title: Is there a special mechanism behind the changes in somatic cell and polymorphonuclear leukocyte counts, and composition of milk after a single prolonged milking interval in cows?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A single prolonged milking interval (PMI) e.g. after a technical stop in an automated milking system is of concern for the producer since it is associated with a short-lasting increase in milk somatic cell count (SCC), which is a major quality criterion used at the dairy plants. The content of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and how the milk quality is influenced has not been much investigated. The SCC peak occurs without any obvious antigen challenge, possibly indicating a different leukocyte attraction mechanism after a PMI than we see during mastitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Composite cow milk samples were taken at the milkings twice daily during 7 days before and 5 days after a PMI of 24 h. Milk was analyzed for SCC, PMN, fat, protein and lactose, and at some occasions also casein and free fatty acids (FFA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the PMI the proportion of milk PMN increased sharply in spite of marginally increased SCC. The peak SCC was not observed until the second milking after the PMI, in the afternoon day 1. However, the peak SCC value in morning milk did not occur until one day later, concomitantly with a decrease in the proportion of PMN. After declining, SCC still remained elevated while PMN proportion was decreased throughout the study as was also the milk yield, after the first accumulation of milk during the PMI. Milk composition was changed the day after the PMI, (increased fat and protein content; decreased lactose, whey protein and FFA content) but the changes in the following days were not consistent except for lactose that remained decreased the rest of the study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PMI resulted in increased SCC and proportion of PMN. Additionally, it gave rise to minor alterations in the milk composition in the following milkings but no adverse effect on milk quality was observed. The recruitment of PMN, which was further enhanced the first day after the PMI, appeared to be independent of milk volume or accumulation of milk per se. Hence, we suggest that there is a special immunophysiological/chemoattractant background to the increased migration of leukocytes into the milk compartment observed during and after the PMI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. branislav.lakic@kv.slu.se
authors.forename: Branislav
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lakic
authors.forename: Ewa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wredle
authors.forename: Kerstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Svennersten-Sjaunja
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ostensson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods*; D005223:Fats / Q000032:analysis; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D007774:Lactation; D007785:Lactose / Q000032:analysis; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005223:Fats; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D008894:Milk Proteins; D007785:Lactose