title: Early prediction of lung cancer based on the combination of trace element analysis in urine and an Adaboost algorithm.
abstract: Early detection of cancer is the key to effective treatment and long-term survival. Lung cancer is one of the most frequently occurring cancers and its early detection is particularly of interest. This work investigates the feasibility of a combination of Adaboost (ensemble from machining learning) using decision stumps as weak classifier and trace element analysis for predicting early lung cancer. A dataset involving the determination of 9 trace elements of 122 urine samples is used for illustration. Kennard and Stone (KS) algorithm coupled with an alternate re-sampling was used to realize sample set partitioning. The whole dataset was split into equally sized training and test set, which were then reversed to yield a second operating case, we called them case A and case B, respectively. The prediction results based on the Adaboost were compared with those from Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA). On the test set, the final Adaboost classifiers achieved a sensitivity of 100% for both cases, a specificity of 93.8%, 95.7%, and an overall accuracy of 95.1%, 96.7%, for case A and case B, respectively. In either case, Adaboost always achieves better performance than FDA; also, it is less sensitive to the composition of the training set compared to FDA and easy to control over-fitting. It seems that Adaboost is superior to FDA in the present task, indicating that integrating Adaboost and trace element analysis of urine can serve as a useful tool for diagnosing early lung cancer in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, 644007, PR China. chaotan1112@163.com
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Hui
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chengyun
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Xia
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001185:Artificial Intelligence; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012997:Solvents; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D012997:Solvents; D014131:Trace Elements