title: Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor added to a sciatic nerve fragment grafted in a spinal cord gap ameliorates motor impairments in rats and increases local axonal growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aversive nature of regenerative milieu is the main problem related to the failure of neuronal restoration in the injured spinal cord which however might be addressed with an adequate repair intervention. We evaluated whether glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) may increase the ability of sciatic nerve graft, placed in a gap promoted by complete transections of the spinal cord, to enhance motor recovery and local fiber growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received a 4 mm-long gap at low thoracic level and were repaired with a fragment of the sciatic nerve. GDNF was added (NERVE+/-GDNF) or not to the grafts (NERVE--GDNF). Motor behavior score (BBB) and sensorimotor tests-linked to the combined behavior score (CBS), which indicate the degree of the motor improvement and the percentage of functional deficit, respectively, and also the spontaneous motor behavior in an open field by means of an infrared motion sensor activity monitor were analyzed. At the end of the third month post surgery, the tissue composed by the graft and the adjacent regions of the spinal cord was removed and submitted to the immunohistochemistry of the neurofilament-200 (NF-200), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43), microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2), 5-hidroxytryptamine (serotonin, 5-HT) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP). The immunoreactive fibers were quantified at the epicenter of the graft by means of stereological procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher BBB and lower CBS levels (p < 0.001) were found in NERVE+/-GDNF rats. GDNF added to the graft increased the levels of individual sensorimotor tests mainly at the third month. Analysis of the spontaneous motor behavior showed decreases in the time and number of small movement events by the third month without changes in time and number of large movement events in the NERVE$+$GDNF rats. Immunoreactive fibers were encountered inside the grafts and higher amounts of NF-200, GAP-43 and MAP-2 fibers were found in the epicenter of the graft when GDNF was added. A small amount of descending 5-HT fibers was seen reentering in the adjacent caudal levels of the spinal cords which were grafted in the presence of GDNF, event that has not occurred without the neurotrophic factor. GDNF in the graft also led to a large amount of MAP-2 perikarya and fibers in the caudal levels of the cord gray matter, as determined by the microdensitometric image analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GDNF added to the nerve graft favored the motor recovery, local neuronal fiber growth and neuroplasticity in the adjacent spinal cord.
authors.affiliation: Neuroregeneration Center, Department of Neurology, University of São Paulo School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Fausto Pierdoná
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Guzen
authors.forename: Ricardo José
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: de Almeida Leme
authors.forename: Michele Schultz Ramos
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: de Andrade
authors.forename: Bianca Aparecida
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: de Luca
authors.forename: Gerson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chadi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007796:Laminectomy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012018:Reflex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000637:transplantation*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D051100:Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins