title: Differential effects of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 on chondrogenesis in posterofrontal cranial suture-derived mesenchymal cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 has been associated with cranial suture fusion, whereas TGF-beta3 has been associated with suture patency. The mouse posterofrontal suture, analogous to the human metopic suture, fuses through endochondral ossification.
  
  
  METHODS
  TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 expression in the posterofrontal suture was examined by immunohistochemistry. Next, the authors established cultures of suture-derived mesenchymal cells from the posterofrontal suture and examined the cellular responses to TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3. Proliferation in response to TGF-beta isoforms was examined by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. High-density micromass culture of posterofrontal mesenchymal cells was used to study the effect of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 on chondrogenic differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGF-beta1 but not TGF-beta3 protein was highly expressed in chondrocytes within the posterofrontal suture. Significant increases in posterofrontal cell proliferation were observed with TGF-beta3 but not TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 led to significant increases in chondrogenic-specific gene expression (including Sox9, Col II, Aggrecan, and Col X) as compared with moderate effects of TGF-beta3. TGF-beta1 increased cellular adhesion molecule expression (N-cadherin and fibronectin) and promoted cellular condensation, whereas TGF-beta3 increased cellular proliferation (PCNA expression). Finally, TGF-beta1 and, to a lesser extent, TGF-beta3 induced the expression of fibroblast growth factors (FGF-2 and FGF-18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3 exhibit marked differences in their effects on chondrogenesis in posterfrontal suture-derived mesenchymal cells, influencing different stages of chondrogenic differentiation. TGF-beta3 significantly increased cellular proliferation, whereas TGF-beta1 induced precartilage condensation, promoting chondrocyte differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Stanford, Calif. From the Hagey Pediatric Regenerative Research Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Aaron W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Jacqueline K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ruidi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
mesh_terms: D002454:Cell Differentiation; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D010294:Parietal Bone / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3