Neurocognitive impairment in children and adolescents with systemic lupus erythematosus.
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease, in which neuropsychiatric manifestations are a common cause of significant morbidity. The American College of Rheumatology has identified 19 distinct neuropsychiatric syndromes associated with SLE, although the 1982 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for SLE recognize only two: seizures and psychosis. Neurocognitive impairment (NCI) is one of the most common and clinically challenging manifestations of SLE, but its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. This Review examines the epidemiology and pathophysiology of NCI in children and adolescents with SLE, as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that are available for these patients. As few published studies specifically address NCI in pediatric SLE, new directions for research are also discussed.
Levy
Deborah M
DM
Division of Rheumatology, Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
Ardoin
Stacy P
SP
Schanberg
Laura E
LE
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests