title: Focal electrically administered therapy: device parameter effects on stimulus perception in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal electrically administered therapy is a new method of transcranial electrical stimulation capable of focal modulation of cerebral activity. Other than invasive studies in animals and examination of motor output in humans, there are limited possibilities for establishing basic principles about how variation in stimulus parameters impact on patterns of intracortical stimulation. This study used a simpler paradigm and evaluated the effects of different stimulation parameters on subjective perception of the quality and location of scalp pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2 studies, 19 subjects were randomly stimulated over the left forehead, varying the anode-cathode arrangement, the intensity of stimulation, the electrode size and placement, and whether the current flow was unidirectional or bidirectional. Subjects rated the location of the sensation and its quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The perceived center of stimulation moved toward the cathode, regardless of placement. This shift in subjective sensation was more prominent when the electricity was unidirectional. In addition, more intense stimulation, as well as stimulation with a smaller electrode, caused greater perceived pain. Unidirectional stimulation was rated more painful when traveling from a large anode to a small cathode and less painful when traveling from a small anode to a large cathode. Finally, participants were more likely to perceive the electrical stimulation as moving toward a specific direction when the intensity was high than when it was low.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intensity and location of sensations can be manipulated by varying the intensity, current direction, or geometry of electrodes.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatry Department, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. borckard@musc.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Borckardt
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: Raffaella
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ricci
authors.forename: Xingbao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Berry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Ashley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arana
authors.forename: Ziad
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Nahas
authors.forename: Vahe
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Amassian
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Harold A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Sackeim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004566:Electrodes; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D012677:Sensation; D055815:Young Adult