title: The tep1 gene of Sinorhizobium meliloti coding for a putative transmembrane efflux protein and N-acetyl glucosamine affect nod gene expression and nodulation of alfalfa plants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soil bacteria collectively known as Rhizobium, characterized by their ability to establish beneficial symbiosis with legumes, share several common characteristics with pathogenic bacteria when infecting the host plant. Recently, it was demonstrated that a fadD mutant of Sinorhizobium meliloti is altered in the control of swarming, a type of co-ordinated movement previously associated with pathogenicity, and is also impaired in nodulation efficiency on alfalfa roots. In the phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris, a fadD homolog (rpfB) forms part of a cluster of genes involved in the regulation of pathogenicity factors. In this work, we have investigated the role in swarming and symbiosis of SMc02161, a S. meliloti fadD-linked gene.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SMc02161 locus in S. meliloti shows similarities with members of the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) of transporters. A S. meliloti null-mutant shows increased sensitivity to chloramphenicol. This indication led us to rename the locus tep1 for transmembrane efflux protein. The lack of tep1 does not affect the appearance of swarming motility. Interestingly, nodule formation efficiency on alfalfa plants is improved in the tep1 mutant during the first days of the interaction though nod gene expression is lower than in the wild type strain. Curiously, a nodC mutation or the addition of N-acetyl glucosamine to the wild type strain lead to similar reductions in nod gene expression as in the tep1 mutant. Moreover, aminosugar precursors of Nod factors inhibit nodulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  tep1 putatively encodes a transmembrane protein which can confer chloramphenicol resistance in S. meliloti by expelling the antibiotic outside the bacteria. The improved nodulation of alfalfa but reduced nod gene expression observed in the tep1 mutant suggests that Tep1 transports compounds which influence nodulation. In contrast to Bradyrhizobium japonicum, we show that in S. meliloti there is no feedback regulation of nodulation genes. Moreover, the Nod factor precursor, N-acetyl glucosamine reduces nod gene expression and nodulation efficiency when present at millimolar concentrations. A role for Tep1 in the efflux of Nod factor precursors could explain the phenotypes associated with tep1 inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Protección Ambiental, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Granada, Spain. pieter.vandillewijn@eez.csic.es
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Dillewijn
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sanjuán
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olivares
authors.forename: María José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Soto
mesh_terms: D000117:Acetylglucosamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002701:Chloramphenicol / Q000378:metabolism; D002702:Chloramphenicol Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D000455:Medicago sativa / Q000382:microbiology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism; D055170:Plant Root Nodulation; D016962:Sinorhizobium meliloti / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013559:Symbiosis
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D002701:Chloramphenicol; D017351:N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases; C060771:NodC protein, Rhizobiales; D000117:Acetylglucosamine