title: Prescription opiate misuse among rural stimulant users in a multistate community-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the current analysis was to examine the factors associated with prescription opiate misuse among stimulant users from rural counties in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Ohio (N = 714).
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple logistic regression was utilized to determine the independent correlates of recent (prior 6 months) prescription opiate misuse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of participants (53.2%) reported prescription opiate misuse in the previous 6 months. Other drug use (heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana) and anxiety (Adjusted Odds Ratio: 2.04, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.60, 2.59) were independently associated with prescription opiate misuse. Chronic pain and other health indicators were not associated with prescription opiate misuse after adjustment for covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that illicit drug involvement and psychiatric symptoms may be driving the high rates of prescription opiate misuse among rural stimulant users. These findings have implications for the provision of treatment in resource-deprived rural areas.
authors.affiliation: Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, Kentucky, USA. jennifer.havens@uky.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Havens
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Stoops
authors.forename: Carl G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Leukefeld
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Garrity
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Russel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Falck
authors.forename: Jichuan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Brenda M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Booth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000700:Analgesics / Q000009:adverse effects; D001131:Arkansas; D002637:Chest Pain / Q000453:epidemiology; D004522:Educational Status; D005059:Euphoria / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006300:Health Services Misuse / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007629:Kentucky; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009820:Ohio; D053610:Opiate Alkaloids / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D053610:Opiate Alkaloids; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D008694:Methamphetamine