title: Omega 3 fatty acids (fish oil) for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 (omega-3 fatty acids, fish oil) have been suggested to be beneficial in chronic inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To systematically review the efficacy and safety of n-3 for maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease (CD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The following databases were searched from their inception without language restriction: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Healthstar, PubMed, and ACP journal club. Experts were contacted for unpublished data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCT) of n-3 for maintenance of remission in CD were included. Studies must have enrolled patients of any age group, who were in remission at the time of recruitment, and were followed for at least six months. The intervention must have been fish oil or n-3 given in pre-defined dosage. Co-interventions were allowed only if they were balanced between the study groups. The primary outcome was the relapse rate and secondary outcomes included change in disease activity scores, time to first relapse and adverse events.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent investigators reviewed studies for eligibility, extracted the data and assessed study quality using Jadad's criteria. Meta-analyses were performed using RevMan 4.2 software weighted by the Mantel-Haenszel method. Random or fixed effect models were used according to degree of heterogeneity and subgroup analyses were performed in an attempt to explore possible sources of heterogeneity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six studies were eligible for inclusion. There was a marginal significant benefit of n-3 therapy for maintaining remission (RR 0.77 0.; 95%CI 0.61 to 0.98; P = 0.03). However, the studies were both clinically and statistically heterogeneous (P = 0.03, I(2) = 58%). Two large studies showed negative results. When considering the estimated rather than the observed 1-year relapse rate of these two studies, the benefit was no longer statistically significant (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.34 to 1.03; P=0.06). A funnel plot suggested publication bias. No serious adverse events were recorded in any of the studies but in a pooled analyses there was a significantly higher rate of diarrhea (RR 1.36 95% CI 1.01 to 1.84) and symptoms of the upper gastrointestinal tract (RR 1.98 95% CI 1.38 to 2.85) in the n-3 treatment group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Omega 3 fatty acids are safe but probably ineffective for maintenance of remission in CD. The existing data do not support routine maintenance treatment of Crohn's disease with omega 3 fatty acids.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, P.O.B 3235, Jerusalem, Israel, 91031. turnerd@szmc.org.il
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Stanley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Zlotkin
authors.forename: Prakeshkumar S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Anne Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Griffiths
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000178:diet therapy*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012074:Remission Induction; D055502:Secondary Prevention
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils