title: Salivary phosphorus and phosphate content of beverages: implications for the treatment of uremic hyperphosphatemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperphosphatemia provides relevant and dangerous evidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in patients undergoing periodic hemodialysis. The relationship between hyperphosphatemia and cardiovascular calcification, with the consequences of high morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular events, is well-defined. Hyperphosphatemia is treated by dietary limitation of phosphorus ingestion and by phosphate binders, but only half of ESRD patients fall within the range of K/DOQI guidelines.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We summarize the results of our studies on salivary phosphate secretion in hemodialysis (HD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and on the habit of HD patients to drink beverages with a high or low phosphate content. We also examine the correlation between hyperphosphoremia and the phosphate content of common beverages consumed by HD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of salivary phosphate secretion were found in HD and in CKD patients, along with a relationship between serum phosphorus levels and a high phosphate content of beverages in HD patients.
authors.affiliation: University of Messina, Messina, Italy. visavica@tin.it
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Savica
authors.forename: Lorenzo A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Calò
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Monardo
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Santoro
authors.forename: Agostino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mallamace
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Muraca
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellinghieri
mesh_terms: D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054559:Hyperphosphatemia / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D028044:Phosphate-Binding Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D028044:Phosphate-Binding Proteins; D010710:Phosphates; D010758:Phosphorus