title: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain ST398 is present in midwestern U.S. swine and swine workers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research has demonstrated that many swine and swine farmers in the Netherlands and Canada are colonized with MRSA. However, no studies to date have investigated carriage of MRSA among swine and swine farmers in the United States (U.S.).
  
  
  METHODS
  We sampled the nares of 299 swine and 20 workers from two different production systems in Iowa and Illinois, comprising approximately 87,000 live animals. MRSA isolates were typed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using SmaI and EagI restriction enzymes, and by multi locus sequence typing (MLST). PCR was used to determine SCCmec type and presence of the pvl gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this pilot study, overall MRSA prevalence in swine was 49% (147/299) and 45% (9/20) in workers. The prevalence of MRSA carriage among production system A's swine varied by age, ranging from 36% (11/30) in adult swine to 100% (60/60) of animals aged 9 and 12 weeks. The prevalence among production system A's workers was 64% (9/14). MRSA was not isolated from production system B's swine or workers. Isolates examined were not typeable by PFGE when SmaI was used, but digestion with EagI revealed that the isolates were clonal and were not related to common human types in Iowa (USA100, USA300, and USA400). MLST documented that the isolates were ST398.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results show that colonization of swine by MRSA was very common on one swine production system in the midwestern U.S., suggesting that agricultural animals could become an important reservoir for this bacterium. MRSA strain ST398 was the only strain documented on this farm. Further studies are examining carriage rates on additional farms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, IA, USA. tara-smith@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Tara C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Male
authors.forename: Abby L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kroeger
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Tinkler
authors.forename: Erin D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: Ana W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Capuano
authors.forename: Loreen A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Herwaldt
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Diekema
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016106:Methicillin Resistance; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial