title: Investigation into classification/sourcing of suspect counterfeit Heptodintrade mark tablets by near infrared chemical imaging.
abstract: Near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) analysis was performed on 55 counterfeit Heptodin tablets obtained from a market survey and an additional 11 authentic Heptodin tablets for comparison. The aim of the study was to investigate whether NIR-CI can be used to detect the counterfeit tablets and to classify/source them so as to understand the possible number of origins to aid investigators and authorities to shut down counterfeiting operations. NIR-CI combined with multivariate analysis is particularly suited to compare chemical and physical properties of samples, since it is a quick and non-destructive method of analysis. Counterfeit tablets were easily distinguished from the authentic ones. Principal component analysis (PCA) and k-means clustering were performed on the data set. The results from both analyses grouped the counterfeit tablets in 13 main groups. The main groups found with both methods were quite consistent. Out of the 55 tablets only 18% contained the correct active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), i.e., the anti-viral drug lamivudine. The remaining 82% of counterfeit tablets contained talc and starch as main excipients. The API containing tablets classified into three main groups, based mainly on the amount of lamivudine present in the tablet. The group which had close to the correct amount of lamivudine sub-classified into three groups. From the analysis carried out, it is likely that the counterfeit tablets originate from as many as 15 different sources.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, IST, Technical University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marta B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000032:analysis*; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013607:Tablets / Q000737:chemistry / Q000145:classification
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D013607:Tablets; D019259:Lamivudine