An investigation of the structural aspects of the tomato fruit by means of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance imaging.
In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was applied to study the structural aspects of the tomato fruit. The main study was performed on tomatoes (cv. Tradiro) using a 0.2-T electromagnet scanner. Spin-echo images were acquired to visualize the tomato macrostructure. The air bubble content in tissues was evaluated by exploiting susceptibility effects using multiple gradient echo images. The microstructure was further studied by measuring spin-spin (T(2)) and spin-lattice (T(1)) relaxation time distributions. Nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry, macro vision imaging and chemical analysis were used as complementary and independent experimental methods in order to emphasize the MRI results. MRI images showed that the air bubble content varied between tissues. The presence of gas was attested by macro vision images. Quantitative imaging showed that T(2) and T(1) maps obtained by MRI reflected the structural differences between tomato tissues and made it possible to distinguish between them. The results indicated that cell size and chemical composition contribute to the relaxation mechanism.
Musse
Maja
M
Cemagref, Food Process Engineering Research Unit, 17, avenue de Cucillé, F-35044 Rennes Cedex, France. maja.musse@cemagref.fr
Quellec
Stéphane
S
Devaux
Marie-Françoise
MF
Cambert
Mireille
M
Lahaye
Marc
M
Mariette
François
F
D000465:Algorithms; D005638:Fruit / Q000166:cytology*; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000166:cytology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity