title: Interaction between psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in coeliac disease patients in the Northeastern United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies yielded conflicting results regarding the presence of an association between coeliac disease (CD) and psychiatric disorders including depression. This association has not been studied in the United States.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of psychiatric and autoimmune disorders in patients with CD in the US compared with control groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case control study, the prevalence of psychiatric and autoimmune disorders was compared in 600 CD patients, 200 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients and 200 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression in CD was 17.2% and was similar to that in IBS (18.5%, P = 0.74) and controls (16.0%, P = 0.79). Among CD patients, type I diabetes mellitus (DM) was identified as a significant risk factor for depression (P < 0.01) with 37% of patients with both CD and type I DM having clinical depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of depression in CD is similar to that in other chronic gastrointestinal diseases and healthy controls. However, there is a markedly elevated risk of depression in patients with both type I DM and CD. Differing rates of type 1 DM among coeliac populations may account for disparity in published rates of depression in patients with CD.
authors.affiliation: The Celiac Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. sgarud@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Garud
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leffler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dennis
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edwards-George
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saryan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schuppan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jamma
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology