title: Perceptions of learning as a function of seminar group factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Small-group learning is advocated for enhancing higher-order thinking and the development of skills and attitudes. Teacher performance, group interaction and the quality of assignments have been shown to affect small-group learning in hybrid and problem-based curricula.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to examine the perceptions of student groups as to how teacher performance, group interaction and the quality of assignments are related to one another and to learning effects in seminars of 15-30 students in a hybrid curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We constructed a 28-item questionnaire and administered it to 639 students attending 32 seminars in Years 1-4 of an undergraduate veterinary curriculum. We performed factor analysis and reliability analysis of the questionnaire. We used correlation and regression analyses to explore the interactions of the four-factor model, with teacher performance, group interaction and quality of assignments as independent variables and the perceived learning effect of the seminars as the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 99%. Teacher performance (beta = 0.78) and group interaction (- 0.28) significantly influenced the perceived learning effect. The total effect of the quality of assignments (through effects on teacher performance and group interaction) was 0.47.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strong relationship between teacher performance and learning effect suggests that students rely strongly on their teachers. The negative effect of group interaction may reflect poor alignment of teaching and assessment and poor organisation of group processes. This should be further examined. Comparative studies on seminars are also recommended.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.d.c.jaarsma@uu.nl
authors.forename: A Debbie C
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.forename: Willem S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: de Grave
authors.forename: Arno M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Muijtjens
authors.forename: Albert J J A
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Scherpbier
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Beukelen
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003479:Curriculum; D004504:Education, Medical, Undergraduate / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013337:Students, Medical / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires