title: Immersion of lemons into imazalil mixtures heated at 50 degrees C alters the cuticle and promotes permeation of imazalil into rind wounds.
abstract: The influence of the immersion of lemon fruit in aqueous imazalil (IMZ) mixtures at 25 or 50 degrees C on the deposition and persistence of IMZ within the fruit rind and its effectiveness in controlling postharvest green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum, was investigated. Concentrations of IMZ in the albedo tissue surrounding deep wounds in the rind were higher than the mean EC50 values for IMZ-resistant strains (1.0 microg *mL(-1)) after immersion of fruit into IMZ mixtures containing 25, 50, or 75 mg* L(-1) heated to 50 degrees C, but not those at 25 degrees C, where fungicide deposition was insufficient. IMZ residue, one day after treatment with 25, 50, or 75 mg* L(-1), was 3, 5, or 7 times higher after treatment at 50 degrees C compared to treatment at 25 degrees C. IMZ residues within the albedo of unwounded fruit treated with 25, 50, or 75 mg* L(-1) at 50 degrees C were 0.8, 1.3, or 2.0 microg * g(-1), respectively, while those similarly treated at 25 degrees C had negligible residues. Residues following treatment at 50 degrees C in the albedo did not decline during storage at 10 degrees C after 60 days. IMZ residues in the flavedo were higher than those in the albedo: after treatment with 25, 50, or 75 mg* L(-1) IMZ, they averaged 1.0, 1.2, or 2.7 microg * g(-1), respectively, after treatment at 25 degrees C, and 5.5, 7.9, or 16.2 microg * g(-1), respectively, after treatment at 50 degrees C. IMZ effectiveness as an eradicant to control green mold improved when it was heated. Green mold was reduced by 22 or 95% after treatment of lemons inoculated 1 h before immersion of lemons in IMZ at 50 mg* L(-1) at 25 or 50 degrees C, respectively. Green mold was reduced by 18 or 61% after treatment of lemons inoculated 1 day after immersion of lemons in IMZ at 50 mg* L(-1) at 25 or 50 degrees C, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy of the rind surface indicated that treatment at 50 degrees C for 2 min also caused ruptures in the cuticle.
authors.affiliation: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, Sassari, Italy.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dore
authors.forename: Maria Giovanna
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Molinu
authors.forename: Tullio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Venditti
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'hallewin
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002957:Citrus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000382:microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010407:Penicillium / Q000187:drug effects*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; C017435:enilconazole