title: Phenotypic overlap of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) with persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) caused by FZD4 mutations in two distinct pedigrees.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a severe familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) phenotype seen in infancy that resembles persistent fetal vasculature (PFV) caused by mutations in the FZD4 gene in two pedigrees with high intrafamilial variability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three infants presented with features compatible with bilateral PFV. Eye examinations from the affected children and their relatives were reviewed retrospectively (follow-up:18 months-9 years). Mutation screening was performed using direct sequencing of the FZD4, LRP5 and NDP genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bilateral retinal folds extending from the optic nerve to the inferotemporal aspect of the lens mimicing PFV were observed in two of the three affected children before the age of two months. The third child was examined at birth, and the avascular peripheral retina treated with diode laser within one week of age, with subsequent arrest of the disease process. A FZD4 mutation, M493_W494del, was identified in one affected child in pedigree 1, and a novel missense mutation, I114T, was detected in 2 affected children in pedigree 2; while no mutations were found in NDP or LRP5 genes in the 3 affected children. In both pedigrees, at least one affected relative was asymptomatic and failed to show the characteristic avascular changes of FEVR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical features in the three children and their relatives with a documented FZD4 mutation support the previous reports of a high degree of intrafamilial and interfamilial variability in FEVR. In extreme cases with very early onset, the development of a retinal fold can mimic PFV, a non-hereditary condition with rare exception.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Johane M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robitaille
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Binyou
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: M Jill
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Beis
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Samuels
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoskin-Mott
authors.forename: Duane L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Guernsey
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005122:Exudates and Transudates; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D051157:Frizzled Receptors / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010375:Pedigree; D054514:Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous / Q000235:genetics*; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics*; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000002:abnormalities; D018630:Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C402930:FZD4 protein, human; D051157:Frizzled Receptors; D026502:LDL-Receptor Related Proteins; C555482:LRP5 protein, human; D060492:Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-5; C081848:NDP protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled