title: Body mass index and vigorous physical activity and the risk of heart failure among men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated body mass index (BMI; weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) in the obese range (> or =30 kg/m(2)) is associated with an excess risk of heart failure (HF). However, the impact of overweight or preobese (BMI, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2)) status and physical activity on HF risk is unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a prospective cohort of 21,094 men (mean age, 53 years) without known coronary heart disease at baseline in the Physicians' Health Study, we examined the individual and combined effects of BMI and vigorous physical activity (exercise to the point of breaking a sweat) on HF incidence from 1982 to 2007. We evaluated BMI as both a continuous (per 1-kg/m(2) increment) and a categorical (lean, <25 kg/m(2); overweight, 25 to 29.9 kg/m(2); and obese, > or =30 kg/m(2)) variable; we evaluated vigorous physical activity primarily as a dichotomous variable (inactive [rarely/never] versus active [> or =1 to 3 times a month]). During follow-up (mean, 20.5 years), 1109 participants developed new-onset HF. In multivariable analyses, every 1-kg/m(2) increase in BMI was associated with an 11% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9 to 13) increase in HF risk. Compared with lean participants, overweight participants had a 49% (95% CI, 32 to 69) and obese participants had a 180% (95% CI, 124 to 250) increase in HF risk. Vigorous physical activity conferred an 18% (95% CI, 4 to 30) decrease in HF risk. No interaction was found between BMI and vigorous physical activity and HF risk (P=0.96). Lean active men had the lowest and obese inactive men had the highest risk of HF. Compared with lean active men, the hazard ratios were 1.19 (95% CI, 0.94 to 1.51), 1.49 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.71), 1.78 (95% CI, 1.43 to 2.23), 2.68 (95% CI, 2.08 to 3.45), and 3.93 (95% CI, 2.60 to 5.96) in lean inactive, overweight active, overweight inactive, obese active, and obese inactive men, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of men, elevated BMI, even in the preobese range, was associated with an increased risk of HF, and vigorous physical activity was associated with a decreased risk. Public health measures to curtail excess weight, to maintain optimal weight, and to promote physical activity may limit the scourge of HF.
authors.affiliation: Physicians' Health Study, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA. skenchaiah@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Satish
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kenchaiah
authors.forename: Howard D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Sesso
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gaziano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior