title: Effectiveness of a new toothbrush design versus a conventional tongue scraper in improving breath odor and reducing tongue microbiota.
abstract: For centuries, specific instruments or regular toothbrushes have routinely been used to remove tongue biofilm and improve breath odor. Toothbrushes with a tongue scraper on the back of their head have recently been introduced to the market. The present study compared the effectiveness of a manual toothbrush with this new design, i.e., possessing a tongue scraper, and a commercial tongue scraper in improving breath odor and reducing the aerobic and anaerobic microbiota of tongue surface. The evaluations occurred at 4 moments, when the participants (n=30) had their halitosis quantified with a halimeter and scored according to a 4-point scoring system corresponding to different levels of intensity. Saliva was collected for counts of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms. Data were analyzed statistically by Friedman's test (p<0.05). When differences were detected, the Wilcoxon test adjusted for Bonferroni correction was used for multiple comparisons (group to group). The results confirmed the importance of mechanical cleaning of the tongue, since this procedure provided an improvement in halitosis and reduction of aerobe and anaerobe counts. Regarding the evaluated methods, the toothbrush's tongue scraper and conventional tongue scraper had a similar performance in terms of breath improvement and reduction of tongue microbiota, and may be indicated as effective methods for tongue cleaning.
authors.affiliation: Dental School, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil. lucianacasemiro@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Luciana Assirati
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Casemiro
authors.forename: Carlos Henrique Gomes
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Tatiane Cruz
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Heitor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Panzeri
authors.forename: Marco Aurélio Sichirolli
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lavrador
authors.forename: Fernanda de Carvalho Panzeri
authors.initials: Fde C
authors.lastname: Pires-de-Souza
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001420:Bacteria, Aerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001421:Bacteria, Anaerobic / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001944:Breath Tests; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006209:Halitosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000382:microbiology*; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult