title: The case for open forehead rejuvenation: a review of 1004 procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the role of open forehead procedures in upper-face rejuvenation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical records of consecutive patients undergoing a coronal or trichophytic brow-lift from July 1, 1993, to June 30, 2005, were reviewed. Patient demographics and complication rates were tabulated and compared with published rates for endoscopic brow-lifts. Patient questionnaires were sent to correlate subjective outcome measures with objective clinical record data. To obtain population-based perceptions, 200 women aged 30 to 70 years were surveyed at a local mall.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 628 coronal and 376 trichophytic forehead-lifts were performed for which there were clinical records. There were 6 revisions (0.57%), no hematomas, 12 cases of permanent numbness (1.20%), 7 cases of permanent alopecia (0.70%), and no cases of permanent frontal branch weakness. The adjusted response rate for the questionnaire was 64.0% (416 of 650).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Open procedures in this series had a complication rate equal to or lower than published rates in endoscopic brow-lift series. Open brow-lift procedures are an effective means of upper-face rejuvenation and, when performed correctly, demonstrate high rates of patient satisfaction.
authors.affiliation: Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Naval Medical Center, 620 John Paul Jones Cir, Portsmouth, VA 23708-2197, USA. bencilento@mac.com
authors.forename: Benjamin W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Cilento
authors.forename: Calvin M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012060:Rejuvenation; D015361:Rhytidoplasty; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires