title: Repeated respiratory hospital encounters among children with asthma and residential proximity to traffic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The prevalence of adverse respiratory outcomes among children has been frequently associated with measurements of traffic-related exposures, and other data suggest asthma severity is worsened with residence near heavy traffic. We examined the association between neighbourhood traffic burden and repeated acute respiratory illnesses that required emergency department visits and/or hospitalisation for children with a primary or secondary diagnosis of asthma (89% acute bronchitis or pneumonia).
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a hospital-based longitudinal study of a southern California urban catchment area around two adjacent children's hospitals. Subjects' home addresses were geocoded and linked to nearby traffic data. Recurrent event proportional hazard analysis was used to estimate the hazard of repeated hospital encounters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found living within 300 metres of arterial roads or freeways increased risk of repeated hospital encounters in 3297 children age 18 years or less. At highest risk were children in the top quintile of traffic density (HR = 1.21; 95% CL 0.99 to 1.49) and those who had 750 metres or more of arterial road and freeway length within 300 metres of their residence (HR = 1.18; 95% CL 0.99 to 1.41). Associations between repeated hospital encounters and residence near heavy traffic were stronger in females than males and in children without insurance or who required government sponsored insurance than children with private insurance. The gender disparity was most notable among infants (age 0) and children ages 6-18 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases asthma severity as indicated by hospital utilisation. The finding in infants suggests this is an especially vulnerable population, although the validity of asthma diagnosis at this age is unknown. Females and children who do not have private insurance may also be more vulnerable to air pollution from traffic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617-7555, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Delfino
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gillen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tjoa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nickerson
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001335:Vehicle Emissions