title: Cefuroxime for empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia: is there a generation gap?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Streptococcus pneumoniae infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. The recommendations to use expanded-spectrum beta-lactam drugs for patients with community-acquired pneumonia derived from the growing prevalence of penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Controversy exists regarding the use of second generation cephalosporins for empirical treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, 31 adult patients with pneumococcal pneumonia and bacteremia caused by S. pneumoniae that was intermediately resistant to penicillin were compared with 31 control patients with similar infection caused by penicillin-susceptible pneumococci. All patients were treated empirically with cefuroxime, alone or in combination with other antibiotics. Morbidity and mortality were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All unsusceptible pneumococci isolates were intermediately resistant to penicillin. No cases of fully resistant pneumococci were isolated from blood cultures in our hospital. Two factors were significantly associated with non-susceptibility to penicillin: hematologic malignancy and immunosuppression. No significant difference in morbidity or mortality was detected between the 2 groups, and penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration was not found to be a factor associated with mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with pneumococcal pneumonia caused by intermediately resistant pneumococci can be empirically treated with cefuroxime. In regions where fully resistant pneumococci are rare, the use of a second generation cephalosporin for empiric treatment of community-acquired pneumonia may be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
authors.forename: Yonit
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wiener-Well
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raveh
authors.forename: Yechiel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Schlesinger
authors.forename: Amos M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Yinnon
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rudensky
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002444:Cefuroxime / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D002444:Cefuroxime