title: ERAD inhibitors integrate ER stress with an epigenetic mechanism to activate BH3-only protein NOXA in cancer cells.
abstract: The ubiquitin-proteasome system has recently emerged as a major target for drug development in cancer therapy. The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib has clinical activity in multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma. Here we report that Eeyarestatin I (EerI), a chemical inhibitor that blocks endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated protein degradation, has antitumor and biologic activities similar to bortezomib and can synergize with bortezomib. Like bortezomib, EerI-induced cytotoxicity requires the up-regulation of the Bcl-2 homology3 (BH3)-only pro-apoptotic protein NOXA. We further demonstrate that both EerI and bortezomib activate NOXA via an unanticipated mechanism that requires cooperation between two processes. First, these agents elicit an integrated stress response program at the ER to activate the CREB/ATF transcription factors ATF3 and ATF4. We show that ATF3 and ATF4 form a complex capable of binding to the NOXA promoter, which is required for NOXA activation. Second, EerI and bortezomib also block ubiquitination of histone H2A to relieve its inhibition on NOXA transcription. Our results identify a class of anticancer agents that integrate ER stress response with an epigenetic mechanism to induce cell death.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Qiuyan
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mora-Jensen
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weniger
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Perez-Galan
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wolford
authors.forename: Tsonwin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ron
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Trenkle
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiestner
authors.forename: Yihong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport / Q000378:metabolism*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D000069286:Bortezomib; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism*; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000378:metabolism; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000737:chemistry*; D011719:Pyrazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D025801:Ubiquitin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: C492847:1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5,5-dimethyl-1-(3-(5-nitrofuran-2-yl)allyldienehydrazinocarbonylmethyl)-2-oxoimidazolidin-4-yl)-1-hydroxyurea; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D033942:Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001897:Boronic Acids; D006835:Hydrazones; C476420:NOXA1 protein, human; D011719:Pyrazines; D025801:Ubiquitin; D000069286:Bortezomib; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex; D006918:Hydroxyurea