title: Obesity and weight gain in relation to depression: findings from the Stirling County Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study concerns the question of whether obese subjects in a community sample experience depression in a different way from the nonobese, especially whether they overeat to the point of gaining weight during periods of depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A representative sample of adults was interviewed regarding depression and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample consisted of 1396 subjects whose interviews were studied regarding relationships between obesity and depression and among whom 114 had experienced a major depressive episode at some point in their lives and provided information about the symptoms experienced during the worst or only episode of major depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was used to identify major depressive episodes. Information was also derived from the section on Depression and Anxiety (DPAX) of the Stirling Study Schedule. Obesity was calculated as a body mass index >30. Logistic regressions were employed to assess relationships, controlling for age and gender, by means of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the sample as a whole, obesity was not related to depression although it was associated with the symptom of hopelessness. Among those who had ever experienced a major depressive episode, obese persons were 5 times more likely than the nonobese to overeat leading to weight gain during a period of depression (P<0.002). These obese subjects, compared to the nonobese, also experienced longer episodes of depression, a larger number of episodes, and were more preoccupied with death during such episodes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression among obese subjects in a community sample tends to be more severe than among the nonobese. Gaining weight while depressed is an important marker of that severity. Further research is needed to understand and possibly prevent the associations, sequences and outcomes among depression, obesity, weight gain and other adversities.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 5 Longfellow Place, Boston, MA 02114, USA. murphy.jane@mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: N J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: R R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Monson
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Laird
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lesage
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sobol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology