title: Regulation of folate receptor 1 gene expression in the visceral endoderm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutrient supply to the developing mammalian embryo is a fundamental requirement. Before completion of the chorioallantoic placenta, the visceral endoderm plays a crucial role in nurturing the embryo. We have found that visceral endoderm cells express folate receptor 1, a high-affinity receptor for the essential micronutrient folic acid, suggesting that the visceral endoderm has an important function for folate transport to the embryo. The mechanisms that direct expression of FOLR1 in the visceral endoderm are unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sequences were tested for transcriptional activation capabilities in the visceral endoderm utilizing reporter gene assays in a cell model for extraembryonic endoderm in vitro, and in transgenic mice in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With F9 embryo carcinoma cells as a model for extraembryonic endoderm, we demonstrate that the P4 promoter of the human FOLR1 gene is active during differentiation of the cells towards visceral endoderm. However, transgenic mouse experiments show that promoter sequences alone are insufficient to elicit reporter gene transcription in vivo. Using sequence conservation as guide to choose genomic sequences from the human FOLR1 gene locus, we demonstrate that the sequence termed F1CE2 exhibits specific enhancer activity in F9 cells in vitro, in the visceral endoderm, and later the yolk sac in transgenic mouse embryos in vivo. We further show that the transcription factor HNF4-alpha can activate this enhancer sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have identified a transcriptional enhancer sequence from the FOLR1 locus with specific activity in vitro and in vivo, and suggest that FOLR1 is a target for regulation by HNF4-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA. michael.salbaum@pbrc.edu
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salbaum
authors.forename: Richard H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Finnell
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004707:Endoderm / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D058975:Folate Receptor 1; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014781:Viscera / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D058975:Folate Receptor 1; C520574:Folr1 protein, mouse; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; C496593:Hnf4a protein, mouse; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface