title: Measuring grandparenthood stress and reward: Developing a scale based on perceptions by grandparents with adolescent grandchildren in Hong Kong.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a Grandparent Stress and Reward Scale (GSRS) for grandparents with adolescent grandchildren in a Chinese context.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three grandparents with adolescent grandchildren were given in-depth interviews on perceived grandparenthood stress and reward to develop the GSRS. The GSRS was then tested on 107 older adults (mean age, 75.8 years) whose youngest grandchildren were aged 12 or older, living in the community, and were recruited from elderly service agencies. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with a standardized questionnaire which included the GSRS, Life Satisfaction Scale for Chinese Elders (LSS-C), a single-item measure on grandparenthood stress, and demographic measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GSRS has satisfactory structure validity. It measures three aspects of reward (self-esteem and life satisfaction, life-long learning opportunity, and grandchildren support), and two aspects of stress (relationship-oriented stress and grandchildren-oriented stress). GSRS was correlated with LSS-C and perceived grandparenthood stress as theoretically expected, which supported its criteria-related validity. It also had satisfactory reliability based on the internal consistency coefficient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GSRS was a valid and reliable measure that assesses meaning given to grandparents' perception on reward and stress in relations with adolescent grandchildren in a Chinese context. The underlying construct of the scale suggested that the meaning given to grandparenthood in the Chinese context was still influenced by the Confucian tradition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Social Work, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. wqlou@swk.cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Lou Vivian
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Wei-Qun
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Chi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D016901:Intergenerational Relations; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012201:Reward; D012649:Self Concept; D013315:Stress, Psychological