title: Prognostic implications of baroreflex sensitivity in heart failure patients in the beta-blocking era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigated the clinical correlates and prognostic value of depressed baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity (BRS) among patients with heart failure (HF), with and without beta-blockade.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Abnormalities in autonomic reflexes play an important role in the development and progression of HF. Few studies have assessed the effects of beta-blockers on BRS in HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 103 stable HF patients, age (median [interquartile range]) 54 years (48 to 57 years), with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class > or =III in 22, and with a left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 30% (24% to 36%), treated with beta-blockers; and 144 untreated patients, age 55 years (48 to 60 years), with NYHA functional class > or =III in 47%, and an LVEF of 26% (21% to 30%). They underwent BRS testing (phenylephrine technique).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both treated and untreated patients, a lower BRS was associated with a higher (> or =III) NYHA functional class (p = 0.0002 and p < 0.0001, respectively); a more severe (> or =2) mitral regurgitation (p = 0.007 and p = 0.0002), respectively; a lower LVEF (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.001, respectively), baseline RR interval (p = 0.0004 and p = 0.0002, respectively), and SDNN (p < 0.0001, p = 0.002, respectively); and a higher blood urea nitrogen (p = 0.004, p < 0.0001, respectively). Clinical variables explained only 43% of BRS variability among treated and 36% among untreated patients. During a median follow-up of 29 months, 17 of 103 patients and 55 of 144 patients, respectively, experienced a cardiac event. A depressed BRS (<3.0 ms/mm Hg) was significantly associated with the outcome, independently of known risk predictors and beta-blocker treatment (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.0 [95% confidence interval: 1.5 to 5.9], p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Baroreceptor-heart rate reflex sensitivity does not simply mirror the pathophysiological substrate of HF. A depressed BRS conveys independent prognostic information that is not affected by the modification of autonomic dysfunction brought about by beta-blockade.
authors.affiliation: Divisione di Cardiologia, e Bioingegneria, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico di Montescano, Montescano, Italy. mariateresa.larovere@fsm.it
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: La Rovere
authors.forename: Gian Domenico
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Robbi
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caporotondi
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Guazzotti
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sleight
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Febo
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000187:drug effects*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists