title: Studies on absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in humans after oral administration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed to characterize the absorption, distribution and metabolism of ginseng in human subjects using pharmacokinetic experiments based on the metabolism by microflora obtained from the feces.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined how intestinal microflora transforms ginsenoside-Rb1 (G-Rb1) and ginseng extracts into Compound k (C-K) using in vitro experiments with microbial flora obtained from the feces of 32 male subjects. Subsequently, Cmax, Tmax and the area under the blood concentration curve (AUC) for C-K in plasma were estimated by quantitative analysis using LC-MS/MS. The correlation between C-K transforming activity and the AUC of C-K in plasma and other properties were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C-K was absorbed into the blood 24h after oral administration of ginseng, with average values for Tmax, Cmax, and AUC as follows: 10.76+/-2.07 h, 27.89+/-24.46(ng/ml), and 221.98+/-221.42(microg h/ml), respectively. There was a correlation between the C-K transforming activity of G-Rb1 and the C-K transforming activity of ginseng extract by intestinal microflora (Spearman's correlation coefficient=0.402, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absorption of the final metabolites ginseng is independent of the metabolite transforming activity of intestinal microflora, but the Tmax, Cmax and AUC of the transformed metabolites are dependent on the activity of each individual's microbial flora.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sasang Constitutional Medicine, Kyunghee Korean Medical Hospital, #1 Heogi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jayeul
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Euiju
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Donghyun
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Junhee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Junghee
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoo
authors.forename: Byunghee
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000382:microbiology; D005894:Panax; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; C442759:ginsenoside Rb1