title: Tracheal collapse in American Miniature Horses: 13 cases (1985-2007).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and laboratory findings, diagnostic features, and outcome of tracheal collapse in American Miniature Horses at a referral institution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  13 American Miniature Horses with tracheal collapse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of American Miniature Horses with tracheal collapse at a referral hospital were reviewed. Data extracted included signalment, history, clinical signs, laboratory data, diagnostic procedures, outcome, and histologic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tracheal collapse was documented in 5.6% of American Miniature Horses admitted to this referral hospital. Median age at onset of clinical signs was 11 years with a range of 2 to 15 years. Common complaints and clinical signs included respiratory distress, tachypnea, inspiratory honking noises, and increased abdominal expiratory effort, which were exacerbated by stressful events, pregnancy, exercise, a dusty environment, and eating. Tracheal collapse was confirmed by use of radiography, endoscopy, fluoroscopy, or postmortem examination. Dorsoventral flattening of the extra- or intrathoracic trachea, or both, was more common than lateral collapse. Tracheal chondromalacia was identified histologically in 4 cases, and mortality rate for affected horses was 10 of 13.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tracheal collapse was relatively common in this study of American Miniature Horses, and outcome was poor. The etiopathogenesis of the disease remains unknown.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aleman
authors.forename: Jorge E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Nieto
authors.forename: Jaromir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Benak
authors.forename: Lynelle R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000662:veterinary; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014132:Trachea / Q000002:abnormalities*; D014133:Tracheal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*