title: Rheumatoid arthritis: a novel radiographic projection for hand assessment.
abstract: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common form of inflammatory disease, affecting 1-2% of the population. Posteroanterior (PA) and Brewerton projections are well established in radiographic practice for scoring and monitoring RA, but there is little evidence to demonstrate the diagnostic efficacy of these techniques. This work, by varying the positioning of a cadaveric hand, investigates whether an alternative radiographic projection could yield greater diagnostic information than the traditional techniques. Phase I of the study evaluated moving the hand 15 degrees from the anteroposterior position and then in 5 degrees increments in four directions: medial rotation, lateral rotation, flexion of the wrist and extension of the wrist. Phase II of the study took the optimum projections from Phase I and further manipulated these positions in a direction at right angles to the original position. Images were scored based on joint space visualisation in 29 joints. Results demonstrated that significantly higher diagnostic efficacy was evident with 15 degrees lateral rotation of the hand or 15 degrees flexion at the wrist compared to the Brewerton projection. Either projection is recommended, but on the basis of patient comfort, the latter of these novel positions, now known as the UCD projection, was chosen as the optimum procedure to replace the Brewerton projection. The value of using cadavers for the establishment of optimum radiographic procedures is highlighted.
authors.affiliation: UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pearman
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Last
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fitzgerald
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Veale
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rainford
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McEntee
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McNulty
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McGee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Toomey
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: D'Helft
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: P C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Brennan
mesh_terms: D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002102:Cadaver; D006225:Hand / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D050276:Hand Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D014953:Wrist / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging