title: Three-generational alkaptonuria in a non-consanguineous family.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Alkaptonuria (AKU) is a rare inborn error of metabolism of aromatic amino acids and considered to be an autosomal recessive trait caused by mutations in the homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene. A dominant pattern of inheritance has been reported but was attributed to extended consanguinity in many cases. However, we have observed a non-consanguineous family segregating AKU in a dominant manner over three generations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All affected individuals presented with typical features of AKU including darkening of the urine, ochronosis, arthropathy, and elevated urinary excretion of homogentisic acid. Sequence analysis of the HGD gene from genomic DNA of two affected individuals, uncle and niece, revealed a heterozygous missense mutation (M368V) in the uncle that was not present in his niece. Microsatellite genotyping demonstrated that both were heterozygous at the HGD locus and shared one haplotype. This haplotype did not contain a detectable HGD mutation. The haplotype was also found in a healthy son of the niece, making a dominant HGD mutation unlikely. Moreover, sequencing of cDNA from lymphoblastoid cells of the niece did not reveal an HGD mRNA with a potentially dominant-negative effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rare causes of the uncommon AKU inheritance in this family have to be considered, ranging from the coincidence of undetectable HGD mutations to a dominant mutation of a second, hitherto unknown AKU gene.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Trogerstr. 32, D-81675, München, Germany. oexle@humangenetik.med.tum.de
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oexle
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tinschert
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haas
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lee-Kirsch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000474:Alkaptonuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D040941:Heredity; D006579:Heterozygote; D050560:Homogentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics*; D006713:Homogentisic Acid / Q000652:urine; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D009794:Ochronosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000652:urine; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D050560:Homogentisate 1,2-Dioxygenase; D006713:Homogentisic Acid