title: Treatment with the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide influences the appearance of mutations in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 regulatory protein rev.
abstract: The gp41-encoding sequence of the env gene contains in two separate regions the Rev-responsive elements (RRE) and the alternative open reading frame of the second exon of the regulatory protein Rev. The binding of Rev to the RRE allows the transport of unspliced/singly spliced viral mRNAs out of the nucleus, an essential step in the life cycle of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). In this study, we have investigated whether the fusion-inhibitor enfuvirtide (ENF) can induce mutations in Rev and if these mutations correlate with the classical ENF resistance gp41 mutations and with viremia and CD4 cell count. Specific Rev mutations were positively associated with ENF treatment and significantly correlated with classical ENF resistance gp41 mutations. In particular, a cluster was observed for the Rev mutations E57A (E57A(rev)) and N86S(rev) with the ENF resistance gp41 mutations Q40H (Q40H(gp41)) and L45M(gp41). In addition, the presence at week 48 of the E57A(rev) correlates with a significant viremia increase from baseline to week 48 and with a CD4 cell count loss from baseline to week 48. By modeling the RRE structure, we found that the Q40(gp41) and L45(gp41) codons form complementary base pairs in a region of the RRE involved in Rev binding. The conformation of this Rev-binding site is disrupted when Q40H(gp41) and L45M(gp41) occur alone while it is restored when both mutations are present. In conclusion, our study shows that ENF pressure may also affect both Rev and RRE structures and can provide an excellent example of compensatory evolution. This highlights the multiple roles of ENF (and perhaps other entry inhibitors) in modulating the correct interplay between the different HIV-1 genes and proteins during the HIV-1 life cycle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, Rome, Italy. valentina.svicher@uniroma2.it
authors.forename: Valentina
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Svicher
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alteri
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Arrigo
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laganà
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trignetti
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lo Caputo
authors.forename: Anna Paola
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Callegaro
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Maggiolo
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mazzotta
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferro
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dimonte
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aquaro
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: di Perri
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bonora
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tommasi
authors.forename: Maria Paola
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Trotta
authors.forename: Pasquale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Narciso
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Antinori
authors.forename: Carlo Federico
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Perno
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ceccherini-Silberstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001483:Base Sequence; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D000077560:Enfuvirtide; D005260:Female; D015752:Genes, env / Q000235:genetics; D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D009690:Nucleic Acid Conformation / Q000187:drug effects; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014766:Viremia / Q000235:genetics; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015700:HIV Envelope Protein gp41; D023581:HIV Fusion Inhibitors; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D054321:rev Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514860:rev protein, Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1; D000077560:Enfuvirtide