Thirty-degree optical system for laparoscopic training.
The training systems used by starting laparoscopic surgeons for visual and motor adaptation employ zero-degree optics. However, as new laparoscopic surgery techniques make such optics obsolete, there is a need to design training and adaptation tools with other optics.
Minor Martínez
Arturo
A
CINVESTAV-IPN (Research and Advanced Studies Center of the National Polytechnic Institute), Department of Electrical Engineering, Bioelectronics Section, Mexico City, Mexico. aminor@cinvestav.mx
Ordorica Flores
Ricardo
R
Simon
Jose Luis Ortiz
JL
D000818:Animals; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D055096:Optical Devices