title: Inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 and resulting decrease in the level of prostaglandins E2 is responsible for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-dependent exacerbation of colitis.
abstract: A number of clinical studies have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exacerbate inflammatory bowel disease; however the molecular mechanism whereby this occurs remains unclear. NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX), which has subtypes COX-1 and COX-2. In this study, we have examined the effect of various types of NSAIDs on the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis, an animal model of inflammatory bowel disease. The DSS-induced colitis was worsened by administration of non-selective NSAIDs but not by COX-1 or COX-2 selective inhibitors. However, administration of a combination of both COX-1- and COX-2-selective inhibitors exacerbated the colitis. The intestinal level of PGE(2) dramatically decreased in response to administration of COX-1- and COX-2-selective inhibitors, and exogenously administered PGE(2) suppressed the exacerbation of colitis by NSAIDs. The expression of mucin proteins, which protect the intestinal mucosa, was suppressed by non-selective NSAIDs and this expression was restored by PGE(2), both in vivo and in vitro. Intestinal mucosal cell growth was inhibited by non-selective NSAIDs and this cell growth was restored by PGE(2), both in vivo and in vitro. This study provides evidence that inhibition of both COX-1 and COX-2 and the resulting dramatic decrease in the intestinal level of PGE(2) is responsible for NSAID-dependent exacerbation of DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, expression of mucin proteins and intestinal mucosal cell growth seems to be involved in this exacerbation and its suppression by PGE(2).
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Ken-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suemasu
authors.forename: Tomoaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tasaka
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Tohru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizushima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D016207:Cytokines; D009077:Mucins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone