title: P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier imaged using 11C-N-desmethyl-loperamide in monkeys.
abstract: 11C-Loperamide is an avid substrate for P-glycoprotein (P-gp), but it is rapidly metabolized to 11C-N-desmethyl-loperamide (11C-dLop), which is also a substrate for P-gp and thereby contaminates the radioactive signal in the brain. Should further demethylation of 11C-dLop occur, radiometabolites with low entry into the brain are generated. Therefore, we evaluated the ability of 11C-dLop to quantify the function of P-gp at the blood-brain barrier in monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six monkeys underwent 12 PET scans of the brain, 5 at baseline and 7 after pharmacologic blockade of P-gp. A subset of monkeys also underwent PET scans with 15O-water to measure cerebral blood flow. To determine whether P-gp blockade affected peripheral distribution of 11C-dLop, we measured whole-body biodistribution in 4 monkeys at baseline and after P-gp blockade.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The concentration of 11C-dLop in the brain was low under baseline conditions and increased 5-fold after P-gp blockade. This increase was primarily caused by an increased rate of entry into the brain rather than a decreased rate of removal from the brain. With P-gp blockade, uptake of radioactivity among brain regions correlated linearly with blood flow, suggesting a high single-pass extraction. After correction for cerebral blood flow, the uptake of 11C-dLop was fairly uniform among brain regions, suggesting that the function of P-gp is fairly uniformly distributed in the brain. On whole-body imaging, P-gp blockade significantly affected distribution of radioactivity only to the brain and not to other visually identified source organs. The effective dose estimated for humans was approximately 9 microSv/MBq.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PET with 11C-dLop can quantify P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier in monkeys. The single-pass extraction of 11C-dLop is high and requires correction for blood flow to accurately measure the function of this efflux transporter. The low uptake at baseline and markedly increased uptake after P-gp blockade suggest that 11C-dLop will be useful to measure a wide range of P-gp functions at the blood-brain barrier in humans.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Branch, PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2035, USA. liowj@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Jeih-San
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Liow
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreisl
authors.forename: Sami S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zoghbi
authors.forename: Neva
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lazarova
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seneca
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Gladding
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Taku
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herscovitch
authors.forename: Victor W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Innis
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008139:Loperamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011851:Radioactivity; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; C419149:N-demethylloperamide; D008139:Loperamide