title: Noninvasive cardiac output determination: broadening the applicability of hemodynamic monitoring.
abstract: Although cardiac output (CO) monitoring is usually only used in intensive care units (ICUs) and operating rooms, there is increasing evidence that CO should be determined and optimized as early as possible, even before admission to the ICU, in the care of hemodynamically compromised patients. A variety of different minimally or noninvasive CO determination techniques have been developed, but not all of them are suitable for early hemodynamic monitoring outside the ICU. In this review, the different available methods for CO monitoring are presented and their potential for early hemodynamic assessment is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Germany. friederike.compton@charite.de
authors.forename: Friederike
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Compton
authors.forename: Jürgen-Heiner
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schäfer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D002307:Cardiography, Impedance; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003422:Critical Care; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007201:Indicator Dilution Techniques; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008094:Lithium; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D013815:Thermodilution; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D008094:Lithium; D007208:Indocyanine Green