title: Analysis of pharmacist-provided medication therapy management (MTM) services in community pharmacies over 7 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although community pharmacists have historically been paid primarily for drug distribution and dispensing services, medication therapy management (MTM) services evolved in the 1990s as a means for pharmacists and other providers to assist physicians and patients in managing clinical, service, and cost outcomes of drug therapy. The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA 2003) and the subsequent implementation of Medicare Part D in January 2006 for the more than 20 million Medicare beneficiaries enrolled in the Part D benefit formalized MTM services for a subset of high-cost patients. Although Medicare Part D has provided a new opportunity for defining the value of pharmacist-provided MTM services in the health care system, few publications exist which quantify changes in the provision of pharmacist-provided MTM services over time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To (a) describe the changes over a 7-year period in the primary types of MTM services provided by community pharmacies that have contracted with drug plan sponsors through an MTM administrative services company, and (b) quantify potential MTM-related cost savings based on pharmacists' self-assessments of the likely effects of their interventions on health care utilization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medication therapy management claims from a multistate MTM administrative services company were analyzed over the 7-year period from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2006. Data extracted from each MTM claim included patient demographics (e.g., age and gender), the drug and type that triggered the intervention (e.g., drug therapeutic class and therapy type as either acute, intermittent, or chronic), and specific information about the service provided (e.g., Reason, Action, Result, and Estimated Cost Avoidance [ECA]). ECA values are derived from average national health care utilization costs, which are applied to pharmacist self-assessment of the "reasonable and foreseeable" outcome of the intervention. ECA values are updated annually for medical care inflation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From a database of nearly 100,000 MTM claims, a convenience sample of 50 plan sponsors was selected. After exclusion of claims with missing or potentially duplicate data, there were 76,148 claims for 23,798 patients from community pharmacy MTM providers in 47 states. Over the 7-year period from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2006, the mean ([SD] median) pharmacy reimbursement was $8.44 ([$5.19] $7.00) per MTM service, and the mean ([SD] median) ECA was $93.78 ([$1,022.23] $5.00). During the 7-year period, pharmacist provided MTM interventions changed from primarily education and monitoring for new or changed prescription therapies to prescriber consultations regarding cost-efficacy management (Pearson chi-square P<0.001). Services also shifted from claims involving acute medications (e.g. penicillin antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, and narcotic analgesics) to services involving chronic medications (e.g., lipid lowering agents, angiotensin-converting enzyme [ACE] inhibitors, and beta-blockers; P<0.001), resulting in significant changes in the therapeutic classes associated with MTM claims and an increase in the proportion of older patients served (P<0.001). These trends resulted in higher pharmacy reimbursements and greater ECA per claim over time (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MTM interventions over a 7-year period evolved from primarily the provision of patient education involving acute medications towards consultation-type services for chronic medications. These changes were associated with increases in reimbursement amounts and pharmacist-estimated cost savings. It is uncertain if this shift in service type is a result of clinical need, documentation requirements, or reimbursement opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Touro University-California, College of Pharmacy, 1310 Johnson Ave, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA. mitchell.barnett@touro.edu
authors.forename: Mitchell J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wehring
authors.forename: Brand
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Newland
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: VonMuenster
authors.forename: Patty
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumbera
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Halterman
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000639:trends; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics; D054539:Medication Therapy Management / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000639:trends*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms / Q000191:economics / Q000639:trends; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult