title: Design and impact of an intraoperative pathway: a new operating room model for team-based practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The concept of a team-based model for delivery of care has been critical at our institution for improving efficiency and safety. Despite these measures, difficulties continue to occur during lengthy operating room procedures. Using a novel team-based practice model, a multidisciplinary team was organized to improve efficiency in microsurgical breast reconstruction. We describe development of an intraoperative pathway for deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction and its impact on various outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated 150 patients who underwent DIEP flap breast reconstruction at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center from 2005 to 2008. Patient groups were subdivided into 50 unilateral and 50 bilateral procedures before the intraoperative pathway and 25 unilateral and 25 bilateral procedures after. Outcomes measured included operative time, complications, operating room and hospital costs, proper administration of prophylactic antibiotics and heparin, and staff satisfaction surveys.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operative times decreased after pathway implementation in both unilateral (8.2 hours to 6.9 hours; p < 0.001) and bilateral groups (12.8 hours to 10.6 hours; p < 0.001) and complication rates were unchanged. Mean operating room costs decreased in the unilateral group by 10.2% (p = 0.018). Prophylactic heparin administration showed substantial improvements, although antibiotic administration and redosing of antibiotics trended upward. Staff surveys showed improved interdisciplinary communication, transition guidelines, and enhanced efficiency through standardization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of an intraoperative pathway led to improvements in operative time, cost, quality measures, and staff satisfaction. Refinement of the pathway with team resolution of variances might continue to improve outcomes. Complex, multi-team procedures can derive benefits from standardization and intraoperative pathway development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. blee3@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Bernard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Adam M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tobias
authors.forename: Janet H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Yueh
authors.forename: Eran D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Bar-Meir
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Darrah
authors.forename: Charlotte L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Guglielmi
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Justine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Carr
authors.forename: Donald W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Moorman
mesh_terms: D019091:Critical Pathways / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational; D005260:Female; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016462:Mammaplasty / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D008866:Microsurgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009873:Operating Rooms / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013997:Time Factors