title: Functional cerebral venous outflow in swine and baboon: feasibility of an intracranial venous hypertension model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the feasibility of performing a functional cerebral venous outflow blockage in two large animals species, the swine and the baboon, for elaboration of venous hypertension models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cerebral venous outflow pathways were identified on angiogram and venography of three swine and two baboons, and potential approaches to access these structures were assessed. Practicability of performing functional intracranial dural outflow blockage was tested.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main cerebral venous outflow route was the internal jugular vein in baboons and the paraspinal venous network in swine. Both animals had an additional venous outflow structure, the petrosquamous sinus. Access to intracranial venous sinuses was achieved through a percutaneous retrograde approach in baboon but not in swine, due to the absence of a direct connection between the dural structures and the internal jugular vein. A transcranial approach allowed to access dural venous structures in swine. In both models, partial and progressive venous sinus occlusion increased intracranial pressure, while preserving the animal's vital status. At 6 months, all animals are alive with no neurological deficits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional venous dural outflow blockage for elaboration of intracranial venous hypertension is feasible in both models. To be effective, the sinus blockage must be performed before the origin of the petrosquamous, an additional venous sinus seen in swine and baboon. The baboon has the greatest advantage of resembling human cerebral venous drainage, which enables an intracranial venous retrograde access. However, the transcranial approach remains a valuable option to access intracranial venous sinuses in swine.
authors.affiliation: L2PTV-Laboratoire de Physiopathologie et de Therapeutique Vasculaire, Faculté de médecine AIX-Marseille, Marseille, France.
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lavoie
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Metellus
authors.forename: Lionel
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Velly
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Pierre-Henry
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: Mourad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mekaouche
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Dubreuil
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Levrier
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation; D003250:Constriction; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D019586:Intracranial Hypertension / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008955:Models, Cardiovascular; D048530:Papio anubis; D011859:Radiography; D013045:Species Specificity; D034421:Sus scrofa