title: Nursing record systems: effects on nursing practice and healthcare outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A nursing record system is the record of care that was planned or given to individual patients and clients by qualified nurses or other caregivers under the direction of a qualified nurse. Nursing record systems may be an effective way of influencing nurse practice.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of nursing record systems on nursing practice and patient outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the original version of this review in 2000, and updates in 2003 and 2008, we searched: the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) Group Specialised Register; MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, BNI, ISI Web of Knowledge, and ASLIB Index of Theses. We also handsearched: Computers, Informatics, Nursing (Computers in Nursing); Information Technology in Nursing; and the Journal of Nursing Administration. For this update, searches can be considered complete until the end of 2007. We checked reference lists of retrieved articles and other related reviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), controlled before and after studies, and interrupted time series comparing one kind of nursing record system with another in hospital, community or primary care settings. The participants were qualified nurses, students or healthcare assistants working under the direction of a qualified nurse, and patients receiving care recorded or planned using nursing record systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors (in two pairs) independently assessed trial quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included nine trials (eight RCTs, one controlled before and after study) involving 1846 people. The studies that evaluated nursing record systems focusing on relatively discrete and focused problems, for example effective pain management in children, empowering pregnant women and parents, reducing loss of notes, reducing time spent on data entry of test results, reducing transcription errors, and reducing the number of pieces of paper in a record, all demonstrated some degree of success in achieving the desired results. Studies of nursing care planning systems and total nurse records demonstrated uncertain or equivocal results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found some limited evidence of effects on practice attributable to changes in record systems. It is clear from the literature that it is possible to set up the randomised trials or other quasi-experimental designs needed to produce evidence for practice. Qualitative nursing research to explore the relationship between practice and information use could be used as a precursor to the design and testing of nursing information systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Information Studies, Aberystwyth University, Llanbadarn Fawr, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, UK, SY23 3AS. cju@aber.ac.uk
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Urquhart
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Currell
authors.forename: Maria J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Hardiker
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D009729:Nursing; D009737:Nursing Records; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011364:Professional Practice; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic