Chlorhexidine gluconate attenuates the ability of lipoteichoic acid from Enterococcus faecalis to stimulate toll-like receptor 2.
Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been widely used as a canal irrigant or an intracanal medicament on account of its antibacterial substantivity. This in vitro study aimed to determine if CHX attenuates the inflammatory activity of Enterococcus faecalis and its major virulence factor, lipoteichoic acid (LTA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that CHX-killed E. faecalis was less potent than heat-killed E. faecalis in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, pretreatment of LTA with 2% CHX for 6 hours or with 0.2% CHX for 24 hours almost eliminated the TNF-alpha inducibility (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CHX abrogated the ability of LTA to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2, resulting in the attenuated induction of TNF-alpha expression. Collectively, our results suggest that CHX can inactivate LTA of E. faecalis leading to the alleviation of inflammatory responses induced by E. faecalis and its LTA.
Lee
Jin-Kyung
JK
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Baik
Jung Eun
JE
Yun
Cheol-Heui
CH
Lee
Kangseok
K
Han
Seung Hyun
SH
Lee
WooCheol
W
Bae
Kwang-Shik
KS
Baek
Seung-Ho
SH
Lee
Yoon
Y
Son
Won-Jun
WJ
Kum
Kee-Yeon
KY
D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine