title: The German version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children: psychometric evaluation in a population-based survey of 7 to 17 years old children and adolescents--results of the BELLA study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the psychometric properties and test the theoretical quality of the German version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies depression scale for children (CES-DC), a 20-item screening instrument measuring the frequency of parent- and self-reported depressive symptoms in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a population-based, representative sample of n=2,863 7 to 17-year-old German children and adolescents, factorial validity were determined by means of linear structural equation modelling. Cross-sectional coefficients of reliability, inter-rater agreement as well as descriptive statistics of the scales were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a population-based German sample, the four-factor version of the CES-DC following Radloff (Appl Psychol Meas 1:385-401, 1977) is considered to have good factorial validity and stability across age and informant versions. The main problems of the questionnaire are the high item difficulties, strong floor effects of the scales and low cross-sectional reliability, which are acceptable only for screening purposes. The low inter-rater agreement indicates that parental assessment can replace self-assessment only to a limited degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strengths and weaknesses of the CES-DC are discussed taking previous data and comparable tests into consideration. Particular advantages are the existence of the parent-report form and the adult version, as well as its multifactorial structure. Parental assessment should be supplemented by self-report data whenever possible.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Obstetrics and Paediatrics, Department of Psychosomatics in Children and Adolescents, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, W29, 20246, Hamburg, Germany. barkmann@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barkmann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Erhart
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schulte-Markwort
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000296:Adolescent Psychiatry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002665:Child Psychiatry / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012650:Self Disclosure; D017678:Sex Distribution; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires