Comorbidities of advanced lung disease.
Lung disease in advanced stages is often accompanied by multiple comorbidities. Often, these processes lead to significant morbidity and occasionally mortality. Symptoms of pulmonary comorbidities, including pulmonary embolus, pulmonary hypertension, sleep-disordered breathing, and lung malignancy, may be intertwined with symptoms of advancing lung disease. However, the occurrence of extrapulmonary processes, including depression, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, may be subtle. Clinicians caring for advanced lung disease should be aware of the many comorbid processes that may accompany advancing lung disease.
Nations
Joel Anthony
JA
Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Naval Medicine Center, Bethesda, MD, USA. joel.nations@med.navy.mil
Nathan
Steven D
SD
D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D018493:Cardiovascular Deconditioning; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology; D004700:Endocrine System Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000453:epidemiology; D006402:Hematologic Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology