title: Olfactory function in corticobasal syndrome and frontotemporal dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Formal olfactory testing may be useful as a bedside tool to help differentiate between conditions such as atypical parkinsonism, dementia, and psychiatric conditions. However, the neural basis of olfactory dysfunction, the effect of concurrent cognitive deficits on olfactory testing results, and the exact prevalence of olfactory deficits in populations with corticobasal syndrome (CBS) and the frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia (FTD-FV) are to date unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and the neural basis of olfactory recognition deficits in patients with a clinical diagnosis of CBS or FTD-FV.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study of clinical, neuropsychological, and imaging data.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with CBS, 22 with FTD-FV, and 12 age-matched control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Results of neuropsychological evaluation, formal olfactory recognition testing (University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test [UPSIT]), and voxel-based morphometry analysis of structural magnetic resonance images of the brain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean UPSIT percentile scores were 31.6% for the CBS group and 9.5% for the FTD-FV group. The voxel-based morphometry correlations between local gray matter and UPSIT scores showed a significant volume effect in the right midfrontal gyrus for the FTD-FV patients and in the right insula, right midfrontal gyrus, and bilateral inferior frontal gyrus for the patients with CBS. A linear regression analysis of the UPSIT scores revealed as significant predictors the general memory score of the Wechsler Memory Scale and the Boston Naming Test total score for the patients with FTD-FV and the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale total score for the patients with CBS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data showed a more severe olfactory impairment for CBS patients than previously reported. We also showed a significant relationship between formal olfactory recognition testing scores and specific cognitive domains. These findings could be useful to clinically differentiate FTD-FV and CBS from other dementing illnesses and movement disorders.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Neuroscience Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1440, USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pardini
authors.forename: Edward D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Huey
authors.forename: Alyson L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Jordan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grafman
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009833:Olfactory Pathways / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies