title: The impact of cigarette smoking on stimulant addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stimulant users smoke cigarettes at high rates; however, little is known about the relationship between tobacco and stimulants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Our goal in this article is to synthesize a growing literature on the role of cigarette smoking in stimulant addiction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Early nicotine exposure may influence the development of stimulant addiction. Preclinical and clinical studies suggest a facilitatory role of nicotinic agonists for stimulant addiction. Smoking appears to be associated with more severe stimulant use and poorer treatment outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to assess smoking and smoking-related variables within stimulant research studies to more fully understand the comorbidity. Integrating smoking cessation into stimulant treatment may improve nicotine and stimulant treatment outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Program for Research on Smokers with Mental Illness (PRISM), Substance Abuse Center, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. andrea.weinberger@yale.edu
authors.forename: Andrea H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Weinberger
authors.forename: Mehmet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sofuoglu
mesh_terms: D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012201:Reward; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008694:Methamphetamine; D009538:Nicotine