Folinic acid-responsive seizures are identical to pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy.
OBJECTIVE
Folinic acid-responsive seizures and pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy are two treatable causes of neonatal epileptic encephalopathy. The former is diagnosed by characteristic peaks on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolite analysis; its genetic basis has remained elusive. The latter is due to alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde (alpha-AASA) dehydrogenase deficiency, associated with pathogenic mutations in the ALDH7A1 (antiquitin) gene. We report two patients whose CSF showed the marker of folinic acid-responsive seizures, but who responded clinically to pyridoxine. We performed genetic and biochemical testing of samples from these patients, and seven others, to determine the relation between these two disorders.


METHODS
CSF samples were analyzed for the presence of alpha-AASA and pipecolic acid. DNA sequencing of the ALDH7A1 gene was performed.


RESULTS
Both patients reported here had increased CSF alpha-AASA, CSF pipecolic acid, and known or likely pathogenic mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene, consistent with alpha-AASA dehydrogenase deficiency. Analysis of CSF samples from seven other anonymous individuals diagnosed with folinic acid-responsive seizures showed similar results.


CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that folinic acid-responsive seizures are due to alpha-AASA dehydrogenase deficiency and mutations in the ALDH7A1 gene. Thus, folinic acid-responsive seizures are identical to the major form of pyridoxine-dependent epilepsy. We recommend consideration of treatment with both pyridoxine and folinic acid for patients with alpha-AASA dehydrogenase deficiency, and consideration of a lysine restricted diet. The evaluation of patients with neonatal epileptic encephalopathy, as well as those with later-onset seizures, should include a measurement of alpha-AASA in urine to identify this likely underdiagnosed and treatable disorder.
Gallagher
Renata C
RC
Clinical Genetics and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, CO, USA. gallagher.renata@tchden.org
Van Hove
Johan L K
JL
Scharer
Gunter
G
Hyland
Keith
K
Plecko
Barbara
B
Waters
Paula J
PJ
Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
Saadet
S
Stockler-Ipsiroglu
Sylvia
S
Salomons
Gajja S
GS
Rosenberg
Efraim H
EH
Struys
Eduard A
EA
Jakobs
Cornelis
C
D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics; D015306:Biogenic Monoamines / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016014:Linear Models; D008239:Lysine / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D011736:Pyridoxine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012640:Seizures / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000627:therapeutic use*
D015306:Biogenic Monoamines; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; C089507:ALDH7A1 protein, human; D000444:Aldehyde Dehydrogenase; C031345:pipecolic acid; D008239:Lysine; D011736:Pyridoxine; D002955:Leucovorin