title: Impact of collimator leaf width and treatment technique on stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy plans for intra- and extracranial lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study evaluated the dosimetric impact of various treatment techniques as well as collimator leaf width (2.5 vs 5 mm) for three groups of tumors -- spine tumors, brain tumors abutting the brainstem, and liver tumors. These lesions often present challenges in maximizing dose to target volumes without exceeding critical organ tolerance. Specifically, this study evaluated the dosimetric benefits of various techniques and collimator leaf sizes as a function of lesion size and shape.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen cases (5 for each site) were studied retrospectively. All lesions either abutted or were an integral part of critical structures (brainstem, liver or spinal cord). For brain and liver lesions, treatment plans using a 3D-conformal static technique (3D), dynamic conformal arcs (DARC) or intensity modulation (IMRT) were designed with a conventional linear accelerator with standard 5 mm leaf width multi-leaf collimator, and a linear accelerator dedicated for radiosurgery and hypofractionated therapy with a 2.5 mm leaf width collimator. For the concave spine lesions, intensity modulation was required to provide adequate conformality; hence, only IMRT plans were evaluated using either the standard or small leaf-width collimators.A total of 70 treatment plans were generated and each plan was individually optimized according to the technique employed. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to separate the impact of treatment technique from the MLC system on plan outcome, and t-tests were performed to evaluate statistical differences in target coverage and organ sparing between plans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lesions ranged in size from 2.6 to 12.5 cc, 17.5 to 153 cc, and 20.9 to 87.7 cc for the brain, liver, and spine groups, respectively. As a group, brain lesions were smaller than spine and liver lesions. While brain and liver lesions were primarily ellipsoidal, spine lesions were more complex in shape, as they were all concave. Therefore, the brain and the liver groups were compared for volume effect, and the liver and spine groups were compared for shape. For the brain and liver groups, both the radiosurgery MLC and the IMRT technique contributed to the dose sparing of organs-at-risk(OARs), as dose in the high-dose regions of these OARs was reduced up to 15%, compared to the non-IMRT techniques employing a 5 mm leaf-width collimator. Also, the dose reduction contributed by the fine leaf-width MLC decreased, as dose savings at all levels diminished from 4 - 11% for the brain group to 1 - 5% for the liver group, as the target structures decreased in volume. The fine leaf-width collimator significantly improved spinal cord sparing, with dose reductions of 14 - 19% in high to middle dose regions, compared to the 5 mm leaf width collimator.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fine leaf-width MLC in combination with the IMRT technique can yield dosimetric benefits in radiosurgery and hypofractionated radiotherapy. Treatment of small lesions in cases involving complex target/OAR geometry will especially benefit from use of a fine leaf-width MLC and the use of IMRT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. jackie.wu@duke.edu
authors.forename: Q Jackie
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhiheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kirkpatrick
authors.forename: Zheng
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jeffrey J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Calvin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huntzinger
authors.forename: Fang-Fang
authors.initials: FF
authors.lastname: Yin
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D055618:Radiation Equipment and Supplies; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D047368:Tumor Burden