title: Catheter closure of atrial septal defects with deficient inferior vena cava rim under transesophageal echo guidance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the case selection, imaging considerations, technique, and results of catheter closure of atrial septal defects (ASD) with deficient inferior vena cava (IVC) rim.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Transcatheter closure with Amplatzer septal occluder (ASO) has become standard treatment for most secundum ASDs. Defects with deficient IVC rim continue to be challenging to image and close in the catheterization laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of 12 patients with deficient IVC rim (<5 mm), who underwent catheter closure (April 2007 to June 2008) were reviewed. General anesthesia and transesophageal echo (TEE) guidance was used in all. The IVC rim was imaged at 70 degrees-90 degrees with retroflexion of the TEE probe, in addition to the conventional views. Devices 1-4 mm > maximal ASD size were selected. Deployment was accomplished either from the left atrium, left upper or from the right pulmonary veins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age was 5.5 (2.5-27) years and median weight was 19.5 (9-65) kg. The defects measured 16-32 mm and 18-36 mm septal occluders were used. The median fluoroscopic time was 13.1 (4.2-32.7) min. Initial device selection was revised in four patients. Two patients had residual flows at IVC margin. The device embolized to right ventricular outflow tract in one patient. This was retrieved, and a larger device was deployed. No other complications were observed immediately or on follow-up (median 6; range 1-14 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of ASDs with deficient IVC rim is feasible under TEE guidance. The modified retroflexed view allows adequate imaging of IVC rim through TEE.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Kochi, Kerela, India.
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Remadevi
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Raman Krishna
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kumar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019992:Databases as Topic; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D014682:Vena Cava, Inferior / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult