title: Prevalence and control of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and to assess clinical management indicators among adults with diabetes in a representative sample of New York City adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2004, New York City implemented the first community-level Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NYC HANES), modeled after the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). We used an interview to determine previously diagnosed diabetes and measured fasting plasma glucose to determine undiagnosed diabetes and IFG in a probability sample of 1,336 New York City adults. We assessed glycemic control and other clinical indicators using standardized NHANES protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of diabetes among New York City adults was 12.5% (95% CI 10.3-15.1): 8.7% diagnosed and 3.8% undiagnosed. Nearly one-fourth (23.5%) of adults had IFG. Asians had the highest prevalence of impaired glucose metabolism (diabetes 16.1%, IFG 32.4%) but were significantly less likely to be obese. Among adults with diagnosed diabetes, less than one-half (45%) had A1C levels <7%; one-half (50%) had elevated blood pressure measures at interview, 43% of whom were not on antihypertensive medications; nearly two-thirds (66%) had elevated LDL levels, and only 10% had their glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol all at or below recommended levels. Most adults (84%) with diagnosed diabetes were on medication, but only 12% were receiving insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In New York City, diabetes and IFG are widespread. Policies and structural interventions to promote physical activity and healthy eating should be prioritized. Improved disease management systems are needed for people with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, New York, USA. lthorpe@health.nyc.gov
authors.forename: Lorna E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Thorpe
authors.forename: Ushma D
authors.initials: UD
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Shadi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chamany
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garg
authors.forename: Jenna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandel-Ricci
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kellerman
authors.forename: Diana K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Frieden
authors.forename: Charon
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gwynn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D010349:Patient Compliance; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult; D001741:Black or African American
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin