title: Morphometric analysis of facial profile in adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Are centroid size, principal component analysis (PCA) and thin-plate splines (TPS) sufficient for determining facial morphology? Is it possible to identify relationships between cranial morphology, gender and facial profile?
  
  
  METHODS
  Profile photos of 110 adult patients were measured according to A.M. Schwarz landmarks using Onyx Ceph. Centroid size was calculated from x and y-coordinates. After Procrustes transformation, a principal component analysis for identifying major components of facial morphology was performed and the results visualized using thin-plate splines. At the same time, lateral cephalograms of all patients were analyzed according to Hasund.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in centroid size betweeen male and female patients. Only the vertical skeletal structure had an impact on centroid size. Six components (PC1 to PC6) were identified using PCA. They were responsible for 86.5% of the variance. PC1 (33.9%) described scaling along an axis from Porion to chin. PC2 (28.6%) characterized the vertical dimensions of the lower face. Significant differences were only apparent between males and females in PC3 and PC4. In terms of cephalometric parameters, PC2 and PC3 differed in the vertical, and PC1 und PC2 in the sagittal configuration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analyses presented here suffice for describing facial morphology qualitatively and quantitatively as demonstrated by this example. Separating size from shape is useful for investigating therapeutically and growth-related morphological changes. It is difficult to draw conclusions about skeletal parameters.
authors.affiliation: Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zentrum für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. krek@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: Karl-Friedrich
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Krey
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Dannhauer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003768:Dental Occlusion, Centric; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D008432:Mathematical Computing; D008437:Maxilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective; D010027:Osteotomy; D023861:Photography, Dental; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D014716:Vertical Dimension