title: Excess cardiovascular mortality associated with cold spells in the Czech Republic.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between cardiovascular mortality and winter cold spells was evaluated in the population of the Czech Republic over 21-yr period 1986-2006. No comprehensive study on cold-related mortality in central Europe has been carried out despite the fact that cold air invasions are more frequent and severe in this region than in western and southern Europe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cold spells were defined as periods of days on which air temperature does not exceed -3.5 degrees C. Days on which mortality was affected by epidemics of influenza/acute respiratory infections were identified and omitted from the analysis. Excess cardiovascular mortality was determined after the long-term changes and the seasonal cycle in mortality had been removed. Excess mortality during and after cold spells was examined in individual age groups and genders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cold spells were associated with positive mean excess cardiovascular mortality in all age groups (25-59, 60-69, 70-79 and 80+ years) and in both men and women. The relative mortality effects were most pronounced and most direct in middle-aged men (25-59 years), which contrasts with majority of studies on cold-related mortality in other regions. The estimated excess mortality during the severe cold spells in January 1987 (+274 cardiovascular deaths) is comparable to that attributed to the most severe heat wave in this region in 1994.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that cold stress has a considerable impact on mortality in central Europe, representing a public health threat of an importance similar to heat waves. The elevated mortality risks in men aged 25-59 years may be related to occupational exposure of large numbers of men working outdoors in winter. Early warnings and preventive measures based on weather forecast and targeted on the susceptible parts of the population may help mitigate the effects of cold spells and save lives.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. kysely@ufa.cas.cz
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kysely
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pokorna
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kyncl
authors.forename: Bohumir
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kriz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality*; D002423:Cause of Death; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D018153:Czech Republic / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008685:Meteorological Concepts; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011336:Probability; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution