title: Statins control oxidized LDL-mediated histone modifications and gene expression in cultured human endothelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of the endothelium by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. Histone modifications impact on the transcriptional activity state of genes. We tested the hypothesis that oxLDL-induced inflammatory gene expression is regulated by histone modifications and experienced the effect of statins on these alterations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OxLDL-related interleukin-8 (IL-8) and monocyte-chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secretion in endothelial cells was reduced by statins but enhanced by histone deacetylase inhibitors. OxLDL induced lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) and extracellular regulated kinases (ERK1/2)-dependent acetylation of histone H3 and H4 as well as phosphorylation of histone H3, both globally and on the promoters of il8 and mcp1. Pretreatment of oxLDL-exposed cells with statins reduced the above mentioned histone modification, as well as recruitment of CREB binding protein (CBP) 300, NF-kappaB, and of RNA polymerase II but prevented loss of binding of histone deacetylase (HDAC)-1 and -2 at the il8 and mcp1 gene promoters. OxLDL reduced HDAC1 and 2 expression, and statins partly restored global HDAC-activity. Statin-related effects were reverted with mevalonate. In situ experiments indicated decreased expression of HDAC2 in endothelial cells in atherosclerotic plaques of human coronary arteries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Histone modifications seem to play an important role in atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dje N'Guessan
authors.forename: Fabian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Riediger
authors.forename: Kremena
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vardarova
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eitel
authors.forename: Bastian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Opitz
authors.forename: Hortense
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Slevogt
authors.forename: Wilko
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weichert
authors.forename: Andreas C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hocke
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmeck
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suttorp
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hippenstiel
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000201:enzymology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000276:immunology; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008798:Mevalonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077337:Vorinostat
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; D005229:Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C495137:OLR1 protein, human; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D051127:Scavenger Receptors, Class E; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077340:Fluvastatin; D000077337:Vorinostat; D019821:Simvastatin; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D008798:Mevalonic Acid