title: Safety of biological therapies following rituximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the safety of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients following rituximab.
  
  
  METHODS
  RA patients who participated in an international rituximab clinical trial programme were included. Patients who had received one or more rituximab courses and entered safety follow-up (SFU) were permitted additional biological DMARD. Serious infection events (SIE) were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 185 of 2578 patients who entered SFU and received another biological DMARD, 88.6% had peripheral B-cell depletion at the time of initiation of another biological agent. Thirteen SIE (6.99 events/100 patient-years) occurred following rituximab but before another biological DMARD and 10 SIE (5.49 events/100 patient-years) occurred following another biological DMARD. SIE were of typical type and severity for RA patients. 153 had received one or more tumour necrosis factor inhibitor(s). No fatal or opportunistic infections occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this analysis, treatment with biological DMARD after rituximab was not associated with an increased serious infection rate. Sample size with limited follow-up restricts definitive conclusions.
authors.affiliation: Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA. genovese@stanford.edu
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Genovese
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Breedveld
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keystone
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Matteson
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Baptiste
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chai
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sweetser
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D016175:B-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008212:Lymphocyte Depletion / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology; D000069283:Rituximab; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000069283:Rituximab