title: Reliability of clinical tests to evaluate nerve function and mechanosensitivity of the upper limb peripheral nervous system.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinical tests to assess peripheral nerve disorders can be classified into two categories: tests for afferent/efferent nerve function such as nerve conduction (bedside neurological examination) and tests for increased mechanosensitivity (e.g. upper limb neurodynamic tests (ULNTs) and nerve palpation). Reliability reports of nerve palpation and the interpretation of neurodynamic tests are scarce. This study therefore investigated the intertester reliability of nerve palpation and ULNTs. ULNTs were interpreted based on symptom reproduction and structural differentiation. To put the reliability of these tests in perspective, a comparison with the reliability of clinical tests for nerve function was made.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two experienced clinicians examined 31 patients with unilateral arm and/or neck pain. The examination included clinical tests for nerve function (sensory testing, reflexes and manual muscle testing (MMT)) and mechanosensitivity (ULNTs and palpation of the median, radial and ulnar nerve). Kappa statistics were calculated to evaluate intertester reliability. A meta-analysis determined an overall kappa for the domains with multiple kappa values (MMT, ULNT, palpation). We then compared the difference in reliability between the tests of mechanosensitivity and nerve function using a one-sample t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed moderate to substantial reliability for the tests for afferent/efferent nerve function (sensory testing: kappa = 0.53; MMT: kappa = 0.68; no kappa was calculated for reflexes due to a lack of variation). Tests to investigate mechanosensitivity demonstrated moderate reliability (ULNT: kappa = 0.45; palpation: kappa = 0.59). When compared statistically, there was no difference in reliability for tests for nerve function and mechanosensitivity (p = 0.06).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that clinical tests which evaluate increased nerve mechanosensitivity and afferent/efferent nerve function have comparable moderate to substantial reliability. To further investigate the clinometric properties of these tests, more studies are needed to evaluate their validity.
authors.affiliation: Uniklinik Balgrist, Department of Physiotherapy, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. a.schmid@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Annina B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Luomajoki
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Held
authors.forename: Lucas M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bachmann
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Künzer
authors.forename: Michel W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Coppieters
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008465:Mechanoreceptors / Q000502:physiology; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult