title: Intracellular clusterin inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis by suppressing p53-activating stress signals and stabilizing the cytosolic Ku70-Bax protein complex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secretory clusterin (sCLU)/apolipoprotein J is an extracellular chaperone that has been functionally implicated in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, apoptotic cell death, and tumorigenesis. It exerts a prosurvival function against most therapeutic treatments for cancer and is currently an antisense target in clinical trials for tumor therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its function remained largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The molecular effects of small interfering RNA-mediated sCLU depletion in nonstressed human cancer cells were examined by focusing entirely on the endogenously expressed sCLU protein molecules and combining molecular, biochemical, and microscopic approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here that sCLU depletion in nonstressed human cancer cells signals stress that induces p53-dependent growth retardation and high rates of endogenous apoptosis. We discovered that increased apoptosis in sCLU-depleted cells correlates to altered ratios of proapoptotic to antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein family members, is amplified by p53, and is executed by mitochondrial dysfunction. sCLU depletion-related stress signals originate from several sites, because sCLU is an integral component of not only the secretory pathway but also the nucleocytosolic continuum and mitochondria. In the cytoplasm, sCLU depletion disrupts the Ku70-Bax complex and triggers Bax activation and relocation to mitochondria. We show that sCLU binds and thereby stabilizes the Ku70-Bax protein complex serving as a cytosol retention factor for Bax.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that elevated sCLU levels may enhance tumorigenesis by interfering with Bax proapoptotic activities and contribute to one of the major characteristics of cancer cells, that is, resistance to apoptosis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Aging, Institute of Biological Research and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, Athens, Greece. itrougakos@eie.gr
authors.forename: Ioannis P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Trougakos
authors.forename: Magda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lourda
authors.forename: Marianna H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Antonelou
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kletsas
authors.forename: Vassilis G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Gorgoulis
authors.forename: Issidora S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Papassideri
authors.forename: Yonglong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Lukas H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Margaritis
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boothman
authors.forename: Efstathios S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gonos
mesh_terms: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051152:Clusterin / Q000502:physiology*; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D016158:Genes, p53; D006801:Humans; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology*; D015388:Organelles / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D051152:Clusterin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C000606509:Xrcc6 protein, human; D000072200:Ku Autoantigen