title: Clinical effectiveness of beta-blockers in heart failure: findings from the OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients with Heart Failure) Registry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to examine associations between initiation of beta-blocker therapy and outcomes among elderly patients hospitalized for heart failure.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Beta-blockers are guideline-recommended therapy for heart failure, but their clinical effectiveness is not well understood, especially in elderly patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We merged Medicare claims data with OPTIMIZE-HF (Organized Program to Initiate Lifesaving Treatment in Hospitalized Patients With Heart Failure) records to examine long-term outcomes of eligible patients newly initiated on beta-blocker therapy. We used inverse probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards models to determine the relationships among treatment and mortality, rehospitalization, and a combined mortality-rehospitalization end point.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observed 1-year mortality was 33%, and all-cause rehospitalization was 64%. Among 7,154 patients hospitalized with heart failure and eligible for beta-blockers, 3,421 (49%) were newly initiated on beta-blocker therapy. Among patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) (n = 3,001), beta-blockers were associated with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.68 to 0.87) for mortality, 0.89 (95% CI: 0.80 to 0.99) for rehospitalization, and 0.87 (95% CI: 0.79 to 0.96) for mortality-rehospitalization. Among patients with preserved systolic function (n = 4,153), beta-blockers were associated with adjusted hazard ratios of 0.94 (95% CI: 0.84 to 1.07) for mortality, 0.98 (95% CI: 0.90 to 1.06) for rehospitalization, and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.91 to 1.06) for mortality-rehospitalization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In elderly patients hospitalized with heart failure and LVSD, incident beta-blocker use was clinically effective and independently associated with lower risks of death and rehospitalization. Patients with preserved systolic function had poor outcomes, and beta-blockers did not significantly influence the mortality and rehospitalization risks for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC 27715, USA. adrian.hernandez@duke.edu
authors.forename: Adrian F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Bradley G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Hammill
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: Lesley H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010359:Patient Readmission; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists