title: Smoking, environmental tobacco smoke, and risk of renal cell cancer: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Kidney and renal pelvis cancers account for 4% of all new cancer cases in the United States, among which 85% are renal cell carcinomas (RCC). While cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for RCC, little is known about the contribution of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) to RCC incidence. This study assesses the role of smoking and ETS on RCC incidence using a population-based case-control design in Florida and Georgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incident cases (n = 335) were identified from hospital records and the Florida cancer registry, and population controls (n = 337) frequency-matched by age (+/- 5 years), gender, and race were identified through random-digit dialing. In-person interviews assessed smoking history and lifetime exposure to ETS at home, work, and public spaces. Home ETS was measured in both years and hours of exposure. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using logistic regression, controlled for age, gender, race, and BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases were more likely to have smoked 20 or more pack-years, compared with never-smokers (OR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.93 - 1.95). A protective effect was found for smoking cessation, beginning with 11-20 years of cessation (OR: 0.39, 95% CI: 0.18-0.85) and ending with 51 or more years of cessation (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03-0.39) in comparison with those having quit for 1-10 years. Among never-smokers, cases were more likely to report home ETS exposure of greater than 20 years, compared with those never exposed to home ETS (OR: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.14-4.18). Home ETS associations were comparable when measured in lifetime hours of exposure, with cases more likely to report 30,000 or more hours of home ETS exposure (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.20-4.69). Highest quartiles of combined home/work ETS exposure among never-smokers, especially with public ETS exposure, increased RCC risk by 2 to 4 times.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings confirm known associations between smoking and RCC and establish a potential etiologic role for ETS, particularly in the home. Differences in methods of retrospective measurement of lifetime smoking and ETS exposure may contribute to discrepancies in measures of associations across studies, and should be addressed in future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Florida, USA. rtheis@ichp.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Ryan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Theis
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dolwick Grieb
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burr
authors.forename: Tariq
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Nabih R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Asal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015984:Causality; D015897:Comorbidity; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida / Q000453:epidemiology; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution