title: Association of headache with childhood adversity and mental disorder: cross-national study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community studies about the association of headache with both childhood family adversities and depression/anxiety disorders are limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the independent and joint associations of childhood family adversities and early-onset depression and anxiety disorders with risks of adult-onset headache.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were pooled from cross-sectional community surveys conducted in ten Latin and North American, European and Asian countries (n=18 303) by using standardised instruments. Headache and a range of childhood family adversities were assessed by self-report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of childhood family adversities was associated with adult-onset headache after adjusting for gender, age, country and early-onset depression/anxiety disorder status (for one adversity, hazard ratio (HR)=1.22-1.6; for two adversities, HR=1.19-1.67; for three or more adversities, HR=1.37-1.95). Early and current onset of depression/anxiety disorders were independently associated (HR=1.42-1.89) with adult-onset headache after controlling for number of childhood family adversities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings call for a broad developmental perspective concerning risk factors for development of headache.
authors.affiliation: Hong Kong Mood Disorders Center, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Adley
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Von Korff
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Corina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Benjet
authors.forename: Josep Maria
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Haro
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Angermeyer
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Demyttenaere
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: de Girolamo
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gasquet
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Merikangas
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Posada-Villa
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takeshima
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006261:Headache / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult