title: Influence of food intake, age, gender, HbA1c, and BMI levels on plasma cholesterol in 29,979 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes--reference data from the German diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated influences of a 12-h fast, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) to provide reference percentiles for TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C of patients with good diabetes control (HbA1c < 7.5%) and normal weight (BMI < 90th percentile).
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis of the diabetes documentation and quality management system using the diabetes data acquisition system for prospective surveillance (DPV) software included 29 979 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) aged 1-20 yr (52.4% male) from 253 diabetes centers in Germany and Austria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fasting had no relevant influence on TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Multivariate regression analysis revealed strongest dependences of cholesterol on gender and HbA1c followed by BMI and age. Reference cholesterol percentiles of well-controlled and normal weight patients showed TC >or=4.40 mmol/L (170 mg/dL) corresponding to the 50th percentile in females and the 75th percentile in males. LDL-C >or=2.59 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) corresponded to the 50th-75th percentile in females and the 75th percentile in males.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Fasting is no precondition for the determination of TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C; (ii) TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C are strongest associated with gender and HbA1c followed by BMI and age; (iii) Gender- and age-adjusted cholesterol percentiles of well-controlled and normal weight patients with T1DM may serve as reference values and are similar to healthy German children; and (iv) Single target values for TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C based on healthy individuals' data do not sufficiently characterize abnormal cholesterol levels in young patients with T1DM.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence Medicine, Freiburg University Hospital, Freiburg, Germany. karl.otfried.schwab@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: K Otfried
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Schwab
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Doerfer
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Naeke
authors.forename: Tilman
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rohrer
authors.forename: Dagobert
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiemann
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Marg
authors.forename: Sabine E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hofer
authors.forename: Reinhard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004282:Documentation; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002784:Cholesterol; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin