title: A hybrid hierarchical decision support system for cardiac surgical intensive care patients. Part I: Physiological modelling and decision support system design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a clinical decision support system (CDSS) that models the different levels of the clinician's decision-making strategies when controlling post cardiac surgery patients weaned from cardio pulmonary bypass.
  
  
  METHODS
  A clinical trial was conducted to define and elucidate an expert anesthetists' decision pathway utilised in controlling this patient population. This data and derived knowledge were used to elicit a decision-making model. The structural framework of the decision-making model is hierarchical, clearly defined, and dynamic. The decision levels are linked to five important components of the cardiovascular physiology in turn, i.e. the systolic blood pressure (SBP), central venous pressure (CVP), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), cardiac output (CO), and heart rate (HR). Progress down the hierarchy is dependent upon the normalisation of each physiological parameter to a value pre-selected by the clinician via fluid, chronotropes or inotropes. Since interventions at each and every level cause changes and disturbances in the other components, the proposed decision support model continuously refers back decision outcomes back to the SBP which is considered to be the overriding supervisory safety component in this hierarchical decision structure. The decision model was then translated into a computerised decision support system prototype and comprehensively tested on a physiological model of the human cardiovascular system. This model was able to reproduce conditions experienced by post-operative cardiac surgery patients including hypertension, hypovolemia, vasodilation and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all the simulated patients scenarios considered the CDSS was able to initiate similar therapeutic interventions to that of the expert, and as a result, was also able to control the hemodynamic parameters to the prescribed target values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Automatic Control & Systems Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Mouloud A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Denaï
authors.forename: Mahdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mahfouf
authors.forename: Jonathan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003422:Critical Care; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D013903:Thoracic Surgery