title: Ginkgo biloba (EGB 761) affects apoptosis and nitric-oxide synthases in testicular torsion: an experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We investigated the effect of ginkgo biloba on germ cell apoptosis and also on expressions of endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthases after testicular torsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned into four groups. Torsion/detorsion (T/D) was performed on the rats in group 1, group 2 received ginkgo biloba for a month before T/D, group 3 received only gingko biloba for a month, and group 4 was the sham group. Left testicular torsion was created in group 1 and group 2, and the testes were untwisted and replaced in the scrotum for reperfusion. No procedure was applied to group 3, and after 1 month, testes were removed in all groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean apoptotic cell, eNOS, and iNOS were increased in group 1. Group 2 showed significantly decreased apoptotic cells, eNOS, and iNOS in testes compared to group 1 (P < 0.05). The rats in group 3 had significantly decreased apoptotic cell, eNOS, and iNOS values, like the sham group (P < 0.05), and this group provided basal values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ginkgo biloba, as a free radical scavenger, seems to have a protective role against apoptosis in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Second Urology Clinic, Ministry of Health Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. turgayakgul@gmail.com
authors.forename: Turgay
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akgül
authors.forename: Ersagun
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karagüzel
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sürer
authors.forename: Hatice
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yağmurdur
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ayyildiz
authors.forename: Hüseyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ustün
authors.forename: Cankon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Germiyanoğlu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000187:drug effects*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013086:Spermatic Cord Torsion / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract
chemical_list: D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D010936:Plant Extracts; C063170:Ginkgo biloba extract; D000096983:Ginkgo Extract