title: Improvement in diabetes self-efficacy and glycaemic control using telemedicine in a sample of older, ethnically diverse individuals who have diabetes: the IDEATel project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  with increasing prevalence of diabetes in older people, it is important to understand factors that affect their outcomes. The Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine (IDEATel) project is a demonstration project to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of telemedicine with diverse, medically underserved, older diabetes patients. Subjects were randomised to telemedicine case management or usual care. This intervention has been shown to result in improved medical outcomes and self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to one's belief that (s)he can successfully engage in a behaviour. Self-efficacy has been shown to relate to behaviour change and glycaemic control in middle-aged individuals, but not studied in older individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  to assess whether (a) diabetes self-efficacy relates to the primary medical outcome of glycaemic control, and to secondary outcomes (blood pressure and cholesterol), and (b) whether, after an intervention, change in diabetes self-efficacy relates to change in these medical outcomes in a group of older, ethnically diverse individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  three waves of longitudinal data from participants in IDEATel were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  diabetes self-efficacy at baseline correlated with glycaemic control, blood pressure and cholesterol. An increase in diabetes self-efficacy over time was related to an improvement in glycaemic control (P < 0.0001), but not in blood pressure and lipid levels. The intervention was significantly related to improved self-efficacy over time (P < 0.0001), and both directly (P = 0.022) and indirectly through self-efficacy (P < 0.001) to improved glycaemic control. The mediation effect of self-efficacy was also significant (P< 0.004).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  diabetes self-efficacy is a relevant construct for older diabetes patients. Thus, interventions that target enhanced self-efficacy may also result in improved glycaemic control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. triefp@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Paula M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Trief
authors.forename: Jeanne A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teresi
authors.forename: Joseph P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Eimicke
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shea
authors.forename: Ruth S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Weinstock
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001794:Blood Pressure; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008507:Medically Underserved Area; D008875:Middle Aged; D020377:Self Efficacy; D017216:Telemedicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin