title: Antagonism between Smad1 and Smad2 signaling determines the site of distal visceral endoderm formation in the mouse embryo.
abstract: The anterior-posterior axis of the mouse embryo is established by formation of distal visceral endoderm (DVE) and its subsequent migration. The precise mechanism of DVE formation has remained unknown, however. Here we show that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling plays dual roles in DVE formation. BMP signaling is required at an early stage for differentiation of the primitive endoderm into the embryonic visceral endoderm (VE), whereas it inhibits DVE formation, restricting it to the distal region, at a later stage. A Smad2-activating factor such as Activin also contributes to DVE formation by generating a region of VE positive for the Smad2 signal and negative for Smad1 signal. DVE is thus formed at the distal end of the embryo, the only region of VE negative for the Smad1 signal and positive for Smad2 signal. An inverse relation between the level of phosphorylated Smad1 and that of phosphorylated Smad2 in VE suggests an involvement of antagonism between Smad1- and Smad2-mediated signaling.
authors.affiliation: Developmental Genetics Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. myamamoto@fbs.osaka-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Masamichi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Hideyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Beppu
authors.forename: Katsuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takaoka
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Meno
authors.forename: En
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Kohei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyazono
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hamada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019521:Body Patterning / Q000235:genetics; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000378:metabolism*; D004707:Endoderm / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D011247:Pregnancy; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics*; D051898:Smad1 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051898:Smad1 Protein; D051899:Smad2 Protein