title: Improving accuracy and efficiency of early warning scores in acute care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Early warning scores (EWS) are an integral part of the care of acutely ill patients. Unfortunately, in the few studies where the accuracy of EWS has been tested it has been found to be lacking, with serious implications for quality of care.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the provision of computer-aided scoring could increase the accuracy and efficiency of EWS calculations, when compared with the traditional pen-and-paper method, and to determine if it was acceptable to users.
  
  
  METHODS
  26 nurses from two surgical assessment wards in two hospitals were studied. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1--a classroom-based exercise where nurses were given ten patient vignettes and asked to derive EWS using traditional pen-and-paper methods; Phase 2--the same as phase 1, but using a hand-held computer to derive EWS; Phase 3--the same as phase 2, but was a follow-up exercise undertaken in the ward environment, 4 weeks after computer-aided scoring was implemented in the two wards. Each phase closed with a user perception/attitudes questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Accuracy and efficiency--phase 1 was associated with a significantly lower overall accuracy (152/260, 58%) compared with phase 2 (96%; difference in proportions 38%, 95% confidence interval 31-44%, P < 0.0001). There was a small but significant reduction in accuracy from phase 2 (96%) to phase 3 (88%) (8% difference, P=0.006). The mean time to derive an EWS reduced from 37.9 seconds in phase 1 to 35.1 seconds in phase 2 (P=0.016), down to 24.0 seconds in phase 3 (P<0.0001). User acceptability: in phase 1, nurses favoured the pen-and-paper method in all respects except accuracy. In phase 2, nurses' views shifted significantly in favour of the hand-held computer, with little deterioration in the follow-up phase 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A hand-held computer helps to improve the accuracy and efficiency of EWS in acute hospital care and is acceptable to nurses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Birmingham.
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohammed
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayton
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Clements
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prytherch
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000451:nursing*; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001292:Attitude to Computers; D034201:Computers, Handheld; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D004630:Emergencies / Q000451:nursing*; D004739:England; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors