title: A low-fat vegan diet elicits greater macronutrient changes, but is comparable in adherence and acceptability, compared with a more conventional diabetes diet among individuals with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although therapeutic diets are critical to diabetes management, their acceptability to patients is largely unstudied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify adherence and acceptability for two types of diets for diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Controlled trial conducted between 2004 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individuals with type 2 diabetes (n=99) at a community-based research facility. Participants were randomly assigned to a diet following 2003 American Diabetes Association guidelines or a low-fat, vegan diet for 74 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Attrition, adherence, dietary behavior, diet acceptability, and cravings.
  
  
  METHODS
  For nutrient intake and questionnaire scores, t tests determined between-group differences. For diet-acceptability measures, the related samples Wilcoxon sum rank test assessed within-group changes; the independent samples Mann-Whitney U test compared the diet groups. Changes in reported symptoms among the groups was compared using chi(2) for independent samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All participants completed the initial 22 weeks; 90% (45/50) of American Diabetes Association guidelines diet group and 86% (42/49) of the vegan diet group participants completed 74 weeks. Fat and cholesterol intake fell more and carbohydrate and fiber intake increased more in the vegan group. At 22 weeks, group-specific diet adherence criteria were met by 44% (22/50) of members of the American Diabetes Association diet group and 67% (33/49) of vegan-group participants (P=0.019); the American Diabetes Association guidelines diet group reported a greater increase in dietary restraint; this difference was not significant at 74 weeks. Both groups reported reduced hunger and reduced disinhibition. Questionnaire responses rated both diets as satisfactory, with no significant differences between groups, except for ease of preparation, for which the 22-week ratings marginally favored the American Diabetes Association guideline group. Cravings for fatty foods diminished more in the vegan group at 22 weeks, with no significant difference at 74 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite its greater influence on macronutrient intake, a low-fat, vegan diet has an acceptability similar to that of a more conventional diabetes diet. Acceptability appears to be no barrier to its use in medical nutrition therapy.
authors.affiliation: Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA. nbarnard@pcrm.org
authors.forename: Neal D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Barnard
authors.forename: Lise
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gloede
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: David J A
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Turner-McGrievy
authors.forename: Amber A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Hope
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ferdowsian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003927:Diet, Diabetic / Q000379:methods*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D010349:Patient Compliance; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002791:Cholesterol, Dietary; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin