Stress and thermoregulation: different sympathetic responses and different effects on experimental pain.
Stress and thermoregulation both activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) but might differently affect pain. Studies investigating possible interactions in patients are problematic because of the high prevalence of SNS disturbances in patients. We therefore analyzed the influence of these different sympathetic challenges on experimentally-induced pain in healthy subjects. SNS was activated in two different ways: by mental stress (Stroop task, mental arithmetic task), and by thermoregulatory stimulation using a water-perfused thermal suit (7 degrees C, 32 degrees C, or 50 degrees C). Attentional effects of the mental stress tasks were controlled by using easy control tasks. Both, stress and thermoregulatory stimuli, robustly activated SNS parameters. However, the patterns of activation were different. While stress co-activated heart rate, blood pressure, peripheral vasoconstriction and sweating, thermal stimulation either increased blood pressure (cold) or heart rate and sweating (warm). Only stress was able to induce a significant reduction of pain. The control tasks neither activated the SNS nor altered pain perception. Our results suggest that (1) different patterns of sympathetic activation can be recorded after stress and thermoregulatory challenges and (2) that only stress is able to interfere with sensation of experimental pain. Whether SNS activation is causally responsible for analgesia needs to be further investigated.
Fechir
M
M
Department of Neurology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany. fechir@uni-mainz.de
Schlereth
T
T
Kritzmann
S
S
Balon
S
S
Pfeifer
N
N
Geber
C
C
Breimhorst
M
M
Eberle
T
T
Gamer
M
M
Birklein
F
F
D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002320:Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000294:innervation; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D018882:Heat Stress Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D013546:Sweating / Q000502:physiology; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult