title: Impact of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs on health care utilization and costs: findings from the RANSOM study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of nonadherence to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) on health care utilization and direct medical costs in a Medicaid population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort design was employed using state Medicaid claims data from Florida, Iowa, and New Jersey during the period from January 1997 to June 2006. Patients aged >or=18 years with one or more neurologist visit with an epilepsy diagnosis and two or more pharmacy claims for AEDs were included. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was used to evaluate AED adherence with MPR >or= 0.80 considered adherent and <0.80 considered nonadherent. The association of nonadherence with utilization outcomes [hospitalizations, inpatient days, emergency department (ED), and outpatient visits] was assessed with univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions. Quarterly per-patient inpatient, outpatient, ED, and pharmacy costs were calculated across nonadherent and adherent quarters for the younger than 65 population (under-65) and cost differences were computed. Adjusted incremental costs of nonadherence were estimated with multivariate Tobit regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 33,658 patients were included (28,470 under-65), together contributing 388,564 treated quarters (26% nonadherent). In multivariate analyses, AED nonadherence was associated with significantly higher incidence of hospitalizations [incident rate ratio (IRR) = 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.37-1.41], inpatient days (IRR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.75-1.78), and ED visits (IRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.18-1.21). Nonadherence was associated with cost increases related to serious outcomes, including inpatient ($4,320 additional cost per quarter, 95% CI = $4,077-$4,564) and ED services ($303 additional cost per quarter, 95% CI = $273-$334), but lower costs for outpatient and pharmacy services, likely because of nonadherent behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonadherence to AEDs appears to be associated with serious outcomes, as evidenced by increased utilization and costs of inpatient and ED services.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham Epilepsy Center, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
authors.forename: R Edward
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Faught
authors.forename: Jennifer R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Weiner
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guérin
authors.forename: Marianne C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cunnington
authors.forename: Mei Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008484:Medicaid / Q000191:economics; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants