title: Electrophysiological evidence of functional integration between the language and motor systems in the brain: a study of the speech Bereitschaftspotential.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether the Bereitschaftspotential (BP), an event related potential believed to reflect motor planning, would be modulated by language-related parameters prior to speech. We anticipated that articulatory complexity would produce effects on the BP distribution similar to those demonstrated for complex limb movements. We also hypothesized that lexical semantic operations would independently impact the BP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen participants performed 3 speech tasks designed to differentiate lexical semantic and articulatory contributions to the BP. EEG epochs were time-locked to the earliest source of speech movement per trial. Lip movements were assessed using EMG recordings. Doppler imaging was used to determine the onset of tongue movement during speech, providing a means of identification and elimination of potential artifact.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to simple repetition, complex articulations produced an anterior shift in the maximum midline BP. Tasks requiring lexical search and selection augmented these effects and independently elicited a left lateralized asymmetry in the frontal distribution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings indicate that the BP is significantly modulated by linguistic processing, suggesting that the premotor system might play a role in lexical access.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel findings support the notion that the motor systems may play a significant role in the formulation of language.
authors.affiliation: Language Section, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 5C310, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. mcardle@nidcd.nih.gov
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McArdle
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mari
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pursley
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Braun
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D011932:Reading; D013060:Speech / Q000502:physiology*; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D013068:Speech Production Measurement; D014059:Tongue / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult