title: Nonhospital health care-associated hepatitis B and C virus transmission: United States, 1998-2008.
abstract: In the United States, transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from health care exposures has been considered uncommon. However, a review of outbreak information revealed 33 outbreaks in nonhospital health care settings in the past decade: 12 in outpatient clinics, 6 in hemodialysis centers, and 15 in long-term care facilities, resulting in 448 persons acquiring HBV or HCV infection. In each setting, the putative mechanism of infection was patient-to-patient transmission through failure of health care personnel to adhere to fundamental principles of infection control and aseptic technique (for example, reuse of syringes or lancing devices). Difficult to detect and investigate, these recognized outbreaks indicate a wider and growing problem as health care is increasingly provided in outpatient settings in which infection control training and oversight may be inadequate. A comprehensive approach involving better viral hepatitis surveillance and case investigation, health care provider education and training, professional oversight, licensing, and public awareness is needed to ensure that patients are always afforded basic levels of protection against viral hepatitis transmission.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA. ndthompson@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Nicola D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Perz
authors.forename: Anne C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Moorman
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000592:standards*; D008134:Long-Term Care / Q000592:standards; D008297:Male; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology