title: Scalable time-correlated photon counting system with multiple independent input channels.
abstract: Time-correlated single photon counting continues to gain importance in a wide range of applications. Most prominently, it is used for time-resolved fluorescence measurements with sensitivity down to the single molecule level. While the primary goal of the method used to be the determination of fluorescence lifetimes upon optical excitation by short light pulses, recent modifications and refinements of instrumentation and methodology allow for the recovery of much more information from the detected photons, and enable entirely new applications. This is achieved most successfully by continuously recording individually detected photons with their arrival time and detection channel information (time tagging), thus avoiding premature data reduction and concomitant loss of information. An important property of the instrumentation used is the number of detection channels and the way they interrelate. Here we present a new instrument architecture that allows scalability in terms of the number of input channels while all channels are synchronized to picoseconds of relative timing and yet operate independent of each other. This is achieved by means of a modular design with independent crystal-locked time digitizers and a central processing unit for sorting and processing of the timing data. The modules communicate through high speed serial links supporting the full throughput rate of the time digitizers. Event processing is implemented in programmable logic, permitting classical histogramming, as well as time tagging of individual photons and their temporally ordered streaming to the host computer. Based on the time-ordered event data, any algorithms and methods for the analysis of fluorescence dynamics can be implemented not only in postprocessing but also in real time. Results from recently emerging single molecule applications are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the instrument.
authors.affiliation: PicoQuant GmbH, Rudower Chaussee 29, D-12489 Berlin, Germany. wahl@picoquant.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: Hans-Jürgen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rahn
authors.forename: Tino
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Röhlicke
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kell
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nettels
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hillger
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erdmann
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004867:Equipment Design; D031541:Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000379:methods; D055095:Optics and Photonics; D017785:Photons; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013997:Time Factors