title: Does low to moderate alcohol intake protect against cognitive decline in older people?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether low to moderate alcohol intake is protective against cognitive decline in older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based study in Ireland, the Netherlands, and Scotland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five thousand eight hundred four people (3,000 women) aged 70 to 82 and randomized to pravastatin or placebo in the Prospective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol consumption was determined at study baseline. Serial measures of cognitive function over 3.2 years mean follow-up included Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE), speed of information processing (Stroop and Letter-Digit Coding tests), and immediate and delayed memory (Picture-Word Learning test).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two percent of women and 71% of men were alcohol drinkers. Cognitive performance was better for female drinkers than nondrinkers for all cognitive domains over the 3.2-year follow-up; no significant effects were seen for men (linear mixed model, including adjusting for possible confounders). The rate of cognitive decline was similar for drinkers and nondrinkers for all cognitive domains, except for MMSE, which declined significantly less in female drinkers than nondrinkers (linear mixed model attenuated rate of decline=0.05 MMSE units per annum, P=.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drinking low to moderate amounts of alcohol may delay age-associated cognitive decline in older women (including slowing deterioration in global cognitive function), but these apparent benefits were not clearly seen in older men.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Academic Section of Geriatric Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom. d.j.stott@clinmed.gla.ac.uk
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stott
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falconer
authors.forename: Gillian D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trompet
authors.forename: Rudi G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buckley
authors.forename: Anton J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sattar
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ford
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors