title: Management of neonatal abstinence syndrome: a national survey and review of practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To ascertain the present management of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) in neonatal units in the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postal questionnaire to 235 neonatal units, with telephone follow-up of non-respondents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The response rate was 90%, and 96% of respondents had a formal NAS guideline. The median number of infants treated annually for NAS was 6 (range 1-100). The method of Finnegan was the most widely used scoring system (52%). Morphine sulphate was the most commonly used first line agent for both opiate (92%) and polysubstance (69%) withdrawal. Dosing regimens varied widely. Units using a maximum daily morphine dose of <400 microg/kg/day were more likely to require the addition of a second agent (76% vs 58%, p = 0.027). Phenobarbitone was the drug of choice to treat seizures secondary to both opiate and polydrug withdrawal in 73% and 81% of units, respectively. 29% of units allowed infants to be discharged home on medication. 58% of these allowed administration of opiates in the community and in almost half of cases this was managed by a parent. Mothers on methadone whose serology was positive for hepatitis B and/or C were four times more likely to be discouraged from breastfeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of units currently use an opiate as the drug of first choice as recommended. Doses utilised and second agents added vary significantly between units. Many of our findings reflect the lack of high-quality randomised studies regarding management of NAS.
authors.affiliation: University College Hospital, Newcastle Road, Galway, Ireland. michaelogrady@physicians.ie
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Grady
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hopewell
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: White
mesh_terms: D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007494:Ireland; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010351:Patient Discharge; D011364:Professional Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D009294:Narcotics; D009020:Morphine; D008691:Methadone