title: High frequency of and factors associated with thyroid hormone over-replacement and under-replacement in men and women aged 65 and over.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid hormone use is common in older populations, but the frequency of over- or under-replacement is debated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to describe the frequency of and factors associated with thyroid hormone over- or under-replacement in a population of older men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 3678 U.S. community dwelling individuals aged 65 yr or older enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study who had thyroid function tests in 1989-1990. Thyroid hormone users (n = 339) were identified and classified into low TSH (<0.45 mU/liter), euthyroid (0.45-4.5 mU/liter), and high TSH (>4.5 mU/liter).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 339 thyroid hormone users, 41% had a low TSH, 16% had a high TSH, and 43% were in the euthyroid range. In multivariable analyses, lower weight (P < 0.001) was independently associated with low TSH status. For every 10 kg lower weight, the likelihood of having low TSH increased by 65% [odd ratio (OR) 1.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.31-2.07]. Those with renal insufficiency were less likely to have low TSH levels (P = 0.02). The presence of diabetes was independently associated with having low (OR 3.35; 95% CI 1.46-7.65) and high TSH levels (OR 2.66; 95% CI 1.14-6.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a very high prevalence of thyroid function testing abnormalities in older people taking thyroid hormone preparations, particularly in those of low weight or with diabetes. Because of potential adverse cardiovascular and skeletal effects from over-replacement, older people represent a key population for increased TSH monitoring on therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Lily L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Somwaru
authors.forename: Alice M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Anne R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cappola
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D013963:Thyroid Hormones / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood / Q000172:deficiency; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D013963:Thyroid Hormones; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine