title: Temperature extremes and health: impacts of climate variability and change in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated temperature-related morbidity and mortality for the 2007 U.S. national assessment on impacts of climate change and variability on human health.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed literature published since the 2000 national assessment, evaluating epidemiologic studies, surveys, and studies projecting future impacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under current climate change projections, heat waves and hot weather are likely to increase in frequency, with the overall temperature distribution shifting away from the colder extremes. Vulnerable subgroups include communities in the northeastern and Midwestern U.S.; urban populations, the poor, the elderly, children, and those with impaired health or limited mobility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temperature extremes and variability will remain important determinants of health in the United States under climate change. Research needs include estimating exposure to temperature extremes; studying nonfatal temperature-related illness; uniform criteria for reporting heat-related health outcomes; and improving effectiveness of urban heat island reduction and extreme weather response plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health (Dr Neill), University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Mich, USA. marieo@umich.edu
authors.forename: Marie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: Kristie L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Ebi
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D002980:Climate; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006304:Health Status; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology