title: Integration of non-SMAD and SMAD signaling in TGF-beta1-induced plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells.
abstract: Overexpression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (SERPINE1, PAI-1), the major physiological inhibitor of pericellular plasmin generation, is a significant causative factor in the progression of vascular disorders (e.g. arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, perivascular fibrosis) as well as a biomarker and a predictor of cardiovascular-disease associated mortality. PAI-1 is a temporal/spatial regulator of pericellular proteolysis and ECM accumulation impacting, thereby, vascular remodeling, smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis. Within the specific context of TGF-beta1-initiated vascular fibrosis and neointima formation, PAI-1 is a member of the most prominently expressed subset of TGF-beta1-induced transcripts. Recent findings implicate EGFR/pp60c-src-->MEK/ERK1/2 and Rho/ROCK-->SMAD2/3 signaling in TGF-beta1-stimulated PAI-1 expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. The EGFR is a direct upstream regulator of MEK/ERK1/2 while Rho/ROCK modulate both the duration of SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and nuclear accumulation. E-box motifs (CACGTG) in the PE1/PE2 promoter regions of the human PAI-1 gene, moreover, are platforms for a MAP kinase-directed USF subtype switch (USF-1-->USF-2) in response to growth factor addition suggesting that the EGFR-->MEK/ERK axis impacts PAI-1 expression, at least partly, through USF-dependent transcriptional controls. This paper reviews recent data suggesting the essential cooperativity among the EGFR-->MAP kinase cascade, the Rho/ROCK pathway and SMADs in TGF-beta1-initiated PAI-1 expression. The continued clarification of mechanistic controls on PAI-1 transcription may lead to new targeted therapies and clinically-relevant options for the treatment of vascular diseases in which PAI-1 dysregulation is a major underlying pathogenic feature.
authors.affiliation: Center for Cell Biology & Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, New York 12208, USA.
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Samarakoon
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Higgins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D024721:E-Box Elements; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D051785:Smad Proteins; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020741:rho GTP-Binding Proteins