title: Forward-looking intracardiac ultrasound imaging using a 1-D CMUT array integrated with custom front-end electronics.
abstract: Minimally invasive catheter-based electrophysiological (EP) interventions are becoming a standard procedure in diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. As a result of technological advances that enable small feature sizes and a high level of integration, nonfluoroscopic intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) imaging catheters are attracting increasing attention. ICE catheters improve EP procedural guidance while reducing the undesirable use of fluoroscopy, which is currently the common catheter guidance method. Phased-array ICE catheters have been in use for several years now, although only for side-looking imaging. We are developing a forward-looking ICE catheter for improved visualization. In this effort, we fabricate a 24-element, fine-pitch 1-D array of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUT), with a total footprint of 1.73 mm x 1.27 mm. We also design a custom integrated circuit (IC) composed of 24 identical blocks of transmit/ receive circuitry, measuring 2.1 mm x 2.1 mm. The transmit circuitry is capable of delivering 25-V unipolar pulses, and the receive circuitry includes a transimpedance preamplifier followed by an output buffer. The CMUT array and the custom IC are designed to be mounted at the tip of a 10-Fr catheter for high-frame-rate forward-looking intracardiac imaging. Through-wafer vias incorporated in the CMUT array provide access to individual array elements from the back side of the array. We successfully flip-chip bond a CMUT array to the custom IC with 100% yield. We coat the device with a layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to electrically isolate the device for imaging in water and tissue. The pulse-echo in water from a total plane reflector has a center frequency of 9.2 MHz with a 96% fractional bandwidth. Finally, we demonstrate the imaging capability of the integrated device on commercial phantoms and on a beating ex vivo rabbit heart (Langendorff model) using a commercial ultrasound imaging system.
authors.affiliation: Edward L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. aminn@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Amin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nikoozadeh
authors.forename: Ira O
authors.initials: IO
authors.lastname: Wygant
authors.forename: Der-Song
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Oralkan
authors.forename: A Sanli
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ergun
authors.forename: Douglas N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Kai E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Thomenius
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dentinger
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wildes
authors.forename: Gina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Akopyan
authors.forename: Kalyanam
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shivkumar
authors.forename: Aman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Sahn
authors.forename: Butrus T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Khuri-Yakub
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000295:instrumentation; D004581:Electronics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D022062:Electrophysiologic Techniques, Cardiac / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011817:Rabbits; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*