title: Is repeated administration of blood-cardioplegia really necessary?
abstract: The aim of this work was to question the necessity of repeated administration of warm blood cardioplegia in modern cardiac surgery. A consecutive series of 4014 patients underwent cardiosurgical procedures in the period from January 2001 to December 2006 in our centre, where modified Calafiore warm blood-cardioplegic solution was used. 1708 patients received a single shot of cardioplegia instead of repeated blood cardioplegia (every 20 min). A multivariate analysis was performed using logistic regression models to reveal the statistical significance of the effect of single-shot cardioplegia on the occurrence of: death, intraoperative need of inotropics, intraoperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), postoperative infarction, arrhythmia, postoperative need for inotropics and postoperative IABP. The results showed statistical insignificance concerning mortality (P=0.704), intraoperative IABP (P=0.247), postoperative inotropics (P=0.273), postoperative IABP (P=0.678), postoperative arrhythmia (P=0.661). Single-shot cardioplegia showed a positive effect concerning postoperative myocardial infarction (P=0.003). However, it showed an unfavourable effect concerning intraoperative inotropics (P=0.038) and postoperative dialysis (P=0.015). The clinical safety of the first shot of warm blood cardioplegia might be exceeding 20 min. In the light of increasingly short cross-clamping time, the safety of the first shot might be long enough to cover the whole cross-clamping time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, Dresden Heart Center, Dresden Technical University, Germany. tamer_ghazy@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Tamer
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghazy
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Allham
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ouda
authors.forename: Utz
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kappert
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matschke
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006324:Heart Arrest, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007423:Intra-Aortic Balloon Pumping; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002314:Cardioplegic Solutions; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents