD values of 4.1 +/- 3.6 (LOW), 14.1 +/- 3.0 (MED), or 25.1 +/- 2.5 (HIGH) mEq per 100 g of DM in a duplicated 3 x 3 Latin square design with 14-d experimental periods. The LOW and MED hays were produced by fertilizing established timothy fields at a rate of 224 kg CaCl(2) per ha, and HIGH hay was obtained from the same field where LOW hay was produced, but from a section not fertilized with CaCl(2). Experimental diets, containing LOW, MED, or HIGH timothy hay at 71% of dietary DM, had DCAD values of 0.7, 7.3, and 14.4 mEq per 100 g of DM, respectively. Animals were fed at 6% of metabolic body weight, which provided 108% of their daily energy requirement. For each period, after a 12 d diet adaptation, cows were subjected to an EDTA challenge (3 cows each on d 13 and 14). Infusion of EDTA solution into the jugular vein decreases the concentration of blood ionized Ca, and the EDTA challenge protocol determined the resistance time and recovery time: the time required for the blood ionized Ca concentration to decrease to 60%, and the time required to recover to 90% of the prechallenge concentrations, respectively. Urine pH was lower when cows were fed LOW compared with HIGH diet (6.88 vs. 7.83), but urine pH when cows were fed MED diet (7.15) did not differ from that when cows received the LOW or HIGH diet. However, immediately before the EDTA challenge, blood pH was lower when cows were fed LOW or MED compared with HIGH diet (7.44 vs. 7.47). Although the resistance time was not affected by treatments, the recovery time was shorter when cows were fed the LOW compared with MED or HIGH diet (185 vs. 248 and 263 min, respectively). Blood pH decreased when cows were fed the LOW or MED diet, but the capability to maintain Ca homeostasis was enhanced only when cows received the LOW diet, in which the DCAD value was decreased to 1 mEq per 100 g of DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5.
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Heron
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oba
mesh_terms: D000136:Acid-Base Equilibrium / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D002412:Cations; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003612:Dairying; D004032:Diet / Q000662:veterinary*; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006996:Hypocalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced; D031784:Phleum / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood; D011247:Pregnancy; D013997:Time Factors; D014556:Urine / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D002412:Cations; D002614:Chelating Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D004492:Edetic Acid; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium