title: Cleft lip and/or palate with monogenic autosomal recessive transmission in Pyrenees shepherd dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To document the genetic background of Pyrenees shepherd dogs as it relates to the incidence of cleft lip and/or cleft palate, to describe the phenotype, and to determine possible candidate genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pedigree analysis was performed and blood samples were taken from five affected pups, their siblings, and parents. Seven candidate genes were selected and linkage analysis was performed. Further methods used included sequencing and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 37 litters consisting of 163 pups, we found 47 affected pups in a total population of 2104. The male:female ratio was 1:0.96. Affected pups showed isolated cleft lip and/or cleft palate; no attendant disorders have been reported. Despite a high degree of relationship, two affected pups displayed a cleft palate (- H S H -) and a cleft lip with or without cleft palate (L A -) cleft formation. Histology of affected pups showed that the medial edge epithelium remained intact and did not undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transformation. There was no evidence for linkage between the trait and TGFb3 or Msx1. Subsequent sequencing excluded the coding sequence of Fst as well.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pedigree analysis showed that cleft palate is not genetically distinct from cleft lip with or without cleft palate but is inherited in this breed as a monogenic autosomal recessive trait. Linkage analysis and sequencing excluded TGFb3, Msx1, and Fst as candidate genes. Histology of affected pups showed that the medial edge epithelium is still intact.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 9022, Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thiele
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dankof
authors.forename: Gül
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Carola
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lauster
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fernahl
authors.forename: Roland
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lauster
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000235:genetics / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D038681:Follistatin / Q000235:genetics; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D038681:Follistatin; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C112960:LIM homeobox protein 8; D060850:LIM-Homeodomain Proteins; D051957:MSX1 Transcription Factor; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; C103008:inhibin beta A subunit; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits