title: Newly emerged nulliparous Culicoides imicola Kieffer (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) with pigmented abdomen.
abstract: The method of segregating nulliparous and parous females of Culicoides spp. based on the presence of burgundy-red pigment inside the abdominal wall of parous Culicoides midges, is used worldwide. Out of 320 females of Culicoides imicola trapped by emergence traps, set over an artificial breeding site for 10 and 24 days, 73 (22.8%) showed a red-pigmentation despite the fact that they were nulliparous. This finding indicated that 23% of the "parous" females that are examined for the presence of arboviruses and other pathogens or for age-grading purposes, are actually old nulliparous females, which had no chance of acquiring pathogens. This bias in parous rate distorts upward the calculation of vectorial capacity.
authors.affiliation: Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Braverman
authors.forename: Kosta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mumcuoglu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001947:Breeding; D002519:Ceratopogonidae / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000662:veterinary; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D010058:Oviposition / Q000502:physiology*; D010858:Pigmentation