title: Delayed internal fixation of femoral shaft fracture reduces mortality among patients with multisystem trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fractures of the femoral shaft are common and have potentially serious consequences in patients with multiple injuries. The appropriate timing of fracture repair is controversial. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of timing of internal fixation on mortality in patients with multisystem trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective cohort study with use of data from public and private trauma centers throughout the United States that were reported to the National Trauma Data Bank (version 5.0 for 2000 through 2004). The study included 3069 patients with multisystem trauma (Injury Severity Score, > or =15) who underwent internal fixation of a femoral shaft fracture. The time to treatment was defined in categories as the time from admission to internal fixation: t(0) (twelve hours or less), t(1) (more than twelve hours to twenty-four hours), t(2) (more than twenty-four hours to forty-eight hours), t(3) (more than forty-eight hours to 120 hours), and t(4) (more than 120 hours). The relative risk of in-hospital mortality when the four later periods were compared with the earliest one was estimated with inverse probability of treatment-weighted analysis. Subgroups with serious head or neck, chest, abdominal, and additional extremity injury were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When compared with that during the first twelve hours after admission, the estimated mortality risk was significantly lower in three time categories: t(1) (relative risk, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.15 to 0.98; p = 0.03), t(3) (relative risk, 0.58; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.93; p = 0.03), and t(4) (relative risk, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.10 to 0.94; p = 0.03). Patients with serious abdominal trauma (Abbreviated Injury Score, > or =3) experienced the greatest benefit from a delay of internal fixation beyond twelve hours (relative risk, 0.82 [95% confidence interval, 0.54 to 1.35] for patients with an Abbreviated Injury Score of <3, compared with 0.36 [95% confidence interval, 0.13 to 0.87] for those with an Abbreviated Injury Score of > or =3) (p value for effect modification, 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Delayed repair of femoral shaft fracture beyond twelve hours in patients with multisystem trauma, which may allow time for appropriate resuscitation, reduces mortality by approximately 50%. Patients with serious abdominal injury benefit most from delayed treatment. These results support delaying definitive treatment of long-bone injuries in patients with multisystem trauma as a means of so-called damage-control in order to reduce adverse outcomes.
authors.affiliation: University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco General Hospital, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Room 3A-36, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA. morsheds@orthosurg.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Saam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morshed
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miclau
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bembom
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: M Margaret
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Knudson
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Colford
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000401:mortality; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology