title: Pregnancy in patients with ankylosing spondylitis: do regulatory T cells play a role?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the numerical and functional changes of CD4+CD25(high) regulatory T (Treg) cells during pregnancy and postpartum in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of CD4+CD25(high) T cells was determined by flow cytometry in 10 pregnant and 5 nonpregnant patients with AS as well as in 14 pregnant and 4 nonpregnant healthy controls. Pregnant individuals were investigated at the third trimester and 8 weeks postpartum. Treg cells and CD4+CD25- effector T (Teff) cells separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting were stimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 monoclonal antibodies, alone or in coculture, to investigate proliferation and cytokine secretion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of CD4+CD25(high) Treg cells was significantly higher during pregnancy than postpartum in both healthy control subjects and patients with AS. In contrast to Treg cells in healthy pregnant women, Treg cells in pregnant women with AS secreted only small amounts of interleukin-10 and showed lower suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon-gamma secretion by CD4+CD25- Teff cells. At the postpartum time point, proinflammatory cytokine levels in the Treg/Teff cell cocultures and Teff cell monocultures were significantly higher in patients with AS than in healthy controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pregnancy influenced the expansion and cytokine secretion of Treg cells in both patients with AS and control subjects. However, the Treg cells of pregnant patients with AS failed to support an antiinflammatory cytokine milieu, thereby possibly contributing to the persistent disease activity of AS during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland. Frauke.Foerger@insel.ch
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Förger
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Villiger
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ostensen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D049590:Postpartum Period / Q000276:immunology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology*; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third / Q000276:immunology; D013167:Spondylitis, Ankylosing / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D055815:Young Adult