title: Utilization of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator for ischemic stroke: are there sex differences?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated whether there were sex-related differences in the administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-tPA) to patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to US academic medical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were abstracted for consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted to 32 academic medical centers from January through June, 2004, as part of the University HealthSystem Consortium Ischemic Stroke Benchmarking Project. Multivariate logistic models were used to test for sex-related differences in the receipt of IV-tPA with adjustment for demographic and clinical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 1,234 patients (49% women; mean age 66.6 years; 56% white). IV-tPA was given to 7% (6.5% of women versus 7.5% of men, p = 0.49). Women and men were equally likely to receive IV-tPA in risk-adjusted analyses (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.64-1.64). Approximately 77% of women and men who did not receive IV-tPA did not meet the 3-hour treatment window or their time of onset was unknown.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women admitted to academic hospitals receive IV-tPA as often as men; however, a substantial percentage of both women and men are not arriving within the 3-hour time window required for diagnostic assessment and administration of intravenous thrombolytic therapy. Additional efforts are needed to improve the rapid identification, evaluation and treatment of stroke patients.
authors.affiliation: Section of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06520-8034, USA.
authors.forename: Norrina B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dostal
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.forename: Larry B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Judith H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lichtman
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator