title: Nonmedical therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a category of diseases with chronic airflow obstruction and hyperinflation. The GOLD committee and the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society have published detailed, evidence-based reviews of management, providing stepped-care algorithms for pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapy. Over the past several decades, this has led to numerous nonpharmacologic approaches to ameliorate symptoms in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0360, USA.
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001999:Bronchoscopy; D006801:Humans; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods*; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000601:surgery*; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D013906:Thoracoscopy