title: Measuring extent of ductal carcinoma in situ in breast excision specimens: a comparison of 4 methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Measuring the extent of nonpalpable ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in a breast specimen is challenging but important because it influences patient management. There is no standardized method for estimating the extent of DCIS, although serial sequential sampling with mammographic correlation is considered an accurate method.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the extent of DCIS using various methods and to compare these estimations with the extent as determined by the serial sequential sampling method.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 78 primary breast excisions with DCIS were retrospectively reviewed. All specimens had been sampled using the serial sequential sampling method, which involved mapping the location of each block on the sliced specimen radiograph and calculating the extent through 3-dimensional reconstruction. The other measures for estimating extent included (1) calculating size based on areas of calcification, (2) recording the number of blocks involved by DCIS and multiplying that number by 0.3 cm, and (3) measuring the largest extent of DCIS on a single slide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 alternative methods tended to underestimate the DCIS. Discrepancies became more pronounced as size increased. The percentage of cases estimated to within 1 cm of the serial sequential sampling method were 81%, 72%, and 50%, respectively, for the calcification, blocks, and single-slide methods; differences of more than 2 cm were seen in 9%, 8%, and 30% of cases, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The single-slide method performed poorly and should be used only when DCIS is limited to a single slide. Although the calcification and the blocks methods gave better estimates, both produced substantial underestimates and/or overestimates that could affect clinical decision making.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grin
authors.forename: Garnet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ennis
authors.forename: Frances P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: O'Malley
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008867:Microtomy / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies