title: Coenzyme Q deficiency triggers mitochondria degradation by mitophagy.
abstract: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) is a small lipophilic molecule critical for the transport of electrons from complexes I and II to complex III in the mitochondrial respiratory chain. CoQ deficiency is a rare human genetic condition that has been associated with a variety of clinical phenotypes. With the aim of elucidating how CoQ deficiency affects an organism, we have investigated the pathophysiologic processes present within fibroblasts derived from 4 patients with CoQ deficiency. Assays of cultured fibroblasts revealed decreased activities of complex II+III, complex III, and complex IV, reduced expression of mitochondrial proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), and reduced growth rates. These abnormalities were partially restored by CoQ supplementation. Moreover, we demonstrate that CoQ deficient fibroblasts exhibited increased levels of lysosomal markers (beta-galactosidase, cathepsin, LC3, and Lyso Tracker), and enhanced expression of autophagic genes at both transcriptional and translational levels, indicating the presence of autophagy. Electron microscopy studies confirmed a massive degradation of the altered mitochondria by mitophagy. Autophagy in CoQ deficient fibroblasts was abolished by antioxidants or cyclosporin treatments suggesting that both ROS and MPT participate in this process. Furthermore, prevention of autophagy in CoQ deficient fibroblasts by 3-methyl adenine or wortmannin, as well as the induction of CoQ deficiency in cells lacking autophagy (by means of genetic knockout of the Atg5 gene in mouse embryonic fibroblasts) resulted in apoptotic cell death, suggesting a protective role of autophagy in CoQ deficiency.
authors.affiliation: Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Universidad Pablo de Olavide-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Angeles
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Hernández
authors.forename: Mario D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Cordero
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salviati
authors.forename: Rafael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Artuch
authors.forename: Mercé
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Paz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gómez Izquierdo
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cotán
authors.forename: Plácido
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Navas
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Alcázar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004579:Electron Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013577:Syndrome; D014451:Ubiquinone / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C495773:Atg5 protein, mouse; D000071187:Autophagy-Related Protein 5; D015415:Biomarkers; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014451:Ubiquinone