title: Symptom outcomes following cranial vault expansion for craniosynostosis in children older than 2 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most craniosynostosis cases are treated by cranial expansion before 1 year of age. Occasionally, patients present at a later age with nonspecific symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. The purpose of this study was to review the symptoms of patients undergoing late cranial vault expansion. In all cases, the indication for surgery was treatment of the cranial dysmorphology.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a retrospective review of all patients (n = 17) undergoing cranial vault expansion from 2000 to 2007 aged older than 2 years (median, 7.4 years) for abnormal head shape who also reported preoperative symptoms consistent with increased intracranial pressure, including headaches, nausea or vomiting, or vision changes. Median follow-up was 30 months; 11 patients had nonsyndromic and six had syndromic craniosynostosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen patients had headaches, nine had nausea and vomiting, and 11 had vision changes. Ten patients had signs of intracranial pressure elevation, such as a computed tomographic scan findings, papilledema, or both. Twelve of 14 patients had complete resolution of headaches following surgery and four had late mild recurrence. All patients with nausea and vomiting and nine of 11 patients with vision changes had resolution of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure in older children with craniosynostosis is difficult in the absence of papilledema or computed tomographic findings. Clinical symptoms frequently associated with increased intracranial pressure are improved with late cranial vault expansion and demonstrate a possible benefit beyond improvement in head shape.
authors.affiliation: Seattle, Wash. From the Division of Plastic Surgery, the Department of Neurosurgery, University of Washington; and the Craniofacial Center, Seattle Children's Hospital.
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Casey N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Isom
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gruss
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salemy
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Ellenbogen
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avellino
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Birgfeld
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hopper
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed