title: Toxicity of the pharmaceutical clotrimazole to marine microalgal communities.
abstract: Clotrimazole belongs to the group of 14alpha-demethylase inhibiting fungicides. It is widely used in human and veterinary medicine and has been identified as a priority pollutant for the marine environment. However, the toxicity of clotrimazole to marine primary producers is largely unknown. We therefore sampled natural microalgal communities (periphyton) and exposed them to concentration series of clotrimazole over 4 days. 50 pmol/L clotrimazole caused a concentration-dependent accumulation of C14alpha-methylated sterol precursors, which coincided with a decrease in algal-specific C14-desmethyl sterols. This indicates an inhibition of algal 14 alpha-demethylases already at environmental concentrations. A clotrimazole concentration of 500 pmol/L reduced total sterol content to 64% of control level. Community chlorophyll a content was affected by clotrimazole in a bi-phasic manner with first reductions becoming visible at 500 pmol/L, along with indications of an altered cycling of photoprotective xanthophyll pigments. Concentrations of 10-100 nmol/L and higher caused large reductions in community growth, and changed community pigment profiles in a concentration-dependent monotonous manner. The study further indicated that diatoms use obtusifoliol as a natural substrate for 14alpha-demethylase, just as higher plants do but also utilize norlanosterol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden. tobias.porsbring@dpes.gu.se
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Porsbring
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blanck
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tjellström
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Backhaus
mesh_terms: D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D003022:Clotrimazole / Q000633:toxicity*; D004777:Environment; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D008386:Marine Biology; D010860:Pigments, Biological / Q000032:analysis; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D024341:Xanthophylls / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D010860:Pigments, Biological; D013261:Sterols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D024341:Xanthophylls; D002734:Chlorophyll; D003022:Clotrimazole; D000077194:Chlorophyll A