title: Legionella pollution in cooling tower water of air-conditioning systems in Shanghai, China.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine Legionella pollution prevalence, describe the amount of Legionellae with respect to temperature in Shanghai cooling tower water (CTWs) in various types of public sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six urban districts were selected as the study fields, adopting multiple-phase sampling methods. Routine culture was used to identify Legionellae. Of the samples, 58.9% (189/321) were observed to be positive, 19.9% were isolated over 100 CFU ml(-1). Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was the most frequently isolated species (155/189, 82.0%), followed by Leg. micdadei that was at the second place (44/189, 23.3%). The mean CFU ml(-1) of Legionellae in CTWs reached its peak from July to September. Over all 15.4% of the samples exceeding 100 CFU ml(-1) were observed in a hospital setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of Legionella pollution in CTWs, especially in CTWs of subway stations and hospitals, is worrying, and the positive rate and CFU ml(-1) of Legionellae in CTWs have a close relationship with air temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrates pollution prevalence rates in different types of sites and various seasons, and provides a proportion of different serogroups of Legionellae. It illuminates an urgent need for dealing with the potential risk of legionellosis in Shanghai, through improved control and prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000389:Air Conditioning; D002681:China; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000382:microbiology; D007875:Legionella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D013696:Temperature; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014873:Water Pollutants