title: Differences in subclinical cardiovascular disease between African American and Caucasian women with systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: Racial differences exist in disease rates and mortality in both cardiovascular disease (CVD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The objective of this cross-sectional study was to compare the frequency and risk factors for subclinical CVD in African American (AA) and Caucasian women with SLE and no prior CVD events. Traditional CVD risk factors and SLE-related factors were assessed in 309 SLE women. Subclinical CVD was assessed by carotid ultrasound to measure intimamedial thickness (IMT) and plaque, and electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) was used to measure coronary artery calcium (CAC). AA women had less education and higher levels of body mass index, blood pressure, lipoprotein(a), C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). However, AA women had lower albumin, more and longer duration of corticosteroid use, higher SLE disease activity and damage, and more dsDNA antibodies compared with Caucasian women after adjustment for age and study site. More AA women had carotid plaque (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-3.65) and higher carotid IMT (0.620 vs 0.605 mm, P = 0.07) but similar CAC compared with Caucasians. A multivariate analysis revealed that the following risk factor variables were significantly different between the racial groups and associated with plaque: blood pressure, current corticosteroid use, SLE disease activity, and SLE damage. All factors contributed to the result, but no individual risk factor fully accounted for the association between race and plaque. In conclusion, the presence of carotid plaque was higher in AA compared with Caucasian women with SLE, in contrast to studies of non-SLE subjects, in which AA have similar or less plaque than Caucasians. A combination of SLE-related and traditional CVD risk factors explained the racial difference in plaque burden.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Il 60611, USA. e-rhew@md.northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Elisa Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Rhew
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Manzi
authors.forename: Alan R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dyer
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kao
authors.forename: Natalya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danchenko
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barinas-Mitchell
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
authors.forename: David D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: McPherson
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Edmundowicz
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Kondos
authors.forename: Rosalind
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramsey-Goldman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000208:ethnology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*