title: Head and neck injury risks in heavy metal: head bangers stuck between rock and a hard bass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the risks of mild traumatic brain injury and neck injury associated with head banging, a popular dance form accompanying heavy metal music.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational studies, focus group, and biomechanical analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head bangers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Head Injury Criterion and Neck Injury Criterion were derived for head banging styles and both popular heavy metal songs and easy listening music controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An average head banging song has a tempo of about 146 beats per minute, which is predicted to cause mild head injury when the range of motion is greater than 75 degrees . At higher tempos and greater ranges of motion there is a risk of neck injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To minimise the risk of head and neck injury, head bangers should decrease their range of head and neck motion, head bang to slower tempo songs by replacing heavy metal with adult oriented rock, only head bang to every second beat, or use personal protective equipment.
authors.affiliation: School of Risk and Safety Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia 2052.
authors.forename: Declan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Patton
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McIntosh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009146:Music; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D012307:Risk Factors