title: The effect of salsalate on insulin action and glucose tolerance in obese non-diabetic patients: results of a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low-grade inflammation may contribute to obesity-related insulin resistance and has been associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The present study evaluated whether treatment with salsalate, a traditional anti-inflammatory medication, would improve insulin action in obese non-diabetic individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial conducted at the inpatient clinical research unit of the NIDKK (Phoenix, AZ, USA). Participants were 54 adults (18 to 45 years of age) with BMI >or= 30 kg/m(2). The intervention was salsalate (3 g/day, n = 28) or identical placebo (n = 26) for 7 days. The allocation was kept concealed by giving the investigator only a number corresponding to a vial of placebo or salsalate sequentially randomised in blocks by sex. Main outcomes were changes in insulin action assessed as rate of glucose disposal (R (d)) by euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp (insulin infusion rate 40 mU m(-2) min(-1)) and glucose tolerance by 75 g OGTT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was completed by 47 participants, of which 40 were analysed (salsalate n = 22, placebo n = 18). Salsalate treatment resulted in decreased fasting plasma glucose concentration (mean [SD]; 4.83 [0.28] vs 5.11 [0.33] mmol/l, p = 0.001) and glucose AUC during the OGTT (p = 0.01), and in increased R (d) (20 [8] vs 18 [6] micromol [kg estimated metabolic body size](-1) min(-1), p = 0.002), while there was no significant change in these variables with placebo (p > 0.3 for all). The effect of salsalate on R (d) disappeared (p = 0.9) after normalising to increased insulin concentrations (701 [285] vs 535 [201] pmol/l, p < 0.0001) measured during the clamp. No side effects of salsalate were observed during the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The glucose-lowering potential of salicylates appears to be due to effects on insulin concentration rather than improved insulin action. Salicylate-based compounds may be useful for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, NIDDK/NIH/DHHS, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ, USA. koskaj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koska
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ortega
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bunt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gasser
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Impson
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Courten
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Krakoff
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010919:Placebos; D012459:Salicylates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018401:Sample Size; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D007328:Insulin; D010919:Placebos; D012459:Salicylates; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; C014182:salicylsalicylic acid