title: Chronic intake of potato chips in humans increases the production of reactive oxygen radicals by leukocytes and increases plasma C-reactive protein: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Relatively high concentrations of acrylamide in commonly ingested food products, such as French fries, potato chips, or cereals, may constitute a potential risk to human health.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this pilot study was to investigate the possible connection between chronic ingestion of acrylamide-containing potato chips and oxidative stress or inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen healthy volunteers (mean age: 35 y; 8 women and 6 smokers of >20 cigarettes/d) were given 160 g of potato chips containing 157 microg [corrected] acrylamide daily for 4 wk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in acrylamide-hemoglobin adducts in blood was found in all the study subjects, with a mean of 43.1 pmol x L(-1) x g(-1) hemoglobin (range: 27-76; P < 0.01) in nonsmokers and 59.0 pmol x L(-1) x g(-1) hemoglobin (range: 43-132; P < 0.05) in smokers. Concurrently, a significant increase (P < 0.01) in the oxidized LDL, high-sensitivity interleukin-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and gamma-glutamyltransferase concentrations was observed in both smokers and nonsmokers. A significant increase in reactive oxygen radical production by monocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes and an increase in CD14 expression in macrophages (P < 0.001) were found after intake of potato chips. Twenty-eight days from the discontinuation of the experiment, the variables under study decreased to some extent. It has been shown also that acrylamide increases the production of reactive oxygen species in isolated human monocyte-macrophages in vitro and decreases the cellular glutathione concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel findings seem to indicate that chronic ingestion of acrylamide-containing products induces a proinflammatory state, a risk factor for progression of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Food and Nutrition, Warsaw, Poland. marnar@farm.amwaw.edu.pl
authors.forename: Marek
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naruszewicz
authors.forename: Danuta
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zapolska-Downar
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kośmider
authors.forename: Grazyna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nowicka
authors.forename: Małgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kozłowska-Wojciechowska
authors.forename: Anna S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vikström
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Törnqvist
mesh_terms: D020106:Acrylamide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000097:blood*; D016897:Respiratory Burst; D011198:Solanum tuberosum; D055815:Young Adult; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018950:Lipopolysaccharide Receptors; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein; D020106:Acrylamide; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005723:gamma-Glutamyltransferase