title: Contact Heat Evoked Potentials Using Simultaneous Eeg And Fmri And Their Correlation With Evoked Pain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Contact Heat Evoked Potential Stimulator (CHEPS) utilises rapidly delivered heat pulses with adjustable peak temperatures to stimulate the differential warm/heat thresholds of receptors expressed by Adelta and C fibres. The resulting evoked potentials can be recorded and measured, providing a useful clinical tool for the study of thermal and nociceptive pathways. Concurrent recording of contact heat evoked potentials using electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has not previously been reported with CHEPS. Developing simultaneous EEG and fMRI with CHEPS is highly desirable, as it provides an opportunity to exploit the high temporal resolution of EEG and the high spatial resolution of fMRI to study the reaction of the human brain to thermal and nociceptive stimuli.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we have recorded evoked potentials stimulated by 51° C contact heat pulses from CHEPS using EEG, under normal conditions (baseline), and during continuous and simultaneous acquisition of fMRI images in ten healthy volunteers, during two sessions. The pain evoked by CHEPS was recorded on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis of EEG data revealed that the latencies and amplitudes of evoked potentials recorded during continuous fMRI did not differ significantly from baseline recordings. fMRI results were consistent with previous thermal pain studies, and showed Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) changes in the insula, post-central gyrus, supplementary motor area (SMA), middle cingulate cortex and pre-central gyrus. There was a significant positive correlation between the evoked potential amplitude (EEG) and the psychophysical perception of pain on the VAS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of recording contact heat evoked potentials with EEG during continuous and simultaneous fMRI. The combined use of the two methods can lead to identification of distinct patterns of brain activity indicative of pain and pro-nociceptive sensitisation in healthy subjects and chronic pain patients. Further studies are required for the technique to progress as a useful tool in clinical trials of novel analgesics.
authors.affiliation: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papadaki
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: Duncan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Atherton
authors.forename: Ravikiran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shenoy
authors.forename: Donald
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: McRobbie
authors.forename: Praveen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Anand