Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma: a case report and literature review.
BACKGROUND
Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare cause of spinal cord compression that requires emergency investigation and treatment. Prompt diagnosis is essential to prevent morbidity and mortality.


OBJECTIVE
Our goal was to report a case of SSEH, and to review the literature on the topic, looking particularly at the factors influencing post-operative outcome, and the symptoms and signs that would lead one to consider this rare diagnosis.


METHODS
A 36-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with paraplegia and a sensory level at T4. There was no history of trauma and he was not taking any medications. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large non-enhancing posterior epidural mass lesion between C7 and upper T4, causing severe cord compression at T1-T3. Post contrast scans revealed no rim enhancement. Blood investigations were unremarkable, with an international normalized ratio of 1.1. He underwent urgent decompression laminectomy within 12 h of symptom onset. Intraoperatively, thick clotted blood and prominent epidural vessels were seen. Histology revealed engorged vessels with hemorrhage and clot in the extravascular tissues. Post-operatively, the impaired neurological status remained unchanged.


CONCLUSIONS
SSEH is a rare cause of spinal cord compression that requires prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention to prevent morbidity. Neurological outcome after surgical decompression depends on the severity of preoperative neurological deficits as well as the time between symptom onset and surgery.
Hussenbocus
Saleem M
SM
Spinal Injury Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
Wilby
Martin J
MJ
Cain
Chris
C
Hall
David
D
D000328:Adult; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology; D013117:Spinal Cord Compression / Q000209:etiology*