title: The absence of CD4+ T cell count recovery despite receipt of virologically suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy: clinical risk, immunological gaps, and therapeutic options.
abstract: Up to 30% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients who are receiving long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy do not exhibit a marked increase in the CD4(+) T cell count, despite achieving complete suppression of the HIV load. These patients are referred to as "immunological nonresponders." When treating immunological nonresponders, the practicing clinician has several questions, including questions about the clinical risk associated with persistent immunodeficiency and about possible approaches to treatment that would provide clinical and immunological benefits. However, tentative answers to these questions require investigations of the mechanisms that underlie the lack of immune recovery, because only the deepest comprehension of the immunological gaps underlying functional defects will allow administration of highly targeted and efficacious treatment strategies. The aim of our review is to provide a thorough assessment of the clinical implications of a lack of increase in the CD4(+) T cell count in immunological nonresponders, to examine the immunological gaps limiting recovery of the CD4(+) T cell count, and to note possible therapeutic avenues, which may offer clinicians guidance regarding how to most efficaciously treat these critical patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Surgery, and Dentistry, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, San Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Lidia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gazzola
authors.forename: Camilla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tincati
authors.forename: Giusi Maria
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Bellistrì
authors.forename: Antonella d'Arminio
authors.initials: Ad
authors.lastname: Monforte
authors.forename: Giulia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marchetti
mesh_terms: D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load