title: Expression of inflammatory genes induced by beta-amyloid peptides in human brain endothelial cells and in Alzheimer's brain is mediated by the JNK-AP1 signaling pathway.
abstract: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by accumulation and deposition of Abeta peptides in the brain. Abeta deposition in cerebral vessels occurs in many AD patients and results in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (AD/CAA). Abeta deposits evoke neuro- and neurovascular inflammation contributing to neurodegeneration. In this study, we found that exposure of cultured human brain endothelial cells (HBEC) to Abeta(1-40) elicited expression of inflammatory genes MCP-1, GRO, IL-1beta and IL-6. Up-regulation of these genes was confirmed in AD and AD/CAA brains by qRT-PCR. Profiling of 54 transcription factors indicated that AP-1 was strongly activated not only in Abeta-treated HBEC but also in AD and AD/CAA brains. AP-1 complex in nuclear extracts from Abeta-treated HBEC bound to AP-1 DNA-binding sequence and activated the reporter gene of a luciferase vector carrying AP-1-binding site from human MCP-1 gene. AP-1 is a dimeric protein complex and supershift assay identified c-Jun as a component of the activated AP-1 complex. Western blot analyses showed that c-Jun was activated via JNK-mediated phosphorylation, suggesting that as a result of c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 was activated and thus up-regulated MCP-1 expression. A JNK inhibitor SP600125 strongly inhibited Abeta-induced c-Jun phosphorylation, AP-1 activation, AP-1 reporter gene activity and MCP-1 expression in cells stimulated with Abeta peptides. The results suggested that JNK-AP1 signaling pathway is responsible for Abeta-induced neuroinflammation in HBEC and Alzheimer's brain and that this signaling pathway may serve as a therapeutic target for relieving Abeta-induced inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A0R6, Canada.
authors.forename: Vanja
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vukic
authors.forename: Debbie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Callaghan
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Lih-Fen
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Lue
authors.forename: Qing Yan
authors.initials: QY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Pierre-Oliver
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Couraud
authors.forename: Ignacio A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Babette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Weksler
authors.forename: Danica B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Stanimirovic
authors.forename: Wandong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D000873:Anthracenes; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C475829:CXCL1 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; C078592:amyloid beta-protein (1-40); C432165:pyrazolanthrone; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4