title: The European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour scale revised into a nine-item scale (EHFScB-9): a reliable and valid international instrument.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Improved self-care is the goal of many heart failure (HF) management programmes. The 12-item European Heart Failure Self-Care Behaviour Scale (EHFScB scale) was developed and tested to measure patient self-care behaviours. It is now available in 14 languages. The aim of this study was to further determine reliability and validity of the EHFScB scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from 2592 HF patients (mean age 73 years, 63% male) from six countries were analysed. Internal consistency was determined by Cronbach's alpha. Validity was established by (1) interviews with HF experts and with HF patients; (2) item analysis; (3) confirmatory factor analysis; and (4) analysing the relationship between the EHFScB scale and scales measuring quality of life and adherence. Internal consistency of the 12-item scale was 0.77 (0.71-0.85). After factor analyses and critical evaluation of both psychometric properties and content of separate items, a nine-item version was further evaluated. The reliability estimates for the total nine-item scale (EHFScB-9) was satisfactory (0.80) and Cronbach's alpha varied between 0.68 and 0.87 in the different countries. One reliable subscale was defined (consulting behaviour) with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.85. The EHFScB-9 measures a different construct than quality of life (r = 0.18) and adherence (r = 0.37).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 12-item EHFScB scale was revised into the nine-item EHFScB-9, which can be used as an internally consistent and valid instrument to measure HF-related self-care behaviour.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Medical Centre, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001 9700 RB, Groningen, the Netherlands. t.jaarsma@thorax.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Tiny
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jaarsma
authors.forename: Kristofer Franzén
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Arestedt
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dracup
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strömberg
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005060:Europe; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012648:Self Care / Q000592:standards*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*