title: Trends in prevalence of coronary risk factors in an urban Indian population: Jaipur Heart Watch-4.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To determine prevalence of multiple coronary risk factors in a North Indian Punjabi community and to compare these with previous population based studies in the same city in North India we performed an epidemiological study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A community-based epidemiological study that focused on lifestyle determinants of obesity and its correlates in migrants from Punjab was performed at a single location in Jaipur. A house-to-house enumeration was performed to enroll all adults>or=20 years age in the locality who were then invited for participation in the study. Of the 1400 eligible subjects, 1127 participated (response rate 80.5%, men 556, women 571). Risk factor measurements included smoking or tobacco use, body-mass index (BMI), waist:hip ratio (WHR) and body fat, and in 644 (56.6%) subjects (men 340, women 304) blood examination for fasting blood glucose and lipids. Coronary risk factors were determined using pre-specified criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant prevalence of risk factors in both men and women respectively with smoking or tobacco use in 209 (37.6%) and 12 (2.2%), obesity (BMI>or=25 kg/m2) in 303 (54.5%) and 350 (61.3%), truncal obesity (high WHR) in 339 (61.0%) and 310 (54.30%), hypertension in 322 (57.9%) and 279 (48.9%), high total cholesterol>or=200 mg/dl in 111 (32.6%) and 120 (39.5%), low HDL cholesterol<40 mg/dl in 103 (30.3%) and 83 (27.3%), high triglycerides>or=150 mg/dl in 146 (42.9%) and 132 (43.4%), metabolic syndrome in 166 (48.8%) and 137 (45.1%), and diabetes in 88 (25.9%) and 64 (21.1%) subjects. In both men and women there was a significant age-associated escalation in obesity, central obesity, hypertension, high cholesterol and diabetes prevalence (Mantel-Haenszel chi2 for trend p<0.05). Logistic regression analyses revealed that obesity and truncal obesity were major determinants of multiple risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome and diabetes (age-adjusted odds ratios p<0.01). Comparison with previous population-based risk factor studies from the same city in years 1995 and 2002 revealed that risk factors were significantly greater in the present group. Age-stratified differences revealed that obesity at younger age was more frequent in the present cohort.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a significant prevalence of multiple cardiovascular risk factors in this population group. Obesity is a major determinant of multiple risk factors and appears at a younger age compared to other studies in the same location.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Monilek Hospital and Research Centre, and Department of Home Science, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, India. rajeevg@satyam.net.in
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kaul
authors.forename: Namita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhagat
authors.forename: Mukta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Agrawal
authors.forename: V P
authors.initials: VP
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Misra
authors.forename: Naval K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Vikram
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D014171:Transients and Migrants; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids