title: Impaired synaptic vesicle release and immaturity of neuromuscular junctions in spinal muscular atrophy mice.
abstract: The motor neuron disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) causes profound muscle weakness that most often leads to early death. At autopsy, SMA is characterized by loss of motor neurons and muscle atrophy, but the initial cellular events that precipitate motor unit dysfunction and loss remain poorly characterized. Here, we examined the function and corresponding structure of neuromuscular junction (NMJ) synapses in a mouse model of severe SMA (hSMN2/delta7SMN/mSmn-/-). Surprisingly, most SMA NMJs remained innervated even late in the disease course; however they showed abnormal synaptic transmission. There was a two-fold reduction in the amplitudes of the evoked endplate currents (EPCs), but normal spontaneous miniature EPC (MEPC) amplitudes. These features in combination indicate reduced quantal content. SMA NMJs also demonstrated increased facilitation suggesting a reduced probability of vesicle release. By electron microscopy, we found a decreased density of synaptic vesicles that is likely to contribute to the reduced release probability. In addition to presynaptic defects, there were postsynaptic abnormalities. EPC and MEPC decay time constants were prolonged because of a slowed switch from the fetal acetylcholine receptor (AChR) gamma-subunit to the adult epsilon-subunit. There was also reduced size of AChR clusters and small myofibers, which expressed an immature pattern of myosin heavy chains. Together these results indicate that impaired synaptic vesicle release at NMJs in severe SMA is likely to contribute to failed postnatal maturation of motor units and muscle weakness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Xueyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dong W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Choe
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polley
authors.forename: Barrington G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Burnett
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bosch-Marcé
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Mark M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Charlotte J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sumner
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017763:Autonomic Denervation / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D055369:Miniature Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D009469:Neuromuscular Junction / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic / Q000378:metabolism; D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D013572:Synaptic Vesicles / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D011950:Receptors, Cholinergic; D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein