title: Drug context differently regulates cocaine versus heroin self-administration and cocaine- versus heroin-induced Fos mRNA expression in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have previously reported that cocaine self-administration is facilitated in male rats not residing in the test chambers (Non Resident rats) relative to rats living in the test chambers at all times (Resident rats). Surprisingly, the opposite was found for heroin.
  
  
  METHODS
  We predicted that, when given access to both cocaine and heroin on alternate days, Non Resident rats would take more cocaine relative to heroin than Resident rats. Heroin (25.0 microg/kg) and cocaine (400 microg/kg), were made alternately available for 14 self-administration sessions, on a fixed ratio (FR) schedule that was progressively increased from FR1 to FR5. Next, some rats underwent a progressive-ratio procedure for heroin and cocaine. The other rats continued to alternate heroin and cocaine self-administration for 12 additional sessions, during which the FR schedule was progressively increased from FR10 to FR100. The second aim of the study was to investigate Fos mRNA expression in Resident and Non Resident rats treated with non-contingent intravenous infusion of "self-administration doses" of heroin (25.0 microg/kg) and cocaine (400 microg/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that: (1) drug-taking context differentially modulates intravenous cocaine versus heroin self-administration; (2) very low doses of cocaine and heroin are sufficient to induce Fos mRNA expression in the posterior caudate; (3) drug-administration context differentially modulates cocaine- versus heroin-induced Fos mRNA expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicates that the context of drug taking can play a powerful role in modulating cocaine versus heroin intake in the laboratory rat.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Celentano
authors.forename: Daniele
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caprioli
authors.forename: Pasqua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dipasquale
authors.forename: Pasqua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Di Pasquale
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nencini
authors.forename: Silvana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gaetani
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badiani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D016762:Genes, fos / Q000187:drug effects*; D003932:Heroin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000523:psychology*; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012646:Self Administration; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine