title: Early life exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases and its effects on the health of older Puerto Rican adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the effects of early life exposure to poor nutrition and infectious diseases on adult heart disease and diabetes using season of birth as an indicator to help disentangle the effects on health of early life exposure from effects associated with other childhood conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from 60- to 74-year-old Puerto Ricans who lived in rural areas during childhood (n = 1,457), we estimated the effects of seasonal exposure during late gestation on the probability of diabetes and heart disease, controlling for adult obesity and other childhood conditions (health, socioeconomic status, knee height).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found (a) strong associations between exposure and heart disease; (b) weaker associations between exposure and diabetes, although significant negative interaction effects between exposure and having a family member with diabetes suggest the possibility of either strong gene-environment or early adult-environment interactions; (c) virtually no attenuation of effects of self-reported childhood health with controls for exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Timing of birth may reveal conditions experienced perinatally that affect adult heart disease and diabetes. The results suggest that examination of the effects of season of birth on these chronic conditions among older Puerto Rican adults and among older adults from similar populations deserves deeper scrutiny.
authors.affiliation: Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Sewell Social Science Building, 1180 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA. mmceniry@ssc.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McEniry
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palloni
authors.forename: Ana Luisa
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Dávila
authors.forename: Alberto García
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gurucharri
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D048070:Fetal Nutrition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006803:Human Development; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011203:Poverty; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons