title: The Isopeptidase Inhibitor G5 Triggers a Caspase-independent Necrotic Death in Cells Resistant to Apoptosis: A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH THE PROTEASOME INHIBITOR BORTEZOMIB.
abstract: Inhibitors of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPSIs) promote apoptosis of cancer cells and show encouraging anti-tumor activities in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the death activities of two different UPSIs: bortezomib and the isopeptidase inhibitor G5. To unveil whether these compounds elicit different types of death, we compared their effect both on apoptosis-proficient wild type mouse embryo fibroblasts and on cells defective for apoptosis (double-deficient Bax/Bak mouse embryo fibroblasts) (double knockout; DKO). We have discovered that (i) both inhibitors induce apoptosis in a Bax and Bak-dependent manner, (ii) both inhibitors elicit autophagy in WT and DKO cells, and (iii) only G5 can kill apoptosis-resistant DKO cells by activating a necrotic response. The induction of necrosis was confirmed by different experimental approaches, including time lapse analysis, HMGB1 release, and electron microscopy studies. Neither treatment with antinecrotic agents, such as antioxidants, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and JNK inhibitors, necrostatin, and the intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester, nor overexpression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL prevented necrosis induced by G5. This necrotic death is characterized by the absence of protein oxidation and by the rapid cyclosporin A-independent dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential. Notably, a peculiar feature of the G5-induced necrosis is an early and dramatic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, coupled to an alteration of cell adhesion. The importance of cell adhesion impairment in the G5-induced necrotic death of DKO cells was confirmed by the antagonist effect of the extracellular matrix-adhesive components, collagen and fibronectin.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Sezione di Biologia, and MATI Center of Excellence.
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fontanini
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Foti
authors.forename: Harish
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Potu
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crivellato
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bernardi
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Demarchi
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brancolini
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069286:Bortezomib; D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D003094:Collagen / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009336:Necrosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011714:Pyrans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051020:bcl-X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C540769:4H-thiopyran-4-one tetrahydro-3,5-bis-((4-nitrophenyl)methylene)-1,1-dioxide; D000199:Actins; C494773:Bak1 protein, mouse; C494827:Bax protein, mouse; C494812:Bcl2l1 protein, mouse; D001897:Boronic Acids; D005353:Fibronectins; D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D047492:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D061988:Proteasome Inhibitors; D011714:Pyrans; D011719:Pyrazines; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051020:bcl-X Protein; D000069286:Bortezomib; D016572:Cyclosporine; D003094:Collagen; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D019759:Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases; C034300:isopeptidase