title: Expression profile of nerve growth factor after muscle incision in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated that nerve growth factor (NGF) is an important mediator of pathologic pain. Many studies have focused on cutaneous mechanisms for NGF-induced hyperalgesia; few have examined its contribution in deeper tissues like muscle. This study examined pain behaviors and the expression of NGF in incised hind paw flexor digitorum brevis muscle.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with anti-NGF peptibody and underwent skin or skin plus deep fascia and muscle incision. Guarding pain behaviors were measured. Muscle NGF messenger RNA (mRNA) was measured by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Changes in NGF protein expression were measured using Western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization for NGF mRNA was also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with anti-NGF peptibody (100 mg/kg) decreased the guarding behavior caused by deep fascia and muscle incision. Muscle NGF mRNA increased abruptly 2 h after incision and was the same as control by postoperative day 1. NGF protein increased from 4 h after incision and was sustained for several days. NGF was localized in many calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive axons, few N52-positive axons, but not isolectin B4-positive axons in incised muscle. The sources of NGF mRNA included keratinocytes in epidermis and fibroblasts in deeper tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibroblasts adjacent to the injury are sources of NGF in incised muscle. NGF is upregulated by incision of muscle and contributes to guarding pain behavior.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Chaoran
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Erickson
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Wild
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020932:Nerve Growth Factor