title: Inhaled colistin as monotherapy for multidrug-resistant gram (-) nosocomial pneumonia: a case series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports of patients with polymyxin-only susceptible gram-negative nosocomial pneumonia treated with inhaled, but without concurrent intravenous, colistin are rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients admitted in a tertiary 450-bed tertiary care centre during the period 05/01/2005-05/31/2007 and receiving colistin through nebulization, but not systemically, were included in this retrospective case series.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five patients (three with ventilator-associated pneumonia and two with nosocomial pneumonia) received colistin through nebulization without concomitant intravenous colistin. The isolated pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii (three cases), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (one case) and the combination of Klebsiella pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa (one case). They were susceptible only to colistin (three cases) or to colistin and gentamicin (two cases). Intravenous antimicrobial agents given concurrently were piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin; isolated pathogens were resistant to these agents. Four (80%) out of the five patients were cured, survived and were discharged. One patient died. No colistin-related adverse event was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experience from this case series and other relevant recent reports suggest that treatment of pneumonia due to polymyxin-only susceptible gram-negative bacilli with inhaled colistin (without concurrent systemic administration) deserves further careful investigation.
authors.affiliation: Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences (AIBS), Athens, Greece. m.falagas@aibs.gr
authors.forename: Matthew E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Falagas
authors.forename: Ilias I
authors.initials: II
authors.lastname: Siempos
authors.forename: Petros I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Rafailidis
authors.forename: Ioanna P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Korbila
authors.forename: Eleni
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ioannidou
authors.forename: Argyris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Michalopoulos
mesh_terms: D000151:Acinetobacter Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D040981:Acinetobacter baumannii / Q000302:isolation & purification; D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008297:Male; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy*; D053717:Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated / Q000188:drug therapy; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D003091:Colistin