title: Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined specific family rejecting reactions to sexual orientation and gender expression during adolescence as predictors of current health problems in a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of previously collected in-depth interviews, we developed quantitative scales to assess retrospectively in young adults the frequency of parental and caregiver reactions to a lesbian, gay, or bisexual sexual orientation during adolescence. Our survey instrument also included measures of 9 negative health indicators, including mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk. The survey was administered to a sample of 224 white and Latino self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults, aged 21 to 25, recruited through diverse venues and organizations. Participants completed self-report questionnaires by using either computer-assisted or pencil-and-paper surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection. Latino men reported the highest number of negative family reactions to their sexual orientation in adolescence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes a clear link between specific parental and caregiver rejecting behaviors and negative health problems in young lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Providers who serve this population should assess and help educate families about the impact of rejecting behaviors. Counseling families, providing anticipatory guidance, and referring families for counseling and support can help make a critical difference in helping decrease risk and increasing well-being for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.
authors.affiliation: Adolescent Health Initiatives, César E. Chávez Institute, College of Ethnic Studies, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA. caitlin@sfsu.edu
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Rafael M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Diaz
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanchez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D018452:Homosexuality, Female / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations / Q000208:ethnology*; D012059:Rejection, Psychology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult