title: Effects of high glucose plus high insulin on proliferation and apoptosis of mouse endothelial progenitor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of high glucose plus high insulin (GI) on proliferation, apoptosis, morphology and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  EPC were isolated and identified by magnetic cell sorting and flow cytometry. EPC proliferation and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and Annexin-V/PI double labeling, respectively. Cell proliferation- and apoptosis-related factors were examined by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven days after GI treatment, EPC were arrested at the G(0)/G(1) phase. Treatment with high glucose alone (HG) or GI but not HI (high insulin alone) decreased EPC proliferation and their expression of cyclin E, cdk2 and PCNA compared to control. The inhibitory effects of HG on EPC proliferation and growth-related proteins were more significant than those of GI. HG, GI and HI promoted EPC apoptosis along with caspase-3 overexpression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The result indicated that GI-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition might be one of mechanisms of EPC reduction and dysfunction in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018189:Immunomagnetic Separation; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose