title: Monitoring and evaluation of malaria in pregnancy - developing a rational basis for control.
abstract: Monitoring and evaluation of malaria control in pregnancy is essential for assessing the efficacy and effectiveness of health interventions aimed at reducing the major burden of this disease on women living in endemic areas. Yet there is no currently integrated strategic approach on how this should be achieved. Malaria control in pregnancy is formulated in relation to epidemiological patterns of exposure. Current emphasis is on intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp) during pregnancy with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in higher transmission areas, combined with insecticide treated bed nets (ITNs) and case management. Emphasis in lower transmission areas is primarily on case management. This paper discusses a rational basis for monitoring and evaluation based on: assessments of therapeutic and prophylactic drug efficacy; proportional reductions in parasite prevalence; seasonal effects; rapid assessment methodologies; birthweight and/or anaemia nomograms; case-coverage methods; maternal mortality indices; operational and programmatic indicators; and safety and pharmacovigilance of antimalarials in pregnancy. These approaches should be incorporated more effectively within National Programmes in order to facilitate surveillance and improve identification of high-risk women. Systems for utilizing routinely collected data should be strengthened, with greater attention to safety and pharmacovigilance with the advent of artemisinin combination therapies, and prospects of inadvertent exposures to artemisinins in the first trimester. Integrating monitoring activities within malaria control, reproductive health and adolescent-friendly services will be critical for implementation. Large-scale operational research is required to further evaluate the validity of currently proposed indicators, and in order to clarify the breadth and scale of implementation to be deployed.
authors.affiliation: Child and Reproductive Health Group, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. b.j.brabin@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Bernard J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Brabin
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Warsame
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wasame
authors.forename: Ulrika
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Uddenfeldt-Wort
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dellicour
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001724:Birth Weight; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D007306:Insecticides