title: Incidence and risk factors of bladder injuries during laparoscopic hysterectomy indicated for benign uterine pathologies: a 14.5 years experience in a continuous series of 1501 procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic hysterectomy is indicated as an alternative to laparotomy when the vaginal route is potentially difficult because of an immobile uterus and a poor vaginal accessibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate, the risk factors for bladder injuries in a series of 1501 laparoscopic hysterectomies indicated for benign uterine pathologies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted retrospectively from January 1993 to 2000 and prospectively from 2001 to July 2007.The indications, patients' characteristics and complications were recorded. The overall rate of bladder injuries, the comparison of means (t test) and percentages (exact chi(2) test) between the cases and the population with no injury, the odd ratios (OR) and multivariate analysis were performed using the statistical package for the social sciences software.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of bladder injuries was 1% (15 patients). Risks factors were previous Caesarian section [OR: 4.33, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.53-12.30] and previous laparotomy (OR: 4.69, 95% CI: 1.59-13.8). The rate of injury decreases with the surgeons' experience and reaches a plateau of 0.4% after 100 hysterectomies performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of bladder injury during total laparoscopic hysterectomy is low and decreases with the surgeon's experience. Bladder injury is not linked to an increase of post-operative morbidity when recognized and repaired during the same laparoscopic procedure. The comparison with other routes of hysterectomies should take into account these risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Université Paris Descartes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Ouest, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin Saint Vincent de Paul, Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique II et Médecine de la Reproduction, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lafay Pillet
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chopin
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Malaret
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Borghese
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Foulot
authors.forename: Adolphe
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fotso
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chapron
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007044:Hysterectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012086:Reoperation / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000293:injuries*; D014591:Uterine Diseases / Q000601:surgery*