title: Protection or nonprotection in carotid stent angioplasty: the influence of interventional techniques on outcome data from the SPACE Trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of protection devices (PDs) and stents with different cell designs in carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a subject of controversy, and no data on their benefit are available from independently controlled multi-center studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data from the prospective randomized SPACE trial, which included 563 patients randomized to CAS and treated per protocol. A total of 145 patients were treated with a PD and 418 without. Of the patients, 436 were treated with an open cell stent and 127 with a closed cell stent. Use of PDs and choice of device was chosen at the individual discretion of the interventionalist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The outcome event (OE) of the analysis (ipsilateral stroke or ipsilateral stroke death within 30 days) was reached in 26/418 patients (6.2%, 95% CI: 4.1 to 9.0%) in the nonprotection [corrected] group and in 12/145 (8.3%, 95% CI: 4.3 to 14.0%) patients in the protection [corrected] group (P=0.40). The OE rate was significantly lower in patients treated with a closed cell stent (5.6% [95% CI: 3.7 to 8.2%]) than in those treated with an open cell stent.(11.0%, 95% CI: 6.2 to 17.8%; P=0.029). Predilatation showed a tendency to but no significant reduction of OE rate. Overall, 49% of all OEs occurred directly periinterventionally, 10% during the navigation procedure and 41% postinterventionally, including 10% of hyperperfusion syndromes. Time point of the event was not influenced by the use of a PD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This secondary analysis of data from the SPACE trial does not support the need for a PD in CAS. Stent design seems to have an impact on the OE rate. Our analysis demonstrates that the choice of the interventional material may have an impact on the periprocedural complication rate in CAS and that the development of more specific stent systems for the treatment of carotid stenosis may reduce the complication rate significantly.
authors.affiliation: University of Kiel, Arnold-Heller Str.3, Kiel, D-24105 Germany. o.jansen@neurorad.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Olav
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Jansen
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fiehler
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Hartmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brückmann
mesh_terms: D017130:Angioplasty; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000601:surgery*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D011482:Protective Devices; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014664:Vasodilation
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants