title: Activation of muscarinic receptors elicits inotropic responses in ventricular muscle from rats with heart failure through myosin light chain phosphorylation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Muscarinic stimulation increases myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity with no apparent inotropic response in normal rat myocardium. Increased myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity is a molecular mechanism promoting increased contractility in failing cardiac tissue. Thus, muscarinic receptor activation could elicit inotropic responses in ventricular myocardium from rats with heart failure, through increasing phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Contractile force was measured in left ventricular papillary muscles from male Wistar rats, 6 weeks after left coronary artery ligation or sham surgery. Muscles were also frozen, and MLC-2 phosphorylation level was quantified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carbachol (10 micromol.L(-1)) evoked a positive inotropic response only in muscles from rats with heart failure approximating 36% of that elicited by 1 micromol.L(-1) isoproterenol (20 +/- 1.5% and 56 +/- 6.1% above basal respectively). Carbachol-evoked inotropic responses did not correlate with infarction size but did correlate with increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure, heart weight/body weight ratio and lung weight, primary indicators of the severity of heart failure. Only muscarinic receptor antagonists selective for M(2) receptors antagonized carbachol-mediated inotropic effects with the expected potency. Carbachol-evoked inotropic responses and increase in phosphorylated MLC-2 were attenuated by MLC kinase (ML-9) and Rho-kinase inhibition (Y-27632), and inotropic responses were abolished by Pertussis toxin pretreatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In failing ventricular muscle, muscarinic receptor activation, most likely via M(2) receptors, provides inotropic support by increasing MLC phosphorylation and consequently, myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity. Enhancement of myofilament Ca(2+) sensitivity, representing a less energy-demanding mechanism of inotropic support may be particularly advantageous in failing hearts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: R I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Qvigstad
authors.forename: J A K
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Birkeland
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eikemo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glende
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sjaastad
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Skomedal
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Osnes
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Krobert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002217:Carbachol / Q000494:pharmacology; D024722:Cardiac Myosins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018994:Myosin Light Chains / Q000378:metabolism*; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D018994:Myosin Light Chains; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; C107184:myosin light chain 2; D002217:Carbachol; D024722:Cardiac Myosins; D007545:Isoproterenol; D002118:Calcium