title: PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an opportunistic infection that develops in immunosuppressed patients with HIV infection. Paradoxically, some of these patients may develop PML during combined antiretroviral therapy in the setting of immune reconstitution. We describe the types of PML in relation to immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and the effects of steroid use in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a retrospective review of the literature (1998 to 2007) and of all HIV-infected patients diagnosed with PML-IRIS at Johns Hopkins Hospital (2004 to 2007). We recorded information on clinical features, microbiologic and virological analysis, neuroimaging, pathology, treatment, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 54 patients with PML-IRIS, 36 developed PML and IRIS simultaneously (PML-s-IRIS) and 18 had worsening of preexisting PML (PML-d-IRIS) after the initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy. PML-IRIS developed between 1 week and 26 months after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. PML-d-IRIS patients developed IRIS earlier, had higher lesion loads on MRI of the brain, had shorter durations of survival, and had higher mortality rate compared to PML-s-IRIS patients. Twelve patients received treatment with steroids, of which five died and seven showed good neurologic recovery. Patients who survived had received steroids early after IRIS diagnosis for longer durations and had contrast enhancement on IRIS neuroimaging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immune reconstitution following initiation of combined antiretroviral therapy may lead to activation of an inflammatory response to detectable or latent JC virus infection. Early and prolonged treatment with steroids may be useful in these patients but requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, 509 Pathology, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ostrow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nath
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007577:JC Virus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D007968:Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids