title: Effect of fish oil on arrhythmias and mortality: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To synthesise the literature on the effects of fish oil-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-on mortality and arrhythmias and to explore dose response and formulation effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, IPA, Web of Science, Scopus, Pascal, Allied and Complementary Medicine, Academic OneFile, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, Evidence-Based Complementary Medicine, and LILACS. Studies reviewed Randomised controlled trials of fish oil as dietary supplements in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcomes of interest were the arrhythmic end points of appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator intervention and sudden cardiac death. The secondary outcomes were all cause mortality and death from cardiac causes. Subgroup analyses included the effect of formulations of EPA and DHA on death from cardiac causes and effects of fish oil in patients with coronary artery disease or myocardial infarction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12 studies totalling 32 779 patients met the inclusion criteria. A neutral effect was reported in three studies (n=1148) for appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator intervention (odds ratio 0.90, 95% confidence interval 0.55 to 1.46) and in six studies (n=31 111) for sudden cardiac death (0.81, 0.52 to 1.25). 11 studies (n=32 439 and n=32 519) provided data on the effects of fish oil on all cause mortality (0.92, 0.82 to 1.03) and a reduction in deaths from cardiac causes (0.80, 0.69 to 0.92). The dose-response relation for DHA and EPA on reduction in deaths from cardiac causes was not significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish oil supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in deaths from cardiac causes but had no effect on arrhythmias or all cause mortality. Evidence to recommend an optimal formulation of EPA or DHA to reduce these outcomes is insufficient. Fish oils are a heterogeneous product, and the optimal formulations for DHA and EPA remain unclear.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Coordinating and Research (EPICORE) Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Hernando
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Marcelo C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Shibata
authors.forename: Soori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sivakumaran
authors.forename: Marlene
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dorgan
authors.forename: Trish
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chatterley
authors.forename: Ross T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Tsuyuki
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D005395:Fish Oils; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D015118:Eicosapentaenoic Acid