title: Effects of practice, visual loss, limb amputation, and disuse on motor imagery vividness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ability to generate vivid images of movements is variable across individuals and likely influenced by sensorimotor inputs.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The authors examined (1) the vividness of motor imagery in dancers and in persons with late blindness, with amputation or an immobilization of one lower limb; (2) the effects of prosthesis use on motor imagery; and (3) the temporal characteristics of motor imagery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven dancers, 10 persons with late blindness, 14 with amputation, 6 with immobilization, and 2 groups of age-matched healthy individuals (27 in control group A; 35 in control group B) participated. The Kinesthetic and Visual Imagery Questionnaire served to assess motor imagery vividness. Temporal characteristics were assessed with mental chronometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The late blindness group and dance group displayed higher imagery scores than respective control groups. In the amputation and immobilization groups, imagery scores were lower on the affected side than the intact side and specifically for imagined foot movements. Imagery scores of the affected limb positively correlated with the time since walking with prosthesis. Movement times during imagination and execution (amputation and immobilization) were longer on the affected side than the intact side, but the temporal congruence between real and imagined movement times was similar to that in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mental representation of actions is highly modulated by imagery practice and motor activities. The ability to generate vivid images of movements can be specifically weakened by limb loss or disuse, but lack of movement does not affect the temporal characteristics of motor imagery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation, Laval University and Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (CIRRIS), Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. Francine.Malouin@rea.ulaval.ca
authors.forename: Francine
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malouin
authors.forename: Carol L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Durand
authors.forename: Micheline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Descent
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Poiré
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Frémont
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pelet
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gresset
authors.forename: Julien
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doyon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D001186:Artificial Limbs / Q000009:adverse effects; D001766:Blindness / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005121:Extremities / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019018:Imagery, Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology; D007699:Kinesthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D020966:Muscular Disorders, Atrophic / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors