title: Initial evidence of reduction of malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia due to rapid scale-up of malaria prevention and treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of malaria-endemic African countries are rapidly scaling up malaria prevention and treatment. To have an initial estimate of the impact of these efforts, time trends in health facility records were evaluated in selected districts in Ethiopia and Rwanda, where long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLIN) and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) had been distributed nationwide by 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Ethiopia, a stratified convenience sample covered four major regions where (moderately) endemic malaria occurs. In Rwanda, two districts were sampled in all five provinces, with one rural health centre and one rural hospital selected in each district. The main impact indicator was percentage change in number of in-patient malaria cases and deaths in children < 5 years old prior to (2001-2005/6) and after (2007) nationwide implementation of LLIN and ACT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In-patient malaria cases and deaths in children < 5 years old in Rwanda fell by 55% and 67%, respectively, and in Ethiopia by 73% and 62%. Over this same time period, non-malaria cases and deaths generally remained stable or increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Initial evidence indicated that the combination of mass distribution of LLIN to all children < 5 years or all households and nationwide distribution of ACT in the public sector was associated with substantial declines of in-patient malaria cases and deaths in Rwanda and Ethiopia. Clinic-based data was a useful tool for local monitoring of the impact of malaria programmes.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Global Malaria Program, Geneva, Switzerland. ottenm@who.int
authors.forename: Mac
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Otten
authors.forename: Maru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aregawi
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Were
authors.forename: Corine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Karema
authors.forename: Ambachew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Medin
authors.forename: Worku
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bekele
authors.forename: Daddi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jima
authors.forename: Khoti
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gausi
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Komatsu
authors.forename: Eline
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Korenromp
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Low-Beer
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grabowsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001512:Bedding and Linens / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005002:Ethiopia / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007306:Insecticides; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012432:Rwanda / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D007306:Insecticides