title: Environmental health risk assessment of nickel contamination of drinking water in a country town in NSW.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the health risks associated with consumption of drinking water with elevated nickel concentration in a NSW country town named Sampleton.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used enHealth Guidelines (2002) as our risk assessment tool. Laboratory test results for nickel in water samples were compared with the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 2004 and the World Health Organization's (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean nickel concentration in the drinking water samples tested over a 4-year period (2002-2005) was 0.03 mg/L (95% CI: 0.02-0.04). The average daily consumption of two litres of water by a 70-kg adult provided 0.06 mg (0.03 mg x 2) of nickel, which was only 7% of the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) based on experiments on nickel-sensitive people in a fasting state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mean nickel concentration in drinking water appears to have no health risks for the inhabitants of Sampleton.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Health, Sydney West Area Health Service. noore.alam@cancerinstitute.org.au
authors.forename: Noore
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Corbett
authors.forename: Helen C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Ptolemy
mesh_terms: D004782:Environmental Health; D005215:Fasting; D005506:Food Contamination; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D009517:New South Wales; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017751:Safety Management; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018508:Water Purification
chemical_list: D009532:Nickel