title: Vaccines and photodynamic therapies for oral microbial-related diseases.
abstract: The mouth is a favorable habitat for a great variety of bacteria. Microbial composition of dental plaque is the usual cause of various oral diseases in humans, including dental caries, periodontal disease and halitosis. In general, oral antibacterial agents such as antibiotics are commonly used to treat oral bacterial infection. Traditional periodontal surgery is painful and time-consuming. In addition, bacterial resistance and toxicity of antibiotics have become a global pandemic and unavoidable. Recently, vaccines for dental caries and periodontal disease have been developed and applied. Moreover, the use of photodynamic therapy has become an alternative to antibiotic drugs. The purpose of this article is to highlight the advantages of vaccine therapy and photodynamic therapy for oral microbial-related diseases compared to treatments with antimicrobial agents and traditional periodontal surgery.
authors.affiliation: Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Pei-Feng
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Wen-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Chun-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006209:Halitosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D014612:Vaccines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014612:Vaccines