title: Racial/ethnic disparities in the identification of children with autism spectrum disorders.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine racial and ethnic disparities in the recognition of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Within a multisite network, 2568 children aged 8 years were identified as meeting surveillance criteria for ASD through abstraction of evaluation records from multiple sources. Through logistic regression with random effects for site, we estimated the association between race/ethnicity and documented ASD, adjusting for gender, IQ, birthweight, and maternal education.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-eight percent of children had a documented autism spectrum disorder. In adjusted analyses, children who were Black (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64, 0.96), Hispanic (OR = 0.76; CI = 0.56, 0.99), or of other race/ethnicity (OR = 0.65; CI = 0.43, 0.97) were less likely than were White children to have a documented ASD. This disparity persisted for Black children, regardless of IQ, and was concentrated for children of other ethnicities when IQ was lower than 70.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant racial/ethnic disparities exist in the recognition of ASD. For some children in some racial/ethnic groups, the presence of intellectual disability may affect professionals' further assessment of developmental delay. Our findings suggest the need for continued professional education related to the heterogeneity of the presentation of ASD.
authors.affiliation: University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Mental Health Policy and Services Research, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. mandelld@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Mandell
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Wiggins
authors.forename: Laura Arnstein
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Daniels
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: DiGuiseppi
authors.forename: Maureen S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Durkin
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giarelli
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Morrier
authors.forename: Joyce S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pinto-Martin
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Shattuck
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Marshalyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yeargin-Allsopp
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirby
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011159:Population Surveillance; D044469:Racial Groups; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology