title: Ghrelin inhibits early osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells by suppressing Runx2 expression and enhancing PPARgamma and C/EBPalpha expression.
abstract: Ghrelin is a 28-residue peptide identified in the stomach as an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor that is expressed in a variety of peripheral tissues, as well as in the brain. In previous studies, ghrelin has been shown to stimulate both adipogenic differentiation from preadipocytes and osteogenic differentiation from preosteoblasts or primary osteoblasts. This study was undertaken to investigate the direct effect of ghrelin on the lineage allocation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). We identified ghrelin receptor mRNA in C3H10T1/2 cells, and we found the levels of this mRNA to be attenuated during osteogenic differentiation. Treatment of cells with ghrelin resulted in both proliferation and inhibition of caspase-3 activity. In addition, ghrelin decreased serum deprivation-induced bax protein expression and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria, whereas it increased bcl-2 protein expression. Moreover, ghrelin inhibited early osteogenic differentiation, as shown by alkaline phosphatase activity and staining, and inhibited osteoblast-specific genes expression by altering Runx2, PPARgamma, and C/EBPalpha protein expression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Sang Wan
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ok Kyung
authors.initials: OK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Ju Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Jae-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sun Wook
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Chan Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Kyong Soo
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Seong Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000502:physiology*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D010012:Osteogenesis; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D022763:CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-alpha; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D054439:Ghrelin; D047495:PPAR gamma; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin