title: CAD/CAM fabrication and clinical application of surgical template and bone model in oral implant surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A novel implant surgery support system with computer simulation for implant insertion and fabrication of a surgical template that helps in drilling bone was developed. A virtual reality haptic device that gives the sense of touch was used for simulation and a surgical template was fabricated by CAD/CAM method. Surgical guides were applied for two clinical cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional (3D) jaw bone images transferred from DICOM data filmed by CT scanner were fed to the software and manipulated using the haptic device. The site for implant insertion was determined after evaluating the quality of bone and position of the mandibular canal. The surgical template was designed with ease using the free design CAD function of haptic device. The surgical template and bone model were fabricated by a fused deposit modeling machine. Two clinical cases were applied using the present system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation to determine the site of implant insertion and fabrication of the surgical bone templates were successfully done in two clinical cases, one for three implant insertion in lower right jaw and the other is for seven implant insertion in lower edentulous jaw, respectively. During surgery, the templates could be firmly adapted on the bone and drilling was successfully performed in both cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present simulation and drilling support using the surgical template may help to perform safe and accurate implant surgery.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Dentistry, Division of Oral Maxillofacial Regeneration, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan. sohmurat@dent.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Taiji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sohmura
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kusumoto
authors.forename: Takafumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Kazumichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wakabayashi
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yatani
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D003765:Models, Dental; D011873:Radiology Information Systems; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014584:User-Computer Interface