title: Characterization of the mechanical properties of a dermal equivalent compared with human skin in vivo by indentation and static friction tests.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study of changes in skin structure with age is becoming all the more important with the increase in life. The atrophy that occurs during aging is accompanied by more profound changes, with a loss of organization within the elastic collagen network and alterations in the basal elements. The aim of this study is to present a method to determine the mechanical properties of total human skin in vivo compared with dermal equivalents (DEs) using indentation and static friction tests.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new bio-tribometer working at a low contact pressure for the characterization the mechanical properties of the skin has been developed. This device, based on indentation and static friction tests, also allows to characterize the skin in vivo and reconstructed DEs in a wide range of light contact forces, stress and strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This original bio-tribometer shows the ability to assess the skin elasticity and friction force in a wide range of light normal load (0.5-2 g) and low contact pressure (0.5-2 kPa). The results obtained by this approach show identical values of the Young's modulus E(*) and the shear modulus G(*) of six DEs obtained from a 62-year-old subject (E(*)=8.5+/-1.74 kPa and G(*)=3.3+/-0.46 kPa) and in vivo total skin of 20 subjects aged 55 to 70 years (E(*)=8.3+/-2.1 kPa, G(*)=2.8+/-0.8 kpa).
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamic Systems, UMR CNRS 5513, ENISE - ECL, Ecully, France. Hassan.Zahouani@ec-lyon.fr
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zahouani
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pailler-Mattei
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sohm
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vargiolu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cenizo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Debret
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001187:Artificial Organs; D032701:Biomimetics / Q000295:instrumentation; D002417:Cattle; D003094:Collagen / Q000737:chemistry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D020405:Dermis / Q000502:physiology; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D017276:Friction; D006244:Hardness; D006245:Hardness Tests / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D012879:Skin Physiological Phenomena; D012882:Skin Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003094:Collagen