title: Effects of alkyl chain branching on the biotransformation of naphthenic acids.
abstract: The rapid expansion of the oil sands industry has seen a concomitant expansion of the production of associated waste containing toxic naphthenic acids (NAs). Bioremediation of such waste is thus an important goal, but the mechanisms of biodegradation are still poorly understood, despite recent advances. Many oil sands NAs are resistant to biodegradation, and alkyl side chain branching has been invoked as an explanation. To investigate this hypothesis we examined the biotransformation by a sedimentary bacterial community of novel, synthetic, surrogate NAs (butylcyclohexylbutanoic acids (BCHBAs)) with variously branched butyl side chains (n- through t-) and unbranched alkanoate groups, plus one (4-(4'-isobutylcyclohexyl)pentanoic acid (iso-BCHPA)), with both branched butyl and branched alkanoate chains. Sediment microbial populations were inoculated into media containing the individual surrogate NAs, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to determine the extent of biotransformation. Biotransformation decreased as NA side chain branching increased. For example, over 97% of the n-BCHBA with the nonbranched alkyl side chain was transformed in 30 days compared to the tert-BCHBA with the most highly branched side chain where only 2.5% was transformed. Both the iso-BCHBA and sec-BCHBA had intermediate transformation rates with about 77% and 47% transformed respectively after 30 days. The metabolites were identified as butylcyclohexylethanoic acids in each case, indicating beta-oxidation of the alkanoate substituents. The iso-BCHPA with both chains branched was resistant to degradation. The results are thus consistent with earlier hypotheses for the resistance of oil sands NAs. Identification of bacteria capable of oxidizing such branched alkyl chains-or of attacking the cyclic rings of NAs, may be important if bioremediation of oil sands NAs is to be achieved.
authors.affiliation: Petroleum Environmental Geochemistry Group, School of Earth, Ocean and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK.
authors.forename: Benjamin E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C Anthony
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Simon T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Belt
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Whitby
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Rowland
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D001711:Biotransformation; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C046170:naphthenic acid