title: Effects of sprayer configuration on efficacy for the control of scab on crabapple using electron beam analysis.
abstract: Foliar diseases like apple scab result in significant economic losses to growers each year. Assessment in past studies involved only macroscopic disease ratings. More complete knowledge of the fate and behavior of fungicide has been needed to reduce pesticide use with less off-target contamination. Field studies were conducted in a production nursery for over 4 years. A moderately susceptible cultivar of ornamental crabapple, Malus spp. cv "Candied Apple", was sprayed with a fungicide using two sprayer/nozzle configurations. The fungicide used in this study was Mankocide, combination of Cu(OH)2 and mancozeb that permitted electron beam analysis (EBA) identification based on the presence of Cu, MN and Zn in the molecule and formulation. EBA was conducted using a cold field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray microanalyzer. Fresh leaf samples were placed on sticky stubs after each fungicide treatment. The presence or absence of fungal conidia and fungicide residue were measured. EBA permitted direct visualization and identification of the pathogens, morphologically, and chemical characterization of fungicide present. EBA was useful to quantify disease control related to fungicide coverage, sprayer configuration and treatment efficacy.
authors.affiliation: USDA, ARS, Application Technology Research Unit, Wooster, Ohio 44691, USA. charles.krause@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Krause
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Derksen
authors.forename: Leona E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Heping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zondag
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D027845:Malus / Q000382:microbiology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D010571:Pest Control; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial