title: Lions and prions and deer demise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Contagious prion diseases--scrapie of sheep and chronic wasting disease of several species in the deer family--give rise to epidemics that seem capable of compromising host population viability. Despite this prospect, the ecological consequences of prion disease epidemics in natural populations have received little consideration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a cohort study design, we found that prion infection dramatically lowered survival of free-ranging adult (>2-year-old) mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus): estimated average life expectancy was 5.2 additional years for uninfected deer but only 1.6 additional years for infected deer. Prion infection also increased nearly fourfold the rate of mountain lions (Puma concolor) preying on deer, suggesting that epidemics may alter predator-prey dynamics by facilitating hunting success. Despite selective predation, about one fourth of the adult deer we sampled were infected. High prevalence and low survival of infected deer provided a plausible explanation for the marked decline in this deer population since the 1980s.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remarkably high infection rates sustained in the face of intense predation show that even seemingly complete ecosystems may offer little resistance to the spread and persistence of contagious prion diseases. Moreover, the depression of infected populations may lead to local imbalances in food webs and nutrient cycling in ecosystems in which deer are important herbivores.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Division of Wildlife, Wildlife Research Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America. mike.miller@state.co.us
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Heather M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Swanson
authors.forename: Lisa L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Wolfe
authors.forename: Fred G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Quartarone
authors.forename: Sherri L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Huwer
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Southwick
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Lukacs
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003670:Deer / Q000502:physiology; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D020387:Food Chain; D008045:Lions / Q000502:physiology; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D015995:Prevalence; D017096:Prion Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000635:transmission* / Q000662:veterinary; D016019:Survival Analysis