title: Effects of baking conditions, dough fermentation, and bran particle size on antioxidant properties of whole-wheat pizza crusts.
abstract: This study investigated the effects of processing conditions including bran particle size, dough fermentation time, and baking time and temperature on the extractable antioxidant properties of whole-wheat pizza crust. Experiments were carried out using two different varieties of hard white winter wheat, Trego and Lakin. Antioxidant properties examined included oxygen radical absorbing capacity (ORAC), hydroxyl radical scavenging capacity (HOSC), relative 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging capacity (RDSC), cation 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity, total phenolic contents (TPC), and ferulic acid contents. Results indicated that bran particle size had no effect on the antioxidant properties evaluated. Increasing dough fermentation time from 0 to 48 h had no significant influence on antioxidant properties except HOSC, which increased as much as 28%, possibly as a result of increase in soluble free ferulic acid, which increased as much as 130%. Increasing baking temperature from 204 to 288 degrees C with a 7 min bake time increased all evaluated antioxidant properties by as much as 82%. Increasing baking time from 7 to 14 min with 204 degrees C baking temperature might increase some antioxidant properties as much as 60%. The results from this study suggest that longer dough fermentation times and increased baking time or temperature may be potential approaches to increase the antioxidant availability in whole-wheat pizza crust.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Marla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Liangli Lucy
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis*; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D005285:Fermentation; D006358:Hot Temperature; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; D010316:Particle Size; D010851:Picrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014908:Triticum / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D010851:Picrates; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017665:Hydroxyl Radical; C004999:ferulic acid; C004931:1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl