title: Postpartum depression screening at well-child visits: validity of a 2-question screen and the PHQ-9.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postpartum depression affects up to 22% of women who have recently given birth. Most mothers are not screened for this condition, and an ideal screening tool has not been identified. This study investigated (1) the validity of a 2-question screen and the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) for identifying postpartum depression and (2) the feasibility of screening for postpartum depression during well-child visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study participants were English-literate mothers registering their 0- to 1-month-old infants for well-child visits at 7 family medicine or pediatric clinics. They were asked to complete questionnaires during well-child visits at 0 to 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 months postpartum. Each questionnaire included 2 depression screens: the 2-question screen and the PHQ-9. The mothers also completed the depression component of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID) initially, and again at a subsequent interval if either screening result was positive for depression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 33%. Of the 506 women who participated, 45 (8.9%) had major depression (ie, they had a positive result on the SCID). The screen sensitivities/specificities over the course of the study were 100%/44% with the 2-question screen, 82%/84% with the PHQ-9 using simple scoring, and 67%/92% with the PHQ-9 using complex scoring. In addition, the corresponding values for the first 2 items of the PHQ-9 (ie, the 2-item Patient Health Questionnaire or PHQ-2) were 84%/79%. Some 38% of women completed their 2- to 6-month questionnaires during well-child visits; the rest completed them by mail (29%) or telephone (33%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 2-question screen was highly sensitive and the PHQ-9 was highly specific for identifying postpartum depression. These results suggest the value of a 2-stage procedure for screening for postpartum depression, whereby a 2-question screen that is positive for depression is followed by a PHQ-9. These screens can be easily administered in primary care clinics; feasibility of screening during well-child visits was moderate but may be better in clinics using a mass-screening approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. dgjerdin@umphysicians.umn.edu
authors.forename: Dwenda
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gjerdingen
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crow
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McGovern
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miner
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Center
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results