title: Clowns for the prevention of preoperative anxiety in children: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if specially trained professional clowns allayed preoperative anxiety and resulted in a smooth anesthetic induction compared to the use of midazolam or no intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized, controlled, and blinded study conducted with children 3-8 years of age undergoing general anesthesia and elective outpatient surgery. Patients were assigned to one of three groups: Group 1 did not receive midazolam or clown presence; group 2 received 0.5 mg x kg(-1) oral midazolam 30 min before surgery up to a maximum of 15 mg; and group 3 had two specially trained clowns present upon arrival to the preoperative holding area and throughout operating room (OR) entrance and mask application for inhalation induction of anesthesia. The children were videotaped for later grading.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clown group had a statistically significant lower modified-Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale score in the preoperative holding area compared to the control and midazolam group. The clowns' effect on anxiety reduction continued when the children entered the OR but was equal at this point to the midazolam group. Upon application of the anesthesia mask no significant differences were detected between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that the use of preoperative medically trained clowns for children undergoing surgery can significantly alleviate preoperative anxiety. However, clowns do not have any effect once the anesthesia mask is introduced.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Golan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tighe
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dobija
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perel
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Keidan
mesh_terms: D000758:Anesthesia / Q000523:psychology*; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam