title: Shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography needle placement using fluoroscopic guidance: practice patterns of musculoskeletal radiologists in North America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the range of techniques used by radiologists performing shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography using fluoroscopic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires on shoulder, hip, and knee arthrography were distributed to radiologists at a national radiology meeting. We enquired regarding years of experience, preferred approaches, needle gauge, gadolinium dilution, and volume injected. For each approach, the radiologist was asked their starting and end needle position based on a numbered and lettered grid superimposed on a radiograph.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-eight questionnaires were returned. Sixty-eight radiologists performed shoulder and hip arthrography, and 65 performed knee arthrograms. Mean experience was 13.5 and 12.8 years, respectively. For magnetic resonance arthrography, a gadolinium dilution of 1/200 was used by 69-71%. For shoulder arthrography, an anterior approach was preferred by 65/68 (96%). The most common site of needle end position, for anterior and posterior approaches, was immediately lateral to the humeral cortex. A 22-gauge needle was used by 46/66 (70%). Mean injected volume was 12.7 ml (5-30). For hip arthrography, an anterior approach was preferred by 51/68 (75%). The most common site of needle end position, for anterior and lateral approaches, was along the lateral femoral head/neck junction. A 22-gauge needle was used by 53/68 (78%). Mean injected volume was 11.5 ml (5-20). For knee arthrography, a lateral approach was preferred by 41/64 (64%). The most common site of needle end position, for lateral and medial approaches, was mid-patellofemoral joint level. A 22-gauge needle was used by 36/65 (56%). Mean injected volume was 28.2 ml (5-60).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Arthrographic approaches for the shoulder, hip, and knee vary among radiologists over a wide range of experience levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA. conorshortt@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Conor P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Shortt
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Catherine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Diane M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Deely
authors.forename: Angela G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Gopez
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Zoga
mesh_terms: D001175:Arthrography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007267:Injections / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009339:Needles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009656:North America; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011871:Radiology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D005682:Gadolinium