title: Biomarkers in spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Literature review.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), much effort has been put into the evaluation of SCI severity and the prediction of recovery potential. An accurate prediction of the initial damage of the spinal cord that differentiates between the severities of SCI however, may help physicians in choosing a particular neuroprotective treatment in the acute phase. Neurochemical biomarkers may possibly fulfil these requirements. The aim of this review was to describe (1) the current status of neurochemical biomarkers in SCI; (2) their potential diagnostic role in SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE was searched from 1966 to 2008 to identify publications concerning biomarkers in traumatic SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biomarkers S-100beta, neuron-specific enolase, neurofilament light chain, and Glial fibrillary acidic protein are significantly increased in cases of (experimental) spinal cord injury. Furthermore, increased serum concentrations of S-100beta have been correlated with an unfavourable functional outcome. Although biomarkers in SCI show promising results, considerations and shortcomings, such as polytrauma, haemolysis, extracerebral sources, and poor resuscitation, must be studied in greater detail before biomarkers can be utilised in the clinical care of SCI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Quantitative standards for determining the extent of SCI during the acute phase must be developed and validated. Even though increased concentrations of neurochemical biomarkers have been identified in patients with SCI, these do not yet provide a sensitive prognostic tool. Considering the limited availability of sensitive prognostic tools, neurochemical biomarkers of SCI should be evaluated and validated in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. M.Pouw@orthop.umcn.nl
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pouw
authors.forename: A J F
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hosman
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Middendorp
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Vos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: van de Meent
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016239:MEDLINE / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins