title: Circulating carotenoid concentrations and incident hypertension: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated that carotenoid concentrations relate inversely to cardiovascular disease incidence. Thus, we examined the association of circulating carotenoids with hypertension, a major macrovascular disease risk factor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Black and White men and women in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study, aged 18-30 years at recruitment (1985-1986) from four US cities, were investigated over 20 years. At years 0, 7, and 15, we determined the relationships of the sum of four serum carotenoids (alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, cryptoxanthin) and of lycopene with incident hypertension using proportional hazards regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 4412 participants, year 0 sum of four carotenoids was significantly inversely associated with 20-year hypertension incidence after adjustment for baseline systolic blood pressure and other confounding factors (relative hazard per SD increase of sum of four carotenoids: 0.91; 95% confidence interval = 0.84-0.99). The inverse relationships persisted in time-dependent models updating year 0 sum of four carotenoids with year 7 and year 15 values (relative hazard per SD increase of sum of four carotenoids: 0.84; 95% confidence interval = 0.77-0.92). Lycopene was unrelated to hypertension in any model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those individuals with higher concentrations of sum of carotenoids, not including lycopene, generally had lower risk for future hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hozawa
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Steffes
authors.forename: Myron D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Lyn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Steffen
authors.forename: Duk-Hee
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids