title: Analysis of the survival of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and possible viral simulants in liquid suspensions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the inactivation rate of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus in liquids to that of Sindbis virus (SV, another alphavirus) and to a bacteriophage (MS2) generally used as a viral simulant in the development of countermeasures in biodefense.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Viruses were inoculated into liquids and viral titres were determined at various times postinoculation. The viruses were stable in distilled-deionized (dd) water at 4 degrees C during the 21 days of the study. The inactivation rates of VEE and SV in dd water at 21 and 30 degrees C were very similar (between 0.12 and 0.14 log(10) per day), while MS2 was three-fold slower. In tap water (chlorine content between 4 and 5 ppm) at 21 degrees C, VEE and SV were inactivated at twice the rate measured in dd water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inactivation rates of VEE and SV were similar to each other and faster than MS2 in all liquids tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEE is likely to remain viable for many days after release into water, snow, or even chlorinated tap water. SV can be used to estimate the persistence of VEE in liquids, but using MS2 as a simulant would overestimate of the stability of VEE.
authors.affiliation: NIH Division of AIDS, Therapeutics Research Program, Drug Development and Clinical Sciences Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA.
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fitzgibbon
authors.forename: J-L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sagripanti
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002713:Chlorine; D004666:Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D012845:Sindbis Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002713:Chlorine