title: Msx2 induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in mouse mammary epithelial cells through upregulation of Cripto-1.
abstract: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process occurring during both embryogenesis and early stages of invasive cancer. Epithelial cells that undergo EMT become more migratory and invasive with a mesenchymal morphology. Herein we assess EMT induction in a mouse mammary epithelial cell line driven by Msx2, a homeobox-containing transcription factor important during mammary gland development. NMuMG cells, a normal mouse mammary epithelial cell line, stably transfected with a Msx2 cDNA showed downregulation of an epithelial marker E-cadherin and upregulation of the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N-cadherin. Furthermore, overexpression of Cripto-1, a member of the epidermal growth factor-CFC protein family already known to be involved in EMT, was detected in Msx2-transfected cells. The expression of Cripto-1 was accompanied by activation of the tyrosine kinase c-Src pathway and an increase in the invasive ability of the cells. Functional assays also demonstrated inhibition of the invasive behavior of the Msx2-transfected cells by a c-Src specific inhibitor. Moreover, immunohistochemistry of human infiltrating breast carcinomas showed positive staining for Msx2 only in the infiltrating tumor cells while the non-infiltrating tumor cells were negative. These results suggest that Msx2 may play a significant role in promoting EMT in epithelial cells that acquire properties involved in tumor invasion. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 659-666, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology Section, Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: di Bari
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ginsburg
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Plant
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Strizzi
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Vonderhaar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation; D019061:src-Family Kinases
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C084119:MSX2 protein; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C489450:Tdgf1 protein, mouse; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000081247:CSK Tyrosine-Protein Kinase; D019061:src-Family Kinases; C000631346:CSK protein, human