title: Understanding bladder cancer death: tumor biology versus physician practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To the authors' knowledge, the extent to which death from bladder cancer is attributable to tumor biology or physician practice patterns is unknown. For this reason, the relative importance of broadening indications for aggressive therapy has unclear implications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients whose deaths were caused directly by bladder cancer were identified using institutional (n = 126 patients) and administrative (n = 6326 patients) data sources. By using implicit review (clinical data, 2001-2005) and explicit algorithms (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER]-Medicare, 1992-2002), the authors estimated the proportion of potentially avoidable deaths from bladder cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an implicit review of clinical data, 40 of 126 deaths (31.7%) were classified as potentially avoidable. Compared with those patients who were deemed unsalvageable, these patients generally presented with nonmuscle-invasive disease (80% vs 25.6%; P < .001), received multiple courses of intravesical therapy (32.5% vs 1.2%; P < .001), and had a more protracted course from diagnosis to aggressive treatment (median, 23 months vs 2 months; P < .001). An explicit review of claims data indicated that between 31.6% and 46.8% of the 6326 bladder cancer deaths identified in the SEER-Medicare data potentially were avoidable, depending on the survivorship threshold chosen. Patients whose deaths potentially were avoidable more commonly presented with nonmuscle-invasive disease (66.7% vs 24.7%; P < .0001) and lower grade disease (35.1% vs 15.1%; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greatest inroads into reducing death from bladder cancer likely hinge on earlier detection or improvement of systemic therapies. However, changing physician practice may translate into nontrivial reductions in bladder cancer mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Taubman Health Care Center, Room 3875, University of Michigan Health System, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Alon Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: Weizer
authors.forename: Zaojun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Rodney L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: James E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Montie
authors.forename: Brent K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Hollenbeck
mesh_terms: D000283:Administration, Intravesical; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018426:SEER Program; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents