title: Age and founder effect of SOD1 A4V mutation causing ALS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The alanine to valine mutation at codon 4 (A4V) of SOD1 causes a rapidly progressive dominant form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with exclusively lower motor neuron disease and is responsible for 50% of SOD1 mutations associated with familial ALS in North America. This mutation is rare in Europe. The authors investigated the origin (geographic and time) of the A4V mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several cohorts were genotyped: North American patients with confirmed A4V mutation (n = 54), Swedish (n = 3) and Italian (n = 6) A4V patients, patients with ALS with SOD1 non-A4V mutations (n = 66) and patients with sporadic ALS (n = 96), healthy white (n = 96), African American (n = 17), Chinese (n = 53), Amerindian (n = 11), and Hispanic (n = 12) subjects. High-throughput SNP genotyping was performed using Taqman assay in 384-well format. A novel biallelic CA repeat in exon 5 of SOD1, tightly linked to A4V, was genotyped on sequencing gels. Association statistics were estimated using Haploview. p Values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Age of A4V was estimated using a novel method based on r(2) degeneration with genetic distance and a Bayesian method incorporated in DMLE+.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single haplotype of 10 polymorphisms across a 5.86-cM region was associated with A4V (p = 3.0e-11) when white controls were used, suggesting a founder effect. The strength of association of this haplotype progressively decreased when African American, Chinese, Hispanic, and Amerindian subjects were used as controls. The associated European haplotype was different from the North American haplotype, indicating two founder effects for A4V (Amerindian and European). The estimated age of A4V with the r(2) degeneration method was 458 +/- 59 years (range 398-569) and in agreement with the Bayesian method (554-734 years with 80-90% posterior probability).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  North American SOD1 alanine to valine mutation at codon 4 descended from two founders (Amerindian and European) 400-500 years ago.
authors.affiliation: Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurosciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saeed
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: H-X
authors.initials: HX
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: W-Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Hung
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siddique
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dellefave
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gellera
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Siddique
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000201:enzymology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D044466:Asian People / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D018703:Founder Effect; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D014644:Genetic Variation / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American / Q000235:genetics; D040582:Inheritance Patterns / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics*; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D013997:Time Factors; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1