title: Current knowledge related to intelligence and thinking with implications for the development and use of case studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews current knowledge regarding intelligence and thinking, and relates this knowledge to learning to diagnose human responses and to select health outcomes and nursing interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Knowledge from relevant literature sources was summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The provision of high-quality nursing care requires use of critical thinking with three elements of nursing care: nursing diagnosis, health outcomes, and nursing interventions. Metacognition (thinking about thinking) should be used with knowledge of the subject matter and repeated practice in using the knowledge. Because there are limited clinical opportunities to practice using metacognition and knowledge of these nursing care elements, case studies can be used to foster nurses' expertise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simulations of clinical cases are needed that illustrate application of the nursing knowledge represented in NANDA International, Nursing Outcomes Classification, and Nursing Interventions Classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The International Journal of Nursing Terminologies and Classifications will promote the dispersion of case studies as a means of facilitating the implementation and use of nursing languages and classifications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, 2800 Victory Boulevard, Staten Island, NY, USA. lunney@mail.csi.cuny.edu
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lunney
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence; D009729:Nursing; D013850:Thinking