title: Positive interaction between light iris color and ultraviolet radiation in relation to the risk of uveal melanoma: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association among phenotypic characteristics, chronic and intermittent ultraviolet (UV) radiation, and the risk of uveal melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Overall, between September of 2002 and March of 2005, 1677 eligible subjects (age range: 20-74 years, living in Germany) participated. Interviews were conducted with 459 incident uveal melanoma cases (response proportion 94%), 827 population controls (55%), 180 ophthalmologist controls (52%), and 187 sibling controls (57%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on phenotypic characteristics and chronic and intermittent UV radiation exposure were obtained from a self-administered postal questionnaire and computer-assisted telephone interview. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios adjusting for the matching factors. Furthermore, we studied the presence of synergy (super additive of risk or relative excess risk due to interaction) between light iris color and several UV radiation exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hair color at age 20 years, eye color, untanned skin color, ability to tan, propensity to burn on exposure, freckling, occupational sun exposure, artificial UV radiation, burns to the eyes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 3 control groups, fair skin color, freckling as a child, nevi on the upper arms, burns to the eyes, use of sunlamps, and ever worked outside for 4 or more hours per day were positively associated with uveal melanoma. The association with eye color was apparent only in population controls (odds ratio = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4-5.2), resulting in a relative excess risk due to interaction of 0.9 (95% CI, -0.6-2.3) for light iris color and more than 5 eye burns (UV-related keratitis) and 0.6 (95% CI, -0.3 to 1.5) for light iris color and eye protection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our interaction analyses suggest that there is an etiologic synergism between light iris color and the exposure of UV radiation. People with light iris color may have an especially increased risk for uveal melanoma if they are exposed to UV radiation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biometry and Informatics, Medical Faculty, University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. andrea.schmidt-pokrzywniak@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Pokrzywniak
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bornfeld
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sauerwein
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005127:Eye Color; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006200:Hair Color; D006801:Humans; D007498:Iris / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012880:Skin Pigmentation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014604:Uveal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*