title: KRAS mutations and sensitivity to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in colorectal cancer: practical application of patient selection.
abstract: Recent retrospective evidence from several randomized studies has established that advanced colorectal cancer patients with tumors harboring a mutation in the KRAS gene do not derive benefit from the administration of epidermal growth factor receptor-directed monoclonal antibodies, such as cetuximab or panitumumab. This represents a paradigm-changing event and will have substantial impact on current and future anticancer drug development. These results add to the economic and ethical considerations involved in the development of novel targeted therapies and should increase our scrutiny of mechanisms of resistance and predictive biomarkers while in earlier developmental stages. In this article we will review the available clinical data, discuss the potential implications for future drug development in colorectal cancer, and provide a comprehensive overview of the technical aspects of KRAS mutation testing. In particular we aimed at enumerating the available procedures for mutation detection and their main characteristics, as well as comparing them from a clinical feasibility standpoint. While the true specificity and sensitivity of these methods have yet to be fully characterized, a better understanding of the differences between tests will be critical so that clinicians and pathologists can fully integrate this testing into the routine care of patients with colorectal cancer.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology Division, PO Box 6511, MS 8117, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA. Antonio.Jimeno@UCDenver.edu
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jimeno
authors.forename: Wells A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Messersmith
authors.forename: Fred R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Wilbur A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: S Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000068818:Cetuximab; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis / Q000379:methods; D015195:Drug Design; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation; D000077544:Panitumumab; D018579:Patient Selection; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D000077544:Panitumumab; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D000068818:Cetuximab