title: Microsaccades counteract perceptual filling-in.
abstract: Artificial scotomas positioned within peripheral dynamic noise fade perceptually during visual fixation (that is, the surrounding dynamic noise appears to fill-in the scotoma). Because the scotomas' edges are continuously refreshed by the dynamic noise background, this filling-in effect cannot be explained by low-level adaptation mechanisms (such as those that may underlie classical Troxler fading). We recently showed that microsaccades counteract Troxler fading and drive first-order visibility during fixation (S. Martinez-Conde, S. L. Macknik, X. G. Troncoso, & T. A. Dyar, 2006). Here we set out to determine whether microsaccades may counteract the perceptual filling-in of artificial scotomas and thus drive second-order visibility. If so, microsaccades may not only counteract low-level adaptation but also play a role in higher perceptual processes. We asked subjects to indicate, via button press/release, whether an artificial scotoma presented on a dynamic noise background was visible or invisible at any given time. The subjects' eye movements were simultaneously measured with a high precision video system. We found that increases in microsaccade production counteracted the perception of filling-in, driving the visibility of the artificial scotoma. Conversely, decreased microsaccades allowed perceptual filling-in to take place. Our results show that microsaccades do not solely overcome low-level adaptation mechanisms but they also contribute to maintaining second-order visibility during fixation.
authors.affiliation: Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
authors.forename: Xoana G
authors.initials: XG
authors.lastname: Troncoso
authors.forename: Stephen L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Macknik
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martinez-Conde
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D005260:Female; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012438:Saccades; D012607:Scotoma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014785:Vision, Ocular