title: Changing the conversation about prostate cancer among African Americans: results of formative research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand obstacles to and opportunities for improving prostate cancer communication to and within African American communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Researchers conducted interviews with 19 community leaders and five focus groups with healthy men and survivors. The team also conducted process evaluations of two outreach projects in which survivors spoke to African American men about prostate cancer and screening.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three levels of obstacles to prostate cancer screening and treatment were identified. Individual-level obstacles included limited knowledge about the condition, about prevention and treatment, and fear of cancer. Socio-cultural barriers included distrust of the medical system, lack of a provider for routine and preventive care, reluctance to talk about cancer, and aversion to aspects of screening. Institutional deficits included the scarcity of educational efforts targeting prostate cancer. Outreach project evaluations suggested that survivors can be effective in building prostate cancer knowledge, promoting positive attitudes toward screening, and fostering conversations about prostate cancer. Educational efforts included little information about screening risks and decision-making however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that most potent interventions may combine survivor-led education with mass media and institution-based outreach. Such comprehensive programs could shift social norms that inhibit conversation and foster fear, leading in turn to more informed decisions and better treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Saint Louis University School of Public Health, Community Health, St. Louis, MO, USA. wray@slu.edu
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wray
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vijaykumar
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Andrae
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ivy
authors.forename: Keri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jupka
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hess
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003142:Communication; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control