title: Antiviral prophylaxis during pandemic influenza may increase drug resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuraminidase inhibitors (NI) and social distancing play a major role in plans to mitigate future influenza pandemics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the freely available program InfluSim, the authors examine to what extent NI-treatment and prophylaxis promote the occurrence and transmission of a NI resistant strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Under a basic reproduction number of R0 = 2.5, a NI resistant strain can only spread if its transmissibility (fitness) is at least 40% of the fitness of the drug-sensitive strain. Although NI drug resistance may emerge in treated patients in such a late state of their disease that passing on the newly developed resistant viruses is unlikely, resistant strains quickly become highly prevalent in the population if their fitness is high. Antiviral prophylaxis further increases the pressure on the drug-sensitive strain and favors the spread of resistant infections. The authors show scenarios where pre-exposure antiviral prophylaxis even increases the number of influenza cases and deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If the fitness of a NI resistant pandemic strain is high, any use of prophylaxis may increase the number of hospitalizations and deaths in the population. The use of neuraminidase inhibitors should be restricted to the treatment of cases whereas prophylaxis should be reduced to an absolute minimum in that case.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biometry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. martin.eichner@uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eichner
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schwehm
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Duerr
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witschi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Stefan O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Brockmann
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vidondo
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000187:drug effects; D015995:Prevalence; D035501:Uncertainty
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009439:Neuraminidase