title: Relationships between dental roots and surrounding tissues for orthodontic miniscrew installation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elucidate relationships between the dental roots and surrounding tissues in order to prevent complications after placement of a miniscrew.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty human mandibles and maxillas were used for this study. In the 200 sections of each mandible and maxilla, nine items were measured to investigate the relationships between the dental roots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The interroot distance increased from anterior to posterior teeth and from the cervical line to the root apex in both the maxilla and the mandible. In the maxilla, the greatest interroot distance was between the second premolar and the first molar. In the mandible, the greatest interroot distance was between the first and second molars. The maxillary buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between canine and first premolar), 5 mm (between second premolar and first molar), and 4 mm (between first and second molars) above the cervical line. The mandibular buccolingual bone width exceeded 10 mm from 7 mm (between second premolar and first molar) and 4 mm (between first and second molars) below the cervical line.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the maxilla was between the second premolar and the first molar, from 6 to 8 mm from the cervical line. The safest zone for placement of a miniscrew in the mandible was between the first and second molars, less than 5 mm from the cervical line.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Yonsei University, College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung-Seok
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Min-Kyu
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Tae-Won
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kyung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hee-Jin
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D001863:Bone Screws; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology*