title: Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an educational intervention for practice teams to deliver problem focused therapy for insomnia: rationale and design of a pilot cluster randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sleep problems are common, affecting over a third of adults in the United Kingdom and leading to reduced productivity and impaired health-related quality of life. Many of those whose lives are affected seek medical help from primary care. Drug treatment is ineffective long term. Psychological methods for managing sleep problems, including cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBTi) have been shown to be effective and cost effective but have not been widely implemented or evaluated in a general practice setting where they are most likely to be needed and most appropriately delivered. This paper outlines the protocol for a pilot study designed to evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an educational intervention for general practitioners, primary care nurses and other members of the primary care team to deliver problem focused therapy to adult patients presenting with sleep problems due to lifestyle causes, pain or mild to moderate depression or anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  This will be a pilot cluster randomised controlled trial of a complex intervention. General practices will be randomised to an educational intervention for problem focused therapy which includes a consultation approach comprising careful assessment (using assessment of secondary causes, sleep diaries and severity) and use of modified CBTi for insomnia in the consultation compared with usual care (general advice on sleep hygiene and pharmacotherapy with hypnotic drugs). Clinicians randomised to the intervention will receive an educational intervention (2 x 2 hours) to implement a complex intervention of problem focused therapy. Clinicians randomised to the control group will receive reinforcement of usual care with sleep hygiene advice. Outcomes will be assessed via self-completion questionnaires and telephone interviews of patients and staff as well as clinical records for interventions and prescribing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Previous studies in adults have shown that psychological treatments for insomnia administered by specialist nurses to groups of patients can be effective within a primary care setting. This will be a pilot study to determine whether an educational intervention aimed at primary care teams to deliver problem focused therapy for insomnia can improve sleep management and outcomes for individual adult patients presenting to general practice. The study will also test procedures and collect information in preparation for a larger definitive cluster-randomised trial. The study is funded by The Health Foundation.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health, Life & Social Sciences, University of Lincoln Brayford Pool, Lincoln, UK. nsiriwardena@lincoln.ac.uk
authors.forename: A Niroshan
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Siriwardena
authors.forename: Tanefa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Apekey
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tilling
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harrison
authors.forename: Jane V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Dyas
authors.forename: Hugh C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Roderick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ørner
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sach
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Zubair M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Qureshi
mesh_terms: D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004506:Education, Nursing / Q000191:economics; D005194:Family Practice / Q000191:economics / Q000193:education*; D006801:Humans; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000191:economics; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000628:therapy*