title: Neural tube defect in a 4000-year-old Egyptian infant mummy: a case of meningocele from the museum of anthropology and ethnography of Turin (Italy).
abstract: This paper reports a paleopathological study of a severe neural tube defect in an ancient mummy, more specifically, a meningocele in an Egyptian infant from the XI dynasty (2100-1955B.C.). This is one of the most ancient cases of meningocele in mummified human remains described in paleopathological literature. Prehistoric and early historic examples of severe congenital defects of the vertebral column and neural tube are rare, because of the precarious preservation conditions of ancient human remains. Further, since the majority are only the skeletal remains, paleopathological and paleoepidemiological analysis based on the observation of bones is even more difficult. Hence, it is not easy to investigate this disease in the past in all its complexities and true diffusion. The case presented here is peculiar, since it concerns a mummy with almost all soft tissues preserved, thus allowing us to describe the defect in an infant. Only targeted, minimally invasive examinations were performed. An anthropological investigation with helical CT scan and histological analysis was used to diagnose the defect and identify post-mortem transformation processes. The analyses confirmed the diagnosis of meningocele in an approximately six-month-old infant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. rosa.boano@unito.it
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boano
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fulcheri
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Martina
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferraris
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grilletto
authors.forename: Rossana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cremo
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cesarani
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandini
authors.forename: Emma Rabino
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Massa
mesh_terms: D000883:Anthropology / Q000379:methods; D000076144:Egypt, Ancient; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007558:Italy; D009106:Mummies / Q000473:pathology*; D009144:Museums; D009436:Neural Tube Defects / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000266:history* / Q000473:pathology*; D010164:Paleopathology / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods