title: Polymeric brominated flame retardants: are they a relevant source of emerging brominated aromatic compounds in the environment?
abstract: A purge and trap method was used to study the release of brominated organic compounds from polymeric brominated flame retardants (BFRs), a relatively unknown class of flame retardant materials. Among the volatile brominated organics released, pentabromotoluene (PBTo), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and hexabromobenzene (HBB) were of particular interest because of their high potential to persist in the environment The impact of a thermal stress on the release of these compounds was assessed by applying different constant temperatures for one hour to a polymeric BFR sample. Release rates ranged between 22 +/- 2.1 ng g(-1) h(-1) for PBEB to 2480 +/- 500 ng g(-1) h(-1) for PBTo at room temperature. These rates of release reached 65 +/- 11 ng g(-1) h(-1) for PBEB and 42400 +/- 4700 ng g(-1) h(-1) for PBTo at 100 degrees C. This suggests that the compounding of thermoplastic polyesters done at high temperatures, up to 290 degrees C, could lead to the release of significant amounts of volatile brominated compounds in the environment when crude polymeric BFRs are used as flame retardants. To assess if this unsuspected source of volatile brominated compounds to the environment was relevant to support air concentrations in the Great Lakes area, air samples collected at Egbert (ON, Canada) were analyzed and PBTo, PBEB, and HBB were detected at low levels in some air samples (<0.01 to 0.09 pg/m3). As a second step, a Level III fugacity model was run using release rates of PBTo, PBEB, and HBB determined in this study. Results of the model indicated that prevailing PBEB and HBB air concentrations were not supported by their release from polymeric BFRs but by the use of these compounds as additive BFRs. However, these model predictions suffered from a lack of information on the actual use of polymeric BFRs. Hence, further work is needed to assess the release of potentially persistent brominated aromatic compounds from polymeric BFRs.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Ecosystem Protection Research Division, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gouteux
authors.forename: Mehran
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alaee
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mabury
authors.forename: Grazina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pacepavicius
authors.forename: Derek C G
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Muir
mesh_terms: D001969:Bromobenzenes / Q000032:analysis; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D004777:Environment; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005411:Flame Retardants / Q000032:analysis*; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000032:analysis; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic / Q000032:analysis*; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated / Q000032:analysis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011108:Polymers / Q000032:analysis*; D013696:Temperature; D014050:Toluene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D001969:Bromobenzenes; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005411:Flame Retardants; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D006841:Hydrocarbons, Aromatic; D006842:Hydrocarbons, Brominated; D011108:Polymers; C511295:2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether; D014050:Toluene; C503022:2,3,4,5,6-pentabromoethylbenzene; C053745:2,3,4,5,6-pentabromotoluene; C017363:hexabromobenzene