title: Demographic models and IPCC climate projections predict the decline of an emperor penguin population.
abstract: Studies have reported important effects of recent climate change on Antarctic species, but there has been to our knowledge no attempt to explicitly link those results to forecasted population responses to climate change. Antarctic sea ice extent (SIE) is projected to shrink as concentrations of atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs) increase, and emperor penguins (Aptenodytes forsteri) are extremely sensitive to these changes because they use sea ice as a breeding, foraging and molting habitat. We project emperor penguin population responses to future sea ice changes, using a stochastic population model that combines a unique long-term demographic dataset (1962-2005) from a colony in Terre Adélie, Antarctica and projections of SIE from General Circulation Models (GCM) of Earth's climate included in the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessment report. We show that the increased frequency of warm events associated with projected decreases in SIE will reduce the population viability. The probability of quasi-extinction (a decline of 95% or more) is at least 36% by 2100. The median population size is projected to decline from approximately 6,000 to approximately 400 breeding pairs over this period. To avoid extinction, emperor penguins will have to adapt, migrate or change the timing of their growth stages. However, given the future projected increases in GHGs and its effect on Antarctic climate, evolution or migration seem unlikely for such long lived species at the remote southern end of the Earth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, MS-34, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. sjenouvrier@whoi.edu
authors.forename: Stéphanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jenouvrier
authors.forename: Hal
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Caswell
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Barbraud
authors.forename: Marika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holland
authors.forename: Julienne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stroeve
authors.forename: Henri
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Weimerskirch
mesh_terms: D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D000864:Antarctic Regions; D001947:Breeding; D002980:Climate; D053476:Extinction, Biological; D005544:Forecasting; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008954:Models, Biological; D011156:Population Density; D011336:Probability; D046429:Spheniscidae