title: An investigation of carbohydrate and protein degradation ratios, nitrogen to energy synchronization and hourly effective rumen digestion of barley: effect of variety and growth year.
abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate rumen available soluble, insoluble and total protein (CP), estimated structural (SC) and non-structural carbohydrate (starch: ST), degradation characteristic ratios and hourly effective degradation of six barley varieties during three consecutive growth years (2003, 2004, 2005). The magnitude of the differences was determined between the varieties and growth years. Measured degradation kinetics included soluble fraction (S), undegradable fraction (U), lag time (T(0)) and rate of degradation (K(d)) of the insoluble but degradable fraction (D). Rumen available soluble, insoluble, and total N, SC and ST and the rumen degradation characteristic ratios were determined using the Tamminga rumen degradation ratio system. Characteristics of the hourly effective degradation between N and carbohydrate (CHO) among the six barley varieties for 3 years were also studied. The degradation ratios included were total rumen available N and carbohydrate ratio (FN/FCHO), rumen available soluble N and carbohydrate ratio (SN/SCHO), and rumen available insoluble N and carbohydrate ratio (EN/ECHO). Results show that both the barley variety and growth year had a significant effect on degradation kinetics (S, D, U, T(0) and/or K(d)). Differences in the ratio of FN/FCHO among varieties ranged from 16.6 to 19.0 g/kg (p < 0.01). There was no difference in SN/SCHO (p > 0.05) with an average of 4.9 g/kg. The difference in the EN/ECHO ratio tended to be significant among the varieties (p = 0.069) ranging from 18.4 to 21.3 g/kg. Differences in the hourly effective degradation between N and CHO were relatively small at shorter incubation times (2-4 h) However, as the length of rumen incubation increased (12-24 h), much larger differences in the rate of effective hourly degradation were observed. In conclusion, both barley variety and growth year had significant effects on rumen degradation kinetics. The mean FN/FCHO ratio of 17.2 (16.6-19.0) was observed for the six barley varieties in this experiment. All barley varieties exhibited a less optimal rumen fermentation ratio (17.2 < optimum: FN/FCHO = 25 to 33 g N per kg CHO). The large differences in the degradation kinetics, characteristics ratios and hourly effective degradation among barley varieties and growth years may help to explain some of the large variations that are seen in cattle performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. peiqiang.yu@usask.ca
authors.forename: Peiqiang
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D004063:Digestion / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D001467:Hordeum / Q000378:metabolism*; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D012417:Rumen / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins; D009584:Nitrogen