title: Gross and microscopic hematuria: guidelines for obstetricians and gynecologists.
abstract: Although gross hematuria is a relatively uncommon condition in general obstetrics and gynecology practice, microscopic hematuria is a common incidental finding during routine antepartum or gynecologic office visits. The proper evaluation and treatment options are understudied in females. In fact, work-up of females is controversial, and no consensus guidelines exist at this time. Pregnancy increases the number of potential diagnoses. The majority of published literature on hematuria in pregnancy is in the form of case reports, and esoteric diagnoses are disproportionately represented. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature regarding the evaluation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of hematuria in women, with special emphasis on pregnancy and the diagnosis and treatment of microscopic hematuria.
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Katherine Shaio
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Sandhu
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: LaCombe
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fleischmann
authors.forename: Wilma Markus
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Greston
authors.forename: Georgre
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lazarou
authors.forename: Magdy S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Mikhail
mesh_terms: D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004912:Erythrocytes; D005260:Female; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006176:Gynecology / Q000592:standards*; D006417:Hematuria / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000150:complications; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000592:standards*; D010921:Placenta Accreta / Q000503:physiopathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016482:Urinalysis; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000150:complications