title: Consent for non-therapeutic male circumcision on religious grounds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess whether surgeons are conforming to guidance laid down by professional organisations and the courts in obtaining dual parental consent for non-therapeutic circumcision.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-note review over a 12-month period (April 2005 to April 2006) of circumcisions in boys under the age of 16 years in a tertiary paediatric surgical unit was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 62 boys aged 1-14 years (median age, 4 years) underwent non-therapeutic circumcision. Written consent from both parents was obtained in only 4 cases (6.4%). In no case was written consent obtained from the patient or their views documented. In 58 cases, the written consent was provided by only one parent; the mother in 34 (55%), the father in 24 (45%). Of these 58 cases, in 25 (43%) both parents attended with the child on the day of surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data reveal a consistent non-conformity with recommended practice and the common law. It seems unlikely that the doctors involved are deliberate and inveterate law-breakers. The reason for this non-compliance may be ignorance of the rules, or due to the impracticality of their implementation. There is evidence that doctors are ignorant of the legal rules pertaining to their patients, and the results may reflect this ignorance. However, there are also practical difficulties in obtaining dual consent that may be partially responsible for the variance. Inevitably, investment will be required to overcome these difficulties. Cost may tempt service providers to abandon the provision, leaving parents to their own devices.
authors.affiliation: Wessex Regional Centre for Paediatric Surgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Makin
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002944:Circumcision, Male / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D033282:Parental Consent / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012067:Religion; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D006113:United Kingdom; D014572:Urology / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*