title: The time needed for clinical documentation versus direct patient care. A work-sampling analysis of physicians' activities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Health care professionals seem to be confronted with an increasing need for high-quality, timely, patient-oriented documentation. However, a steady increase in documentation tasks has been shown to be associated with increased time pressure and low physician job satisfaction. Our objective was to examine the time physicians spend on clinical and administrative documentation tasks. We analyzed the time needed for clinical and administrative documentation, and compared it to other tasks, such as direct patient care.
  
  
  METHODS
  During a 2-month period (December 2006 to January 2007) a trained investigator completed 40 hours of 2-minute work-sampling analysis from eight participating physicians on two internal medicine wards of a 200-bed hospital in Austria. A 37-item classification system was applied to categorize tasks into five categories (direct patient care, communication, clinical documentation, administrative documentation, other).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the 5555 observation points, physicians spent 26.6% of their daily working time for documentation tasks, 27.5% for direct patient care, 36.2% for communication tasks, and 9.7% for other tasks. The documentation that is typically seen as administrative takes only approx. 16% of the total documentation time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nearly as much time is being spent for documentation as is spent on direct patient care. Computer-based tools and, in some areas, documentation assistants may help to reduce the clinical and administrative documentation efforts.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Health Information Systems, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics, and Technology Tyrol, Eduard Wallnöfer Zentrum 1, 6060 Hall in Tyrol, Austria. elske.ammenwerth@umit.at
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ammenwerth
authors.forename: H-P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Spötl
mesh_terms: D004282:Documentation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005568:Forms and Records Control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008490:Medical Informatics; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005791:Patient Care / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors