title: Stereological estimation of the surface area and oxygen diffusing capacity of the respiratory stomach of the air-breathing armored catfish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi (Teleostei: Loricariidae).
abstract: The stomach of Pterygoplichthys anisitsi has a thin, translucent wall and a simple squamous epithelium with an underlying dense capillary network. In the cardiac and pyloric regions, most cells have short microvilli distributed throughout the cell surface and their edges are characterized by short, densely packed microvilli. The mucosal layer of the stomach has two types of pavement epithelial cells that are similar to those in the aerial respiratory organs. Type 1 pavement epithelial cells, resembling the Type I pneumocyte in mammal lungs, are flat, with a large nucleus, and extend a thin sheet of cytoplasm on the underlying capillary. Type 2 cells, resembling the Type II pneumocyte, possess numerous mitochondria, a well-developed Golgi complex, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and numerous lamellar bodies in different stages of maturation. The gastric glands, distributed throughout the mucosal layer, also have several cells with many lamellar bodies. The total volume (air + tissue), tissue, and air capacity of the stomach when inflated, increase along with body mass. The surface-to-tissue-volume ratio of stomach varies from 108 cm(-1) in the smallest fish (0.084 kg) to 59 cm(-1) in the largest fish (0.60 kg). The total stomach surface area shows a low correlation to body mass. Nevertheless, the body-mass-specific surface area varied from 281.40 cm(2) kg(-1) in the smallest fish to 68.08 cm(2) kg(-1) in the largest fish, indicating a negative correlation to body mass (b = -0.76). The arithmetic mean barrier thickness between air and blood was 1.52 +/- 0.07 microm, whereas the harmonic mean thickness (tau(h)) of the diffusion barrier ranged from 0.40 to 0.74 microm. The anatomical diffusion factor (ADF = cm(2) microm(-1) kg(-1)) and the morphological O(2) diffusion capacity (D(morphol)O(2) = cm(3) min(-1) mmHg(-1) kg(-1)) are higher in the smallest specimen and lower in the largest one. In conclusion, the structure and morphometric data of P. anisitsi stomach indicate that this organ is adapted for oxygen uptake from air.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Caixa Postal 676, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: André Luis
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: da Cruz
authors.forename: Ana Carolina Elias
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Pedretti
authors.forename: Marisa Narciso
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Fernandes
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000717:Anatomy, Comparative / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D001830:Body Surface Area; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods; D002397:Catfishes / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D004058:Diffusion; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012143:Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013270:Stomach / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure*