Association of depressive symptoms and metabolic syndrome in men.
OBJECTIVE
To explore the relationship between several indicators of depression and metabolic syndrome (MetS).


METHODS
A population-based sample with high (HMS group) or low (LMS group) levels of mental symptoms, including those of depression, in three follow-ups participated in a clinical examination in 2005 (n = 223). MetS was determined according to the NCEP criteria.


RESULTS
The prevalence of MetS was 49% in men and 21% in women. Men with MetS had higher rates of major depressive disorder than other men. They also displayed higher Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS) scores and more often signs of suicidality. In logistic regression analyses, higher HDRS scores (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.04-1.64) and belonging to the HMS group (OR 10.1, 95% CI 1.98-51.3) were independent associates for MetS but only in men.


CONCLUSIONS
The results highlight that there is an association between long-term depressive symptoms and the emergence of MetS, especially in men.
Viinamäki
H
H
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland. heimo.viinamaki@kuh.fi
Heiskanen
T
T
Lehto
S M
SM
Niskanen
L
L
Koivumaa-Honkanen
H
H
Tolmunen
T
T
Honkalampi
K
K
Saharinen
T
T
Haatainen
K
K
Hintikka
J
J
D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic