title: Comparison of topical lignocaine gel and fentanyl for perioperative analgesia in children undergoing cataract surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Opioids continue to remain the primary analgesics in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery, and their use may be associated with adverse effects like vomiting and respiratory depression. Topical anesthesia avoids these adverse effects and also complications of regional blocks. We designed this study to verify whether topical anesthesia with lignocaine gel is a feasible alternative to intravenous (IV) fentanyl for pediatric cataract surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ASA I and II children aged 3-12 years, scheduled for cataract surgery were included in this study. After induction of anesthesia, children were randomized to Group F (fentanyl), who received 2 mcg.kg(-1) IV fentanyl for analgesia and Group G (lignocaine gel), who received 2% lignocaine gel applied over the cornea of the operative eye. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane and oxygen in nitrous oxide. All children received intramuscular ketorolac. Intraoperative supplementary analgesia was provided with 0.5 mcg.kg(-1) IV fentanyl to manage increases in heart rate or blood pressure of 20% above baseline. In the postoperative period, Aldrete score and objective pain score were assessed. Rescue analgesia was provided with fentanyl in the postanesthesia care unit and syrup ibuprofen in the ward.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly more children in group F (8/48) required intraoperative supplementary fentanyl as compared with group G (1/48) (P = 0.0291). In the PACU, 7/48 children of group G needed fentanyl as compared with 5/48 children in group F. Time to reach Aldrete 10 was significantly longer in group F (P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical lignocaine gel is an effective analgesic and may be used as an adjunct to fentanyl during cataract surgery in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. renuagarwal4@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Renu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Rajeshwari
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Subramaniam
authors.forename: Anjolie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chhabra
authors.forename: Ravindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: Biswajit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nandi
authors.forename: Bikram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jyoti
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D000772:Anesthesia, Local; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002387:Cataract Extraction; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007052:Ibuprofen / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl; D007052:Ibuprofen