title: A panel data analysis of the relationships of nursing home staffing levels and standards to regulatory deficiencies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships between nursing staffing levels and nursing home deficiencies.
  
  
  METHODS
  This panel data analysis employed random-effect models that adjusted for unobserved, nursing home-specific heterogeneity over time. Data were obtained from California's long-term care annual cost report data and the Automated Certification and Licensing Administrative Information and Management Systems data from 1999 to 2003, linked with other secondary data sources.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both total nursing staffing and registered nurse (RN) staffing levels were negatively related to total deficiencies, quality of care deficiencies, and serious deficiencies that may cause harm or jeopardy to nursing home residents. Nursing homes that met the state staffing standard received fewer total deficiencies and quality of care deficiencies than nursing homes that failed to meet the standard. Meeting the state staffing standard was not related to receiving serious deficiencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total nursing staffing and RN staffing levels were predictors of nursing home quality. Further research is needed on the effectiveness of state minimum staffing standards.
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Nursing, 246 Greene Street, Room 602 West, New York, NY 10003, USA. hk489@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Hongsoo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kovner
authors.forename: Charlene
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Greene
authors.forename: Mathy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mezey
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006707:Homes for the Aged / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000592:standards*; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D012015:Reference Standards; D017751:Safety Management; D000078329:Workforce