title: Different immunomodulatory effects associated with sub-micrometer particles in ambient air from rural, urban and industrial areas.
abstract: Immunomodulatory effects of chemicals adsorbed to particles with aerodynamic diameter below 0.49 microm (PM(0.5)) collected in winter 2001 at three sampling points (industrial area [LPIn], traffic-influenced urban area [LPCi], and control area [LPCo]) of La Plata, Argentina, were investigated. The sampling of particulate matter was carried out with high-volume collectors using cascade impactors. PM(0.5)-adsorbed compounds were hexane-extracted by accelerated solvent extraction. For immunological investigations, human peripheral blood lymphocytes were activated by phytohemagglutinin and exposed to dimethyl-sulfoxide dilutions of PM(0.5)-extracts for 24h. Vitality/proliferation was quantified using MTT, released interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) by ELISA. Cytokine production but not vitality/proliferation was significantly suppressed by all of the highest extract concentrations. Generally, suppression of IFN-gamma by PM(0.5)-extracts was stronger than those of IL-4. Based on administered mass of PM(0.5), all extracts suppressed IFN-gamma production nearly uniform. Contrary, LPCi-extracts exerted maximum IFN-gamma suppression based either on air volume or regarding PM(0.5)-adsorbed PAH. Also the ranking of PM(0.5)-associated effects on IL-4 production differs in dependence of the chosen reference points, either mass or [microg/ml] or air volume [m(3)/ml] related dust quantities in cell culture. Based on the corresponding air volume, LPCi-extracts inhibited IL-4 production to the maximum extend, whereas suppression of IL-4 was comparable based on concentrations. This indicates that not only the disparate PM(0.5)-masses in air cause varying impacts, but also that disparities in PM(0.5)-adsorbed chemicals provoke different effects on immune responses and shifts in the regulatory balance that might have implications for allergy and cancer development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 26, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany. Gunnar.Wichmann@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Franck
authors.forename: Olf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herbarth
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rehwagen
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Massolo
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ronco
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000633:toxicity*; D001118:Argentina; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004391:Dust / Q000032:analysis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000187:drug effects; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009000:Monocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D010316:Particle Size; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000494:pharmacology; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D012423:Rural Health; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D006377:T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014504:Urban Health
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D016207:Cytokines; D004391:Dust; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C022616:thiazolyl blue