title: Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and actions by genistein in human prostate cancer cells and by soy isoflavones in prostate cancer patients.
abstract: Soy and its constituent isoflavone genistein inhibit the development and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Our study in both cultured cells and PCa patients reveals a novel pathway for the actions of genistein, namely the inhibition of the synthesis and biological actions of prostaglandins (PGs), known stimulators of PCa growth. In the cell culture experiments, genistein decreased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein expression in both human PCa cell lines (LNCaP and PC-3) and primary prostate epithelial cells and increased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) mRNA levels in primary prostate cells. As a result genistein significantly reduced the secretion of PGE(2) by these cells. EP4 and FP PG receptor mRNA were also reduced by genistein, providing an additional mechanism for the suppression of PG biological effects. Further, the growth stimulatory effects of both exogenous PGs and endogenous PGs derived from precursor arachidonic acid were attenuated by genistein. We also performed a pilot randomised double blind clinical study in which placebo or soy isoflavone supplements were given to PCa patients in the neo-adjuvant setting for 2 weeks before prostatectomy. Gene expression changes were measured in the prostatectomy specimens. In PCa patients ingesting isoflavones, we observed significant decreases in prostate COX-2 mRNA and increases in p21 mRNA. There were significant correlations between COX-2 mRNA suppression, p21 mRNA stimulation and serum isoflavone levels. We propose that the inhibition of the PG pathway contributes to the beneficial effect of soy isoflavones in PCa chemoprevention and/or treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA.
authors.forename: Srilatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Swami
authors.forename: Aruna V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: Rumi S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Bhattacharyya
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Peehl
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020360:Neoadjuvant Therapy; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D045730:Soy Foods; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D007529:Isoflavones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D019833:Genistein; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; C035859:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; D008156:Luciferases; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D015232:Dinoprostone