title: [The distally based sural neurocutaneous island flap for coverage of soft-tissue defects on the distal lower leg, ankle and heel].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stable coverage of soft-tissue defects in the critical regions of the distal lower leg, ankle and heel by avoidance of a microsurgically transplanted free flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  Soft-tissue defects < or = 10 cm in diameter--either by trauma or complications (skin necrosis, infection)--on the distal lower leg, ankle or heel with exposed osseous, tendinous or articular structures including high-risk patients (diabetes mellitus type 1/2 and/or arterial vascular disease including stage IIb, not capable of improvement).
  
  
  METHODS
  Relative: diameter of defect > 10 cm. Absolute: critical ischemia (arterial vascular disease stages III and IV).
  
  
  METHODS
  Outlining of the sural island flap directly over the small saphenous vein. Fasciocutaneous flap elevation proceeding in a proximal-distal direction. Lipofascial dissection of the 3 cm wide and up to 15 cm long neurovascular pedicle after longitudinal skin incision starting at the distal border of the island flap and running distally. Point of pedicle rotation 5 cm above the tip of the fibula. Flap passage into the defect through subcutaneous tunnel or after incision of the soft tissue between defect and donor site. Skin closure over region of pedicle dissection, meshed skin grafting of donor site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immobilization of the lower leg in a well-padded cast over a period of about 10 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a retrospective study, eleven out of twelve patients (including six high-risk patients) with a distally based sural neurocutaneous flap were examined on average 3.7 years postoperatively. The mean age was 54.9 years (28-80 years). A stable coverage of the defect was achieved in all twelve patients. In ten of twelve sural flaps the defect site was closed by primary wound healing, additional procedures were necessary in two cases (meshed skin grafting of flap border, excision of skin necrosis). All patients examined were satisfied with the result of the primary operative target, the stable coverage of the defect. Stated disadvantages were loss of sensation in the area of sural nerve function (four times), aesthetic impairment (twice), and pain resulting from sural nerve neuroma above donor site (once).
authors.affiliation: Klinik für Unfall-, Hand- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, GPR-Klinikum Rüsselsheim, Rüsselsheim. rudig@gp-ruesselsheim.de
authors.forename: Lothar L J
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rudig
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gercek
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Hessmann
authors.forename: Lars Peter
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018461:Soft Tissue Infections / Q000601:surgery*; D017695:Soft Tissue Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013524:Surgical Flaps