Hypothermia for traumatic head injury.
BACKGROUND
Hypothermia has been used in the treatment of head injury for many years. Encouraging results from small trials and laboratory studies led to renewed interest in the area and some larger trials.


OBJECTIVE
To estimate the effect of mild hypothermia for traumatic head injury on mortality and long-term functional outcome complications.


METHODS
We searched the Injuries Group Specialised Register, Current Controlled Trials MetaRegister of trials, Zetoc, Web of Knowledge; Science Citation Index [expanded], CENTRAL, MEDLINE and EMBASE. We handsearched conference proceedings and checked reference lists of relevant articles. The search was updated on 23 May 2008.


METHODS
Randomised controlled trials of hypothermia to a maximum of 35 degrees C for at least 12 hours versus control in patients with any closed traumatic head injury requiring hospitalisation. Two authors independently assessed all trials.


METHODS
Data on death, Glasgow Outcome Scale and pneumonia were sought and extracted, either from published material or by contacting the investigators. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for each trial on an intention-to-treat basis.


RESULTS
We found 22 trials with a total of 1409 randomised patients. Twenty trials involving 1382 patients reported deaths. There were fewer deaths in patients treated with hypothermia than in the control group (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97). Eight trials with good allocation concealment showed a non-significant reduction in the likelihood of death for patients treated with hypothermia (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.35). Twenty trials involving 1382 patients reported data on unfavourable outcomes (death, vegetative state or severe disability). Patients treated with hypothermia were less likely to have an unfavourable outcome than those in the control group (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.86). Eight trials with good allocation concealment showed a non-significant reduction in the likelihood of unfavourable outcome for patients treated with hypothermia (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.57 to 1.08). Hypothermia treatment was associated with an increase in odds of pneumonia but this increase was not statistically significant for trials with good allocation concealment (3 trials, 69 patients, OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.38 to 2.97).


CONCLUSIONS
Hypothermia may be effective in reducing death and unfavourable outcomes for traumatic head injured patients, but significant benefit was only found in low quality trials. Low quality trials have a tendency to overestimate the treatment effect. The high quality trials found some statistically non-significant benefit of hypothermia which could be due to the play of chance. Hypothermia may increase the risk of pneumonia. Due to uncertainties in its effects, hypothermia should only be given to patients taking part in a randomised controlled trial with good allocation concealment.
Sydenham
Emma
E
Cochrane Injuries Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Room 280, Keppel Street, London, UK, WC1E 7HT. emma.sydenham@lshtm.ac.uk
Roberts
Ian
I
Alderson
Phil
P
D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic