title: Biosensor detection systems: engineering stable, high-affinity bioreceptors by yeast surface display.
abstract: Over the past two decades, the field of biosensors has been developing fast, portable, and convenient detection tools for various molecules of interest, both biological and environmental. Although much attention is paid to the transduction portion of the sensor, the actual bioreceptor that binds the ligand is equally critical. Tight, specific binding by the bioreceptor is required to detect low levels of the relevant ligand, and the bioreceptor must be stable enough to survive immobilization, storage, and in ideal cases, regeneration on the biosensing device. Often, naturally-occurring bioreceptors or antibodies that are specific for a ligand either express affinities that may be too low to detect useful levels, or the proteins are too unstable to be used and reused as a biosensor. Further engineering of these receptors can improve their utility. Here, we describe in detail the use of yeast surface display techniques to carry out directed evolution of bioreceptors to increase both the stability of the molecules and their affinity for the ligands. This powerful technique has enabled the production of stabilized, single-chain antibodies, T cell receptors, and other binding molecules that exhibit affinity increases for their ligands of up to 1 million-fold and expression of stable molecules in E. coli.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
authors.forename: Sarah A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Richman
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kranz
authors.forename: Jennifer D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stone
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D019020:Directed Molecular Evolution / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D015202:Protein Engineering / Q000379:methods*; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins