title: Facilitated mitochondrial import of antiviral and anticancer nucleoside drugs by human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-3.
abstract: Human equilibrative nucleoside transporter-3 (hENT3) was recently reported as a pH-dependent, intracellular (lysosomal) transporter capable of transporting anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) dideoxynucleosides (ddNs). Because most anti-HIV ddNs (e.g., zidovudine, AZT) exhibit clinical mitochondrial toxicity, we investigated whether hENT3 facilitates transport of anti-HIV ddNs into the mitochondria. Cellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy studies in several human cell lines identified a substantial presence of hENT3 in the mitochondria, with additional presence at the cell surface of two placental cell lines (JAR, JEG3). Mitochondrial or cell surface hENT3 expression was confirmed in human hepatocytes and placental tissues, respectively. Unlike endogenous hENT3, yellow fluorescent protein (YFP)-tagged hENT3 was partially directed to the lysosomes. Xenopus oocytes expressing NH2-terminal-deleted hENT3 (expressed at the cell surface) showed pH-dependent interaction with several classes of nucleosides (anti-HIV ddNs, gemcitabine, fialuridine, ribavirin) that produce mitochondrial toxicity. Transport studies in hENT3 gene-silenced JAR cells showed significant reduction in mitochondrial transport of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs. Our data suggest that cellular localization of hENT3 is cell type dependent and the native transporter is substantially expressed in mitochondria and/or cell surface. hENT3-mediated mitochondrial transport may play an important role in mediating clinically observed mitochondrial toxicity of nucleoside drugs. In addition, our finding that hENT3 is a mitochondrial transporter is consistent with the recent finding that mutations in the hENT3 gene cause an autosomal recessive disorder in humans called the H syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Rajgopal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Govindarajan
authors.forename: George P H
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Mingyan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chung-Ming
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tse
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jashvant D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Unadkat
mesh_terms: D000906:Antibodies; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002460:Cell Line; D000939:Epitopes; D005260:Female; D020868:Gene Silencing; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000378:metabolism*; D033703:Nucleoside Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D010920:Placenta / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D046509:Tissue Culture Techniques
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D000939:Epitopes; D008164:Luminescent Proteins; D033703:Nucleoside Transport Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C501424:SLC29A3 protein, human; C054562:yellow fluorescent protein, Bacteria