title: Impact of the Spanish smoking law on exposure to second-hand smoke and respiratory health in hospitality workers: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A smoke-free law came into effect in Spain on 1st January 2006, affecting all enclosed workplaces except hospitality venues, whose proprietors can choose among totally a smoke-free policy, a partial restriction with designated smoking areas, or no restriction on smoking on the premises. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the law among hospitality workers by assessing second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure and the frequency of respiratory symptoms before and one year after the ban.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We formed a baseline cohort of 431 hospitality workers in Spain and 45 workers in Portugal and Andorra. Of them, 318 (66.8%) were successfully followed up 12 months after the ban, and 137 nonsmokers were included in this analysis. We obtained self-reported exposure to SHS and the presence of respiratory symptoms, and collected saliva samples for cotinine measurement. Salivary cotinine decreased by 55.6% after the ban among nonsmoker workers in venues where smoking was totally prohibited (from median of 1.6 ng/ml before to 0.5 ng/ml, p<0.01). Cotinine concentration decreased by 27.6% (p = 0.068) among workers in venues with designated smoking areas, and by 10.7% (p = 0.475) among workers in venues where smoking was allowed. In Portugal and Andorra, no differences between cotinine concentration were found before (1.2 ng/ml) and after the ban (1.2 ng/ml). In Spain, reported respiratory symptom declined significantly (by 71.9%; p<0.05) among workers in venues that became smoke-free. After adjustment for potential confounders, salivary cotinine and respiratory symptoms decreased significantly among workers in Spanish hospitality venues where smoking was totally banned.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among nonsmoker hospitality workers in bars and restaurants where smoking was allowed, exposure to SHS after the ban remained similar to pre-law levels. The partial restrictions on smoking in Spanish hospitality venues do not sufficiently protect hospitality workers against SHS or its consequences for respiratory health.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research & Control Unit, Institut Català d'Oncologia, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain. efernandez@ico.scs.es
authors.forename: Esteve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: José A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: María J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: López
authors.forename: Mónica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Ríos
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schiaffino
authors.forename: Jose M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Martínez-Sánchez
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ariza
authors.forename: Esteve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Saltó
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nebot
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D000725:Andorra; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D011174:Portugal; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D012907:Smoking / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013030:Spain; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine