title: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anxiety, and depression: state of the science.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) affects millions worldwide. Despite advances in the treatments of other chronic diseases, little progress in decreasing COPD morbidity and mortality has been made. The death rate associated with COPD has doubled in 30 years. The presence of psychiatric comorbidities, such as anxiety and depression, has been linked to increased mortality, decreased functional status, and decreased quality of life.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review was undertaken to determine the state of the science of COPD, anxiety, and depression, and to identify nursing implications derived from these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the prevalence of anxiety and depression among patients with COPD is significantly higher than the general population, there are serious barriers to the recognition and treatment of these comorbid conditions. Routine assessment and screening for anxiety and depression in all patients diagnosed with COPD should be considered.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University School of Nursing, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA.
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Putman-Casdorph
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McCrone
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D015995:Prevalence; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology