title: Thoracoscopy versus thoracotomy improves midterm musculoskeletal status and cosmesis in infants and children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been postulated that video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) achieves a better biometric and aesthetic outcome than conventional thoracic surgery (CTS), but data are lacking. We aimed to compare the midterm effects of both approaches in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-two infants and children, who underwent VATS (34; 55%) or CTS (28; 45%) for benign thoracic conditions, were evaluated at follow-up after a mean of 3.8 years (1 to 7 years). The patients underwent standardized clinical assessment of the skeletal system and function. The intercostal spaces were investigated for rib fusion by ultrasound. Patients (+/- parents) themselves, as well as clinicians, subsequently assessed the scars.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparing the operated versus nonoperated sides, chest asymmetry was significantly less frequent after VATS versus CTS in the horizontal plane (mean relative difference 0.996 +/- 0.003 vs 0.964 +/- 0.008, p < 0.001) and in nipple location (mean relative difference 0.985 +/- 0.008 vs 0.949 +/- 0.013, p = 0.047). The ranges of motion of the shoulder joints did not differ significantly. However, the incidence of scoliosis was lower in VATS patients (9% vs 54%, p < 0.001) and the intercostal spaces of the operated hemithoraces were narrower after CTS (p < 0.001). The Manchester scar assessment scores were in favor of VATS (mean 7.5 vs 13.1, p < 0.001). The visual analog scale scores recorded by patients-parents and independent observers were also significantly better after VATS. Patient satisfaction was less with CTS as 10% wanted to have the scar revised, compared with none in the VATS group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The thoracoscopic versus conventional approach to the thoracic cavity in children is associated with significantly less midterm musculoskeletal sequelae and a better cosmetic outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. lawaltaiwosurgery@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Taiwo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lawal
authors.forename: Jan-H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Gosemann
authors.forename: Joachim F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Kuebler
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glüer
authors.forename: Benno M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Ure
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004954:Esthetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009142:Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; D011336:Probability; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*