title: Population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analyses of pemetrexed and neutropenia: effect of vitamin supplementation and differences between Japanese and Western patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of the analysis were to characterize the time course of neutropenia after pemetrexed administration using an established semimechanistic-physiologic model, characterize the relationship between pemetrexed exposure and neutropenia, and describe differences in neutropenic response by vitamin supplementation status and between Japanese and Western patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  An eight-compartment population pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was used to describe the absolute neutrophil count (ANC)-time profile (neutropenic response) following pemetrexed doses of 300 to 1,400 mg/m(2) administered every 21 days. The analyses pooled data from 13 studies including 279 patients (161 supplemented with oral folic acid and intramuscular vitamin B(12), and 118 unsupplemented; 248 Western and 31 Japanese) who received 857 treatment cycles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin supplementation status, ethnic origin, and drug exposure were the dominant predictors of neutropenic response. Vitamin supplementation diminishes neutropenic response to pemetrexed. Model-predicted ANC nadirs for the "typical" Western patient receiving 500 mg/m(2) pemetrexed +/- vitamin supplementation were 2.74 x 10(9)/L and 1.70 x 10(9)/L, respectively. Japanese patients had a less pronounced neutropenic response to pemetrexed relative to Western patients. The model-predicted ANC nadir for Japanese patients receiving 500 mg/m(2) pemetrexed with vitamin supplementation was 2.66 x 10(9)/L. Values for the 1,000 mg/m(2) dose with vitamin supplementation were 1.91 x 10(9)/L and 1.34 x 10(9)/L for Japanese and Western patients, respectively. Increased albumin, decreased cystathionine, and decreased body surface area were also associated with increased neutropenic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The neutropenic response to higher pemetrexed doses administered with vitamin supplementation is tolerable. All other factors equal, Japanese patients have a lesser neutropenic response to pemetrexed relative to Western patients.
authors.affiliation: Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA. Latz_Jane_E@Lilly.com
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Latz
authors.forename: Karen Lee
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Mary Alice
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Chris H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Takimoto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D044466:Asian People; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005971:Glutamates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006147:Guanine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D013997:Time Factors; D014805:Vitamin B 12 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D005971:Glutamates; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D006147:Guanine; D005492:Folic Acid; D014805:Vitamin B 12