title: When lightning strikes twice: the plot thickens for a dual role of the anion exchanger 2 (AE2/SLC4A2) in the pathogenesis and treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) anion exchanger 2 (AE2) is involved in intracellular pH (pH(i)) regulation and transepithelial acid-base transport, including secretin-stimulated biliary bicarbonate excretion. AE2 gene expression was found to be reduced in liver biopsy specimens and blood mononuclear cells from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), a disease characterized by chronic nonsuppurative cholangitis associated with antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA) and other autoimmune phenomena. In mice with widespread Ae2 gene disruption, we previously reported altered spermiogenesis and reduced gastric acid secretion. We now describe the hepatobiliary and immunologic changes observed in these Ae2(a,b)-deficient mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this murine model, splenocyte pH(i) and T-cell populations were studied by flow cytometry. CD3-stimulated cytokine secretion was estimated using cytokine arrays. AMA were evaluated by immunoblotting and proteomics. Hepatobiliary changes were assessed by immunohistopathology, flow cytometry, and serum biochemistry. Cholangiocyte gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice exhibit splenomegaly, elevated pH(i) in splenocytes, increased production of interleukin-12p70 and interferon gamma, expanded CD8(+) T-cell population, and under represented CD4(+)FoxP3(+)/regulatory T cells. Most Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice tested positively for AMA, showing increased serum levels of immunoglobulin M and G, and liver-specific alkaline phosphatase. About one third of Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice had extensive portal inflammation with CD8(+) and CD4(+) T lymphocytes surrounding damaged bile ducts. Cholangiocytes isolated from Ae2(a,b)(-/-) mice showed gene expression changes compatible with oxidative stress and increased antigen presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ae2 deficiency alters pH(i) homeostasis in immunocytes and gene expression profile in cholangiocytes, leading to immunologic and hepatobiliary changes that resemble PBC.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz Graz, Austria. peter.fickert@klinikum-graz.at
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fickert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trauner