title: Determination of a sedative protocol for use in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with neurologic abnormalities undergoing electroencephalographic examination.
abstract: Sedation in sea lions exhibiting abnormal neurologic signs may require modification of established sedatior protocols because of the likely interaction between effects of the sedative and physiologic changes in diseased animals The effects of two sedative combinations, 0.07 mg/kg medetomidine and 0.07 mg/kg medetomidine plus 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol, were compared between California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) with signs of neurologic dysfunctior (n=33) and without neurologic signs (n=8). Sedation depth was scored on a scale of 0 (no effect) to 4 (profound sedation) assessed by response to auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli at the time of perceived maximal sedative effect In the medetomidine-alone group, sea lions with neurologic signs attained a median sedation score of 4 compared to a median sedation score of 1 in the clinically normal sea lions. Sea lions with and without neurologic signs giver medetomidine-butorphanol attained a median sedation score of 4. No statistically significant difference in time to induction and respiratory rate was found between the two sedation protocols in all sea lions. In the sea lions with neurologic signs, the recovery time from medetomidine-butorphanol sedation was prolonged (P < 0.01) and minimum recorded heart rates, although remaining within normal physiologic limits, were lower (P = 0.02) when compared to the sea lions administered medetomidine alone. Muscle jerks were observed in many animals given medetomidine-butorphanol and were detrimental to the diagnostic quality of the electroencephalogram (EEG) recording. Medetomidine alone at a dose rate of 0.07 mg/kg thus provides adequate and safe sedation in sea lions with neurologic signs undergoing EEG evaluation.
authors.affiliation: The Marine Mammal Center, 1065 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, California 94965, USA. dennison@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dennison
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haulena
authors.forename: D Colette
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Yandell
authors.forename: Frances M D
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Gulland
mesh_terms: D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild / Q000502:physiology; D002077:Butorphanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D054810:Deep Sedation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D020926:Medetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D012119:Respiration / Q000187:drug effects; D046070:Sea Lions / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D020926:Medetomidine; D002077:Butorphanol