title: Sildenafil stops progressive chamber, cellular, and molecular remodeling and improves calcium handling and function in hearts with pre-existing advanced hypertrophy caused by pressure overload.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to test the efficacy of phosphodiesterase type 5A (PDE5A) inhibition for treating advanced hypertrophy/remodeling caused by pressure overload, and to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms for this response.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Sildenafil (SIL) inhibits cyclic guanosine monophosphate-specific PDE5A and can blunt the evolution of cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in mice subjected to pressure overload. Whether and how it ameliorates more established advanced disease and dysfunction is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC) for 3 weeks to establish hypertrophy/dilation, and subsequently treated with SIL (100 mg/kg/day) or placebo for 6 weeks of additional TAC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SIL arrested further progressive chamber dilation, dysfunction, fibrosis, and molecular remodeling, increasing myocardial protein kinase G activity. Isolated myocytes from TAC-SIL hearts showed greater sarcomere shortening and relaxation, and enhanced Ca(2+) transients and decay compared with nontreated TAC hearts. The SIL treatment restored gene and protein expression of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) uptake adenosine triphosphatase (SERCA2a), phospholamban (PLB), and increased PLB phosphorylation (S16), consistent with improved calcium handling. The phosphatase calcineurin (Cn) and/or protein kinase C-alpha (PKCalpha) can both lower phosphorylated phospholamban and depress myocyte calcium cycling. The Cn expression and PKCalpha activation (outer membrane translocation) were enhanced by chronic TAC and reduced by SIL treatment. Expression of PKCdelta and PKCepsilon also increased with TAC but were unaltered by SIL treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIL treatment applied to well-established hypertrophic cardiac disease can prevent further cardiac and myocyte dysfunction and progressive remodeling. This is associated with improved calcium cycling, and reduction of Cn and PKCalpha activation may be important to this improvement.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagayama
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Manling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Norimichi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koitabashi
authors.forename: Djahida
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bedja
authors.forename: Kathleen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gabrielson
authors.forename: Eiki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takimoto
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Kass
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000378:metabolism; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011312:Pressure / Q000009:adverse effects; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D011687:Purines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000378:metabolism; D020257:Ventricular Remodeling / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D013450:Sulfones; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha; D019703:Calcineurin; D002118:Calcium