title: How student models of expertise and innovation impact the development of adaptive expertise in medicine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability to innovate new solutions in response to daily workplace challenges is an important component of adaptive expertise. Exploring how to optimally develop this skill is therefore of paramount importance to education researchers. This is certainly no less true in health care, where optimal patient care is contingent on the continuous efforts of doctors and other health care workers to provide the best care to their patients through the development and incorporation of new knowledge. Medical education programmes must therefore foster the skills and attitudes necessary to engage future doctors in the systematic development of innovative problem solving. The aim of this paper is to describe the perceptions and experiences of medical students in their third and fourth years of training, and to explore their understanding of their development as adaptive experts.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 25 medical students participated in individual 45-60-minute semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and entered into NVivo qualitative data analysis software to facilitate a thematic analysis. The analysis was both inductive, in that themes were generated from the data, and deductive, in that our data were meaningful when interpreted in the context of theories of adaptive expertise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants expressed a general belief that, as learners in the health care system, exerting any effort to be innovative was beyond the scope of their responsibilities. Generally, students suggested that innovative practice was the prerogative of experts and an outcome of expert development centred on the acquisition of knowledge and experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students' perceptions of themselves as having no responsibility to be innovative in their learning process have implications for their learning trajectories as adaptive experts.
authors.affiliation: SickKids Learning Institute, Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. maria.mylopoulos@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mylopoulos
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regehr
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002982:Clinical Clerkship; D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000592:standards*; D005104:Expert Testimony; D006801:Humans; D012106:Research