title: Intensive care units, communication between nurses and physicians, and patients' outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various factors in hospitals can adversely affect patients' outcomes, including faulty communication between nurses and physicians. Whether specific communication elements (timeliness, accuracy, openness, understanding) can influence adverse outcomes is unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationships between patients' outcomes and (1) nurses' perceptions of elements of communication between nurses and physicians and (2) characteristics of the practice environment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey design was used. Information on ventilator-associated pneumonia, bloodstream infection associated with a central catheter, and pressure ulcers was collected from 25 intensive care units in southeastern Michigan. Simultaneously, 462 nurses in those units (response rate, 53.3%) were anonymously surveyed. The Conditions for Work Effectiveness Questionnaire-II and the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index were used to measure characteristics of the practice environment. The Intensive Care Unit Nurse-Physician Questionnaire was used to measure communication between nurses and physicians. Statistical tests included correlation and multiple regression. Analyses were conducted at the unit level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unit response rates varied from 6% to 100%. Together, variability in understanding communication and capacity utilization were predictive of 27% of the variance in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Timeliness of communication was inversely related to pressure ulcers (r= -0.38; P=.06), and workplace empowerment and scores on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III were positive predictors of ventilator-associated pneumonia (R(2)=0.36; P=.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Not all elements of communication were related to the selected adverse outcomes. The connection between characteristics of the practice environment at the unit level and adverse outcomes remains elusive.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Nursing, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0482, USA. mmanojlo@umich.edu
authors.forename: Milisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manojlovich
authors.forename: Cathy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Antonakos
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Ronis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003142:Communication; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000458:organization & administration*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019555:Physician-Nurse Relations; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult