title: The prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment in rural and urban regions of Beijing, China: a general population-based survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of insomnia, its sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and treatment patterns in Chinese people.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5,926 subjects were randomly selected in the urban and rural areas of Beijing and interviewed using standardized assessment tools. Basic sociodemographic and clinical data were also collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban and rural regions of Beijing municipality, China. Patients or Participants Adult residents older than 15 years. Interventions N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of at least one type of insomnia was 9.2%; the rates of difficulty initiating sleep (DIS), difficulty maintaining sleep (DMS), and early morning awakening (EMA) were 7.0%, 8.0%, and 4.9%, respectively. Increased age (age >44 and 24 years in the urban and rural samples, respectively), female sex, married, divorced, separated, or widowed marital status; having a major medical condition; and suffering from a psychiatric disorder were risk factors for all types of insomnia in both the urban and rural samples. A low level of education (primary school or illiteracy) was significantly associated with a higher likelihood of all types of insomnia in the urban sample. Current smokers and current drinkers were less likely to report any type of insomnia in the rural sample. Unemployment was associated with DMS in the urban sample, while it was associated with DIS and DMS in the rural sample. Only 5.4% of the participants with any type of insomnia reported their symptoms to medical practitioners. In contrast, nearly one-third of the subjects with insomnia reported taking benzodiazepines as sleep-enhancing drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nationwide epidemiologic surveys are needed to further explore the prevalence of insomnia in China. The low percentage of subjects treated for insomnia indicates a major public health problem that should be addressed. Strict controls on use of benzodiazepines are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China. xyutly@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Yu-Tao
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Zhuo-Ji
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Shu-Ran
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ying-Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Hong-Li
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Ye-Zhi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Zhen-Bo
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Zhan-Jiang
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yu-Fen
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Wei-Min
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Xiao-Mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Kelly Y C
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Gabor S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Ungvari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002681:China; D015897:Comorbidity; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives