title: Selective inhibition of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases: phenotypic effects on shoot branching.
abstract: Members of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family catalyze the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids at various chain positions, leading to the formation of a wide range of apocarotenoid signaling molecules. To explore the functions of this diverse enzyme family, we have used a chemical genetic approach to design selective inhibitors for different classes of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase. A set of 18 arylalkyl-hydroxamic acids was synthesized in which the distance between an iron-chelating hydroxamic acid and an aromatic ring was varied; these compounds were screened as inhibitors of four different enzyme classes, either in vitro or in vivo. Potent inhibitors were found that selectively inhibited enzymes that cleave carotenoids at the 9,10 position; 50% inhibition was achieved at submicromolar concentrations. Application of certain inhibitors at 100 microm to Arabidopsis node explants or whole plants led to increased shoot branching, consistent with inhibition of 9,10-cleavage.
authors.affiliation: Warwick HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne CV35, 9EF, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sergeant
authors.forename: Jian-Jun
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brookbank
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Timothy D H
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Bugg
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D002338:Carotenoids; D049308:Dioxygenases