title: Interactive diary for diabetes: A useful and easy-to-use new telemedicine system to support the decision-making process in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Widespread use of carbohydrate (CHO) counting is limited by its complex educational needs, but a telemedicine system could simplify the patients' training.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diabetes Interactive Diary (DID) was set up on patients' mobile phones and allowed to record the blood glucose values and quantify the total CHO intake during a meal, by choosing the specific food and the amount ingested from a list of pictures. It also suggested the most appropriate insulin bolus in relation to the patient's CHO/insulin ratio. Data were sent to the physician by Short Message Service (also known as text message). Two pilot studies were carried out to investigate the feasibility and acceptability of the system and its effectiveness in improving metabolic control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the first study, 50 patients were involved in a survey with questionnaires administered before and 12 weeks after the start of the DID. The system was considered by almost all the patients as easy to use and very helpful. CHO counting and insulin bolus calculation were ranked as the most useful functions. In the second study, 41 consecutive patients using DID under routine clinical practice conditions were evaluated after a median of 9 months of follow-up. DID was associated with a nonstatistically significant reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial glucose (PPG), and hemoglobin A1c levels. FBG and PPG coefficient of variation (CV) values were significantly reduced: FBG-CV decreased by 6.7% (95% confidence interval -11.9, -1.6; P = 0.02), while PPG-CV decreased by 11.5% (95% confidence interval -19.3, -3.7; P = 0.01). No patients reported serious hypoglycemic episodes requiring medical intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DID can represent a useful, safe, and easy-to-use tool to help the patient with type 1 diabetes promote dietary freedom. Adjustment of insulin doses according to CHO intake allowed the reduction of glucose variability, increasingly recognized as an important, independent risk factor for cardiovascular events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbarco (CH), Italy. mrossi@negrisud.it
authors.forename: Maria C E
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolucci
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bruttomesso
authors.forename: Paolo Di
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Bartolo
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marelli
authors.forename: Michela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dal Pos
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Galetta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Horwitz
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vespasiani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017216:Telemedicine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D007328:Insulin