title: A randomized evaluation of bispectral index-augmented sedation assessment in neurological patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether monitoring sedation status using bispectral index (BIS) as an adjunct to clinical evaluation was associated with a reduction in the total amount of sedative drug used in a 12 h period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective randomized controlled clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary care neurocritical care unit.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven mechanically ventilated adult patients receiving continuous intravenous sedation with propofol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sedation monitoring using clinical assessment with the Ramsay scale (Ramsay-alone group) or clinical assessment plus BIS monitoring (BIS-augmentation group). Subjects were randomized to Ramsay-alone (n = 35), or BIS-augmentation (n = 32). Nurses adjusted the dose of propofol to a Ramsay of 4, or a Ramsay of 4 and BIS between 60 and 70.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients in the BIS-augmentation group received significantly less propofol by volume (93.5 ml vs. 157.8 ml, respectively; P < .015), and had lower infusion rates (14.6 vs. 27.9 mcg/kg/min; P = .003). There is a lower risk of propofol infusion exceeding manufacturer's recommended dosing guides in the BIS-augmentation group versus the Ramsay-alone group (0 vs. 23%, P = .0052). The BIS-augmentation group woke up much quicker than those in the Ramsay-alone group (1.2 vs. 7.5 min; P < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BIS-augmented sedation monitoring resulted in a marked reduction in the total dose of sedative used to achieve the same level of clinical sedation resulting in shortened time to wake up without any measurable adverse effects. Physiologic sedation assessment tools may provide a useful means of improving the care of sedated critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine-Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA. dmOlson@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Daiwai M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Thoyre
authors.forename: Eric D
authors.initials: ED
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Carmelo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Graffagnino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D016638:Critical Illness / Q000451:nursing / Q000628:therapy*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous / Q000451:nursing; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000451:nursing
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D015742:Propofol