title: Leukemia inhibitory factor extends the lifespan of injured photoreceptors in vivo.
abstract: Survival and death of photoreceptors in degenerative diseases of the retina is controlled by a multitude of genes and endogenous factors. Some genes may be involved in the degenerative process itself whereas others may be part of an endogenous defense system. We show in two models of retinal degeneration that photoreceptor death strongly induces expression of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in a subset of Muller glia cells in the inner nuclear layer of the retina. LIF expression is essential to induce an extensive intraretinal signaling system which includes Muller cells and photoreceptors and is characterized by an upregulation of Edn2, STAT3, FGF2 and GFAP. In the absence of LIF, Muller cells remain quiescent, the signaling system is not activated and retinal degeneration is strongly accelerated. Intravitreal application of recombinant LIF induces the full molecular pathway including the activation of Muller cells in wild-type and Lif(-/-) mice. Interruption of the signaling cascade by an Edn2 receptor antagonist increases whereas activation of the receptor decreases photoreceptor cell death. Thus, LIF is essential and sufficient to activate an extensive molecular defense response to photoreceptor injury. Our data establish LIF as a Muller cell derived neuronal survival factor which controls an intrinsic protective mechanism that includes Edn2 signaling to support photoreceptor cell survival and to preserve vision in the injured retina.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory for Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Center for Integrative Human Physiology and Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Sandrine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Joly
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lange
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiersch
authors.forename: Marijana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samardzija
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grimm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D016232:Endothelins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005799:Genes, Dominant; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000528:radiation effects; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012174:Retinitis Pigmentosa / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016232:Endothelins; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; C075771:BQ 3020