title: Facial recognition from volume-rendered magnetic resonance imaging data.
abstract: Three-dimensional (3-D) reconstructions of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) brain imaging studies are a routine component of both clinical practice and clinical and translational research. A side effect of such reconstructions is the creation of a potentially recognizable face. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy Rule requires that individually identifiable health information may not be used for research unless identifiers that may be associated with the health information including "Full face photographic images and other comparable images ..." are removed (de-identification). Thus, a key question is: Are reconstructed facial images comparable to full-face photographs for the purpose of identification? To address this question, MR images were selected from existing research repositories and subjects were asked to pair an MR reconstruction with one of 40 photographs. The chance probability that an observer could match a photograph with its 3-D MR image was 1 in 40 (0.025), and we considered 4 successes out of 40 (4/40, 0.1) to indicate that a subject could identify persons' faces from their 3-D MR images. Forty percent of the subjects were able to successfully match photographs with MR images with success rates higher than the null hypothesis success rate. The Blyth-Still-Casella 95% confidence interval for the 40% success rate was 29%-52%, and the 40% success rate was significantly higher ( P < 0.001) than our null hypothesis success rate of 1 in 10 (0.10).
authors.affiliation: Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. priorf@mir.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Fred W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Prior
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunsden
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hildebolt
authors.forename: Tracy S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nolan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pringle
authors.forename: S Neil
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Vaishnavi
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Larson-Prior
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003219:Confidentiality; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D018907:Privacy; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014796:Visual Perception