title: Myotoxicity of gemfibrozil in cynomolgus monkey model and its relationship to pharmacokinetic properties.
abstract: Fibrate drugs are PPARalpha agonists prescribed for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Severe myotoxicity has been reportedly associated with their use albeit at a low frequency, especially for gemfibrozil. Few studies have investigated the mechanism of fibrate-induced myotoxicity in vivo. Considering the apparent species-related differences in PPARalpha agonist-induced hepatotoxicity, we studied the myotoxicity of gemfibrozil in a Cynomolgus monkey model and explored the relationship between myotoxicity and pharmacokinetics. Six Cynomolgus monkeys were dosed with gemfibrozil twice daily at 600 mg/kg/day for the first two periods (P1 and P2, 8 days and 9 days respectively) and 300 mg/kg/day for the third period (P3, 14 days). Creatine kinase and myoglobin were measured, together with hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity markers. Behavioral responses were recorded for indication of toxicity. Pharmacokinetics was carried out following the 16th dosage of P1 and 17th dosage of P2 when myotoxicity was identified. Multivariable data analysis was employed to explore the relationship between pharmacokinetic parameters and myotoxicity markers. Consequently, myotoxicity occurred in monkey #2 (M2) and M6 in P1, M3 and M4 in P2, M3 and M6 in P3. Data analysis showed T80-150 (sustained time above the given concentration) contributed for myotoxicity discriminance and correlated with myotoxicity risk. This study revealed Cynomolgus monkey may be a good animal model for myotoxicity evaluation with sensitivity, reproducibility and similarities to humans. More interestingly, they exhibited a much higher incidence of myotoxicity than that of humans. Sustained high drug concentration plays an important role for the occurrence of myotoxicity. This may suggest an influence of drug transport and metabolism on myotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510663, China.
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Shuilin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Xiaoxiong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Renke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D015248:Gemfibrozil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000633:toxicity*; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008297:Male; D009220:Myositis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015248:Gemfibrozil