title: Protein kinase A regulatory subunits in human adipose tissue: decreased R2B expression and activity in adipocytes from obese subjects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In human adipocytes, the cAMP-dependent pathway mediates signals originating from beta-adrenergic activation, thus playing a key role in the regulation of important metabolic processes, i.e., lipolysis and thermogenesis. Cyclic AMP effects are mainly mediated by protein kinase A (PKA), whose R2B regulatory isoform is the most expressed in mouse adipose tissue, where it protects against diet-induced obesity and fatty liver development. The aim of the study was to investigate possible differences in R2B expression, PKA activity, and lipolysis in adipose tissues from obese and nonobese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of the different PKA regulatory subunits was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and real-time PCR in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue samples from 20 nonobese and 67 obese patients. PKA activity and glycerol release were evaluated in total protein extract and adipocytes isolated from fresh tissue samples, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression techniques showed that R2B was the most abundant regulatory protein, both at mRNA and protein level. Interestingly, R2B mRNA levels were significantly lower in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues from obese than nonobese patients and negatively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Moreover, both basal and stimulated PKA activity and glycerol release were significantly lower in visceral adipose tissue from obese patients then nonobese subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results first indicate that, in human adipose tissue, there are important BMI-related differences in R2B expression and PKA activation, which might be included among the multiple determinants involved in the different lipolytic response to beta-adrenergic activation in obesity.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico IRCCS, Milan, Italy. giovanna.mantovani@unimi.it
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bondioni
authors.forename: Luisella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gilardini
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Invitti
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Corbetta
authors.forename: Marco A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zappa
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferrero
authors.forename: Andrea G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Lania
authors.forename: Silvano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bosari
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beck-Peccoz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spada
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000201:enzymology; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000502:physiology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009765:Obesity / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012867:Skin / Q000201:enzymology
chemical_list: D021122:Protein Subunits; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D005990:Glycerol