title: Treatment of focal dystonias with botulinum neurotoxin.
abstract: This is a review on the use of injections of botulinum toxin for the treatment of focal dystonias. Disorders covered include cranial dystonia, cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, and focal hand dystonia. Considered are clinical aspects, alternative treatment strategies and principles of use of botulinum toxin injections.
authors.affiliation: Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA. hallettm@ninds.nih.gov
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hallett
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benecke
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blitzer
authors.forename: Cynthia L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Comella
mesh_terms: D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020821:Dystonic Disorders / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D001905:Botulinum Toxins