title: Induction of adaptive immunity by flagellin does not require robust activation of innate immunity.
abstract: The ability of TLR agonists to promote adaptive immune responses is attributed to their ability to robustly activate innate immunity. However, it has been observed that, for adjuvants in actual use in research and vaccination, TLR signaling is dispensable for generating humoral immunity. Here, we examined the role of TLR5 and MyD88 in promoting innate and humoral immunity to flagellin using a prime/boost immunization regimen. We observed that eliminating TLR5 greatly reduced flagellin-induced cytokine production, except for IL-18, and ablated DC maturation but did not significantly impact flagellin's ability to promote humoral immunity. Elimination of MyD88, which will ablate signaling through TLR and IL-1beta/IL-18 generated by Nod-like receptors, reduced, but did not eliminate flagellin's promotion of humoral immunity. In contrast, loss of the innate immune receptor for profilin-like protein (PLP), TLR11, greatly reduced the ability of PLP to elicit humoral immunity. Together, these results indicate that, firstly, the degree of innate immune activation induced by TLR agonists may be in great excess of that needed to promote humoral immunity and, secondly, there is considerable redundancy in mechanisms that promote the humoral immune response upon innate immune recognition of flagellin. Thus, it should be possible to design innate immune activators that are highly effective vaccine adjuvants yet avoid the adverse events associated with systemic TLR activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Franchi
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yarovinsky
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Shizuo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akira
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Núñez
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Gewirtz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D000917:Antibody Formation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005408:Flagellin / Q000276:immunology*; D007110:Immunity, Active; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; C482903:Tlr11 protein, mouse; D051198:Toll-Like Receptor 5; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors; D005408:Flagellin; D010047:Ovalbumin