title: Integrin alphaVbeta6 is a high-affinity receptor for coxsackievirus A9.
abstract: Coxsackievirus A9 (CAV9), a member of the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae, possesses an integrin-binding arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif in the C terminus of VP1 capsid protein. CAV9 has been shown to utilize integrins alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6 as primary receptors for cell attachment. While CAV9 RGD-mutants (RGE and RGDdel) are capable of infecting rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell line, they grow very poorly in an epithelial lung carcinoma cell line (A549). In this study, the relationships between CAV9 infectivity in A549 and RD cells, receptor expression and integrin binding were analysed. A549 cells were shown to express both integrins alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6, whereas alphaVbeta6 expression was not detected on the RD cells. Native CAV9 but not RGE and RGDdel mutants bound efficiently to immobilized alphaVbeta3 and alphaVbeta6. Adhesion of CAV9 but not RGE/RGDdel to A549 cells was also significantly higher than to RD cells. In contrast, no affinity or adhesion of bacterially produced VP1 proteins to the integrins or to the cells was detected. Function-blocking antibodies against alphaV-integrins blocked CAV9 but not CAV9-RGDdel infectivity, indicating that the viruses use different internalization routes; this may explain the differential infection kinetics of CAV9 and RGDdel. In an affinity assay, soluble alphaVbeta6, but not alphaVbeta3, bound to immobilized CAV9. Similarly, only soluble alphaVbeta6 blocked virus infectivity. These data suggest that CAV9 binding to alphaVbeta6 is a high-affinity interaction, which may indicate its importance in clinical infections; this remains to be determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Virology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland. outi.lipiainen@utu.fi
authors.forename: Outi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Heikkilä
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Susi
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stanway
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hyypiä
mesh_terms: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D029822:Enterovirus B, Human / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D010948:Viral Plaque Assay; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D036022:Capsid Proteins; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D016023:Integrins; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C073878:integrin alphavbeta6