title: Gamma Knife surgery in the management of radioresistant brain metastases in high-risk patients with melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, and sarcoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to examine the results of using Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for brain metastases from classically radioresistant malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively reviewed the records of 76 patients with melanoma (50 patients), renal cell carcinoma (RCC; 23 patients), or sarcoma (3 patients) who underwent GKS between August 1998 and July 2007. Overall patient survival, intracranial progression, and local progression of individual lesions were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patients was 57 years (range 18-85 years) and median Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score was 80 (range 20-100). Sixty-two patients (81.6%) had uncontrolled extracranial disease. A total of 303 intracranial lesions (average 3.97 per patient, range 1-27 lesions) were treated using GKS. More than 3 lesions were treated in 30 patients (39.5%). Median GKS tumor margin dose was 18 Gy (range 8-30 Gy). Thirty-seven patients (48.7%) underwent whole brain radiation therapy. The actuarial 12-month rate for freedom from local progression for individual lesions was 77.7% and was significantly higher for RCC compared with melanoma (93.6 vs 63.0%; p = 0.001). The percentage of coverage of the prescribed dose to target volume was the only treatment-related variable associated with local control: 12-month actuarial rate of freedom from local progression was 71.4% for lesions receiving >or= 90% coverage versus 0.0% for lesions receiving < 90% (p = 0.00048). Median overall survival was 5.1 months after GKS and 8.4 months after the discovery of brain metastases. Univariate analysis revealed that KPS score (p = 0.000004), recursive partitioning analysis class (p = 0.00043), and single metastases (p = 0.028), but not more than 3 metastases, to be prognostic factors of overall survival. The KPS score remained significant after multivariate analysis. Overall survival for patients with a KPS score >or= 70 was 7.1 months compared with 1.3 months for a KPS score <or= 60 (p = 0.013).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gamma Knife surgery is an effective treatment option for patients with radioresistant brain metastases. In this setting, KPS score appeared to be a more important factor in predicting survival than having > 3 metastases. Higher rates of local tumor control were achieved for RCC in comparison with melanoma, and this may have an effect on survival in some patients. Although outcomes generally remained poor in this study population, these results suggest that GKS can be considered as a treatment option for many patients with radioresistant brain metastases, even if these patients have multiple lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Chung T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hemangini R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Canute
authors.forename: Charles J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Hodge
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Bassano
authors.forename: Lizhong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Seung S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016371:Cranial Irradiation; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D008545:Melanoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D055815:Young Adult