title: Hypoxia stimulates via separate pathways ERK phosphorylation and NF-kappaB activation in skeletal muscle cells in primary culture.
abstract: Mammalian cells sense oxygen levels and respond to hypoxic conditions through the regulation of multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. Here, we investigated the effects of hypoxia on the activity of two transcriptional regulators, ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB, in skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. We found that hypoxia significantly enhanced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and that it stimulated NF-kappaB-dependent gene transcription as well as nuclear translocation of a green fluorescent protein-labeled p65 NF-kappaB isoform. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2- and NF-kappaB-dependent transcription by hypoxia required calcium entry through L-type calcium channels. Calcium release from ryanodine-sensitive stores was also necessary for ERK1/2 activation but not for NF-kappaB-dependent-transcription. N-acetylcysteine, a general scavenger of reactive oxygen species, blocked hypoxia-induced ROS generation but did not affect the stimulation of ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by hypoxia. In contrast, NF-kappaB activation was significantly inhibited by N-acetylcysteine and did not depend on ERK1/2 stimulation, as shown by the lack of effect of the upstream ERK inhibitor U-0126. These separate pathways of activation of ERK1/2 and NF-kappaB by hypoxia may contribute to muscle adaptation in response to hypoxic conditions.
authors.affiliation: Centro Fondo Nacional de Investigación en Areas Prioritarias de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Osorio-Fuentealba
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Riquelme
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hidalgo
authors.forename: María Angélica
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Carrasco
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012519:Sarcoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D002118:Calcium