title: Development of highly porous large PLGA microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery.
abstract: We report a new process of making highly-porous large polymeric microparticles for local drug delivery to the lungs by inhalation. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles (average diameter, 10-20 microm) were made by the double-emulsion method. To impart favorable aerodynamic properties, an effervescent salt ammonium bicarbonate (ABC) was included in the internal aqueous phase. ABC produced highly-porous structures in the PLGA particles as it escaped as ammonia and carbon dioxide. The fine-particle fraction (FPF) of the microparticles increased as a function of the ratio of ABC to PLGA. Microparticles prepared with 7.5%w/w (ABC/PLGA) had a mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) of 4.0 +/- 1.2 microm and FPF of 32.0 +/- 9.1% when tested with Anderson Cascade Impactor (ACI) and Rotahaler. The highly-porous large particles deposited at the ACI stages corresponding to the trachea and below. The highly-porous large particles avoided phagocytosis by macrophages, while non-porous small particles were quickly taken up by the macrophages. Unlike other encapsulation methods which employ osmogens or extractable porogens, this method could encapsulate lysozyme and doxorubicin.HCl, with high encapsulation efficiency ( approximately 100% for both lysozyme and doxorubicin), in the PLGA microparticles characterized by desirable MMAD (4.5 +/- 0.6 microm lysozyme; 4.6 +/- 0.4 microm doxorubicin) and FPF (29.1 +/- 12.2% lysozyme; 33.8+/-3.6% doxorubicin). Fifty-two percent of encapsulated doxorubicin was released over 4 days from the highly-porous microparticles. This method is an efficient way of making polymeric microparticles for sustained local drug delivery by inhalation.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Nimisha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bajaj
authors.forename: Peisheng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ohn
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Tsifansky
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yeo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000737:chemistry; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D010316:Particle Size; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D000077182:Polylactic Acid-Polyglycolic Acid Copolymer; D011100:Polyglycolic Acid; D019344:Lactic Acid; C027043:ammonium bicarbonate; D004317:Doxorubicin