title: Substance use and behaviour disorders in Puerto Rican youth: a migrant family study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hispanics in the USA have higher rates of substance use disorders than similar ethnic groups residing in Latin American nations, and recent evidence suggests an increase in substance use among US Hispanic youth. This investigation examines the familial and societal correlates of this increase by comparing Puerto Rican families residing in the mainland USA and Puerto Rico.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using migrant and controlled family study methods, 279 probands in San Juan and 236 probands in New Haven were recruited from treatment clinics and the general community to compose four diagnostic groups: drug abuse/dependence; alcohol abuse/dependence; psychiatric controls; unaffected controls. 806 biological offspring aged 12-17 were then directly interviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total rates for alcohol use were greater among San Juan youth than their migrant counterparts. By contrast, US migrant adolescents were more likely to use cannabis. A strong association was observed between parental and child substance use at both sites, particularly for boys, and offspring of probands with drug use disorders were at greatest risk for substance use and related disorders. Familial aggregation patterns did not vary substantially by site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite societal influences on the magnitude and patterns of substance use in migrant youth, the consistent influence of parental disorders across sites reveals that the cross-generational transmission of substance use disorders in prior studies extends to Hispanic families and is an important factor to consider in the development of prevention strategies.
authors.affiliation: Intramural Research Programme, National Institute of Mental Health/NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Merikangas
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Conway
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Swendsen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Febo
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dierker
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brunetto
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stolar
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Canino
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000208:ethnology; D002648:Child; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003237:Connecticut / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011647:Puerto Rico / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data