title: Topographical characterization of cone photoreceptors and the area centralis of the canine retina.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The canine is an important large animal model of human retinal genetic disorders. Studies of ganglion cell distribution in the canine retina have identified a visual streak of high density superior to the optic disc with a temporal area of peak density known as the area centralis. The topography of cone photoreceptors in the canine retina has not been characterized in detail, and in contrast to the macula in humans, the position of the area centralis in dogs is not apparent on clinical funduscopic examination. The purpose of this study was to define the location of the area centralis in the dog and to characterize in detail the topography of rod and cone photoreceptors within the area centralis. This will facilitate the investigation and treatment of retinal disease in the canine.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used peanut agglutinin, which labels cone matrix sheaths and antibodies against long/medium wavelength (L/M)- and short wavelength (S)-cone opsins, to stain retinal cryosections and flatmounts from beagle dogs. Retinas were imaged using differential interference contrast imaging, fluorescence, and confocal microscopy. Within the area centralis, rod and cone size and density were quantified, and the proportion of cones expressing each cone opsin subtype was calculated. Using a grid pattern of sampling in 9 retinal flatmounts, we investigated the distribution of cones throughout the retina to predict the location of the area centralis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified the area centralis as the site of maximal density of rod and cone photoreceptor cells, which have a smaller inner segment cross-sectional area in this region. L/M opsin was expressed by the majority of cones in the retina, both within the area centralis and in the peripheral retina. Using the mean of cone density distribution from 9 retinas, we calculated that the area centralis is likely to be centered at a point 1.5 mm temporal and 0.6 mm superior to the optic disc. For clinical funduscopic examination, this represents 1.2 disc diameters temporal and 0.4 disc diameters superior to the optic disc.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have described the distribution of rods and cone subtypes within the canine retina and calculated a predictable location for the area centralis. These findings will facilitate the characterization and treatment of cone photoreceptor dystrophies in the dog.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, University College London (UCL) Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
authors.forename: Freya M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Mowat
authors.forename: Simon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Petersen-Jones
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Philip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Luthert
authors.forename: Robin R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bainbridge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002452:Cell Count; D055358:Cone Opsins / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism; D004285:Dogs; D008266:Macula Lutea / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000166:cytology; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D017948:Retinal Rod Photoreceptor Cells / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D055358:Cone Opsins