title: Acute toxicity and hazard assessment of spinosad and R-11 to three cladoceran species and Coho salmon.
abstract: Acute toxicity data and hazard assessments were developed for three cladoceran species, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Daphnia pulex, and Daphnia magna, and juvenile Coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch after exposure to the insecticide, spinosad and adjuvant R-11. The effect of a mixture of these compounds was also determined with C. dubia and O. kisutch. Spinosad was virtually non-toxic to O. kisutch. Hazard assessments indicated that R-11 posed no hazard to any of the species tested while spinosad only posed a hazard to C. dubia. Mixture studies indicated that spinosad and R-11 may interact synergistically in C. dubia.
authors.affiliation: Ecotoxicology Program, Department of Entomology, Washington State University Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Puyallup, WA 98371, USA.
authors.forename: Angela D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Deardorff
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stark
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D033361:Cladocera / Q000187:drug effects*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D018942:Macrolides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017684:Oncorhynchus kisutch; D010574:Pesticide Synergists / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D018942:Macrolides; D010574:Pesticide Synergists; C415329:spinosad