title: Elements of morphology: standard terminology for the periorbital region.
abstract: An international group of clinicians working in the field of dysmorphology has initiated the standardization of terms used to describe human morphology. The goals are to standardize these terms and reach consensus regarding their definitions. In this way, we will increase the utility of descriptions of the human phenotype and facilitate reliable comparisons of findings among patients. Discussions with other workers in dysmorphology and related fields, such as developmental biology and molecular genetics, will become more precise. Here we introduce the anatomy of the periorbital area and define and illustrate the terms that describe the major characteristics of the periorbital area.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0284, USA. bdelhall@insightbb.com
authors.forename: Bryan D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Suzanne B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cassidy
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Opitz
mesh_terms: D005138:Eyebrows / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D005140:Eyelashes / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D005143:Eyelids / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007765:Lacrimal Apparatus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009915:Orbit / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D009626:Terminology as Topic