title: Citations to trials of nicotine replacement therapy were biased toward positive results and high-impact-factor journals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study variations in the number of times trials of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were cited, and which characteristics of trials predicted the number of citations and the impact factors of journals in which articles were published.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used all 105 randomized controlled trials in the Cochrane review of NRT for smoking cessation. We obtained impact factors from the Journal Citation Reports and the number of citations from ISI Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trials were cited from 0 to 632 times (median 23 times). Trials were cited more often when results were statistically significant than when they were not (median=41 vs. 17 times, P<0.001), and when impact factors were higher (10.2 more citations per impact factor point, P<0.001). Patch trials were cited more often than gum trials (median=29 vs. 17 times, P=0.001), and trials funded by the pharmaceutical industry were cited more often than other trials (median=28 vs. 16.5 times, P=0.001). Trials with statistically significant results were published in journals with higher impact factors than trials with nonsignificant results (median impact factor=2.80 vs. 1.81, P=0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Citations were biased toward trials with positive results and toward trials published in high-impact-factor journals.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Jean-Francois.Etter@imsp.unige.ch
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Etter
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stapleton
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D055811:Journal Impact Factor; D009538:Nicotine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010506:Periodicals as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017594:Publication Bias; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine