title: Perioperative immune responses in cancer patients undergoing digestive surgeries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Th1/Th2 cell balance is thought to be shifted toward a Th2-type immune response not only by malignancy but also by surgical stress. The aim of this study was to estimate perioperative immune responses with respect to the Th1/Th2 balance in patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-four patients who underwent abdominal surgeries were divided into three groups: gastric resection (n = 40), colorectal resection (n = 34) and hepatic resection (n = 20). Twelve patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy and 20 healthy subjects were served as control groups. Intracellular cytokine staining in CD4+ T lymphocytes was identified to characterize Th1/Th2 balance. Th1/Th2 balance was evaluated before operation and until postoperative days (POD) 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The preoperative Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower in patients with malignancy compared with control. The Th1/Th2 ratio of patients in all groups decreased significantly postoperatively. Th1/Th2 balance on POD 2 in patients with malignancy was significantly decreased compared to patients with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, but there were no significant differences among the four groups on POD 14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with malignancy showed an abnormal perioperative Th1/Th2 balance suggesting predominance of a type-2 immune response. Major abdominal surgeries induce a marked shift in Th1/Th2 balance toward Th2 in the early postoperative stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Tokushima Red Cross hospital103 Irinokuchi, Komatsushima city, Tokushima, Japan. masa1192@tokushima-med.jrc.or.jp
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nishioka
authors.forename: Norikazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hanaki
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kashiwagi
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ioki
authors.forename: Akihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kagawa
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D008099:Liver / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019990:Perioperative Care; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma