title: Gene expression patterns induced by HPV-16 L1 virus-like particles in leukocytes from vaccine recipients.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines were recently licensed. Although neutralizing Ab titers are thought to be the main effectors of protection against infection, early predictors of long-term efficacy are not yet defined and a comprehensive understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses to vaccination is still lacking. Here, microarrays were used to compare the gene expression signature in HPV-16 L1 VLP-stimulated PBMCs from 17 vaccine and 4 placebo recipients before vaccination and 1 mo after receiving the second immunization. Vaccination with a monovalent HPV-16 L1 VLP vaccine was associated with modulation of genes involved in the inflammatory/defense response, cytokine, IFN, and cell cycle pathways in VLP-stimulated PBMCs. Additionally, there was up-regulation of probesets associated with cytotoxic (GZMB, TNFSF10) and regulatory (INDO, CTLA4) activities. The strongest correlations with neutralizing Ab titers were found for cyclin D2 (CCND2) and galectin (LGALS2). Twenty-two differentially expressed probesets were selected for confirmation by RT-PCR in an independent sample set. Agreement with microarray data was seen for more than two-thirds of these probesets. Up-regulation of immune/defense response genes by HPV-16 L1 VLP, in particular, IFN-induced genes, was observed in PBMCs collected before vaccination, with many of these genes being further induced following vaccination. In conclusion, we identified important innate and adaptive response-related genes induced by vaccination with HPV-16 L1 VLP. Further studies are needed to identify gene expression signatures of immunogenicity and long-term protection with potential utility in prediction of long-term HPV vaccination outcomes in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: HPV Immunology Laboratory, Science Applications International Corporation-Frederick/National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
authors.forename: Alfonso J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: García-Piñeres
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hildesheim
authors.forename: Lori
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: Troy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Brandie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fullmer
authors.forename: Clayton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harro
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lowy
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lempicki
authors.forename: Ligia A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pinto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000502:physiology*; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014771:Virion / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D053918:Papillomavirus Vaccines; C063317:L1 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16