title: Association of subdural hematoma with increased mortality in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of subdural hematoma (SDH) in patients presenting with primary nontraumatic lobar intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and characteristics associated with the presence of SDH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of data collected in a prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive sample of 200 patients with primary lobar ICH and 75 patients with deep hemispheric ICH.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of SDH and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subdural hematoma was present in 40 of 200 patients (20%) with primary lobar ICH. By contrast, SDH was not present in any of 75 consecutive patients with deep hemispheric ICH (P < .001 for comparison with lobar ICH). Intracerebral hemorrhage volume higher than 60 cm3 was the only independent predictor of SDH (odds ratio [OR], 2.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14-6.34; P = .02). Subdural hematoma thickness more than 5 mm was an independent predictor of increased 30-day mortality (OR, 7.60; 95% CI, 1.86-30.99; P = .005) after controlling for other factors including ICH volume. Further analysis showed that the effect of SDH on mortality depended on ICH volume, with larger odds for mortality in those with low ICH volume (OR, 12.85; 95% CI, 2.42-68.23; P = .003 for those with ICH volume <30 cm3). Cerebral amyloid angiopathy was present in 8 of 9 patients with pathological specimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nontraumatic SDH frequently accompanies primary lobar ICH and is associated with higher 30-day mortality, particularly when the ICH volume is relatively low. Rupture of an amyloid-laden leptomeningeal vessel, with extravasation into the brain parenchyma and subdural space, may be the pathogenic mechanism.
authors.affiliation: Hemorrhagic Stroke Research Program, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 175 Cambridge St, Ste 300, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Pratik V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: FitzMaurice
authors.forename: R N Kaveer
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Nandigam
authors.forename: Pavan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auluck
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Viswanathan
authors.forename: Joshua N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosand
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006408:Hematoma, Subdural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013355:Subdural Space / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides