title: Identification of extracellular delta-catenin accumulation for prostate cancer detection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in men, and early detection is essential to reduce mortality and increase survival. delta-Catenin is a unique beta-catenin superfamily protein primarily expressed in the brain but is upregulated in human prostatic adenocarcinomas. Despite its close correlation with the disease, it is unclear whether delta-catenin presents the potential in prostate cancer screening because it is an intracellular protein. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis of delta-catenin accumulation in the urine of prostate cancer patients and its potential pathways of excretion into extracellular milieu.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prostate cancer cell cultures, human tissue biopsies, and voided urines were characterized to determine extracellular delta-catenin accumulation and co-isolation with exosomes/prostasomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified delta-catenin in culture media and in the stroma of human prostate cancer tissues. In PC-3 cells in culture, delta-catenin was partially co-localized and co-isolated with raft-associated membrane protein caveolin-1 and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein CD59, suggesting its potential excretion into extracellular milieu through exosome/prostasome associated pathways. Interference with endocytic pathway using wortmannin did not block prostasome excretion, but delta-catenin overexpression promoted the extracellular accumulation of caveolin-1. delta-Catenin, caveolin-1, and CD59 were all detected in cell-free human voided urine prostasomes. delta-Catenin immunoreactivity was significantly increased in the urine of prostate cancer patients (P < 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated, for the first time, the extracellular accumulation of delta-catenin in urine supporting its potential utility for non-invasive prostate cancer detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27858, USA. luq@ecu.edu
authors.forename: Qun
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jiao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Hiram
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gay
authors.forename: Wan-Xi
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bhowmick
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Frelix
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shappell
authors.forename: Yan-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D001706:Biopsy; D018957:CD59 Antigens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D051177:Catenins; D051242:Caveolin 1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000095002:Delta Catenin
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D018957:CD59 Antigens; D051177:Catenins; D051242:Caveolin 1; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000095002:Delta Catenin