title: Analysis of outcome in 298 extremely low-birth-weight infants with patent ductus arteriosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indomethacin is accepted therapy for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in ELBW infants (<1000 g). We hypothesize that surgical ligation may provide comparatively superior outcomes in select ELBW infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predischarge outcomes of 298 ELBW infants with echocardiography-proven PDA were retrospectively compared by treatment provided: no treatment (group 1, n = 54), indomethacin (group 2, n = 140), ligation (group 3, n = 46), and ligation after indomethacin failure (group 4, n = 58). chi(2) and Wilcoxon rank sum tests were used to test for significance. Institutional review board approval was obtained (IRB/05-00395).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group 3 had significantly lower gestational age (P < .001), birth weight (P = .006), and 5-minute Apgar scores (P = .03) compared with group 2. Group 3 and group 1 had a higher rate of pretreatment intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) compared with group 2 (P < .001). By contrast, posttreatment complications including acute renal failure, necrotizing enterocolitis, thrombocytopenia, and IVH occurred more frequently in groups 2 (P = .004) and 4 (P = .001) compared with group 3. Survival was 57.7% in group 1 compared with groups 2, 3, and 4 (82.4%, 86.0%, and 92.7% respectively; P = .001). Preoperative conditions associated with nonsurvival include gestational age (P = .009), birth weight (P = .002), maternal preeclampsia (P = .015), 5-minute Apgar score (P = .013), and sepsis (P = .018). Posttreatment complications associated with nonsurvival include acute renal failure (P = .002), thrombocytopenia (P = .002), and necrotizing enterocolitis (P = .034). Survival was not influenced by any congenital comorbidity, pre- or posttreatment IVH, diameter of the PDA, or recurrence of the PDA after indomethacin therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (1) Patent ductus arteriosis requires treatment in ELBW infants to maximize survival. (2) Indomethacin and surgical ligation permit equivalent survival in low-risk ELBW infants, but indomethacin results in a high failure and complication rate requiring operative salvage in a number of patients. (3) Surgical ligation permits survival of high-risk ELBW infants with a low complication rate and is preferable to indomethacin in ELBW infants with the above risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA. falexander@humed.com
authors.forename: Frederick
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Louisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kroh
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hammel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004374:Ductus Arteriosus, Patent / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D052577:Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008026:Ligation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D007213:Indomethacin