title: Estimation of bone strength from pediatric radiographs of the forearm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone strength is a function of both material and architectural properties. However, bone geometry or architecture, which determines the distribution of bone, is an underappreciated determinant of bone strength. The aim of the study was to evaluate the contribution of only architecture to bone strength.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used 2-D (planar) geometric information from radiographs of human radii to construct 3-D finite-element models. To transition from 2-D to 3-D (volume) space, we assumed that all bone cross-sections were elliptical in shape. The finite-element models were subjected to cantilever loading to determine the locations in the bone with the highest propensity to fracture (points of maximum stress). The finite-element-analysis results of the models generated from radiographs of both normal (18) and temporary-brittle-bone-disease (11) infants were subjected to a receiver operating curve analysis. The area under the receiver operating curve was used to evaluate the power of a given bone-strength indicator in segregating the two populations. The actual choice of the material properties (Young's modulus or Poisson's ratio) was not critical for this study, since the finite element analyses were designed to capture the difference in the bone strength of the two populations only based on their architecture. Therefore, the material properties were assumed to be the same in both the normal and TBBD populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The area under the curve of the bending load required to cause fracture among the two populations was 0.82. Other bone-strength indicators, such as average section modulus, cortical thickness and bone length, were associated with an area under the curve of 0.75, 0.73 and 0.63, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the finite-element-analysis suggest that the temporary-brittle-bone-disease population has an altered bone geometry, which increases susceptibility to fracture under normal bending loads.
authors.affiliation: BioMedical Imaging Laboratory, Wright State University, OH 45435, USA.
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Varghese
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: T N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Hangartner
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D019245:Compressive Strength / Q000502:physiology; D005542:Forearm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011859:Radiography; D011884:Radius / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology