title: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma--pleomorphic sarcoma, NOS gene expression, histology, and clinical course. A pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The new classification of malignant fibrous histiocytoma leaves only a small group of tumors without further line of differentiation, so-called pleomorphic sarcomas, not otherwise specified (NOS) as a pseudo-entity. This study focused on these tumors and analyzed the association of gene expression profiles to clinical outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten fresh samples of pleomorphic NOS sarcomas were evaluated histopathologically and by means of microarray analysis. Analysis of expression profiles was performed by clustering methods as well as by statistical analysis of primary vs recurrent tumors, irradiated vs nonirradiated tumors, tumors of patients above and below 60 years of age, male and female, and of tumors that developed metastatic or recurrent disease during the clinical course and those that did not.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tumor clustering did not correlate to any histopathological or clinical finding. Detailed gene expression analysis showed a variety of genes whose upregulation (platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha polypeptide, solute carrier family 39 member 14, solute carrier family 2 member 3, pleiotrophin, trophinin, pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing 3, enolase 2, biglycan, SH3 and cysteine-rich domain, matrix metalloproteinases 16) and whose downregulation (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4, hairy/enhancer of split related with YRPW motif 2, protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type Z polypeptide 1, SH3 domain GRB2-like 2, microtubule-associated protein 7, potassium voltage-gated channel shaker-related subfamily member 1, RUN and FYVE domain containing 3, Sin3A-associated protein 18 kDa, proline-rich 4, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ID, myeloid/lymphoid or mixed-lineage leukemia translocated to 3, insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5, nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 9, NudC domain containing 3, imprinted in Prader-Willi syndrome, TAF6-like RNA polymerase II p300/CBP-associated factor 65 kDa, WD repeat and SOCS box-containing 2, adenosine diphosphate ribosylation factor 3, KRR1, proliferation-associated 2G4; CD36, complement component (3b/4b) receptor 1, solute carrier family 4 sodium bicarbonate cotransporter member 4, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), GATA binding protein 3, LPL, glutathione peroxidase 3, D: -aspartate oxidase, apolipoprotein E, sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase acid-like 3A) were associated with poor clinical outcome in terms of development of metastatic or recurrent disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The classification of these tumors may undergo further changes in the future. Gene expression profiling can provide additional information to categorize pleomorphic sarcoma (NOS) and reveal potential prognostic factors in this "entity."
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Burn Center, Hand surgery, Sarcoma Reference Center, BG-University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bürkle-de-la-Camp-Platz 1, 44789, Bochum, Germany. adrien.daigeler@rub.de
authors.forename: Adrien
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Daigeler
authors.forename: Daigeler
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Adrien
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Klein-Hitpass
authors.forename: Klein-Hitpass
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ludger
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stricker
authors.forename: Stricker
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ingo
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Müller
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Cornelius
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kuhnen
authors.forename: Kuhnen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cornelius
authors.forename: Ansgar Michael
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chromik
authors.forename: Chromik Ansgar
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Steinstraesser
authors.forename: Steinstraesser
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lars
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Goertz
authors.forename: Goertz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ole
authors.forename: Hans-Ulrich
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Steinau
authors.forename: Steinau
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hans-Ulrich
authors.forename: Marcus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lehnhardt
authors.forename: Lehnhardt
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D051677:Histiocytoma, Malignant Fibrous / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008080:Liposarcoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010865:Pilot Projects