title: Ambient air pollution exaggerates adipose inflammation and insulin resistance in a mouse model of diet-induced obesity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is a strong link between urbanization and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although a multitude of mechanisms have been proposed, there are no studies evaluating the impact of ambient air pollutants and the propensity to develop type 2 diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (<2.5 mum; PM(2.5)) exaggerates diet-induced insulin resistance, adipose inflammation, and visceral adiposity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Male C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat chow for 10 weeks and randomly assigned to concentrated ambient PM(2.5) or filtered air (n=14 per group) for 24 weeks. PM(2.5)-exposed C57BL/6 mice exhibited marked whole-body insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and an increase in visceral adiposity. PM(2.5) exposure induced signaling abnormalities characteristic of insulin resistance, including decreased Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation in the endothelium and increased protein kinase C expression. These abnormalilties were associated with abnormalities in vascular relaxation to insulin and acetylcholine. PM(2.5) increased adipose tissue macrophages (F4/80(+) cells) in visceral fat expressing higher levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-6 and lower interleukin-10/N-acetyl-galactosamine specific lectin 1. To test the impact of PM(2.5) in eliciting direct monocyte infiltration into fat, we rendered FVBN mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) under control of a monocyte-specific promoter (c-fms, c-fms(YFP)) diabetic over 10 weeks and then exposed these mice to PM(2.5) or saline intratracheally. PM(2.5) induced YFP cell accumulation in visceral fat and potentiated YFP cell adhesion in the microcirculation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PM(2.5) exposure exaggerates insulin resistance and visceral inflammation/adiposity. These findings provide a new link between air pollution and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Wolfe Professor of Medicine and Radiology, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Room 110, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210-1252, USA.
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Peibin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yue
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Deiuliis
authors.forename: Carey N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lumeng
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kampfrath
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Mikolaj
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Ostrowski
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Sampath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parthasarathy
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Brook
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Moffatt-Bruce
authors.forename: Lung Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000276:immunology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000276:immunology; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008164:Luminescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D008264:Macrophages / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D008164:Luminescent Proteins