title: Changing epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 2004-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of pediatric 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV-7) on the population of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States was examined by determining the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and genetic relatedness of isolates from patients with invasive and noninvasive infections during the 2004-2005 respiratory illness season.
  
  
  METHODS
  Susceptibility testing, serotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis were performed on 1647 S. pneumoniae isolates obtained from 41 US medical centers in 2004-2005 as part of a longitudinal antimicrobial resistance surveillance program. The results were compared with surveillance data from earlier periods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 1999-2000 to the 2004-2005 respiratory illness season, the prevalence of isolates with intermediate penicillin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration, 0.1-1 microg/mL) increased from 12.7% to 17.9%, prevalence of penicillin-resistant isolates (minimum inhibitory concentration, >or=2 microg/mL) decreased from 21.5% to 14.6%, and prevalence of isolates resistant to erythromycin increased from 25.7% to 29.1% among S. pneumoniae isolates. The prevalence of multidrug resistance among isolates did not change (22.4% in 1999-2000 and 20.0% in 2004-2005). Sixty different serotypes were recognized among the isolates from 2004-2005; predominant serotypes were 19A (14.5%), 3 (11.2%), 6A (7.1%), 19F (7%), and 11A (6%). Serotypes that were included in PCV-7 accounted for 16.3% of isolates; 28.4% of strains isolated had PCV-7-related serotypes, and the remaining 55.3% of isolates had serotypes that were unrelated to PCV-7. The serotype distribution of the penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae population changed from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005, with an increase in the prevalence of serotype 19A (1.5% to 35.4%) and serotype 35B (1.2% to 12.5%) and a decrease in the prevalence of most PCV-7 serotypes, including 23F (16.1% to 5%), 9V (16.1% to 4.2%), 6B (13.7% to 3.8%), and 14 (18.5% to 2.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae population has changed; most isolates are now closely related to 2 Pneumococcal Molecular Epidemiology Network clones that increased in prevalence from 1999-2000 to 2004-2005 (Taiwan(19F)-14 [14.6% to 36.7%; 60% were serotype 19A] and Utah(35B)-24 [0.9% to 16.3%]).
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1009, USA. sandra-richter@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Sandra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Kristopher P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Heilmann
authors.forename: Cassie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Dohrn
authors.forename: Fathollah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riahi
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Beekmann
authors.forename: Gary V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Doern
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D015995:Prevalence; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines