title: Physical and chemical factors influencing the germination of Clostridium difficile spores.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of chemical and physical factors on the rate and extent of germination of Clostridium difficile spores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Germination of C. difficile spores following exposure to chemical and physical germinants was measured by loss of either heat or ethanol resistance. Sodium taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate initiated germination together with thioglycollate medium at concentrations of 0.1-100 mmol l(-1) and 10-100 mmol l(-1) respectively. Glycine (0.2% w/v) was a co-factor required for germination with sodium taurocholate. There was no significant difference in the rate of germination of C. difficile spores in aerobic and anaerobic conditions (P > 0.05) however, the initial rate of germination was significantly increased at 37 degrees C compared to 20 degrees C (P < 0.05). The optimum pH range for germination was 6.5-7.5, with a decreased rate and extent of germination occurring at pH 5.5 and 8.5.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that sodium taurocholate and chenodeoxycholate initiate germination of C. difficile spores and is concentration dependant. Temperature and pH influence the rate and extent of germination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This manuscript enhances the knowledge of the factors influencing the germination of C. difficile spores. This may be applied to the development of potential novel strategies for the prevention of C. difficile infection.
authors.affiliation: School of Life and Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wheeldon
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Worthington
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: T S J
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Elliott
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Lambert
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development*; D005998:Glycine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013656:Taurocholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D013864:Thioglycolates / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D013864:Thioglycolates; D002635:Chenodeoxycholic Acid; D013656:Taurocholic Acid; D005998:Glycine