The impact of smoking and quitting on household expenditure patterns and medical care costs in China.
BACKGROUND
Smoking remains very common in Chinese men, and the economic burden caused by cigarette consumption on smokers and their families may be substantial. Using a large nationally representative household survey, the third National Health Services Survey (NHSS, 2003), we estimated the economic impact of smoking on households.


METHODS
Smoking status of all household members (over 15 years) was collected by interview for the NHSS, and households classified into one of seven categories based on their smoking status. Information on household income and expenditure, and use of health services was also obtained. We assessed both the "direct" costs (reducing funds available for spending on other commodities such as food, education, medical care, etc, using a fractional logit model), and "indirect costs" (increasing medical expenditures, using a log-linear model).


RESULTS
Every five packets of cigarettes consumed per capita per month reduces household spending on other commodities, most notably on education (by about 17 yuan per capita per annum) and medical care (11 yuan). The effects are greatest among low-income rural households. Households with quitters spend substantially more on medical care than never-smoking households (64 yuan for households with two or more quitters).


CONCLUSIONS
If a household member smokes, there is less money available for commodities such as education and medical care. Medical care expenditure is substantially higher among households with quitters, as ill-health is the main reason for quitting smoking in China. Smoking impoverishes a substantial number of poorer rural households.
Xin
Y
Y
Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Leech Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE24HH, UK.
Qian
J
J
Xu
L
L
Tang
S
S
Gao
J
J
Critchley
J A
JA
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D004493:Education / Q000191:economics; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000191:economics; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006306:Health Surveys; D006798:Housing / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D012423:Rural Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution