title: Gender heterogeneity in the association between lifestyles and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the modification effect of sex in the association between lifestyles and acute myocardial infarction (AMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based case-control study. Trained interviewers collected information using a standard structured questionnaire. Associations were estimated using unconditional logistic regression. The effect modification by sex was evaluated in the regression models, testing interaction terms between lifestyles and sex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porto, Portugal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Portuguese Caucasian adults, aged > or =18 years. Cases were patients consecutively admitted with an incident AMI during 1999-2003 (n 918) and controls were a representative sample of non-institutionalized inhabitants of Porto with no evidence of previous clinical or silent infarction (n 2316).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cigarette smoking was positively associated with AMI in both men and women (smokers >15 cigarettes/d v. never smokers: OR = 9.11, 95% CI 4.83, 17.20 for women; OR = 3.92, 95% CI 2.75, 5.58 for men; interaction term P value = 0.001). A significant protective effect of moderate alcohol intake on AMI occurrence was found in women (0.1-15.0 g/d v. non-drinkers: OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.31, 0.74), but not in men. Fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin and mineral supplement use and leisure-time physical activity practice were found to decrease AMI risk, with similar effects between sexes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A strong positive association between smoking and AMI was found in women. Also, a protective effect of moderate alcohol intake was only found among females. Fruit and vegetable intake, vitamin and mineral supplement use and leisure-time physical activity practice were found to decrease AMI risk in both sexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology and Cardiovascular Research & Development Unit, University of Porto Medical School, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro 4200-319 Porto, Portugal. acmatos@med.up.pt
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Henrique
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Carla
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011174:Portugal / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult