title: The relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α, brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide in patients with chronic heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) contribute to cardiac dysfunction in chronic heart failure (CHF). Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) are thought to reflect cardiac functional and structural damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To study the relationship between BNP, ANP, and TNF, these parameters were measured in fasting venous blood samples of 25 CHF patients (age 66+/-2 years, pVO(2) 17.4+/-2.1 mL/kg/min, NYHA class 2.8+/-0.2, all mean+/-SEM) and 8 healthy controls (age 71+/-2 years). Patients with CHF had higher plasma levels of BNP (p<0.05), ANP (p<0.05), norepinephrine (p<0.01), and echocardiographic left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD, p<0.05) compared to controls, whereas TNF and epinephrine were not significantly different. There were significant correlations between natriuretic peptides and markers of inflammation and myocardial dysfunction in CHF patients: BNP vs. TNF (r=0.64, p=0.0006), vs. LVEDD (r=0.59, p=0.0025); ANP vs. TNF (r=0.60, p=0.0016), vs. LVEDD (r=0.65, p=0.0006); TNF vs. LVEDD (r=0.57, p=0.004). After adjustment for NYHA, creatinine clearance, and age TNF correlated with BNP (all p=0.01) and ANP (all p<0.002). The cachectic CHF patients (n=7,>6% weight loss) had the highest BNP (p<0.001 vs. controls, p<0.05 vs. non-cachectic CHF) and ANP levels (p=0.01 vs. controls). Concentrations of uric acid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine also correlated with ANP and BNP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CHF, TNF is closely related to BNP and ANP (independently of CHF severity and ventricular dysfunction), particularly in patients with cardiac cachexia. TNF may causally contribute to intrinsic cardiac dysfunction thereby stimulating BNP and ANP secretion.
authors.affiliation: Competence Network Heart Failure, Department of Cardiology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Amalia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vaz Pérez
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Doehner
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: von Haehling
authors.forename: Hendrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Arabel V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Hans-Dieter
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Stefan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anker
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rauchhaus
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002100:Cachexia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain; D009320:Atrial Natriuretic Factor