title: Complication rate of diagnostic carotid angiography performed by interventional cardiologists.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the complication rate of diagnostic carotid angiography performed by interventional cardiologists and compare it to previously published data.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous treatment for carotid artery stenosis is increasingly being performed. Previously published data describes the complication rate of diagnostic carotid angiography performed by radiologists and vascular surgeons, yet the information regarding interventional cardiologists is sparse. Currently in the United States, interventional cardiologists perform a great deal of diagnostic carotid angiograms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was done on 333 patients who underwent diagnostic carotid angiography at a single medical center from January 2000 to February 2007. Medical records were reviewed for cardiovascular risk factors, indications for the procedure, angiography technique and in-hospital complications. Complications were categorized as neurological and non-neurological. Neurological complications were further grouped into transient (<7 days) or permanent. Non-neurological complications were grouped into major (requiring additional treatment) or minor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and thirty-three patients underwent 347 diagnostic carotid angiograms. Twelve (3.5%) complications occurred in 12 patients. No cerebral vascular accidents occurred and only one (0.3%) transient ischemic attack occurred. Two patients required blood transfusions following the index procedure yielding a major non-neurological complication rate of 0.6%. Review of the literature revealed a transient neurological complication rate from 0 to 2.4% and a major non-neurological complication rate of 0.26-4.3%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurological and non-neurological complication rates for carotid angiograms performed by interventional cardiologists are low and compare well with the literature. Interventional cardiologists can safely perform diagnostic carotid angiography with low complication rates.
authors.affiliation: The Heart Institute, Good Samaritan Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hazim
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Al-Ameri
authors.forename: Mottsin L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Guy S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Mayeda
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Burstein
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kloner
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Shavelle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002309:Cardiology / Q000379:methods*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult