title: Occurrence and distribution of culturable enteroviruses in wastewater and surface waters of north-eastern Spain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Update information regarding occurrence and levels of culturable enteroviruses in several types of surface polluted waters in north-eastern Spain and determine the proportion of the different species and serotypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best procedures on hand in our laboratory for concentrating and quantifying culturable enteroviruses from different water sample types were used. Sequencing was used for typing the virus isolates. Geometric means of enteroviruses densities expressed in plaque forming units per litre were 968 in raw sewage, 12.51 in secondary effluents, 0.017 in tertiary effluents, 0.4 in river water and 0.36 in seawater. Enterovirus densities in wastewater revealed certain seasonality with a maximum at the end of spring - beginning of the summer. Coxsackievirus B, and amid them serotype CB4, were the most abundant species and serotypes detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Densities of enteroviruses in different north-eastern Spain surface waters are similar to those present in industrialized countries with temperate climate. No wild polioviruses were detected. Distribution of species showed a clear prevalence of coxsackieviruses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information regarding enteroviruses in this geographical area provides valuable information to estimate the risk of enteroviruses transmission through water and for complementing clinical epidemiological data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Costán-Longares
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mocé-Llivina
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avellón
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jofre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lucena
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005618:Fresh Water; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater; D012703:Serotyping; D012722:Sewage; D013030:Spain; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution
chemical_list: D012722:Sewage