School meals: types of foods offered to and consumed by children at lunch and breakfast.
BACKGROUND
Children's food intakes do not meet dietary recommendations. Meals offered through the National School Lunch Program and School Breakfast Program make substantial contributions to school-aged children's diets.


OBJECTIVE
This article describes foods offered in school meals and consumed by children at lunch and breakfast, and differences in foods consumed by children who did and did not participate in the school meal programs.


METHODS
Data were collected as part of the third School Nutrition Dietary Assessment Study, a cross-sectional, nationally representative study conducted in 2005. School menu surveys were used to identify the foods offered in school meals, and 24-hour dietary recalls were used to assess the foods children consumed.


METHODS
Foodservice managers in 398 public schools and 2,314 children (grades 1 to 12) from 287 of these schools participated in the study.


METHODS
Descriptive tabulations report percentages of daily menus that offered and percentages of children that consumed specific food groups and foods at lunch and breakfast. Two-tailed t tests were used to assess differences between school meal program participants and nonparticipants.


RESULTS
Most school menus offered nonfat or 1% milk, fruit or 100% juice, and vegetables daily. Starchy vegetables were more common than dark green/orange vegetables or legumes. School lunch participants were significantly more likely than nonparticipants to consume milk, fruit, and vegetables, and significantly less likely to consume desserts, snack items, and beverages other than milk or 100% juice. At breakfast, participants were significantly more likely than nonparticipants to consume milk and fruit (mainly 100% juice), and significantly less likely to consume beverages other than milk or 100% juice.


CONCLUSIONS
Consumption of school meals is positively related to children's intakes of key food groups at lunch and breakfast. Offering more fresh fruit, whole grains, and a greater variety of vegetables could lead to additional health benefits.
Condon
Elizabeth M
EM
Mathematica Policy Research, Inc, 955 Massachusetts Ave, Suite 801, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. lcondon@mathematica-mpr.com
Crepinsek
Mary Kay
MK
Fox
Mary Kay
MK
D000293:Adolescent; D000818:Animals; D001628:Beverages; D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000592:standards*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000145:classification; D005522:Food Services / Q000592:standards*; D005523:Food Supply / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008612:Menu Planning; D008892:Milk; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012574:Schools; D014481:United States; D014675:Vegetables