title: Monte Carlo simulations to assess the effects of tube current modulation on breast dose for multidetector CT.
abstract: Tube current modulation was designed to reduce radiation dose in CT imaging while maintaining overall image quality. This study aims to develop a method for evaluating the effects of tube current modulation (TCM) on organ dose in CT exams of actual patient anatomy. This method was validated by simulating a TCM and a fixed tube current chest CT exam on 30 voxelized patient models and estimating the radiation dose to each patient's glandular breast tissue. This new method for estimating organ dose was compared with other conventional estimates of dose reduction. Thirty detailed voxelized models of patient anatomy were created based on image data from female patients who had previously undergone clinically indicated CT scans including the chest area. As an indicator of patient size, the perimeter of the patient was measured on the image containing at least one nipple using a semi-automated technique. The breasts were contoured on each image set by a radiologist and glandular tissue was semi-automatically segmented from this region. Previously validated Monte Carlo models of two multidetector CT scanners were used, taking into account details about the source spectra, filtration, collimation and geometry of the scanner. TCM data were obtained from each patient's clinical scan and factored into the model to simulate the effects of TCM. For each patient model, two exams were simulated: a fixed tube current chest CT and a tube current modulated chest CT. X-ray photons were transported through the anatomy of the voxelized patient models, and radiation dose was tallied in the glandular breast tissue. The resulting doses from the tube current modulated simulations were compared to the results obtained from simulations performed using a fixed mA value. The average radiation dose to the glandular breast tissue from a fixed tube current scan across all patient models was 19 mGy. The average reduction in breast dose using the tube current modulated scan was 17%. Results were size dependent with smaller patients getting better dose reduction (up to 64% reduction) and larger patients getting a smaller reduction, and in some cases the dose actually increased when using tube current modulation (up to 41% increase). The results indicate that radiation dose to glandular breast tissue generally decreases with the use of tube current modulated CT acquisition, but that patient size (and in some cases patient positioning) may affect dose reduction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, UCLA David A Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 924 Westwood Blvd Ste 650, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA. eangel@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Angel
authors.forename: Nazanin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yaghmai
authors.forename: Cecilia Matilda
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Jude
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Demarco
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Cagnon
authors.forename: Jonathan G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: Andrew N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Primak
authors.forename: Donna M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: Dianna D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cody
authors.forename: Cynthia H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: McCollough
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: McNitt-Gray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001822:Body Burden; D001940:Breast / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D012062:Relative Biological Effectiveness; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult