title: Rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing proliferative lupus nephritis: a long-term prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsequent to cyclophosphamide-based induction therapy of lupus nephritis, and despite maintenance chronic immunosuppressive treatment, many patients experience relapses.
  
  
  METHODS
  This prospective, observational study included 10 women with biopsy-proven relapse of proliferative lupus nephritis occurring during maintenance with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine. The long-term outcome after a single course of the B-cell depleting anti-CD20 antibody rituximab (4 weekly infusions of 375 mg/m(2)), combined with daily MMF (2 g) and prednisolone (0.5 mg/ kg/day for 4 weeks, tapered thereafter) is presented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While renal function was not severely impaired at baseline, partial remission (>50% improvement in all abnormal renal parameters) was achieved in eight patients at a median of 3.5 months. In seven patients, with 24-h urinary protein of 2.5 +/- 1.1 g (mean +/- SD), complete remission, associated with increases in serum complement levels and decreases in anti-dsDNA titres, was subsequently established (normal serum creatinine/albumin levels, inactive urine sediment and 24-h urinary protein <0.5 g). Complete nephritis remission was sustained at the follow-up end (median of 38 months) in six patients. Combination treatment was well tolerated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of this low-toxicity combination was particularly evident in patients with subnephrotic proteinuria due to proliferative lupus nephritis relapse. Controlled trials to define the role of rituximab/MMF in this condition are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece. laikneph@laiko.gr
authors.forename: John N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Boletis
authors.forename: Smaragde
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marinaki
authors.forename: Chryssanthe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Skalioti
authors.forename: Sofia S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lionaki
authors.forename: Aliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Iniotaki
authors.forename: Petros P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sfikakis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D000069283:Rituximab; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069283:Rituximab; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid