title: The Sämisch case and the Müllers of Wiesbaden.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are significant inconsistencies in accounts in textbooks of the fitting in 1887 of a device resembling a scleral contact lens. The aim of this study was to establish the facts of this case and to provide an overview of the subsequent clinical performance of blown scleral shells and lenses.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted that included the original report published in 1910 of the fitting of the patient. The dimensions and back vertex power of a blown scleral shell were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1887, the right eye of a patient with lagophthalmic keratitis as a sequel to cancerous destruction of the lower eyelid was fitted with a protective blown scleral shell. His left eye was effectively blind. The referring ophthalmologist was Professor Theodor Sämisch of Bonn and the fitting was undertaken by the firm of F Ad Müller & Söhne of Wiesbaden, Germany. With periodical replacement, a shell was worn for at least 21 years. Müller scleral shells were principally fitted in keratoconus providing markedly improved visual acuities and wearing times of up to 14 h a day. There were instances of continuous wear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Failure to consult original sources is responsible for errors in descriptions of the Sämisch case that is of historical importance because it represents both the first use of a therapeutic contact shell and the first instance of continuous wear. Blown scleral shells and lenses played an important part in the optical correction of keratoconus and the management of other ocular conditions during the first quarter of the 20th century.
authors.affiliation: City University, London, United Kingdom. rpearson@contacts.fsnet.co.uk
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pearson
mesh_terms: D003261:Contact Lenses / Q000266:history*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005142:Eyelid Neoplasms / Q000266:history / Q000628:therapy; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000266:history*; D009907:Optometry / Q000266:history*; D017755:Prosthesis Fitting / Q000266:history; D012590:Sclera