title: Risk factors for mortality after the Norwood procedure using right ventricle to pulmonary artery shunt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to describe the experience with staged surgical reconstruction of the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) with a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit and to identify the risk factors that influence late outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between February 1998 and June 2007, 62 patients with HLHS underwent a Norwood procedure by using right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit (median age, 9 days [range, 1 to 57]; median body weight 2.7 kg [range, 1.6 to 3.9 kg]). The subsequent 47 patients underwent a bidirectional Glenn procedure (stage 2). Thirty-two patients underwent a modified Fontan procedure (stage 3). Follow-up was complete (median, 32 months; range, 1 to 101).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospital mortality after the Norwood procedure was 8% (5 of 62 patients). Between stages, 9 patients died, 3 before stage 2 and 6 before stage 3. There was 1 late death after stage 3. Overall survival was 76% (47 of 62). The estimated 1-year and and 5-year survival rates were 80% and 73%, respectively. Using the any-mortality as the endpoint, prematurity (gestational age <37 weeks), body weight less than 2.5 kg at stage 1 operation, and tricuspid regurgitation 2+ or more were associated with mortality. Using Cox regression analysis, body weight less than 2.5 kg and tricuspid regurgitation 2+ or more were two independent factors associated with midterm survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  From 9 years of experience, despite good early survival after Norwood stage 1 palliation, low body weight and tricuspid valve regurgitation were still associated with worse outcome. More efforts should be made to improve the late results for patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan. s_sano@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Shunji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Shu-Chien
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Shingo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Ko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kotani
authors.forename: Kozo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishino
mesh_terms: D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass; D013504:Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018729:Fontan Procedure / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000601:surgery*; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors