title: The effects of cilostazol on exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in patients with peripheral arterial disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cilostazol improves walking distance in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients. The study objectives were to assess the effects of cilostazol on walking distance, followed by the additional assessment of cilostazol on exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury in such patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAD patients were prospectively recruited to a double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Patients were randomised to receive either cilostazol 100mg or placebo twice a day. The primary end-point was an improvement in walking distance. Secondary end-points included the assessment of oxygen-derived free-radical generation, antioxidant consumption and other markers of the inflammatory cascade. Initial and absolute claudication distances (ICDs and ACDs, respectively) were measured on a treadmill. Inflammatory response was assessed before and 30 min post-exercise by measuring lipid hydroperoxide, ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, P-selectin, intracellular and vascular cell-adhesion molecules (I-CAM and V-CAM), thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)), interleukin-6, interleukin-10, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) and urinary levels of p75TNF receptor. All tests were performed at baseline and 6 and 24 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and six PAD patients (of whom 73 were males) were recruited and successfully randomised from December 2004 to January 2006. Patients who received cilostazol demonstrated a more significant improvement in the mean percentage change from baseline in ACD (77.2% vs. 26.6% at 6 weeks, p=0.026 and 161.7% vs. 79.0% at 24 weeks, p=0.048) as compared to the placebo. Cilostazol reduced lipid hydroperoxide levels compared to a placebo-related increase before and after exercise (6 weeks: pre-exercise: -11.8% vs. +5.8%, p=0.003 and post-exercise: -12.3% vs. +13.9%, p=0.007 and 24 weeks: pre-exercise -15.5% vs. +12.0%, p=0.025 and post-exercise: -9.2% vs. +1.9%, p=0.028). beta-Carotene levels were significantly increased in the cilostazol group, compared to placebo, before exercise at 6 and 24 weeks (6 weeks: 34.5% vs. -7.4%, p=0.028; 24 weeks: 34.3% vs. 17.7%, p=0.048). Cilostazol also significantly reduced P-selectin, I-CAM and V-CAM levels at 24 weeks as compared to baseline (p<0.05). There was no difference between treatment groups for ascorbate, alpha-tocopherol, interleukin-6 and -10, hsCRP and p75TNF receptor levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cilostazol significantly improves ACD, in addition to attenuating exercise-induced ischaemia-reperfusion injury, in PAD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Belfast City Hospital, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. modonnell904@hotmail.com
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Badger
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sharif
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Makar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McEneny
authors.forename: I S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Soong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000652:urine; D001204:Ascorbate Oxidase / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D000077407:Cilostazol; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000097:blood; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000032:analysis; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013777:Tetrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016138:Walking; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000097:blood; D019207:beta Carotene / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; D019007:P-Selectin; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D013777:Tetrazoles; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019207:beta Carotene; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D016753:Interleukin-10; D013929:Thromboxane B2; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D003404:Creatinine; D001204:Ascorbate Oxidase; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D000077407:Cilostazol