title: Ljungan virus present in intrauterine fetal death diagnosed by both immunohistochemistry and PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Following up on prior evidence from animal and human studies of Ljungan virus (LV) in intrauterine fetal death (IUFD), we examine additional cases of IUFD using two standard assays of viral detection: immunohistochemistry (IHC) and real time RT-PCR.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frozen and formalin-fixed specimens from IUFD cases were tested for the presence of LV using real time RT-PCR and IHC, respectively. Formalin-fixed organs from terminated pregnancies diagnosed as trisomy 21 were used as controls in the IHC assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presence of LV was demonstrated in all five IUFD cases by IHC and further confirmed in three of these cases by real time RT-PCR. Only one of 18 trisomy 21 controls was LV positive by IHC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of LV in IUFD patients has been confirmed by two different assays.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Section of Internal Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden. annika.samsioe@sodersjukhuset.se
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samsioe
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Papadogiannakis
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hultman
authors.forename: Ake
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sjöholm
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Klitz
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Niklasson
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D030061:Parechovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000209:etiology; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D014314:Trisomy