title: Erythromycin resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes and macrolide consumption in a central Italian region.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The study investigated macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pyogenes in a central Italian area from 2001 to 2006 and the possible correlation between antibiotic consumption and fluctuations of resistance percentages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macrolide and lincosamide susceptibility of 1,419 S. pyogenes isolates was tested by Kirby Bauer method. Macrolide consumption was evaluated as defined daily dose/1,000 inhabitants per day (DID), according to the World Health Organization anatomic therapeutic chemical classification. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between resistance and use of (1) all macrolides pooled, (2) once daily, (3) twice daily, and (4) three times daily dosage regimens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : In total, 320 strains (22.6%) were erythromycin-resistant, 11.4% with the M phenotype and 11.2% with the MLS phenotype. There was a significant decrease in erythromycin resistance during the study period-from 28.1% in 2001 to 15.6% in 2006 (p < 0.01). No significant correlation was found between erythromycin resistance and local overall macrolide consumption, neither during the same year nor during the previous year. In contrast, a significant correlation was found between resistance rates and once-daily macrolide use during the preceding 6 months in Siena r = 0.747, p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The known greater selective effect of long-acting agents could establish a pressure outcome, resulting in a specific local epidemiology during a relatively short time gap.
authors.affiliation: Clinic and Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Biology Department, University of Siena, Ospedale Le Scotte, Piano 0 lotto IV, Viale Bracci 16, Siena, Italy. montagnani2@unisi.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montagnani
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stolzuoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Croci
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rizzuti
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arena
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanchi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cellesi
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D055231:Lincosamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D055231:Lincosamides; D018942:Macrolides