title: Questionnaire design and the recall of pharmacological treatments: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to review systematically the published evidence regarding the effect of questionnaire design on the recall of pharmacological treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  The electronic databases Pubmed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to October 2007, using the following search terms: drug utilization, pharmaceutical preparations, pharmacoepidemiology, validation studies, methods, epidemiologic methods, interviews, data collection, and questionnaires. Drug utilization studies comparing different types of questionnaire or methods of questionnaire administration were included. Backward and forward citation tracking were also conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight studies were included in the systematic review, comparing questions asking for specific drugs or indications with open-ended questions (n = 5), evaluating the use of memory aids (n = 1), or studying the influence of response order on recall (n = 2). The studies were heterogeneous, namely regarding the populations evaluated (e.g., pregnant women, hypertensive patients, general population), mode of questionnaire administration (e.g., personal or telephone interview, self-administered), recall period (e.g., current use, 1 week, previous episode of a disease), or drugs evaluated (e.g., analgesics, antimalarials, all medicines). Despite the lack of standardization in presentation of results, the prevalence of drug use may vary between 5 and 40% when drug names and indications or pictures are used as memory aids, or as a result of primacy effects in self-administered questionnaires. The yielding of the questionnaires depended on the pharmacological groups evaluated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scientific work regarding methods for drug utilization data collection is scarce. The available evidence highlights the importance of knowing the questionnaire characteristics for a proper interpretation of results from drug utilization studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gama
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Correia
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lunet
mesh_terms: D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D011939:Mental Recall; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations