title: Humoral factors enhance fracture-healing and callus formation in patients with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scientific evidence is mounting for an association between traumatic brain injury and enhanced osteogenesis. The aim of this study was to correlate the in vitro osteoinductive potential of serum with the features of fracture-healing and the extent of brain damage in patients with severe traumatic brain injury and bone fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with a long-bone fracture and a traumatic brain injury (seventeen patients) or without a brain injury (twenty-four patients) were recruited. The Glasgow Coma Scale score was determined on admission. Radiographs of the fracture were made before surgery, at six weeks, and at three, six, and twelve months after surgery. The time to union was estimated clinically and radiographically, and the callus ratio to shaft diameter was calculated. Serum samples were collected at six, twenty-four, seventy-two, and 168 hours after injury, and their osteogenic potential was determined by measurement of the in vitro proliferation rate of the human fetal osteoblastic cell line hFOB1.19.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with a traumatic brain injury had a twofold shorter time to union (p = 0.01), a 37% to 50% increased callus ratio (p < 0.01), and their sera induced a higher proliferation rate in hFOB cells (p < 0.05). A linear relationship was revealed between hFOB cell proliferation rates and the amount of callus formed (p < 0.05). The Glasgow Coma Scale score was correlated with the callus ratio on both radiographic projections (p < 0.05), time to union (p = 0.04), and the proliferation rate of hFOB cells at six hours after injury (p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with a severe brain injury release unknown humoral factors into the blood circulation that enhance and accelerate fracture-healing.
authors.affiliation: Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. dcadosch@anhb.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cadosch
authors.forename: Oliver P
authors.initials: OP
authors.lastname: Gautschi
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thyer
authors.forename: Swithin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Allan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Skirving
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Filgueira
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zellweger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D005260:Female; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D002118:Calcium