title: Glucose control and vascular complications in veterans with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of intensive glucose control on cardiovascular events in patients with long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus remain uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We randomly assigned 1791 military veterans (mean age, 60.4 years) who had a suboptimal response to therapy for type 2 diabetes to receive either intensive or standard glucose control. Other cardiovascular risk factors were treated uniformly. The mean number of years since the diagnosis of diabetes was 11.5, and 40% of the patients had already had a cardiovascular event. The goal in the intensive-therapy group was an absolute reduction of 1.5 percentage points in the glycated hemoglobin level, as compared with the standard-therapy group. The primary outcome was the time from randomization to the first occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, a composite of myocardial infarction, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, congestive heart failure, surgery for vascular disease, inoperable coronary disease, and amputation for ischemic gangrene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median follow-up was 5.6 years. Median glycated hemoglobin levels were 8.4% in the standard-therapy group and 6.9% in the intensive-therapy group. The primary outcome occurred in 264 patients in the standard-therapy group and 235 patients in the intensive-therapy group (hazard ratio in the intensive-therapy group, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.74 to 1.05; P=0.14). There was no significant difference between the two groups in any component of the primary outcome or in the rate of death from any cause (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.81 to 1.42; P=0.62). No differences between the two groups were observed for microvascular complications. The rates of adverse events, predominantly hypoglycemia, were 17.6% in the standard-therapy group and 24.1% in the intensive-therapy group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive glucose control in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes had no significant effect on the rates of major cardiovascular events, death, or microvascular complications with the exception of progression of albuminuria (P = 0.01) [added]. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00032487.)
authors.affiliation: Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care Center, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA. william.duckworth@va.gov
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Duckworth
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abraira
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Domenic
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reda
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Emanuele
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Reaven
authors.forename: Franklin J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Zieve
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Stephen N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Rodney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayward
authors.forename: Stuart R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCarren
authors.forename: Mary Ellen
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Vitek
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Grant D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008875:Middle Aged; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014481:United States; D014728:Veterans
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D008687:Metformin; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D013453:Sulfonylurea Compounds; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; C057619:glimepiride