title: Co-morbid association of depression and COPD: a population-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression occurs commonly among patients with COPD, but the independent association of depression and COPD and the effect of depression on COPD outcomes are not well established.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population sample of 2402 Chinese aged >or=55 with and without COPD (characteristic symptoms of chronic cough, sputum or breathlessness and airflow obstruction and FEV(1)/FVC<0.70) was assessed on Geriatric Depression Scale (score>or=5), dependence on basic activities of daily living (ADL), SF-12 health status, smoking and medication behaviour.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 189 respondents with COPD showed higher depressive symptoms prevalence (22.8%) than 2213 respondents without COPD (12.4%); multivariate odd ratio (OR) was 1.86; 95% CI, 1.25-2.75 after controlling for confounding risk factors. In multivariate analyses of respondents with COPD, those who were depressed (N=43), compared to those who were not (N=146), were more likely to report ADL disability (OR=2.89, p=0.049) poor or fair self-reported health (OR=3.35, p=0.004), poor SF-12 PCS scores (OR=2.35, p=0.041) and SF-12 MCS scores (OR=4.17, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressive symptoms were associated with COPD independent of known risk factors. In COPD participants, depressive symptoms were associated with worse health and functional status and self-management.
authors.affiliation: Gerontological Research Programme, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NTP, MN), National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore. pcmngtp@nus.edu.sg
authors.forename: Tze-Pin
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Mathew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niti
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fones
authors.forename: Keng Bee
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Wan-Cheng
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Tan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology