title: A randomised controlled clinical trial of nurse-, dietitian- and pedagogist-led Group Care for the management of Type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To verify if Group Care, a model to manage Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) by systemic continuing group education, can be administered by nurses and dieticians under pedagogic guidance, and improve metabolic control, quality of life, Locus of Control, and insulin resistance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients with non-insulin-treated T2DM were randomized to Group Care and 24 to continued habitual individual care and education delivered by a diabetes specialist and pedagogist, respectively. Six nurses and 1 dietician received training by an accredited programme, a detailed operating manual and pedagogical supervision throughout the study. Follow-up was for 2 yr and included measurements of fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index, waist circumference, lipids, creatinine, blood pressure, serum insulin, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index of insulin resistance, health behaviors, quality of life, state and trait anxiety, and Locus of Control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One patient on Group Care and 3 controls dropped out. At the end of study, the patients on Group Care had lower HbA1c (7.6+/-0.8 vs 8.4+/-1.3, p<0.05), insulin (18.0+/-9.6 vs 24.3+/-13.7, p<0.001), HOMA index (6.9+/-5.4 vs 9.2+/-6.6, p<0.05), and fatalistic attitude (17.2+/-5.9 vs 24.9+/-4.2, p<0.001) and better quality of life (65.0+/-11.0 vs 78.4+/-19.6, p<0.001) than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Group Care delivered by trained nurses and dietitian is associated with better outcomes than those obtained by a medically and pedagogically qualified team. It may offer a model for health operators to re-organize clinical practice and for patients to improve lifestyle and strengthen the therapeutic alliance with their carers.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Pedagogy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy. marina.trento@unito.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trento
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Basile
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Borgo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scuntero
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Trinetta
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cavallo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000178:diet therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006126:Group Processes; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011788:Quality of Life; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin