title: Social inequalities in the use of health care services after 8 years of health care reforms - a comparative study of the Baltic countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In nineties, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have implemented a wide range of changes to health systems. The objective of this paper was to assess social inequalities in utilisation of, and access to, health care services in the late nineties.
  
  
  METHODS
  The comparative NORBALT Survey conducted in 1999 is used. Direct standardization and logistic regression was applied to analyse primary, out-patient and hospital care utilisation, and self reported financial barriers, by socio-demographic and geographical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all three countries social inequalities in utilization were large for out-patient specialist care, smaller or absent with regards to primary care or to hospitalisations. Inequalities were large and consistent in relationship to household income, less so in relationship to educational level. Inequalities in utilization of care were larger in Latvia as well in the self reported barriers to health care in absolute and relative terms were larger.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  After 8 years of reforms, important pro-rich inequalities in the use of health services existed. In Latvia, these inequalities were largest, possibly due to higher ratio of cost sharing as compared to Estonia and Lithuania.
authors.affiliation: WHO Country Office in Estonia, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Tallinn 10147, Estonia. jha@who.org.ee
authors.forename: Jarno
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Habicht
authors.forename: Raul-Allan
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kiivet
authors.forename: Triin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habicht
authors.forename: Anton E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Kunst
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004957:Estonia; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000639:trends; D006296:Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000191:economics* / Q000639:trends; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007844:Latvia; D008097:Lithuania; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health