title: The relative importance of genetics and environment on mammographic density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although several environmental factors predict mammographic density, estimates of its heritability have been quite high. We investigated whether part of the presumed heritability might be attributed to differential sharing of modifiable risk factors in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured percent and absolute mammographic density using mammograms from 257 MZ and 296 DZ twin pairs. The correlation of intrapair mammographic density was compared according to zygosity across strata of modifiable risk factors. Portions of variance attributable to additive genetic factors, shared environment, and individual environment were calculated using a variance component methodology in the entire set, and within twin pairs stratified by environmental trait similarity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both percent density and absolute mammographic density were more highly correlated between MZ twins than DZ twins, but the correlations varied across strata. Body mass index (BMI) and parity strongly predicted differences in mammographic density within MZ twin pairs. After adjusting for covariates, 53% of the total variance in percent density and 59% of that in absolute density seemed attributable to genetic effects, but these estimates varied greatly by stratum. For twins dissimilar on BMI (difference >2.5 kg/m(2)), the additive genetic component of absolute density was estimated at only 20% (+/-19%), and the common and individual environment at 21% (+/-14%) and 49%, respectively (P value for heterogeneity across BMI = 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results confirm that the genome is an important determinant of mammographic density but suggest that an unknown portion of the mammographic density effect attributed to the genome may be due to shared modifiable environmental factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA. giske.ursin@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Giske
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ursin
authors.forename: Elizabeth O
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Lillie
authors.forename: Eunjung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Myles
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cockburn
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Schork
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cozen
authors.forename: Yuri R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Parisky
authors.forename: Ann S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Melvin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Astrahan
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mack
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001940:Breast / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002140:California; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008875:Middle Aged; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics*