title: Capsule endoscopic diagnosis of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced enteropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Case reports have linked nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to a variety of lesions in the small and large bowel including bleeding, protein loss, strictures, increased intestinal permeability, and NSAID enteropathy. We here review the use of wireless capsule endoscopy to quantitate and assess the nature of the small bowel damage caused by NSAIDs when taken short term and in patients on long-term NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy volunteers underwent a baseline capsule endoscopy. After taking diclofenac slow-release 75 mg twice a day for a total of 14 days, both investigations were repeated. A further 120 patients on long-term NSAIDs (more than 3 months) and 40 on COX-2 inhibitors underwent a capsule endoscopy study. Sixty healthy patients acted as controls. Small bowel damage was categorized and quantitated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Short-term diclofenac: Capsule endoscopy demonstrated new pathology in 27 (68%) of subjects. The most common lesions were mucosal breaks, seen in 16 (40%), which were seen to be bleeding in 2 (5%). Long-term NSAIDs: The main pathology was related to mucosal breaks (29%); 3% had free luminal blood and 2% had strictures. The damage seen in 50% of patients on selective COX-2 inhibitors did not differ significantly (P<0.5) from that seen with NSAIDs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Capsule endoscopy demonstrates evidence of macroscopic injury to the small intestine, in up to 68% of volunteers, resulting from 2 weeks ingestion of slow-release diclofenac. Long-term use of NSAIDs and COX-2 inhibitors causes comparable small bowel damage (50%-68%).
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Maidstone Hospital, Hermitage Lane, Kent, ME16 9QQ, UK.
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maiden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D053704:Capsule Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007410:Intestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004008:Diclofenac