Prevalence and control of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in New York City.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to assess clinical management indicators among adults with diabetes in a representative sample of New York City adults.


METHODS
In 2004, New York City implemented the first community-level Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES), modeled after the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used an interview to determine previously diagnosed diabetes and measured fasting plasma glucose to determine undiagnosed diabetes and IFG in a probability sample of 1,336 New York City adults. We assessed glycemic control and other clinical indicators using standardized NHANES protocols.


RESULTS
The prevalence of diabetes among New York City adults was 12.5% (95% CI 10.3-15.1): 8.7% diagnosed and 3.8% undiagnosed. Nearly one-fourth (23.5%) of adults had IFG. Asians had the highest prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism (diabetes 16.1%, IFG 32.4%) but were significantly less likely to be obese. Among adults with diagnosed diabetes, less than one-half (45%) had A1C levels <7%; one-half (50%) had elevated blood pressure measures at interview, 43% of whom were not on antihypertensive medications; nearly two-thirds (66%) had elevated LDL levels, and only 10% had their glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol all at or below recommended levels. Most adults (84%) with diagnosed diabetes were on medication, but only 12% were receiving insulin.


CONCLUSIONS
In New York City, diabetes and IFG are widespread. Policies and structural interventions to promote physical activity and healthy eating should be prioritized. Improved disease management systems are needed for people with diabetes.
Thorpe
Lorna E
LE
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA. lthorpe@health.nyc.gov
Upadhyay
Ushma D
UD
Chamany
Shadi
S
Garg
Renu
R
Mandel-Ricci
Jenna
J
Kellerman
Scott
S
Berger
Diana K
DK
Frieden
Thomas R
TR
Gwynn
Charon
C
D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin