title: Techniques for laparoscopic and robotic localization of intraluminal ureteral pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improvements in endoscopic technology have made open ureteral surgery uncommon. There remain cases of ureteral disease not amenable to ureteroscopic treatment, but laparoscopy allows even these complicated cases to be treated in a minimally invasive fashion. Laparoscopic and robotic surgical treatment of the ureter requires the ability to localize the diseased segment laparoscopically, even when the defect is within the lumen and cannot be seen externally or palpated as in open surgery. We describe 3 techniques to localize the disease within the ureter during laparoscopy and robotic surgery and the benefits and limitations of each technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three cases of laparoscopic and robotic ureteral surgery illustrate 3 different techniques used to localize disease within the ureteral lumen. The first case illustrates a ureteral occlusion balloon catheter used to identify a stricture by distending the collecting system proximal to the obstruction and cinching the balloon against the stricture. The second case illustrates a flexible ureteroscope introduced through a 5-mm port and into the incised ureter to guide excision of extensive polyposis. The third case, involving a polyp and stricture, illustrates a technique involving retrograde ureteroscopy with "cutting to the light" laparoscopically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three techniques are demonstrated to successfully localize intraluminal ureteral disease that could not be identified visually by laparoscopic inspection alone. These techniques also can minimize the extent of ureteral dissection to preserve blood supply.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopy and robotic surgery can be successfully applied to benign ureteral disease not amenable to ureteroscopic treatment. Three cases are presented to illustrate 3 techniques for laparoscopic or robotic localization of intraluminal ureteral disease.
authors.affiliation: Robotic Urologic Surgery, Ohio State University Medical Center, James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA. ronney.abaza@osumc.edu
authors.forename: Ronney
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Abaza
authors.forename: Saleem S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zafar
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*