title: Gender Differences Among In- and Out-of-Treatment Opioid-Addicted Individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gender differences were explored among 355 in- and out-of-treatment opioid-addicted adults in Baltimore.
  
  
  METHODS
  Addiction Severity Index and other variables were compared among: 1) in-treatment women vs. out-of-treatment women; 2) out-of-treatment: women vs. men; and, 3) in-treatment: women vs. men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Analysis indicated that in-treatment and out-of-treatment women worked less and used more cocaine than their male counterparts (ps < .01). Moreover, out-of-treatment women used heroin and cocaine more often, spent more money on drugs, earned more illegal income, and had fewer treatments than in-treatment women (ps < or = .01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate greater severity of drug and employment problems of opioid-addicted women and underline the need for gender-specific drug-treatment services.
authors.affiliation: Social Research Center, Friends Research Institute, Inc., Baltimore, Maryland, USA. skelly@frisrc.org
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Robert P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Kevin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: Shannon Gwin
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Heather Schacht
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Reisinger
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Agar
authors.forename: Barry S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015142:Baltimore; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone