title: Vulnerable plaque in a Swine model of carotid atherosclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Distal embolism and acute thrombosis due to rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque are the common mechanisms of stroke in patients with carotid disease. The purpose of this study was to develop the first animal model of vulnerable carotid atherosclerotic plaque.
  
  
  METHODS
  Carotid atherosclerotic models were created in 12 Yucatan minipigs by using a combination of partial ligation and high cholesterol diet. Retia mirabilia from these animals were examined histopathologically to identify distal embolism. The association of distal embolism with advanced atherosclerosis and a thin fibrous cap was analyzed by using the Fisher exact test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Typical features of vulnerable plaques, including a thin fibrous cap, necrotic core, and intraplaque hemorrhage, were observed in this swine model of carotid atherosclerosis. Distal embolism was detected in retia mirabilia supplied by 7 of 10 carotid arteries with advanced atherosclerotic plaques, compared with 3 of 14 carotid arteries without advanced plaque (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This swine model of carotid atherosclerosis contains the salient features of vulnerable plaques, including plaque rupture and distal embolism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Z-S
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishii
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Goldstine
authors.forename: H V
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Vinters
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Viñuela
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D012421:Rupture; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature