title: Determinants of HIV prevalence among female sex workers in four south Indian states: analysis of cross-sectional surveys in twenty-three districts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In four states in southern India we explored the determinants of HIV prevalence among female sex workers (FSW), as well as factors associated with district-level variations in HIV prevalence among FSW.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from cross-sectional surveys in 23 districts were analysed, with HIV prevalence as the outcome variable, and sociodemographic and sex work characteristics as predictor variables. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to identify factors that could explain variations in HIV prevalence among districts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV prevalence among the 10 096 FSW surveyed was 14.5% (95% confidence interval 14.0-15.4), with a large interdistrict variation, ranging from 2% to 38%. Current marital status and the usual place of solicitation emerged as important factors that determine individual probability of being HIV positive, as well as the HIV prevalence within districts. In multivariate analysis, compared with home-based FSW, the odds of being HIV positive was greater for brothel-based FSW [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 2.17, P <or= 0.001] and for public place-based FSW (AOR 1.32, P = 0.005). Unmarried FSW and those who were widowed/divorced/separated, or from the devadasi tradition, had higher odds of being HIV positive (AOR 1.79, P <or= 0.001 and 1.98, P < 0.001, respectively), than those currently married. The estimated district level variance in HIV prevalence was lowest (0.152) for brothel-based unmarried FSW, followed by brothel-based widowed/divorced/separated or devadasi FSW (0.192).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heterogeneity in the organization and structure of sex work is an important determinant of variations in HIV prevalence among FSW across districts in India, much more so than the districts themselves. This understanding should help to improve the design of HIV preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
authors.forename: Banadakoppa M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ramesh
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Reynold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Washington
authors.forename: Shajy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isac
authors.forename: Bidhubhushan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohapatra
authors.forename: Sangameshwar B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Mahagaonkar
authors.forename: Rajatashuvra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Adhikary
authors.forename: Ginnela N V
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Brahmam
authors.forename: Ramesh S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Paranjape
authors.forename: Thilakavathi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Subramanian
authors.forename: James F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Blanchard
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012107:Research Design; D011477:Sex Work / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult