title: Salt effects on ion formation in desorption mass spectrometry: an investigation into the role of alkali chlorides on peak suppression in time-of-flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry.
abstract: In secondary ion mass spectrometry, the molecular environment from which a sample is analyzed can influence ion formation, affecting the resulting data. With the recent surge in studies involving examination of biological specimens, a better understanding of constituents commonly found in biological matrixes is necessary. In this article we discuss results from an investigation directed at understanding the role of salts doped as alkali chlorides in a model biological environment, arginine. The data show that addition of salt to the model system causes ion suppression of all the major mass spectral peaks attributed to arginine, with KCl having the largest suppression effect. Potential causes for the suppression effects are briefly discussed in relation to collected data. These theories include sample degradation, formation of salt adduct peaks, and anion neutralization. Investigation of the arginine salt data in comparison with data collected from pure salt systems indicates that suppression of the positive secondary ions is likely caused by a neutralization process involving the salt counteranion, chloride. To address the suppression issue, various procedures were performed on the arginine films such as sample washing with a cleaning solution (ammonium formate, ethanol, water) and analysis of films in a frozen-hydrated state. We present data from the analysis of the frozen-hydrated samples that shows both an ion yield enhancement and a significant amelioration of the salt suppression effects when compared to the samples run under standard conditions, demonstrating that it is a helpful approach to dealing with salt suppression.
authors.affiliation: Surface Analysis Research Centre, Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, CEAS, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom. alan.piwowar@manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Piwowar
authors.forename: Nick P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Lockyer
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Vickerman
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000737:chemistry; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D008956:Models, Chemical; D012492:Salts / Q000737:chemistry*; D018629:Spectrometry, Mass, Secondary Ion / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D002712:Chlorides; D012492:Salts; D001120:Arginine