title: Status of essential trace metals in biological samples of diabetic mother and their neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is accumulating facts that the metabolism of essential trace elements is altered in diabetic patients. The aim of present study was to compare the status of essential trace elements, chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in biological samples (whole blood, urine and scalp hair) of insulin dependent diabetic mothers (age ranged 30-40) and their newly born infants (n = 76). An age matched 68 non-diabetic mothers and their infants, residing in the same locality, were selected as referents. For a comparative study, the biological samples of non-diabetic and diabetic pregnant and non pregnant of same age group and socio-economics status were also analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  The biological samples (scalp hair, blood and urine) were collected from study and referent groups. The Cr, Mn and Zn concentrations in all three biological samples were determined by a flame/electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometer, prior to microwave assisted acid digestion. The validity and accuracy of the methodology was checked by certified reference materials (CRMs) and using conventional wet acid digestion method on same CRMs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean values of Cr, Mn and Zn in scalp hair and blood samples of diabetic mothers and their infants were significantly lower as compared to the referent mothers-infants pairs (p < 0.01), while urinary excretion of all these elements were high in diabetic mother-infant pair samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The deficiencies of essential trace elements, Cr, Mn and Zn in biological samples of diabetic women, may play role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus and impacts on their neonates.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan. hassanimranafridi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Hassan Imran
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Afridi
authors.forename: Tasneem Gul
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Naveed
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kazi
authors.forename: Jamil Ahmed
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Baig
authors.forename: Mohammad Khan
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Jamali
authors.forename: Mohammad Balal
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Arain
authors.forename: Raja Adil
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sarfraz
authors.forename: Hafeez-Ur-Rehman
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Ghulam Abbas
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Kandhro
authors.forename: Abdul Qadir
authors.initials: AQ
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008345:Manganese / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D011254:Pregnancy in Diabetics / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D002857:Chromium; D008345:Manganese; D015032:Zinc