title: Role of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in 17beta-estradiol-mediated attenuation of lung injury after trauma-hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) is known to be involved in pro-inflammatory and chemotactic events in response to injury. The aim of this study is to elucidate whether ERK plays any role in 17beta-estradiol (E2)-mediated attenuation of lung injury and pro-inflammatory mediators after trauma-hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent trauma-hemorrhage (mean blood pressure approximately 40 mm Hg for 90 min) followed by fluid resuscitation. At the onset of resuscitation, rats were treated with vehicle (cyclodextrin), E2 (1 mg/kg body weight [BW]), or the ERK inhibitor PD98059 (2 mg/kg BW). At 2 h after sham operation or trauma-hemorrhage, various parameters were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trauma-hemorrhage led to a significant increase in lung ERK phosphorylation, which was associated with increased lung myeloperoxidase activity, wet-to-dry weight ratio, interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels. Circulatory IL-6, TNF-alpha, and lactate levels were also increased after trauma-hemorrhage compared with shams. Administration of E2 or ERK inhibitor PD98059 after trauma-hemorrhage attenuated the trauma-hemorrhage-induced increase in lung injury markers, ERK phosphorylation and cytokines/chemokines, ICAM-1 production, as well as circulatory cytokines and lactate levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results collectively suggest that the salutary effects of E2 on the lung after trauma-hemorrhage are mediated via an ERK pathway and subsequent downregulation of pro-inflammatory mediator production.
authors.affiliation: Center for Surgical Research and Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
authors.forename: Jun-Te
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Wen-Hong
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Kan
authors.forename: Chi-Hsun
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hsieh
authors.forename: Mashkoor A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Choudhry
authors.forename: Kirby I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Bland
authors.forename: Irshad H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Chaudry
mesh_terms: D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004958:Estradiol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C513297:Cxcl1 protein, rat; D004967:Estrogens; D005419:Flavonoids; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019344:Lactic Acid; D004958:Estradiol; D009195:Peroxidase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one