title: Long-term, open-label extension study of guanfacine extended release in children and adolescents with ADHD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Guanfacine is a noradrenergic agonist that is believed to improve symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through selective actions at alpha2A-adrenoceptors in the prefrontal cortex. A recent double-blind, multicenter trial supports the efficacy and safety of guanfacine extended release (GXR) for pediatric ADHD. This long-term, open-label extension was conducted to study the safety profile and effectiveness of GXR for up to 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 240 children 6-17 years of age with a diagnosis of ADHD who participated in the preceding randomized trial. GXR was initiated at 2 mg/day and titrated as needed in 1-mg increments to a maximum of 4 mg/day to achieve optimal clinical response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most common adverse events were somnolence (30.4%), headache (26.3%), fatigue (14.2%), and sedation (13.3%). Somnolence, sedation, and fatigue were usually transient. Cardiovascular-related adverse events were uncommon, although small reductions in mean blood pressure and pulse rate were evident at monthly visits. ADHD Rating Scale, Version IV, total and subscale scores improved significantly from baseline to endpoint for all dose groups (P<.001 for all comparisons, intent-to-treat population).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term treatment with GXR was generally safe for up to 24 months of treatment, and effectiveness was maintained over this treatment period.
authors.affiliation: Clinical and Research Programs, Pediatric Psychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Biederman
authors.forename: Raun D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Melmed
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: McBurnett
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Donahue
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002648:Child; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000139:chemically induced; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005221:Fatigue / Q000139:chemically induced; D005260:Female; D016316:Guanfacine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006261:Headache / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000316:Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; D016316:Guanfacine