title: Organizational cost of quality improvement for depression care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We documented organizational costs for depression care quality improvement (QI) to develop an evidence-based, Veterans Health Administration (VA) adapted depression care model for primary care practices that performed well for patients, was sustained over time, and could be spread nationally in VA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Project records and surveys from three multistate VA administrative regions and seven of their primary care practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We documented project time commitments and expenses for 86 clinical QI and 42 technical expert support team participants for 4 years from initial contact through care model design, Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles, and achievement of stable workloads in which models functioned as routine care. We assessed time, salary costs, and costs for conference calls, meetings, e-mails, and other activities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an average of 27 months, all clinics began referring patients to care managers. Clinical participants spent 1,086 hours at a cost of $84,438. Technical experts spent 2,147 hours costing $197,787. Eighty-five percent of costs derived from initial regional engagement activities and care model design.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Organizational costs of the QI process for depression care in a large health care system were significant, and should be accounted for when planning for implementation of evidence-based depression care.
authors.affiliation: Northwest Center for Outcomes Research in Older Adults, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, 1100 Olive Way, Suite 1400, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. chuan-fen.liu@va.gov
authors.forename: Chuan-Fen
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lisa V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Rubenstein
authors.forename: JoAnn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kirchner
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fortney
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Perkins
authors.forename: Scott K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ober
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.forename: Edmund F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Chaney
mesh_terms: D003863:Depression / Q000628:therapy*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D017749:Total Quality Management / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D014493:United States Department of Veterans Affairs / Q000191:economics* / Q000458:organization & administration