title: Prenatal hypoxia induces increased cardiac contractility on a background of decreased capillary density.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic hypoxia in utero (CHU) is one of the most common insults to fetal development and may be associated with poor cardiac recovery from ischaemia-reperfusion injury, yet the effects on normal cardiac mechanical performance are poorly understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant female wistar rats were exposed to hypoxia (12% oxygen, balance nitrogen) for days 10-20 of pregnancy. Pups were born into normal room air and weaned normally. At 10 weeks of age, hearts were excised under anaesthesia and underwent retrograde 'Langendorff' perfusion. Mechanical performance was measured at constant filling pressure (100 cm H2O) with intraventricular balloon. Left ventricular free wall was dissected away and capillary density estimated following alkaline phosphatase staining. Expression of SERCA2a and Nitric Oxide Synthases (NOS) proteins were estimated by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHU significantly increased body mass (P < 0.001) compared with age-matched control rats but was without effect on relative cardiac mass. For incremental increases in left ventricular balloon volume, diastolic pressure was preserved. However, systolic pressure was significantly greater following CHU for balloon volume = 50 microl (P < 0.01) and up to 200 microl (P < 0.05). For higher balloon volumes systolic pressure was not significantly different from control. Developed pressures were correspondingly increased relative to controls for balloon volumes up to 250 microl (P < 0.05). Left ventricular free wall capillary density was significantly decreased in both epicardium (18%; P < 0.05) and endocardium (11%; P < 0.05) despite preserved coronary flow. Western blot analysis revealed no change to the expression of SERCA2a or nNOS but immuno-detectable eNOS protein was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in cardiac tissue following chronic hypoxia in utero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data offer potential mechanisms for poor recovery following ischaemia, including decreased coronary flow reserve and impaired angiogenesis with subsequent detrimental effects of post-natal cardiac performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. d.hauton@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hauton
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ousley
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002196:Capillaries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000196:embryology* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000151:congenital / Q000503:physiopathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases / Q000378:metabolism*; D017725:Ventricular Pressure / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III; C496316:Nos3 protein, rat; D053498:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases