title: Simulation of the QRS complex using papillary muscle positions as the site of early activation in human subjects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Simulation of the electrical activation of the heart and its comparison with real in vivo activation is a promising method in testing potential determinants of excitation. Simulation of the electrical activity of the human heart is now emerging as a step forward for understanding and predicting electrophysiologic patterns in humans. Initial points of excitation and the manner in which the activation spreads from these points are important variables determining QRS complex characteristics. It has been suggested that in humans, the initial excitation of the left ventricle is a primary determinant of QRS complex characteristics, and that excitation begins at the papillary muscles and septum, where the fascicles of the left bundle branch insert. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that QRS duration and direction of QRS axis in the frontal plane have excellent agreement between real QRS and simulated QRS using papillary muscle position to indicate the border of the origin of early ventricular activation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen healthy adult volunteers were included in the study. Magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained to assess the papillary muscle positions. Twelve-lead electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were used to obtain real ECG data for assessment of QRS duration and QRS axis in each subject. Simulation software developed by ECG-TECH Corp (Huntington, NY) was used to simulate the ECG of each subject to determine simulated QRS duration and QRS frontal plane axis. QRS duration and QRS axis data were compared between simulated and real ECG and agreement between these variables was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-nine percent of subjects had a difference of the QRS duration between real and simulated ECG of less than 10 milliseconds. The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real QRS duration was 71% and considered as "good" (kappa statistics). In 70% of subjects, the difference in the QRS axis was less than 10 degrees . The calculated strength of agreement between simulated and real QRS axis was 80% and considered as "excellent" (kappa statistics).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study suggest that the sites of the initiation of electrical activity in the left ventricle, as assessed by the positions of papillary muscles, may be considered as primary determinants of the QRS duration and QRS axis in humans. This knowledge may help in predicting normal QRS characteristic on a patient-specific basis. In this study, simulation of the QRS complex was based on papillary muscles from human hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Children's Cardiac Centre, Slovakia. nina.hakacova@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hakacova
authors.forename: Geoffrey D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Anna M C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Ronald H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Selvester
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006329:Heart Conduction System / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*