title: High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the cerebellum and implicit processing of happy facial expressions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous research has demonstrated that the cerebellum is involved in emotive and cognitive processes. Furthermore, recent findings suggest high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to the cerebellum has mood-improving properties. We sought to further explore the effects of cerebellar high-frequency rTMS on implicit processing of emotional stimuli and mood.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, crossover study, 15 healthy volunteers received 15 minutes of 20 Hz (5 s on, 5 s off) rTMS over the medial cerebellum, occipital cortex or sham in a randomized counterbalanced order on 3 consecutive days. A masked emotional faces response task measured implicit emotional processing of happy, fearful and neutral facial expressions. We used positive and negative affect scales to evaluate rTMS-related changes in mood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-frequency rTMS over the cerebellum was associated with significant increases in masked emotional responses to happy facial expressions only. We observed no changes in consciously experienced mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the sham rTMS served as our baseline measurement, additional pre-rTMS data showing that reaction time increases immediately after cerebellar rTMS would have made our results more compelling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results replicate and extend previous findings by establishing a direct relation between the cerebellum and emotive information-processing. The parallel between the present effects of high-frequency cerebellar rTMS and short-term antidepressant therapy regarding the change in implicit processing of positive stimuli in the absence of mood changes is notable and warrants further research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. d.schutter@uu.nl
authors.forename: Dennis J L G
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Schutter
authors.forename: Dorien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Enter
authors.forename: Sylco S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hoppenbrouwers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000502:physiology*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010470:Perceptual Masking; D012938:Social Perception; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D055815:Young Adult