title: Quantification of the auditory startle reflex in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To find an adequate tool to assess the auditory startle reflex (ASR) in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the effect of stimulus repetition, gender and age on several quantifications of the ASR. ASR's were elicited by eight consecutive auditory stimuli in 27 healthy children. Electromyographic activity of orbicularis oculi, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, deltoid, abductor pollicis brevis, quadriceps muscles and the sympathetic skin response were recorded. ASR parameters (response probability in % and magnitude in area-under-the-curve) were: (1) combined response of all six muscles (2) blink response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response probabilities were 78% in orbicularis oculi (median latency 41 ms), 17% in sternocleidomastoid (median latency 66 ms), 10% in masseter (median latency 66 ms) and lower in other muscles. The ASR combined response probability and the sympathetic skin response significantly decreased with the repetitive stimuli, but the blink response probability did not. The magnitude (area-under-the-curve) of both the blink response and the combined response did not decrease with the repetitive stimuli. There were no gender or age effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in adults, the blink response and the combined response of multiple muscles show different habituation patterns in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigation of multiple muscles seems appropriate to quantify the ASR in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mirte J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: Frits
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Boer
authors.forename: Johan N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Johannes H T M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Koelman
authors.forename: Thijs
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Boerée
authors.forename: Lo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bour
authors.forename: Marina A J
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Tijssen
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012737:Sex Factors