title: Long-term cost-effectiveness of disease management in systolic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although congestive heart failure (CHF) is a primary target for disease management programs, previous studies have generated mixed results regarding the effectiveness and cost savings of disease management when applied to CHF.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We estimated the long-term impact of systolic heart failure disease management from the results of an 18-month clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used data generated from the trial (starting population distributions, resource utilization, mortality rates, and transition probabilities) in a Markov model to project results of continuing the disease management program for the patients' lifetimes. Outputs included distribution of illness severity, mortality, resource consumption, and the cost of resources consumed. Both cost and effectiveness were discounted at a rate of 3% per year. Cost-effectiveness was computed as cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Model results were validated against trial data and indicated that, over their lifetimes, patients experienced a lifespan extension of 51 days. Combined discounted lifetime program and medical costs were $4850 higher in the disease management group than the control group, but the program had a favorable long-term discounted cost-effectiveness of $43,650/QALY. These results are robust to assumptions regarding mortality rates, the impact of aging on the cost of care, the discount rate, utility values, and the targeted population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estimation of the clinical benefits and financial burden of disease management can be enhanced by model-based analyses to project costs and effectiveness. Our results suggest that disease management of heart failure patients can be cost-effective over the long term.
authors.affiliation: Altarum Institute, Ann Arbor, MI 48113-4001, USA. george.miller@altarum.org
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Randolph
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Forkner
authors.forename: Brad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Autumn Dawn
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Galbreath
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D054143:Heart Failure, Systolic / Q000191:economics / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years