title: Critical and diverse involvement of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in human lung carcinomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aberrant signaling cascades emanating from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are involved in the complex network of oncogenic signaling in lung carcinomas. One representative cascade is the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated the involvement of mTOR in the pathobiologic profiles of 150 specimens of lung carcinoma by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting in correlation with the upstream and downstream proteins Akt and p70S6-kinase (S6K), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemistry revealed Akt activation in 44% of tumors and mTOR expression in 68.7% of tumors, and the preponderance of activation was observed in adenocarcinoma (AC) (100%). Phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) was observed in 53.3% of tumors and had the highest frequency in AC (89.7%). In AC, the frequency of p-mTOR staining was higher in the well differentiated subtype, in particular, in the acinar structure. However, little correlation was observed between the activation of mTOR and Akt, except in the 5 AC specimens that harbored an EGFR gene mutation, which exhibited constitutive activation of both Akt and mTOR. Conversely, in squamous cell carcinomas, mTOR activation was associated with a significantly higher frequency of lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggested the dual functions of mTOR. First, mTOR may function not only in the proliferation of tumor cells as an effector molecule downstream of EGFR but also possibly in the morphogenesis of AC. Second, the activation of mTOR may play a key role in metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma. Overall, the current results demonstrated the potential for the application of rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, as an additional novel component of chemotherapy for a defined subset of patients with lung carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Medical Center, Jichi Medical University, Saitama, Japan. ydobashi@omiya.jichi.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dobashi
authors.forename: Shioto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hirochika
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Maiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Akishi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ooi
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D018307:Neoplasms, Squamous Cell / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases