title: Measuring abdominal adiposity in 6 to 7-year-old children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Both intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, even in childhood. Currently, the gold standard in assessing IAAT and SAAT is computed tomography (CT), which is not widely applicable. The aim of this study was to estimate abdominal fat using anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and ultrasound, and compare these estimates with the amounts of IAAT and SAAT determined by CT in 6 to 7-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 31 healthy children, weight, height, circumferences, skinfolds, DEXA, abdominal ultrasound and CT were performed. Measurements were compared by simple correlations and receiver operating characteristic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total abdominal fat on CT did not differ between boys and girls (86.5 versus 89.8 cm(3), P=0.84). Boys had a higher IAAT to SAAT ratio than girls (0.56 versus 0.37, P=0.03). The sum of supra-iliac and abdominal skinfolds was most strongly correlated with SAAT on CT (r=0.93, P<0.001), and the abdominal skinfold with IAAT on CT (r=0.72, P<0.001). Diagnosis of subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adiposity can also be made using skinfolds. The associations with circumferences, body mass index and DEXA were less pronounced; however, these techniques can also be used to classify children according to SAAT and IAAT. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose subcutaneous adiposity, although it was not superior to skinfold measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skinfold measurements are the best non-invasive technique in predicting subcutaneous as well as intra-abdominal fat in our population of 6 to 7-year-old children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Room X4.301, PO Box 30.001, Hanzeplein 1, Groningen 9700 RB, The Netherlands. e.t.liem@bkk.umcg.nl
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Liem
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Lucia Rolfe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: L'Abée
authors.forename: P J J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Ong
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Stolk
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D050154:Adiposity; D002648:Child; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014463:Ultrasonography