title: Characterization of dose-dependent Young's modulus for a radiation-sensitive polymer gel.
abstract: Radiation-sensitive polymer gels for clinical dosimetry have been intensively investigated with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because the transversal magnetic relaxation time is dependent on irradiation dose. MRI is expensive and not easily available in most clinics. For this reason, low-cost, quick and easy-to-use potential alternatives such as optical computed tomography (CT), x-ray CT or ultrasound attenuation CT have also been studied by others. Here, we instead evaluate the dose dependence of the elastic material property, Young's modulus and the dose response of the viscous relaxation of radiation-sensitive gels to discuss their potential for dose imaging. Three batches of a radiation-sensitive polymer gel (MAGIC gel) samples were homogeneously irradiated to doses from 0 Gy to 45.5 Gy. Young's modulus was computed from the measured stress on the sample surface and the strain applied to the sample when compressing it axially, and the viscous relaxation was determined from the stress decay under sustained compression. The viscous relaxation was found not to change significantly with dose. However, Young's modulus was dose dependent; it approximately doubled in the gels between 0 Gy and 20 Gy. By fitting a second-order polynomial to the Young's modulus-versus-dose data, 99.4% of the variance in Young's modulus was shown to be associated with the change in dose. The precision of the gel production, irradiation and Young's modulus measurement combined was found to be 4% at 2 Gy and 3% at 20 Gy. Potential sources of measurement error, such as those associated with the boundary conditions in the compression measurement, inhomogeneous polymerization, temperature (up to 1% error) and the evaporation of water from the sample (up to 1% error), were estimated and discussed. It was concluded that Young's modulus could be used for dose determination. Imaging techniques such as elastography may help to achieve this if they can provide a local measurement of Young's modulus, which may eliminate problems associated with the boundaries (e.g. variation in coefficient of friction) and inhomogeneous polymerization. Elastography combined with a calibration should also be capable of mapping dose in three dimensions.
authors.affiliation: Joint Department of Physics, Institute of Cancer Research and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Surrey, SM2 5PT, UK. remo.crescenti@icr.ac.uk
authors.forename: Remo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Crescenti
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bamber
authors.forename: Nigel L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Webb
mesh_terms: D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D019327:Copper Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000528:radiation effects*; D054459:Elasticity Imaging Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005780:Gelatin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005782:Gels / Q000737:chemistry / Q000528:radiation effects; D006873:Hydroquinones / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D005782:Gels; D006873:Hydroquinones; C476159:MAGIC polymer gel; D008689:Methacrylates; D011108:Polymers; D005780:Gelatin; D019327:Copper Sulfate; D001205:Ascorbic Acid