title: Levitation-free vibrated droplets: resonant oscillations of liquid marbles.
abstract: A spherical conducting droplet in an alternating electric field is known to undergo shape oscillations. When the droplet is supported by a substrate, the shape is no longer a complete sphere, but shape resonances are still observed. To obtain a completely spherical droplet, some kind of levitation is needed, unless the droplet is in microgravity, and this has previously been provided by gas films or magnetic or other external forces. In this work, we report observations of shape oscillations of a hydrophobic-powder-coated droplet of water. A droplet of water rolled on a hydrophobic powder self-coats such that the water becomes encapsulated as a liquid marble. When the powder is a spherical hydrophobic grain with a contact angle greater than 90 degrees , it adheres to the solid-water interface with more than half of its diameter projecting from the liquid, thus ensuring the encapsulated water does not come into contact with any substrate. These liquid marbles are highly mobile and can be regarded as completely nonwetting droplets possessing contact angles of 180 degrees . In this work, we show that they also provide a new mechanism equivalent to levitating droplets and provide droplets with small contact areas and completely mobile contact lines for studies of shape oscillations. Liquid marbles were created using hydrophobic lycopodium and droplets of water containing potassium chloride and were excited into motion using an electrowetting-on-dielectric configuration with applied frequency swept from 1 to 250 Hz. Both an up-and-down motion and an oscillation involving multiple nodes were observed and recorded using a high-speed camera. The resonant oscillation modes of small liquid marbles were fitted to the theory for vibrations of a free spherical volume of fluid. This work demonstrates the principle that oscillation modes of completely nonwetting droplets can be studied using a simple powder coating approach without the need for an active mechanism for levitation.
authors.affiliation: School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom. glen.mchale@ntu.ac.uk
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: McHale
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: M I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Herbertson
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Esmer