title: Social support, social intimacy, and cardiovascular reactions to acute psychological stress.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exaggerated cardiovascular reactions to psychological stress are considered a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity. Social support may reduce such risk by attenuating cardiovascular reactivity to stress.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of three independent social support variables and their interaction on cardiovascular reactivity to acute stress. The variables were stranger or friend presence, active supportive or passive presence, and male or female presence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular reactions to mental arithmetic stress were measured in 112 healthy young women tested in one of eight distinct independent conditions: active supportive male friend; active supportive female friend; passive male friend; passive female friend; active supportive male stranger; active supportive female stranger, passive male stranger; and passive female stranger.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Support from a friend rather than a stranger was associated with attenuated blood pressure reactivity, but only when the supporter was a male friend. Support from a male stranger or female friend was associated with augmented blood pressure reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This interaction between the intimacy and sex of the supporter on cardiovascular reactivity extends the findings of previous laboratory studies of social support and can, to an extent, be interpreted in terms of the Social Comparison Theory.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B152TT, UK. A.C.Phillips@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Anna C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult