title: Elevated immune response in the brain of autistic patients.
abstract: This study determined immune activities in the brain of ASD patients and matched normal subjects by examining cytokines in the brain tissue. Our results showed that proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6 and GM-CSF), Th1 cytokine (IFN-gamma) and chemokine (IL-8) were significantly increased in the brains of ASD patients compared with the controls. However the Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10) showed no significant difference. The Th1/Th2 ratio was also significantly increased in ASD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ASD patients displayed an increased innate and adaptive immune response through the Th1 pathway, suggesting that localized brain inflammation and autoimmune disorder may be involved in the pathogenesis of ASD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurochemistry, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, NY 10314, New York, USA. xiaohong.li@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Xiaohong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Abha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Ashfaq M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Sangita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patil
authors.forename: Ved
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chauhan
authors.forename: Xiu-Min
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Ted
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Mazhar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018925:Chemokines / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines