title: A role for the unfolded protein response (UPR) in virulence and antifungal susceptibility in Aspergillus fumigatus.
abstract: Filamentous fungi rely heavily on the secretory pathway, both for the delivery of cell wall components to the hyphal tip and the production and secretion of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes needed to support growth on polymeric substrates. Increased demand on the secretory system exerts stress on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is countered by the activation of a coordinated stress response pathway termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). To determine the contribution of the UPR to the growth and virulence of the filamentous fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, we disrupted the hacA gene, encoding the major transcriptional regulator of the UPR. The DeltahacA mutant was unable to activate the UPR in response to ER stress and was hypersensitive to agents that disrupt ER homeostasis or the cell wall. Failure to induce the UPR did not affect radial growth on rich medium at 37 degrees C, but cell wall integrity was disrupted at 45 degrees C, resulting in a dramatic loss in viability. The DeltahacA mutant displayed a reduced capacity for protease secretion and was growth-impaired when challenged to assimilate nutrients from complex substrates. In addition, the DeltahacA mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to current antifungal agents that disrupt the membrane or cell wall and had attenuated virulence in multiple mouse models of invasive aspergillosis. These results demonstrate the importance of ER homeostasis to the growth and virulence of A. fumigatus and suggest that targeting the UPR, either alone or in combination with other antifungal drugs, would be an effective antifungal strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
authors.forename: Daryl L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Richie
authors.forename: Lukas
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hartl
authors.forename: Vishukumar
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Aimanianda
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Winters
authors.forename: Kevin K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Fuller
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Miley
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Jason W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McCarthy
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Latgé
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feldmesser
authors.forename: Judith C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Askew
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000209:etiology; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology*; D006706:Homeostasis; D051379:Mice; D017510:Protein Folding; D014774:Virulence