title: Influence of preemptive analgesia on pulmonary function and complications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: Pain and diaphragmatic dysfunction are the major reasons for postoperative pulmonary complications after upper abdominal surgery. Preoperative administration of analgesics helps to reduce and prevent pain. The objective of this study was first to research the rate of pulmonary complications for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and then analyze the influence of preemptive analgesia on pulmonary functions and complications. Seventy patients scheduled for elective LC were included in our double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study. Randomly, 35 patients received 1 g etofenamate (group 1) and 35 patients 0.9% saline (group 2) intramuscularly 1 h before surgery. All patients underwent physical examination, chest radiography, lung function tests, and pulse oxygen saturation measurements 2 h before surgery and postoperatively on day 2. Atelectasis was graded as micro, focal, segmental, or lobar. With preemptive analgesia, the need for postoperative analgesia decreased significantly in group 1. In both groups mean spirometric values were reduced significantly after the operation, but the difference and proportional change according to preoperative recordings were found to be similar [29.5 vs. 31.3% reduction in forced vital capacity (FVC) and 32.9 vs. 33.5% reduction in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) for groups 1 and 2, respectively]. There was an insignificant drop in oxygen saturation rates for both groups. The overall incidence of atelectasia was similar for group 1 and 2 (30.2 vs. 29.2%). Although the degree of atelectesia was found to be more severe in the placebo group, the difference was not statistically significant. We concluded that although preemptive analgesia decreased the need for postoperative analgesia, this had no effect on pulmonary functions and pulmonary complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Fatih University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Meral
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Şen
authors.forename: Duygu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Özol
authors.forename: Mikdat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bozer
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005439:Flufenamic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011300:Preoperative Care; D011446:Prospective Studies; D001261:Pulmonary Atelectasis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013147:Spirometry; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014421:Turkey; D014797:Vital Capacity
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005439:Flufenamic Acid; C015207:etofenamate