title: Complement C3a expression and tryptase degranulation as promising histopathological tests for diagnosing fatal amniotic fluid embolism.
abstract: To date, the most recent specific diagnostic investigations for amniotic fluid embolism have been unable to conclusively identify any mechanism of disease other than a physical block to the circulation. We selected eight fatal cases in previously healthy women with uneventful singleton term pregnancies who presented to tertiary care centers in Italy for delivery. Pathologic features were assessed immunohistochemically using anti-fibrinogen, anti-tryptase, anti-C(3a), and anti-cytokeratin antibodies. AE1/AE3 cytokeratin stains proved positive, and tryptase-positive material was documented outside pulmonary mast cells. In all studied cases, expression of complement C(3a) was twofold lower than in the control group, suggesting a possible complement activation in AFE, initiated by fetal antigen leaking into the maternal circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Forensic Pathology, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Via degli Aviatori 1, 71100, Foggia, Italy. vfinesc@tin.it
authors.forename: Vittorio
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fineschi
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Riezzo
authors.forename: Santina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cantatore
authors.forename: Cristoforo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pomara
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Turillazzi
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Neri
mesh_terms: D015550:Cell Degranulation / Q000502:physiology*; D015926:Complement C3a / Q000378:metabolism*; D004619:Embolism, Amniotic Fluid / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007633:Keratins / Q000378:metabolism; D008168:Lung / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D011247:Pregnancy; D053802:Tryptases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D007633:Keratins; D015926:Complement C3a; D053802:Tryptases