title: Intrarectal quinine versus intravenous or intramuscular quinine for treating Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In children with falciparum malaria, a proprietary quinine preparation (adjusted to make it less acidic) administered rectally may be easier to use and less painful than intramuscular or intravenous administration. However, rectal quinine may be less effective.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare intrarectal quinine with intravenous or intramuscular quinine for treating malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum.
  
  
  METHODS
  In May 2008, we searched the Cochrane Infectious Diseases Group Specialized Register, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Library 2008, Issue 2), MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, and CINAHL. We also searched conference proceedings, contacted individual researchers and a pharmaceutical company, and checked reference lists.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing intrarectal quinine with intramuscular and intravenous quinine for treating people with uncomplicated and severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
  
  
  METHODS
  We independently assessed each trial's risk of bias quality and extracted data, including adverse event data. We analysed dichotomous data using the odds ratio and continuous data using the mean difference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten randomized controlled trials, all involving children only (total of 1417 children), fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The same investigator was involved in nine of the trials. Seven trials compared proprietary intrarectal with intravenous quinine, and seven trials compared it with intramuscular treatment. We detected no statistically significant difference between intrarectal and intravenous or intramuscular routes for death, parasite clearance by 48 hours and seven days, parasite clearance time, fever clearance time, coma recovery time, duration of hospitalization, and time to drinking. The trials reporting on these outcomes were small, which resulted in large confidence intervals for all outcomes apart from duration of hospitalization. One large trial (898 children) reported that intrarectal was less painful than intramuscular administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We detected no difference in the effect on parasites and clinical illness for intrarectal quinine, but most trials were small. Pain may be less with intrarectal proprietary, buffered quinine preparations (made less acidic by adjustment of the pH to 4.5). Further larger trials in patients with severe malaria and in adults are required before the intrarectal route can be recommended.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Department, Luton & Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton, UK, LU4 0DZ. michael.eisenhut@talk21.com
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenhut
authors.forename: Aika A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Omari
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011803:Quinine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D011803:Quinine