X-chromosome upregulation and inactivation: two sides of the dosage compensation mechanism in mammals.
Mammals have a very complex, tightly controlled, and developmentally regulated process of dosage compensation. One form of the process equalizes expression of the X-linked genes, present as a single copy in males (XY) and as two copies in females (XX), by inactivation of one of the two X-chromosomes in females. The second form of the process leads to balanced expression between the X-linked and autosomal genes by transcriptional upregulation of the active X in males and females. However, not all X-linked genes are absolutely balanced. This review is focused on the recent advances in studying the dosage compensation phenomenon in mammals.
Dementyeva
Elena V
EV
Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Department, Novosibirsk, Russia.
Shevchenko
Alexander I
AI
Zakian
Suren M
SM
D000818:Animals; D041321:Chromosomes, Human, X; D004303:Dosage Compensation, Genetic; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008322:Mammals / Q000235:genetics; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013091:Spermatogenesis; D015854:Up-Regulation; D049951:X Chromosome Inactivation