title: Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the head and face.
abstract: An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the craniofacies and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the cranium and face.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada. allanson@cheo.on.ca
authors.forename: Judith E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Allanson
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunniff
authors.forename: H Eugene
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Hoyme
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McGaughran
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muenke
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Neri
mesh_terms: D000886:Anthropometry; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000145:classification* / Q000473:pathology; D005145:Face / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006257:Head / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012886:Skull / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D009626:Terminology as Topic