title: Joint effects of sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease: the Trials of Hypertension Prevention follow-up study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies of dose-response effects of usual sodium and potassium intake on subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD) have largely relied on suboptimal measures of intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two trials of sodium reduction and other interventions collected 24-hour urinary excretions intermittently during 18 months from September 17, 1987, to January 12, 1990 (Trials of Hypertension Prevention [TOHP] I), and during 36 months from December 18, 1990, to April 7, 1995 (TOHP II), among adults with prehypertension aged 30 to 54 years. Among adults not assigned to an active sodium reduction intervention, we assessed the relationship of a mean of 3 to 7 twenty-four-hour urinary excretions of sodium and potassium and their ratio with subsequent CVD (stroke, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, or CVD mortality) through 10 to 15 years of posttrial follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 2974 participants, follow-up information was obtained on 2275 participants (76.5%), with 193 CVD events. After adjustment for baseline variables and lifestyle changes, there was a nonsignificant trend in CVD risk across sex-specific quartiles of urinary sodium excretion (rate ratio [RR] from lowest to highest, 1.00, 0.99, 1.16, and 1.20; P = .38 for trend) and potassium excretion (RR, 1.00, 0.94, 0.91, and 0.64; P = .08 for trend) but a significant trend across quartiles of the sodium to potassium excretion ratio (RR, 1.00, 0.84, 1.18, and 1.50; P = .04 for trend). In models containing both measures simultaneously, linear effects were as follows: RR, 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.99 to 2.04 per 100 mmol/24 h of urinary sodium excretion (P = .05); and 0.67; 0.41 to 1.10 per 50 mmol/24 h of urinary potassium excretion (P = .12). A model containing the sodium to potassium excretion ratio (RR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.05-1.46; P = .01) had the lowest Bayes information criterion (best fit).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher sodium to potassium excretion ratio is associated with increased risk of subsequent CVD, with an effect stronger than that of sodium or potassium alone.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 900 Commonwealth Ave East, Boston, MA 02215-1204, USA. ncook@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Nancy R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Obarzanek
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cutler
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rexrode
authors.forename: Shiriki K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kumanyika
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Whelton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017419:Potassium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000652:urine; D015996:Survival Rate; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D017419:Potassium, Dietary; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary