title: Adhesion of amorphous calcium phosphate composites bonded to dentin: a study in failure modality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As a bioactive filler capable of remineralizing tooth structures, the main disadvantage of as-made amorphous calcium phosphate (am-ACP) are its large agglomerates. The objective of this study was to mill ACP, and compare the adhesive strength with dentin, work to fracture, and failure modes of both groups to glass-filled composites and one commercial compomer after 24 h, 1 week, 1, 3, and 6 months of exposure to simulated saliva solution (SLS). Flat dentin surfaces were acid-etched, primed, and photopolymerized. Composites were applied, photo-cured, and debonded in shear. The resin used in each composite was identical: ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, and methacryloxyethyl phthalate. Fillers consisted of am-ACP and milled ACP (m-ACP), and a strontium-containing glass (Sr-glass) at respective mass fractions of (40, 60, and 75%).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety percent of the fracture surfaces in this study showed adhesive failure, with most of these occurring at the dentin/primer interface. Fifty-two percent of failures after 24-h immersion occurred at the primer/composite interface. After 6 months of SLS exposure, 80% of specimens failed at the dentin/primer interface, with a 42% overall reduction in bond strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Milled ACP composites showed initial mechanical advantages over am-ACP composites and the compomer, and produced a higher incidence of a failure mode consistent with stronger adhesion. Evidence is provided which suggests that milled ACP composites may offer enhanced potential in clinical bonding applications.
authors.affiliation: American Dental Association Foundation, Paffenbarger Research Center, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA. justin.odonnell@nist.gov
authors.forename: Justin N R
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Gary E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Antonucci
authors.forename: Drago
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skrtic
mesh_terms: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D003804:Dentin; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; C020243:calcium phosphate