title: The episodic random utility model unifies time trade-off and discrete choice approaches in health state valuation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To present an episodic random utility model that unifies time trade-off and discrete choice approaches in health state valuation.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we introduce two alternative random utility models (RUMs) for health preferences: the episodic RUM and the more common instant RUM. For the interpretation of time trade-off (TTO) responses, we show that the episodic model implies a coefficient estimator, and the instant model implies a mean slope estimator. Secondly, we demonstrate these estimators and the differences between the estimates for 42 health states using TTO responses from the seminal Measurement and Valuation in Health (MVH) study conducted in the United Kingdom. Mean slopes are estimates with and without Dolan's transformation of worse-than-death (WTD) responses. Finally, we demonstrate an exploded probit estimator, an extension of the coefficient estimator for discrete choice data that accommodates both TTO and rank responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By construction, mean slopes are less than or equal to coefficients, because slopes are fractions and, therefore, magnify downward errors in WTD responses. The Dolan transformation of WTD responses causes mean slopes to increase in similarity to coefficient estimates, yet they are not equivalent (i.e., absolute mean difference = 0.179). Unlike mean slopes, coefficient estimates demonstrate strong concordance with rank-based predictions (Lin's rho = 0.91). Combining TTO and rank responses under the exploded probit model improves the identification of health state values, decreasing the average width of confidence intervals from 0.057 to 0.041 compared to TTO only results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The episodic RUM expands upon the theoretical framework underlying health state valuation and contributes to health econometrics by motivating the selection of coefficient and exploded probit estimators for the analysis of TTO and rank responses. In future MVH surveys, sample size requirements may be reduced through the incorporation of multiple responses under a single estimator.
authors.affiliation: Health Outcomes & Behavior Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Drive, MRC-CANCONT, Tampa, Florida 33612-9416, USA. benjamin.craig@moffitt.org.
authors.forename: Benjamin M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Jan Jv
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Busschbach