title: Use and risk management of carvedilol for the treatment of heart failure in the community in England: results from a modified prescription-event monitoring study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the UK, the licence for carvedilol was extended in 1998 to include symptomatic heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] class II and III heart failure) with the recommendation that initiation and up-titration should be under the supervision of a hospital physician. A post-marketing surveillance study was conducted to address the UK regulatory authority's request for monitoring the use and safety of carvedilol prescribed for heart failure in clinical practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate adherence to risk management recommendations for the use of carvedilol for heart failure, monitor how patients' subsequent care was managed and collect event data to evaluate the safety profile of carvedilol used for the treatment of heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort study using a modified prescription-event monitoring technique identified patients from dispensed primary care prescriptions in England (August 1999 to June 2001). An eligibility questionnaire was used to identify patients who had been prescribed carvedilol for heart failure for the first time after 31 July 1999. Up to three follow-up questionnaires were sent to the prescribers of eligible patients, requesting demographic information, dosage, supervision of treatment, status of cardiac failure and event information.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2311 patients met the eligibility criteria. For 1666 patients, one or more valid follow-up questionnaires were returned: 68.5% were male; male median age 66 years; female median age 72 years; the observation period was up to 3 years. Hospital physicians supervised initiation of treatment and first up-titration in 85.6% and 61.4% of patients, respectively. 49.2% of patients were prescribed the recommended starting dosage of carvedilol (6.25 mg/day). Approximately 25% of patients started on a lower dose than recommended, and the same proportion were prescribed a higher dose. NYHA status of cardiac failure between starting treatment and the third questionnaire improved for 39.5% of patients, deteriorated for 10.9%, and 11.7% of those for whom NYHA status was given died. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported for 2.4% of patients; the most commonly reported ADR was malaise/lassitude. Overall, 27.1% of patients stopped taking carvedilol. None of the 163 deaths were attributed to carvedilol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulatory guidelines for the use and risk management of carvedilol in heart failure were mostly followed, and most patients appeared to benefit from treatment with carvedilol for heart failure. Malaise/lassitude was the main reason for discontinuing treatment. Further investigations may be warranted to examine the prescribing of carvedilol at lower than recommended doses.
authors.affiliation: Drug Safety Research Unit, Bursledon Hall, Southampton, UK.
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Aurich-Barrera
authors.forename: Lynda V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wilton
authors.forename: Saad A W
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shakir
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077261:Carvedilol; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012308:Risk Management / Q000379:methods; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol