title: Particulate air pollution, coronary heart disease and individual risk assessment: a general overview.
abstract: Both long-term and short-term exposure to air pollution is associated with a marked increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality because of the coronary syndrome and its complications. The exact molecular mechanism that is responsible for these acute and chronic effects is not elucidated yet. Potential pathophysiological pathways, however, include vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress and altered cardiac autonomic dysfunction. Actually, the cardiovascular risk assessment for individual patients with regard to air pollution is still complicated. To support decision-making in clinic, we propose a risk model, named 'CardioVascular and AIR pollution' risk table, composed of acknowledged factors in the relationship of cardiovascular disease and air pollution.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carlijne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hassing
authors.forename: Marcel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Twickler
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brunekreef
authors.forename: Flemming
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cassee
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Doevendans
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kastelein
authors.forename: Maarten Jan
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cramer
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014504:Urban Health; D014505:Urban Population