title: Degradation of the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) carbamazepine, clofibric acid, and iopromide by corona discharge over water.
abstract: Common wastewater treatment plants often do not eliminate endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Aqueous solutions of three EDCs were treated with an enhanced corona discharge technology. The three EDCs were clofibric acid, a blood lipid regulator, carbamazepine, an antiepileptic drug, and iopromide, a contrast media. To simulate real conditions, EDC solutions containing landfill leachate were also used. In our setup, two barrier electrodes provided an atmospheric pressure corona discharge over a thin water film, in which the counter-electrode was submerged. Clofibric acid, carbamazepine, and iopromide were effectively removed from a single solution. After a treatment of 15min, there were no traces of iopromide estrogen activity either as a single substance or as degradation products when using an E-Screen Assay. Continuous treatment was compared with pulsed treatment using carbamazepine solutions mixed with pretreated landfill leachate. Best degradation results were achieved with a 500 W continuous duty cycle treatment. Counter-electrodes from materials such as boron doped diamond (BDD), titanium iridium oxide, and iron were investigated for their influences on the process effectivity. Significant improvements were achieved by using an enclosed reactor, BDD electrodes, and circulating only a fresh air or argon/air mixture as cooling gas through the barrier electrodes.
authors.affiliation: KIST Europe Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Saarbrücken, Germany. krause@kist-europe.de
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Bianca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schweiger
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schuhmacher
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scholl
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Steinfeld
mesh_terms: D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D004566:Electrodes; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000737:chemistry*; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D007495:Iridium / Q000737:chemistry; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; C044458:iridium oxide; C009495:titanium dioxide; D002220:Carbamazepine; D007472:Iohexol; D007495:Iridium; D002995:Clofibric Acid; C038192:iopromide; D014025:Titanium