title: Examination of selected clinical factors and medication use as risk factors for pneumonia during stroke rehabilitation: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association of selected clinical factors and specific medication use (proton pump inhibitors, H2 receptor antagonists [H2 blockers], and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) with presence of pneumonia in patients with stroke undergoing acute inpatient rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Matched case-control study in a freestanding urban academic inpatient acute rehabilitation hospital. Participants were 72 stroke survivors, consisting of 36 patients who developed pneumonia during rehabilitation hospitalization individually matched in order of decreasing priority on age, sex, stroke side, depth, and severity with 36 patients with stroke not developing pneumonia. Potential risk factors, including severe dysphagia, dietary interventions, presence of tracheostomy or feeding tube, and specific medications, were assessed for association with pneumonia during rehabilitation using separate univariate and multivariate analyses. Functional change was assessed using the functional independence measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although pneumonia was associated with proton pump inhibitors or H2 blockers (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-13.7), any feeding tube (odds ratio: 5.0; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-27.0), severe dysphagia (odds ratio: 15.0; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-631), and tracheostomy (odds ratio: 10; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-434.0) on univariate evaluation, none of these individual factors was significantly associated with pneumonia in a multivariate model. Risk factors were found to be highly related to each other. Odds of pneumonia did not significantly decrease with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (odds ratio: 0.9; 95% confidence interval, 0.2-3.0). Patients with pneumonia had a significantly lower functional independence measure score at discharge.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduction in pneumonia was not found with the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Although tracheostomies, feeding tubes, proton pump inhibitor or H2 blocker use, and the presence of dysphagia were identified as risk factors for pneumonia on univariate analyses, none of these factors demonstrated an independent association with pneumonia on multivariate analyses. It may be more that the underlying impairment, rather than the assessed interventions, may confer greater risk of pneumonia in the poststroke patient.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marciniak
authors.forename: Alexander W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Korutz
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Elliot
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welty
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lovell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D014139:Tracheostomy / Q000009:adverse effects
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors