title: Rac-1 promotes pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation by upregulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1: role of NFkappaB-dependent hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha transcription.
abstract: Pulmonary vascular remodeling is commonly associated with pulmonary hypertension and is characterized by media thickening and disordered cellular proliferation, often accompanied by fibrin deposition and thrombosis in situ. However, the signaling pathways linking these different processes are not well understood. Since the GTPase Rac-1 has been suggested to act as a signaling relay in various cell types we investigated whether Rac-1 could be the link between thrombin signaling, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), which inhibits fibrinolysis and promotes fibrin deposition, and proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). Exposure to thrombin enhanced the levels of Rac-1 protein and increased PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression in dependence of the thrombin receptor PAR-1. Expression of dominant-negative Rac-1 (RacT17N) prevented thrombin-induced PAI-1 expression whereas constitutively active RacG12V enhanced PAI-1 levels. In the presence of RacT17N thrombin-induced PAI-1 promoter activity was abrogated whereas RacG12V increased PAI-1 promoter activity, and this response was essentially dependent on the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1). Subsequently, RacG12V not only increased HIF transcriptional activity but also HIF-1alpha protein and mRNA levels, whereas RacT17N prevented these responses elicited by thrombin. In line, RacG12V enhanced HIF-1alpha promoter activity, and this response was dependent on nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) binding to the HIF-1alpha promoter. Finally, upregulation of PAI-1 by Rac-1 and HIF-1 was essential for thrombin-stimulated proliferation of PASMC. These findings indicate that Rac-1 is an important mediator of thrombin signaling and may contribute to pulmonary vascular remodeling via HIF-1-dependent upregulation of PAI-1 leading to enhanced proliferation of PASMC.
authors.affiliation: Experimentelle Kinderkardiologie, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, an der Technischen Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, D-80636 München, Germany.
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Diebold
authors.forename: Talija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Djordjevic
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Agnes
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Görlach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000201:enzymology; D034622:RNA Interference; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013917:Thrombin / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; C107953:RAC1 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D044463:Receptor, PAR-1; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; D013917:Thrombin; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein