title: A comparative analysis of multi-level computer-assisted decision making systems for traumatic injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper focuses on the creation of a predictive computer-assisted decision making system for traumatic injury using machine learning algorithms. Trauma experts must make several difficult decisions based on a large number of patient attributes, usually in a short period of time. The aim is to compare the existing machine learning methods available for medical informatics, and develop reliable, rule-based computer-assisted decision-making systems that provide recommendations for the course of treatment for new patients, based on previously seen cases in trauma databases. Datasets of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are used to train and test the decision making algorithm. The work is also applicable to patients with traumatic pelvic injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Decision-making rules are created by processing patterns discovered in the datasets, using machine learning techniques. More specifically, CART and C4.5 are used, as they provide grammatical expressions of knowledge extracted by applying logical operations to the available features. The resulting rule sets are tested against other machine learning methods, including AdaBoost and SVM. The rule creation algorithm is applied to multiple datasets, both with and without prior filtering to discover significant variables. This filtering is performed via logistic regression prior to the rule discovery process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For survival prediction using all variables, CART outperformed the other machine learning methods. When using only significant variables, neural networks performed best. A reliable rule-base was generated using combined C4.5/CART. The average predictive rule performance was 82% when using all variables, and approximately 84% when using significant variables only. The average performance of the combined C4.5 and CART system using significant variables was 89.7% in predicting the exact outcome (home or rehabilitation), and 93.1% in predicting the ICU length of stay for airlifted TBI patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study creates an efficient computer-aided rule-based system that can be employed in decision making in TBI cases. The rule-bases apply methods that combine CART and C4.5 with logistic regression to improve rule performance and quality. For final outcome prediction for TBI cases, the resulting rule-bases outperform systems that utilize all available variables.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 East Main Street, Richmond, Virginia, USA. jisy@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Soo-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Toan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Kayvan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Najarian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D020000:Decision Support Systems, Clinical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016571:Neural Networks, Computer; D016019:Survival Analysis; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices