title: Facilitated monocyte-macrophage uptake and tissue distribution of superparmagnetic iron-oxide nanoparticles.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We posit that the same mononuclear phagocytes (MP) that serve as target cells and vehicles for a host of microbial infections can be used to improve diagnostics and drug delivery. We also theorize that physical and biological processes such as particle shape, size, coating and opsonization that affect MP clearance of debris and microbes can be harnessed to facilitate uptake of nanoparticles (NP) and tissue delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were used as vehicles of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) NP and immunoglobulin (IgG) or albumin coated SPIO for studies of uptake and distribution. IgG coated SPIO was synthesized by covalent linkage and uptake into monocytes and MDM investigated related to size, time, temperature, concentration, and coatings. SPIO and IgG SPIO were infused intravenously into naïve mice. T(2) measures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to monitor tissue distribution in animals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Oxidation of dextran on the SPIO surface generated reactive aldehyde groups and permitted covalent linkage to amino groups of murine and human IgG and F(ab')(2) fragments and for Alexa Fluor(R) 488 hydroxylamine to form a Schiff base. This labile intermediate was immediately reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride in order to stabilize the NP conjugate. Optical density measurements of the oxidized IgG, F(ab')(2), and/or Alexa Fluor(R) 488 SPIO demonstrated approximately 50% coupling yield. IgG-SPIO was found stable at 4 degrees C for a period of 1 month during which size and polydispersity index varied little from 175 nm and 200 nm, respectively. In vitro, NP accumulated readily within monocyte and MDM cytoplasm after IgG-SPIO exposure; whereas, the uptake of native SPIO in monocytes and MDM was 10-fold less. No changes in cell viability were noted for the SPIO-containing monocytes and MDM. Cell morphology was not changed as observed by transmission electron microscopy. Compared to unconjugated SPIO, intravenous injection of IgG-SPIO afforded enhanced and sustained lymphoid tissue distribution over 24 hours as demonstrated by MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Facilitated uptake of coated SPIO in monocytes and MDM was achieved. Uptake was linked to particle size and was time and concentration dependent. The ability of SPIO to be rapidly taken up and distributed into lymphoid tissues also demonstrates feasibility of macrophage-targeted nanoformulations for diagnostic and drug therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America.
authors.forename: Arnaud
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Beduneau
authors.forename: Zhiya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Cassi B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Grotepas
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kabanov
authors.forename: Barrett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Rabinow
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.forename: R Lee
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Mosley
authors.forename: Huanyu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dou
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Boska
authors.forename: Howard E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gendelman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D053768:Metal Nanoparticles; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D013154:Spleen / Q000378:metabolism; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide