title: Timing and impact of infections in acute pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although infected necrosis is an established cause of death in acute pancreatitis, the impact of bacteraemia and pneumonia is less certain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study of 731 patients with a primary episode of acute pancreatitis in 2004-2007, including 296 patients involved in a randomized controlled trial to investigate the value of probiotic treatment in severe pancreatitis. Time of onset of bacteraemia, pneumonia, infected pancreatic necrosis, persistent organ failure and death were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The initial infection in 173 patients was diagnosed a median of 8 (interquartile range 3-20) days after admission (infected necrosis, median day 26; bacteraemia/pneumonia, median day 7). Eighty per cent of 61 patients who died had an infection. In 154 patients with pancreatic parenchymal necrosis, bacteraemia was associated with increased risk of infected necrosis (65 versus 37.9 per cent; P = 0.002). In 98 patients with infected necrosis, bacteraemia was associated with higher mortality (40 versus 16 per cent; P = 0.014). In multivariable analysis, persistent organ failure (odds ratio (OR) 18.0), bacteraemia (OR 3.4) and age (OR 1.1) were associated with death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infections occur early in acute pancreatitis, and have a significant impact on mortality, especially bacteraemia. Prophylactic strategies should focus on early intervention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Besselink
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van Santvoort
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Boermeester
authors.forename: V B
authors.initials: VB
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuijs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van Goor
authors.forename: C H C
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Dejong
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Schaapherder
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Gooszen
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000401:mortality; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009181:Mycoses / Q000401:mortality; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality*; D019283:Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing / Q000401:mortality; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents