title: Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency: clinical features, drug therapy and follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine and catecholamines. Main clinical features are developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Response to therapy has been variable and unsatisfactory; the overall prognosis is guarded.
  
  
  METHODS
  To gain more insight into this rare disorder we collected clinical and laboratory data of nine German patients. All patients were clinically examined by one investigator, and their responses to different drug regimes were evaluated by the patients' charts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptoms were obvious from early infancy. Later, main neurological features were truncal muscular hypotonia, hypokinesia, oculogyric crises and rigor. Three patients had single seizures. All patients presented distinct extraneurological symptoms, such as hypersalivation, hyperhidrosis, nasal congestion, sleep disturbances and hypoglycaemia. In CSF all patients revealed the pattern typical of AADC with decreased concentrations of homovanillic and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and elevated concentration of 3-ortho-methyldopa. Diagnosis was confirmed by measurement of AADC activity in plasma in all patients. Drug regimes consisted of vitamin B6, dopamine agonists, MAO inhibitors and anticholinergics in different combinations. No patient achieved a complete recovery from neurological symptoms, but partial improvement of mobility and mood could be achieved in some.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AADC deficiency is a severe neurometabolic disorder, characterized by muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms. Medical treatment is challenging, but a systematic trial of the different drugs is worthwhile.
authors.affiliation: Division of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 430, Heidelberg D-69120, Germany.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manegold
authors.forename: G F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Degen
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ikonomidou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Knust
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Laass
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pritsch
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilichowski
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hörster
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D020739:Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D025101:Vitamin B 6 / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D001142:Aromatic-L-Amino-Acid Decarboxylases; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007980:Levodopa; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D025101:Vitamin B 6