title: Revisiting old drugs as novel agents for retinoblastoma: in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of cardenolides.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intra-arterial delivery of chemotherapeutic agents offers a new and exciting opportunity for the treatment of advanced intraocular retinoblastoma. It allows local delivery of relatively high doses of chemotherapy agents while bypassing general blood circulation. For this reason, this study was undertaken to revisit some of the FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  High-throughput screening (HTS) of 2640 approved drugs and bioactive compounds resulted in the identification of cytotoxic agents with potent activity toward both the Y79 and RB355 human retinoblastoma cell lines. Subsequent profiling of the drug candidates was performed in a panel of ocular cancer cell lines. Induction of apoptosis in Y79 cells was assessed by immunofluorescence detection of activated caspase-3. Therapeutic effect was evaluated in a xenograft model of retinoblastoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several FDA-approved drugs were identified that showed potent cytotoxic activity toward retinoblastoma cell lines in vitro. Among them were several cardiac glycosides, a class of cardenolides historically associated with the prevention and treatment of congestive heart failure. Caspase-3 activation studies provided an insight into the mechanism of action of cardenolides in retinoblastoma cells. When tested in a xenograft model of retinoblastoma, the cardenolide ouabain induced complete tumor regression in the treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cardenolides were identified as a new class of antitumor agents for the treatment of retinoblastoma. Members of this class of cardiotonic drugs could be repositioned for retinoblastoma if administered locally via direct intra-arterial infusion.
authors.affiliation: High Throughput Screening Core Facility, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antczak
authors.forename: Carolyn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kloepping
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Radu
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Genski
authors.forename: Lutz
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Müller-Kuhrt
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Siems
authors.forename: Elisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Stanchina
authors.forename: David H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Abramson
authors.forename: Hakim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Djaballah
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002298:Cardenolides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D016513:Mice, SCID; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002298:Cardenolides; D053148:Caspase 3