title: False heart rate feedback and the perception of heart symptoms in patients with congenital heart disease and anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about the mechanisms explaining an increased perception of heart symptoms in congenital heart disease (ConHD). In the present study, it was suggested that a combination of high trait anxiety and disease history increases the perception of heart symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  It was tested whether false heart cues will result in an increased perception of heart symptoms in patients with ConHD and anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six patients with ConHD and 44 healthy controls performed two exercise tasks. During one of the exercise tasks, participants were exposed to a false heart cue consisting of false heart rate feedback (regular or irregular). Perceived heart symptoms were assessed and heart rate, arterial partial pressure of CO(2), and respirator rate were monitored continuously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In line with the predictions, false heart rate feedback resulted in an increased perception of heart symptoms in high trait anxious patients with ConHD that could not be explained by acute heart dysfunction. However, unexpectedly, this effect was not observed immediately after the false heart rate feedback task but after a second exercise task without false feedback.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that not the sole presence of ConHD but ConHD in combination with high trait anxiety results in a vulnerability to overperceive heart symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. P.Karsdorp@DMKEP.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Petra A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Karsdorp
authors.forename: Merel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kindt
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rietveld
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Everaerd
authors.forename: Barbara J M
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mulder
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000523:psychology*; D003463:Cues; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000523:psychology; D005246:Feedback; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000523:psychology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009449:Neurocirculatory Asthenia / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D055815:Young Adult