title: Patient safety climate in 92 US hospitals: differences by work area and discipline.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concern about patient safety has promoted efforts to improve safety climate. A better understanding of how patient safety climate differs among distinct work areas and disciplines in hospitals would facilitate the design and implementation of interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To understand workers' perceptions of safety climate and ways in which climate varies among hospitals and by work area and discipline.
  
  
  METHODS
  We administered the Patient Safety Climate in Healthcare Organizations survey in 2004-2005 to personnel in a stratified random sample of 92 US hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled 100% of senior managers and physicians and 10% of all other workers. We received 18,361 completed surveys (52% response).
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey measured safety climate perceptions and worker and job characteristics of hospital personnel. We calculated and compared the percent of responses inconsistent with a climate of safety among hospitals, work areas, and disciplines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 17% of responses were inconsistent with a safety climate. Patient safety climate differed by hospital and among and within work areas and disciplines. Emergency department personnel perceived worse safety climate and personnel in nonclinical areas perceived better safety climate than workers in other areas. Nurses were more negative than physicians regarding their work unit's support and recognition of safety efforts, and physicians showed marginally more fear of shame than nurses. For other dimensions of safety climate, physician-nurse differences depended on their work area.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences among and within hospitals suggest that strategies for improving safety climate and patient safety should be tailored for work areas and disciplines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. ssinger@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gaba
authors.forename: Alyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falwell
authors.forename: Shoutzu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006272:Health Facility Environment; D006739:Hospital Administration / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006740:Hospital Administrators / Q000523:psychology; D006742:Hospital Bed Capacity; D006748:Hospital Departments / Q000145:classification / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D015279:Organizational Culture; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000145:classification / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D012306:Risk; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D012637:Security Measures; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult