title: A nanotube based electron microbeam cellular irradiator for radiobiology research.
abstract: A prototype cellular irradiator utilizing a carbon nanotube (CNT) based field emission electron source has been developed for microscopic image-guided cellular region irradiation. The CNT cellular irradiation system has shown great potential to be a high temporal and spatial resolution research tool to enable researchers to gain a better understanding of the intricate cellular and intercellular microprocesses occurring following radiation deposition, which is essential to improving radiotherapy cancer treatment outcomes. In this paper, initial results of the system development are reported. The relationship between field emission current, the dose rate, and the dose distribution has been investigated. A beam size of 23 mum has been achieved with variable dose rates of 1-100 Gy/s, and the system dosimetry has been measured using a radiochromic film. Cell irradiation has been demonstrated by the visualization of H2AX phosphorylation at DNA double-strand break sites following irradiation in a rat fibroblast cell monolayer. The prototype single beam cellular irradiator is a preliminary step to a multipixel cell irradiator that is under development.
authors.affiliation: Curriculum in Applied and Materials Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bordelon
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Graboski
authors.forename: Adrienne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Otto Z
authors.initials: OZ
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Sha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002138:Calibration; D004583:Electrons; D004867:Equipment Design; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011853:Radiobiology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon