title: Genetic determinants of response to clopidogrel and cardiovascular events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pharmacogenetic determinants of the response of patients to clopidogrel contribute to variability in the biologic antiplatelet activity of the drug. The effect of these determinants on clinical outcomes after an acute myocardial infarction is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We consecutively enrolled 2208 patients presenting with an acute myocardial infarction in a nationwide French registry and receiving clopidogrel therapy. We then assessed the relation of allelic variants of genes modulating clopidogrel absorption (ABCB1), metabolic activation (CYP3A5 and CYP2C19), and biologic activity (P2RY12 and ITGB3) to the risk of death from any cause, nonfatal stroke, or myocardial infarction during 1 year of follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Death occurred in 225 patients, and nonfatal myocardial infarction or stroke in 94 patients, during the follow-up period. None of the selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP3A5, P2RY12, or ITGB3 were associated with a risk of an adverse outcome. Patients with two variant alleles of ABCB1 (TT at nucleotide 3435) had a higher rate of cardiovascular events at 1 year than those with the ABCB1 wild-type genotype (CC at nucleotide 3435) (15.5% vs. 10.7%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20 to 2.47). Patients carrying any two CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles (*2, *3, *4, or *5), had a higher event rate than patients with none (21.5% vs. 13.3%; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.10 to 3.58). Among the 1535 patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention during hospitalization, the rate of cardiovascular events among patients with two CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles was 3.58 times the rate among those with none (95% CI, 1.71 to 7.51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with an acute myocardial infarction who were receiving clopidogrel, those carrying CYP2C19 loss-of-function alleles had a higher rate of subsequent cardiovascular events than those who were not. This effect was particularly marked among the patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00673036.)
authors.affiliation: Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, and Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 06, France. tabassome.simon@sat.aphp.fr
authors.forename: Tabassome
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Céline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verstuyft
authors.forename: Murielle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mary-Krause
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Quteineh
authors.forename: Elodie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Drouet
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Méneveau
authors.forename: P Gabriel
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Steg
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ferrières
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danchin
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Becquemont
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D039661:Integrin beta3 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009154:Mutation; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D010974:Platelet Aggregation / Q000187:drug effects; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2 / Q000235:genetics; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D012042:Registries; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; C061248:ITGB3 protein, human; D039661:Integrin beta3; C548576:P2RY12 protein, human; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D018048:Receptors, Purinergic P2; D058925:Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C045793:CYP2C19 protein, human; C510164:CYP3A5 protein, human; D065731:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C19; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D013988:Ticlopidine