title: A zoospore inhibition technique to evaluate the activity of antifungal compounds against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and unsuccessful treatment of experimentally infected green tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) by fluconazole and benzalkonium chloride.
abstract: Effective and safe treatments of chytridiomycosis in amphibians, caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, are needed to help prevent mortality in captive programs for threatened species, to reduce the risk of spread, and to better manage the disease in threatened populations. We describe a simple method to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antifungal agents that involves adding zoospores to various drug concentrations in 96 well plates and microscopic observation after four days. We report results from testing 10 commercially available antifungal compounds: benzalkonium chloride (<0.78 microg/ml), povidone iodine (312.5 microg/ml), amphotericin B (3.125 microg/ml), fluconazole (<1.56 microg/ml), itraconazole (<1.56 microg/ml), enilconazole (<1.56 microg/ml), mercurochrome (6.25 microg/ml), sodium chloride (12.5mg/ml), methylene blue (<1.56 microg/ml) and Virkon (3.125 microg/ml). For treatment trials of juvenile Litoria caerulea, baths of benzalkonium chloride at 1mg/L and fluconazole at 25mg/L were used on 18 experimentally infected frogs per treatment. Although these treatments resulted in longer survival times (mean 43.7+/-11.3 days) than in the untreated controls (37.9+/-9.3 days), the mortality rate was still 100%. Higher doses of fluconazole are suggested for further animal trials.
authors.affiliation: Amphibian Disease Ecology Group, School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia. lee.berger@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Speare
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marantelli
authors.forename: Lee F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Skerratt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001001:Anura / Q000382:microbiology*; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008411:Chytridiomycota / Q000187:drug effects*; D015725:Fluconazole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009181:Mycoses / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D001548:Benzalkonium Compounds; D015725:Fluconazole