title: Lead dustfall from demolition of scattered site family housing: developing a sampling methodology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 3000 older homes containing lead-based paint are demolished in Chicago each year. While previous studies investigating large multifamily housing demolitions have shown high levels of lead in dustfall, dispersed single-family housing demolition have yet to be assessed. Presently, no standards exist to regulate the extent of lead dustfall from housing demolition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We studied ten residences in Chicago undergoing demolition and debris removal and compared dustfall rates to five standing homes from March to October 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dustfall was measured using a modification of APHA Method 502; samplers consisted of plastic buckets filled with 1l of deionized water, elevated to breathing zone height and placed around the demolition site perimeter. Laboratory analysis consisted of filtration, acid digestion and analysis by ICP/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During demolition, the geometric mean lead dustfall (n=43 at 10 locations) was 64.1 microgPb/m(2)/h (range: 1.3-3902.5), while the geometric mean lead dustfall for areas with no demolition (n=18 at 6 locations) was 12.9 microgPb/m(2)/h (range: 1.8-54.5). This difference was highly statistically significant (p=0.0004). When dust suppression measures were used, dustfall lead levels were lower, although the difference was not statistically significant. The geometric mean lead dustfall with dust suppression (n=25 at five locations) and without (n=22 at six locations) was 48 Pbmicrog/m(2)/h and 74.6 microgPb/m(2)/h, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demolition dustfall lead levels are much higher than background levels of lead during demolition of single-family housing and may constitute a yet uncharacterized but important source of lead exposure to nearby residents. Simple dust suppression methods are likely to reduce the contamination considerably.
authors.affiliation: Division of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. apmucha@uic.edu
authors.forename: Amy Pelka
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stites
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Evens
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: MacRoy
authors.forename: Victoria W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Persky
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002641:Chicago; D002947:Cities; D003252:Construction Materials; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005160:Facility Design and Construction; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D007854:Lead / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000517:prevention & control; D010150:Paint; D011634:Public Health; D014506:Urban Renewal
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D004391:Dust; D007854:Lead