title: Regulation of D-cyclin translation inhibition in myeloma cells treated with mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors: rationale for combined treatment with extracellular signal-regulated kinase inhibitors and rapamycin.
abstract: We have shown that heightened AKT activity sensitized multiple myeloma cells to the antitumor effects of the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor CCI-779. To test the mechanism of the AKT regulatory role, we stably transfected U266 multiple myeloma cell lines with an activated AKT allele or empty vector. The AKT-transfected cells were more sensitive to cytostasis induced in vitro by rapamycin or in vivo by its analogue, CCI-779, whereas cells with quiescent AKT were resistant. The ability of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors to down-regulate D-cyclin expression was significantly greater in AKT-transfected multiple myeloma cells due, in part, to the ability of AKT to curtail cap-independent translation and internal ribosome entry site (IRES) activity of D-cyclin transcripts. Similar AKT-dependent regulation of rapamycin responsiveness was shown in a second myeloma model: the PTEN-null OPM-2 cell line transfected with wild-type PTEN. Because extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/p38 activity facilitates IRES-mediated translation of some transcripts, we investigated ERK/p38 as regulators of AKT-dependent effects on rapamycin sensitivity. AKT-transfected U266 cells showed significantly decreased ERK and p38 activity. However, only an ERK inhibitor prevented D-cyclin IRES activity in resistant "low-AKT" myeloma cells. Furthermore, the ERK inhibitor successfully sensitized myeloma cells to rapamycin in terms of down-regulated D-cyclin protein expression and G1 arrest. However, ectopic overexpression of an activated MEK gene did not increase cap-independent translation of D-cyclin in "high-AKT" myeloma cells, indicating that mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase/ERK activity was required, but not sufficient, for activation of the IRES. These data support a scenario where heightened AKT activity down-regulates D-cyclin IRES function in multiple myeloma cells and ERK facilitates activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California-Los Angeles and Department of Hematology-Oncology, W111H, VA West Los Angeles Hospital, 11301 Wilshire Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA. pfrost@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Yijiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Bao
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gera
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lichtenstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000378:metabolism; D012270:Ribosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
chemical_list: D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D019938:Cyclin D1; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus