title: Calcium and phosphate ion releasing composite: effect of pH on release and mechanical properties.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Secondary caries and restoration fracture are the two main challenges facing tooth cavity restorations. The objective of this study was to develop a composite using tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) fillers and whiskers to be stress-bearing, and to be "smart" to increase the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (PO(4)) ion release at cariogenic pH.
  
  
  METHODS
  TTCP was ball-milled to obtain four different particle sizes: 16.2, 2.4, 1.3, and 0.97 microm. Whiskers fused with nano-sized silica were combined with TTCP as fillers in a resin. Filler level mass fractions varied from 0 to 75%. Ca and PO(4) ion releases were measured vs. time at pH of 7.4, 6, and 4. Composite mechanical properties were measured via three-point flexure before and after immersion in solutions at the three pH.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TTCP composite without whiskers had flexural strength similar to a resin-modified glass ionomer (Vitremer) and previous Ca-PO(4) composites. With whiskers, the TTCP composite had a flexural strength (mean+/-S.D.; n=5) of (116+/-9)MPa, similar to (112+/-14)MPa of a stress-bearing, non-releasing hybrid composite (TPH) (p>0.1). The Ca release was (1.22+/-0.16)mmol/L at pH of 4, higher than (0.54+/-0.09) at pH of 6, and (0.22+/-0.06) at pH of 7.4 (p<0.05). PO(4) release was also dramatically increased at acidic pH. After immersion, the TTCP-whisker composite matched the strength of TPH at all three pH (p>0.1); both TTCP-whisker composite and TPH had strengths about threefold that of a releasing control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The new TTCP-whisker composite was "smart" and increased the Ca and PO(4) release dramatically when the pH was reduced from neutral to a cariogenic pH of 4, when these ions are most needed to inhibit caries. Its strength was two- to threefold higher than previously known Ca-PO(4) composites and resin-modified glass ionomer. This composite may have the potential to provide the necessary combination of load-bearing and caries-inhibiting capabilities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. hxu@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Hockin H K
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Weir
authors.forename: Limin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D053758:Nanoparticles; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D018583:Pliability; D017655:Silicon Compounds
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; D010710:Phosphates; D017655:Silicon Compounds; C485830:tetracalcium phosphate; C032734:silicon nitride; D002118:Calcium