title: Characterization and mosquito repellent activity of citronella oil nanoemulsion.
abstract: Encapsulated citronella oil nanoemulsion prepared by high pressure homogenization at varying amounts of surfactant and glycerol, was studied in terms of the droplet size, stability, release characteristics and in vivo mosquito protection. Transparent nanoemulsion can be obtained at optimal concentration of 2.5% surfactant and 100% glycerol. Physical appearance and the stability of the emulsion were greatly improved through an addition of glycerol, owing to its co-solvent and highly viscous property. The increasing emulsion droplet increased the oil retention. The release behavior could be attributed to the effect of droplet size and concentrations of surfactant and glycerol. By fitting to Higuchi's equation, an increase in glycerol and surfactant concentrations resulted in slow release of the oil. The release rate related well to the protection time where a decrease in release rate can prolong mosquito protection time.
authors.affiliation: National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, 111 Thailand Science Park, Paholyothin Road, Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani, Thailand.
authors.forename: Usawadee
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Sakulku
authors.forename: Onanong
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nuchuchua
authors.forename: Napaporn
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uawongyart
authors.forename: Satit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puttipipatkhachorn
authors.forename: Apinan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soottitantawat
authors.forename: Uracha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Ruktanonchai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004655:Emulsions; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D007302:Insect Repellents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils; C076730:citronella oil