title: Rhinoscleroma of the sinuses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhinoscleroma is a rare chronic, granulomatous disease of the respiratory tract.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to report 2 unusual cases of rhinoscleroma and to review the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present two cases of sinus rhinoscleroma diagnosed and treated at the ENT Department of a French University hospital.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinoscleroma primarily affects the nasal cavity but the nasopharynx (18%-43%), larynx (15%-40%), trachea (12%) and bronchi (2% to 7%) can also be involved. However, the paranasal sinuses are usually free of disease. Rhinological signs are generally the first reported by patients. CT scan and MRI are useful for diagnosis. Diagnosis of rhinoscleroma was based on histological characteristics and presence of Klebsiella rhinoscleromatis on biopsy cultures. In most cases treatment involves prolonged antibiotic therapy with aesthetic surgical reconstruction when necessary. However, rhinoscleroma is difficult to eradicate and its recurrence rate is high.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.
authors.forename: Axelle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bailhache
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dehesdin
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: François
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Choussy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy; D012226:Rhinoscleroma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed