title: Tolerance to isoflurane does not occur in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tolerance is observed for a variety of central nervous system depressants including ethanol, which is an anesthetic, but has not been convincingly demonstrated for a potent halogenated volatile anesthetic. Failure to demonstrate tolerance to these agents may be the result of inadequate exposure to anesthetic. In this study, we exposed Xenopus laevis tadpoles to surgical anesthetic concentrations of isoflurane for 1 wk.
  
  
  METHODS
  Xenopus laevis tadpoles were produced by in vitro fertilization, and exposed to isoflurane (0.59%, 0.98%, 1.52%) or oxygen for 1 wk starting from the time of fertilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Changes in anesthetic EC(50) were small and not in a consistent direction. Control animals had an anesthetic EC(50) of 0.594% +/- 0.003% isoflurane. Tadpoles exposed to 1.52% isoflurane had a lower EC(50) than controls (by 16%), whereas tadpoles raised under 0.59% and 0.98% isoflurane had higher EC(50)s than control (by 4.7% and 7.4%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide the first description of week-long exposures of vertebrates to surgical anesthetic concentrations of isoflurane, and the first report of such exposures in developing vertebrates. Tolerance to isoflurane does not occur in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Taken together with studies in other organisms, the development of tolerance to ethanol but not isoflurane suggests that mechanisms shared by these drugs probably do not account for the development of tolerance.
authors.affiliation: The University of Pittsburg School of Medicine,Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Pavle S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Milutinovic
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Sonner
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004361:Drug Tolerance; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000254:growth & development*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane