title: Novice drivers' performance after different alcohol dosages and placebo in the divided-attention steering simulator (DASS).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The divided-attention steering simulator (DASS) is designed to measure lane-keeping (i.e., a tracking task using a steering wheel) while performing a secondary visual task (responding to digits that appear in the corners of the computer screen). Some studies have already used the DASS, but the magnitude of impairment is difficult to interpret because reference values are lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the magnitude of impairment after administration of four different dosages of alcohol and placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two healthy young adults participated in this randomized, single-blind crossover trial. Subjects received alcohol to gain a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.02%, 0.05%, 0.08%, and 0.10% or alcohol-placebo. Sixteen subjects performed a 30-min test in DASS (dual-task condition). Outcome measures were steering error, reaction time, and percentage of errors. Sixteen other subjects performed the test without performing the secondary peripheral task (single-task condition).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-eight subjects (novice drivers; drivers' license up to 5 years) were included in the analyses. Dose-dependent impairment was found in both the single-task condition (F ((4,11)) = 10.86, p < 0.001) and the dual-task condition (F ((4,9)) = 5.58, p < 0.015). Performance at all BAC levels differed significantly (p < 0.05) from alcohol-placebo, except BAC 0.02%. With increasing BAC levels, subjects made more errors and reacted slower on the peripheral visual search task, but these effects did not reach significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With increasing BAC, dose-dependent impairment was found. The DASS seems to be a suitable divided-attention task that is useful in psychopharmacological research and training of novice drivers.
authors.affiliation: Section Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. j.c.verster@uu.nl
authors.forename: Joris C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Verster
authors.forename: Anne E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Wester
authors.forename: Maartje
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goorden
authors.forename: Jan-Peter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: van Wieringen
authors.forename: Berend
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Edmund R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Volkerts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects*; D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000187:drug effects; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000187:drug effects; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014796:Visual Perception
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol