title: Quantitative lipid metabolomic changes in alcoholic micropigs with fatty liver disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic ethanol consumption coupled with folate deficiency leads to rapid liver fat accumulation and progression to alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH). However, the specific effects of alcohol on key liver lipid metabolic pathways involved in fat accumulation are unknown. It is unclear whether lipid synthesis, lipid export, or a combination of both is contributing to hepatic steatosis in ASH.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this study we estimated the flux of fatty acids (FA) through the stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), phosphatidylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PEMT), and FA elongation pathways in relation to liver triacylglycerol (TG) content in Yucatan micropigs fed a 40% ethanol folate-deficient diet with or without supplementation with S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) compared with controls. Flux through the SCD and PEMT pathways was used to assess the contribution of lipid synthesis and lipid export respectively on the accumulation of fat in the liver. Liver FA composition within TG, cholesterol ester (CE), phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylcholine classes was quantified by gas chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcoholic pigs had increased liver TG content relative to controls, accompanied by increased flux through the SCD pathway as indicated by increases in the ratios of 16:1n7 to 16:0 and 18:1n9 to 18:0. Conversely, flux through the elongation and PEMT pathways was suppressed by alcohol, as indicated by multiple metabolite ratios. SAM supplementation attenuated the TG accumulation associated with alcohol.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide an in vivo examination of liver lipid metabolic pathways confirming that both increased de novo lipogenesis (e.g., lipid synthesis) and altered phospholipid metabolism (e.g., lipid export) contribute to the excessive accumulation of lipids in liver affected by ASH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA. amzivkovic@ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Angela M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Zivkovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bruce German
authors.forename: Farah
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esfandiari
authors.forename: Charles H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Halsted
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002788:Cholesterol Esters / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D005235:Fatty Liver, Alcoholic / Q000378:metabolism*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000378:metabolism; D050918:Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines / Q000378:metabolism; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase / Q000378:metabolism; D013552:Swine; D013556:Swine, Miniature; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002788:Cholesterol Esters; D005227:Fatty Acids; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D010714:Phosphatidylethanolamines; D014280:Triglycerides; C483858:phosphatidylethanolamine; D000431:Ethanol; D013230:Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase; D050918:Phosphatidylethanolamine N-Methyltransferase