title: Patterns of some extracellular matrix gene expression are similar in cells from cleft lip-palate patients and in human palatal fibroblasts exposed to diazepam in culture.
abstract: Prenatal exposure to diazepam, a prototype sedative drug that belongs to Benzodiazepines, can lead to orofacial clefting in human newborns. By using real-time PCR, in the present study we investigated whether diazepam elicits gene expression alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) components, growth factors and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (GABRB3), implicated in the coordinate regulation of palate development. Palate fibroblasts were treated with diazepam (Dz-N fibroblasts) and compared to cleft lip-palate (CLP) fibroblasts obtained from patients with no known exposure to diazepam or other teratogens. Untreated fibroblasts from non-CLP patients were used as control. The results showed significant convergences in gene expression pattern of collagens, fibromodulin, vitronectin, tenascin C, integrins and metalloprotease MMP13 between Dz-N and CLP fibroblasts. Among the growth factors, constitutive Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF2) was greatly enhanced in Dz-N and CLP fibroblasts and associated with a higher reduction of FGF receptor. Transforming Growth Factor beta 3 (TGFbeta(3)) resulted up-regulated in CLP fibroblasts and decreased in Dz-N fibroblasts. We found phenotypic differences exhibited by Dz-N and CLP fibroblasts in GABRB3 gene regulation, so further studies are necessary to determine whether GABAergic system could be involved in the development of diazepam mediated CLP phenotype. Taken together the results elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying possible toxicology effects induced by diazepam. Counselling of women on the safety of diazepam exposure is clinically important, also for the forensic consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Italy. marin.l@unipg.it
authors.forename: Lorella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marinucci
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balloni
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bodo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carinci
authors.forename: Furio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pezzetti
authors.forename: Giordano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stabellini
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Conte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmela
authors.forename: Eleonora
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lumare
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D003975:Diazepam / Q000633:toxicity*; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D021362:Palate, Hard / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; C546273:GABRB3 protein, human; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A; D003975:Diazepam