title: The influence of family structure, the TPH2 G-703T and the 5-HTTLPR serotonergic genes upon affective problems in children aged 10-14 years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both genetic and psychosocial risk factors influence the risk for depression in development. While the impacts of family structure and of serotonergic polymorphisms upon individual differences for affective problems have been investigated separately, they have never been considered together in a gene-environment interplay perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of family structure and two serotonergic polymorphisms (the TPH2 G-703T and the 5-HTTLPR) upon depressive symptoms assessed by the new CBCL/6-18 DSM-oriented Affective Problems scale in a general population sample of 607 Italian children aged 10-14 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Belonging to 'one-parent' families, the TPH2 G-703T 'G variant', and the 5-HTTLPR 'short' alleles were associated - both alone and in apparent gene-by-environment interaction - with higher Affective Problems scores. As predicted by quantitative genetics theory, both polymorphisms contributed with a small effect size, while 'family structure' had a moderate effect size.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A putative hazard factor impinging on individual risk at the family-wide level, namely family structure, appears to act interactively with two pivotal serotonergic genes in heightening risk for Affective Problems. Although it remains to be demonstrated that belonging to a one- rather than a two-parent family has true environmental causal effects on Affective Problems, these data may contribute to identify/prevent risk for depression in childhood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Eugenio Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy. maria.nobile@bp.lnf.it
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nobile
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusconi
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bellina
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Marino
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.forename: Ombretta
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Carlet
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanzin
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Molteni
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011584:Psychology; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C493230:SLC6A4 protein, human; D050486:Serotonin Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C494784:TPH2 protein, human; D014365:Tryptophan Hydroxylase