title: Distribution of anthocyanins delivered from a bioadhesive black raspberry gel following topical intraoral application in normal healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Results from our oral cavity chemoprevention trial demonstrated appreciable interpatient variations regarding chemopreventive efficacy of a freeze dried black raspberry (FBR) gel. We speculated these data reflected individual patient-related differences in absorption, target tissue uptake and local compound metabolism of key FBR compounds (anthocyanins). Accordingly, this study assessed the distribution of anthocyanins from the 10% (w/w) FBR gel in saliva, oral tissues and plasma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human subject participation entailed collection of: (1) saliva, tissue and plasma (5 min following gel application, keratinized tissues), (2) saliva and plasma (5 min after sublingual gel application), (3) saliva and plasma at 1, 2, and 4 h post gel application (keratinized tissues), and (4) saliva (cyanidin 3-rutinoside incubations). Levels of FBR anthocyanins in the respective samples were analyzed by LC/MS/MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our data show: significantly higher anthocyanin levels in saliva and oral tissues relative to matched plasma samples, marked donor-specific variations in anthocyanin uptake, sustainability of anthocyanins at the target site, pH affects anthocyanin penetration and intraoral anthocyanin decomposition and/or metabolism.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No previous oral cavity chemoprevention trials evaluated compound distribution at the treatment site. Our data, which demonstrate a local delivery-derived pharmacologic advantage, provide insights which could advance oral cavity chemoprevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, Pathology & Anesthesiology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ugalde
authors.forename: Zhongfa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Kenneth K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Kapila A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Rodrigo
authors.forename: Yhonghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Peter E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Larsen
authors.forename: Guillermo E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Chacon
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: Russell J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Mumper
authors.forename: Henry W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Mallery
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001711:Biotransformation; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000378:metabolism*; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D028321:Plant Preparations / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D027824:Rosaceae; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism*; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000872:Anthocyanins; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D005782:Gels; D028321:Plant Preparations