title: Novel techniques for real-time monitoring of cGMP in living cells.
abstract: Recent developments of biophysical and electrophysiological techniques have enabled researchers to monitor levels of free intracellular cGMP in real-time and in intact living cells. These techniques are based on the use of cGMP sensors, which respond to cGMP with changes in transmembrane ion current or changes in fluorescence. Here, we describe the principles of these techniques, compare them in terms of sensitivity and discuss possible application for current cell biology and physiology.
authors.affiliation: Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Viacheslav O
authors.initials: VO
authors.lastname: Nikolaev
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lohse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000032:analysis*; D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer / Q000379:methods*; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D054815:Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium