title: Spatio-temporal analysis of the relationship between WNV dissemination and environmental variables in Indianapolis, USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study developed a multi-temporal analysis on the relationship between West Nile Virus (WNV) dissemination and environmental variables by using an integrated approach of remote sensing, GIS, and statistical techniques. WNV mosquito cases in seven months (April-October) of the six years (2002-2007) were collected in Indianapolis, USA. Epidemic curves were plotted to identify the temporal outbreaks of WNV. Spatial-temporal analysis and k-mean cluster analysis were further applied to determine the high-risk areas. Finally, the relationship between environmental variables and WNV outbreaks were examined by using Discriminant Analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results show that the WNV epidemic curve reached its peak in August for all years in the study area except in 2007, where the peak was reached in July. WNV dissemination started from the central longitudinal corridor of the city and spread out to the east and west. Different years and seasons had different high-risk areas, but the southwest and southeast corners show the highest risk for WNV infection due to their high percentages of agriculture and water sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major environmental factors contributing to the outbreak of WNV in Indianapolis were the percentages of agriculture and water, total length of streams, and total size of wetlands. This study provides important information for urban public health prevention and management. It also contributes to the optimization of mosquito control and arrangement of future sampling efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Political Science and Geography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia 23529, USA. hxliu@odu.edu
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qihao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Weng
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaines
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003710:Demography; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana / Q000453:epidemiology; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D019371:Topography, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014901:West Nile Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014902:West Nile virus