title: Infertility associated with persistent hymen in an alpaca and a llama.
abstract: Perforation and dilation of the persistent hymen in an alpaca and a llama, detected by vaginal examination and endoscopy, was achieved by use of a sigmoidoscope and incremental dilation using cylindrical instruments to a maximum diameter of 38 mm. Outcome and subsequent fertility are dependent on length of time the obstruction has been present and secondary uterine disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. rachel.tan@jcu.edu.au
authors.forename: Rachel H H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: John J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Dascanio
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002161:Camelids, New World; D005260:Female; D006924:Hymen / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery; D007247:Infertility, Female / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D011379:Prognosis; D012005:Rectal Prolapse / Q000662:veterinary; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014621:Vagina / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000601:surgery; D044364:Vaginal Douching / Q000662:veterinary