title: Sex differences and response styles: subtypes of rumination and associations with depressive symptoms.
abstract: In view of recent findings regarding the multifaceted nature of rumination in adults and older adolescents, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the construct of rumination as a 2-factor model (brooding and reflection) in a child and early adolescent sample as well as examine sex differences and associations between depressive symptoms and these ruminative subtypes. Participants were children in 2nd through 7th grades (N = 303). Results of a confirmatory factor analysis supported the hypothesis that subtypes of rumination (2-factor model) are present in children and provided a better fit than a unitary construct of rumination (1-factor model). As predicted, girls endorsed higher levels of brooding than boys, and brooding (not reflection) was uniquely related to depressive symptoms. Results revealed that a distinction between brooding and reflection subtypes is warranted as it can help lead to better assessment and identification of risk factors of depression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4301, USA.
authors.forename: Cristina M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Driscoll
authors.forename: Janet A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kistner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000339:Affect; D001288:Attention; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010555:Personality Inventory / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013850:Thinking