title: Do intraindividual variation in disease progression and the ensuing tight window of opportunity affect estimation of screening benefits?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of variation in disease progression between individuals on the effectiveness of screening have been assessed extensively in the literature. For several diseases, progression may also vary within individuals over time. The authors study the effects of intraindividual variation and the combined effects of inter- and intraindividual variation in disease progression on the effectiveness of screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors investigated the risk reduction of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) achieved by screening for intracranial aneurysms in a simulation study as a function of the inter- and intraindividual variation in the risk of aneurysm rupture. They also extended a previously constructed Markov model for the cost-effectiveness analysis of screening for new aneurysms in patients with clipped aneurysms after SAH. A time-varying risk of aneurysm rupture was introduced, and the influence of this variation on cost-effectiveness was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk reduction provided by screening decreased with increasing intraindividual variation in disease progression. The expected number of prevented instances of SAH was overestimated by 58% in this simulation study when high degrees of inter- and intraindividual variation were present. Interindividual variation alone resulted in up to 33% overestimation and intraindividual variation in up to 43% overestimation. In the extended Markov model, screening benefits were overestimated by 24% when a high degree of intraindividual variation was present but ignored.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If intraindividual variation in disease progression is ignored in decision models, subsequent cost-effectiveness analyses of screening strategies will overestimate the benefits provided by screening. This bias is comparable to, but partially independent of, the bias caused by ignoring interindividual heterogeneity.
authors.affiliation: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. h.koffijberg@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koffijberg
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rinkel
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Buskens
mesh_terms: D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000191:economics*; D008390:Markov Chains; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000191:economics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*