title: Ambient particulates alter vascular function through induction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
abstract: Previous studies have shown a link between inhaled particulate matter (PM) exposure in urban areas and susceptibility to cardiovascular diseases. Although an oxidative stress pathway is strongly implicated, the locus of generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mechanisms by which these radicals exert their effects remain to be characterized. To test the hypothesis that exposure to environmentally relevant inhaled concentrated ambient PM (CAPs) enhances atherosclerosis through induction of vascular ROS and reactive nitrogen species. High-fat chow fed apolipoprotein E(-/-) mice were exposed to CAPs of less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) or filtered air (FA), for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 4 months in Manhattan, NY. Atherosclerotic lesions were analyzed by histomorphometricly. Vascular reactivity, superoxide generation, mRNA expression of NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced) oxidase subunits, inducible nitric oxide synthase, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and GTP cyclohydrolase I were also assessed. Manhattan PM(2.5) CAPs were characterized by higher concentrations of organic and elemental carbon. Analysis of vascular responses revealed significantly decreased phenylephrine constriction in CAPs-exposed mice, which was restored by a soluble guanine cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one. Vascular relaxation to A23187, but not to acetylcholine, was attenuated in CAPs mice. Aortic expression of NADPH oxidase subunits (p47(phox) and rac1) and iNOS were markedly increased, paralleled by increases in superoxide generation and extensive protein nitration in the aorta. The composite plaque area of thoracic aorta was significantly increased with pronounced macrophage infiltration and lipid deposition in the CAPs mice. CAPs exposure in Manhattan alters vasomotor tone and enhances atherosclerosis through NADPH oxidase dependent pathways.
authors.affiliation: Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
authors.forename: Zhekang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kampfrath
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: Britten
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Farrar
authors.forename: Mort
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lippmann
authors.forename: Aixia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qinghua
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lung Chi
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000473:pathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D049449:Luminescence; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D012313:RNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D052638:Particulate Matter; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D012313:RNA; D019255:NADPH Oxidases