title: Systemic and microcirculatory responses to progressive hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare systemic hemodynamics with microcirculatory changes at different vascular beds during progressive hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-based research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve anesthetized, mechanically ventilated sheep.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sheep were randomly assigned to HEMORRHAGE or CONTROL group. In the HEMORRHAGE group (n = 8), three stepwise bleedings of 5 ml/kg at 30-min intervals were performed to add up 15 ml/kg. In the CONTROL group (n = 4), sheep had the same surgical preparation but were not bled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Progressive bleeding decreased cardiac output, and superior mesenteric artery blood flow, and systemic and intestinal oxygen transports from the first step of bleeding whereas systemic and intestinal oxygen consumption remained unchanged. Mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH and base excess, and intramucosal-arterial PCO(2) were only significantly modified in the last step of bleeding. Arterial lactate increased and sublingual, and intestinal serosal and mucosal capillary microvascular flow indexes and red blood cell velocities progressively decreased after the first step of bleeding (3.0 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.3 +/- 0.4, 3.2 +/- 0.2 vs. 2.4 +/- 0.6, 3.0 +/- 0.0 vs. 2.0 +/- 0.2, and 1,082 +/- 29 vs. 977 +/- 79, 1,042 +/- 24 vs. 953 +/- 60, 287 +/- 65 vs. 262 +/- 16 mum/s; P < 0.05 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alterations in sublingual, intestinal microcirculation, and arterial lactate simultaneously arose from the first step of bleeding. The microcirculatory changes were identified either by semi-quantitative flow index or by quantitative red blood cell velocity measurements.
authors.affiliation: Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Cátedra de Farmacología Aplicada, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina. arnaldodubin@speedy.com.ar
authors.forename: Arnaldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubin
authors.forename: Mario Omar
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Pozo
authors.forename: Gonzalo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ferrara
authors.forename: Gastón
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murias
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Canullán
authors.forename: Héctor Saul
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Vanina Siham
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Kanoore Edul
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Estenssoro
authors.forename: Can
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ince
mesh_terms: D000140:Acidosis, Lactic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D000818:Animals; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D002196:Capillaries / Q000502:physiology; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D018450:Disease Progression; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism; D007422:Intestines / Q000098:blood supply*; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior / Q000503:physiopathology; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism; D011897:Random Allocation; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012756:Sheep; D014059:Tongue / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen