title: Executive function deficits in children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) measured using the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic prenatal alcohol exposure causes a spectrum of deleterious effects in offspring, collectively termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD), and deficits in executive function are prevalent in FASD. The goal of this research was to test the hypothesis that children with FASD exhibit performance deficits in tasks that assess attention, planning and spatial working memory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (8-15 years male and female children) with a diagnosis of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS (pFAS), or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND), and age- and sex-matched controls, completed four tasks selected from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Tests Automated Battery (CANTAB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with age-matched control children (n = 92), subjects with FASD (n = 89) exhibited longer reaction and decision times (effect size range; Cohen's d = .51 to .73), suggesting deficits in attention. Children with FASD demonstrated deficits in planning and spatial working memory that became more pronounced when task difficulty increased. The largest effect size in this study population (Cohen's d = 1.1) occurred in the spatial working memory task. Only one outcome measure revealed differences across the diagnostic subgroups, although all groups were different from control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that deficits in multiple executive function domains, including set shifting, planning and strategy use, attention and spatial working memory, can be assessed in children with FASD using an easy to administer, brief battery of computer-based neuropsychological tasks. The tasks appear to be equally sensitive for brain injury resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol, regardless of the presence of facial dysmorphology.
authors.affiliation: The Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mihic
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Nikkel
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Stade
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rasmussen
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Munoz
authors.forename: J N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted; D001330:Electronic Data Processing; D005260:Female; D063647:Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception