title: Physical disability and depressive symptomatology in an elderly population: a complex relationship. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depressive symptoms (DS) are very frequent in elderly individuals and are associated with negative outcomes. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether DS predict physical disability in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective,community-based cohort study, this work included 5,632 individuals aged 65-84 years, who were recruited from the demographic registries of eight Italian municipalities in 1992. The complete data of 3,256 subjects were collected and analyzed. DS were assessed using the Geriatric Depression Scale with a score > or = 10/30 indicating DS. All traditional risk factors for disability established by questionnaires and physical examinations were assessed at baseline. The outcomes were self-reported disability on the activities of daily living (ADL) test and the performance-based physical function assessment (Physical Performance Tests, PPT). The contribution of the predictive variables to the outcomes evaluated after a mean follow-up of 3.5 +/- 0.4 years was assessed using hierarchical logistic nested models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline DS was associated with higher rates of ADL disability (odds ratio [OR] 1.73, 95%confidence interval [CI] 1.12-2.66) and PPT disability (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.17-2.85)in men and with ADL disability (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.28 -2.55) in women. The independent predictors of PPT disability in women were arthritis (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.28 -3.53) and age (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.03-1.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides evidence that older persons who report DS are at higher risk of subsequent physical decline. In women, arthritis is a more powerful predictor of preclinical disability, as measured by PPT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, Medicina Interna D, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro, 37134 Verona, Italy. luca.dallecarbonare@univr.it
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dalle Carbonare
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maggi
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noale
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rozzini
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lo Cascio
authors.forename: Gaetano
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Crepaldi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001168:Arthritis / Q000150:complications; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors