Past, present, and future of Japanese encephalitis.
Japanese encephalitis (JE), a vector-borne viral disease, is endemic to large parts of Asia and the Pacific. An estimated 3 billion people are at risk, and JE has recently spread to new territories. Vaccination programs, increased living standards, and mechanization of agriculture are key factors in the decline in the incidence of this disease in Japan and South Korea. However, transmission of JE is likely to increase in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, North Korea, and Pakistan because of population growth, intensified rice farming, pig rearing, and the lack of vaccination programs and surveillance. On a global scale, however, the incidence of JE may decline as a result of large-scale vaccination programs implemented in China and India.
Erlanger
Tobias E
TE
Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Swiss Tropical Institute, Basel, Switzerland. tobias@erlanger.ch
Weiss
Svenja
S
Keiser
Jennifer
J
Utzinger
Jürg
J
Wiedenmayer
Karin
K
D000818:Animals; D001208:Asia / Q000453:epidemiology; D003465:Culex / Q000821:virology; D004664:Encephalitis Virus, Japanese / Q000276:immunology; D004672:Encephalitis, Japanese / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D014943:Global Health; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049674:History, 21st Century; D006801:Humans; D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology
D022321:Japanese Encephalitis Vaccines