title: Development of anatomically realistic numerical breast phantoms with accurate dielectric properties for modeling microwave interactions with the human breast.
abstract: Computational electromagnetics models of microwave interactions with the human breast serve as an invaluable tool for exploring the feasibility of new technologies and improving design concepts related to microwave breast cancer detection and treatment. In this paper, we report the development of a collection of anatomically realistic 3-D numerical breast phantoms of varying shape, size, and radiographic density which can readily be used in finite-difference time-domain computational electromagnetics models. The phantoms are derived from T1-weighted MRIs of prone patients. Each MRI is transformed into a uniform grid of dielectric properties using several steps. First, the structure of each phantom is identified by applying image processing techniques to the MRI. Next, the voxel intensities of the MRI are converted to frequency-dependent and tissue-dependent dielectric properties of normal breast tissues via a piecewise-linear map. The dielectric properties of normal breast tissue are taken from the recently completed large-scale experimental study of normal breast tissue dielectric properties conducted by the Universities of Wisconsin and Calgary. The comprehensive collection of numerical phantoms is made available to the scientific community through an online repository.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA. cpratoom@cae.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Earl
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zastrow
authors.forename: Shakti K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Mariya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazebnik
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kelcz
authors.forename: Barry D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Van Veen
authors.forename: Susan C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Hagness
mesh_terms: D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects*; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods; D008872:Microwaves; D008961:Models, Structural; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging / Q000592:standards; D014894:Weights and Measures