title: Effects of chronic hypercapnia in the neonatal mouse lung and brain.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Permissive hypercapnia is increasingly utilized in the care of premature infants to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia. In a previous investigation, we described gene expression changes in the neonatal mouse lung exposed to chronic hypercapnia that might contribute to lung protection and accelerated maturation. However, it is unknown whether chronic hypercapnia increases alveolar formation, nor if it has detrimental effects in other developing organs such as the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether chronic hypercapnia accelerates early alveolar formation and increases neuronal cell injury in the developing mouse lung and brain, respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse pups were exposed to 8% CO(2) + 21% O(2) starting at postnatal day (P) 2 until P7. Control animals were maintained in room air. Animals were sacrificed at P4 or P7, and lungs and brains were excised and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to 8% CO(2) resulted in an increased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-sma) which localized to the tips of developing alveolar buds, and also an increased number of alveolar buds at P7. Importantly, hypercapnic animals also demonstrated evidence of increased TUNEL-positive cells in the brain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to chronic hypercapnia may lead to early initiation of alveolar budding in the neonatal mouse, but may also lead to increased TUNEL-positive cells in the developing brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors.forename: Sumon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Das
authors.forename: Zhongfang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Shira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bassly
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Alfin G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vicencio
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000150:complications*; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D010100:Oxygen / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen