title: Feasibility of real-time three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography for guidance of percutaneous atrial septal defect closure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracardiac echocardiography (ICE) and two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography (2D TEE) are used in most centres for guiding transcatheter atrial septal defect (ASD) closure. ASDs have complex shapes that are not well characterized with 2D imaging. Real-time 3D TEE (RT3D TEE) provides en-face visualization of the ASD, allowing precise assessment of ASD dimensions. Accordingly, our aims were (i) to determine the feasibility of RT3D TEE to guide ASD closure and (ii) to compare ASD and balloon dimensions (BDs) using RT3D TEE vs. ICE and 2D TEE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen patients with ostium secundum ASD underwent transcatheter ASD closure. 2D TEE, RT3D TEE, and ICE images were acquired sequentially. RT3D TEE was feasible in all patients. Comparing RT3D TEE and 2D imaging, the mean difference in long-axis dimension was +0.5 mm (P= NS for both), and -1.4 mm in short-axis (2D TEE, P < 0.05; ICE, P = 0.06). BD was greater with 3D TEE vs. ICE (+0.9 mm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RT3D TEE can be used to guide transcatheter ASD closure with the advantages of lower cost than ICE, and ability to visualize en-face views of the ASD. ASD and BD as measured by RT3D TEE differ when compared with 2D imaging.
authors.affiliation: University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Ave. MC 5084, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. jlodato@medicine.bsd.uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lodato
authors.forename: Qi Ling
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinert
authors.forename: Lissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sugeng
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Roberto M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Lang
authors.forename: Ziyad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hijazi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000379:methods*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006344:Heart Septal Defects, Atrial / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional; D055815:Young Adult