title: Role of three-dimensional power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta: comparison with gray-scale and color Doppler techniques.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the role of three-dimensional (3D) power Doppler in the antenatal diagnosis of placenta accreta and compare its diagnostic performance with gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasonography.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and seventy pregnant women with persistent placenta previa totalis (after 28 weeks' gestation) were prospectively enrolled into this study. Gray-scale transabdominal ultrasound examination was performed to detect loss of the subendometrial echolucent zone and other abnormalities suggestive of placenta accreta. Color flow mapping was used to scan the whole placenta to detect any newly formed vessels at the serosa-bladder border or the presence of abnormal lacunae. Finally a targeted examination of angioarchitecture in the basal and lateral views of the placenta was carried out using 3D power Doppler. The ultrasound findings were analyzed with reference to the final diagnosis made during Cesarean delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placenta accreta and its variants (including increta and percreta) were confirmed in 39 patients at the time of Cesarean delivery. Based on receiver-operating characteristics analysis, 'numerous coherent vessels' visualized using 3D power Doppler in the basal view was the best single criterion for the diagnosis of placenta accreta, with a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 92%. If we considered the presence of at least one criterion to be diagnostic when using each ultrasound technique, then 3D power Doppler would have the best positive predictive value (76%), followed by gray-scale (51%) and color Doppler (47%). The majority of patients with placenta accreta showed multiple characteristic features on ultrasound imaging. In contrast, those patients with a false-positive diagnosis (i.e. the final diagnosis was placenta previa alone) tended to show isolated ultrasound markers of the condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  3D power Doppler may be useful as a complementary technique for the antenatal diagnosis or exclusion of placenta accreta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: J M Palacios
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Palacios Jaraquemada
authors.forename: Y N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Shyu
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: S Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010921:Placenta Accreta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000379:methods; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*