title: Risk factors for intrafamilial spread of hepatitis B in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate estimations of hepatitis B virus transmission risk for any region in Bosnia and Herzegovina are not clearly established. We aimed to determine levels of risk associated with intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis B infection within families in our region.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family members of 81 chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (>6 months positive and considered as index case) were tested for hepatitis B markers. For family members, we recorded their age, sex, and family relationship to the index case, and vaccination status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of HBsAg positive family members was 25/207 (12.1%), while the proportion of family members with evidence of exposure to HBV was 80/207 (38.6%). Only 17/207 (8.2%) family members had evidence of past HBV vaccination. Age was found to be a significant predictor of HBV exposure of family members (odds ratio 1.05, 95% CI 1.03-1.07, P<.001). In a multivariate analysis, HBsAg positivity was associated with a female index case (odds ratio 11.31, 95% CI 3.73-34.32, P<.001), HBeAg positivity in the index case (odds ratio 5.56, 95% CI 1.80-17.23, P<.005) and being a mother of the index case (odds ratio 9.82, 95% CI 2.43-39.68, P<.005). A female index case (odds ratio 4.87, 95% CI 2.21-10.72, P<.001), HBeAg positivity in the index case (odds ratio 3.22, 95% CI 1.15-9.00, P<.05) and being a mother of the index case (odds ratio 3.72, 95% CI 1.19-11.64, P<.05) were also risk factors for HBV exposure among family members. The combination of HBeAg positivity and female index case was a significant predictor for HBsAg positivity of family members (odds ratio 70.39, 95% CI 8.20-604.61, P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children of HBeAg positive mothers are at highest risk for becoming chronic carriers themselves and generally, the combination of female sex and HBeAg positivity dramatically increases the chances of HBV transmission within the family.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Internal Medicine Hospital, University Clinical Center Tuzla, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. snermin@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nermin N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Salkic
authors.forename: Enver
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zerem
authors.forename: Muharem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zildic
authors.forename: Sead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ahmetagic
authors.forename: Elmir
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cickusic
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ljuca
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D017522:Bosnia and Herzegovina / Q000453:epidemiology; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens / Q000097:blood*; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006514:Hepatitis B Surface Antigens; D006513:Hepatitis B e Antigens