title: Hypofractionated intensity-modulated radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate: analysis of toxicity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dose escalation for prostate cancer improves biological control but with a significant increase in late toxicity. Recent estimates of low alpha/beta ratio for prostate cancer suggest that hypofractionation may result in biological advantage. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) should enable dose escalation to the prostate while reducing toxicity to local organs. We report late toxicity data of a hypofractionated IMRT regime.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible men had T2-3N0M0 adenocarcinoma prostate, and either Gleason score >or= 7 or prostate-specific antigen 20-50 ng/L. Patients received 57-60 Gy to prostate in 19-20 fractions using five-field IMRT. All received hormonal therapy for 3 months before radiotherapy to a maximum of 6 months. Toxicity was assessed 2 years postradiotherapy using the RTOG criteria, LENT/SOMA, and UCLA prostate index assessment tools.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Acute toxicity was favorable with no RTOG Grade 3 or 4 toxicity. At 2 years, there was 4% Grade 2 bowel and 4.25% Grade 2 bladder toxicity. There was no Grade 3 or 4 bowel toxicity; one patient developed Grade 3 bladder toxicity. UCLA data showed a slight improvement in urinary function at 2 years compared with pretreatment. LENT/SOMA assessments demonstrated general worsening of bowel function at 2 years. Patients receiving 60 Gy were more likely to develop problems with bowel function than those receiving 57 Gy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that hypofractionated radiotherapy using IMRT for prostate cancer is well tolerated with minimal late toxicity at 2 years posttreatment. Ongoing studies are looking at the efficacy of hypofractionated regimes with respect to biological control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Joanna H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Coote
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wylie
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Logue
authors.forename: Ric
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Swindell
authors.forename: Jacqueline E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Livsey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000150:complications; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen