title: Prospective study of physical activity and lung cancer by histologic type in current, former, and never smokers.
abstract: Increased physical activity has been associated with decreased lung cancer risk. However, no previous investigation has examined physical activity in relation to lung cancer histologic types by smoking status. The authors investigated these relations in the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study among 501,148 men and women aged 50-71 years at baseline in 1995-1996. During follow-up to 2003, 6,745 lung carcinomas occurred (14.8% small cell, 40.3% adenocarcinoma, 19.7% squamous cell, 6.1% undifferentiated large cell, 7.2% non-small cell not otherwise specified, and 11.8% carcinoma not otherwise specified). Among former smokers, the multivariate relative risks of small cell, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell, and undifferentiated large cell carcinomas comparing the highest with the lowest activity level (> or =5 times/week vs. inactive) were 0.93 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67, 1.28), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.94), 0.73 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.93), and 0.61 (95% CI: 0.38, 0.98), respectively. Among current smokers, corresponding values were 0.77 (95% CI: 0.58, 1.02), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.61, 0.95), 0.85 (95% CI: 0.65, 1.11), and 1.10 (95% CI: 0.69, 1.78). In contrast, physical activity was unrelated to lung carcinoma among never smokers (P(interaction) between physical activity and smoking for total lung carcinomas = 0.002). The inverse findings among former and current smokers in combination with the null results for physical activity among never smokers may point toward residual confounding by cigarette smoking as an explanation for the relations observed.
authors.affiliation: Nutritional Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA. michael.leitzmann@klinik.uni-regensburg.de
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koebnick
authors.forename: Christian C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Abnet
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.forename: Yikyung
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ballard-Barbash
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology