Cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorders, and developmental delay in children born after assisted conception: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the existing evidence of associations between assisted conception and cerebral palsy (CP), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and developmental delay.


METHODS
Forty-one studies identified in a systematical PubMed and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) search for articles published from January 1, 1996, to April 1, 2008.


METHODS
Studies written in English comparing children born after assisted conception with children born after natural conception assessing CP, ASD, and developmental delay, based on original data with a follow-up of 1 year or more. Main Exposures In vitro fertilization (IVF) with or without intracytoplasmic sperm injection or ovulation induction with or without subsequent intrauterine insemination.


METHODS
Cerebral palsy, ASD, and developmental delay.


RESULTS
Nine CP studies showed that children born after IVF had an increased risk of CP associated with preterm delivery. In our meta-analysis including 19 462 children exposed to IVF, we estimated a crude odds ratio of 2.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.71-2.77). Eight ASD studies and 30 studies on developmental delay showed inconsistent results. No studies assessed the risk of CP, ASD, or developmental delay in children born after ovulation induction exclusively.


CONCLUSIONS
Methodological problems were revealed in the identified studies, and the gaps in our knowledge about the long-term outcomes of children born after assisted conception are considerable, including a lack of information on the long-term consequences of ovulation induction. Possible associations with ASD and developmental delay need assessment in larger studies. Studies on assisted conception and CP from countries outside of Scandinavia are needed, including detailed information on time to pregnancy, underlying cause of infertility, and type of IVF treatment.
Hvidtjørn
Dorte
D
NANEA, Institute of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Aarhus, Paludan-Müllers vej 17, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. dh@soci.au.dk
Schieve
Laura
L
Schendel
Diana
D
Jacobsson
Bo
B
Svaerke
Claus
C
Thorsen
Poul
P
D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D047928:Premature Birth / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000009:adverse effects