title: Designing emergency ambulances for the 21st century.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005 the Department of Health set out a vision for the provision of future ambulance services with an increasing range of quality mobile healthcare services for patients with urgent and emergency care needs. This paper describes a scoping study funded by the National Patient Safety Agency and Ambulance Service Association to investigate the short and longer term requirements of future emergency ambulances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four stakeholder workshops were held to explore the wishes, concerns and preferences of the clinicians, operational staff and manufacturers about the future provision of ambulance services and problems and possible solutions relating to ambulance design and use. Incident reports relating to ambulance design and use were reviewed from three national and international databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine design challenges were identified: access/egress; space and layout; securing people and equipment in transit; communication; security, violence and aggression; hygiene; equipment; vehicle engineering; patient experience. These were validated at the national UK ambulance conference (AMBEX 2006) with a rating questionnaire.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are being used in the development of a national specification for future UK emergency ambulances.
authors.affiliation: Healthcare Ergonomics and Patient Safety research Unit, Department of Human Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK. s.m.hignett@lboro.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hignett
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Crumpton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coleman
mesh_terms: D000552:Ambulances / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D011482:Protective Devices