title: Permutation test following covariate-adaptive randomization in randomized controlled trials.
abstract: In randomized controlled trials, patients are recruited and randomly allocated to treatments. Patients are never randomly sampled from large population of patients on treatments under study. Therefore, it is important to consider the design and statistical analysis based on the randomization model. In this article, we show theoretically that a permutation test based on the difference in means is identical to analysis of covariance if marginal covariate balance is completely attained. Our theoretical results and Monte Carlo simulation study suggest that the permutation test following Pocock-Simon's covariate-adaptive randomization can be a useful alternative to traditional population-based tests in a confirmatory randomized controlled trial with important prognostic factors. The proposed procedure is illustrated with modified data from the randomized placebo-controlled trial of pirfenidone.
authors.affiliation: Biostatistics Department, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan. takahiro.hasegawa@shionogi.co.jp
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Toshiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tango
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011728:Pyridones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014797:Vital Capacity / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011728:Pyridones; C093844:pirfenidone