title: Genome based cell population heterogeneity promotes tumorigenicity: the evolutionary mechanism of cancer.
abstract: Cancer progression represents an evolutionary process where overall genome level changes reflect system instability and serve as a driving force for evolving new systems. To illustrate this principle it must be demonstrated that karyotypic heterogeneity (population diversity) directly contributes to tumorigenicity. Five well characterized in vitro tumor progression models representing various types of cancers were selected for such an analysis. The tumorigenicity of each model has been linked to different molecular pathways, and there is no common molecular mechanism shared among them. According to our hypothesis that genome level heterogeneity is a key to cancer evolution, we expect to reveal that the common link of tumorigenicity between these diverse models is elevated genome diversity. Spectral karyotyping (SKY) was used to compare the degree of karyotypic heterogeneity displayed in various sublines of these five models. The cell population diversity was determined by scoring type and frequencies of clonal and non-clonal chromosome aberrations (CCAs and NCCAs). The tumorigenicity of these models has been separately analyzed. As expected, the highest level of NCCAs was detected coupled with the strongest tumorigenicity among all models analyzed. The karyotypic heterogeneity of both benign hyperplastic lesions and premalignant dysplastic tissues were further analyzed to support this conclusion. This common link between elevated NCCAs and increased tumorigenicity suggests an evolutionary causative relationship between system instability, population diversity, and cancer evolution. This study reconciles the difference between evolutionary and molecular mechanisms of cancer and suggests that NCCAs can serve as a biomarker to monitor the probability of cancer progression.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Bremer
authors.forename: Aruna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.forename: Karen J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Ming-Fong
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lawrenson
authors.forename: Wayne D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Lancaster
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kurkinen
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Liao
authors.forename: C Gary
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Gairola
authors.forename: Malathy P V
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Shekhar
authors.forename: Satya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Fred R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Henry H Q
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Heng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D015197:Carcinogenicity Tests; D002460:Cell Line; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D014644:Genetic Variation; D015894:Genome, Human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000099261:Homeobox A1 Protein
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012906:Smoke; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000099261:Homeobox A1 Protein