title: Piperazine-designed alpha 1A/alpha 1D-adrenoceptor blocker KMUP-1 and doxazosin provide down-regulation of androgen receptor and PSA in prostatic LNCaP cells growth and specifically in xenografts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  KMUP-1 has been suggested to be beneficial in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. This study is aimed to further investigate whether KMUP-1 and doxazosin prevent from prostate cancer cell growth via androgen-dependent and -independent pathway in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  KMUP-1 was measured the activity on proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle distribution in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP, DU-145, PC-3) by MTT assay, flow cytometry, Western Blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The inhibition activities on androgen receptor (AR) and AR-targeting molecular prostate-specific antigen (PSA) expression by KMUP-1 and doxazosin were measured by RT-PCR, Western Blotting, and ELISA. Furthermore, we confirmed the effects of KMUP-1 on growth of LNCaP xenografts in nude mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  KMUP-1 significantly inhibited LNCaP cell growth and induced apoptosis in time- and dose-dependent manner. KMUP-1 and doxazosin further inhibited the expression of AR and PSA. Treatment of LNCaP cells with KMUP-1 resulted in cell cycle arrest and apoptotic activities, increasing p21 and p27 and decreasing expressions of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4, CDK2 and CDK6. Moreover, KMUP-1 activated p53, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and caspase-3, but reduced the expression of Bcl-2. Regular administration of KMUP-1 suppressed the LNCaP xenograft tumor growth in nude mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These evidences indicate that KMUP-1 and doxazosin inhibit LNCaP cell growth and downregulate expression of AR and PSA. KMUP-1 might be used as a chemoprevention agent for preventing the development of prostate cancer without cardiovascular adverse effect of doxazosin.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yi-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Ming-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Bin-Nan
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wen-Jeng
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yii-Her
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Chee-Yin
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: Chun-Hsiung
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Ing-Jun
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D017292:Doxazosin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D010880:Piperidines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014970:Xanthines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D010880:Piperidines; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D014970:Xanthines; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; C439304:KMUP 1; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D017292:Doxazosin