title: Molecular hydrogen alleviates nephrotoxicity induced by an anti-cancer drug cisplatin without compromising anti-tumor activity in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer drug in the treatment of a wide range of tumors; however, its application is limited by nephrotoxicity, which is affected by oxidative stress. We have reported that molecular hydrogen (H(2)) acts as an efficient antioxidant (Ohsawa et al. in Nat Med 13:688-694, 2007). Here we show that hydrogen efficiently mitigates the side effects of cisplatin by reducing oxidative stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were administered cisplatin followed by inhaling hydrogen gas (1% H(2) in air). Furthermore, instead of inhaling hydrogen gas, we examined whether drinking water containing hydrogen (hydrogen water; 0.8 mM H(2) in water) is applicable by examining oxidative stress, mortality, and body-weight loss. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by morphological changes, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inhalation of hydrogen gas improved mortality and body-weight loss caused by cisplatin, and alleviated nephrotoxicity. Hydrogen was detected in blood when hydrogen water was placed in the stomach of a rat. Consuming hydrogen water ad libitum also reduced oxidative stress, mortality, and body-weight loss induced by cisplatin in mice. Hydrogen water improved metamorphosis accompanying decreased apoptosis in the kidney, and nephrotoxicity as assessed by serum creatinine and BUN levels. Despite its protective effects against cisplatin-induced toxicity, hydrogen did not impair anti-tumor activity of cisplatin against cancer cell lines in vitro and tumor-bearing mice in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hydrogen has potential for improving the quality of life of patients during chemotherapy by efficiently mitigating the side effects of cisplatin.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Development and Aging Sciences, Nippon Medical School, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nakashima-Kamimura
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mori
authors.forename: Ikuroh
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ohsawa
authors.forename: Sadamitsu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Asoh
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohta
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001806:Blood Urea Nitrogen; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018384:Oxidative Stress
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D006859:Hydrogen; D003404:Creatinine; D002945:Cisplatin