title: A genetic network of flowering-time genes in wheat leaves, in which an APETALA1/FRUITFULL-like gene, VRN1, is upstream of FLOWERING LOCUS T.
abstract: To elucidate the genetic mechanism of flowering in wheat, we performed expression, mutant and transgenic studies of flowering-time genes. A diurnal expression analysis revealed that a flowering activator VRN1, an APETALA1/FRUITFULL homolog in wheat, was expressed in a rhythmic manner in leaves under both long-day (LD) and short-day (SD) conditions. Under LD conditions, the upregulation of VRN1 during the light period was followed by the accumulation of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) transcripts. Furthermore, FT was not expressed in a maintained vegetative phase (mvp) mutant of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), which has null alleles of VRN1, and never transits from the vegetative to the reproductive phase. These results suggest that VRN1 is upstream of FT and upregulates the FT expression under LD conditions. The overexpression of FT in a transgenic bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) caused extremely early heading with the upregulation of VRN1 and the downregulation of VRN2, a putative repressor gene of VRN1. These results suggest that in the transgenic plant, FT suppresses VRN2 expression, leading to an increase in VRN1 expression. Based on these results, we present a model for a genetic network of flowering-time genes in wheat leaves, in which VRN1 is upstream of FT with a positive feedback loop through VRN2. The mvp mutant has a null allele of VRN2, as well as of VRN1, because it was obtained from a spring einkorn wheat strain lacking VRN2. The fact that FT is not expressed in the mvp mutant supports the present model.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui, Japan.
authors.forename: Sanae
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: Taiichi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitagawa
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Chihiro
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ikari
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shitsukawa
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Abe
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kawahigashi
authors.forename: Rie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Handa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murai
mesh_terms: D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D017343:Genes, Plant; D026161:MADS Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D014908:Triticum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D026161:MADS Domain Proteins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant