title: Effect of evidence-based acute pain management practices on inpatient costs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate hospital cost changes associated with a behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices in an inpatient setting and to estimate the direct effect that changes in evidence-based acute pain management practices have on inpatient cost.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from a randomized "translating research into practice" (TRIP) behavioral intervention designed to increase the use of evidence-based acute pain management practices for patients hospitalized with hip fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental design and observational "as-treated" and instrumental variable (IV) methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Abstraction from medical records and Uniform Billing 1992 (UB92) discharge abstracts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The TRIP intervention cost on average $17,714 to implement within a hospital but led to cost savings per inpatient stay of more than $1,500. The intervention increased the cost of nursing services, special operating rooms, and therapy services per inpatient stay, but these costs were more than offset by cost reductions within other cost categories. "As-treated" estimates of the effect of changes in evidence-based acute pain management practices on inpatient cost appear significantly underestimated, whereas IV estimates are statistically significant and are distinct from, but consistent with, estimates associated with the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hospital treating more that 12 patients with acute hip fractures can expect to lower overall cost by implementing the TRIP intervention. We also demonstrated the advantages of using IV methods over "as-treated" methods to assess the direct effect of practice changes on cost.
authors.affiliation: Program in Pharmaceutical Socioeconomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, S-515 PB, 115 S. Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. john-brooks@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Marita G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Titler
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ardery
authors.forename: Keela
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Herr
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000150:complications* / Q000191:economics*; D017721:Hospital Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D014481:United States