title: Elevated striatal dopamine function linked to prodromal signs of schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A major limitation on the development of biomarkers and novel interventions for schizophrenia is that its pathogenesis is unknown. Although elevated striatal dopamine activity is thought to be fundamental to schizophrenia, it is unclear when this neurochemical abnormality develops in relation to the onset of illness and how this relates to the symptoms and neurocognitive impairment seen in individuals with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether striatal dopamine function is elevated in individuals with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia before the onset of psychosis and to assess how this relates to the symptoms and neurocognitive impairment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study of in vivo striatal dopaminergic function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic research. Patients Patients were recruited from a community mental health service. Twenty-four patients having prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia were compared with 7 patients having schizophrenia and with 12 matched healthy control subjects from the same community. Main Outcome Measure Striatal 6-fluoro-l-dopa F 18-dopa uptake measured using positron emission tomographic (18)F-dopa imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Striatal (18)F-dopa uptake was elevated in patients with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia (effect size, 0.75) to an intermediate degree compared with that in patients with schizophrenia (effect size, 1.25). The elevation was localized in the associative striatum in both groups. Moreover, striatal (18)F-dopa uptake in patients with prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia was correlated with the severity of prodromal psychopathologic and neuropsychological impairment but not with the severity of anxiety or depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that dopamine overactivity predates the onset of schizophrenia in individuals with prodromal psychotic symptoms, is predominantly localized in the associative striatum, and is correlated with the severity of symptoms and neurocognitive dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Section of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, England. o.howes@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Oliver D
authors.initials: OD
authors.lastname: Howes
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Asselin
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Valli
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tabraham
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bramon-Bosch
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Valmaggia
authors.forename: Louise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broome
authors.forename: Philip K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: McGuire
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Grasby
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012569:Schizotypal Personality Disorder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C043437:fluorodopa F 18; D004295:Dihydroxyphenylalanine; D004298:Dopamine