title: Intraventricular baclofen for dystonia: techniques and outcomes. Clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of intraventricular baclofen (IVB) for the treatment of severe generalized secondary and heredodegenerative dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine children and 1 adult with severe dystonia unresponsive to multiple oral medications were treated with IVB. Intraventricular catheters were positioned endoscopically in the third ventricle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight of the 10 patients responded to IVB; their mean dystonia scores on the Barry-Albright dystonia scale decreased from 23 to 8. The 2 patients who did not respond had not responded to previous high doses of intrathecal baclofen. No adverse side effects related to IVB occurred. One child developed a pump infection that required pump removal, 1 developed a CSF infection that cleared after antibiotic administration, and 1 developed ventriculomegaly that required a shunt placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraventricular baclofen is an effective method of infusing baclofen to treat severe, generalized secondary dystonia, and, at times, heredodegenerative dystonia. The site of baclofen's activity when treating dystonia may be at the cortical level, and intraventricular infusion may result in higher baclofen concentrations over the cortex than intrathecal infusion. Additional studies are necessary to determine whether IVB is effective at lower doses than those used with intrathecal baclofen administration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53792, USA. l.albright@neurosurg.wisc.edu
authors.forename: A Leland
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Albright
authors.forename: Susan S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ferson
mesh_terms: D001418:Baclofen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004421:Dystonia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015918:Infusion Pumps, Implantable; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular / Q000295:instrumentation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000187:drug effects; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009125:Muscle Relaxants, Central; D001418:Baclofen