title: Mechanisms of fenthion activation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to hypersaline environments.
abstract: Previous studies in rainbow trout have shown that acclimation to hypersaline environments enhances the toxicity to thioether organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. In order to determine the role of biotransformation in this process, the metabolism of the thioether organophosphate biocide, fenthion was evaluated in microsomes from gills, liver and olfactory tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to freshwater and 17 per thousand salinity. Hypersalinity acclimation increased the formation of fenoxon and fenoxon sulfoxide from fenthion in liver microsomes from rainbow trout, but not in gills or in olfactory tissues. NADPH-dependent and independent hydrolysis was observed in all tissues, but only NADPH-dependent fenthion cleavage was differentially modulated by hypersalinity in liver (inhibited) and gills (induced). Enantiomers of fenthion sulfoxide (65% and 35% R- and S-fenthion sulfoxide, respectively) were formed in liver and gills. The predominant pathway of fenthion activation in freshwater appears to be initiated through initial formation of fenoxon which may be subsequently converted to the most toxic metabolite fenoxon R-sulfoxide. However, in hypersaline conditions both fenoxon and fenthion sulfoxide formation may precede fenoxon sulfoxide formation. Stereochemical evaluation of sulfoxide formation, cytochrome P450 inhibition studies with ketoconazole and immunoblots indicated that CYP3A27 was primarily involved in the enhancement of fenthion activation in hypersaline-acclimated fish with limited contribution of FMO to initial sulfoxidation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92521, USA. lavado.ramon@ucr.edu
authors.forename: Ramon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lavado
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Rimoldi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schlenk
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism; D005284:Fenthion / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005880:Gills / Q000378:metabolism; D007306:Insecticides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008861:Microsomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009249:NADP / Q000378:metabolism; D009831:Olfactory Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D017686:Oncorhynchus mykiss / Q000502:physiology*; D012451:Safrole / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D054712:Salinity; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D009249:NADP; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D005284:Fenthion; D013250:Steroid Hydroxylases; D012451:Safrole; C005746:sulfoxide