title: Induction of bradykinesia with pallidal deep brain stimulation in patients with cranial-cervical dystonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for idiopathic generalized dystonia. More recently, it has been applied as a treatment for focal and segmental dystonias. This patient population offers an opportunity to study the effects of alteration of pallidal outflow on previously normal limb function.
  
  
  METHODS
  We sought to retrospectively characterize the extent of novel GPi DBS-induced adverse motor effects in patients with adult-onset cervical and cranial-cervical dystonia using a questionnaire, and compared the findings to dystonia improvement as measured by standard scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite significant improvement in dystonia (65% in mean Burke-Fahn-MarsdenDystonia Rating Scale motor score, p < 0.005, and 59% in mean Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale score, p < 0.008), slowing and difficulty with normal motor function was reported in previously nondystonic extremities in 10 of 11 patients. Symptoms were common in both upper and lower extremities and included new difficulties with handwriting (82%), getting up from a chair or in/out of a car (73%), and walking (45%), and were not associated with aberrant lead placement near the internal capsule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although GPi DBS was shown to be effective in these patients, the influence of GPi DBS on nondystonic body regions deserves further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, Calif., USA.
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Berman
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Starr
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Jill L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ostrem
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D004421:Dystonia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D018476:Hypokinesia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome