title: Metal removal by bed filter materials used in domestic wastewater treatment.
abstract: Bed filters using reactive materials are an emerging technology for on-site wastewater treatment. Used materials, which are enriched with phosphorus, can be used as a fertiliser or soil amendment. However the materials can also be enriched with metals from the wastewater. Six materials (opoka, sand, Polonite, limestone, two types of blast furnace slag) exposed to long-term wastewater loading in columns and in a compact filter well filled with Polonite were investigated for metal removal and accumulation. Wastewater applied to the columns had low heavy metal concentrations in the order Zn>Cu>Mn>Ni>Cr. All columns were able to remove 53%-83% of Zn except those filled with sand. Polonite demonstrated a high removal capacity of Mn (>98%), while only the slag materials were able to remove Ni. All materials showed increased Cu, Cr(III), Mn, Pb and Zn content after filtration. Speciation calculations showed that high concentrations of dissolved organic matter might have prevented efficient metal removal, particularly in the case of Cu. The low content of toxic heavy metals in the studied filter materials studied would probably not restrict their use as a fertiliser or soil amendment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Land and Water Resources Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden. agak@kth.se
authors.forename: Agnieszka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Renman
authors.forename: Gunno
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Renman
authors.forename: Jon Petter
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hylander
mesh_terms: D005374:Filtration; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000517:prevention & control; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007220:Industrial Waste; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical