title: Training patients in Time Pressure Management, a cognitive strategy for mental slowness.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide clinical practitioners with a framework for teaching patients Time Pressure Management, a cognitive strategy that aims to reduce disabilities arising from mental slowness due to acquired brain injury. Time Pressure Management provides patients with compensatory strategies to deal with time pressure in daily life. Application of the training in clinical practice is illustrated using two case examples from a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of Time Pressure Management for patients with stroke.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Time Pressure Management approach is based on Michon's task analysis, describing levels of decision-making in complex cognitive tasks. Decisions with little or no time pressure are not impaired by mental slowness. Therefore, patients should try to transfer actions from situations with high time pressure to situations where the preserved decision levels with little or no time pressure can work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several factors are required to teach patients to use Time Pressure Management. First, sufficient awareness is needed to recognize that there is a deficit and behavioural change is necessary. Sufficient awareness is also required to recognize and anticipate time pressure situations and to realize that the strategy is helpful and might also be useful in new and more difficult circumstances. Second, adequate motivation is needed to learn the strategy. And finally, the training should be adjusted to the patient's individual learning abilities and cognitive skills.
authors.affiliation: Vilans, Hoensbroek and School for Mental Health and Neurosciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. i.winkens@vilans.nl
authors.forename: Ieke
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Winkens
authors.forename: Caroline M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Van Heugten
authors.forename: Derick T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Luciano
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fasotti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005793:Generalization, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D017748:Time Management / Q000523:psychology*; D013998:Time Perception