title: Synthesis, characterization and in vivo efficacy of PEGylated insulin for oral delivery with complexation hydrogels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work evaluated the feasibility of combining insulin PEGylation with pH responsive hydrogels for oral insulin delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mono-substituted PEG-insulin conjugate was synthesized and purified. The site of conjugation was determined by MALDI-TOF MS. Uptake and release of PEGylated insulin was performed in complexation hydrogels to simulate oral dosing. The bioactivity of the conjugate and PK/PD profile was measured in vivo in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PEGylation was confirmed to be specifically located at the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin. Higher loading efficiency was achieved with PEGylated insulin than regular human insulin in pH responsive hydrogels. The release of PEGylated insulin was lower than that of human insulin at all pH levels considered. Full retention of bioactivity of the PEG-insulin conjugate was confirmed by intravenous dosing while subcutaneous dosing exhibited a relative hypoglycemic effect 127.8% that of human insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polyethylene glycol conjugated specifically to the amino terminus of the B-chain of insulin maintained the bioactivity of the protein and significantly extended the duration of the hypoglycemic effect. Used in combination with pH responsive hydrogels, PEGylated insulin has significant potential for oral delivery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Tuesca
authors.forename: Collin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reiff
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Anthony M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lowman
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D020100:Hydrogels; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols