title: Structure, composition, and mechanical properties of Australian orthodontic wires.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the surface morphology, structure, elemental composition, and key mechanical properties of various sizes and tempers of Australian wires.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three types of Australian wire were used: 0.016'' regular, 0.018'' regular+, and 0.018'' special+ (A.J. Wilcock, Whittlesea, Victoria, Australia). Each type of wire was subjected to scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) investigation, Vickers hardness testing, and tensile testing. The modulus of elasticity and ultimate tensile strength were determined. Hardness, modulus, and strength data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey testing at the .05 level of significance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All three types of Australian wire were found to possess considerably rough surfaces with striations, irregularities, and excessive porosity. All three wire types had high levels of carbon and a similar hardness, which ranged within 600 VHN (Vickers hardness number), and a similar modulus of elasticity (173 to 177 GPa). The 0.018'' special+ had a significantly lower tensile strength (1632 MPa) than the 0.016'' regular and the 0.018'' regular+ wire (2100 MPa).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Australian wires did not show variation implied by the size or temper of the wires.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Sciences, Marquette University School of Dentistry, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Pelsue
authors.forename: Spiros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zinelis
authors.forename: T Gerard
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Berzins
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eliades
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eliades
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D016062:Porosity; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel; D002244:Carbon