title: Overexpression of RhoA induces preneoplastic transformation of primary mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: Rho family small GTPases serve as molecular switches in the regulation of diverse cellular functions, including actin cytoskeleton remodeling, cell migration, gene transcription, and cell proliferation. Importantly, Rho overexpression is frequently seen in many carcinomas. However, published studies have almost invariably used immortal or tumorigenic cell lines to study Rho GTPase functions and there are no studies on the potential of Rho small GTPase to overcome senescence checkpoints and induce preneoplastic transformation of human mammary epithelial cells (hMEC). We show here that ectopic expression of wild-type (WT) RhoA as well as a constitutively active RhoA mutant (G14V) in two independent primary hMEC strains led to their immortalization and preneoplastic transformation. These cells have continued to grow over 300 population doublings (PD) with no signs of senescence, whereas cells expressing the vector or dominant-negative RhoA mutant (T19N) senesced after 20 PDs. Significantly, RhoA-T37A mutant, known to be incapable of interacting with many well-known Rho effectors including Rho kinase, PKN, mDia1, and mDia2, was also capable of immortalizing hMECs. Notably, similar to parental normal cells, Rho-immortalized cells have WT p53 and intact G(1) cell cycle arrest on Adriamycin treatment. Rho-immortalized cells were anchorage dependent and were unable to form tumors when implanted in nude mice. Lastly, microarray expression profiling of Rho-immortalized versus parental cells showed altered expression of several genes previously implicated in immortalization and breast cancer progression. Taken together, these results show that RhoA can induce the preneoplastic transformation of hMECs by altering multiple pathways linked to cellular transformation and breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases and UNMC-Eppley Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA.
authors.forename: Xiangshan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Nidhi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pokhriyal
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Nadereh
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Band
authors.forename: Vimla
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Band
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D000080865:Formins; D006801:Humans; D042361:Mammary Glands, Human / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D011230:Precancerous Conditions / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism; D019098:Telomerase / Q000378:metabolism; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C108962:DIAPH1 protein, human; D000080865:Formins; C066737:RHOA protein, human; C061570:protein kinase N; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D019098:Telomerase; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein