title: Effectiveness of wastewater management in rural areas of developing countries: a case of Al-Chouf Caza in Lebanon.
abstract: Alike many developing countries, Lebanon lacks a national wastewater management strategy that can effectively protect public health and environmental quality. This has led the local communities and municipalities to plan and implement their own arrangements for wastewater treatment systems. However, most municipalities still lack the human and financial resources, management capabilities, and environmental awareness necessary to implement wastewater management in an environmentally sound manner. As such, the effectiveness of these systems, particularly with regard to the quality of the treated effluent, warrants evaluation. Accordingly, a performance evaluation of the treatment/disposal systems, taking three villages in Al-Chouf Caza in Lebanon as a case study, was carried out. The conducted field work, visual assessment, and laboratory analyses of effluent discharges revealed that the existing systems for wastewater treatment in the three villages are either not properly functioning or operational but ineffective and, consequently, hardly achieve any treatment higher than primary. Although developing countries are being encouraged to implement wastewater treatment systems with the promise of financial aid from developed nations, it is important that local conditions are considered carefully to make full use of any aid. It is very crucial to take into account the economic status of the community and the municipality in question. There is no point in adopting the most advanced technology for wastewater treatment if there is no mechanism to ensure maximum efficiency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Bliss Street, Riad el Solh 1107, 2020, Beirut, Lebanon. may.massoud@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: May A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Massoud
authors.forename: Jawaria
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tareen
authors.forename: Akram
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tarhini
authors.forename: Joumana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: Mey
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jurdi
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D007861:Lebanon; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards