title: Chronic kidney disease after heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a complication of heart transplantation related to calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether early ciclosporin (CsA) exposure influences CKD in the long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed risk factors for CKD in 352 patients who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation (1995-2005). In 2000, we reduced our target CsA levels in the first year after transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Actuarial patient survival was 79% at 1 year and 62% at 10 years. Estimated median glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) by the four-variable Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula was 64 ml/min/1.73 m2 before transplantation, inter-quartile range (IQR) 54-78. After transplantation, the eGFR was 48 (IQR 37-61) at Year 1, and 41(35-57) at Year 10. The cumulative probability of eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 was 45% at Year 1, 71% at Year 5 and 83% at Year 10. A multivariable logistic regression model was constructed for the development of eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73 m2 by 3 years. The risk factors were post-operative renal replacement therapy for acute renal failure (ARF), P < 0.001; pretransplant diabetes, P = 0.005; increasing recipient age, P < 0.001; female recipient, P = 0.029; female donor, P = 0.04, but not CsA regimen. The cumulative probability of developing stage 5 CKD (eGFR <15) was 3% at Year 5 and 12% at Year 10. Although lower ciclosporin initial levels were associated with less renal dysfunction at Year 1 (P = 0.008), there was no significant effect by Year 3 (P = 0.7).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of CKD increased with time and was not influenced by the CsA regimen. Some risk factors are not modifiable but measures to reduce the incidence of post-operative ARF may help to reduce CKD.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology and Transplantation, The Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Trust, Harefield Hospital, Hill End Road, Harefield, Middlesex UB8 6JH, UK.
authors.forename: Iman M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Hamour
authors.forename: Fazir
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Haifa S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lyster
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Nicholas R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Banner
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D016572:Cyclosporine