title: Trigeminal neuralgia and pain related to multiple sclerosis.
abstract: Although many patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) complain of trigeminal neuralgia (TN), its cause and mechanisms are still debatable. In a multicentre controlled study, we collected 130 patients with MS: 50 patients with TN, 30 patients with trigeminal sensory disturbances other than TN (ongoing pain, dysaesthesia, or hypoesthesia), and 50 control patients. All patients underwent pain assessment, trigeminal reflex testing, and dedicated MRI scans. The MRI scans were imported and normalised into a voxel-based, 3D brainstem model that allows spatial statistical analysis. The onset ages of MS and trigeminal symptoms were significantly older in the TN group. The frequency histogram of onset age for the TN group showed that many patients fell in the age range of classic TN. Most patients in TN and non-TN groups had abnormal trigeminal reflexes. In the TN group, 3D brainstem analysis showed an area of strong probability of lesion (P<0.0001) centred on the intrapontine trigeminal primary afferents. In the non-TN group, brainstem lesions were more scattered, with the highest probability for lesions (P<0.001) in a region involving the subnucleus oralis of the spinal trigeminal complex. We conclude that the most likely cause of MS-related TN is a pontine plaque damaging the primary afferents. Nevertheless, in some patients a neurovascular contact may act as a concurring mechanism. The other sensory disturbances, including ongoing pain and dysaesthesia, may arise from damage to the second-order neurons in the spinal trigeminal complex.
authors.affiliation: Centro Dolore Neuropatico, Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Neurofisiologia Clinica, Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Centro Sclerosi Multipla, Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Neuroradiologia, Dipartimento Scienze Neurologiche, Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italy Neurofisiologia, Ospedale di Colleferro, Italy Medicina del Dolore, Ospedale di Cagliari, Italy IRCCS San Raffaele, Roma, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cruccu
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Biasiotta
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Rezze
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fiorelli
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Galeotti
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Innocenti
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mameli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Millefiorini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Truini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D001488:Basilar Artery / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D019299:Decompression, Surgical / Q000592:standards; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology*; D011149:Pons / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019051:Rhizotomy / Q000592:standards; D014276:Trigeminal Nerve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014277:Trigeminal Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014278:Trigeminal Nuclei / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014855:Wallerian Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult