title: Plasma retinol and prognosis of postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of retinol (vitamin A) in breast cancer prognosis has never been investigated in postmenopausal women. We prospectively assessed the long-term prognostic role of retinol plasma levels in a cohort of postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 208 women self-reported as postmenopausal operated on for T(1-2)N(0)M(0) breast cancer who participated in a chemoprevention trial as controls and never received chemotherapy or hormone therapy. Plasma samples were collected 3 months (median) after surgery and assayed within 3 weeks for retinol. Minimum and median potential follow-up were 12 and 15 years, respectively. The main analyses were on all women and on a subgroup ages >or=55 years, assumed too old to be in perimenopause. The main end point was breast cancer death. Breast cancer survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The hazard ratios of breast cancer death by retinol level were estimated by Cox models stratified for age, where relevant, and recruitment period, and adjusted for tumor size and histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 years, patients with low retinol (<2.08 micromol/L, median of distribution) had lower breast cancer survival than those with high retinol (log-rank P = 0.052); the difference was significant for women >or=55 years (log-rank P = 0.006). The adjusted hazard ratios for low versus high retinol were 2.11 (95% confidence interval, 1.08-4.14) for all women and 3.58 (95% confidence interval, 1.50-8.57) for those >or=55 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low plasma retinol strongly predicts poorer prognosis in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Retinol levels should be determined as part of the prognostic workup.
authors.affiliation: Chemoprevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS "Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori", Via Venezian 1, Milan 20133, Italy. franca.formelli@istitutotumori.mi.it
authors.forename: Franca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Formelli
authors.forename: Elisabetta
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Meneghini
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavadini
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Camerini
authors.forename: Maria G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Di Mauro
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: De Palo
authors.forename: Umberto
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Berrino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Micheli
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood*; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015996:Survival Rate; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D014801:Vitamin A; D017313:Fenretinide