title: Economic evaluation of systemic therapies for moderate to severe psoriasis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New biologics have dramatically changed therapeutic options for psoriasis, albeit at additional cost.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the cost-effectiveness and optimal treatment sequence for moderate to severe psoriasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) response rates from 22 randomized controlled trials evaluating biologic (adalimumab, efalizumab, etanercept, infliximab) and nonbiologic systemic (methotrexate, ciclosporin) agents were considered. Short-term efficacy was based on relative probabilities of achieving PASI response (50/75/90) in a meta-analysis of trials. Published evidence and assumptions were used to predict long-term efficacy. Treatment benefits were determined by the relationship between PASI response and the EuroQOL 5D health utility measure. Costs included therapy, administration, monitoring and hospitalization. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) were calculated and treatments ranked relative to supportive care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Infliximab provided the most incremental quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) vs. supportive care (0.18 QALYs; 95% confidence interval, CI 0.13-0.24), followed by adalimumab (0.16 QALYs; 95% CI 0.11-0.22). Methotrexate and ciclosporin were less beneficial (0.13 and 0.08 QALYs, respectively) but were cost saving and considered the first two treatments in the optimal sequence. Comparing biologics, adalimumab was most cost effective (ICER pound30 000 per QALY), followed by etanercept ( pound37 000 per QALY), efalizumab ( pound40 000 per QALY) and infliximab ( pound42 000 per QALY).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Methotrexate and ciclosporin are cost effective but require monitoring for toxicities. Of the biologics, adalimumab was most cost effective following conventional systemic treatment failure or inadequate response. Payers and policymakers will have to decide how to utilize their budgets effectively for treating patients with moderate to severe psoriasis.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Evaluation and Outcome Sciences, St Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sizto
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bansback
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Willian
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Anis
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003879:Dermatologic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068800:Etanercept; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069285:Infliximab; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011565:Psoriasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D003879:Dermatologic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept; C472181:efalizumab; D008727:Methotrexate