Correlation of PCDD/F and PCB at combustion experiments using wood and hospital waste. Influence of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) as additive on PCDD/F and PCB emissions.
The objectives of this work were to study the emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) during the combustion of wood, wood and hospital waste as well as wood, hospital waste and (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in a pilot plant and to determine the relation of the toxic emissions to the fuel properties. The presence of PVC (experiments b and c) increases PCDD/F and PCB formation compared to burning only eco-farm wood (a). However, analysis and quantification of PCDD/F and PCB showed that the amount of 5% of (NH(4))(2)SO(4) in the fuel mixture significantly impacted the dioxins emissions and suppressed it by approximately 50%. In addition, longer duration of the combustion experiment by using (NH(4))SO(4) resulted in a stronger inhibition of the toxic emissions. Overall, the lowest values were observed during the combustion of the fuel blends containing wood only. Relationships of PCDD/F (WHO-TEQ) and individual congeners of WHO-PCDD/F, WHO-PCB and six PCB indicator congeners were also found. As a result, all single PCB congeners were identified as PCDD/F (WHO-TEQ) surrogates in the flue gas. Furthermore, the correlation between PCDD/F and PCB congeners was examined by statistical methods such as cluster analysis (CA). Closely neighboured pairs on the dendrogram were additionally confirmed by a high linear coefficient of determination (R(2)). (NH(4))(2)SO(4)-containing samples did not affect the correlations between PCDD/F and PCB at the concentrations given.
Pandelova
Marchela
M
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Electronic address: pandelova@helmholtz-muenchen.de.
Stanev
Ivajlo
I
University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski blvd., 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria.
Henkelmann
Bernhard
B
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
Lenoir
Dieter
D
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
Schramm
Karl-Werner
KW
Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; TUM-Technische Universität München, Department für Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen Weihenstephaner Steig 23, D-85350 Freising, Germany.
D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D017745:Incineration / Q000379:methods*; D008506:Medical Waste; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls / Q000032:analysis*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis; D014934:Wood
D000393:Air Pollutants; D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D008506:Medical Waste; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D011078:Polychlorinated Biphenyls; D000645:Ammonium Sulfate