title: Preventing excessive weight gain during pregnancy through dietary and lifestyle counseling: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate whether an organized, consistent program of dietary and lifestyle counseling prevents excessive weight gain in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This randomized controlled trial assigned women to receive either an organized, consistent program of intensive dietary and lifestyle counseling or routine prenatal care. The primary study outcome was the proportion of patients whose gestational weight gain was within the Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. Secondary outcomes included mode of delivery, rate of operative vaginal delivery, neonatal weight, and the incidence of preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), vaginal/perineal lacerations, and shoulder dystocia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 100 women were randomized to the study (lifestyle counseling 57, routine prenatal care 43). Baseline demographic characteristics were similar between the study groups. The lifestyle counseling group gained significantly less weight than did the routine prenatal care group (28.7+/-12.5 lb compared with 35.6+/-15.5 lb, P=.01). The routine prenatal care group had significantly more cesarean deliveries due to "failure to progress" (routine prenatal care 58.3% compared with lifestyle counseling 25.0%, P=.02). Across groups, patients who were not adherent to the IOM guidelines had significantly heavier neonates (adherent 3,203.2+/-427.2 g compared with not adherent 3,517.4+/-572.4 g, P<.01). Nulliparous women gained significantly more weight than did parous women (36.5+/-14.5 lb compared with 27.7+/-12.7 lb, P<.01). The most predictive factor of IOM adherence was having a normal prepregnancy body mass index. No statistically significant differences were noted between the groups in adherence to IOM guidelines, rate of cesarean delivery, preeclampsia, GDM, operative vaginal delivery, or vaginal lacerations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An organized, consistent program of dietary and lifestyle counseling did reduce weight gain in pregnancy.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov, www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00792480
  
  
  METHODS
  I.
authors.affiliation: Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. drshelly@earthlink.net
authors.forename: Shelly M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Asbee
authors.forename: Todd R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Mollie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elliot
authors.forename: Allyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rutledge
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D015992:Body Mass Index; D037001:Directive Counseling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult