title: Manic symptoms during depressive episodes in 1,380 patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about how often bipolar depressive episodes are accompanied by subsyndromal manic symptoms in bipolar I and II disorders. The authors sought to determine the frequency and clinical correlates of manic symptoms during episodes of bipolar depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  From among 4,107 enrollees in the National Institute of Mental Health's Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD), 1,380 individuals met criteria for bipolar I or II depressive syndromes at the time of enrollment and were assessed for concomitant manic symptoms. Illness characteristics were compared in patients with pure bipolar depressed episodes and those with mixed depressive presentations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-thirds of the subjects with bipolar depressed episodes had concomitant manic symptoms, most often distractibility, flight of ideas or racing thoughts, and psychomotor agitation. Patients with any mixed features were significantly more likely than those with pure bipolar depressed episodes to have early age at illness onset, rapid cycling in the past year, bipolar I subtype, history of suicide attempts, and more days in the preceding year with irritability or mood elevation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Manic symptoms often accompany bipolar depressive episodes but may easily be overlooked when they appear less prominent than depressive features. Subsyndromal manic symptoms during bipolar I or II depression demarcate a more common, severe, and psychopathologically complex clinical state than pure bipolar depression and merit recognition as a distinct nosologic entity.
authors.affiliation: Departmentof Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA. joseph.goldberg@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Perlis
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.forename: Lauren B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Marangell
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Calabrese
authors.forename: Andrew A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Nierenberg
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005059:Euphoria; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007508:Irritable Mood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents