title: Protein synthesis in distal axons is not required for growth cone responses to guidance cues.
abstract: Recent evidence suggests that growth cone responses to guidance cues require local protein synthesis. Using chick neurons, we investigated whether protein synthesis is required for growth cones of several types to respond to guidance cues. First, we found that global inhibition of protein synthesis stops axonal elongation after 2 h. When protein synthesis inhibitors were added 15 min before adding guidance cues, we found no changes in the typical responses of retinal, sensory, and sympathetic growth cones. In the presence of cycloheximide or anisomycin, ephrin-A2, slit-3, and semaphorin3A still induced growth cone collapse and loss of actin filaments, nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 still induced growth cone protrusion and increased filamentous actin, and sensory growth cones turned toward an NGF source. In compartmented chambers that separated perikarya from axons, axons grew for 24-48 h in the presence of cycloheximide and responded to negative and positive cues. Our results indicate that protein synthesis is not strictly required in the mechanisms for growth cone responses to many guidance cues. Differences between our results and other studies may exist because of different cellular metabolic levels in in vitro conditions and a difference in when axonal functions become dependent on local protein synthesis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
authors.forename: Florence K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Bonnie M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Marsick
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Letourneau
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000841:Anisomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D003463:Cues; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D036383:Ephrin-A2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005727:Ganglia, Spinal / Q000166:cytology; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012160:Retina / Q000166:cytology; D040121:Semaphorin-3A / Q000494:pharmacology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D036383:Ephrin-A2; D011500:Protein Synthesis Inhibitors; D040121:Semaphorin-3A; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000841:Anisomycin; D020932:Nerve Growth Factor; D003513:Cycloheximide; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein