title: A systematic review of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scales in dementia: room for improvement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) questionnaires can be helpful in diagnosing dementia and are often used for clinical follow-up and treatment evaluation in dementia patients. Despite the large number of questionnaires, their quality has received little attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the measurement properties of all available structured informant-based (I)ADL questionnaires, developed or validated for use in demented patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PsycINFO and EMBASE for psychometric articles on (I)ADL questionnaires. In addition, reference lists of all retrieved articles were screened. Standardised criteria were used to assess the quality of the measurement properties. When possible, investigators were contacted to obtain missing information. Two authors independently extracted studies and performed the quality assessment of the questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two articles were selected, covering 12 (I)ADL questionnaires. Information on 52.3% of the quality aspects was not available, 32.4% of the ratings were indeterminate, 8.1% were positive, and 7.2% were negative. Out of eight measurement properties, two scales (the DAD and the Bristol ADL) received two positive ratings and were classified as of moderate quality. Five scales (ADL-PI, ADL-IS, B-ADL, CSADL and Lawton IADL) received one positive rating.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that improvements in and more data on psychometric properties of (I)ADL questionnaires for dementia patients are necessary in order to justify their use.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, PO Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. s.sikkes@vumc.nl
authors.forename: S A M
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sikkes
authors.forename: E S M
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: de Lange-de Klerk
authors.forename: Y A L
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Pijnenburg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: B M J
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Uitdehaag
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D003704:Dementia / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*