title: Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity.
abstract: In animal models of diet-induced obesity, the activation of an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus produces molecular and functional resistance to the anorexigenic hormones insulin and leptin. The primary events triggered by dietary fats that ultimately lead to hypothalamic cytokine expression and inflammatory signaling are unknown. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary fats act through the activation of toll-like receptors 2/4 and endoplasmic reticulum stress to induce cytokine expression in the hypothalamus of rodents. According to our results, long-chain saturated fatty acids activate predominantly toll-like receptor 4 signaling, which determines not only the induction of local cytokine expression but also promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress. Rats fed on a monounsaturated fat-rich diet do not develop hypothalamic leptin resistance, whereas toll-like receptor 4 loss-of-function mutation and immunopharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor 4 protects mice from diet-induced obesity. Thus, toll-like receptor 4 acts as a predominant molecular target for saturated fatty acids in the hypothalamus, triggering the intracellular signaling network that induces an inflammatory response, and determines the resistance to anorexigenic signals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine , Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Marciane
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milanski
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Degasperi
authors.forename: Andressa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coope
authors.forename: Joseane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Morari
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Denis
authors.forename: Dennys E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Cintra
authors.forename: Daniela M L
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Tsukumo
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Anhe
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Hilton K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Curi
authors.forename: Helena C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: José B C
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Carvalheira
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bordin
authors.forename: Mário J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Saad
authors.forename: Lício A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Velloso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007211:Indoles; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D009154:Mutation; D009765:Obesity / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D016207:Cytokines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007211:Indoles; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493486:Tlr2 protein, mouse; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; C007293:DAPI