title: Thrombolysis in childhood stroke: report of 2 cases and review of the literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  No controlled, randomized trial has investigated whether intravenous, intra-arterial (IAT), or mechanical thrombolysis is beneficial in children with ischemic stroke. We report 2 children who underwent IAT for acute ischemic stroke and include them in a review about intravenous thrombolysis, IAT, and mechanical thrombolysis for childhood stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched in MEDLINE and EMBASE for studies that reported on treatment of childhood stroke with intravenous thrombolysis, IAT, or mechanical thrombolysis in the presence of occlusion of the basilar artery, sphenoidal, or insular middle cerebral artery. To be included in this review, the following findings had to be reported: (1) stroke severity at presentation; (2) cerebral imaging findings before thrombolysis; (3) time to treatment; (4) dose of the thrombolytic agent; (5) pre- and postinterventional angiographic findings in IAT; and (6) outcome assessed at hospital discharge or within 12 months after thrombolysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adequate data were available in 17 children (including our 2 own cases) who underwent intravenous thrombolysis (n=6), IAT (n=10), or mechanical thrombolysis (n=1). No symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage occurred, but 2 asymptomatic intracranial hemorrhages were present. Sixteen children (94%) survived, and 12 (71%) had a good outcome (modified Rankin Scale score 0 or 1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available data about thrombolysis in pediatric stroke are limited. They suggest that this treatment may be beneficial in children with ischemic stroke. Controlled, randomized trials are needed to determine whether thrombolysis is useful in childhood stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Berne, Inselspital, Switzerland. marcel.arnold@insel.ch
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinlin
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baumann
authors.forename: Krassen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nedeltchev
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Remonda
authors.forename: Sonya Jourdan
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Moser
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mono
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schroth
authors.forename: Heinrich P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Mattle
authors.forename: Ralf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Baumgartner
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D001037:Aphasia / Q000209:etiology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002648:Child; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D007261:Infusions, Intra-Arterial; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000150:complications; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014715:Vertebrobasilar Insufficiency / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents