title: Clustering of serotypes in a longitudinal study of Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in three day care centres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) causes a wide range of clinical manifestations that together constitute a major burden of disease worldwide. The main route of pneumococcal transmission is through asymptomatic colonisation of the nasopharynx. Studies of transmission are currently of general interest because of the impact of the new conjugate-polysaccharide vaccines on nasopharyngeal colonisation (carriage). Here we report the first longitudinal study of pneumococcal carriage that records serotype specific exposure to pneumococci simultaneously within the two most important mixing groups, families and day care facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  We followed attendees (N = 59) with their family members (N = 117) and the employees (N = 37) in three Finnish day care centres for 9 months with monthly sampling of nasopharyngeal carriage. Pneumococci were cultured, identified and serotyped by standard methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in day care constitute a core group of pneumococcal carriage: of the 36 acquisitions of carriage with documented exposure to homologous pneumococci, the attendee had been exposed in her/his day care centre in 35 cases and in the family in 9 cases. Day care children introduce pneumococci to the family: 66% of acquisitions of a new serotype in a family were associated with simultaneous or previous carriage of the same type in the child attending day care. Consequently, pneumococcal transmission was found to take place as micro-epidemics driven by the day care centres. Each of the three day care centres was dominated by a serotype of its own, accounting for 100% of the isolates of that serotype among all samples from the day care attendees.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transmission of pneumococci is more intense within than across clusters defined by day care facilities. The ensuing micro-epidemic behaviour enhances pneumococcal transmission.
authors.affiliation: National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. tuija.leino@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoti
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Syrjänen
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tanskanen
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Auranen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology*; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics