title: In vivo metabolite profile of adult zebrafish brain obtained by high-resolution localized magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To optimize high-resolution MR spectroscopy (MRS) for obtaining neurochemical composition of adult zebrafish brain in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A flow-through setup for supporting MRS of living zebrafish has been designed. In vivo MR microscopy (MRM) images were obtained using a rapid acquisition with relaxation enhancement (RARE) sequence to select a volume of interest. In vivo MR spectra from zebrafish brain were obtained using an optimized point-resolved spectroscopy (PRESS) sequence preceded by a variable pulse power and optimized relaxation delays (VAPOR) sequence for global water suppression interleaved with outer volume suppression (OVS). In vitro MR spectra in the brain extract were obtained by using correlated spectroscopy (COSY) sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optimized high-resolution localized MRS at 9.4T in conjunction with a strong gradient system, efficient shimming, and the water suppression scheme resulted in a reasonable separation of resonances from various metabolites in vivo from a voxel as small as 3.3 microL placed in the zebrafish brain. In addition, more than 14 metabolites were identified in adult zebrafish brain extracts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have successfully optimized a high-resolution localized in vivo MRS technique to get access to the zebrafish brain, and obtained for the first time the neurochemical composition of the zebrafish brain.
authors.affiliation: Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kabli
authors.forename: Herman P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Spaink
authors.forename: Huub J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: De Groot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001923:Brain Chemistry; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000378:metabolism*