title: Testing the Cigarette Dependence Scale in 4 samples of daily smokers: psychiatric clinics, smoking cessation clinics, a smoking cessation website and in the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the properties of the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS-12) in various samples of daily smokers and to provide reference scores in a general population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surveys in 4 samples of daily cigarette smokers: psychiatric out-patients in Geneva, Switzerland (n=226), clients of smoking cessation clinics in France (n=370), visitors of a French-language smoking cessation website (n=13,697) and a representative sample of the general population of Geneva (n=292).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 4 samples, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were >0.87 and factor analyses indicated that CDS-12 was unidimensional. CDS-12 was slightly skewed towards higher values, and it was associated with expired carbon monoxide, but this association was not strong (9% of variance explained, p<0.001). CDS-12 scores were highest in clients of smoking cessation clinics (mean=47.7, SD=10.2), followed by psychiatric patients (mean=44.4, SD=8.4), visitors of smoking cessation websites (mean=43.3, SD=11.6) and the general population sample (mean=36.9, SD=12.3). Except for tolerance, each element in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions of dependence is reflected by at least one item in CDS-12, even though the match with these definitions is sometimes indirect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper presents reference scores and validity and reliability tests for CDS-12 in a diversity of samples of daily smokers. This information should be useful to clinicians and researchers.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland. Jean-Francois.Etter@unige.ch
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Etter
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Le Houezec
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Huguelet
authors.forename: Manuela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D013557:Switzerland; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis*