title: Diploic venous anatomy studied in-vivo by MRI.
abstract: Calvarial diploic venous anatomy has been studied post-mortem, but few studies have addressed these venous structures in-vivo. Previous work in our laboratory has shown that intraosseous infusion through the skull diploic space near the diploic veins in animals and humans does access the superior sagittal sinus and the systemic venous system. We developed a volumetric method of imaging the diploic veins in-vivo using MRI, intravenous gadolinium, and digital subtraction to provide for three-dimensional depiction and exact localization of these veins. We hypothesized that this technique would allow for an assessment of the probability of existence, distribution, and concentration of diploic veins in the skull. We scanned 31 neurosurgical patients, and were able to create 3D diploic venous maps in 74% of them. These maps were processed using Adobe Photoshop CS2. Mathworks MatLab 6.5, once customized, counted the number of pixels occupied by the diploic veins in the processed image. The probability of veins was highest in the occipital regions (100%). The inferior occipital (4.1%) and posterior parietal (4.1%) regions had the highest concentrations of diploic veins. Digital subtraction venography using a volumetric MRI sequence can demonstrate the diploic veins in-vivo. The inferior occipital region may be the best area for an intraosseous infusion device because it has the greatest likelihood of containing a vein and also has the highest concentration of veins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
authors.forename: Khalil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jivraj
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhargava
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Aronyk
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quateen
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walji
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012886:Skull / Q000098:blood supply*; D014680:Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA