title: Pathophysiology of depression: role of sleep and the melatonergic system.
abstract: Profound disturbances in sleep architecture occur in major depressive disorders (MDD) and in bipolar affective disorders. Reduction in slow wave sleep, decreased latency of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and abnormalities in the timing of REM/non-REM sleep cycles have all been documented in patients with MDD. It is thus evident that an understanding of the basic mechanisms of sleep regulation is essential for an analysis of the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which functions as the body's master circadian clock, plays a major role in the regulation of the sleep/wakefulness rhythm and interacts actively with the homeostatic processes that regulate sleep. The control of melatonin secretion by the SCN, the occurrence of high concentrations of melatonin receptors in the SCN, and the suppression of electrical activity in the SCN by melatonin all underscore the major influence which this neurohormone has in regulating the sleep/wake cycle. The transition from wakefulness to high sleep propensity is associated with the nocturnal rise of endogenous melatonin secretion. Various lines of evidence show that depressed patients exhibit disturbances in both the amplitude and shape of the melatonin secretion rhythm and that melatonin can improve the quality of sleep in these patients. The choice of a suitable antidepressant that improves sleep quality is thus important while treating a depressive disorder. The novel antidepressant agomelatine, which combines the properties of a 5-HT(2C) antagonist and a melatonergic MT(1)/MT(2) receptor agonist, has been found very effective for resetting the disturbed sleep/wake cycle and in improving the clinical status of MDD. Agomelatine has also been found useful in treating sleep problems and improving the clinical status of patients suffering from seasonal affective disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
authors.forename: Venkataramanujan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Srinivasan
authors.forename: Seithikurippu R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pandi-Perumal
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Trakht
authors.forename: D Warren
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Spence
authors.forename: Ruediger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hardeland
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poeggeler
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Cardinali
mesh_terms: D000081:Acetamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008550:Melatonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D015995:Prevalence; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin / Q000187:drug effects; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology; D012894:Sleep Stages; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013493:Suprachiasmatic Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology; D009281:Naphthalenes
chemical_list: D000081:Acetamides; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D008550:Melatonin; D044094:Receptors, Melatonin; C084711:agomelatine; D009281:Naphthalenes