title: Glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbate concentrations in clinically ill dogs and cats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many systemic diseases. Hospitalized human patients are glutathione, cysteine, and ascorbate deficient, and antioxidant depletion has been correlated with poor clinical outcome. To date little is known about antioxidant concentrations in hospitalized veterinary patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ascorbate, cysteine, or glutathione depletion is present in ill dogs and cats compared with healthy controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Clinically ill dogs and cats would be antioxidant depleted, and depletion would correlate with illness severity and clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinically ill client-owned dogs (n = 61) and cats (n = 37), healthy control dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 33).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, case control study. Erythrocyte reduced glutathione, plasma cysteine, and plasma ascorbate were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinically ill dogs had significantly lower erythrocyte glutathione concentrations (1.22 mM, range 0.55-3.61) compared with controls (1.91 mM, range 0.87-3.51; P = .0004), and glutathione depletion correlated with both illness severity (P = .038) and mortality (P = .010). Cats had higher ascorbate concentrations when ill (10.65 microM, range 1.13-25.26) compared with controls (3.68 microM, range 0.36-13.57; P = .0009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinically ill dogs had decreased erythrocyte glutathione concentrations, which could be a marker of illness severity and prognostic of a poor outcome. Clinically ill cats had an unexpectedly high plasma ascorbate, which could represent a unique species response to oxidative stress.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin, School Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA. viviano@svm.vetmed.wisc.edu
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Viviano
authors.forename: S N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Lavergne
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vanderwielen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grundahl
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Padilla
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Trepanier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D002415:Cats; D003545:Cysteine / Q000097:blood*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000097:blood*; D004285:Dogs; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005978:Glutathione / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D005978:Glutathione; D003545:Cysteine; D001205:Ascorbic Acid