title: Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) following penetrating high-risk keratoplasty: long-term results of a prospective, randomised, multicentre study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this prospective, randomised, multicentre study was to prove the efficacy and safety of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) in preventing graft rejection and in improving clear graft survival following high-risk keratoplasty.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 98 of 140 scheduled patients were included in this study (57 MMF, 41 control). Recruitment was stopped prematurely due to a statistically significant result. The patients in the MMF group received MMF orally 2 x 1 g daily for 6 months. All of the patients received fluocortolone 1 mg/kg/day tapered over 3 weeks and topical prednisolone acetate 5 x /day tapered over 5 months. Main criteria were immune reaction-free and clear graft survival, and the occurrence of side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean follow-up time was 34.9+/-16.3 (mean+/-SD) months. Eleven patients withdrew from the study (nine patients due to protocol deviation, two because of side effects). Six reversible and two irreversible graft rejections occurred in the MMF group, and five reversible and seven irreversible rejections in the control group. The Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed an immune reaction-free graft survival after the mean follow-up time of 83% in the MMF group and 64.5% in the control group (P=0.044). Graft failure occurred in 10 MMF-treated patients (two due to rejection) and in nine patients in the control group (seven due to rejection). A total of 36 of 57 MMF-treated patients experienced mostly reversible adverse events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Systemic immunosuppression with MMF over 6 months is relatively well tolerated and improves rejection-free graft survival following high-risk keratoplasty statistically significant, even in the long run.
authors.affiliation: University Eye Hospital, Killianstr 5, Freiburg, Germany. florian.birnbaum@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayweg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Böhringer
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engelmann
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Messmer
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reinhard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015948:Keratoplasty, Penetrating / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid