title: Use of Framingham risk score and new biomarkers to predict cardiovascular mortality in older people: population based observational cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the performance of classic risk factors, and of some new biomarkers, in predicting cardiovascular mortality in very old people from the general population with no history of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Leiden 85-plus Study (1997-2004) is an observational prospective cohort study with 5 years of follow-up.
  
  
  METHODS
  General population of the city of Leiden, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based sample of participants aged 85 years (215 women and 87 men) with no history of cardiovascular disease; no other exclusion criteria. Main measurements Cause specific mortality was registered during follow-up. All classic risk factors included in the Framingham risk score (sex, systolic blood pressure, total and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, smoking and electrocardiogram based left ventricular hypertrophy), as well as plasma concentrations of the new biomarkers homocysteine, folic acid, C reactive protein, and interleukin 6, were assessed at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up, 108 of the 302 participants died; 32% (35/108) of deaths were from cardiovascular causes. Classic risk factors did not predict cardiovascular mortality when used in the Framingham risk score (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.53, 95% confidence interval 0.42 to 0.63) or in a newly calibrated model (0.53, 0.43 to 0.64). Of the new biomarkers studied, homocysteine had most predictive power (0.65, 0.55 to 0.75). Entering any additional risk factor or combination of factors into the homocysteine prediction model did not increase its discriminative power.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In very old people from the general population with no history of cardiovascular disease, concentrations of homocysteine alone can accurately identify those at high risk of cardiovascular mortality, whereas classic risk factors included in the Framingham risk score do not. These preliminary findings warrant validation in a separate cohort.
authors.affiliation: Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Public Health and Primary Care (V0-P), PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, Netherlands. w.de_ruijter@lumc.nl
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Ruijter
authors.forename: Rudi G J
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Westendorp
authors.forename: Willem J J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Assendelft
authors.forename: Wendy P J
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: den Elzen
authors.forename: Anton J M
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: de Craen
authors.forename: Saskia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: le Cessie
authors.forename: Jacobijn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gussekloo
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers