title: A renaissance for antisense oligonucleotide drugs in neurology: exon skipping breaks new ground.
abstract: Antisense oligonucleotides are short nucleic acid sequences designed for use as small-molecule drugs. They recognize and bind to specific messenger RNA (mRNA) or pre-mRNA sequences to create small double-stranded regions of the target mRNA that alter mRNA splicing patterns or inhibit protein translation. Antisense approaches have been actively pursued as a form of molecular medicine for more than 20 years, but only one has been translated to a marketed drug (intraocular human immunodeficiency virus treatment). Two recent advances foreshadow a change in clinical applications of antisense strategies. First is the development of synthetic DNA analogues that show outstanding stability and sequence specificity yet little or no binding to modulator proteins. Second is the publication of impressive preclinical and clinical data using antisense in an exon-skipping strategy to increase dystrophin production in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. As long-standing barriers are successfully circumvented, attention turns toward scale-up of production, long-term toxicity studies, and the challenges to traditional drug regulatory attitudes presented by tightly targeted sequence-specific drugs.
authors.affiliation: Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010, USA.
authors.forename: Toshifumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yokota
authors.forename: Shin'ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Qi-Long
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Terence A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Partridge
authors.forename: Akinori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Eric P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Hoffman
mesh_terms: D004247:DNA / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D005091:Exons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018390:Gene Targeting / Q000379:methods; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D020388:Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics*; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D016189:Dystrophin; D016376:Oligonucleotides, Antisense; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D004247:DNA