title: Carbocisteine can scavenge reactive oxygen species in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of various respiratory diseases. Carbocisteine, a mucoregulatory drug, is used in the treatment of several disease states but little information is available about its scavenger effects on ROS. The present study was designed to examine the scavenger effects of carbocisteine on ROS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The oxidation-reduction potential of carbocisteine was measured, and its scavenger effects on hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), hydroxyl radical (OH(*)) and peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) were examined in cell-free conditions. The effects of carbocisteine on ROS generated from rat neutrophils, intracellular oxidative stress and release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and IL-6) from IL-1 beta-induced airway epithelial cells, NCI-H292 cells, were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbocisteine provided a reducing stage and showed scavenger effects on H(2)O(2), HOCl, OH(*) and ONOO(-) in cell-free conditions. Carbocisteine inhibited ROS generation from rat neutrophils, intracellular oxidative stress and release of IL-8 and IL-6 from NCI-H292 cells. N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a radical scavenger, also inhibited these events related to ROS as well as carbocisteine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that carbocisteine could exert anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects through directly scavenging ROS in addition to its previously known mucoregulatory effect.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Kyorin Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, Japan. hisashi.nogawa@mb.kyorin-pharm.co.jp
authors.forename: Hisashi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nogawa
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ishibashi
authors.forename: Akitsu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsubuki
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kameda
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuzawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy; D002233:Carbocysteine / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005100:Expectorants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy; D011656:Pulmonary Emphysema / Q000188:drug therapy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005100:Expectorants; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D002233:Carbocysteine