title: Enhanced external counter pulsation in treatment of refractory angina pectoris: two year outcome and baseline factors associated with treatment failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced external counter pulsation (EECP) is a non-invasive treatment option for patients with refractory angina pectoris ineligible to further traditional treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EECP on patients at a Scandinavian medical centre and to investigate if outcome can be predicted by analysing baseline factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  86 consecutive patients (70 male, 16 female) were treated with EECP and followed for two years post treatment. Canadian cardiovascular society (CCS) class was analysed, and medication and adverse clinical events were researched prior to EECP, at the end of the treatment, and at six, 12 and 24 months thereafter. Patients responding to therapy by improving at least one CCS class were compared with those who failed to respond. Any differences in background factors were recorded and analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  79% of the patients responded to therapy by improving at least one CCS class. In general, the CCS class improved by one class after EECP treatment (3.05 before versus 2.14 after treatment). A total of 61.5% of the initial responders showed sustained improvement at the 12 month follow-up while 29% presented sustained improvement after 24 months. Treatment was most effective among patients suffering from CCS class III-IV angina pectoris, while patients suffering from CCS class II angina pectoris improved transiently but failed to show sustained improvement after the 12 month follow-up. Diabetes mellitus and calcium channel antagonists were more common among the non-responders (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirms the safety and efficiency of EECP as a treatment option for patients suffering from refractory angina pectoris. The therapy is most beneficial in patients suffering from severe angina (CCS III-IV) while sustained response to therapy could not be verified among patients suffering from CCS class II angina pectoris.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Centralsjukhuset, SE-291 85 Kristianstad, Sweden. andre.ae.erdling@skane.se
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Erdling
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondesson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Edvinsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000787:Angina Pectoris / Q000628:therapy*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000209:etiology; D003085:Colic / Q000209:etiology; D015908:Counterpulsation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000209:etiology