title: Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review.
abstract: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are considered the first-line pharmacological treatment for PTSD. However, even when treated with this class of drugs, response rates rarely exceed 60% and less than 20-30% of the patients achieve full remission. The aim of this study was to address this limitation by systematically reviewing the options left for the treatment of PTSD when patients do not respond satisfactorily to or tolerate SSRIs. A systematic review covering all original articles, letters and brief reports published in any language until October 2008 was conducted through searches in the ISI/Web of Science, PubMed and PILOTS databases. The search terms included the pharmacological class of each agent or its generic name plus "PTSD" or "stress disorder" in the title, in the abstract or as a keyword. Sixty-three articles were selected, covering the following categories: antipsychotics, anticonvulsants, adrenergic-inhibiting agents, opioid antagonists, benzodiazepines and other agents. None of the identified agents reached the level A of scientific evidence, 5 reached level B, 7 level C and 13 level D. The non-antidepressant agent with the strongest scientific evidence supporting its use in PTSD is risperidone, which can be envisaged as an effective add-on therapy when patients did not fully benefit from previous treatment with SSRIs. Prazosin, an adrenergic-inhibiting agent, is a promising alternative for cases of PTSD where nightmares and insomnia are prominent symptoms. So far, there is no consistent empirical support for using benzodiazepines in the prevention or in the treatment of PTSD, although these drugs could alleviate some associated non-specific symptoms, such as insomnia or anxiety. Further controlled clinical trials and meta-analysis are needed to guide clinicians in their search of effective pharmacological alternatives to antidepressants in PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ), Brazil. wberger@globo.com
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Mauro V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Mendlowicz
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marques-Portella
authors.forename: Gustavo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kinrys
authors.forename: Leonardo F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Fontenelle
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marmar
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Figueira
mesh_terms: D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D018674:Adrenergic Antagonists; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D001569:Benzodiazepines