title: Cause-specific excess mortality in suicidal patients: gender differences in mortality patterns.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few studies have investigated gender-specific excess mortality in suicidal patients. The objective of this study was to examine the risk of dying from all causes of death in male and female suicidal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 4140 patients who received psychiatric treatment in two Austrian hospitals after non-fatal suicidal behavior between 1989 and 2001. Mortality was prospectively assessed for a maximum follow-up period of 17 years (1989-2005). Gender-specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated for all causes of death. Rate ratios were used to assess gender differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Males but not females had an elevated risk to die from "natural" causes of death. Mortality from "unnatural" causes of death, particularly suicide, was elevated in both genders. The female suicide risk markedly exceeded the risk for males. In both genders, mortality caused by substance use disorders was considerably elevated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant gender differences in the excess mortality of suicidal patients underline the need for gender-specific research in psychiatry.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Clinical Research and Evaluation, Psychiatric State Hospital Hall, Hall, Austria. elfi.antretter@tilak.at
authors.forename: Elfi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Antretter
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunkel
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haring
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria / Q000453:epidemiology; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult