title: Fluid retention is associated with cardiovascular mortality in patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with chronic kidney disease (stage 5) who undergo hemodialysis treatment have similarities to heart failure patients in that both populations retain fluid frequently and have excessively high mortality. Volume overload in heart failure is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that in hemodialysis patients, greater interdialytic fluid gain is associated with poor all-cause and cardiovascular survival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined 2-year (July 2001 to June 2003) mortality in 34,107 hemodialysis patients across the United States who had an average weight gain of at least 0.5 kg above their end-dialysis dry weight by the time the subsequent hemodialysis treatment started. The 3-month averaged interdialytic weight gain was divided into 8 categories of 0.5-kg increments (up to > or =4.0 kg). Eighty-six percent of patients gained >1.5 kg between 2 dialysis sessions. In unadjusted analyses, higher weight gain was associated with better nutritional status (higher protein intake, serum albumin, and body mass index) and tended to be linked to greater survival. However, after multivariate adjustment for demographics (case mix) and surrogates of malnutrition-inflammation complex, higher weight-gain increments were associated with increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of cardiovascular death for weight gain <1.0 kg and > or =4.0 kg (compared with 1.5 to 2.0 kg as the reference) were 0.67 (0.58 to 0.76) and 1.25 (1.12 to 1.39), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In hemodialysis patients, greater fluid retention between 2 subsequent hemodialysis treatment sessions is associated with higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. The mechanisms by which fluid retention influences cardiovascular survival in hemodialysis may be similar to those in patients with heart failure and warrant further research.
authors.affiliation: Harold Simmons Center for Kidney Disease Research and Epidemiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 W Carson St, C1-Annex, Torrance, CA 90509-2910, USA. kamkal@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Kamyar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kalantar-Zadeh
authors.forename: Deborah L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Regidor
authors.forename: Csaba P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kovesdy
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Van Wyck
authors.forename: Suphamai
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bunnapradist
authors.forename: Tamara B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Horwich
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001810:Blood Volume; D001826:Body Fluids; D004487:Edema / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain