title: Mitogen-activated protein kinase 3/mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 activates apoptosis during testicular ischemia-reperfusion injury in a nuclear factor-kappaB-independent manner.
abstract: Nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB), mitogen-activated protein kinase3/MAPK1 and MAPK8 are involved in testicular ischemia reperfusion injury (testicular-I/R). NF-kappaB knock-out mice (KO) subjected to testicular-I/R have a reduced testicular damage, blunted MAPK8 activation and enhanced MAPK3/MAPK1 activity. To better understand the role of MAPK3/MAPK1 up-regulation during testicular-I/R, we investigated the effects of PD98059, an inhibitor of MAPK3/MAPK1, in KO mice during testicular-I/R. KO and wild-type (WT) animals underwent 1 h testicular ischemia followed by 24 h reperfusion or a sham testicular-I/R. Animals received either PD98059 (5 mg/kg/ip) or its vehicle. MAPK3/MAPK1, BAX, caspase-3 and -9 and TNF-alpha expression were assessed along with histological examination and an immunostaining for protein of apoptosis. Testicular-I/R caused a greater increase in MAPK3/MAPK1 in KO than in WT animals in both testes. KO mice had a lower expression of the apoptotic proteins and TNF-alpha as well as reduced histological damage compared to WT. Immunostaining confirmed the lower expression of BAX in the Leydig cells of KO mice. Administration of PD98059, abrogated MAPK3/MAPK1 expression and slightly reduced TNF-alpha but did not improve or reverse the histological damage in KO. PD98059 significantly reduced the histological damage in WT mice and markedly reduced the apoptotic proteins in KO and WT mice. These results suggest that testicular-I/R triggers also a pathway of organ damage involving MAPK3/MAPK1, TNF-alpha, BAX, caspase-3 and -9 that activates an apoptotic machinery in an NF-kappaB independent manner. These findings should contribute to better understand testicular torsion-induced damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, Italy.
authors.forename: Letteria
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minutoli
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Antonuccio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Polito
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bitto
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Squadrito
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: Piero Antonio
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Nicotina
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fazzari
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maisano
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: Domenica
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Altavilla
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013737:Testis / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one