title: Immunohistochemical analysis of the oxidative phosphorylation complexes in skeletal muscle from patients with mitochondrial DNA encoded tRNA gene defects.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial diseases display a heterogeneous spectrum of clinical phenotypes and therefore the identification of the underlying gene defect is often a difficult task.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop an immunohistochemical approach to stain skeletal muscle for the five multi-protein complexes that organise the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in order to improve the diagnostic workup of mitochondrial defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  OXPHOS complexes were visualised in skeletal muscle tissue using antibodies directed against different subunits. The staining patterns of patients with heteroplasmic defects in mtDNA tRNA genes were compared with those of normal and disease controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Normal skeletal muscle displayed a checkerboard staining pattern for complexes I to V due to the higher mitochondrial content of slow muscle fibres versus fast fibres. In patients with tRNA defects, a much more heterogeneous staining pattern was observed for complex I (all six patients) and complex IV (4 of 6 patients): a mosaic staining pattern in which individual fibres displayed staining intensities that ranged from strong to negative. Ragged red fibres (RRFs) in patients with MERRF (myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibres) were all complex I and IV negative, while in patient with MELAS (mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes) the majority of RRFs were complex I negative and complex IV positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunohistochemical detection of OXPHOS complexes could represent a valuable additional diagnostic tool for the evaluation of mitochondrial cytopathy. The technique helps to detect heteroplasmic mtDNA defects. Staining for complex I in particular was able to identify two tRNA patients that stayed undetected with routine histochemical evaluation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Neurology & Metabolism, University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. boel.depaepe@ugent.be
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Paepe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smet
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lammens
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seneca
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Bleecker
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Meirleir
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lissens
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van Coster
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics*; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017240:Mitochondrial Myopathies / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes / Q000378:metabolism; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010085:Oxidative Phosphorylation; D012343:RNA, Transfer / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D009097:Multienzyme Complexes; D012343:RNA, Transfer