title: Dislocation resistance of ProRoot Endo Sealer, a calcium silicate-based root canal sealer, from radicular dentine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the dislocation resistance of three root canal sealers from radicular dentine with and without immersion in a simulated body fluid (SBF), using a modified push-out test design that produced simulated canal spaces of uniform dimensions under identical cleaning and shaping conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty single-rooted caries-free human canine teeth were used. Standardized simulated canal spaces were created using 0.04 taper ProFile instruments along the coronal, middle and apical thirds of longitudinal tooth slabs. Following NaOCl/ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid cleaning, the cavities were filled with ProRoot Endo Sealer, AH Plus Jet or Pulp Canal Sealer. After setting, half of the cavities were tested with a fibre-optic light-illuminated push-out testing device. The rest were immersed in SBF for 4 weeks before push-out evaluation. Failure modes were examined with stereomicroscopy and field emission (FE)-scanning electron microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Location of the sealer-filled cavities did not affect push-out strengths. ProRoot Endo Sealer exhibited higher push-out strengths than the other two sealers particularly after SBF storage (P < 0.001). Failure modes were predominantly adhesive and mixed for Pulp Canal Sealer and AH Plus Jet, and predominantly cohesive for ProRoot Endo Sealer. Spherical amorphous calcium phosphate-like phases that spontaneously transformed into apatite-like phases were seen in the fractured specimens of ProRoot Endo Sealer after SBF storage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When tested in bulk without a main core, both 'sealer type' and 'SBF storage' were significant in affecting push-out results. The ProRoot Endo Sealer demonstrated the presence of spherical amorphous calcium phosphate-like phases and apatite-like phases (i.e. ex vivo bioactivity) after SBF storage.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-1129, USA.
authors.forename: B P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Huffman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pinna
authors.forename: R N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Primus
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Gutmann
authors.forename: D H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Pashley
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Tay
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D017607:Aluminum Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D003481:Cuspid; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D003804:Dentin / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D005336:Fiber Optic Technology; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007101:Immersion; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D017640:Silicates / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D001031:Apatites; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004853:Epoxy Resins; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D017640:Silicates; C534916:epoxy resin-based root canal sealer; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C020243:calcium phosphate; C031293:calcium silicate