title: [The effects of preemptive analgesia of morphine and ketorolac on postoperative pain, cortisol, O(2) saturation and heart rate].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the preemptive analgesic effects of Morphine and Ketorolac on postoperative pain, cortisol, O(2)saturation and heart rate for the first 24 hr after abdominal surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collection was performed from April 1 to September 30, 2006. Forty patients undergoing a gastrectomy under general anesthesia were randomly allocated to the experimental or control group. The experimental group (20 patients) was administered Morphine and Ketorolac approximately 1 hr prior to skin incision, but the control group (20 patients) was administered Morphine and Ketorolac at peritoneum closure through a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump. Postoperative pain, blood pressure, heart rate, cortisol, O(2)saturation, frequency of the PCA button pressed and doses of additional analgesics were observed through post operative 24 hr. Collected data was analyzed using t-test, chi(2)test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Postoperative pain, cortisol, the frequency of PCA button pressed, and dose of additional analgesics of the experimental group were significantly lower than the control group. There were no statistical differences in blood pressure, heart rate and O(2)saturation between the experimental group and control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that administration of morphine and ketorolac at 1 hr prior to skin incision resulted in decreasing postoperative pain, but it didn't affect blood pressure, heart rate or O(2)saturation for 24 hr after abdominal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Haesang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010092:Oximetry; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D009020:Morphine; D006854:Hydrocortisone; D020910:Ketorolac