title: Secondary cell wall formation in Cryptococcus neoformans as a rescue mechanism against acid-induced autolysis.
abstract: Growth of the opportunistic yeast pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans in a synthetic medium containing yeast nitrogen base and 1.0-3.0% glucose is accompanied by spontaneous acidification of the medium, with its pH decreasing from the initial 5.5 to around 2.5 in the stationary phase. During the transition from the late exponential to the stationary phase of growth, many cells died as a consequence of autolytic erosion of their cell walls. Simultaneously, there was an increase in an ecto-glucanase active towards beta-1,3-glucan and having a pH optimum between pH 3.0 and 3.5. As a response to cell wall degradation, some cells developed an unusual survival strategy by forming 'secondary' cell walls underneath the original ones. Electron microscopy revealed that the secondary cell walls were thicker than the primary ones, exposing bundles of polysaccharide microfibrils only partially masked by an amorphous cell wall matrix on their surfaces. The cells bearing secondary cell walls had a three to five times higher content of the alkali-insoluble cell wall polysaccharides glucan and chitin, and their chitin/glucan ratio was about twofold higher than in cells from the logarithmic phase of growth. The cell lysis and the formation of the secondary cell walls could be suppressed by buffering the growth medium between pH 4.5 and 6.5.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence GLYCOBIOS, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia. chemvfar@savba.sk
authors.forename: Vladimír
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Farkas
authors.forename: Kanji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takeo
authors.forename: Danka
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maceková
authors.forename: Misako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohkusu
authors.forename: Soichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sipiczki
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001329:Autolysis; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002686:Chitin / Q000378:metabolism; D020285:Cryoelectron Microscopy; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008858:Microscopy, Phase-Contrast; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000378:metabolism; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D000935:Antifungal Agents; D011134:Polysaccharides; D047071:beta-Glucans; D002686:Chitin; C033363:beta-1,3-glucan