title: 20 MHz/40 MHz dual element transducers for high frequency harmonic imaging.
abstract: Concentric annular type dual element transducers for second harmonic imaging at 20 MHz / 40 MHz were designed and fabricated to improve spatial resolution and depth of penetration for ophthalmic imaging applications. The outer ring element was designed to transmit the 20 MHz signal and the inner circular element was designed to receive the 40 MHz second harmonic signal. Lithium niobate (LiNbO(3)), with its low dielectric constant, was used as the piezoelectric material to achieve good electrical impedance matching. Double matching layers and conductive backing were used and optimized by KLM modeling to achieve high sensitivity and wide bandwidth for harmonic imaging and superior time-domain characteristics. Prototype transducers were fabricated and evaluated quantitatively and clinically. The average measured center frequency for the transmit ring element was 21 MHz and the one-way --3 dB bandwidth was greater than 50%. The 40 MHz receive element functioned at 31 MHz center frequency with acceptable bandwidth to receive attenuated and frequency downshifted harmonic signal. The lateral beam profile for the 20 MHz ring elements at the focus matched the Field II simulated results well, and the effect of outer ring diameter was also examined. Images of a posterior segment of an excised pig eye and a choroidal nevus of human eye were obtained both for single element and dual element transducers and compared to demonstrate the advantages of dual element harmonic imaging.
authors.affiliation: NIH Resource Center on Medical Ultrasonic Transducer Technology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90036, USA. hyungham.kim@usc.edu
authors.forename: Hyung Ham
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cannata
authors.forename: Ruibin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Silverman
authors.forename: K Kirk
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Shung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005123:Eye / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D009556:Niobium / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D010087:Oxides; D009556:Niobium; C091692:lithium niobate