title: Oxygen therapy for cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most serious complications of cystic fibrosis (CF) relate to respiratory insufficiency. Oxygen supplementation therapy has been a standard of care for individuals with chronic lung diseases associated with hypoxemia for decades. Physicians commonly prescribe oxygen therapy for people with CF when hypoxemia occurs. However, it is unclear if empiric evidence is available to provide indications for this therapy with its financial costs and often profound impact on lifestyle.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether oxygen therapy improves the longevity or quality of life of individuals with CF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Cystic Fibrosis and Genetic Disorders Group Trials Register, comprising references identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings.Most recent search of Group's Trials Register: November 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized or quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing oxygen, administered at any concentration, by any route, in people with documented CF for any time period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Authors independently assessed study quality and extracted data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eleven published studies (172 participants) are included in this review, of which only one examined long-term oxygen therapy (28 participants). There was no statistically significant improvement in survival, lung, or cardiac health. There was an improvement in regular attendance at school or work in those receiving oxygen therapy at 6 and 12 months. Four studies examined the effect of oxygen supplementation during sleep by polysomnography. Although oxygenation improved, mild hypercapnia was noted. Participants took less time to fall asleep and spent a reduced percentage of total sleep time in rapid eye movement sleep, but there were no demonstrable improvements in qualitative sleep parameters. Six studies evaluated oxygen supplementation during exercise. Again, oxygenation improved, but mild hypercapnia resulted. Participants receiving oxygen therapy were able to exercise for a significantly longer duration during exercise. Other exercise parameters were not altered by the use of oxygen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are no published data to guide the prescription of chronic oxygen supplementation to people with advanced lung disease due to CF. Short-term oxygen therapy during sleep and exercise improves oxygenation but is associated with modest and probably clinically inconsequential hypercapnia. There are improvements in exercise duration, time to fall asleep and regular attendance at school or work. There is a need for larger, well-designed clinical trials to assess the benefits of long-term oxygen therapy in people with CF administered continuously or during exercise or sleep or both.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Unit, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK, S10 2TH. H.Elphick@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Elphick
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mallory
mesh_terms: D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012890:Sleep