title: An analysis of enzyme kinetics data for mitochondrial DNA strand termination by nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors.
abstract: Nucleoside analogs used in antiretroviral treatment have been associated with mitochondrial toxicity. The polymerase-gamma hypothesis states that this toxicity stems from the analogs' inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA polymerase (polymerase-gamma) leading to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion. We have constructed a computational model of the interaction of polymerase-gamma with activated nucleoside and nucleotide analog drugs, based on experimentally measured reaction rates and base excision rates, together with the mtDNA genome size, the human mtDNA sequence, and mitochondrial dNTP concentrations. The model predicts an approximately 1000-fold difference in the activated drug concentration required for a 50% probability of mtDNA strand termination between the activated di-deoxy analogs d4T, ddC, and ddI (activated to ddA) and the activated forms of the analogs 3TC, TDF, AZT, FTC, and ABC. These predictions are supported by experimental and clinical data showing significantly greater mtDNA depletion in cell culture and patient samples caused by the di-deoxy analog drugs. For zidovudine (AZT) we calculated a very low mtDNA replication termination probability, in contrast to its reported mitochondrial toxicity in vitro and clinically. Therefore AZT mitochondrial toxicity is likely due to a mechanism that does not involve strand termination of mtDNA replication.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, United States of America.
authors.forename: Katherine V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Wendelsdorf
authors.forename: Zhuo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Samuels
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence / Q000187:drug effects; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000378:metabolism; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides / Q000737:chemistry; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D009705:Nucleosides / Q000737:chemistry; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015215:Zidovudine / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D003854:Deoxyribonucleotides; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D009705:Nucleosides; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D015215:Zidovudine; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase