title: Glycemic load is associated with HDL cholesterol but not with the other components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbohydrate quality and quantity may affect the risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus. Glycemic load (GL) is a mathematical concept based on carbohydrate quality and quantity. GL is a product of glycemic index (GI) and the carbohydrate content of a food item divided by 100.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In this study, the association between GL and components and prevalence of metabolic syndrome was investigated in a representative sample survey of US residents utilizing the data reported in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 5011).
  
  
  METHODS
  Metabolic syndrome was defined according to the criteria established by the Adult Treatment Panel III. Multivariate-adjusted means for waist circumference, triacylglycerol, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, blood glucose, and HDL cholesterol were determined according to the energy-adjusted GL intake quartiles using regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all subjects and in men, high GL was associated with low HDL-cholesterol concentrations in multivariate-adjusted analysis (P for trend < 0.01). However, no association was observed between GL and any of the individual components of metabolic syndrome in women. Also, no association was observed between energy-adjusted GL and prevalence of metabolic syndrome in both men (P for trend < 0.21) and women (P for trend < 0.09) in the multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is likely that the diets low in GL may mitigate the risk for CVD through HDL cholesterol.
authors.affiliation: School Nutrition, McDuffie County Schools, Thomson, GA 30824, USA. CulbersonA@mcduffie.k12.ga.us
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Culberson
authors.forename: Mohammad R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kafai
authors.forename: Vijay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ganji