title: Proinflammatory cytokines inhibit osteogenic differentiation from stem cells: implications for bone repair during inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of inflammation on bone development from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are unclear due to the difficulty in isolating MSC. The aim of this study was to develop a MSC isolation method and to determine the in vitro effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) on their osteogenic differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Murine MSC were isolated from the limbs of C57/Bl6 mice through collagenase digestion of bone and enriched as the Stem cell antigen (Sca-1)(+) CD31(-) CD45(-) population, using lineage immunodepletion, followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). They were differentiated along the osteoblast linage in the presence or absence of IL-1beta and TNFalpha. Mineralization was measured as was the expression of a number of osteogenic genes by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that osteogenic differentiation from the MSC population is suppressed by IL-1beta and TNFalpha. In addition to suppression of bone mineralization, both cytokines inhibited the differentiation-associated increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gene expression for ALP, alpha1(I) procollagen, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix. However, only TNFalpha inhibited osteonectin and osteopontin mRNA expression and only IL-1beta reduced cell proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The convenient isolation technique enables the easy generation of sufficient MSC to permit the molecular analysis of their differentiation. We were thus able to show that the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1beta and TNFalpha, can compromise bone development from this primary MSC population, although with some significant differences. The potential involvement of specific inflammatory mediators needs to be taken into account if optimal bone repair and presumably that of other tissues are to be achieved with MSC.
authors.affiliation: The University of Melbourne, Department of Medicine, and Cooperative Research Centre for Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia. dlacey@unimelb.edu.au
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Lacey
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Graves
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015676:Osteonectin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015676:Osteonectin; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053495:Osteopontin