Citrate transport and metabolism in mammalian cells: prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer.
Citrate, an organic trivalent anion, is a major substrate for generation of energy in most cells. It is produced in mitochondria and used either in the Krebs' cycle or released into cytoplasm through a specific mitochondrial carriers. Citrate can also be taken up from blood through different plasma membrane transporters. In the cytoplasm, citrate can be used ultimately for fatty acid synthesis, which is increased in cancer cells. Here, we review the ways in which citrate can be transported and discuss the changes in transport and metabolism that occur in cancer cells. The primary focus is on the prostate gland, which is known to produce and release large amounts of citrate during its normal secretory function. The significant changes that occur in citrate-related metabolism and transport in prostate cancer are the second focus. This review strives to relate these mechanisms to molecular biology on the one hand and to clinical applications on the other.
Mycielska
Maria E
ME
Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Neuroscience Solutions to Cancer Research Group, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK. m.mycielska@imperial.ac.uk
Patel
Ameet
A
Rizaner
Nahit
N
Mazurek
Maciej P
MP
Keun
Hector
H
Patel
Anup
A
Ganapathy
Vadivel
V
Djamgoz
Mustafa B A
MB
D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D006859:Hydrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D008094:Lithium / Q000737:chemistry; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*
D005227:Fatty Acids; D019343:Citric Acid; D006859:Hydrogen; D008094:Lithium