title: Long-term cognitive functioning in children and adolescents who survived septic shock caused by Neisseria meningitidis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess long-term cognitive functioning and its predictors, in children and adolescents who survived meningococcal septic shock (MSS) 4 to 16 years ago.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-third edition was used to measure intellectual functioning and neuropsychological tests were used to measure attention, verbal memory, visual-motor integration, and executive skills.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, results of the total MSS sample (N=77) as to neuropsychological functioning were similar to those of normative reference groups. On social and practical reasoning and visual-motor integration, however, MSS children obtained poorer outcomes compared to normative data. Two children had mental retardation (estimated IQ<70) due to the MSS. The percentage of children with mental retardation or borderline intellectual functioning (15%) was similar to that in the general population (16%). Eighteen children (23%) had a z score<-2, indicating unusual poor functioning, on one or more domains of neuropsychological functioning (selective attention, sustained attention, and executive functioning). Compared to normative data, significantly more children had received special education services in the past. Older age at time of follow-up was the most important significant predictor of poorer long-term cognitive functioning.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, long-term outcomes as to cognitive functioning of the total MSS sample were similar to those of normative reference groups, but MSS children showed long-term impairments on social and practical reasoning, visual-motor integration, attention, and executive functioning. Older age at time of follow-up was a significant predictor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Centre-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: L C A C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Vermunt
authors.forename: C M P
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Buysse
authors.forename: F K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Aarsen
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Catsman-Berrevoets
authors.forename: H J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Duivenvoorden
authors.forename: K F M
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hazelzet
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: E M W J
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Utens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D004519:Education, Special; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008607:Intellectual Disability / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012772:Shock, Septic / Q000382:microbiology / Q000523:psychology*; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D014888:Wechsler Scales