title: Posterior juxtascleral infusion of modified triamcinolone acetonide formulation for refractory diabetic macular edema: one-year follow-up.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate prospectively the efficacy and safety of posterior juxtascleral infusion of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide for refractory diffuse diabetic macular edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an interventional case series. Twenty-two consecutive eyes of 18 patients with refractory diffuse diabetic macular edema were included in the study. Each patient underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and digital fluorescein angiography (FA). All patients received a suspension of 40 mg triamcinolone acetonide, 20 mg sodium chondroitin sulfate, and 15 mg sodium hyaluronate (1.5 mL), delivered posteriorly through a conjunctival and Tenon's incision. All patients completed the 1-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, studied eyes received 1.5 treatments. Mean preoperative foveal thickness (+/-SD) and visual acuity (+/-SD) were 474.2 +/- 136.6 microm and 0.6 +/- 0.37 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR), respectively. The central foveal thickness was significantly reduced from baseline at every follow-up visit (P < 0.001). Mean (+/-SD) reductions in macular thickness were 136 +/- 108 microm at 1 week and 128 +/- 122 microm after 1 year of follow-up. Mean (+/-SD) improvement in visual acuity at 12 months was 0.15 +/- 0.21 logMAR (P = 0.008). Visual acuity improvement of one or more lines and three or more lines were observed in 14 (63.6%) and 6 (27.3%) eyes, respectively. Seven eyes (31.8%) required topical treatment due to a significant intraocular pressure increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Posterior juxtascleral infusion of a new formulation of triamcinolone acetonide is an effective treatment for diffuse diabetic macular edema unresponsive to conventional grid laser photocoagulation. A randomized, larger study is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veritti
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lanzetta
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Perissin
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bandello
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007263:Infusions, Parenteral; D008269:Macular Edema / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012590:Sclera; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D014222:Triamcinolone Acetonide