title: Personal and environmental characteristics predicting burnout among certified athletic trainers at National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research in the health care professions has shown that specific personal and environmental characteristics can predict burnout, which is a negative coping strategy related to stressful situations. Burnout has been shown to result in physiologic (eg, headaches, difficulty sleeping, poor appetite), psychological (eg, increased negative self-talk, depression, difficulty in interpersonal relationships), and behavioral (eg, diminished care, increased absenteeism, attrition) symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between selected personal and environmental characteristics and burnout among certified athletic trainers (ATs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A demographic survey that was designed for this study and the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 206 ATs employed at National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) institutions as clinical ATs volunteered.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed personal and environmental characteristics of ATs with the demographic survey and measured burnout using the Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine relationships between specific personal and environmental characteristics and each of the 3 subscales of burnout (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, personal accomplishment).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most ATs we surveyed experienced low to average levels of burnout. Personal characteristics predicted 45.5% of the variance in emotional exhaustion (P < .001), 21.5% of the variance in depersonalization (P < .001), and 24.8% of the variance in personal accomplishment (P < .001). Environmental characteristics predicted 16.7% of the variance in emotional exhaustion (P = .005), 14.4% of the variance in depersonalization (P = .024), and 10.4% of the variance in personal accomplishment (P = .209). Stress level and coaches' pressure to medically clear athletes predicted ratings on all 3 subscales of burnout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings were similar to those of other studies of burnout among NCAA Division I ATs, coaches, and coach-teachers. The results also support the Cognitive-Affective Model of Athletic Burnout proposed by Smith. Finally, these results indicate new areas of concentration for burnout research and professional practice.
authors.affiliation: AthletiCo, 8937 W Grand Avenue, River Grove, IL 60171, USA. mlkatc@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Michelle L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Kania
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Kyle T
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Ebersole
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002055:Burnout, Professional; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012931:Social Environment; D012952:Societies; D013177:Sports / Q000523:psychology*; D013192:Staff Development; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014481:United States; D014495:Universities; D000078329:Workforce; D055815:Young Adult