title: Dose trends for second-generation antipsychotic treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Antipsychotic dosing used in clinical practice can differ from dosing originally recommended in product labeling. This has been reported for olanzapine and quetiapine, where higher doses are commonly used. This may be the case for ziprasidone as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  To characterize changes over time in dosing for the initial and subsequent prescriptions of first-line second-generation antipsychotics used during treatment episodes for outpatients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, the 2001-2005 Thomson MarketScan Medicaid Database (Medicaid) and the 2001-2006 MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (Commercial) were analyzed. Dose trends were evaluated using autoregressive time-series models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were available for 49180 treatment episodes of schizophrenia (4683 Commercial and 44497 Medicaid) and 83289 treatment episodes of bipolar disorder (57961 Commercial and 25328 Medicaid). The initial prescription mean daily and overall mean daily doses of ziprasidone in schizophrenia episodes significantly increased across the Medicaid and Commercial populations, with similar trends observed for bipolar episodes. The first (May 2001) and last (December 2005) observed 3-month mean daily doses for ziprasidone were 112 mg/d and 138 mg/d for patients with schizophrenia and 93 mg/d and 113 mg/d for those with bipolar disorder in the Medicaid cohort, with similar findings for the Commercial cohort. Consistently significant trends in dose changes were not observed for the other medications, although quetiapine and olanzapine doses generally increased while aripiprazole and risperidone doses generally decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There remains a need for controlled randomized clinical trials that test fixed doses of antipsychotics to ascertain the dose-response relationship within the dose range used in contemporary clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA. citrome@nki.rfmh.org
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Citrome
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reist
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Montejano
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lenhart
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cuffel
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harnett
authors.forename: Kafi N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Sanders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016206:Databases, Bibliographic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation