title: The role of regional posterior frontal dura mater in the overlying suture morphology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Craniosynostosis, the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures, is a common developmental disorder resulting in morphologic and functional consequences. The rat model is useful for studying pathologic and normal suture fusion because the posterior frontal suture undergoes fusion but the remaining sutures remain patent. The authors investigated the influence of regional posterior frontal dura mater on the overlying suture morphology and fate.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 8-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats, an 8-mm calvarial disk was excised without disrupting the underlying dura mater (n = 22) and flipped so that the previously ectocranial aspect was adjacent to the dura mater. The animals were humanely killed after 5, 7, 9, 11, and 28 days, and the posterior frontal sutures were analyzed histologically. A comparison was made to control animals in which the disk was excised and then placed back into its anatomical position (n = 5). Immunohistochemistry of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta isoforms was performed to investigate their differential, temporal, and spatial expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Posterior frontal suture fusion occurred on the side adjacent to the dura mater (previously patent ectocranial aspect) in an anterior-to-posterior direction, similar to that in the control group. There was specific expression of the TGF-beta isoforms in the dura mater and suture mesenchyme adjacent to the dura mater.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regional dura mater plays an important role in suture morphology, and the posterior frontal-associated dura mater possesses potent, pro-osteogenic signals that influence the overlying suture fate. The differential expression pattern of TGF-beta signaling from the dura mater further supports the regional paracrine effect of the dura mater.
authors.affiliation: Stanford, Calif. From the Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine.
authors.forename: Bethany J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Slater
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Kwan
authors.forename: Deepak M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Jacqueline K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Longaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003393:Cranial Sutures / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D003398:Craniosynostoses / Q000601:surgery*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000378:metabolism; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3