title: A safety assessment of tumor necrosis factor antagonists during pregnancy: a review of the Food and Drug Administration database.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present any congenital anomalies with respect to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonists reported to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to determine if there are common findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the FDA database of reported adverse events with etanercept, infliximab, and adalimumab from 1999 through December of 2005 was performed. Key words for congenital anomalies were employed as search tools. Duplicate reports were eliminated. Any concomitant medicines were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our review of > 120,000 adverse events revealed a total of 61 congenital anomalies in 41 children born to mothers taking a TNF antagonist. Of these mothers, 22 took etanercept and 19 took infliximab. There were no reports in women taking adalimumab. The most common reported congenital anomaly was some form of heart defect. Twenty-four of the 41 (59%) children had one or more congenital anomalies that are part of vertebral abnormalities, anal atresia, cardiac defect, tracheoesophageal, renal, and limp abnormalities (VACTERL) association. There were 34 specific types of congenital anomalies in total, and 19 (56%) of those are part of the VACTERL spectrum. Nine of these 19 (47%) types of VACTERL anomalies were observed statistically significantly more than historical controls (p < 0.01); in 4 of these 9 the p value was < or = 0.0001. Thirteen (32%) of the children had more than one congenital anomaly; 7 of these 13 children had 2 defects that are part of the VACTERL spectrum. However, only 1 child was diagnosed with VACTERL. In 24/41 cases (59%) the mother was taking no other concomitant medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A seemingly high number of congenital anomalies that are part of the VACTERL spectrum have been reported. These congenital anomalies are occurring at a rate higher than historical controls. This commonality raises concerns of a possible causative effect of the TNF antagonists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. jocarter@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ladhani
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ricca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valeriano
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Vasey
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000009:adverse effects; D015994:Incidence; D000069285:Infliximab; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D012042:Registries; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept