title: Arthroscopic removal of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal joint in four horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe anatomic considerations and arthroscopic technique in horses for arthroscopic removal of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments from the proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult horses (n=4) with osteochondral fragments of the palmar/plantar PIP joint.
  
  
  METHODS
  Arthroscopic removal of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragments within the PIP joint was performed with horses in dorsal recumbency under general anesthesia. Medical records of affected horses were reviewed to determine history; physical, lameness, and radiological findings; surgical technique; complications and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two horses had lameness localized to the PIP joint. Two other horses had lameness suspected, but not confirmed to the pastern region. One of these horses had a history of intermittent lameness, but was not lame on admission. All horses had radiographic evidence of palmar/plantar osteochondral fragmentation within the PIP joint. Fragmentation was located abaxially in 2 horses in the hind limb and axially in 2 horses in the left forelimb. Osteochondral fragments were successfully removed via a palmar/plantar arthroscopic approach in all horses. Three horses returned to previous levels of athletic performance; 1 horse was used for trail riding instead of reining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopy of the palmar/plantar pouch of the PIP joint allowed limited assessment of the joint and removal of osteochondral fragments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthroscopy of the palmar/plantar PIP joint pouch for assessment and removal of osteochondral fragments is possible and should be considered when lameness is localized to this joint.
authors.affiliation: New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA. rmr45@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Rolfe M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Radcliffe
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheetham
authors.forename: Abraham J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Bezuidenhout
authors.forename: Norm G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Nixon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D006736:Horses / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D007794:Lameness, Animal / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008662:Metacarpophalangeal Joint / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome