title: Categories of congruence between inpatient self-reported pain and nurses evaluation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To enhance the awareness that biased pain estimation may undermine its treatment, we sought to determine the congruence categories (CCs) between inpatient self-reported pain (PSRP) and nurse pain-evaluation (NEP) and to look for associations between CCs and inpatient and situational moderators.
  
  
  METHODS
  A point cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inpatient population [(n=869), > or = 6 years old and hospitalised for at least 24h] and n=115 nurses of the University of Bologna's teaching hospital, Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using numerical rating scale, inpatients self-reported their pain while nurses indirectly rated these patients' pain using information acquired during their professional activity prior to the study and by reviewing patients' medical charts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Congruence moderator data were: gender, age, marital status, clinical area and length of hospital stay. The study was set to assess: PSRP-NEP mean of absolute difference (MAD), agreement and correlation; and to analyse the CCs dependence upon the PSRP and the congruence moderator variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PSRP-NEP agreement and correlation were mild and moderate, respectively, while their MAD=2.0 (95% CI 1.8-2.2). Congruence was found in 50% of the cases. Under-estimation (21%) was directly proportional to the PSRP severity, while congruence and over-estimation (29%) were inversely proportional to it. The 'PSRP effect' on the CCs detected was further modulated by the moderators studied.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PSRP-NEP congruence was limited while CCs were associated with PSRP, inpatient and situational moderators. Further prospective studies are needed to verify generalization and whether the studied moderators operate through patient stereotyping mechanisms. Awareness of the influence of such mechanisms on pain evaluation may ameliorate pain assessment.
authors.affiliation: University of Bologna, Department of Surgical and Anesthesiological Sciences, Italy.
authors.forename: Rita Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Melotti
authors.forename: Boaz Gedaliahu
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Samolsky Dekel
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carosi
authors.forename: Ennio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ricchi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chiari
authors.forename: Rocco
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Andrea
authors.forename: GianFranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Di Nino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016294:Models, Nursing; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D009733:Nursing Diagnosis; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital; D015588:Observer Variation; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000451:nursing* / Q000523:psychology*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult