title: Discussion as a factor in racial disparity in advance directive completion at nursing home admission.
abstract: Studies have consistently shown racial disparities in advance directive completion for nursing home residents but have not examined whether this disparity is due to differences in interactions with healthcare providers. This study had two aims: to determine whether the racial disparity in advance directive completion by nursing home residents is related to differences in discussion of treatment restrictions with healthcare providers and to examine whether there is a racial disparity in perceptions of residents' significant others that additional discussions would be helpful. Participants were 2,171 white or black (16% of sample) residents newly admitted to 59 nursing homes. Data were collected from structured interviews with residents' significant others and review of nursing home charts. Questions included whether advance directives were completed, whether treatment restrictions were discussed with the resident or family, and whether more discussion would have been helpful. Frequencies according to race were determined for each question; P-values and logistic regression models were obtained. Black residents were less likely to have completed any advance directives (P<.001), and they (P<.001) and their family members (P<.001) were less likely than whites to have discussed treatment restrictions with healthcare providers. Logistic regression models indicated that disparity in treatment restrictions narrowed when these discussions occurred. Significant others of black residents were more likely than those of white residents to consider further discussion helpful (P<.001), especially with physicians. Racial disparity in treatment restrictions may be due in part to a difference in discussion with healthcare providers; increasing discussion may narrow this disparity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA. srich@epi.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Shayna E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Ann L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gruber-Baldini
authors.forename: Charlene C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Sheryl I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
mesh_terms: D016223:Advance Directives; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D003142:Communication; D003144:Communication Barriers; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006707:Homes for the Aged; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009735:Nursing Homes; D010343:Patient Admission; D010465:Perception; D010817:Physician-Patient Relations; D044469:Racial Groups; D044465:White People