title: Caliceal diverticula in children: natural history and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The natural history of caliceal diverticula in children is unknown. We review our series of children with caliceal diverticula to examine the presentation, natural history and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 22 children presenting with caliceal diverticula between 1983 and 2006. All pertinent clinical data were recorded, including demographics, imaging studies, treatment and clinical outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 22 children had 23 caliceal diverticula. There were 14 girls and 8 boys who presented at a mean age of 5.4 +/- 3.1 years (range 0.2 to 12). At clinical presentation 10 patients had febrile urinary tract infection, 2 had hematuria, 2 had abdominal pain, 1 had flank pain and 8 were asymptomatic. Mean diameter of all caliceal diverticula was 2.2 +/- 1.7 cm. All patients underwent voiding cystourethrogram. Two patients (9%) had concomitant ipsilateral caliceal diverticula and vesicoureteral reflux. A total of 10 patients with caliceal diverticula (43%) were treated at a mean of 3.0 +/- 2.3 years after initial presentation due to symptomatic enlargement in 5, symptomatic calculus in 3, complicated abscess in 1 and urosepsis in 1. Treatment modalities included percutaneous ablation, open marsupialization/ablation, partial nephrectomy and laparoscopic marsupialization/ablation. There were no recurrences during a mean followup of 3.1 +/- 2.9 years (range 0.1 to 10.1) in these 10 patients. In the 13 caliceal diverticula (57%) that were observed mean followup was 6 +/- 3.7 years (range 1.2 to 10.5). These caliceal diverticula were stable in size and remained asymptomatic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caliceal diverticula in children are rare. Most caliceal diverticula remain stable and asymptomatic but approximately 20% may have symptomatic enlargement that may warrant surgical management. Given the morbidity associated with caliceal diverticula and concomitant vesicoureteral reflux, evaluation for ipsilateral reflux is mandatory. Overall approximately 43% of children with caliceal diverticula require surgical intervention, and various treatment options are available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Carlos R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Sanchari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Datta
authors.forename: Francis X
authors.initials: FX
authors.lastname: Schneck
authors.forename: Stuart B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Alan B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Retik
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004240:Diverticulum / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007670:Kidney Calices; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies