title: Combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The efficacy of combining psychotherapy and benzodiazepines for panic disorder is unclear, despite widespread use.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of the combination compared with either treatment alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised trials comparing the combination of psychotherapy and benzodiazepine with either therapy alone for panic disorder were identified. The Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Group Studies and References Registers were searched. References of relevant trials and other reviews were checked. Experts in the field were contacted. Additional unpublished data were sought from authors of the original trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently checked the records retrieved by the searches to identify randomised trials comparing the combined therapy versus either of the monotherapies, among adults with panic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently checked eligibility, assessed quality and extracted data from the eligible trials using a standardised data extraction form. The primary outcome was "response" based on global judgement. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted, combining data from included trials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three trials met eligibility criteria. A 16-week behaviour therapy intervention was used in two trials, and a 12-week cognitive-behaviour therapy intervention in the third. Duration of follow-up varied, ranging from 0 to 12 months. Two trials (total 166 participants) provided data comparing combination with psychotherapy alone (both using behaviour therapy). No statistically significant differences were observed in response during the intervention (relative risk (RR) for combination 1.25, 95% CI 0.78 to 2.03, P = 0.35), at the end of the intervention (RR 0.78, 0.45 to 1.35, P = 0.37), or at the last follow-up time point, although the follow-up data suggested that the combination might be inferior to behaviour therapy alone (RR 0.62, 0.36 to 1.07, P = 0.08). One trial (77 participants) compared combination with a benzodiazepine alone. No differences were found in response during the intervention (RR 1.57, 0.83 to 2.98, P = 0.17). Although the combination appeared to be superior to the benzodiazepine alone at the end of treatment (RR 3.39, 1.03 to 11.21, P = 0.05) the finding was only borderline statistically significant, and no significant differences were observed at the 7-month follow-up (RR 2.31, 0.79 to 6.74, P = 0.12).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The review established the paucity of high quality evidence investigating the efficacy of psychotherapy combined with benzodiazepines for panic disorder. Currently, there is inadequate evidence to assess the clinical effects of psychotherapy combined with benzodiazepines for patients who are diagnosed with panic disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry & Cognitive-Behavioral Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, 467-8601. noriow@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Toshi A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Furukawa
mesh_terms: D000379:Agoraphobia / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D001569:Benzodiazepines