title: TGFbeta inhibits GM-CSF-induced phosphorylation of ERK and MEK in human myeloid leukaemia cell lines via inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-k).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of SMAD-independent p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2) signalling by TGFbeta has been recently reported in various cell types. However, the mechanisms for the linkage between the SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated whether TGF-beta activates the ERK pathway and how TGFbeta communicates with the MAP kinase signals induced by a mitogen, in human myeloid leukaemia cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TGFbeta dramatically suppressed proliferation of MV4-11 and TF-1 cells without detectable phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and MEK1/2 for the duration of 48 h, as detected by MTT assay and Western blot analysis, respectively. In contrast, GM-CSF induced rapid and transient phosphorylation of MEK1/2 and ERK1/2 and up-regulated cell proliferation. Both GM-CSF-induced ERK1/2 activation and cell proliferation were significantly inhibited by TGFbeta. GM-CSF also induced transient phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase. Corresponding to this change, phosphorylated p85 was found to bind to the GM-CSF receptor-alpha subunit, as detected by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. PD98059, a selective inhibitor of MEK, blocked GM-CSF-induced phosphorylation of MEK and ERK but not p85. However, TGFbeta and LY294002, a potent inhibitor of PI3-kinase, significantly inhibited phosphorylation of both p85 and ERK1/2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies thus indicate that TGFbeta does not activate the ERK pathway but turns off the GM-CSF-induced ERK signal via inhibition of the PI3-kinase-Akt pathway, in these human leukaemia cells.
authors.affiliation: School of Natural and Health Science, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA.
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Montenegro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: L C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Moscinski
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: X-T
authors.initials: XT
authors.lastname: Hu
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007951:Leukemia, Myeloid / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000081082:Phosphoinositide-3 Kinase Inhibitors; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases