title: Microsatellite instability, MLH1 promoter methylation, and BRAF mutation analysis in sporadic colorectal cancers of different ethnic groups in Israel.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The molecular mechanisms that underlie colorectal cancer (CRC) include microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability, and the CpG island methylator phenotype. There is evidence to suggest that CRC incidence varies among different ethnic populations worldwide. The authors of this report hypothesized that environmental factors and lifestyle differences among various ethnic groups may differentially influence the epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes in CRC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the current study, microdissection and DNA extraction were performed on 128 samples of CRC from Israeli patients (85 Jews and 43 Arabs). MSI analysis, mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) and mutS homolog 2 (MSH2) protein expression levels, and MLH1 promoter methylation were investigated by combined bisulfite restriction analysis. The v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 (BRAF) valine-to-glutamic acid mutation at residue 600 was investigated by direct DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High MSI (MSI-H), MLH1 methylation, and BRAF mutations were observed in 11.6%, 9.4%, and 23.5% of Jews, respectively, and in 16.2%, 17.6%, and 20.9% of Arabs, respectively (P value nonsignificant). MLH1 promoter methylation was observed in 22.6% of microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors and in 53.8% of MSI-H tumors (P < .015). Extensive methylation (covering both 5' and 3' promoter regions) was present in all MSI-H tumors with loss of MLH1 expression. BRAF mutation was observed in 15.6% and 46.1% of MSS tumors and MSI-H tumors, respectively (P < .007). BRAF mutation was observed in 66%, 22.2%, and 14.7% of patients who had tumors with extensive MLH1 promoter methylation, methylation of the 5' region alone, or without methylation, respectively (P < .006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no difference in molecular signatures examined between Jewish and Arab patients with CRC in Israel. Extensive promoter methylation was associated with MLH1 inactivation, MSI, and BRAF mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilkin
authors.forename: Yaron
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Niv
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasaka
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morgenstern
authors.forename: Zohar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Zvi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Fireman
authors.forename: Florentine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fuerst
authors.forename: Ajay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: C Richard
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Boland
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000368:Aged; D018912:Arabs / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics*; D018899:CpG Islands; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D007557:Israel; D007585:Jews / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1