Cruciate ligament force during the wall squat and the one-leg squat.
OBJECTIVE
To compare cruciate ligament forces during wall squat and one-leg squat exercises.


METHODS
Eighteen subjects performed the wall squat with feet closer to the wall (wall squat short), the wall squat with feet farther from the wall (wall squat long), and the one-leg squat. EMG, force, and kinematic variables were input into a biomechanical model using optimization. A three-factor repeated-measure ANOVA (P < 0.05) with planned comparisons was used.


RESULTS
Mean posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) forces were significantly greater in 1) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (0 degrees -80 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles); 2) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 0 degrees -20 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles; 3) wall squat long compared with wall squat short (70 degrees -0 degrees knee angles) and one-leg squat (90 degrees -60 degrees and 20 degrees -0 degrees knee angles); and 4) wall squat short compared with one-leg squat between 90 degrees -70 degrees and 0 degrees knee angles. Peak PCL force magnitudes occurred between 80 degrees and 90 degrees knee angles and were 723 +/- 127 N for wall squat long, 786 +/- 197 N for wall squat short, and 414 +/- 133 N for one-leg squat. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) forces during one-leg squat occurred between 0 degrees and 40 degrees knee angles, with a peak magnitude of 59 +/- 52 N at 30 degrees knee angle. Quadriceps force ranged approximately between 30 and 720 N, whereas hamstring force ranged approximately between 15 and 190 N.


CONCLUSIONS
Throughout the 0 degrees -90 degrees knee angles, the wall squat long generally exhibited significantly greater PCL forces compared with the wall squat short and one-leg squat. PCL forces were similar between the wall squat short and the one-leg squat. ACL forces were generated only in the one-leg squat. All exercises appear to load the ACL and the PCL within a safe range in healthy individuals.
Escamilla
Rafael F
RF
Department of Physical Therapy, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819-6020, USA. rescamil@csus.edu
Zheng
Naiquan
N
Imamura
Rodney
R
Macleod
Toran D
TD
Edwards
W Brent
WB
Hreljac
Alan
A
Fleisig
Glenn S
GS
Wilk
Kevin E
KE
Moorman
Claude T
CT
Andrews
James R
JR
D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016119:Posterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D055070:Resistance Training; D055815:Young Adult