title: Membrane transporter proteins are involved in Trichophyton rubrum pathogenesis.
abstract: Trichophyton rubrum is a dermatophyte responsible for the majority of human superficial mycoses. The functional expression of proteins important for the initial step and the maintenance of the infection process were identified previously in T. rubrum by subtraction suppression hybridization after growth in the presence of keratin. In this study, sequences similar to genes encoding the multidrug-resistance ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter, copper ATPase, the major facilitator superfamily and a permease were isolated, and used in Northern blots to monitor the expression of the genes, which were upregulated in the presence of keratin. A sequence identical to the TruMDR2 gene, encoding an ABC transporter in T. rubrum, was isolated in these experiments, and examination of a T. rubrum DeltaTruMDR2 mutant showed a reduction in infecting activity, characterized by low growth on human nails compared with the wild-type strain. The high expression levels of transporter genes by T. rubrum in mimetic infection and the reduction in virulence of the DeltaTruMDR2 mutant in a disease model in vitro suggest that transporters are involved in T. rubrum pathogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda C A
authors.initials: FCA
authors.lastname: Maranhão
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fernanda G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Paião
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Lúcia
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Fachin
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Nilce M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Martinez-Rossi
mesh_terms: D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009262:Nails / Q000382:microbiology; D014009:Onychomycosis / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014774:Virulence; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004271:DNA, Fungal; D005656:Fungal Proteins; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; D007633:Keratins