title: Evaluation of reproducibility and reliability of 3D soft tissue analysis using 3D stereophotogrammetry.
abstract: In 3D photographs the bony structures are neither available nor palpable, therefore, the bone-related landmarks, such as the soft tissue gonion, need to be redefined. The purpose of this study was to determine the reproducibility and reliability of 49 soft tissue landmarks, including newly defined 3D bone-related soft tissue landmarks with the use of 3D stereophotogrammetric images. Two observers carried out soft-tissue analysis on 3D photographs twice for 20 patients. A reference frame and 49 landmarks were identified on each 3D photograph. Paired Student's t-test was used to test the reproducibility and Pearson's correlation coefficient to determine the reliability of the landmark identification. Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of the landmarks were high. The study showed a high reliability coefficient for intraobserver (0.97 (0.90 - 0.99)) and interobserver reliability (0.94 (0.69 - 0.99)). Identification of the landmarks in the midline was more precise than identification of the paired landmarks. In conclusion, the redefinition of bone-related soft tissue 3D landmarks in combination with the 3D photograph reference system resulted in an accurate and reliable 3D photograph based soft tissue analysis. This shows that hard tissue data are not needed to perform accurate soft tissue analysis.
authors.affiliation: 3D Facial Imaging Research Group Nijmegen-Bruges (3D FIRG), Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Plooij
authors.forename: G R J
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Swennen
authors.forename: F A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Rangel
authors.forename: T J J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Maal
authors.forename: F A C
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Schutyser
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Bronkhorst
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Kuijpers-Jagtman
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Bergé
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D010780:Photogrammetry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult