title: Double pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of bulk aqueous solutions at oceanic pressures: interrelationship of gate delay, pulse energies, interpulse delay, and pressure.
abstract: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been identified as an analytical chemistry technique suitable for field use. We use double pulse LIBS to detect five analytes (sodium, manganese, calcium, magnesium, and potassium) that are of key importance in understanding the chemistry of deep ocean hydrothermal vent fluids as well as mixtures of vent fluids and seawater. The high pressure aqueous environment of the deep ocean is simulated in the laboratory, and the key double pulse experimental parameters (laser pulse energies, gate delay time, and interpulse delay time) are studied at pressures up to 2.76x10(7) Pa. Each element is found to have a unique optimal set of parameters for detection. For all pressures and energies, a short (< or = 100 ns) gate delay is necessary. As pressure increases, a shorter interpulse delay is needed and the double pulse conditions effectively become single pulse for both the 1.38x10(7) Pa and the 2.76x10(7) Pa conditions tested. Calibration curves reveal the limits of detection of the elements (5000 ppm Mg, 500 ppm K, 500 ppm Ca, 1000 ppm Mn, and 50 ppm Na) in aqueous solutions at 2.76x10(7) Pa for the experimental setup used. When compared to our previous single pulse LIBS work for Ca, Mn, and Na, the use of double pulse LIBS for analyte detection in high pressure aqueous solutions did not improve the limits of detection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Mail Stop 7, 266 Woods Hole Road, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. apmichel@princeton.edu
authors.forename: Anna P M
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Michel
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Chave