title: Evidence of a pelvis-driven flexion pattern: are the joints of the lower lumbar spine fully flexed in seated postures?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seated postures are achieved with a moderate amount of lumbo-sacral flexion and sustained lumbo-sacral spine flexion has been associated with detrimental effects to the tissues surrounding a spinal joint. The purpose of this study was to determine if the lower intervertebral joints of the lumbo-sacral spine approach their end ranges of motion in seated postures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Static sagittal digital X-ray images of the lumbo-sacral region from L3 to the top of the sacrum were obtained in five standing and seated postures from 27 participants. Vertebral body bony landmarks were manually digitized and intervertebral joint angles were calculated for the three lower lumbo-sacral joints.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In upright sitting, the L5/S1 intervertebral joint was flexed to more than 60% of its total range of motion. Each of the lower three intervertebral joints approached their total flexion angles in the slouched sitting posture. These observations were the same regardless of gender. The results support the idea that lumbo-sacral flexion is driven by rotation of the pelvis and lower intervertebral joints in seated postures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study to quantitatively show that the lower lumbo-sacral joints approach their total range of motion in seated postures. While not directly measured, the findings suggest that there could be increased loading of the passive tissues surrounding the lower lumbo-sacral intervertebral joints, contributing to low back pain and/or injury from prolonged sitting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
authors.forename: Nadine M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Dunk
authors.forename: Angela E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kedgley
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Jenkyn
authors.forename: Jack P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Callaghan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001175:Arthrography / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010388:Pelvis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000502:physiology*