title: Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the lips, mouth, and oral region.
abstract: An international group of clinicians and scientists working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we summarize the anatomy of the oral region and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the lips and mouth.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. john.carey@hsc.utah.edu
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Carey
authors.forename: M Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Cynthia J R
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Koenraad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devriendt
authors.forename: Lewis B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verloes
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D009055:Mouth / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D009056:Mouth Abnormalities / Q000145:classification / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D009626:Terminology as Topic