title: Causes of mortality in laying hens in different housing systems in 2001 to 2004.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The husbandry systems for laying hens were changed in Sweden during the years 2001 - 2004, and an increase in the number of submissions for necropsy from laying hen farms was noted. Hence, this study was initiated to compare causes of mortality in different housing systems for commercial laying hens during this change.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on results from routine necropsies of 914 laying hens performed at the National Veterinary Institute (SVA) in Uppsala, Sweden between 2001 and 2004, a retrospective study on the occurrence of diseases and cannibalism, i.e., pecking leading to mortality, in different housing systems was carried out. Using the number of disease outbreaks in caged flocks as the baseline, the expected number of flocks with a certain category of disease in the other housing systems was estimated having regard to the total number of birds in the population. Whether the actual number of flocks significantly exceeded the expected number was determined using a Poisson distribution for the variance of the baseline number, a continuity correction and the exact value for the Poisson distribution function in Excel 2000.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common causes of mortality in necropsied laying hens included colibacillosis, erysipelas, coccidiosis, red mite infestation, lymphoid leukosis and cannibalism. Less common diagnoses were Newcastle Disease, pasteurellosis and botulism. Considering the size of the populations in the different housing systems, a larger proportion of laying hens than expected was submitted for necropsy from litter-based systems and free range production compared to hens in cages (P < 0.001). The study showed a significantly higher occurrence of bacterial and parasitic diseases and cannibalism in laying hens kept in litter-based housing systems and free-range systems than in hens kept in cages (P < 0.001). The occurrence of viral diseases was significantly higher in indoor litter-based housing systems than in cages (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicated that during 2001-2004 laying hens housed in litter-based housing systems, with or without access to outdoor areas, were at higher risk of infectious diseases and cannibalistic behaviour compared to laying hens in cages. Future research should focus on finding suitable prophylactic measures, including efficient biosecurity routines, to reduce the risk of infectious diseases and cannibalism in litter-based housing systems for laying hens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal Health and Antimicrobial Strategies, National Veterinary Institute (SVA), SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden. oddvar.fossum@sva.se
authors.forename: Oddvar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fossum
authors.forename: Désirée S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: Pernille Engelsen
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Etterlin
authors.forename: Ivar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vågsholm
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary; D002190:Cannibalism; D002645:Chickens / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006799:Housing, Animal / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010273:Parasitic Diseases, Animal / Q000401:mortality; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000469:parasitology / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000662:veterinary