title: Evidence for cross-reactivity of JAM-C antibodies: implications for cellular localization studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  JAM-C (junctional adhesion molecule C) has been implicated in the regulation of leukocyte migration, cell polarity, spermatogenesis, angiogenesis and nerve conduction. JAM-C has been also reported to concentrate at TJs (tight junctions) and desmosomes, although detailed localization studies remain incomplete.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Monoclonal (LUCA14, MAB1189, Gi11, and PACA4) and polyclonal (40-9000) antibodies were employed to evaluate JAM-C expression/localization in various epithelial cell lines. However, RT-PCR (reverse transcription-PCR) assays revealed no JAM-C mRNA in SK-CO15, HeLa and HPAF-II cells, whereas abundant mRNA was detected in platelets, Caco-2 and ARPE cells. Interestingly, immunofluorescence localization in all cells revealed strong intercellular junctional staining with all of the above antibodies, except PACA4. Given the positive staining results in cells lacking JAM-C mRNA, immunoblot analyses were performed. Western blots revealed a prominent protein band at 52 kDa in all cells tested with all antibodies except PACA4. However, the correct size of JAM-C (37 kDa) was only detected in cells containing JAM-C mRNA. Immunofluorescence staining of JAM-C mRNA-expressing Caco-2 cells using mAb PACA4 revealed co-localization with occludin and ZO-1 (zonula occludens 1) at TJs. Analyses by MS identified the cross-reactive 52 kDa protein band as K8 (keratin 8). Furthermore, siRNA (small interfering RNA)-mediated downregulation of K8 in JAM-C mRNA-negative cells resulted in diminished junctional staining along with a reduction in the intensity of the 52 kDa protein band. Using an antibody specific for K8 phosphorylated at Ser73, the 52 kDa protein was identified as this phosphorylated form of K8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from the present study demonstrate that a majority of available anti-human JAM-C antibodies cross-react with phosphorylated K8 and suggest that cellular localization studies using these reagents should be interpreted with caution. Of the JAM-C antibodies tested, only mAb PACA4 is monospecific for human JAM-C. Analyses using PACA4 reveal that JAM-C expression is variable in different epithelial cell lines with co-localization at TJs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: Abigail
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Betanzos
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schnoor
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Severson
authors.forename: Tony W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Parkos
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000032:analysis*; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D021381:Protein Transport; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D019108:Tight Junctions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; C448000:JAM3 protein, human