title: Comparative analysis of beta-blockers with other antihypertensive agents on cardiovascular outcomes in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the effects of beta-blockers (BBs) on cardiovascular (CV) outcomes in diabetic patients with hypertension.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature search was performed with relevant search words using PubMed and Ovid Gateway search engines for trials published in English from June 1996 to July 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic reviews of randomized control trials that used BBs as treatment or control therapy in diabetic patients with hypertension were included for the analysis. All the included studies use intention-to-treat analysis. Two individual authors procured the data. Myocardial infarction, stroke, CV mortality, and total mortality were the outcomes analyzed. Relative risk across the different groups was calculated using Mantel-Haenszel random- and fixed-effects model. Interstudy heterogeneity was computed by chi(2) test. Results were calculated with 95%confidence intervals (CIs) and were considered significant with double-sided alpha error less than 0.05. Funnel plot was used to assess for publication bias.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight trials (N = 130,270) met the inclusion criteria for the analysis. The relative risks for myocardial infarction, stroke, CV mortality, and total mortality were 1.08 (95% CI 0.82-1.42; P = 0.6), 1.13 (95% CI 0.95-1.36; P = 0.1), 1.15 (95% CI 0.83-1.6; P = 0.3), and 1.16 (95% CI 0.92-1.47; P = 0.2), respectively. BBs were associated with increased risk for CV mortality 1.39 (95% CI 1.07-1.804; P ,0.01) when compared with renin angiotensin blockade (RAS) therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BBs have increased risk for CV mortality when compared with RAS blockade therapy in diabetic patients with hypertension. BBs do not have increased risk for myocardial infarction, stroke, CV mortality, and total mortality when compared with control antihypertensive therapy in diabetic patients with hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine at Rosalind Franklin University-Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, IL 60068, USA. sbalamut@tulane.edu
authors.forename: Saravanan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balamuthusamy
authors.forename: Janos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Sasikanth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Adigopula
authors.forename: Rohit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arora
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents