title: Prolonged antigen-exposure with carbohydrate particle based vaccination prevents allergic immune responses in sensitized mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Defined particles carrying tightly bound allergens at high density have been suggested as alternatives in allergy vaccination. Carbohydrate based particles (CBP), sized 2 microm, provide a platform for covalent coupling of allergens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the mechanisms of antigen presentation by CBP, as well as cellular and humoral responses after vaccination with the major cat allergen Fel d 1, covalently coupled to CBP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice (n = 10/group) were subcutaneously vaccinated with CBP-rFel d 1, CBP or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) before sensitization with rFel d 1 and challenged with cat dander extract. Fluorescent and (75)Se-radiolabeled tracking of allergens and particles were performed with flow cytometry and whole-body autoradiography. Humoral, cellular and regulatory immune responses were analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and splenocyte cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CBP-rFel d 1 prevented induction of airway inflammation and induced allergen-specific T-cell anergy. CBP-rFel d 1 also induced rapid IgM and IgG1-responses compared with soluble rFel d 1. Particles were phagocytosed by antigen-presenting cells and transported to draining lymph nodes and spleen. Moreover, antigen coupled to CBP remained longer at the injection site compared with alum.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Covalent coupling of rFel d 1 to CBP induces rapid antibody production, prevents induction of allergic immune responses and systemic allergen spreading. Thus, CBP comprise several attractive adjuvant features for use in allergy vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prolonged allergen exposure through covalent coupling to particles suitable for phagocytosis, provides an adjuvant for safer and efficient allergy vaccination.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thunberg
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Neimert-Andersson
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wermeling
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Swedin
authors.forename: S-E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Dahlén
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arnér
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheynius
authors.forename: M C I
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gafvelin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Hage
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Grönlund
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D039521:CD11c Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D039521:CD11c Antigen; D002241:Carbohydrates; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C059296:Fel d 1 protein, Felis domesticus