title: Crohn's disease and early exposure to domestic refrigeration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Environmental risk factors playing a causative role in Crohn's Disease (CD) remain largely unknown. Recently, it has been suggested that refrigerated food could be involved in disease development. We thus conducted a pilot case control study to explore the association of CD with the exposure to domestic refrigeration in childhood.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a standard questionnaire we interviewed 199 CD cases and 207 age-matched patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) as controls. Cases and controls were followed by the same gastroenterologists of tertiary referral clinics in Tehran, Iran. The questionnaire focused on the date of the first acquisition of home refrigerator and freezer. Data were analysed by a multivariate logistic model. The current age was in average 34 years in CD cases and the percentage of females in the case and control groups were respectively 48.3% and 63.7%. Patients were exposed earlier than controls to the refrigerator (X2 = 9.9, df = 3, P = 0.04) and refrigerator exposure at birth was found to be a risk factor for CD (OR = 2.08 (95% CI: 1.01-4.29), P = 0.05). Comparable results were obtained looking for the exposure to freezer at home. Finally, among the other recorded items reflecting the hygiene and comfort at home, we also found personal television, car and washing machine associated with CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the opinion that CD is associated with exposure to domestic refrigeration, among other household factors, during childhood.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Disease Research Center, Medical Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Fatemeh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.forename: Homayoon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vahedi
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zaccaria
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Meinzer
authors.forename: Siavosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nasseri-Moghaddam
authors.forename: Rasoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sotoudehmanesh
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Momenzadeh
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Khaleghnejad
authors.forename: Shahrooz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rashtak
authors.forename: Golrokh
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olfati
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malekzadeh
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hugot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012034:Refrigeration