title: Restrained eating and risk of gaining weight and body fat in middle-aged women: a 3-year prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the extent to which restrained eating (RE) and changes in RE influence the risk of weight and fat gain over 36 months in women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several communities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline and follow-up assessments were completed by 192 middle-aged women (ages 40.0 +/- 3 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Body weight was measured with an electronic scale, body fat (BF) was assessed using the Bod Pod, energy intake was evaluated using 7-day weighed food records, physical activity was measured objectively using accelerometers, and RE was indexed using the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative risk (RR) was calculated using incidence data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of weight gain (> or = 1 kg) over the 36 months was 69% greater in women who did not increase in RE compared with their counterparts (RR = 1.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12-2.52). The risk of substantial weight gain (> or = 3 kg) was 138% greater in women who did not increase in RE compared with women who did (RR = 2.38, 95% CI = 1.16-4.89), and the risk of gains in BF (> or = 1% point) was 49% greater (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.02-2.17). Control of potential confounding factors, except changes in energy intake, had little influence on risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who do not become more restrained in their eating over time are at much greater risk of gaining weight and BF compared with those who become more restrained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University Provo, Utah 84602-2208, USA. tucker@byu.edu
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bates
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry / Q000379:methods; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004644:Emotions; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory; D009043:Motor Activity; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014589:Utah / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*