title: Evaluation and management of neonatal dysphagia: impact of pharyngoesophageal motility studies and multidisciplinary feeding strategy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abnormal swallowing (dysphagia) among neonates is commonly evaluated using the videofluoroscopic swallow study (VSS). Radiological findings considered high risk for administration of oral feeding include nasopharyngeal reflux, laryngeal penetration, aspiration, or pooling. Our aims were to determine pharyngoesophageal motility correlates in neonates with dysphagia and the impact of multidisciplinary feeding strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty dysphagic neonates (mean gestation +/- standard deviation [SD] = 30.9 +/- 4.9 weeks; median 31.1 weeks; range = 23.7-38.6 weeks) with abnormal VSS results were evaluated at 49.9 +/- 16.5 weeks (median 41.36 weeks) postmenstrual age. The subjects underwent a swallow-integrated pharyngoesophageal motility assessment of basal and adaptive swallowing reflexes using a micromanometry catheter and pneumohydraulic water perfusion system. Based on observations during the motility study, multidisciplinary feeding strategies were applied and included postural adaptation, sensory modification, hunger manipulation, and operant conditioning methods. To discriminate pharyngoesophageal manometry correlates between oral feeders and tube feeders, data were stratified based on the primary feeding method at discharge, oral feeding versus tube feeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At discharge, 15 of 20 dysphagic neonates achieved oral feeding success, and the rest required chronic tube feeding. Pharyngoesophageal manometry correlates were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the primary oral feeders versus the chronic tube feeders for swallow frequency, swallow propagation, presence of adaptive peristaltic reflexes, oral feeding challenge test results, and upper esophageal sphincter tone. VSS results or disease characteristics had little effect on the feeding outcomes (P = NS).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Swallow-integrated esophageal motility studies permit prolonged evaluation of swallowing reflexes and responses to stimuli under controlled conditions at cribside. The dysfunctional neuromotor mechanisms may be responsible for neonatal dysphagia or its consequences. Manometry may be a better predictor than VSS in identifying patients who are likely to succeed in vigorous intervention programs.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA. jadcherlas@pediatrics.ohio-state.edu
authors.forename: Sudarshan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Jadcherla
authors.forename: Erin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stoner
authors.forename: Alankar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: D Gregory
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Bates
authors.forename: Soledad
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fernandez
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Lorenzo
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Linscheid
mesh_terms: D003679:Deglutition / Q000502:physiology*; D003680:Deglutition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D015154:Esophageal Motility Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005248:Feeding Methods; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014741:Video Recording