title: Pigment dispersing factor: an output regulator of the circadian clock in the German cockroach.
abstract: Pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) is a neuropeptide that is synthesized specifically and constantly in the circadian clock cells of many insects. The functions of PDF have not been fully determined, but it might serve as the output and coupling signal of circadian locomotor rhythms. In this experiment, we explore the functions of PDF in the German cockroach with RNA interference technique. Since the 2nd day after pdf double-strand RNA (dsRNA) injection, the amount of pdf mRNA decreased significantly, and this knockdown effect could persist at least 56 days. With immunostaining technique, the clock cells of pdf dsRNA-injected cockroaches could not be stained by anti-PDF antibody. In the behavioral study, pdf dsRNA injection caused rhythmic males to become arrhythmic in light-dark cycles or in constant darkness. In addition, due to the nocturnal nature of the German cockroaches, the locomotor activity increased after lights-off or entering subjective night. However, this activity peak gradually disappeared after pdf dsRNA injection. Based on these 2 lines of evidences, PDF serves as an output regulator of locomotor circadian rhythm in the German cockroach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Mei
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ming-Tsan
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: How-Jing
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003058:Cockroaches; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D020868:Gene Silencing; D008124:Locomotion; D009068:Movement; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D034622:RNA Interference; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides; D012330:RNA, Double-Stranded; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled