title: Exploring the reliability of the modified rankin scale.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) is the most prevalent outcome measure in stroke trials. Use of the mRS may be hampered by variability in grading. Previous estimates of the properties of the mRS have used diverse methodologies and may not apply to contemporary trial populations. We used a mock clinical trial design to explore inter- and intraobserver variability of the mRS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consenting patients with stroke attending for outpatient review had the mRS performed by 2 independent assessors with pairs of assessors selected from a team of 3 research nurses and 4 stroke physicians. Before formal assessment, interviewers estimated disability based only on initial patient observation. Each patient was then randomized to undergo the mRS using standard assessment or a prespecified structured interview. The second interviewer in the pair reassessed the patient using the same method blinded to the colleague's score. For each patient assessed, one rater was randomly assigned to video record their interview. After 3 months, this interviewer reviewed and regraded their original video assessment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Across 100 paired assessments, interobserver agreement was moderate (k=0.57). Intraobserver variability was good (k=0.72) but less than would be expected from previous literature. Forty-nine assessments were performed using the structured interview approach with no significant difference between structured and standard mRS. Researchers were unable to reliably predict mRS from initial limited patient assessment (k=0.16).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite availability of training and structured interview, there remains substantial interobserver variability in mRS grades awarded even by experienced researchers. Additional methods to improve mRS reliability are required.
authors.affiliation: Department Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. Tjq1t@clinmed.gla.ac
authors.forename: Terence J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: Kennedy R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lees
mesh_terms: D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009726:Nurses; D015588:Observer Variation; D010820:Physicians; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording