title: Association between Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among offspring and their dams in nondomestic ruminant species housed in a zoo.
abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine whether offspring of dams infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) have an increased risk for Map infection. Antemortem and postmortem disease surveillance data were used to identify positive and test-negative ruminants born at the Zoological Society of San Diego (ZSSD) between 1991 and 2007 and to estimate cumulative lifetime incidence. A matched case-control study, nested within the population, was conducted and conditional logistic regression analyses were used to quantify the association between infection status of offspring and their dams. Cases (infected ruminants, n = 47) were matched to controls (test-negative ruminants, n = 152) by species, birth date, birth enclosure, and follow-up time to control for confounding factors. The overall cumulative lifetime incidence of infection was estimated at 2.2%, but it decreased over time and varied by species. There was a significant association between infection status of offspring and their dams (odds ratio [OR] = 6.8, P < 0.01), which is consistent with studies in domestic livestock species. The association was stronger for animals whose dam was diagnosed within 2 years of their birth (OR = 9.0, P < 0.01) than for animals whose dam was diagnosed more than 2 years after their birth (OR = 6.0, P < 0.01) compared to animals with test-negative dams. For positive animals born to a positive dam, 85.3% of the Map infections were attributable to having a positive dam. For the entire population of ZSSD ruminants, 28.8% [corrected] of the cases were attributable to having a positive dam. Findings will help guide future management of Map infection in zoo ruminant populations.
authors.affiliation: Wildlife Disease Labarotories, Conservation and Research for Endangered Species, Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego, CA 92112, USA. cwitte@sandiegozoo.org
authors.forename: Carmel L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Hungerford
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Rideout
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000836:Animals, Zoo; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D005260:Female; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical / Q000662:veterinary*; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000635:transmission*; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012418:Ruminants; D013997:Time Factors