title: Atorvastatin ameliorates sildenafil-induced penile erections in experimental diabetes by inhibiting diabetes-induced RhoA/Rho-kinase signaling hyperactivation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One of the proposed mechanisms responsible for diabetes-related erectile dysfunction (ED) is overactivity of RhoA/ROCK signaling, as seen in experimental models of chemical diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Because statins may interfere with RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) signaling through the reduction of geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP), required for RhoA activation, we investigated whether atorvastatin ameliorated diabetes-related ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Streptozotocin-induced (8 weeks) diabetic rats and alloxan-induced (8 weeks) diabetic rabbits received atorvastatin (5 mg/kg daily) for the last 2 weeks. In vitro contractility studies were conducted in the rabbit model. In the rat model, sildenafil effect on electrical stimulation (ES)-induced erection was investigated. Atorvastatin action was also analyzed using human fetal penile smooth muscle cells (hfPSMCs) exposed to low (5 mM), high (22 mM), and very high (40 mM) glucose.
  
  
  METHODS
  Atorvastatin effect on hyperglycemia-induced RhoA/ROCK signaling was evaluated using the ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 in both animal models and by analyzing functional effects downstream to RhoA activation in hfPSMCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both diabetic models, atorvastatin did not affect glycemia, lipid plasma levels, and the hypogonadal state. In diabetic rats, atorvastatin ameliorated the erectile response to the ES of the cavernous nerve and normalized sildenafil effect on erectile function, strongly decreased by diabetes. In penile tissue from diabetic animals, atorvastatin completely restored the diabetes-induced hypersensitivity to Y-27632 and prevented RhoA membrane translocation/activation. In hfPSMCs, high glucose significantly increased not only membrane RhoA expression, but also ROCK activity (increased phosphorylation of the ROCK substrate myosin phosphatase target subunit 1) and several RhoA-dependent functions such as proliferation, migration, and smooth muscle-related gene expression. Atorvastatin restored all the high-glucose-induced effects, an action specifically reverted by GGPP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Atorvastatin improves diabetes-related ED and restores sildenafil responsiveness, most probably by inhibiting RhoA/ROCK signaling, which underlies several high-glucose-induced derangements in penile smooth muscle cell commitment.
authors.affiliation: University of Florence-Andrology Unit, Department of Clinical Physiopathology, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Annamaria
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Morelli
authors.forename: Aravinda Krishnappa
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chavalmane
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Filippi
authors.forename: Benedetta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fibbi
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Silvestrini
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sarchielli
authors.forename: Xin-Hua
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vignozzi
authors.forename: Gabriella Barbara
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Vannelli
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Forti
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maggi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D006538:Heptanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D010410:Penile Erection / Q000187:drug effects*; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010879:Piperazines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011817:Rabbits; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D013450:Sulfones / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006538:Heptanoic Acids; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D010879:Piperazines; D011687:Purines; D011758:Pyrroles; D013450:Sulfones; D000069059:Atorvastatin; D000068677:Sildenafil Citrate; D054460:rho-Associated Kinases