title: Ischaemic pre-conditioning for elective liver resections performed under vascular occlusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular occlusion is used to reduce blood loss during liver resection surgery. The enzyme markers of liver injury are elevated if vascular occlusion is employed during liver resection. It is not clear whether ischaemic preconditioning prior to vascular occlusion has a protective effect during elective liver resections.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the advantages (decreased ischaemia-reperfusion injury) and any potential disadvantages of ischaemic preconditioning prior to vascular occlusion during liver resections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded until August 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised clinical trials comparing ischaemic preconditioning versus no ischaemic preconditioning prior to vascular occlusion (irrespective of the method of vascular occlusion) during elective liver resections (irrespective of language or publication status).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two authors independently assessed trials for inclusion and independently extracted the data. We analysed the data with both the fixed-effect and the random-effects models using RevMan Analysis. We calculated the risk ratio, mean difference, or standardised mean difference with 95% confidence intervals based on intention-to-treat or available data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We included four trials with 271 patients undergoing open liver resections. The patients were randomised to ischaemic preconditioning (n = 135) and no ischaemic preconditioning (n = 136) prior to continuous vascular occlusion (portal triad clamping in three trials and hepatic vascular exclusion in one trial). All the trials excluded cirrhotic patients. We assessed all the four trials as having high risk of bias. There was no difference in mortality, liver failure, other peri-operative morbidity, hospital stay, intensive therapy unit stay, and operating time between the two groups. The proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion was lower in the ischaemic preconditioning group. There was also a trend towards a lower amount of red cell transfusion favouring ischaemic preconditioning group. There was no difference in the haemodynamic changes, blood loss, bilirubin, or prothrombin activity between the two groups. The enzyme markers of liver injury were lower in the ischaemic preconditioning group on the first post-operative day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, there is no evidence to suggest a protective effect of ischaemic preconditioning in non-cirrhotic patients undergoing liver resection under continuous vascular occlusion. Ischaemic preconditioning reduces the blood transfusion requirements in patients undergoing liver resection.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Surgery, Royal Free Hospital and University College School of Medicine, 9th Floor, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, UK, NW3 2QG. kurinchi2k@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Kurinchi Selvan
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gurusamy
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Viniyendra
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pamecha
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Brian R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Davidson
mesh_terms: D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003250:Constriction; D006498:Hepatectomy / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*