title: Fruit, vegetable, and fish consumption and heart rate variability: the Veterans Administration Normative Aging Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Higher intakes of fruit, vegetables, and dark fish may prevent sudden cardiac death and arrhythmias, but the exact mechanisms are not fully understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined whether high consumption of fruit, vegetables, and dark fish would be associated with beneficial changes in heart rate variability (HRV).
  
  
  METHODS
  HRV variables were measured among 586 older men with 928 total observations from November 2000 to June 2007 in the Normative Aging Study, a community-based longitudinal study of aging. Dietary intake was evaluated with a self-administered semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire and categorized into quartiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After controlling for potential confounders, intake of green leafy vegetables was positively associated with normalized high-frequency power and inversely associated with normalized low-frequency power (P for trend < 0.05). These significant associations were retained after further adjustment for healthy lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and use of multivitamins. No significant association was seen between HRV measures and intakes of other fruit and vegetables, vitamin C, carotenoids, tuna and dark-meat fish, or n-3 (omega-3) fatty acids. An effect modification of intake of noncitrus fruit by obesity and of total vegetables and cruciferous vegetables by cigarette smoking was seen, which warrants further investigation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that higher intake of green leafy vegetables may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease through favorable changes in cardiac autonomic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, 109 South Observatory Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. sungkyun@umich.edu
authors.forename: Sung Kyun
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Katherine L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Marie S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: O'Neill
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sparrow
authors.forename: Pantel S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Vokonas
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Joel
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005638:Fruit; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables