title: Selection of optimal muscle set for 16-channel standing neuroprosthesis.
abstract: The Case Western Reserve University/Department of Veterans Affairs 8-channel lower-limb neuroprosthesis can restore standing to selected individuals with paraplegia by application of functional electrical stimulation. The second generation of this system will include 16 channels of stimulation and a closed-loop control scheme to provide automatic postural corrections. This study used a musculoskeletal model of the legs and trunk to determine which muscles to target with the new system in order to maximize the range of postures that can be statically maintained, which should increase the system's ability to provide adequate support to maintain standing when the user's posture moves away from a neutral stance, either by an external disturbance or a volitional change in posture by the user. The results show that the prime muscle targets should be the medial gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, semimembranosus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, adductor magnus, and erector spinae. This set of 16 muscles supports 42% of the standing postures that are attainable by the nondisabled model. Coactivation of the lateral gastrocnemius and peroneus longus with the medial gastrocnemius and of the peroneus tertius with the tibialis anterior increased the percentage of feasible postures to 71%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Orthopedics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. steven.gartman@case.edu
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Gartman
authors.forename: Musa L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Audu
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kirsch
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Triolo
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008328:Man-Machine Systems; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012985:Software Design; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*