title: S1P/S1P2 signaling induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Wilms tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclooxygenase-2 has been reported to be ubiquitously expressed in Wilms tumor, the most common malignant renal tumor in children. However, to our knowledge the regulation mechanism of cyclooxygenase-2 expression remains unexplored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot were performed to detect cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in WiT49 cells upon stimulation by S1P (Biomol(R)), and S1P(2) and cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression in 10 freshly frozen Wilms tumor tissues and matched normal tissues. Over expression, blockade and down-regulation of S1P(2) were determined using adenoviral transduction, the S1P(2) antagonist JTE-013 (Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, Missouri) and small interfering RNA (Dharmacon, Lafayette, Colorado) transfection, respectively. The prostaglandin E(2) level in WiT49 cells was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S1P induced cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression in WiT49 cells in a concentration dependent manner. Over expression of S1P(2) in WiT49 cells led to a significant increase in cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA and protein expression as well as subsequent prostaglandin E(2) synthesis. In addition, pretreatment of those cells that over expressed S1P(2) with the S1P(2) selective antagonist JTE-013 completely blocked S1P induced cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression. In accordance with these results silencing S1P(2) in WiT49 cells down-regulated S1P induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Further research in 10 Wilms tumor specimens showed that S1P(2) mRNA is greatly increased in Wilms tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  S1P induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in Wilms tumor and this effect was mediated by S1P(2). This finding extends the biological function of S1P(2) and provides the biochemical basis for developing inhibitors targeting the S1P/cyclooxygenase-2 signaling pathway.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Mei-Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sanchez
authors.forename: Ginger L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Milne
authors.forename: Jason D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hla
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrer
mesh_terms: D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology*; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000081025:Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D009396:Wilms Tumor / Q000201:enzymology*
chemical_list: D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; C477522:S1PR2 protein, human; D000081025:Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2