title: Outcomes and complications of direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis according to the modified May technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to address the efficiency and safety of direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis for facial palsy rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a retrospective study of 12 consecutive procedures performed between December 2000 and February 2006. Facial palsies were caused by the surgical removal of tumors in the brainstem, cerebellopontine angle, or mastoid process. Direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal anastomosis was performed in each case. Facial function (evaluated using the overall percentage of facial function and House-Brackmann scale grades), as well as tongue trophicity and mobility, were assessed at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery. Postoperative early and late complications were systematically reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean delay between tumoral and reparative surgery was 15.9 +/- 4 months (median 11 months). Preoperatively, the mean percentage facial function score was 11.6 +/- 1.7% (45% of patients with House-Brackmann Grade 5 facial palsy and 55% of patients with House-Brackmann Grade 6). Mean facial function scores increased to 19.3, 32.2, and 43.8% at 6, 12, and 24 months after surgery, respectively. Twenty-four months after surgery, 50% of cases had House-Brackmann Grade 3 facial palsy and 50% had Grade 4. A significantly better recovery at 24 months was observed postoperatively for neural lesions occurring in the mastoid or the brainstem compared with those in the cerebellopontine angle. Tongue hemiparesis was observed in 5 patients (41.7%), 2 of whom had tongue hypotrophy (16.7%). No patient complained of swallowing or speech disturbance. Facial synkinesis was noted in 1 patient (8.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facial recovery after direct end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis is similar to results observed with end-to-end or end-to-side facial-hypoglossal nerve anastomosis with an interpositional graft. Tongue hypotrophy and palsy were observed in a small number of cases. This procedure allows one to minimize, although not fully prevent, facial synkinesis. The site of the neural lesion appears to be an important factor in the prognosis of recovery.
authors.affiliation: Ear, Nose, and Throat, University Hospital Gui de Chauliac, France. f-venail@chu-montpellier.fr
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Venail
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sabatier
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mondain
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Segniarbieux
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leipp
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uziel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D005158:Facial Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome