title: Radiofrequency ablation combined with chemoembolization for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas larger than 5 cm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate survival, recurrence-free survival, technical success, technique effectiveness, and safety of radiofrequency (RF) ablation combined with chemoembolization in patients with hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) larger than 5 cm.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with Child-Pugh class A or B cirrhosis and three or fewer HCCs with a maximum tumor diameter of 5.1-10 cm were included. Twenty patients with 32 HCCs were included. There were 16 men and four women with mean age of 69 years +/- 7.4 (range, 46-79 years).The maximum mean tumor diameter was 6.2 cm (range, 5.1-9.5 cm). RF ablation was performed under computed tomographic (CT) fluoroscopic guidance 1-2 weeks after chemoembolization. The primary endpoint of this study was survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RF electrodes were placed in the planned sites, and RF ablation was completed with a planned protocol (technical success rate, 100%). Tumor enhancement was eradicated in all patients after 32 RF sessions. The primary and secondary technique effectiveness rates were 40% and 100%, respectively. There were two major complications in the 32 RF sessions (6%)--hepatic abscess and diaphragm perforation. Local tumor progression developed in five of the 20 patients (25%) during the mean follow-up of 30 months. The overall and recurrence-free survival rates were, respectively, 100% and 74% at 1 year, 62% and 28% at 3 years, and 41% and 14% at 5 years. The serum bilirubin level of 1.0 mg/dL (17.1 micromol/L) or less was a significantly better prognostic factor in the univariate analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This combination therapy may enhance survival in patients with HCCs larger than 5 cm.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Mie University School of Medicine, 2-174 Edobashi, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan. takaki-h@clin.medic.mie-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Haruyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takaki
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamakado
authors.forename: Junji
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Uraki
authors.forename: Atsuhiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakatsuka
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fuke
authors.forename: Norihiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shiraki
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome