title: Upstream sequence elements direct post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression under stress conditions in yeast.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The control of gene expression in eukaryotic cells occurs both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Although many genes are now known to be regulated at the translational level, in general, the mechanisms are poorly understood. We have previously presented polysomal gradient and array-based evidence that translational control is widespread in a significant number of genes when yeast cells are exposed to a range of stresses. Here we have re-examined these gene sets, considering the role of UTR sequences in the translational responses of these genes using recent large-scale datasets which define 5' and 3' transcriptional ends for many yeast genes. In particular, we highlight the potential role of 5' UTRs and upstream open reading frames (uORFs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show a highly significant enrichment in specific GO functional classes for genes that are translationally up- and down-regulated under given stresses (e.g. carbohydrate metabolism is up-regulated under amino acid starvation). Cross-referencing these data with the stress response data we show that translationally upregulated genes have longer 5' UTRs, consistent with their role in translational regulation. In the first genome-wide study of uORFs in a set of mapped 5' UTRs, we show that uORFs are rare, being statistically under-represented in UTR sequences. However, they have distinct compositional biases consistent with their putative role in translational control and are more common in genes which are apparently translationally up-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate a central regulatory role for UTR sequences, and 5' UTRs in particular, highlighting the significant role of uORFs in post-transcriptional control in yeast. Yeast uORFs are more highly conserved than has been suggested, lending further weight to their significance as functional elements involved in gene regulation. It also suggests a more complex and novel mechanism of control, whereby uORFs permit genes to escape from a more general attenuation of translation under conditions of stress. However, since uORFs are relatively rare (only ~13% of yeast genes have them) there remain many unanswered questions as to how UTR elements can direct translational control of many hundreds of genes under stress.
authors.affiliation: Michael Smith Building, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. craig.lawless@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawless
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Julian N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Selley
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Smirnova
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ashe
authors.forename: Graham D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pavitt
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hubbard
mesh_terms: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D016681:Genome, Fungal; D016366:Open Reading Frames; D012323:RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D020121:5' Untranslated Regions