title: Update on the evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to  betalactams.
abstract: Hypersensitivity reactions to betalactams (BLs) are classified as immediate or nonimmediate. The former usually appear within 1 h of drug-intake and are mediated by specific IgE-antibodies. Nonimmediate reactions are those occurring more than 1 h after drug-intake, and they can be T-cell mediated. The diagnostic evaluation of allergic reactions to BLs has changed over the last 5 years, for several reasons. Major and minor determinants are no longer commercially available for skin testing in many countries. In immediate allergic reactions, the sensitivity of skin testing and immunoassays is decreasing and new in vitro methods, such as the basophil activation test, are gaining importance for diagnosis. For nonimmediate reactions, skin testing appears to be less sensitive than previous results, although more studies need to be carried out in this direction. Nevertheless, the drug provocation test is still necessary for diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: Allergy Service, Carlos Haya Hospital, Malaga, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blanca
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Férnandez
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mayorga
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Demoly
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Bousquet
authors.forename: H F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Merk
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sanz
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Atanasković-Marković
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D003429:Cross Reactions / Q000276:immunology; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012882:Skin Tests; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D047090:beta-Lactams; D007073:Immunoglobulin E