title: Neutrophils as one of the major haptoglobin sources in mastitis affected milk.
abstract: The antioxidant haptoglobin (Hp) is an acute-phase protein responsive to infectious and inflammatory diseases. Hp and somatic cell counts (SCC) are sharply elevated in bovine milk following intramammary administration of endotoxin or bacteria. However, the sources of milk Hp responsible for such increases are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to define the source of milk Hp from dairy cows with naturally occurring mastitis. Quarter milk samples selected from 50 dairy cows were separated into four groups according to SCC as group A: < 100 (n = 19); B: 100-200 (n = 10); C: 201-500 (n = 10); and D: > 500 x 10(3) (n = 11) cells/mL. Our results reveal that milk Hp concentrations were correlated with SCC (r = 0.742; P < 0.01), and concentrations in group D were approximately 10-fold higher than in group A. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicates that the milk somatic cells from group D were not only capable of synthesizing Hp but could also markedly increase Hp mRNA expression. Western blot, immunocytochemistry, double confocal immunofluorescence, and Hp releasing experiments demonstrate that neutrophils were associated with the biosynthesis and release of Hp in milk. It further shows that Hp was significantly elevated in the epithelium of mammary gland tissue with mastitis and was also expressed in the cultured mammary epithelial cells. We propose that neutrophils and epithelial cells may play an essential role in elevating milk Hp in addition to previous suggestions that Hp may be derived from mammary tissues and circulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemical Engineering, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C.
authors.forename: I-Hsiang
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Jung Hsu
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tsao
authors.forename: Yi Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jai Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Feng Lin
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Chien
authors.forename: Simon J T
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000378:metabolism; D008414:Mastitis, Bovine; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006242:Haptoglobins; D012333:RNA, Messenger