title: LIM only 4 is overexpressed in late stage pancreas cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  LIM-only 4 (LMO4), a member of the LIM-only (LMO) subfamily of LIM domain-containing transcription factors, was initially reported to have an oncogenic role in breast cancer. We hypothesized that LMO4 may be related to pancreatic carcinogenesis as it is in breast carcinogenesis. If so, this could result in a better understanding of tumorigenesis in pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured LMO4 mRNA levels in cultured cells, pancreatic bulk tissues and microdissected target cells (normal ductal cells; pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia-1B [PanIN-1B] cells; PanIN-2 cells; invasive ductal carcinoma [IDC] cells; intraductal papillary-mucinous adenoma [IPMA] cells; IPM borderline [IPMB] cells; and invasive and non-invasive IPM carcinoma [IPMC]) by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  9 of 14 pancreatic cancer cell lines expressed higher levels of LMO4 mRNA than did the human pancreatic ductal epithelial cell line (HPDE). In bulk tissue samples, expression of LMO4 was higher in pancreatic carcinoma than in intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) or non-neoplastic pancreas (p < 0.0001 for both). We carried out microdissection-based analyses. IDC cells expressed significantly higher levels of LMO4 than did normal ductal epithelia or PanIN-1B cells (p < 0.001 for both) or PanIN-2 cells (p = 0.014). IPMC cells expressed significantly higher levels of LMO4 than did normal ductal epithelia (p < 0.001), IPMA (p < 0.001) and IPMB cells (p = 0.003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic carcinomas (both IDC and IPMC) expressed significantly higher levels of LMO4 mRNA than did normal ductal epithelia, PanIN-1B, PanIN-2, IPMA and IPMB. These results suggested that LMO4 is overexpressed at late stages in carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. shun@surg1.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Kenoki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohuchida
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mizumoto
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Hayato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Egami
authors.forename: Hidehisa
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kitada
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D021441:Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D002291:Carcinoma, Papillary / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D060588:LIM Domain Proteins; C114905:LMO4 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C109790:STK11 protein, human; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases