title: Drug-drug interaction predictions with PBPK models and optimal multiresponse sampling time designs: application to midazolam and a phase I compound. Part 2: clinical trial results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare results of population PK analyses obtained with a full empirical design (FD) and an optimal sparse design (MD) in a Drug-Drug Interaction (DDI) study aiming to evaluate the potential CYP3A4 inhibitory effect of a drug in development, SX, on a reference substrate, midazolam (MDZ). Secondary aim was to evaluate the interaction of SX on MDZ in the in vivo study. Methods To compare designs, real data were analysed by population PK modelling technique using either FD or MD with NONMEM FOCEI for SX and with NONMEM FOCEI and MONOLIX SAEM for MDZ. When applicable a Wald test was performed to compare model parameter estimates, such as apparent clearance (CL/F), across designs. To conclude on the potential interaction of SX on MDZ PK, a Student paired test was applied to compare the individual PK parameters (i.e. log(AUC) and log(C(max))) obtained either by a non-compartmental approach (NCA) using FD or from empirical Bayes estimates (EBE) obtained after fitting the model separately on each treatment group using either FD or MD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For SX, whatever the design, CL/F was well estimated and no statistical differences were found between CL/F estimated values obtained with FD (CL/F = 8.2 l/h) and MD (CL/F = 8.2 l/h). For MDZ, only MONOLIX was able to estimate CL/F and to provide its standard error of estimation with MD. With MONOLIX, whatever the design and the administration setting, MDZ CL/F was well estimated and there were no statistical differences between CL/F estimated values obtained with FD (72 l/h and 40 l/h for MDZ alone and for MDZ with SX, respectively) and MD (77 l/h and 45 l/h for MDZ alone and for MDZ with SX, respectively). Whatever the approach, NCA or population PK modelling, and for the latter approach, whatever the design, MD or FD, comparison tests showed that there was a statistical difference (P < 0.0001) between individual MDZ log(AUC) obtained after MDZ administration alone and co-administered with SX. Regarding C(max), there was a statistical difference (P < 0.05) between individual MDZ log(C(max)) obtained under the 2 administration settings in all cases, except with the sparse design with MONOLIX. However, the effect on C(max) was small. Finally, SX was shown to be a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, which at therapeutic doses increased MDZ exposure by a factor of 2 in average and almost did not affect the C(max).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The optimal sparse design enabled the estimation of CL/F of a CYP3A4 substrate and inhibitor when co-administered together and to show the interaction leading to the same conclusion as the full empirical design.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherches Internationales Servier, 6 place des Pléiades, 92415, Courbevoie Cedex, France. marylore.chenel@fr.netgrs.com
authors.forename: Marylore
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chenel
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bouzom
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cazade
authors.forename: Kayode
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ogungbenro
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Aarons
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mentré
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017321:Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008954:Models, Biological; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012107:Research Design; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D065692:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051544:Cytochrome P-450 CYP3A; C510163:CYP3A4 protein, human; D008874:Midazolam