title: Pulse pressure/stroke volume: a surrogate index of arterial stiffness and the relation to segmental relaxation and longitudinal systolic deformation in hypertensive disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pulse pressure/stroke volume (PP/SV) is regarded as a surrogate index of arterial stiffness (AS). Strain echocardiography is a novel method to evaluate systolic and diastolic left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of AS on segmental relaxation and systolic deformation in hypertensive disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated 70 hypertensive patients and 30 non-hypertensive volunteers. The patients were divided as follows: without global diastolic dysfunction (HTN-N) and with global diastolic dysfunction (HTN-DD). The segmental and global longitudinal strain (S) and strain rate (SR) and early and late diastolic SR were recorded from 18 segments. The number of segments with abnormal relaxation (SR(E)/SR(A) < 1.1) was calculated as segmental DD. Pulse pressure/SV index was used as a surrogate marker of AS. Arterial stiffness was higher in HTN-N and was more pronounced in the HTN-DD group compared with the control (1.45 +/- 0.38 vs. 1.79 +/- 0.36 vs.1.21 +/- 0.31 mmHg m2/ml, all P < 0.05). HTN-N had increased segmental DD compared to control despite the normal conventional indices of diastolic dysfunction. Global longitudinal deformation of the HTN-N group was similar to the control; HTN-DD also showed evidence of LV hypertrophy (LVH) and had more extensive segmental DD and deteriorated global systolic deformation compared with the control, despite the normal ejection fraction (segmental DD: 11 +/- 3 vs. 4 +/- 2, P < 0.05 and strain: 17.7 +/- 2.8 vs. 21.2 +/- 2.3%, P < 0.05). The deterioration of AS in the hypertensive group was accompanied with a particular distribution of segmental DD that was more pronounced at the basal regions compared with apical LV territories. Arterial stiffness and LV mass index are found to be independent predictors of segmental DD, mean Ea, and global systolic deformation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arterial stiffness and LVH are independently related to abnormal segmental relaxation and global longitudinal systolic deformation in hypertensive disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Imperial College of Medicine and Technology, National Heart and Lung Institute (NHLI), Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, W12 0HS London, UK. drpavlo@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pavlopoulos
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nihoyannopoulos
mesh_terms: D001158:Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013318:Stroke Volume; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology