title: SDF-1 alpha expression during wound healing in the aged is HIF dependent.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Age-related impairments in wound healing are associated with decreased neovascularization, a process that is regulated by hypoxia-responsive cytokines, including stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 alpha. Interleukin-1 beta is an important inflammatory cytokine involved in wound healing and is believed to regulate SDF-1 alpha expression independent of hypoxia signaling. Thus, the authors examined the relative importance of interleukin (IL)-1 beta and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 alpha on SDF-1 alpha expression in aged wound healing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Young and aged mice (n = 4 per group) were examined for wound healing using a murine excisional wound model. Wounds were harvested at days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 for histologic analysis, immunohistochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blot. An engineered wild-type and mutated SDF luciferase reporter construct were used to determine HIF transactivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aged mice demonstrated significantly impaired wound healing, reduced granulation tissue, and increased epithelial gap compared with young controls. Real-time polymerase chain reaction demonstrated reduced SDF-1 alpha levels in aged wounds that correlated with reduced CD31+ neovessels. Western blots revealed decreased HIF-1 alpha protein in aged wounds. However, both IL-1 beta and macrophage infiltrate were unchanged between young and aged animals. Using the wild-type and mutated SDF luciferase reporter construct in which the hypoxia response element was deleted, only young fibroblasts were able to respond to IL-1 beta stimulation, and this response was abrogated by mutating the HIF-binding sites. This suggests that HIF binding is essential for SDF-1 transactivation in response to both inflammatory and hypoxic stimuli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDF-1 alpha deficiency observed during aged wound healing is attributable predominantly to decreased HIF-1 alpha levels rather than impaired IL-1 beta expression.
authors.affiliation: Stanford, Calif.
authors.forename: Shang A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: Edward I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Galvez
authors.forename: Hariharan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Thangarajah
authors.forename: Samyra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: El-Ftesi
authors.forename: Ivan N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Vial
authors.forename: Darius A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Geoffrey C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Gurtner
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000172:deficiency; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000502:physiology; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D053583:Interleukin-1beta