title: Life-saving or ineffective? An observational study of the use of cricoid pressure and maternal outcome in an African setting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cricoid pressure is a routine part of rapid-sequence induction of general anaesthesia in obstetrics, but its efficacy in saving life is difficult to ascertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a prospective observational study of caesarean sections performed between January 1998 and June 2000 in 27 hospitals in Malawi, the anaesthetist recorded whether cricoid pressure was applied, the method of anaesthesia, the use of endotracheal intubation, the occurrence and timing of regurgitation and any other pre- or intra-operative complications. Logistic regression was used to assess the effect of cricoid pressure, type of anaesthetic and pre-operative complications on vomiting/regurgitation and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were collected for 4891 general anaesthetics that involved intubation. Cricoid pressure was applied in 61%; 139 women vomited or regurgitated, but only 30 on induction of anaesthesia, in 24 of whom cricoid pressure was applied. There were 77 deaths, 11 of which were associated with regurgitation, in 10 of which regurgitation contributed to the death. Nine of the 11 mothers had cricoid pressure applied. Only one died on the table, the rest postoperatively. All those who died had preoperative complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study does not provide any evidence for a protective effect of cricoid pressure as used in this context, in preventing regurgitation or death. Preoperative gastric emptying may be a more effective measure to prevent aspiration of gastric contents.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Malawi. fenton.paul@orange.fr
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D002585:Cesarean Section; D003413:Cricoid Cartilage; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D006221:Halothane; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D016015:Logistic Models; D008295:Malawi; D011247:Pregnancy; D011312:Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D053120:Respiratory Aspiration / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane