title: Aortic calcification is associated with aortic stiffness and isolated systolic hypertension in healthy individuals.
abstract: Arterial stiffening is an independent predictor of mortality and underlies the development of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). A number of factors regulate stiffness, but arterial calcification is also likely to be important. We tested the hypotheses that aortic calcification is associated with aortic stiffness in healthy individuals and that patients with ISH exhibit exaggerated aortic calcification compared with controls. A total of 193 healthy, medication-free subjects (mean age+/-SD: 66+/-8 years) were recruited from the community, together with 15 patients with resistant ISH. Aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured noninvasively, and aortic calcium content was quantified from high-resolution, thoraco-lumbar computed tomography images using a volume scoring method. In healthy volunteers, calcification was positively and significantly associated with aortic PWV (r=0.6; P<0.0001) but was not related to augmentation index or brachial PWV. Calcification was significantly higher in treatment-resistant and healthy subjects with ISH compared with controls (mean [interquartile range]: 1.92 [1.14 to 3.66], 0.84 [0.35 to 1.75], and 0.19 [0.1 to 0.78] cm3, respectively; P<0.0001 for both). In a multiple regression model, aortic calcium was independently associated with aortic PWV along with age, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (R(2)=0.51; P<0.0001). Only age, calcium phosphate product, and aortic PWV were independently associated with calcification. These data suggest that calcification may be important in the process of aortic stiffening and the development of ISH. Calcification may underlie treatment resistance in ISH, and anticalcification strategies may present a novel therapy.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Box 100, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom. cmm41@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Carmel M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: McEniery
authors.forename: Barry J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: McDonnell
authors.forename: Alvin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Sri
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aitken
authors.forename: Charlotte E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Munnery
authors.forename: Stacey S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hickson
authors.lastname: Yasmin
authors.forename: Kaisa M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Maki-Petaja
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Cockcroft
authors.forename: Adrian K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001011:Aorta / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed