title: Liver X receptor mediates hepatitis B virus X protein-induced lipogenesis in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma.
abstract: Although hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) has been implicated in abnormal lipid metabolism in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated hepatic steatosis, its underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Liver X receptor (LXR) plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis. Here we demonstrate that LXRalpha and LXRbeta mediate HBV-associated hepatic steatosis. We have found that HBx induces the expression of LXR and its lipogenic target genes, such as sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, and this is accompanied by the accumulation of lipid droplets. RNA interference with LXR expression decreases the amount of lipid droplets as well as the expression of the lipogenic genes, and this indicates that HBx-induced lipogenesis is LXR-dependent. LXRalpha and HBx colocalize in the nucleus and are physically associated. HBx induces the transactivation function of LXRalpha by recruiting CREB binding protein to the promoter of the target gene. Furthermore, we have observed that expression of LXR is increased in the livers of HBx-transgenic mice. Finally, there is a significant increase in the expression of LXRbeta (P = 0.036), SREBP-1c (P = 0.008), FAS, and stearoyl-coenyzme A desaturase-1 (P = 0.001) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in comparison with adjacent nontumorous nodules in human HBV-associated HCC specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a novel association between HBx and LXR that may represent an important mechanism explaining HBx-induced hepatic lipogenesis during HBV-associated hepatic carcinogenesis.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae-Young
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Na
authors.forename: Young Kee
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kyung Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Roh
authors.forename: Shin-Ae
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Il
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Sae Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Je Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Seong
authors.forename: Cheol Keun
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yoon La
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Mi-Ock
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D050155:Lipogenesis; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000821:virology; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000378:metabolism*; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C000605214:Nr1h3 protein, mouse; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D051780:Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1; D015534:Trans-Activators; D054334:Viral Regulatory and Accessory Proteins; C057628:hepatitis B virus X protein; D064429:Fatty Acid Synthases