title: Development of a prophage typing system and analysis of prophage carriage in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
abstract: The frequency of prophage carriage was tested in a collection of 108 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. A PCR-based assay was developed to allow classification of the prophage into the three groups recently identified according to genome comparisons (P. Romero, N. Croucher, N. L. Hiller, F. Z. Hu, G. D. Ehrlich, S. D. Bentley, E. García, and T. J. Mitchell, submitted for publication). Use of the assay showed that more than half of the isolates studied were lysogenic with prophage belonging to group 1 being the most abundant (56%), followed by those belonging to group 2 (26%) and those belonging to group 3 (11%). Four polylysogenic strains harboring a group 1 and a group 2 prophage were identified. Interestingly, lysogenic strains were found in 8 out of the 12 internationally distributed, relevant clones of S. pneumoniae contained in our strain collection. The high percentage of clinical pneumococcal isolates harboring prophage strongly suggests an important contribution to the diversification of the genome architecture in this species as well as a role for bacteriophage in the virulence/and or fitness of S. pneumoniae, although further studies using a significant number of isolates belonging to the most relevant pneumococcal clones are needed.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infection and Immunity, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Tim J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D001435:Bacteriophages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D039002:Prophages / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000821:virology*; D014771:Virion / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial