title: Family burden after traumatic brain injury in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traumatic brain injury has a substantial impact on caregivers. This study describes the burden experienced by caregivers of children with traumatic brain injury and examines the relationship between child functioning and family burden during the first year after injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 5 to 15 years hospitalized for traumatic brain injury at 4 participating trauma centers were eligible. Caregivers completed baseline and 3- and 12-month telephone interviews measuring the child's health-related quality of life using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory. The emotional impact scale of the Child Health Questionnaire was used to identify caregivers with substantial distress, including general worry or interference with family routine. Caregiver perceptions of whether health care needs were met or unmet and days missed from work were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 330 subjects enrolled; follow-up was conducted with 312 at 3 months and 288 at 12 months. Most subjects were white (68%) and male (69%). Abnormal Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory subscores were related to substantial caregiver burden (either general worry or interference in routine). These abnormalities were reported by >75% of patients at 3 months and persisted to 1 year in some patients. Parental perception of unmet health care needs was strongly related to family burden outcomes, with up to 69% of this subset of parents reporting substantial worry, and nearly one quarter reporting interference with daily routine/concentration 1 year after injury. Child dysfunction predicted parental burden at 3 and 12 months. Burden was greater when health care need was unmet. Abnormalities on the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory predicted the amount of work missed by parents, especially in the presence of unmet needs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregivers are more likely to report family burden problems when child functioning is poorer and health care needs are unmet. Improved identification and provision of services is a potentially modifiable factor that may decrease family burden after pediatric traumatic brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences College of Medicine, Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. aitkenmarye@uams.edu
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Melissa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Beth S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Slomine
authors.forename: Ru
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Dennis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Durbin
authors.forename: Kenneth M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: Charles N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Paidas
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dorsch
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Ellen J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology