title: Vena cava filter retrieval in therapeutically anticoagulated patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vena cava filters (VCFs) are indicated in patients with active venous thromboembolism and are a contraindication to therapeutic anticoagulation. When patients can be anticoagulated, VCFs can be removed; however, patients often have anticoagulation discontinued during the retrieval procedure, leaving them at risk for pulmonary embolism (PE). The authors evaluated their experience with retrieving VCFs in therapeutically anticoagulated patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a prospectively collected database of patients with VCFs placed between January 2005 and September 2007 were reviewed. The retrievals in therapeutically anticoagulated patients (international normalized ratio, 2.0-3.4) were performed using a strict protocol, including preretrieval and postretrieval cavograms. All retrievals were performed in the operating room, and patients were discharged home the same day and examined within 7 to 14 days. Descriptive statistics including means and counts were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred thirteen VCF removals occurred during the study period; 62 were attempted on anticoagulated patients (42 male and 20 female patients; mean age, 36.5 years). Thirty-five patients (56%) had VCFs placed for prophylaxis, 22 (35%) had deep venous thromboses or PEs but had contraindications to anticoagulation, and 5 (8%) were on anticoagulation, which was discontinued perioperatively for major surgical operations. The mean time the filters were in place was 153.7 days (range, 22-684 days). No extravasation was seen on postretrieval cavography. Eight of 62 removal attempts in anticoagulated patients were unsuccessful. One patient had a postoperative pneumothorax that was successfully managed without intervention. There were no operative bleeding complications, and no hematomas or contusions were seen at follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The retrieval of VCFs in therapeutically anticoagulated patients can be performed without complication. Given the perioperative risk for PE, anticoagulation should not be discontinued for VCF retrieval.
authors.affiliation: Carolinas Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Division of Minimally Invasive and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Charlotte, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Schmelzer
authors.forename: A Britton
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Christmas
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: B Todd
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Heniford
authors.forename: Ronald F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001777:Blood Coagulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016306:Vena Cava Filters; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants