title: Cardiovascular risks of dipping status and chronic kidney disease in elderly Japanese hypertensive patients.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases the risk of cardiovascular events and is often associated with the nondipping pattern of blood pressure (BP). We evaluated ambulatory BP, CKD, and the incidence of cardiovascular events in 811 older hypertensive patients. CKD and the dipping pattern increased the risk of cardiovascular events independent of the 24-hour systolic BP level (CKD: hazard ratio [HR], 2.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-4.54; nondippers: HR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.19-3.91; extreme dippers: HR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.17-4.83). However, after adjustment for covariates that included CKD, the risk in nondippers was insignificant (HR, 1.83; 95% CI, 0.998-3.34; P=.051), while the risk in extreme dippers remained (HR, 2.59; 95% CI, 1.26-5.32; P=.009) (CKD: HR, 1.81; 95% CI, 0.93-3.54; P=.081). Patients with CKD have an increased risk of cardiovascular events. CKD and other cardiovascular risk factors may account for some of the increased risk in nondippers, but it does not explain the higher risk in extreme dippers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan. george@jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Joji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Motohiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hoshide
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: Kazuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Kazuomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kario
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D018660:Blood Pressure Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D015897:Comorbidity; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015994:Incidence; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors