title: [Anticipation in bipolar disorder: A comparison between two generations].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The genetic phenomenon of anticipation is a pattern of inheritance that includes earlier age at onset and increased severity of symptoms in succeeding generations, and is a feature of some neurodegenerative diseases. This phenomenon is suggested to occur in bipolar disorder (BP) as well.
  
  
  METHODS
  Anticipation in children with BP type 1 (s2) (n = 31) and their parents (s1) (n = 31) not-consecutive generations-was assessed by analyzing clinical characteristics and prognoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age at onset of BP type 1 in s2 (mean: 19.3 +/- 4.2 years) occurred earlier than in s1 (mean: 29.5 +/- 10.2 years) (u = 345, P < 0.001). There was a direct negative correlation between the s1 and s2 cases (r = -0.554, P < 0.001). The total number of episodes in s1 (13.9 +/- 12.3) was greater than in s2 (8.7 +/- 7), which had a higher frequency of episodes (0.6 +/- 0.3 and 1.5 +/- 1.2) (u = 357, P < 0.001). There was a direct correlation between total episodes and the frequency of manic episodes between s1 and s2 (r = 0.312, P < 0.001 and r = 0.365, P < 0.001, respectively). We observed that 72.7% of BP type 1 parents that had episodes with psychotic features had offspring that had episodes with psychotic features.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of this study show that age at onset was earlier and the frequency of episodes was greater in s2 BP type 1 cases. In addition, episodes with psychotic features might be a marker for genetic anticipation.
authors.affiliation: Ege U Cocuk, Ergen Alkol-Madde Bağimlilği Araştirma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Izmir. drzekiyuncu@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Zeki
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yüncü
authors.forename: Sermin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kesebir
authors.forename: Fisun
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Akdeniz
authors.forename: Simavi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vahip
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010375:Pedigree; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult