title: Comparison of self-directed learning versus instructor-modeled learning during a simulated clinical experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are no reports in the literature that compare instructor-modeled learning to self-directed learning when simulation is used. Therefore, no evidence exists to know which approach is superior. This study aims to test the hypothesis that instructor-modeled learning is more effective compared with self-directed learning during a simulated clinical experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a descriptive pilot study to compare instructor-modeled learning with self-directed learning during a clinical simulated experience. Four evaluation tools were used at three time points to evaluate knowledge, self-efficacy (self confidence), and behaviors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixteen students participated. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups on the Knowledge Assessment Test. There were significant differences between the groups in the Self-Efficacy Tool (SET) at three times (time 1: P = 0.006, time 2: P = 0.008, time 3: P = 0.012). The only significance between the groups on the Technical Evaluation Tool was time to start Albuterol. The Behavioral Assessment Tool (BAT) showed significant differences between the groups in 8 out of 10 components of the tool. A strong correlation was observed between the overall score of the BAT and the SET Score.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the small sample size prohibits definitive conclusions, the data suggest that instructor-modeled learning may be more effective than self-directed learning for some aspects of learning during a clinical simulated experience.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric and Acute Care Pediatric Nurse Practitioner Program, The University of Texas, Arlington, TX 76019, USA. jleflore@uta.edu
authors.forename: Judy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: LeFlore
authors.forename: Mindi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Jacqueline L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Engle
authors.forename: JoDee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004511:Education, Nursing, Graduate; D004521:Educational Measurement; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007858:Learning; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017145:Models, Educational; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009722:Nurse Practitioners / Q000193:education*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013663:Teaching