title: Early intubation in the management of trauma patients: indications and outcomes in 1,000 consecutive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Practice Management Guidelines identify indications (EI) for early intubation. However, EI have not been clinically validated. Many intubations are performed for other discretionary indications (DI). We evaluated early intubation to assess the incidence and outcomes of those performed for both EI and DI.
  
  
  METHODS
  One thousand consecutive intubations performed in the first 2 hours after arrival at our Level I trauma center were reviewed. Indications, outcomes, and trauma surgeon (TS) intubation rates were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a 56-month period, 1,000 (9.9%) of 10,137 trauma patients were intubated within 2 hours of arrival. DI were present in 444 (44.4%) and EI in 556 (55.6%). DI were combativeness or altered mental status in 375 (84.5%), airway or respiratory problems in 21 (4.7%), and preoperative management in 48 (10.8%). Injury Severity Score was 14.6 in DI patients and 22.7 in EI patients (p < 0.001). Predicted versus observed survival was 96.6% versus 95.9% in DI patients and 75.2% versus 75.0% in EI patients (p < 0.001). Head Abbreviated Injury Scale score of >or=3 occurred in 32.7% with DI and 52.0% with EI (p < 0.001). Seven (0.7%) surgical airways were performed; two for DI (0.2%). Eleven (1.1%) patients aspirated during intubation and five (0.5%) suffered oral trauma. There were no other significant complications of intubation for either DI or EI and complication rates were similar in the two groups. Delayed intubation (early intubation after leaving the trauma bay) was required in 67 (6.7%) patients and 59 (88.1%) were for combativeness, neurologic deterioration, or respiratory distress or airway problems. Intubation rates varied among TS from 7.6% to 15.3% (p < 0.001) and rates for DI ranged from 3.3% to 7.4% (p < 0.001). There was a statistically insignificant trend among TS with higher intubation rates to perform fewer delayed intubations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early intubation for EI as well as DI was safe and effective. One third of the DI patients had significant head injury. Surgical airways were rarely needed and delayed intubations were uncommon. The intubation rates for EI and DI varied significantly among TSs. The Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Guidelines may not identify all patients who would benefit from early intubation after injury.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma, Scripps Mercy Hospital, San Diego, CA 92103, USA. sise.mike@scrippshealth.org
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Sise
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shackford
authors.forename: C Beth
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sise
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sack
authors.forename: Gabrielle M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Paci
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.forename: Eamon B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Valerie C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Norton
authors.forename: Benjamin R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Huebner
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Peck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors