title: The hyperthermia mediated by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) is sensitive to sex differences.
abstract: Female subjects have been reported to be less sensitive to the hyperthermic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamine (MDMA) than males. Studies were designed to examine the cellular mechanisms involved in these sex sensitive differences. Gonadectomized female and male rats were treated with a 200 microg 100 microL(-1) of estrogen or 100 microg 100 microL(-1) of testosterone respectively every 5 days for a total of three doses. Rats were then challenged with either saline or MDMA (20 mg kg(-1), sc). Rats were then euthanized and aortas were constricted, in vitro, by serial phenylephrine (Phe) addition with or without the inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, g-nitro-L-Arginine-Methyl Ester (L-NAME). Skeletal muscle uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) expression was measured as well as plasma norepinephrine (NE) levels. All males but no females developed hyperthermia following MDMA treatment. The EC(50) for Phe dose response curves increased only in the females treated with MDMA and T(max) for Phe increased following L-NAME only in the females. Both males and females demonstrated an increase in plasma NE following MDMA treatment; however, males displayed a significantly greater NE concentration. Skeletal muscle UCP3 expression was 80% less in females than in males. These results suggest that the inability of MDMA to induce a thermogenic response in the female subjects may be due to four sex-specific mechanisms: 1) Female subjects have reduced sympathetic activation following MDMA challenge; 2) Female vasculature is less sensitive to alpha(1)-AR stimulation following MDMA challenge; 3) Female vasculature has an increased sensitivity to NO; 4) UCP3 expression in skeletal muscle is less in females.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacology, Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Wyeth
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ullman
authors.forename: M Alexander
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Kenaston
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Burwell
authors.forename: Jon E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Sprague
mesh_terms: D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006213:Hallucinogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3
chemical_list: D058646:Adrenergic alpha-1 Receptor Agonists; D006213:Hallucinogens; D007473:Ion Channels; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C000604394:Ucp3 protein, rat; D000071247:Uncoupling Protein 3; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D009638:Norepinephrine