title: Ethical challenges and interpretive difficulties with non-clinical applications of pediatric FMRI.
abstract: In this article, we critically examine some of the ethical challenges and interpretive difficulties with possible future non-clinical applications of pediatric fMRI with a particular focus on applications in the classroom and the courtroom - two domains in which children come directly in contact with the state. We begin with a general overview of anticipated clinical and non-clinical applications of pediatric fMRI. This is followed by a detailed analysis of a range of ethical challenges and interpretive difficulties that trouble the use of fMRI and are likely to be especially acute with non-clinical uses of the technology. We conclude that knowledge of these challenges and difficulties should influence policy decisions regarding the non-clinical uses of fMRI. Our aim is to encourage the development of future policies prescribing the responsible use of this neuroimaging technology as it develops both within and outside the clinical setting.
authors.affiliation: Novel Tech Ethics, Dalhousie University, 1234 Le Marchant Street, Halifax, NS. atf@dal.ca
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Letitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meynell
authors.forename: Francoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baylis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000374:Aggression; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition; D003142:Communication; D003219:Confidentiality / Q000941:ethics; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003415:Crime; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D003479:Curriculum / Q000639:trends; D008192:Deception; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent / Q000941:ethics; D033182:Intention; D007858:Learning; D008014:Lie Detection; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000941:ethics*; D016743:Mental Competency; D020380:Needs Assessment / Q000941:ethics; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D009493:Neurosurgery / Q000941:ethics; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000941:ethics* / Q000592:standards; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D013850:Thinking; D016896:Treatment Outcome