title: Effect of gender on cardiovascular risk stratification with ECG gated SPECT left ventricular volume indices and ejection fraction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Optimal gender-specific risk prediction using ECG-gated SPECT left ventricular (LV) volumes and ejection fraction (EF) remains undefined despite reported gender differences in baseline LV function.
  
  
  METHODS
  ECG-gated SPECT studies of 891 consecutively referred patients (43% women) were evaluated for LV end-systolic and diastolic volume indices (ESVI, EDVI) and EF. Effects of gender on prediction of hard cardiac events (HCE) and the combined endpoint of all-cause mortality or non-fatal infarction (ACMMI) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women had smaller ESVI (37 vs 55 mL/m(2)), EDVI (78 vs 99 mL/m(2)), and higher LVEF (56 vs 47%, P < 0.0001 for each) with equivalent rates of HCE (6.1%) and ACMMI (11.8%). HCE risk started at smaller ESVI and EDVI in women compared to men (P < or = 0.05 for each). In women, ESVI 37 mL/m(2) provided maximum HCE prediction compared to 53 mL/m(2) in men. A 1 mL/m(2) increase in ESVI was associated with a 2.9% increased HCE risk in women (P < 0.0001) and a 0.9% increased ACMMI risk in men (P = 0.03). Women with ESVI > 35 mL/m(2) had HCE HR 12.0 compared to women with ESVI < 23 mL/m(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LV volume indices and LVEF predict subsequent morbid clinical events in men and women. In women, risk of subsequent events started at smaller LV volume indices compared to men despite similar risk profiles.
authors.affiliation: University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 679-N, Rochester, NY 14642, USA. orren_wexler@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Orren
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wexler
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Mackin
authors.forename: Leway
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lonnie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mixon
authors.forename: Ronald G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D055426:Cardiac-Gated Single-Photon Emission Computer-Assisted Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013318:Stroke Volume; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015996:Survival Rate; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*