title: Effects of growth in family conflict in adolescence on adult depressive symptoms: mediating and moderating effects of stress and school bonding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) examine growth in family conflict during adolescence as a predictor of depressive symptoms in early adulthood, (2) examine adult stressful life events as a possible mechanism linking prior family conflict with depressive symptoms, and (3) examine adolescent school bonding as a possible moderator of family conflict and stressful life events in relation to later depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses used a latent variable growth curve modeling approach to examine longitudinal patterns in data from the Seattle Social Development Project. Assessments of a gender-balanced and ethnically diverse sample of 754 participants were conducted from age 10 to age 27.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results show an increase in conflict each year between ages 14 and 18 for participating youth. High initial levels and growth in family conflict predicted adult stressful life events, which, in turn, predicted adult depressive symptoms, controlling for earlier risks of poverty and internalizing problems. Bonding to school in mid-adolescence did not significantly change the associations among the variables in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibiting the growth in family conflict over the course of adolescence may reduce the risk for some life stresses linked to depression in early adulthood. Although a test of the protective influence of school bonding during mid-adolescence was not significant, the study offers an example of how longitudinal patterns and protective factors can be analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Electronic address: tih@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Todd I
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Herrenkohl
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kosterman
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: J David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Hawkins
authors.affiliation: Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
authors.forename: W Alex
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Mason
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003863:Depression / Q000209:etiology*; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008016:Life Change Events; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012574:Schools; D055815:Young Adult