title: Relationship of safety climate and safety performance in hospitals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between measures of hospital safety climate and hospital performance on selected Patient Safety Indicators (PSIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary data from a 2004 survey of hospital personnel. Secondary data from the 2005 Medicare Provider Analysis and Review File and 2004 American Hospital Association's Annual Survey of Hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 91 hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Negative binomial regressions used an unweighted, risk-adjusted PSI composite as dependent variable and safety climate scores and controls as independent variables. Some specifications included interpersonal, work unit, and organizational safety climate dimensions. Others included separate measures for senior managers and frontline personnel's safety climate perceptions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospitals with better safety climate overall had lower relative incidence of PSIs, as did hospitals with better scores on safety climate dimensions measuring interpersonal beliefs regarding shame and blame. Frontline personnel's perceptions of better safety climate predicted lower risk of experiencing PSIs, but senior manager perceptions did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results link hospital safety climate to indicators of potential safety events. Some aspects of safety climate are more closely related to safety events than others. Perceptions about safety climate among some groups, such as frontline staff, are more closely related than perceptions in other groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. ssinger@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singer
authors.forename: Shoutzu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Alyson
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falwell
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaba
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Baker
mesh_terms: D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D015279:Organizational Culture; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D017751:Safety Management / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology