title: Levosimendan facilitates weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting with impaired left ventricular function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Levosimendan is a compound with vasodilatory and inotropic properties. Experimental data suggest effective reversal of stunning and cardioprotective properties.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study included 60 patients with 3-vessel coronary disease and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of less than 0.50. Levosimendan administration (12 microg/kg bolus, followed by an infusion of 0.2 microg/kg/min) was started immediately after induction anesthesia. Predefined strict hemodynamic criteria were used to assess the success of weaning. If weaning was not successful, CPB was reinstituted and an epinephrine infusion was started. If the second weaning attempt failed, intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP) was instituted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups had comparable demographics. The mean (standard deviation) preoperative LVEF was 0.36 (0.8) in both groups. The baseline cardiac index was 1.8 (0.3) L/min/m(2) in the levosimendan group and 1.9 (0.4) L/min/m(2) in the placebo group. The mean duration of CPB to primary weaning attempt was 104 (25) minutes in the levosimendan and 109 (22) minutes in the placebo group. Primary weaning was successful in 22 patients (73%) in the levosimendan group and in 10 (33%) in the placebo group (p = 0.002). The odds ratio for failure in primary weaning was 0.182 (95% confidence interval, 0.060 to 0.552). Four patients in the placebo group failed the second weaning and underwent IABP compared with none in the levosimendan group (p = 0.112).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Levosimendan significantly enhanced primary weaning from CPB compared with placebo in patients undergoing 3-vessel on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The need for additional inotropic or mechanical therapy was decreased.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. heidi.eriksson@hus.fi
authors.forename: Heidi I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Jouko R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Jalonen
authors.forename: Leo O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Heikkinen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivikko
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laine
authors.forename: Kari A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Leino
authors.forename: Anne H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Kuitunen
authors.forename: Kari T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Kuttila
authors.forename: Tarja K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Peräkylä
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sarapohja
authors.forename: Raili T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Suojaranta-Ylinen
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valtonen
authors.forename: Markku T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Salmenperä
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006835:Hydrazones / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011724:Pyridazines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D000077464:Simendan; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis*
chemical_list: D006835:Hydrazones; D011724:Pyridazines; D000077464:Simendan