title: The Windkessel model revisited: a qualitative analysis of the circulatory system.
abstract: In this paper, we derive a comprehensive computational model to estimate the arterial pressure and the cardiac output of humans, by refining and adapting the well-established equations of the Windkessel theory. The model inputs are based on patient specific factors such as age, sex, smoking and fitness habits as well as the use of specific drugs. The model's outputs correlate very strongly with physiological observations, with a low error of approximately 5% for the arterial pressure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Brownlow Hill, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GJ, UK. tsanasthanasis@gmail.com
authors.forename: Athanasios
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsanas
authors.forename: John Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Goulermas
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vartela
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsiapras
authors.forename: Georgios
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Theodorakis
authors.forename: Antony C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Petros
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sfirakis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001775:Blood Circulation; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002302:Cardiac Output; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D010809:Physical Fitness; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations