title: Pharmacological properties of the extract and some isolated compounds of Clausena lansium stem bark: anti-trichomonal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and antioxidant effects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clausena lansium (Fool's Curry Leaf) is used for various ethnomedical conditions in some countries, including bronchitis, malaria, viral hepatitis, acute and chronic gastro-intestinal inflammation, and as a spicy substitute of the popular Curry leaf tree (Murraya koenigii).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study was to evaluate the ethnomedical uses of the stem bark in inflammatory conditions, hepatotoxicity and to determine the anti-diabetic and anti-trichomonal properties of the plant.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anti-trichomonal, in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic and insulin stimulating, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities using Trichomonas gallinae, glucose loaded rats and in vitro insulin secreting cell line (INS-1 cell), carrageenin-induced rat paw oedema, CCl(4)-induced hepatotoxicity and DPPH scavenging ability methods respectively for the extracts and some isolates were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A dichloromethane extract was superior over methanolic extract with respect to an anti-trichomonal activity which was measured after 24 and 48 h. The isolated compounds imperatorin and 3-formylcarbazole had the main anti-trichomonal activity (LC(50)s of 6.0, 3.0 and 3.6, 9.7 microg/mL after 24 and 48 h, respectively). Methanolic extract (100 mg/kg) induced maximum and significant (p<0.05) anti-hyperglycaemic activity of 15.8% at 30 min and a 38.5% increase in plasma insulin at 60 min, compared to control. The increase in plasma insulin after 60 min, compared to 0 min, was 62.0% (p<0.05). The significant 174.6% increase of insulin release from INS-1 cells (in vitro) at 0.1 mg/ml indicates that it mediates its antidiabetic action mainly by stimulating insulin release. Imperatorin and chalepin were the major active constituents increasing in vitro insulin release to 170.3 and 137.9%, respectively. 100 mg/kg of the methanolic extract produced an anti-inflammatory activity after 4 h. A sedative effect was not observed. 100 and 200 mg/kg of methanolic extract administered i.p., reduced CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity firstly by 5.3 and 8.4% reduction in phenobarbitone-sleeping time respectively, secondly by reversing the reduction in serum liver proteins by 7.0-8.8%, serum AST, ALT and ALP activities by 27.7-107.9% and thirdly by diminishing increased values of plasma AST, ALT and ALP activities by 13.2-83.8%. The extract exhibited antioxidant activities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hepatoprotective activity of C. lansium is partly due to its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and confirms its folkloric use in the treatment of gastro-intestinal inflammation, bronchitis and hepatitis. In addition the use of C. lansium stem bark would be useful in diabetes and trichomoniasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. caadebajo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Adebajo
authors.forename: E O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Iwalewa
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Obuotor
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Ibikunle
authors.forename: N O
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Omisore
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Adewunmi
authors.forename: O O
authors.initials: OO
authors.lastname: Obaparusi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klaes
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Adetogun
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Verspohl
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D002252:Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002460:Cell Line; D054700:Clausena / Q000737:chemistry; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004798:Enzymes / Q000097:blood; D011564:Furocoumarins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D024301:Plant Bark; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018547:Plant Stems; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D014244:Trichomonas / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C540554:3-formylcarbazole; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001798:Blood Proteins; D002227:Carbazoles; D004798:Enzymes; D011564:Furocoumarins; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; C031534:imperatorin