title: Meiotic and mitotic behaviour of a ring/deleted chromosome 22 in human embryos determined by preimplantation genetic diagnosis for a maternal carrier.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ring chromosomes are normally associated with developmental anomalies and are rarely inherited. An exception to this rule is provided by deletion/ring cases. We were provided with a unique opportunity to investigate the meiotic segregation at oogenesis in a woman who is a carrier of a deleted/ring 22 chromosome. The couple requested preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) following the birth of a son with a mosaic karyotype.The couple underwent two cycles of PGD. Studies were performed on lymphocytes, single embryonic cells removed from 3 day-old embryos and un-transferred embryos. Analysis was carried out using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH) with specific probe sets in two rounds of hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 12 embryos were biopsied, and follow up information was obtained for 10 embryos. No embryos were completely normal or balanced for chromosome 22 by day 5. There was only one embryo diagnosed as balanced of 12 biopsied but that accumulated postzygotic errors by day 5. Three oocytes apparently had a balanced chromosome 22 complement but all had the deleted and the ring 22 and not the intact chromosome 22. After fertilisation all the embryos accumulated postzygotic errors for chromosome 22.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study of the preimplantation embryos in this case provided a rare and significant chance to study and understand the phenomena associated with this unusual type of anomaly during meiosis and in the earliest stages of development. It is the first reported PGD attempt for a ring chromosome abnormality.
authors.affiliation: UCL Centre for PGD, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E-6HX, UK. a.mantzouratou@ucl.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mantzouratou
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mania
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Apergi
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Laver
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Serhal
authors.forename: Jda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Delhanty