title: Applying the lessons of SARS to pandemic influenza: an evidence-based approach to mitigating the stress experienced by healthcare workers.
abstract: We describe an evidence-based approach to enhancing the resilience of healthcare workers in preparation for an influenza pandemic, based on evidence about the stress associated with working in healthcare during the SARS outbreak. SARS was associated with significant long-term stress in healthcare workers, but not with increased mental illness. Reducing pandemic-related stress may best be accomplished through interventions designed to enhance resilience in psychologically healthy people. Applicable models to improve adaptation in individuals include Folkman and Greer's framework for stress appraisal and coping along with psychological first aid. Resilience is supported at an organizational level by effective training and support, development of material and relational reserves, effective leadership, the effects of the characteristics of "magnet hospitals," and a culture of organizational justice. Evidence supports the goal of developing and maintaining an organizational culture of resilience in order to reduce the expected stress of an influenza pandemic on healthcare workers. This recommendation goes well beyond the provision of adequate training and counseling. Although the severity of a pandemic is unpredictable, this effort is not likely to be wasted because it will also support the health of both patients and staff in normal times.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON. rmaunder@mtsinai.on.ca
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Maunder
authors.forename: Molyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leszcz
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Savage
authors.forename: Mary Anne
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Adam
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peladeau
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Marci
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schulman
mesh_terms: D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D016272:Occupational Health; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D015279:Organizational Culture; D010557:Personnel Administration, Hospital / Q000379:methods*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D045169:Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D012935:Social Justice; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*