title: Effects of histamine H1-antagonists on sleep-awake state in rats placed on a grid suspended over water or on sawdust.
abstract: The present study was performed to investigate the effects of histamine H(1)-antagonists on the sleep-awake state in rats placed on a grid suspended over water in comparison with rats placed on sawdust. When rats were placed on the grid suspended over water, significant increases in the awake time and decreases in non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep time were observed compared with in rats on sawdust, even when measured hourly for 6 h. Diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine and promethazine caused a significant decrease in the awake time and increase in non-REM sleep time in rats placed on the grid suspended over water for 1-2 h and/or 2-3 h after administration. On the other hand, in rats placed on sawdust, no significant differences were observed in the awake time and non-REM sleep time with diphenhydramine and chlorpheniramine compared with the control. Different from these two drugs, promethazine caused a significant decrease in the awake time and increase in non-REM sleep time 1-2 h and 2-3 h after administration even when rats were placed on sawdust at a relatively high dose. These results clearly indicate that histamine H(1)-antagonists had potent effects on decreasing the awake time and increasing non-REM sleep time under the conditions of an activated histaminergic system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicinal Pharmacology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Japan.
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Ryuki
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tsutsui
authors.forename: Yoshihito
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Obara
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kamei
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002744:Chlorpheniramine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004155:Diphenhydramine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D011398:Promethazine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects*; D014867:Water / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006634:Histamine H1 Antagonists; D014867:Water; D002744:Chlorpheniramine; D004155:Diphenhydramine; D011398:Promethazine