title: Evaluation of the fate of the active ingredients of insecticide sprays used indoors.
abstract: The fate of the active ingredients of insecticide sprays after use in indoor environments was investigated. Indoor air sampling was performed through two types of adsorbents, namely, TENAX TA and XAD-2 (10 L). After sampling, both adsorbents were ultrasonically extracted and analyzed by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectroscopy. The separation and analysis of the selected compounds were satisfactory and fast (duration of the chromatographic run: 40 min). The method was linear for all examined chemicals over the tested range (2 to 50 ng of absolute compound); limits of detection ranged from 0.42 to 1.32 ng of absolute compound. The method was then applied in the determination of the active ingredients of three commercially available insecticide sprays that were separately used in a full-scale environmental chamber (30 m(3)). After spraying, the fate of the active ingredients [propoxur, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and pyrethrin insecticides] was monitored over 40 minutes, with and without ventilation. Both adsorbent materials were proven to be efficient and the differences in the concentrations deriving from sampling with both materials were in almost all cases less than 10%. All chemicals were removed in rates that exceeded 80%, after the 40 minutes of monitoring, exhibiting different decay rates. The removal of insecticides was not significantly affected by the ventilation of the chamber. The correlation analysis of propoxur, PBO and pyrethrins with the aerosols of various sizes (15 fractions, from 0.3 to > 20 microm) showed that propoxur and PBO mainly associated with the medium size aerosols (3-7.5 microm) while pyrethrins seem to link more with heavier particles (> 10 microm).
authors.affiliation: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, VA, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leva
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Katsoyiannis
authors.forename: Josefa
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barrero-Morero
authors.forename: Stylianos
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kephalopoulos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kotzias
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006798:Housing; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D001074:Propoxur / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014691:Ventilation
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D007306:Insecticides; D010647:Phenyl Ethers; D011108:Polymers; D011137:Polystyrenes; D011722:Pyrethrins; D012116:Resins, Plant; C488462:poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide); C003771:Amberlite XAD-2 resin; D001074:Propoxur; D010882:Piperonyl Butoxide