title: Differential emotional responses of varsity athletes to concussion and musculoskeletal injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if athletes with concussion and those with minor musculoskeletal injuries experienced differential emotional response to injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four injured athletes from Canadian Interuniversity Sport (CIS) and 19 healthy, physically active undergraduate students participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants completed the Profile of Mood States (POMS; short version) on 3 nonconsecutive days during a 2-week period after a baseline test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Emotional responses were assessed using the POMS. The 7 main outcome measures assessed by POMS were tension, depression, anger, vigor, fatigue, confusion, and total mood disturbance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After injury, concussion produced an emotional profile characterized by significantly elevated fatigue and decreased vigor. In contrast, athletes with musculoskeletal injuries displayed a significant increase in anger that resolved to a pre-injury level within 2 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results revealed that both injured groups experienced emotional disturbance after injury. More importantly, the findings strongly suggest that the emotional reaction after concussion is different from that of musculoskeletal injury. Therefore, we concluded that assessing emotional reactions to concussion is particularly important and recommend that sports medicine professionals assess and monitor emotional functioning as well as somatic complaints and neurocognitive changes during recovery.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. michael.hutchison@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hutchison
authors.forename: Lynda M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mainwaring
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Comper
authors.forename: Doug W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bisschop
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000523:psychology*; D001924:Brain Concussion; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000293:injuries*; D009864:Ontario; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult