title: De-sulfation of MG-63 cell glycosaminoglycans delays in vitro osteogenesis, up-regulates cholesterol synthesis and disrupts cell cycle and the actin cytoskeleton.
abstract: Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) sugars are largely responsible for the bioactivity of the proteoglycan proteins they decorate, and are particularly important for mediating the processes of cell attachment and growth factor signaling. Here, we show that chlorate-induced de-sulfation of GAGs expressed by MG-63 osteosarcoma cells results in delayed cell proliferation when the cells are exposed to chlorate for short or medium periods, but a disrupted mineralization without altered cell proliferation in response to long-term chlorate exposure. Analysis of GAG-binding growth factor activity indicated that chlorate disrupted BMP2/noggin signaling, but not FGF2 activity. Microarray analyses, which were confirmed by subsequent cell-based assays, indicated that chlorate predominantly disrupted the cell cycle and actin cytoskeleton and upregulated cholesterol synthesis, without affecting cell migration or attachment. Furthermore, we observed that disruption of the functions of the proteoglycan syndecan-4 replicated phenotypes induced by chlorate, implicating a primary role for this proteoglycan in providing bioactivity for these cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 572-583, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumarasuriyar
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nurcombe
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cool
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002704:Chlorates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry; D053671:Syndecan-4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000099176:Noggin Protein
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D002704:Chlorates; D002784:Cholesterol; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D013431:Sulfates; D053671:Syndecan-4; D000099176:Noggin Protein; C525718:BMP2 protein, human; C508304:SDC4 protein, human