title: Effects of exercise and caloric restriction on insulin resistance and cardiometabolic risk factors in older obese adults--a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevalence of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease is greatest in older obese patients, and effective evidence-based treatment strategies are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective controlled study was conducted on 24 older (65.5 +/- 5.0 years) obese (body mass index, 34.3 +/- 5.2 kg/m(2)) adults with clinically diagnosed metabolic syndrome. We examined the effect of exercise alone (EX) or exercise combined with moderate caloric restriction (-500 kcal, EX + CR) on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors. Measures of insulin sensitivity assessed by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp and by oral glucose tolerance test, lipid profiles, blood pressure, body composition, abdominal fat, and aerobic capacity were all obtained before and after the interventions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups experienced significant weight loss, but the reduction was greater in the EX + CR group than in the EX group (-6.8 +/- 2.7 kg vs -3.7 +/- 3.4 kg, respectively, p = .02). Both interventions improved insulin sensitivity (2.4 +/- 2.4 mg/kg FFM/min and 1.4 +/- 1.7 mg/kgFFM/min, respectively, p < .001) and indices of metabolic syndrome (systolic/diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, glucose, and triglycerides; p < .05). High-density lipoprotein levels remained unchanged. Total abdominal, subcutaneous, and visceral fat; aerobic capacity; and total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were also improved. With the exception of weight loss and subcutaneous fat, there was no difference in the magnitude of improvement between the interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that exercise alone is an effective nonpharmacological treatment strategy for insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older obese adults.
authors.affiliation: Schwartz Center for Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Hussein N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yassine
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Marchetti
authors.forename: Raj K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Vrobel
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kirwan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000379:methods*; D000072038:Cardiac Rehabilitation; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin