title: Effect of sodium sulfinate salts on the polymerization characteristics of dual-cured resin cement systems exposed to attenuated light-activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of sodium sulfinate salt co-initiators on the degree of conversion (DC) of dual-cured cementing systems [combination of bonding agent (BA) and resin cement (RC)] when the activating light is attenuated or not available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two 5th generation products [Prime&Bond NT Dual-Cure/Calibra (Dentsply), and Excite DSC/Variolink II (Ivoclar/Vivadent)] were applied, either with or without co-initiators (sodium sulfinate salts) added to the bonding agents, to the surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit, and were polymerized using one of four conditions: self-cure (SC), or direct light exposure (DLE/XL3000/3M) through a glass slide or through pre-cured resin discs (shades A2 or A4/2mm-thick) (Z250/3M-ESPE). Real-time infrared spectra were obtained after placing components (uncured) and during 10 min (cured) (16 scans at 2 cm(-1), FTS-40/Digilab/Bio-Rad) to obtain polymerization kinetics. DC and maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax) were calculated using standard techniques of observing changes in aliphatic-to-aromatic peak ratios pre- and post-curing. Data (n=5) were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p=0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The addition of co-initiators increased the DC in most of the groups. No significant difference in DC was observed between Prime Bond NT Dual-Cure/Calibra and its version without co-initiator using the DLE curing mode. All DLE groups exhibited the highest DC after 10 min. No significant difference in DC was observed between A2 and A4 pre-cured overlay groups. The SC groups exhibited lower DC than the light-activated groups regardless of the presence of co-initiator. Use of co-initiators increased the Rpmax only in the SC groups. The A2 and A4 groups exhibited lower Rpmax than DLE groups, regardless of the presence of co-initiator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The detrimental effects of light attenuation on the DC were not avoided by inclusion of sodium sulfinate salts, despite their ability to eliminate the chemical incompatibility between acidic monomers and self-curing components.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Guarulhos, Guarulhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil. cesararrais@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Cesar A G
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Arrais
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rueggeberg
mesh_terms: D000269:Adhesives / Q000737:chemistry*; D007284:Inlays; D008027:Light; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D044367:Phase Transition; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D055116:Self-Curing of Dental Resins / Q000379:methods*; D013441:Sulfinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000269:Adhesives; C433205:Calibra; C420130:Excite cement; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C425843:Prime and Bond NT; D019279:Resin Cements; D013441:Sulfinic Acids; C103502:Variolink