title: Removal of ammonium chloride generated by ammonia slip from the SNCR process in municipal solid waste incinerators.
abstract: The selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process is one of the methods used to reduce NO(x) to N(2) and H(2)O by injecting NH(3) or urea solution into a high-temperature furnace. Merits of this method include simple handling, low cost, and energy savings. However, a critical problem of the SNCR process is the generation of ammonia slip; in reactions with HCl in flue gas, ammonium chloride is generated and forms detached white plumes near the stack. Using a laboratory-scale experimental apparatus, we examined the possibility of NH(4)Cl collection and removal by a bag filter (BF). The molar NH(3)/HCl ratio of the compound collected at the filter was nearly one, regardless of gas temperature, retention time, and concentration, confirming the formation of NH(4)Cl. The NH(4)Cl generation ratio increased as reaction temperature decreased, indicating that the collection efficiency of NH(4)Cl should increase if the BF is operated at the lowest possible temperature while avoiding the critical point causing low-temperature corrosion (e.g., 150 degrees C). In addition, the use of activated carbon injection in the front of the BF and the dust layer on the BF are expected to capture slipped ammonia at the BF and reduce NH(4)Cl fume generation in the stack.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. hwang.inhee@nies.go.jp
authors.forename: In-Hee
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Minoya
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuto
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: Ryoji
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sameshima
mesh_terms: D000643:Ammonium Chloride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D017745:Incineration; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000643:Ammonium Chloride