title: NPC1 repression contributes to lipid accumulation in human macrophages exposed to environmental aryl hydrocarbons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aryl hydrocarbons (AHs), such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and benzo(a)pyrene (BP), are environmental contaminants promoting the development of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases. In order to identify molecular mechanisms involved in these effects, we have analysed AH-mediated regulation of the lipid trafficking Niemann-Pick type C1 protein (NPC1) and its contribution to AH-induced macrophage lipid accumulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of primary human macrophages to TCDD and BP decreased NPC1 mRNA expression in a time-dependent manner. NPC1 protein expression and NPC1-related acid sphingomyelinase activity were reduced in parallel. NPC1 was also similarly down-regulated in mice exposed to BP. Moreover, TCDD and BP were demonstrated to trigger lipid accumulation in human macrophages, as assessed by Oil Red O and Nile Red staining and cholesterol determination. Such lipid loading occurred at least partly in endosomal/lysosomal compartments as demonstrated by immunolabelling of lipid vesicles by the lysosome-associated membrane protein 1. These cellular phenotypic effects were found to be similar to those triggered by knock-down of NPC1 expression using siRNAs and were counteracted by NPC1 overexpression, thus supporting the contribution of NPC1 to AH-mediated lipid accumulation in macrophages. Finally, both NPC1 down-expression and lipid accumulation in response to TCDD were found to be abolished through knock-down of the AH receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor mediating many effects of AHs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data have shown that contaminants such as TCDD and BP repress NPC1 expression in macrophages in an AHR-dependent manner, which likely contributes to macrophage lipid accumulation caused by these environmental chemicals. Thus, NPC1 appears to be a new molecular target regulated by environmental AHs and putatively involved in their deleterious cardiovascular effects.
authors.affiliation: Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U620, IFR140, Université de Rennes 1, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 2, Avenue du Pr L. Bernard, 35043 Rennes, France.
authors.forename: Normand
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Podechard
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Le Ferrec
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rebillard
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fardel
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lecureur
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001580:Benzopyrenes / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000077296:Niemann-Pick C1 Protein; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001580:Benzopyrenes; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; C106881:NPC1 protein, human; D000077296:Niemann-Pick C1 Protein; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger