title: Differential dependency network analysis to identify condition-specific topological changes in biological networks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Significant efforts have been made to acquire data under different conditions and to construct static networks that can explain various gene regulation mechanisms. However, gene regulatory networks are dynamic and condition-specific; under different conditions, networks exhibit different regulation patterns accompanied by different transcriptional network topologies. Thus, an investigation on the topological changes in transcriptional networks can facilitate the understanding of cell development or provide novel insights into the pathophysiology of certain diseases, and help identify the key genetic players that could serve as biomarkers or drug targets.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report a differential dependency network (DDN) analysis to detect statistically significant topological changes in the transcriptional networks between two biological conditions. We propose a local dependency model to represent the local structures of a network by a set of conditional probabilities. We develop an efficient learning algorithm to learn the local dependency model using the Lasso technique. A permutation test is subsequently performed to estimate the statistical significance of each learned local structure. In testing on a simulation dataset, the proposed algorithm accurately detected all the genes with network topological changes. The method was then applied to the estrogen-dependent T-47D estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer cell line datasets and human and mouse embryonic stem cell datasets. In both experiments using real microarray datasets, the proposed method produced biologically meaningful results. We expect DDN to emerge as an important bioinformatics tool in transcriptional network analyses. While we focus specifically on transcriptional networks, the DDN method we introduce here is generally applicable to other biological networks with similar characteristics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The DDN MATLAB toolbox and experiment data are available at http://www.cbil.ece.vt.edu/software.htm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
authors.forename: Bai
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rebecca B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Riggins
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Jianhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xuan
authors.forename: Zhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice