title: Noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation and pain.
abstract: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are two noninvasive brain stimulation techniques that can modulate activity in specific regions of the cortex. At this point, their use in brain stimulation is primarily investigational; however, there is clear evidence that these tools can reduce pain and modify neurophysiologic correlates of the pain experience. TMS has also been used to predict response to surgically implanted stimulation for the treatment of chronic pain. Furthermore, TMS and tDCS can be applied with other techniques, such as event-related potentials and pharmacologic manipulation, to illuminate the underlying physiologic mechanisms of normal and pathological pain. This review presents a description and overview of the uses of two major brain stimulation techniques and a listing of useful references for further study.
authors.affiliation: Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue (151Y), Palo Alto, CA 94304-1207, USA. rosena@psych.stanford.edu
authors.forename: Allyson C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Mukund
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramkumar
authors.forename: Tam
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Fumiko
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoeft
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*