title: The influence of liberal alcohol consumption on glucose metabolism in patients with type 1 diabetes: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the consequences of excessive alcohol ingestion in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the metabolic effects of acute ingestion of liberal amounts of alcohol in patients with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study using a randomized, placebo controlled, double blind design in Hospital Clinical Research Unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 10 patients with type 1 diabetes (seven male, age 43.9 +/- 9.0 years, duration of diabetes 17.3 +/- 13.8 years, HbA(1c) 8.0 +/- 1.5%) who had a standard 600-calorie lunch on two separate occasions, together with either white wine (men eight units, women six units), or an equivalent volume of alcohol-free wine. Bloods were collected before lunch and hourly for 4 h for glucose, intermediary metabolites, counter-regulatory hormones and inflammatory markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between alcohol and alcohol-free days in levels of glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids, glycerol, cortisol and growth hormone. In contrast, lactate levels rose in response to the meal but with alcohol the overall response was augmented (P = 0.014). Beta-hydroxybutyrate levels were suppressed post-prandially on the alcohol-free day but were significantly elevated with alcohol (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A rise in ketones following alcohol ingestion occurred despite subjects being in a strictly controlled environment with no interruption in insulin administration. Such individuals might be at risk of significant ketosis in less-controlled circumstances where insulin administration might be more erratic. Patient education material should contain information to highlight these potential problems.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes & Endocrine Centre, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Castle Lane East, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Penfold
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zouwail
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Begley
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D014920:Wine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin