title: Hand hygiene in the intensive care unit: prospective observations of clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence to hand hygiene recommendations in the intensive care unit (ICU) is variable and moderate, at best.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure adherence to hand hygiene recommendations among ICU clinicians in a prospective observational study in 6 multidisciplinary ICUs among 4 hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  We observed 115 clinicians (64 nurses, 21 respiratory therapists, 18 residents and 12 physicians) during 1 patient encounter, each. Clinicians were unaware that they were under observation. We documented use of gloves, soap, and alcohol solution before and after patient encounters for purposes of physical examination or patient care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of adherence to current recommendations was 20% (95% CI 13.7-28.2). All 23 clinicians adhering to recommendations used gloves followed by washing with soap or alcohol solution. 57.4% (95% CI 48.3-66.0) of clinicians used some form of hand hygiene without fully adhering to recommendations, whereas 42.6% did not appear to attend to hand hygiene at all during observation. By univariate analysis, with nurses as the reference group, we found trends suggesting lowest adherence rates among residents (odds ratio [OR] 0.32, 95% CI 0.11-0.96) and intensivists (OR 0.46, 95% CI, 0.13-1.60), and highest adherence among respiratory therapists (OR 2.05, 95% CI 0.67-6.30). We also observed a center effect (p = 0.04). However, multivariate analysis showed no relationship of hand hygiene to clinician group (p = 0.06) nor ICU (p = 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multidisciplinary, multimethod approaches to improving hand hygiene are likely necessary to improve the modest adherence to hand hygiene that we observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Section of Critical Care Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Ismael A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Qushmaq
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Heels-Ansdell
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: Maureen O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Meade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000438:Alcohols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006235:Hand Disinfection / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D006920:Hygiene / Q000592:standards*; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011044:Poland; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012915:Soaps / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000438:Alcohols; D012915:Soaps