title: Retinal vessel diameter and the incidence of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between retinal vessel diameter and coronary artery disease (CAD) incidence in type 1 diabetes (T1D) using data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study of childhood-onset T1D.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data are from 448 participants who had retinal photographs taken at baseline examination (May 1986 to November 1988) and no history of laser photocoagulation. Computer-assisted grading was used to measure retinal arteriolar and venular caliber. CAD incidence (CAD death, myocardial infarction, revascularization/stenosis > or =50%, ischemic electrocardiogram, or physician-diagnosed angina) was ascertained over a median follow-up time of 18 years (range, 2 months to 20.5 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean baseline arteriolar and venular caliber were 180.0 microm (standard deviation [SD], 15.2 microm) and 273.3 microm (SD, 28.0 microm), respectively; 80 (17.9%) CAD events occurred during follow-up. After covariate adjustment for T1D duration, gender, hypertension, serum lipids, and smoking status, smaller arteriolar caliber was significantly associated with CAD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.42; P = .03), but larger venular caliber was not. A vessel diameter-gender interaction term was significant for arteriolar caliber (P = .006). Stratified by gender, smaller arteriolar caliber was significantly associated with the incidence of CAD in women (HR, 1.92; P = .004), but not men. Venular caliber was not associated with CAD in either gender.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smaller arteriolar caliber may indicate an increased risk of CAD in women, but not men, with T1D. Additional studies are needed to further examine the role of microvascular disease in the pathogenesis of CAD in women with T1D.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh, Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. millerr@edc.pitt.edu
authors.forename: Rachel G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Catherine T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Trevor J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Orchard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001160:Arterioles / Q000473:pathology; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D015994:Incidence; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012161:Retinal Artery / Q000473:pathology*; D012169:Retinal Vein / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014699:Venules / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids