title: Phenology of semiochemical-mediated host foraging by the western boxelder bug, Boisea rubrolineata, an aposematic seed predator.
abstract: The western boxelder bug (BEB), Boisea rubrolineata (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae), is a specialist herbivore of boxelder trees, Acer negundo. We tested the hypothesis that BEBs use semiochemicals to locate host trees. Headspace volatiles from trees bearing staminate inflorescences ("staminate trees") and from trees bearing pistillate inflorescences ("pistillate trees") were collected throughout the season and bioassayed in Y-tube olfactometer experiments. Headspace extracts of early-season, pollen-bearing staminate trees and midseason pistillate trees with mature samaras (seed pods) attracted female and male BEBs. By using coupled gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified and tested a five-component synthetic blend of candidate semiochemicals (hexanol, pentyl acetate, phenylacetonitrile, 2-phenethyl acetate, and trans-nerolidol). This blend attracted females, males, and fifth-instar nymphs. Phenylacetonitrile by itself was as attractive as the five-component blend to both adults and nymphs. By responding to phenylacetonitrile emitted by pollen-bearing staminate trees and pistillate trees with maturing seeds, BEBs appear to track and exploit the availability of nutrient-rich food sources, suggesting that the bugs' reproductive ecology is synchronized to the phenology of their host boxelder tree.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada.
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hillier
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gries
mesh_terms: D031002:Acer / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000469:parasitology*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D020062:Heteroptera / Q000502:physiology*; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement; D009758:Nymph / Q000502:physiology; D010675:Pheromones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000469:parasitology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; D010936:Plant Extracts