Management of complications of open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures.
The management of complications resulting from the open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures is discussed in detail. The initial radiographic findings of the most common postsurgical complications of ankle fracture reduction are briefly discussed, namely lateral, medial, and posterior malleolar malunion or nonunion, syndesmotic widening, degenerative changes, and septic arthritis with or without concomitant osteomyelitis. Emphasis is placed on the management of these complications, with a review of the treatment options proposed in the literature, a detailed discussion of the authors' recommendations, and an inclusion of different case presentations.
Ng
Alan
A
Highlands-Presbyterian/St. Luke's Podiatric Medicine and Surgery Residency Program, Denver, CO, USA. ang@advancedortho.org
Barnes
Esther S
ES
D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001170:Arthritis, Infectious / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005360:Fibula / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D017759:Fractures, Malunited / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D005599:Fractures, Ununited / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D011032:Podiatry / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D011859:Radiography; D013977:Tibia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery