title: Glomerular filtration rates in HIV-infected patients treated with and without tenofovir: a prospective, observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to assess the impact of plasma HIV-1 RNA level [viral load (VL)] variation and tenofovir exposure on kidney functions by analysing changes in calculated glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) over a 48 week period in patients with mild renal impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective observational study that included data from all consecutive HIV-infected patients who attended a metabolic clinic was conducted. Included were adult, antiretroviral (ARV)-experienced, tenofovir-naive patients, whose kidney functions were evaluated by calculated GFR using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation (MDRD). Tenofovir-exposed patients were patients who initiated tenofovir therapy at baseline and tenofovir-unexposed patients were patients whose ARV therapy did not include tenofovir. Participants were stratified into three sub-groups according to the plasma HIV-1 RNA (VL) changes observed: sub-groups 1, 2 and 3 were patients with stable VL < or =50 copies/mL, >0.5 log(10) VL increases and >0.5 VL log(10) decreases, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients were enrolled and included in the analysis. Within the tenofovir-unexposed group, GFRs remained stable (ANOVA, P = 0.94) over the follow-up period. Within the tenofovir-exposed group, mean GFR changes varied significantly by sub-group (ANOVA, P < 0.01). In particular, GFR changes in sub-group 3 (+8.4 +/- 12.4 mL/min) were different from those seen in sub-group 1 (-1.0 +/- 8.8 mL/min) (P < 0.05) and sub-group 2 (-4.6 +/- 8.8 mL/min) (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed improvements in GFR that occurred as a consequence of highly active ARV therapy-induced viral suppression may have more than offset any potential negative effects of tenofovir on renal function.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicine e Specialità Mediche, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy. g.guaraldi@unimo.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guaraldi
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roverato
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giovanardi
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ravera
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Squillace
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orlando
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Esposito
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palella
mesh_terms: D000225:Adenine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000068698:Tenofovir; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D063065:Organophosphonates; D012367:RNA, Viral; D000068698:Tenofovir; D000225:Adenine