title: Disruption of latent inhibition induced by ovariectomy can be reversed by estradiol and clozapine as well as by co-administration of haloperidol with estradiol but not by haloperidol alone.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidemiological and clinical life cycle studies have indicated that the more favorable illness course and the better response to antipsychotic drugs (APDs) in women with schizophrenia correlate with high levels of estrogen, whereas increased vulnerability to exacerbation and relapse and reduced sensitivity to treatment are associated with low estrogen levels. Accordingly, the estrogen hypothesis of schizophrenia proposes that estrogen has a neuroprotective effect in women vulnerable to schizophrenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent inhibition (LI), the capacity to ignore stimuli that received nonreinforced preexposure prior to conditioning, is disrupted in acute schizophrenia patients and in rats and humans treated with the psychosis inducing drug amphetamine. Disruption of LI is reversible by typical and atypical APDs. The present study tested whether low levels of estrogen induced by ovariectomy (OVX) would lead to disruption of LI in female rats and whether such disruption would be normalized by estrogen replacement treatment and/or APDs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that OVX led to LI disruption, which was reversed by 17beta-estradiol (150 microg/kg) and the atypical APD clozapine (5 mg/kg), but not by the typical APD haloperidol (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mg/kg). Haloperidol regained efficacy when administered with 17beta-estradiol (50 microg/kg).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide the first demonstration in rats that low levels of hormones can induce a pro-psychotic state that is resistant to at least typical antipsychotic treatment. This constellation may mimic states seen in schizophrenic women during periods associated with low levels of hormones such as the menopause.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arad
authors.forename: Ina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Weiner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol