title: Depression and cardiovascular health care costs among women with suspected myocardial ischemia: prospective results from the WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated 3 novel questions in a prospective clinical cohort of women undergoing evaluation for suspected myocardial ischemia: 1) What is the relationship between depression and cardiovascular costs? 2) Does the relationship vary by definition of depression? 3) Do depression-cost relationship patterns differ among women with versus without coronary artery disease (CAD)?
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Comorbid depression has been linked to higher medical costs in previous studies of cardiovascular patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 868 women presenting with suspected myocardial ischemia completed an extensive baseline examination including cardiovascular risk factor assessment and coronary angiogram. Depression was defined by: 1) current use of antidepressants; 2) a reported history of depression treatment; and 3) Beck Depression Inventory scores. Direct (hospitalizations, office visits, procedures, and medications) and indirect (out-of-pocket, lost productivity, and travel) costs were collected through 5 years of follow-up to estimate cardiovascular costs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the study criteria, 17% to 45% of the women studied met study depression criteria. Depressed women showed adjusted annual cardiovascular costs $1,550 to $3,300 higher than nondepressed groups (r = 0.08 to 0.12, p < 0.05). Depression-cost relationships also varied by CAD status, with stronger associations present among women without evidence of significant CAD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression was associated with 15% to 53% increases in 5-year cardiovascular costs, and cost differences were present using 3 definitions of depression. The results reinforce the importance of assessing depression in clinical populations and support the hypothesis that improved management of depression in women with suspected myocardial ischemia could reduce medical costs.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Service 116B, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Medical Center, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. Thomas.Rutledge@va.gov
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rutledge
authors.forename: Viola
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vaccarino
authors.forename: B Delia
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bittner
authors.forename: Marian B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.forename: Carol E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Cornell
authors.forename: Wafia
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Eteiba
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Sheps
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Krantz
authors.forename: C Noel
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Bairey Merz
authors.forename: Susmita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parashar
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Handberg
authors.forename: Diane A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Vido
authors.forename: Leslee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000191:economics* / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health