title: Reduced rectal toxicity with ultrasound-based image guided radiotherapy using BAT (B-mode acquisition and targeting system) for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of image guided radiotherapy with stereotactic ultrasound BAT (B-mode acquisition and targeting system) on rectal toxicity in conformal radiotherapy of prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  42 sequential patients with prostate cancer undergoing radiotherapy before and after the introduction of BAT were included. Planning computed tomography (CT) was performed with empty rectum and moderately filled bladder. The planning target volume (PTV) included the prostate and seminal vesicles with a safety margin of 1.5 cm in anterior and lateral direction. In posterior direction the anterior 1/3 of the rectum circumference were included. Total dose was 66 Gy and a boost of 4 Gy excluding the seminal vesicles. 22 patients (BAT group) were treated with daily stereotactic ultrasound positioning, for the other 20 patients (NoBAT group) an EPID (electronic portal imaging device) was performed once a week. Acute and late genito-urinary (GU) and rectal toxicity and PSA values were evaluated after 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. The total median follow up of toxicity was 3 years in the BAT group and 4 years in the NoBAT group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the NoBAT group significant more rectal toxicity occurred, while in GU toxicity no difference was seen. Two patients in the NoBAT group showed late rectal toxicity grade 3, no toxicity>grade 2 occurred in the BAT group. There was no significant difference in PSA reduction between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Without BAT significant more acute and a trend to more late rectal toxicity was found. With regard to dose escalation this aspect is currently evaluated with a larger number of patients using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167, Mannheim, Germany. markus.bohrer@radonk.ma.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bohrer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schröder
authors.forename: Grit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Welzel
authors.forename: Hansjörg
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wertz
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lohr
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wenz
authors.forename: Sabine Kathrin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Mai
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011349:Proctitis / Q000209:etiology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000528:radiation effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen