title: Complications of laparoscopic surgery for renal masses: prevention, management, and comparison with the open experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The initial excitement about the laparoscopic treatment of renal masses has been tempered by concerns related to increased operative time, technical complexity, and the suitability of laparoscopic approaches to oncologic surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review of intraoperative and postoperative complications and their prevention and management during laparoscopic surgery of renal tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review of the Medline and Google Scholar databases was performed, searching for renal cell carcinoma, renal mass, laparoscopy, laparoscopic radical nephrectomy, open radical nephrectomy, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, open partial nephrectomy, laparoscopic cryoablation, laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation, complications, intra-operative, and post-operative. English-language articles published between 1990 and 2008 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy (LRN), whether transperitoneal or retroperitoneal, can be performed safely. The overall complication rate is low and does not significantly differ from that of the open experience. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN), in contrast, is a technically challenging procedure. Although the intermediate oncologic outcomes are comparable to those of the open experience, there are concerns related to warm ischemia time, and there is a risk of major complications such as urinary leakage and hemorrhage requiring transfusion. Laparoscopic-assisted ablative therapies (cryotherapy and radiofrequency) are being performed more commonly for the treatment of small exophytic renal lesions with a low complication rate and intermediate oncologic outcomes similar to LRN and LPN.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complications associated with the laparoscopic management of renal masses vary among the different procedures and with surgeon experience. The rate of complication appears to be similar to that of open surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States. abreda@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Breda
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Finelli
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Janetschek
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Porpiglia
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Montorsi
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy