title: Urine concentrations of cysteinyl leukotrienes in children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adenotonsillar tissue of children with obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) has increased content of cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) and expression of CysLTs receptors. Furthermore, CysLTs concentrations in the nasal exhaled breath condensate of children with sleep apnea are elevated.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between urine levels of CysLTs and severity of SDB in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Morning urine concentrations of CysLTs were measured in children with symptoms of SDB and in control subjects with recurrent tonsillitis and without snoring who underwent polysomnography and were expressed in pg/mL per mg/dL of urine creatinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen children with moderate-to-severe SDB (mean [+/- SD] age, 5.4 +/- 1.6 years; obstructive apnea-hypopnea index [OAHI]: 14.4 +/- 9.6 episodes/h), 29 subjects with mild SDB (5.1 +/- 1.5 years; OAHI: 2.9 +/- 0.8 episodes/h), 26 children with primary snoring (PS) [7 +/- 2.6 years; OAHI: 1.1 +/- 0.3 episodes/h], and 18 control subjects (6.4 +/- 2.5 years; OAHI: 0.7 +/- 0.3 episodes/h) were studied. Children with moderate-to severe SDB had higher log-transformed urine CysLTs levels than those with mild SDB, PS, or control subjects (2.39 +/- 0.51 vs 2.06 +/- 0.26 vs 2.11 +/- 0.25 vs 1.86 +/- 0.28; p < 0.05). Log-transformed CysLTs concentration, tonsillar size, and body mass index z score were significant predictors of log-transformed OAHI (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urine excretion of CysLTs is related to SDB severity in children. This finding indicates that 5-lipoxygenase pathway products participate in the pathogenesis of obstructive sleep apnea in childhood or alternatively that SDB promotes CysLTs biosynthesis.
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece. Electronic address: Kaditia@hotmail.com.
authors.forename: Athanasios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kaditis
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Emmanouel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaidas
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ntamagka
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Karathanasi
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Tsilioni
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodoros S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kiropoulos
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zintzaras
authors.affiliation: Sleep Disorders Laboratory, University of Thessaly School of Medicine and Larissa University Hospital, Larissa, Greece.
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gourgoulianis
mesh_terms: D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003545:Cysteine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D015289:Leukotrienes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine*; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D012913:Snoring / Q000503:physiopathology; D016482:Urinalysis
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015289:Leukotrienes; C112381:cysteinyl-leukotriene; D003545:Cysteine