title: Cyclical chromatin looping and transcription factor association on the regulatory regions of the p21 (CDKN1A) gene in response to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
abstract: The nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) is known to associate with three vitamin D response element (VDREs)-containing regions within the CDKN1A (p21) gene region. Here we show in MDA-MB453 breast cancer cells that the natural VDR ligand 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) causes cyclical transcription factor binding and chromatin looping of distal VDREs to the transcription start site (TSS) of the p21 gene, leading to cyclical accumulation of the p21 mRNA. At the chromatin level, association of the mediator protein MED1 precedes both the peaks of VDR binding to VDREs and phosphorylated RNA polymerase (p-Pol II) to the TSS. The loss of co-repressor NCoR1-histone deacetylase (HDAC) 3 complex and inhibitory chromatin looping from VDREs to the TSS are also initial events followed by increased acetylation of histone 3 at lysine 9 at the TSS prior to initiation of transcription. Simultaneous to VDR and p-Pol II peaks, chromatin loops between VDREs and the TSS are formed, and the lysine demethylase LSD1 and the histone acetyltransferase CBP are enriched in both regions. This is followed by a moderate peak in p21 transcript accumulation, repeated in cycles of 45-60 min. The transcript accumulation pattern is disturbed by siRNA inhibition of the mediator protein MED1, LSD1, NCoR1, or various HDACs, whereas CBP appears unnecessary for the response. Inhibition of MED1, HDAC4, or LSD1 by siRNA also attenuates ligand-induced chromatin looping. In conclusion, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) regulates p21 transcription by inducing cyclical chromatin looping that depends on both histone deacetylation and demethylation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosciences, University of Kuopio, FIN-70210 Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saramäki
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Diermeier
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kellner
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Laitinen
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaïsänen
authors.forename: Carsten
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carlberg
mesh_terms: D002117:Calcitriol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D005260:Female; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D056913:Mediator Complex Subunit 1; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D056971:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D012319:RNA Polymerase II / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020218:Response Elements / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D014815:Vitamins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D006657:Histones; C538855:MED1 protein, human; D056913:Mediator Complex Subunit 1; C539127:NCOR1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D056971:Nuclear Receptor Co-Repressor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014815:Vitamins; D012319:RNA Polymerase II; C400300:HDAC4 protein, human; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D002117:Calcitriol