A model linking uncertainty, post-traumatic stress, and health behaviors in childhood cancer survivors.
OBJECTIVE
To consolidate the literature and provide a model to explain the links among uncertainty, post-traumatic stress syndrome, and health behaviors in adolescent and young adult childhood cancer survivors.


METHODS
A systemic review of related literature and theory was used for the proposed model. The literature pertaining to the Uncertainty in Illness Theory, childhood cancer late effects, post-traumatic stress, and health behaviors was reviewed and critiqued from three data sets from 1979-2007: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL. Key words used for the search were uncertainty and post-traumatic stress as well as health behaviors, including smoking, alcohol use, unsafe sex, sunscreen use, and physical inactivity.


RESULTS
Childhood cancer survivors living with chronic uncertainty may develop a new view of life and, as a result, adopt more health-promotion behaviors and engage in less health-risk behaviors. However, survivors living with chronic uncertainty may generate symptoms similar to post-traumatic stress disorder and, therefore, adopt fewer health-promotion behaviors and engage in more health-risk behaviors.


CONCLUSIONS
The uncertainty that pervades the childhood cancer experience can lead to the development of symptoms that resemble those of post-traumatic stress. The symptoms can interfere with the adoption of healthy lifestyle behaviors and avoidance of health-risk behaviors.


CONCLUSIONS
The theoretically derived model outlined in this article can be used to guide clinical interventions and additional research into the health behaviors of childhood cancer survivors.
Lee
Ya-Ling
YL
Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. yallee@ntu.edu.tw
Gau
Bih-Shya
BS
Hsu
Wen-Ming
WM
Chang
Hsiu-Hao
HH
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006293:Health Promotion; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009043:Motor Activity; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*; D035501:Uncertainty; D055815:Young Adult