title: Examining the challenges of recruiting women into a cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the challenges of recruiting women for a 5-year cardiac rehabilitation randomized clinical trial; the aims of the study were to describe the range of recruitment sources, examine the myriad of factors contributing to ineligibility and nonparticipation of women during protocol screening, and discuss the challenges of enrolling women in the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Women's-Only Phase II Cardiac Rehabilitation program used an experimental design with 2 treatment groups. Eligible participants included women who were (1) diagnosed with a myocardial infarction or stable angina or had undergone coronary revascularization within the last 12 months; (2) able to read, write, and speak English; and (3) older than 21 years. Responses to multiple recruitment strategies including automatic hospital referrals, physician office referrals, mass mailings, media advertisements, and community outreach are described. Reasons for ineligibility and nonparticipation in the trial are explored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Automatic hospital order was the largest source of referral (n = 1,367, 81%) accounting for the highest enrollment rate of women (n = 184, 73%). The barriers to enrollment into the cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial included patient-oriented, provider-oriented, and programmatic factors. Of the referral sources, 52% were screened ineligible for provider-oriented reasons, 31% were ineligible due to patient-oriented factors, and 17.4% were linked to the study protocol. Study nonparticipation of those eligible (73.8%) was largely associated with patient-oriented factors (65.2%), with far less due to provider-related factors (4%) or study-related factors (3.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Standing hospital orders facilitated enrollment to the cardiac rehabilitation clinical trial, yet women failed to participate predominantly due to significant patient-oriented biopsychosocial barriers.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. tbeckie@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Beckie
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mendonca
authors.forename: Gerald F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Douglas D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Schocken
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Banks
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D010358:Patient Participation; D018579:Patient Selection