title: Conservative treatment in rhinosinusitis orbital complications in children aged 2 years and younger.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Orbital complications (OC) secondary to acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) in children are uncommon, but can result in severe morbidity and mortality if not treated appropriately. These complications are more common in older children. We evaluate the disease and its management in children aged 2 and under.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two records of children aged 2 and younger with OC secondary to ARS between 1993 and 2002 were reviewed retrospectively. Parameters recorded included age, gender, clinical symptoms and signs, CT findings, duration of hospitalization, treatment before and during admission, cultures and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-eight children were diagnosed with periorbital cellulitis, 4 with subperiosteal abscess and none with orbital abscess or cavernous sinus thrombosis. All were managed conservatively except 1 who underwent surgery. CT scan performed in 8 children revealed sinusitis in only 7. Average length of hospitalization was 3.6 days for preseptal cellulitis and 6.5 for postseptal cellulitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SOC secondary to ARS mandates meticulous multidisciplinary follow-up in hospital. CT scan and surgery are indicated in cases of ophthalmoplegia, proptosis, decreased visual acuity or failure of conservative treatment within 48 hours. However, most children aged 2 and younger respond well to conservative treatment and no surgical intervention is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, affiliated to the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Ephraim
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eviatar
authors.forename: Haim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gavriel
authors.forename: Koby
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pitaro
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaiman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D002673:Child, Hospitalized; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed