title: Smoking characteristics of Polish immigrants in Dublin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study examined two main hypotheses: a) Polish immigrants' smoking estimates are greater than their Irish counterparts (b) Polish immigrants purchasing cigarettes from Poland smoke "heavier" (>/= 20 cigarettes a day) when compared to those purchasing cigarettes from Ireland. The study also set out to identify significant predictors of 'current' smoking (some days and everyday) among the Polish immigrants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dublin residents of Polish origin (n = 1,545) completed a previously validated Polish questionnaire in response to an advertisement in a local Polish lifestyle magazine over 5 weekends (July-August, 2007). The Office of Tobacco Control telephone-based monthly survey data were analyzed for the Irish population in Dublin for the same period (n = 484).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age-sex adjusted smoking estimates were: 47.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 47.3%; 48.0%) among the Poles and 27.8% (95% CI: 27.2%; 28.4%) among the general Irish population (p < 0.001). Of the 57% of smokers (n = 345/606) who purchased cigarettes solely from Poland and the 33% (n = 198/606) who purchased only from Ireland, 42.6% (n = 147/345) and 41.4% (n = 82/198) were "heavy" smokers, respectively (p = 0.79). Employment (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.25-6.69), lower education (OR: 3.76; 95%CI: 2.46-5.74), and a longer stay in Ireland (>24 months) were significant predictors of current smoking among the Poles. An objective validation of the self-reported smoking history of a randomly selected sub-sample immigrant group, using expired carbon monoxide (CO) measurements, showed a highly significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.64) of expired CO levels with the reported number of cigarettes consumed (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polish immigrants' smoking estimates are higher than their Irish counterparts, and particularly if employed, with only primary-level education, and are overseas >2 years.
authors.affiliation: Research Institute for a Tobacco Free Society (RIFTFS), The Digital Depot, Thomas Street, Dublin, Ireland.
authors.forename: Zubair
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Sheila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Keogan
authors.forename: Laura M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zatonski
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clancy
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007221:Industry; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007494:Ireland / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000208:ethnology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D055815:Young Adult