title: Caffeine during exercise in the heat: thermoregulation and fluid-electrolyte balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion on thermoregulation and fluid-electrolyte losses during prolonged exercise in the heat.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven endurance-trained ( .VO2max = 61 +/- 8 mL.kg.min) heat-acclimated cyclists pedaled for 120 min at 63% .VO2max in a hot-dry environment (36 degrees C; 29% humidity) on six occasions: 1) without rehydration (NF); 2) rehydrating 97% of sweat losses with water (WAT); 3) rehydrating the same volume with a 6% carbohydrate-electrolytes solution (CES); or combining these treatments with the ingestion of 6 mg caffeine.kg (-1) body weight 45 min before exercise, that is, 4) C(AFF) + NF; 5) C(AFF) + WAT; and 6) C(AFF) + CES.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without fluid replacement (NF and C(AFF) + NF), final rectal temperature (T(REC)) reached 39.4 +/- 0.1 degrees C, whereas it remained at 38.7 +/- 0.1 degrees C during WAT (CES and C(AFF)+ WAT; (P < 0.05). Caffeine did not alter heat production, forearm skin blood flow, or sweat rate. However, C(AFF) + CES tended to elevate T(REC) above CES alone (38.9 +/- 0.1 degrees C vs 38.6 +/- 0.1 degrees C; P = 0.07). Caffeine ingestion increased sweat losses of sodium, chloride, and potassium ( approximately 14%; P < 0.05) and enlarged urine flow (28%; P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caffeine ingested alone or in combination with water or a sports drink was not thermogenic or impaired heat dissipation. However, C(AFF) + CES tended to have a higher T(REC) than CES alone. Caffeine increased urine flow and sweat electrolyte excretion, but these effects are not enough to affect dehydration or blood electrolyte levels when exercising for 120 min in a hot environment.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, SPAIN.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Del Coso
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estevez
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mora-Rodriguez
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation; D002110:Caffeine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012007:Rectum / Q000502:physiology*; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine