title: Investigation of the immunogenicity of p-phenylenediamine and Bandrowski's base in the mouse.
abstract: p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) exposure is associated with T-cell mediated contact dermatitis. T-cells from allergic patients proliferate following exposure to PPD and the oxido-conjugation product Bandrowski's base (BB). Both compounds are classified as sensitizers in the local lymph node assay; however, because of their instability the nature of the antigenic determinant remains ill-defined. The aim of this study was to explore the immunogenic potential of PPD and BB in mice. Spleen cell proliferation and cytokine secretion was measured ex vivo following antigen recall with soluble PPD or BB and either irradiated or glutaraldehyde fixed, antigen pulsed dendritic cells from syngeneic mice. Glutathione was added to certain incubations. LC-MS analysis and solvent extraction were used to monitor the fate of [(14)C]BB in culture and the extent of BB binding, respectively. Spleen cells from BB exposed, but not PPD- or vehicle-exposed, mice proliferated when stimulated with BB. Proliferating cells secreted high levels of IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and IL-2. Stimulation with PPD instigated low levels of proliferation. Irradiated, but not fixed, dendritic cells pulsed with BB stimulated proliferation signifying a classical hapten mechanism involving irreversible BB binding to protein and processing. BB bound preferentially to serum protein when incubated together with cells and serum. Degradation of BB in the presence of glutathione was associated with a stronger stimulation of specific T-cells at higher BB concentrations. These data demonstrate that BB is a potent immunogen in the mouse.
authors.affiliation: MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farrell
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: Sidonie N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lavergne
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Maggs
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kevin Park
authors.forename: Dean J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Naisbitt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017951:Antigen Presentation / Q000187:drug effects*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D011485:Protein Binding; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D010655:Phenylenediamines; C051597:Bandrowski's base; D005978:Glutathione; C029728:4-phenylenediamine