title: The prevalence of headache and its association with socioeconomic status among schoolchildren in istanbul, Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The etiology and pathogenesis of migraine and other types of headache are still under discussion. An interaction of organic, psychological, and psychosocial factors is operative. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of headache and its association with socioeconomic status among schoolchildren.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was performed on 2669 schoolchildren via a parental questionnaire. Socioeconomic status was determined according to the Turkish socioeconomic status scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of the students was 8.2 +/- 2.4 years. The headache prevalence was 46.2% (95% CI: 44.3-48.1). The prevalence of migraine was 3.4% (95% CI: 2.8-4.1), the prevalence of probable migraine was 8.7% (95% CI: 7.6-9.8), and that of non-migraine headache was 34.1% (95% CI: 32.3-35.9). Multivariate analysis revealed that older age, being a girl, having a family history of headache, and exposure to passive smoking at home were independently associated with headache. There was an inverse association between socioeconomic status and all 3 types of headaches after adjusting for age, sex, family history of headache, and presence of passive smoking. When the group with the lowest socioeconomic status was taken as the reference category, the odds ratios for the highest socioeconomic group were 0.33 (95% CI: 0.16-0.69, P = .003) for the migraine, 0.30 (95% CI: 0.11-0.89, P = .029) for the probable migraine, and 0.34 (95% CI: 0.16-0.72, P = 0.005) for the non-migraine headache.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Headache is more common among children with lower socioeconomic groups. Social causation can play a role in the pathogenesis of headache.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Neurology, School of Medicine, Acibadem University, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Uğur
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Işik
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Topuzoğlu
authors.forename: Pinar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: Refika Hamutçu
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Ersu
authors.forename: Ayşe Rodopman
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Arman
authors.forename: M Fatih
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Onsüz
authors.forename: Melda
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karavuş
authors.forename: Elif
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dağli
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004777:Environment; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D020773:Headache Disorders / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D011153:Population; D015995:Prevalence; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D012923:Social Class; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology