title: Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in a rat model of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is one of the most life-threatening complications of assisted reproduction treatments. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists (GnRHanta) are thought to be effective in preventing this complication, and some clinical trials have found lower incidences of OHSS in patients treated with GnRHanta. Our aim was to investigate the effects of GnRHanta on vascular permeability and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors in a rat model of OHSS.
  
  
  METHODS
  An immature early OHSS rat model was established. Three ovarian stimulation protocols were used: pregnant mare serum gonadotropin/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) alone, with a GnRHanta, or with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa). Blood and tissue samples were collected at 48 hours after hCG administration. Vascular permeability was evaluated by measuring the Evans-Blue content of extravasated peritoneal fluids. The expression of VEGF and its receptors, including flt-1 and KDR, were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with both a GnRHanta and a GnRHa resulted in significant reductions in serum estradiol and peritoneal vascular permeability, as well as decreased ovarian expression of VEGF and its two receptors. However, GnRHanta treatment caused a greater reduction in serum estradiol concentrations, and in VEGF receptor mRNA expression than GnRHa. There were no significant reductions in the expression of VEGF or its receptors in extra-ovarian tissues, including the liver, lungs and peritoneum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results reveal that GnRHanta are more potent than GnRHa in preventing early OHSS through down-regulation of the expression of VEGF and its receptors in hyperstimulated ovaries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Affiliated with School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310016, China.
authors.forename: Xiao-mei
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Song-ying
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Wei-hai
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiao-na
authors.initials: XN
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shu
authors.forename: Liu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016471:Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006063:Chorionic Gonadotropin; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D007987:Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone; C042691:LHRH, N-acetyl-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(1)-(4-chlorophenylalanyl)(2)-tryptophyl(3)-arginyl(6)-alanine(10)-; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor