title: Extracorporeal gas exchange.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We report on recent advances and achievements on the use of extracorporeal gas exchange for long-term application in the therapy of critically ill patients with various forms of respiratory failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most important results regarding the use of extracorporeal gas exchange are expected from the Conventional Ventilatory Support vs. Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Severe Adult Respiratory Failure (CESAR) study, a randomized clinical trial assessing the effectiveness of extracorporeal lung assist in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Although not yet formally published, the results of this study, if confirmed, represent the first positive randomized clinical trial on adult extracorporeal membrane oxygenation application in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Other important results come from the clinical application of interventional lung assist, a pumpless arteriovenous extracorporeal technique, in different clinical conditions (acute respiratory distress syndrome, bridge to transplantation, asthma, and trauma). Among technical progress, of particular interest is the development of microfiber, microporous polymethylpentene membrane lungs, which offer low resistance to blood flow, high gas transfer capability, and high leak-proof performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results of recent clinical trials, widespread use of clinical applications, and technical progress are leading to reevaluation and extension of extracorporeal gas exchange in critically ill patients with respiratory failure of various forms. Further developments may come from low invasive techniques with high efficiency of CO2 removal from low blood flow.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Milano-Bicocca, Ospedale San Gerardo Nuovo dei Tintori, Monza, Milan, Italy. antonio.pesenti@unimib.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pesenti
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zanella
authors.forename: Nicolò
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Patroniti
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008875:Middle Aged; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome; D055815:Young Adult