title: Pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a prevalent and disabling preoccupation with a slight or imagined defect in appearance. Trials have investigated the use of serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for BDD.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy or a combination of both treatment modalities for body dysmorphic disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Depression, Anxiety and Neurosis Trial Register (December 2007), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library Issue 4, 2007), MEDLINE (January 1966 to December 2007), and PsycINFO (1967 to December 2007). Ongoing and unpublished trials were located through searching the metaRegister of Controlled Trials, the CRISP and WHO ICTRP search portals (databases searched in December 2007), and through contacting key researchers and pharmaceutical companies. Additional studies were located through study reference lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of patients meeting DSM or ICD diagnostic criteria for BDD, in which the trials compare pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy or multi-modal treatment groups with active or non-active control groups. Short or long-term trials were eligible.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two review authors independently assessed RCTs for inclusion in the review, collated trial data, and assessed trial quality. Investigators were contacted to obtain missing data. Summary effect sizes for dichotomous and continuous outcomes were calculated using a random effects model and heterogeneity was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two pharmacotherapy and three psychotherapy trials were eligible for inclusion in the review, with data from four short-term RCTs (169 participants) available for analysis. Response data from a single placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine suggested overall superiority of medication relative to placebo (relative risk (RR) 3.07, 95% CI 1.4 to 6.72, n = 67). Symptom severity was also significantly reduced in the RCTs of fluoxetine and clomipramine (relative to desipramine), as well as in the two CBT trials (WMD -44.96, 95% CI -54.43 to -35.49, n = 73). A low relapse rate (4/22) was demonstrated in one trial of CBT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from the small number of available RCTs suggest that SRIs and CBT may be useful in treating patients with BDD. The findings of these studies need to be replicated. In addition, future controlled studies in other samples, such as adolescents, and using other selective SRIs, as well as a range of psychological therapy approaches and modalities (alone and in combination), are essential in supplementing the sparse data currently available.
authors.affiliation: MRC Research Unit for Anxiety and Stress Disorders, University of Stellenbosch, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg, Western Cape, South Africa, 7505. jonathan.ipser@uct.ac.za
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ipser
authors.forename: Candice
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sander
authors.forename: Dan J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Stein
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001828:Body Image; D002997:Clomipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003891:Desipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D002997:Clomipramine; D003891:Desipramine; D005473:Fluoxetine; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors