title: Self-rotations in simulated microgravity: performance effects of strategy training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This research studies reorientation methodologies in a simulated microgravity environment using an experimental framework to reduce astronaut adaptation time and provide for a safety countermeasure during extravehicular activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 20 subjects (10 men, 10 women, mean age of 23.6 +/- 3.5) who were divided into 2 groups, fully trained and minimally trained, which determined the amount of motion strategy training received. Subjects performed a total of 48 rotations about their pitch, roll, and yaw axes in a suspension system that simulated microgravity. In each trial subjects either rotated 90 degrees in pitch, 90 degrees in roll, or 180 degrees in yaw. Experimental measures include subject coordination, performance time, cognitive workload assessments, and qualitative motion control strategies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects in the fully trained group had better initial performance with respect to performance time and workload scores for the pitch and yaw rotations. Further, trained subjects reached a steady-state performance time in fewer trials than those with minimal training. The subjects with minimal training tended to use motions that were common in an Earth environment since no technique was provided. For roll rotations they developed motions that would have led to significant off-axis (pitch and yaw) rotations in a true microgravity environment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have shown that certain body axes are easier to rotate about than others and that fully trained subjects had an easier time performing the body rotations than the minimally trained subjects. This study has provided the groundwork for the development of an astronaut motion-control training program.
authors.affiliation: Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Massachusestts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Leia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stirling
authors.forename: Dava
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Willcox
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000328:Adult; D000337:Aerospace Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D012399:Rotation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014893:Weightlessness