title: Do Asian breast cancer patients have poorer survival than their western counterparts? A comparison between Singapore and Stockholm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The difference in breast cancer incidence and prognosis between ethnic groups seeks an explanation. We have recently shown that Swedish women are two to three times more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer compared with Singaporean women. In the present paper, we compare breast cancer survival in the two countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the survival of 10,287 Singaporean women and 17,090 Swedish women with breast cancer. Relative survival ratios were used to describe the prognosis in the two populations. A Poisson regression model was used to calculate relative risks for different follow-up periods, age groups, time of diagnosis and disease stages.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of the Swedish women had local cancer (80%) compared with Singaporean women (51%). The overall 5-year relative survival of the Swedish women appeared better (80%) than that of the Singaporean women (70%). A similar survival pattern was observed, however, between the two countries in a stage-by-stage comparison. Survival improved for all women in Singapore over the two decades, but only in the premenopausal women in Stockholm. In 1980 to 1989, premenopausal Singaporean women had 27% increased risk of death compared with Swedish women, adjusted for stage and year of follow-up, while the postmenopausal women had 48% increased risk. In 1990 to 1999, this risk decreased by 19% and 22% for the premenopausal and postmenopausal Singaporean women compared with the Swedish women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The stage-dependent prognosis was similar for Singaporean women and for Swedish women. Singaporean women, both premenopausal and postmenopausal, had pronounced improvement in prognosis over the calendar periods, probably contributed by marked economic improvement, leading to better medical facilities and management with increased awareness of patients to diagnosis and treatment, as well as improved treatment options. Improvement seen only in the premenopausal women in Stockholm was probably due to improved treatment options.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, Singapore. benita.tan.k.t@sgh.com.sg
authors.forename: Benita Kiat Tee
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Gek Hsiang
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Kamila
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Czene
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Kee Seng
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chia
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017698:Postmenopause; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D015996:Survival Rate; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult