title: Phase 3 randomized trial on larynx preservation comparing sequential vs alternating chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Both induction chemotherapy followed by irradiation and concurrent chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been reported as valuable alternatives to total laryngectomy in patients with advanced larynx or hypopharynx cancer. We report results of the randomized phase 3 trial 24954 from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with resectable advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx (tumor stage T3-T4) or hypopharynx (T2-T4), with regional lymph nodes in the neck staged as N0-N2 and with no metastasis, were randomly assigned to treatment in the sequential (or control) or the alternating (or experimental) arm. In the sequential arm, patients with a 50% or more reduction in primary tumor size after two cycles of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil received another two cycles, followed by radiotherapy (70 Gy total). In the alternating arm, a total of four cycles of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil (in weeks 1, 4, 7, and 10) were alternated with radiotherapy with 20 Gy during the three 2-week intervals between chemotherapy cycles (60 Gy total). All nonresponders underwent salvage surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to obtain time-to-event data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 450 patients were randomly assigned to treatment (224 to the sequential arm and 226 to the alternating arm). Median follow-up was 6.5 years. Survival with a functional larynx was similar in sequential and alternating arms (hazard ratio of death and/or event = 0.85, 95% confidence interval = 0.68 to 1.06), as were median overall survival (4.4 and 5.1 years, respectively) and median progression-free interval (3.0 and 3.1 years, respectively). Grade 3 or 4 mucositis occurred in 64 (32%) of the 200 patients in the sequential arm who received radiotherapy and in 47 (21%) of the 220 patients in the alternating arm. Late severe edema and/or fibrosis was observed in 32 (16%) patients in the sequential arm and in 25 (11%) in the alternating arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Larynx preservation, progression-free interval, and overall survival were similar in both arms, as were acute and late toxic effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Cancer, Centre Oscar Lambret, 3 rue Frederic Combemale-BP 307, FR 59020 Lille Cedex, France. jl-lefebvre@o-lambret.fr
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lefebvre
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rolland
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesselaar
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bardet
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Leemans
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geoffrois
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hupperets
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Barzan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Raucourt
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chevalier
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Licitra
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lunghi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stupp
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lacombe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bogaerts
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Horiot
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bernier
authors.forename: J B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Vermorken
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007819:Laryngeal Edema / Q000209:etiology; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery; D007825:Laryngectomy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D052016:Mucositis / Q000209:etiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D018579:Patient Selection; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012074:Remission Induction; D012107:Research Design; D016879:Salvage Therapy / Q000379:methods; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002945:Cisplatin; D005472:Fluorouracil