title: Assessing breast cancer risk in women.
abstract: Understanding modifiable and nonmodifiable factors that increase or decrease breast cancer risk allows family physicians to counsel women appropriately. Nonmodifiable factors associated with increased breast cancer risk include advanced age, female sex, family history of breast cancer, increased breast density, genetic predisposition, menarche before age 12 years, and natural menopause after age 45 years. Hormonal factors associated with breast cancer include advanced age at first pregnancy, exposure to diethylstilbestrol, and hormone therapy. Environmental factors include therapeutic radiation. Obesity is also associated with increased rates of breast cancer. Factors associated with decreased cancer rates include pregnancy at an early age, late menarche, early menopause, high parity, and use of some medications, such as selective estrogen receptor modulators and, possibly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and aspirin. No convincing evidence supports the use of dietary interventions for the prevention of breast cancer, with the exception of limiting alcohol intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University School of Medicine, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. steinere@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Steiner
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klubert
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Knutson
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors