title: A case-control study to assess the relationship between poverty and visual impairment from cataract in Kenya, the Philippines, and Bangladesh.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The link between poverty and health is central to the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Poverty can be both a cause and consequence of poor health, but there are few epidemiological studies exploring this complex relationship. The aim of this study was to examine the association between visual impairment from cataract and poverty in adults in Kenya, Bangladesh, and the Philippines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A population-based case-control study was conducted in three countries during 2005-2006. Cases were persons aged 50 y or older and visually impaired due to cataract (visual acuity < 6/24 in the better eye). Controls were persons age- and sex-matched to the case participants with normal vision selected from the same cluster. Household expenditure was assessed through the collection of detailed consumption data, and asset ownership and self-rated wealth were also measured. In total, 596 cases and 535 controls were included in these analyses (Kenya 142 cases, 75 controls; Bangladesh 216 cases, 279 controls; Philippines 238 cases, 180 controls). Case participants were more likely to be in the lowest quartile of per capita expenditure (PCE) compared to controls in Kenya (odds ratio = 2.3, 95% confidence interval 0.9-5.5), Bangladesh (1.9, 1.1-3.2), and the Philippines (3.1, 1.7-5.7), and there was significant dose-response relationship across quartiles of PCE. These associations persisted after adjustment for self-rated health and social support indicators. A similar pattern was observed for the relationship between cataract visual impairment with asset ownership and self-rated wealth. There was no consistent pattern of association between PCE and level of visual impairment due to cataract, sex, or age among the three countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that people with visual impairment due to cataract were poorer than those with normal sight in all three low-income countries studied. The MDGs are committed to the eradication of extreme poverty and provision of health care to poor people, and this study highlights the need for increased provision of cataract surgery to poor people, as they are particularly vulnerable to visual impairment from cataract.
authors.affiliation: International Centre for Eye Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom. hannah.kuper@lshtm.ac.uk
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kuper
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Polack
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Eusebio
authors.forename: Wanjiku
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mathenge
authors.forename: Zakia
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wadud
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Foster
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001459:Bangladesh / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002386:Cataract / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010679:Philippines / Q000453:epidemiology; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology