title: Water disinfection in the mountains - state of the art recommendation paper of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme Medical Commission.
abstract: This paper provides the official recommendation of the Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) Medical Commission to manage the problem of safe drinking water. The recommendation was accepted and authorized for publication by the Medical Commission during their annual meeting at Treplice, Tzechia, 2008. Safe water is essential for mountaineers worldwide in order to balance challenges associated with high altitude dehydration. The paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of several procedures used to procure safe drinking water in the mountains or at high altitude. Limitations or critical details, which may cause failure of the methods are mentioned systematically. We differentiate between "conventional" methods, which should be preferred because they produce safe water and "improvisation". The latter does not produce safe water but may be used if conventional methods are not available for any reason. They decrease the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms and by this they reduce the risk of enteral infection. Water filtration using a ceramic filter system or chemical disinfection is recommended as a standard method. Boiling water should be avoided because it is too fuel consuming and has the potential to increase deforestation. Generally, with regard to infections by water or food, all mountaineers should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and poliomyelitis in regions where they may be at-risk.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine, Aachen Technical University, Pauwelsstr. 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany. tkuepper@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Thomas E A H
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Küpper
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Schöffl
authors.forename: Jim S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Milledge
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D004326:Drinking; D019550:Environmental Medicine; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009051:Mountaineering; D014867:Water / Q000592:standards*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D014867:Water