title: Determinants of the acute-phase protein C-reactive protein in myocardial infarction survivors: the role of comorbidities and environmental factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  C-reactive protein (CRP), a sensitive marker of the acute-phase response, has been associated with future cardiovascular endpoints independently of other risk factors. A joint analysis of the role of risk factors in predicting mean concentrations and variation of high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) in serum has not been carried out previously.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data from 1003 myocardial infarction (MI) survivors who had hsCRP measured monthly up to 8 times and multivariate mixed effects statistical models to study the role of time-variant and -invariant factors on the geometric mean of and the intraindividual variation in hsCRP concentrations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with > or =6.5% glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) had 26.2% higher hsCRP concentrations (95% CI, 7.2%-48.6%) and 20.7% greater variation in hsCRP values (P = 0.0034) than patients with lower baseline Hb A(1c) values (<6.5%). Similar but less pronounced differences were seen in patients with a self-reported diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. hsCRP concentrations showed less variation in patients who reported angina pectoris, congestive heart failure, or emphysema (-11.0%, -24.9%, and -41.6%, respectively, vs patients without these conditions) but greater variation in males and smokers (+24.8% and +27.3%, respectively, vs females and nonsmokers). Exposures in the 24 h before blood sampling, including exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, alcohol consumption, and extreme stress, did not have a major impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One or 2 hsCRP measurements may not be sufficient to adequately characterize different patient groups after MI with similar precisions. We found hsCRP concentrations to be especially variable in males, smokers, and patients with increased Hb A(1c) values.
authors.affiliation: Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rückerl
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Khuseyinova
authors.forename: Mariarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Andreani
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meisinger
authors.forename: Konstantina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dimakopoulou
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lanki
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nyberg
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human