title: Motor imagery and action observation: modulation of sensorimotor brain rhythms during mental control of a brain-computer interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the impact of a continuously presented visual feedback in the form of a grasping hand on the modulation of sensorimotor EEG rhythms during online control of a brain-computer interface (BCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two groups of participants were trained to use left or right hand motor imagery to control a specific output signal on a computer monitor: the experimental group controlled a moving hand performing an object-related grasp ('realistic feedback'), whereas the control group controlled a moving bar ('abstract feedback'). Continuous feedback was realized by using the outcome of a real-time classifier which was based on EEG signals recorded from left and right central sites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The classification results show no difference between the two feedback groups. For both groups, ERD/ERS analysis revealed a significant larger ERD during feedback presentation compared to an initial motor imagery screening session without feedback. Increased ERD during online BCI control was particularly found for the lower alpha (8-10 Hz) and for the beta bands (16-20, 20-24 Hz).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates that visual BCI feedback clearly modulates sensorimotor EEG rhythms. When the feedback provides equivalent information on both the continuous and final outcomes of mental actions, the presentation form (abstract versus realistic) does not influence the performance in a BCI, at least in initial training sessions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present results are of practical interest for classifier development and BCI use in the field of motor restoration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Section of Neuropsychology, University of Graz, Universitaetsplatz 2/III, A-8010 Graz, Austria. christa.neuper@uni-graz.at
authors.forename: Christa
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neuper
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scherer
authors.forename: Selina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wriessnegger
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pfurtscheller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D005246:Feedback / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D010507:Periodicity; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013003:Somatosensory Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014584:User-Computer Interface