title: The pedicled gastrocnemius muscle flap: a review of 218 cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Data regarding donor-site morbidity, postoperative clinical course, and functional and aesthetic outcome after gastrocnemius muscle flaps are rare.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding 218 consecutive patients treated with gastrocnemius muscle flaps were acquired from patients' charts and from contact with patients, with special reference to treatment and clinical course. Eighty-two were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire, 40 were examined physically, and 34 underwent dynamometric muscle function tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors observed wound-healing difficulties in 7 percent, wound infections in 4 percent, and one flap loss; 4.5 percent of the lateral gastrocnemius patients suffered from postoperative palsy of the peroneal nerve. Eighty-seven percent were not significantly limited walking on even ground, but only 42 percent could run, and 40 percent complained about pain when walking more than 200 m. The average range-of-motion deficit in the ankle joint for flexion and extension was 11 percent and 10 percent, respectively. The maximal plantar flexion force in the ankle joint of the operated leg was 76.2 percent. Strength endurance was reduced approximately 24.4 percent in the operated leg compared with the nonaffected side.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gastrocnemius muscle transfer represents a safe and simple procedure in the treatment of lower leg defects and in limb preservation. The strength loss and functional impairment (and sensation disorders) are considerable but may not be exclusively attributable to the muscle transfer but rather the result of the preceding trauma, infection, or tumor resection. The donor-site morbidity is well tolerated by the majority of the patients.
authors.affiliation: Bochum, Germany From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand Center, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum.
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daigeler
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Drücke
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tatar
authors.forename: Heinz-Herbert
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Homann
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goertz
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tilkorn
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehnhardt
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Steinau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000637:transplantation*; D020427:Peroneal Neuropathies / Q000209:etiology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps