title: Acute treatment costs of stroke in Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although stroke is the leading cause of death in Brazil, little information exist on the acute treatment provided for stroke and its associated costs. This study addresses this gap by both clinically and economically characterizing the acute treatment of first-ever intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and ischemic stroke (IS) in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective medical chart review using data from two high-volume stroke centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Clinical and resource utilization data for all patients admitted to the stroke centers with a first-ever stroke between January 1, 2006 and May 31, 2007 were collected and the mean acute treatment costs per person were calculated by assigning appropriate unit cost data to all resource use. Cost estimates in Brazilian reals (BRL) were converted to US dollars (USD) using the 2005 purchasing power parity index. National costs of acute treatment for incident strokes were estimated by extrapolation of mean cost estimate per person to national incidence data for the two types of stroke. The mean costs of acute treatment on a national scale were examined in sensitivity analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 316 stroke patients were identified and their demographic and clinical characteristics, patterns of care, and outcomes were examined. Mean length of hospital stay was 12.0 +/- 8.8 days for ICH and 13.3 +/-23.4 days for IS. Ninety-one percent of the ICH patients and 68% of the IS patients were admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Mean total costs of initial hospitalization were USD 4,101 (SD +/-4,254) for ICH and USD 1,902 (SD +/-1,426) for IS. In multivariate analysis, hemorrhagic stroke, development of pneumonia, neurosurgical intervention, stay in ICU, and physical therapy were all significant independent predictors of acute treatment costs. Aggregate national health care expenditures for acute treatment of incident ICH were USD 122.4 million (range 30.8-274.2) and USD 326.9 million for IS (range 82.4-732.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute treatment costs of incident ICH and IS in Brazil are substantial and primarily driven by the intensity of hospital treatment and in-hospital complications. With the expected increase in the incidence of stroke in Brazil over the coming decades, these results emphasize the need for effective preventive and acute medical care.
authors.affiliation: Global Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark. mcrc@novonordisk.com
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Valiente
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sampaio Silva
authors.forename: Won Chan
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dutcher
authors.forename: Maria Sheila
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Guimarães Rocha
authors.forename: Ayrton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Massaro
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020521:Stroke / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013997:Time Factors