title: Critical role for the transcription regulator CCCTC-binding factor in the control of Th2 cytokine expression.
abstract: Differentiation of naive CD4+ cells into Th2 cells is accompanied by chromatin remodeling at the Th2 cytokine locus allowing the expression of the IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 genes. In this report, we investigated the role in Th2 differentiation of the transcription regulator CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF). Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed multiple CTCF binding sites in the Th2 cytokine locus. Conditional deletion of the Ctcf gene in double-positive thymocytes allowed development of peripheral T cells, but their activation and proliferation upon anti-CD3/anti-CD28 stimulation in vitro was severely impaired. Nevertheless, when TCR signaling was circumvented with phorbol ester and ionomycin, we observed proliferation of CTCF-deficient T cells, enabling the analysis of Th2 differentiation in vitro. We found that in CTCF-deficient Th2 polarization cultures, transcription of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 was strongly reduced. By contrast, CTCF deficiency had a moderate effect on IFN-gamma production in Th1 cultures and IL-17 production in Th17 cultures was unaffected. Consistent with a Th2 cytokine defect, CTCF-deficient mice had very low levels of IgG1 and IgE in their serum, but IgG2c was close to normal. In CTCF-deficient Th2 cultures, cells were polarized toward the Th2 lineage, as substantiated by induction of the key transcriptional regulators GATA3 and special AT-rich binding protein 1 (SATB1) and down-regulation of T-bet. Also, STAT4 expression was low, indicating that in the absence of CTCF, GATA3 still operated as a negative regulator of STAT4. Taken together, these findings show that CTCF is essential for GATA3- and SATB1-dependent regulation of Th2 cytokine gene expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ribeiro de Almeida
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Sanja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krpic
authors.forename: Gemma M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Dingjan
authors.forename: Jan Piet
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Hamburg
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van de Nobelen
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sleutels
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grosveld
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Galjart
authors.forename: Rudi W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hendriks
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics*; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D017353:Gene Deletion; D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; C000619698:Ctcf protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D050990:GATA3 Transcription Factor; C494748:Gata3 protein, mouse; D036961:Matrix Attachment Region Binding Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C469541:Satb1 protein, mouse; D015534:Trans-Activators