title: The analysis of verbal interaction sequences in dyadic clinical communication: a review of methods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify methods available for sequential analysis of dyadic verbal clinical communication and to review their methodological and conceptual differences.
  
  
  METHODS
  Critical review, based on literature describing sequential analyses of clinical and other relevant social interaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dominant approaches are based on analysis of communication according to its precise position in the series of utterances that constitute event-coded dialogue. For practical reasons, methods focus on very short-term processes, typically the influence of one party's speech on what the other says next. Studies of longer-term influences are rare. Some analyses have statistical limitations, particularly in disregarding heterogeneity between consultations, patients or practitioners. Additional techniques, including ones that can use information about timing and duration of speech from interval-coding are becoming available.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a danger that constraints of commonly used methods shape research questions and divert researchers from potentially important communication processes including ones that operate over a longer-term than one or two speech turns. Given that no one method can model the complexity of clinical communication, multiple methods, both quantitative and qualitative, are necessary.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Broadening the range of methods will allow the current emphasis on exploratory studies to be balanced by tests of hypotheses about clinically important communication processes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salmon
mesh_terms: D035841:Behavioral Research / Q000379:methods*; D006302:Health Services Research / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D012963:Sociometric Techniques; D014705:Verbal Behavior