title: Comparison of chondrogenic potential in equine mesenchymal stromal cells derived from adipose tissue and bone marrow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the chondrogenic potential of adult equine mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow (MSCs) or adipose tissue (ASCs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult Thoroughbred horses (n=11).
  
  
  METHODS
  BM (5 horses; mean [+/-SD] age, 4+/-1.4 years) or adipose tissue (6 horses; mean age, 3.5+/-1.1 years) samples were obtained. Cryopreserved MSCs and ASCs were used for pellet cultures in stromal medium (C) or induced into chondrogenesis+/-transforming growth factor-3 (TGFbeta(3)) and bone morphogenic factor-6 (BMP-6). Pellets harvested after 3, 7, 14, and 21 days were examined for cross-sectional size and tissue composition (hematoxylin and eosin), glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining (Alcian blue), collagen type II immunohistochemistry, and by transmission electron microscopy. Pellet GAG and total DNA content were measured using dimethylmethylene blue and Hoechst DNA assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collagen type II synthesis was predominantly observed in MSC pellets from Day 7 onward. Unlike ASC cultures, MSC pellets had hyaline-like matrix by Day 14. GAG deposition occurred earlier in MSC cultures compared with ASC cultures and growth factors enhanced both MSC GAG concentrations (P<.0001) and MSC pellet size (P<.004) after 2 weeks in culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Equine MSCs have superior chondrogenic potential compared with ASCs and the equine ASC growth factor response suggests possible differences compared with other species.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elucidation of equine ASC and MSC receptor profiles will enhance the use of these cells in regenerative cartilage repair.
authors.affiliation: Equine Health Studies Program, Laboratory for Equine and Comparative Orthopedic Research, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. mavidal@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Sandra O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Mandi J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Paulsen
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Borkhsenious
authors.forename: Jill R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Rustin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Gimble
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000378:metabolism*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000502:physiology*; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D055418:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6; D024043:Collagen Type II; D015291:Transforming Growth Factors