title: Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined associations between diet soda consumption and risk of incident metabolic syndrome, its components, and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diet soda consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire at baseline (2000-2002). Incident type 2 diabetes was identified at three follow-up examinations (2002-2003, 2004-2005, and 2005-2007) as fasting glucose >126 mg/dl, self-reported type 2 diabetes, or use of diabetes medication. Metabolic syndrome (and components) was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CI for type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome components were estimated, adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and dietary confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At least daily consumption of diet soda was associated with a 36% greater relative risk of incident metabolic syndrome and a 67% greater relative risk of incident type 2 diabetes compared with nonconsumption (HR 1.36 [95% CI 1.11-1.66] for metabolic syndrome and 1.67 [1.27-2.20] for type 2 diabetes). Of metabolic syndrome components, only high waist circumference (men >or=102 cm and women >or=88 cm) and high fasting glucose (>or=100 mg/dl) were prospectively associated with diet soda consumption. Associations between diet soda consumption and type 2 diabetes were independent of baseline measures of adiposity or changes in these measures, whereas associations between diet soda and metabolic syndrome were not independent of these factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although these observational data cannot establish causality, consumption of diet soda at least daily was associated with significantly greater risks of select incident metabolic syndrome components and type 2 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, Texas, USA. jennifer.a.nettleton@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nettleton
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Lutsey
authors.forename: Youfa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: João A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Michos
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
mesh_terms: D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002253:Carbonated Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D044469:Racial Groups; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D019422:Dietary Sucrose