title: Intraoperative infusion of lidocaine reduces postoperative fentanyl requirements in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lidocaine has been shown to inhibit neural conduction and to have anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to determine whether intraoperative lidocaine infusion reduces opioid consumption in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty patients were enrolled in this prospective, randomized and observer-blinded study. At induction of anesthesia the control group (n = 25) received fentanyl 3 microg.kg(-1) while the lidocaine group received fentanyl 1.5 microg.kg(-1) and a bolus of lidocaine 1.5 mg.kg(-1) followed by a continuous infusion of lidocaine 2 mg.kg(-1).hr(-1). General anesthesia included propofol, rocuronium, and desflurane titrated to maintain blood pressure and heart rate within set parameters, and the bispectral index between 35 and 50. No supplemental opioids were given during surgery. All patients received acetaminophen, ketorolac, dexamethasone, droperidol and local anesthetics in the skin incision. Patients received fentanyl and ondansetron in the PACU. The primary outcome variable was the amount of fentanyl required in the PACU to establish and to maintain visual analogue scale pain scores < 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most patients received fentanyl for pain relief in the PACU, but the cumulative mean dose was lower in the lidocaine group compared to the control group (98 +/- 54 microg, vs 154 +/- 99 microg, respectively, P = 0.018). Lidocaine infusion reduced by 10% the amount of desflurane required (P = 0.012). White-Song scores > 12 were attained by all patients in both groups within 30 min of their arrival in the PACU. Median time from arrival to the PACU to discharge home was similar in both groups, 167.5 min in the control group vs 180 min in the lidocaine group (P = 0.649).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative lidocaine infusion reduces opioid consumption in the PACU and intraoperative requirements of desflurane.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, McGill University Health Centre, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Room D10.144, Montreal, Quebec H3G1A4, Canada.
authors.forename: Severine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lauwick
authors.forename: Do Jun
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Giuliano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Michelagnoli
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mistraletti
authors.forename: Liane
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D005283:Fentanyl