title: Nuclear envelope remnants: fluid membranes enriched in sterols and polyphosphoinositides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells is a highly dynamic compartment where membranes readily undergo fission and fusion to reorganize the cytoplasmic architecture, and to import, export and transport various cargos within the cell. The double membrane of the nuclear envelope that surrounds the nucleus, segregates the chromosomes from cytoplasm and regulates nucleocytoplasmic transport through pores. Many details of its formation are still unclear. At fertilization the sperm devoid of nuclear envelope pores enters the egg. Although most of the sperm nuclear envelope disassembles, remnants of the envelope at the acrosomal and centriolar fossae do not and are subsequently incorporated into the newly forming male pronuclear envelope. Remnants are conserved from annelid to mammalian sperm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using lipid mass spectrometry and a new application of deuterium solid-state NMR spectroscopy we have characterized the lipid composition and membrane dynamics of the sperm nuclear envelope remnants in isolated sperm nuclei.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report nuclear envelope remnants are relatively fluid membranes rich in sterols, devoid of sphingomyelin, and highly enriched in polyphosphoinositides and polyunsaturated phospholipids. The localization of the polybasic effector domain of MARCKS illustrates the non-nuclear aspect of the polyphosphoinositides. Based on their atypical biophysical characteristics and phospholipid composition, we suggest a possible role for nuclear envelope remnants in membrane fusion leading to nuclear envelope assembly.
authors.affiliation: Cell Biophysics Laboratory, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garnier-Lhomme
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Tina M C
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Hobday
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gschmeissner
authors.forename: Rudiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Woscholski
authors.forename: Dominic L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Poccia
authors.forename: Erick J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dufourc
authors.forename: Banafshé
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Larijani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002474:Cell-Free System; D005260:Female; D005306:Fertilization / Q000502:physiology; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008051:Lipid Bilayers / Q000737:chemistry; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008954:Models, Biological; D000076250:Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate; D009685:Nuclear Envelope / Q000378:metabolism*; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism*; D012617:Sea Urchins; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000378:metabolism; D013261:Sterols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D008051:Lipid Bilayers; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018129:Phosphatidylinositol Phosphates; D013261:Sterols; D000076250:Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C Kinase Substrate