title: p38 MAPK contributes to angiotensin II-induced COX-2 expression in aortic fibroblasts from normotensive and hypertensive rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of angiotensin II on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in aortic adventitial fibroblasts from normotensive [Wistar-Kyoto (WKY)] rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Protein expression was determined by western blot, mRNA levels by real-time PCR, transcriptional activity by luciferase assays, superoxide anion (O2*-) production by dihydroethidine fluorescence and prostaglandin E2 by enzyme immunoassay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiotensin II (0.1 micromol/l, 0.5-6 h) time dependently induced COX-2 protein expression, this effect being transient in fibroblasts from WKY rats and maintained over time in SHRs. Angiotensin II effect was abolished by valsartan (1 micromol/l), an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. Angiotensin II-induced prostaglandin E2 production was reduced by valsartan and the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 (1 micromol/l). Angiotensin II increased O2*- production more in SHR than WKY rats. This increase was reduced by apocynin (30 micromol/l) and allopurinol (10 micromol/l), respective nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and xanthine oxidase inhibitors. However, angiotensin II-induced COX-2 expression was unaffected by apocynin, allopurinol, tempol (1 mmol/l) or catalase (1000 U/ml). Angiotensin II (2-30 min) induced p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation, transiently in WKY rats but sustained in SHRs. The p38 inhibitor SB203580 (10 micromol/l) reduced angiotensin II-induced COX-2 protein and mRNA levels. The angiotensin II effect was not prevented by inhibition of mRNA synthesis, and angiotensin II was unable to modulate COX-2 transcriptional activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiotensin II increases COX-2 expression in aortic fibroblasts through mechanisms including p38 MAPK pathway, independent of reactive oxygen species production and nonmediated by COX-2 transcriptional activity modulation. The sustained angiotensin-induced p38 MAPK activation in SHR cells might be related to the maintained COX-2 expression in this strain.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Amada E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Beltrán
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Briones
authors.forename: Ana B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: García-Redondo
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miguel
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Mercedes
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salaices
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology*; D006973:Hypertension / Q000201:enzymology*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D008297:Male; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D011921:Rats, Inbred WKY; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013481:Superoxides; D000804:Angiotensin II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone