title: A multilevel analysis of condom use among adolescents in the European Union.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined which individual and national factors affect condom use among adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multilevel analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study reviewed the data on bullying, alcohol use and condom use provided by 18 European countries and subnational entities in the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children survey. Another eight contextual variables were also analysed. Three multilevel logistic regression models were applied consecutively (analysing for crude geographical and school variance in condom use, adjusting for gender and adjusting all variables for one another).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 15-year-olds studied, 7.0% of the total variance in condom use was explained by school-related factors (intraschool-level correlation) and 5.8% by national/subnational factors. In the empty model, condom use was significantly associated with gender, alcohol consumption, predominant national religion and national prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the full model, there was also a significant association with the Human Development Index ranking, gross domestic product, Gini coefficient and the Gender-related Development Index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that while alcohol, gender, human development level, income, religion and HIV prevalence affect condom use in young Europeans, these factors do not explain all or even most of the variation. Nonetheless, since some of these factors are not traditionally associated with young people's sexual and reproductive health, these findings should enable more nuanced health policy programming.
authors.affiliation: Communicable Diseases Unit, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Denmark. jla@euro.who.int
authors.forename: J V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Lazarus
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moghaddassi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Godeau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vignes
authors.forename: P-O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Ostergren
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liljestrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D002648:Child; D017280:Condoms / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005062:European Union; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires