title: Effects of dioxin on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production in the retina associated with choroidal neovascularization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is the most consistent risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), especially the choroidal neovascularization (CNV)-mediated exudative type. Dioxins and dioxin-like compounds have various effects on living organisms and are also contained in cigarette smoke. However, the effects of dioxins on the eye remain elusive. In this study, the authors examined the association between dioxins and neovascularization in the eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) every other day for 14 days. Messenger RNA expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A1, CYP1B1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and VEGF-B, and VEGF production were examined in the eyes of TCDD-treated mice and in human retinal pigment epithelial cell lines (ARPE-19) exposed to TCDD. In addition, CNV was induced by photocoagulation in mice injected with TCDD, and the volume of CNV was compared by fluorescence-labeled choroidal flat mount.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TCDD injected intraperitoneally increased CYP1A1 mRNA expression in the iris/ciliary body and retina, indicating that TCDD acts directly on ocular tissues through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to promote the transcription of target genes. TCDD also promoted VEGF-A mRNA expression in the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. TCDD-induced VEGF production at the molecular level was also observed in vivo by immunohistochemistry and in vitro using ARPE-19. Moreover, the injection of TCDD significantly exacerbated photocoagulation-induced CNV in mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors demonstrate that dioxins are among the factors inducing abnormal vascularization in the eye through VEGF production mediated by AhR signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. takeuchi@tokyo-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Aya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Kosuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Koh-hei
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Sonoda
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Yoko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okunuki
authors.forename: Atsunobu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Usui
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuroda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000378:metabolism*; D002924:Ciliary Body / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007498:Iris / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015854:Up-Regulation; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018336:Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585496:CYP1B1 protein, human; C585498:Cyp1b1 protein, mouse; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1