title: A four year longitudinal sero-epidemiological study of bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) in adult cattle in 107 unvaccinated herds in south west England.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bovine herpesvirus type-1 (BHV-1) is an important pathogen of cattle that presents with a variety of clinical signs, including the upper respiratory tract infection infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR). A seroepidemiological study of BHV-1 antibodies was conducted in England from 2002 - 2004: 29,782 blood samples were taken from 15,736 cattle from 114 herds which were visited on up to three occasions. Antibody concentration was measured using a commercial ELISA. Farm management information was collected using an interview questionnaire, and herd size and cattle movements were obtained from the cattle tuberculosis testing database and the British Cattle Movement Service. Hierarchical statistical models were used to investigate associations between cattle and herd variables and the continuous outcome percentage positive (PP) values from the ELISA test in unvaccinated herds.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 7 vaccinated herds, all with at least one seropositive bovine. In unvaccinated herds 83.2% had at least one BHV-1 seropositive bovine, and the mean cattle and herd BHV-1 seroprevalence were 42.5% and 43.1% respectively. There were positive associations between PP value, age, herd size, presence of dairy cattle. Adult cattle in herds with grower cattle had lower PP values than those in herds without grower cattle. Purchased cattle had significantly lower PP values than homebred cattle, whereas cattle in herds that were totally restocked after the foot-and-mouth epidemic in 2001 had significantly higher PP values than those in continuously stocked herds. Samples taken in spring and summer had significantly lower PP values than those taken in winter, whereas those taken in autumn had significantly higher PP values than those taken in winter. The risks estimated from a logistic regression model with a binary outcome (seropositive yes/no) were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of BHV-1 seropositivity in cattle and herds has increased since the 1970s. Although the study population prevalence of BHV-1 was temporally stable during study period, the associations between serological status and cattle age, herd size, herd type, presence of young stock and restocked versus continuously stocked herds indicate that there is heterogeneity between herds and so potential for further spread of BHV-1 within and between herds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK. K.A.Woodbine@warwick.ac.uk
authors.forename: Kerry A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Woodbine
authors.forename: Graham F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Medley
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Ramirez-Villaescusa
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Laura E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D007242:Herpesvirus 1, Bovine / Q000502:physiology*; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016036:Seroepidemiologic Studies
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D022283:Herpesvirus Vaccines