title: Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal, cingulate and perirolandic cortices and its relationship to skin conductance in patients with schizophrenia.
abstract: The aim of the present study was to determine whether specific subgroups of schizophrenic patients, grouped according to electrodermal characteristics, show differences in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine plus choline (NAA / (Cr + Cho)) ratios in the frontal, cingulate and perirolandic cortices. Skin conductance levels (SCL) and skin conductance responses to auditory stimulation were measured in 38 patients with schizophrenia and in the same number of matched healthy volunteers (control). All subjects were submitted to multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. When compared to the control group, patients presented significantly lower NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratios in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (schizophrenia = 0.95 +/- 0.03; control = 1.12 +/- 0.04) and in the right (schizophrenia = 0.88 +/- 0.02; control = 0.94 +/- 0.03) and left (schizophrenia = 0.84 +/- 0.03; control = 0.94 +/- 0.03) cingulates. These ratios did not differ between electrodermally responsive and non-responsive patients. When patients were divided into two groups: lower SCL (less than the mean SCL of the control group minus two standard deviations) and normal SCL (similar to the control group), the subgroup with a lower level of SCL showed a lower NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratio in the left cingulate (0.78 +/- 0.05) than the controls (0.95 +/- 0.02, P < 0.05) and the subgroup with normal SCL (0.88 +/- 0.03, P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratio in the left cingulate of patients with schizophrenia and the duration of the disease and years under medication. These data suggest the existence of a schizophrenic subgroup characterized by low SCL that could be a consequence of the lower neuronal viability observed in the left cingulate of these patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Neurociências e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, RibeirãoPreto, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Sanches
authors.forename: J A S
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Crippa
authors.forename: J E C
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Hallak
authors.forename: J P M
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: de Sousa
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Zuardi
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000737:chemistry*; D002794:Choline / Q000032:analysis*; D003401:Creatine / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D005712:Galvanic Skin Response / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D011522:Protons; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D011522:Protons; D001224:Aspartic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate; D003401:Creatine; D002794:Choline