title: Prevalence of hypospadias in Danish boys: a longitudinal study, 1977-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypospadias is a relatively common congenital malformation. Data on temporal trends in prevalence of hypospadias are conflicting. It is unclear whether changes of maternal age distribution over time are associated with changes in hypospadias prevalence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study changes in prevalence of hypospadias in Denmark during a 29-yr period and to investigate whether maternal age was associated with the prevalence of hypospadias.
  
  
  METHODS
  Through Denmark's National Patient Registry, covering all Danish hospitals, we identified all boys diagnosed with hypospadias in Denmark. From the Danish Medical Birth Registry, we obtained information on maternal age and on the annual total number of live-born boys from 1977 to 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of hypospadias at birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among 921745 boys born alive from 1977 to 2005, we identified 3490 boys with hypospadias. The prevalence increased from 0.24% in 1977 to 0.52% in 2005, corresponding with an annual increase in prevalence of 2.40% (95% confidence interval: 1.94-2.86). The prevalence of hypospadias did not differ according to maternal age. The mean annual prevalence was 0.38% in sons of mothers aged <or=25 yr, 0.37% in sons of mothers aged 26-30 yr, 0.39% in sons of mothers aged 31-35 yr, and 0.39% in sons of mothers >35 yr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypospadias prevalence was increasing in Denmark from 1977 to 2005. Increased maternal age did not explain this trend.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Viborg Hospital, 8800 Viborg, Denmark. dr.LL@Dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: Malene C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Engebjerg
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pedersen
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ehrenstein
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nørgaard
authors.forename: Henrik Toft
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Sørensen
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D016012:Poisson Distribution; D011247:Pregnancy; D015995:Prevalence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment