title: Hesperidin inhibited acetaldehyde-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells.
abstract: Previous studies have revealed that acetaldehyde-induced cell invasion and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation and are directly involved in hepatic tumorigenesis and metastasis. Acetaldehyde is an important substance for tumor regression. We designed this study to aid in the development of powerful anti-cancer drugs with specific tumor regression and anti-metastatic potentials. Optimal drugs should possess both specific MMP-9 enzyme and gene transcriptional activities at the molecular level. Hesperidin, a flavonoid present in fruits and vegetables, possess anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive activities. Hesperidin suppressed acetaldehyde-induced cell invasion and inhibited the secreted and cytosolic MMP-9 forms in HepG2 cells with acetaldehyde. Hesperidin suppressed acetaldehyde-induced MMP-9 expression through the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and AP-1, and suppressed acetaldehyde-stimulated NF-kappaB translocation into the nucleus through IkappaB inhibitory signaling pathways. Hesperidin also inhibited acetaldehyde-induced AP-1 activity by the inhibitory phosphorylation of p38 kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Results from our study revealed that hesperidin suppressed both acetaldehyde-activated NF-kappaB and activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity by IkappaB, JNK, and p38 signaling pathways. This resulted in the reduction of MMP-9 expression, secretion, and hepatocarcinoma cellular invasion. Our result confirmed the therapeutic potential of hesperidin an anti-metastatic and its involvement in the acetaldehyde-induced cell invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma in alcoholic patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chinese Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Hsien
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Shung-Te
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Che-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: Ching-Ju
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kuo-Hua
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chia-Chou
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yeh
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000378:metabolism*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D007211:Indoles; D016328:NF-kappa B; D013449:Sulfonamides; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000079:Acetaldehyde; C474723:hesperadin