title: Prevalence of abnormal lipid profiles and the relationship with the development of microalbuminuria in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the prevalence of lipid abnormalities and their relationship with albumin excretion and microalbuminuria in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 895 young subjects with type 1 diabetes (490 males); median age at the baseline assessment was 14.5 years (range 10-21.1), and median diabetes duration was 4.8 years (0.2-17). A total of 2,194 nonfasting blood samples were collected longitudinally for determination of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, TG, and non-HDL cholesterol. Additional annually collected data on anthropometric parameters, A1C, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) were available.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and non-HDL cholesterol were higher in females than in males (all P < 0.001). A significant proportion of subjects presented sustained lipid abnormalities during follow-up: total cholesterol >5.2 mmol/l (18.6%), non-HDL cholesterol >3.4 mmol/l (25.9%), TG >1.7 mmol/l (20.1%), and LDL cholesterol >3.4 mmol/l (9.6%). Age and duration were significantly related to all lipid parameters (P < 0.001); A1C was independently related to all parameters (P < 0.001) except HDL cholesterol, whereas BMI SD scores were related to all parameters (P < 0.05) except total cholesterol. Total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were independently related to longitudinal changes in ACR (B coefficient +/- SE): 0.03 +/- 0.01/1 mmol/l, P = 0.009, and 0.32 +/- 0.014/1 mmol/l, P = 0.02, respectively. Overall mean total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were higher in microalbuminuria positive (n = 115) than in normoalbuminuric subjects (n = 780): total cholesterol 4.7 +/- 1.2 vs. 4.5 +/- 0.8 mmol/l (P = 0.04) and non-HDL cholesterol 3.2 +/- 1.2 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.8 mmol/l (P = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this longitudinal study of adolescents with type 1 diabetes, sustained lipid abnormalities were related to age, duration, BMI, and A1C. Furthermore, ACR was related to both total cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, indicating a potential role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics and the Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: M Loredana
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Marcovecchio
authors.forename: R Neil
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Dalton
authors.forename: A Toby
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: Carlo L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Acerini
authors.forename: Timothy G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edge
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neil
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shield
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Dunger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D008055:Lipids