title: Expression pattern and functional relevance of epidermal growth factor receptor and cyclooxygenase-2: novel chemotherapeutic targets in pancreatic endocrine tumors?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic endocrine tumors represent morphologically and biologically heterogeneous neoplasms. Well-differentiated endocrine tumors (benign or of uncertain behavior) can be distinguished from well-differentiated and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas. Although many well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas show rather low rates of tumor growth, more than two-thirds of pancreatic endocrine carcinomas display distant metastases at the time of diagnosis. As the currently applied therapies beyond surgery only achieve partial or complete response rates of approximately 15%, additional chemotherapeutic targets are needed, especially in the therapy of inoperable and progressive pancreatic endocrine carcinomas.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 were investigated in 110 clinically and pathomorphologically well-characterized pancreatic endocrine tumors, using immunohistochemistry and immunoblot analyses. Functional tests were performed using the human pancreas carcinoid cell line BON and the mouse insulinoma cell line beta-TC-3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The expression of EGFR correlated significantly with the grade of malignancy, increasing from low rates of expression in benign tumors and tumors of uncertain behavior to high rates of expression in well- and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas. The expression of COX-2 was independent of the malignant potential, but was more frequently expressed in primary tumors than in metastases. The treatment of the human pancreas carcinoid cell line BON and the mouse insulinoma cell line beta-TC-3 with EGFR and COX-2 inhibitors (monotherapy and combined therapy) resulted in a significant, dose-dependent reduction of cell viability coupled with increased apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that EGFR and COX-2 may represent useful additional chemotherapeutic targets in pancreatic endocrine tumors.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bergmann
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breinig
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Höpfner
authors.forename: Ralf J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Rieker
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Köhler
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleeff
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Herpel
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ehemann
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Friess
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D000068579:Celecoxib; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007340:Insulinoma / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011799:Quinazolines; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D020032:Tyrphostins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D011799:Quinazolines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D020032:Tyrphostins; C101044:RTKI cpd; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000068579:Celecoxib