title: Compatibility of polymers and chemical oxidants for enhanced groundwater remediation.
abstract: Polymer floods provide a promising method to more effectively deliver conventional groundwater treatment agents to organic contaminants distributed within heterogeneous aquifer systems. Combinations of nontoxic polymers (xanthan and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide) and common chemical oxidants (potassium permanganate and sodium persulfate) were investigated to determine the suitability of these mixtures for polymer-enhanced in situ chemical oxidation applications. Oxidant demand and solution viscosity were utilized as initial measures of chemical compatibility. After 72 h of reaction with both test oxidants, solution viscosities in mixtures containing hydrolyzed polyacrylamide were decreased by more than 90% (final viscosities approximately 2 cP), similar to the 95% viscosity loss (final viscosities approximately 1 cP, near that of water) observed in xanthan/persulfate experiments. In contrast, xanthan solutions exposed to potassium permanganate preserved 60-95% of initial viscosity after 72 h. Permanganate depletion in xanthan-containing experiments ranged from 2% to 24% over the same test period. Although oxidant consumption in xanthan/permanganate solutions appeared to be correlated with increasing xanthan concentrations, solutions of up to 2000 mg/L xanthan did not inhibit permanganate from oxidizing a dissolved-phase test contaminant (tetrachloroethene, PCE) in xanthan solution. These advantageous characteristics (high viscosity retention, moderate oxidant demand, and lack of competitive effects on PCE oxidation rate) render xanthan/permanganate the most compatible polymer/oxidant combination of those tested for remediation by polymer-enhanced chemical oxidation.
authors.affiliation: Hydrologic Science & Engineering Program and Environmental Science & Engineering Division, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA. megsmith@mines.edu
authors.forename: Megan M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Jeff A K
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munakata-Marr
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: McCray
mesh_terms: D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D011196:Potassium Permanganate / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil; D013997:Time Factors; D014783:Viscosity; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D017895:Manganese Compounds; D016877:Oxidants; D010087:Oxides; D011108:Polymers; D012987:Soil; D014873:Water Pollutants; D011196:Potassium Permanganate; C048856:permanganic acid