title: Paxillin-Y118 phosphorylation contributes to the control of Src-induced anchorage-independent growth by FAK and adhesion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Src are protein tyrosine kinases that physically and functionally interact to facilitate cancer progression by regulating oncogenic processes such as cell motility, survival, proliferation, invasiveness, and angiogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To understand how FAK affects oncogenesis through the phosphorylation of cellular substrates of Src, we analyzed the phosphorylation profile of a panel of Src substrates in parental and v-Src-expressing FAK+/+ and FAK-/- mouse embryo fibroblasts, under conditions of anchorage-dependent (adherent) and -independent (suspension) growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total Src-induced cellular tyrosine phosphorylation as well as the number of phosphotyrosyl substrates was higher in suspension versus adherent cultures. Although the total level of Src-induced cellular phosphorylation was similar in FAK+/+ and FAK-/- backgrounds, the phosphorylation of some substrates was influenced by FAK depending on adherence state. Specifically, in the absence of FAK, Src induced higher phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP, paxillin (poY118) and Crk irrespective of adhesion state, PKC-delta (poY311), connexin-43 (poY265) and Sam68 only under adherent conditions, and p56Dok-2 (poY351) and p120catenin (poY228) only under suspension conditions. In contrast, FAK enhanced the Src-induced phosphorylation of vinculin (poY100 and poY1065) and p130CAS (poY410) irrespective of adherence state, p56Dok-2 (poY351) and p120catenin (poY228) only under adherent conditions, and connexin-43 (poY265), cortactin (poY421) and paxillin (poY31) only under suspension conditions. The Src-induced phosphorylation of Eps8, PLC-gamma 1 and Shc (poY239/poY240) were not affected by either FAK or adherence status. The enhanced anchorage-independent growth of FAK-/-[v-Src] cells was selectively decreased by expression of paxillin Y118F, but not by WT-paxillin, p120catenin Y228F or ShcY239/240F, identifying for the first time a role for paxillinpoY118 in Src-induced anchorage-independent growth. Knockdown of FAK by siRNA in the human colon cancer lines HT-25 and RKO, resulted in increased paxillinpoY118 levels under suspension conditions as well as increased anchorage-independent growth, supporting the notion that FAK attenuates anchorage-independent growth by suppressing adhesion-dependent phosphorylation of paxillin Y118.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that phosphorylation of Src substrates is a dynamic process, influenced temporally and spatially by factors such as FAK and adhesion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA. sasachdev@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sachdev
authors.forename: Yahao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bu
authors.forename: Irwin H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Gelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D051379:Mice; D009385:Neoplastic Processes; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism; D051419:Paxillin / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014162:Transfection; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051419:Paxillin; D051416:Focal Adhesion Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D019061:src-Family Kinases