title: Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activates tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced monocytic differentiation in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
abstract: Transcriptional silencing via promoter methylation of genes important for cell growth and differentiation plays a key role in myeloid leukemogenesis. We find that clinically achievable levels of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-dC), a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation, can modify chromatin and restore the ability of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) to induce monocytic differentiation of the acute myeloid leukemia cells NB4 and U937. Although 5-AZA-dC cannot fully induce differentiation, we show that 5-AZA-dC acts directly on TNFalpha-responsive promoters to facilitate TNFalpha-induced transcriptional pathways leading to differentiation. 5-AZA-dC regulates the expression of Dif-2, a TNFalpha target gene, by deacetylating chromatin domains in a methylation-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses of the Dif-2 promoter show histone hyperacetylation and a recruitment of the nuclear factor-kappaB transcription factor in response to 5-AZA-dC. Furthermore, 5-AZA-dC plus TNFalpha enhances the level of phosphorylated RNA Pol II at the Dif-2 promoter via synergistic recruitment of TFIIH. We conclude that nonspecific changes in chromatin can allow a specific transcriptional inducer to overcome blocks in leukemic cell differentiation. Our results support the concept of low doses of 5-AZA-dC acting in combination with other agents to target epigenetic changes that drive malignant growth in leukemic cells. [Cancer Res 2009;69(1):55-64].
authors.affiliation: Segal Cancer Center and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laurenzana
authors.forename: Luca A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Petruccelli
authors.forename: Filippa
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pettersson
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Figueroa
authors.forename: Ari
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Melnick
authors.forename: Albert S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paoletti
authors.forename: Wilson H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000208:Acute Disease; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000077209:Decitabine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020298:U937 Cells
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D016328:NF-kappa B; D052002:NF-kappa B p50 Subunit; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D047889:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000077209:Decitabine; D000076123:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferase 1; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D001374:Azacitidine