title: Is adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder a valid diagnosis in the presence of high IQ?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Because the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in higher education settings is rapidly becoming a contentious issue, particularly among patients with high IQs, we sought to assess the validity of diagnosing ADHD in high-IQ adults and to further characterize the clinical features associated with their ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We operationalized high IQ as having a full-scale IQ120. We identified 53 adults with a high IQ who did not have ADHD and 64 adults with a high IQ who met diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Groups did not differ on IQ, socio-economic status or gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-IQ adults with ADHD reported a lower quality of life, had poorer familial and occupational functioning, and had more functional impairments, including more speeding tickets, accidents and arrests. Major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder diagnoses were higher in high-IQ adults with ADHD. All other psychiatric co-morbidities, including antisocial personality disorder and substance abuse, did not differ between the two high-IQ groups. ADHD was more prevalent in first-degree relatives of adults with ADHD relative to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that adults with ADHD and a high IQ display patterns of functional impairments, familiality and psychiatric co-morbidities that parallel those found in the average-IQ adult ADHD population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA.
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Antshel
authors.forename: S V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Faraone
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maglione
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Seidman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012917:Social Adjustment; D055815:Young Adult