title: Alcohol consumption is directly associated with carotid intima-media thickness in Finnish young adults: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is substantial epidemiological data suggesting a J- or U-shaped association between alcohol consumption and coronary events. However, some studies in experimental animals suggest that alcohol may increase atherosclerosis. Therefore, our aim was to study whether alcohol consumption is associated with carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), marker of subclinical atherosclerosis, in young, healthy adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Alcohol consumption, carotid IMT and conventional cardiovascular risk factors were investigated in 2074 subjects, aged 24-39 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In subjects consuming none, >0 to <2, 2 to <4 or >or=4 units of alcohol per day, the respective carotid IMT values were 0.57+/-0.004, 0.59+/-0.003, 0.59+/-0.006, and 0.60+/-0.012 mm (mean+/-S.E.M., P<0.0001 for increasing IMT trend across alcohol consumption categories). This direct association between alcohol consumption and IMT was independent of age, sex and several cardiovascular risk factors, e.g. blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, BMI, smoking, CRP and insulin (P=0.008 in multivariable regression model). The frequencies of drinking wine or strong alcohol beverages (respective P-values 0.03 and 0.01 for increasing IMT trend across beverage consuming frequency) were directly correlated with carotid IMT in models adjusted for age, sex and risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a direct relationship between alcohol consumption and carotid IMT in young adults. This association was independent of cardiovascular risk factors suggesting that in young healthy adults alcohol consumption may have pro-atherogenic effects.
authors.affiliation: University of Turku, Department of Medicine, Finland. markus.juonala@utu.fi
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kähönen
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Taittonen
authors.forename: Britt-Marie
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Loo
authors.forename: Antti
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jula
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marniemi
authors.forename: Leena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Räsänen
authors.forename: Tapani
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rönnemaa
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult