title: Definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia: recommendations for their use and their presentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review and make recommendations for the definition and presentation of the terms 'response' and 'remission' in schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective review of publications on definitions of response and remission in schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) are used for definitions of response, a cut-off of at least 50% reduction of the baseline score should be used for acutely ill, non-refractory patients and a cut-off of at least 25% reduction for refractory patients. When percentage BPRS/PANSS reduction is calculated, the 18/30 points minimum scores meaning 'no symptoms' on the should be subtracted. In addition, responder rates from 0-100% could be presented in a table in steps of 25%. For large and simple practical trials, the Clinical Global Impression scale with suggested improvements could be used 1-7 scale.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To show how many patients are still symptomatic at the end of study and to show the overall amount of change in both remission and responder criteria should be presented.
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der TU-München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. stefan.leucht@lrz.tum.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leucht
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kissling
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kane
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents