title: CD146 expression is associated with a poor prognosis in human breast tumors and with enhanced motility in breast cancer cell lines.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastasis is a complex process involving loss of adhesion, migration, invasion and proliferation of cancer cells. Cell adhesion molecules play a pivotal role in this phenomenon by regulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. CD146 (MCAM) is associated with an advanced tumor stage in melanoma, prostate cancer and ovarian cancer. Studies of CD146 expression and function in breast cancer remain scarce except for a report concluding that CD146 could act as a tumor suppressor in breast carcinogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To resolve these apparent discrepancies in the role of CD146 in tumor cells, we looked at the association of CD146 expression with histoclinical features in human primary breast cancers using DNA and tissue microarrays. By flow cytometry, we characterized CD146 expression on different breast cancer cell lines. Using siRNA or shRNA technology, we studied functional consequences of CD146 downmodulation of MDA-MB-231 cells in migration assays. Wild-type, mock-transfected and downmodulated transfected cells were profiled using whole-genome DNA microarrays to identify genes whose expression was modified by CD146 downregulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray studies revealed the association of higher levels of CD146 with histoclinical features that belong to the basal cluster of human tumors. Expression of CD146 protein on epithelial cells was detected in a small subset of cancers with histoclinical features of basal tumors. CD146+ cell lines displayed a mesenchymal phenotype. Downmodulation of CD146 expression in the MDA-MB-231 cell line resulted in downmodulation of vimentin, as well as of a set of genes that include both genes associated with a poor prognosis in a variety of cancers and genes known to promote cell motility. In vitro functional assays revealed decreased migration abilities associated with decreased CD146 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In addition to its expression in the vascular compartment, CD146 is expressed on a subset of epithelial cells in malignant breast. CD146 may directly or indirectly contribute to tumor aggressiveness by promoting malignant cell motility. Changes in molecular signatures following downmodulation of CD146 expression suggest that CD146 downmodulation is associated with the reversal of several biological characteristics associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and the phenomenon associated with the metastatic process.
authors.affiliation: Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Centre de Ressources Biologiques en Oncologie, Centre de Thérapie Cellulaire et Génique, Marseille, France. zabouog@marseille.fnclcc.fr
authors.forename: Gwladys
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zabouo
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Imbert
authors.forename: Jocelyne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacquemier
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Finetti
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Moreau
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Esterni
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Birnbaum
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bertucci
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chabannon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051929:CD146 Antigen / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement; D005260:Female; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000502:physiology*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051929:CD146 Antigen; C497902:MCAM protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering