title: Combining Pareto-optimal clusters using supervised learning for identifying co-expressed genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The landscape of biological and biomedical research is being changed rapidly with the invention of microarrays which enables simultaneous view on the transcription levels of a huge number of genes across different experimental conditions or time points. Using microarray data sets, clustering algorithms have been actively utilized in order to identify groups of co-expressed genes. This article poses the problem of fuzzy clustering in microarray data as a multiobjective optimization problem which simultaneously optimizes two internal fuzzy cluster validity indices to yield a set of Pareto-optimal clustering solutions. Each of these clustering solutions possesses some amount of information regarding the clustering structure of the input data. Motivated by this fact, a novel fuzzy majority voting approach is proposed to combine the clustering information from all the solutions in the resultant Pareto-optimal set. This approach first identifies the genes which are assigned to some particular cluster with high membership degree by most of the Pareto-optimal solutions. Using this set of genes as the training set, the remaining genes are classified by a supervised learning algorithm. In this work, we have used a Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier for this purpose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The performance of the proposed clustering technique has been demonstrated on five publicly available benchmark microarray data sets, viz., Yeast Sporulation, Yeast Cell Cycle, Arabidopsis Thaliana, Human Fibroblasts Serum and Rat Central Nervous System. Comparative studies of the use of different SVM kernels and several widely used microarray clustering techniques are reported. Moreover, statistical significance tests have been carried out to establish the statistical superiority of the proposed clustering approach. Finally, biological significance tests have been carried out using a web based gene annotation tool to show that the proposed method is able to produce biologically relevant clusters of co-expressed genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed clustering method has been shown to perform better than other well-known clustering algorithms in finding clusters of co-expressed genes efficiently. The clusters of genes produced by the proposed technique are also found to be biologically significant, i.e., consist of genes which belong to the same functional groups. This indicates that the proposed clustering method can be used efficiently to identify co-expressed genes in microarray gene expression data.Supplementary Website The pre-processed and normalized data sets, the matlab code and other related materials are available at http://anirbanmukhopadhyay.50webs.com/mogasvm.html.
authors.affiliation: Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India. drumaulik@cse.jdvu.ac.in
authors.forename: Ujjwal
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Maulik
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: Sanghamitra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bandyopadhyay
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods