title: Review article: Tackling the survival issue in end-stage renal disease: time to get physical on haemodialysis.
abstract: Life expectancy in haemodialysis patients is reduced fourfold on average versus healthy age-matched individuals. The purpose of this review is to present empirical evidence that intradialytic exercise can mitigate primary independent risk factors for early mortality in end-stage renal disease. These risk factors include measures of skeletal muscle wasting, systemic inflammation, cardiovascular functioning and dialysis adequacy. Overall, the available literature provides support for the integration of exercise within the conventional outpatient haemodialysis unit. The amelioration of various physiological risk factors through an appropriate exercise prescription may enhance survival in this vulnerable cohort. Investigations are required to determine the effects of various doses of intradialytic exercise on a broad range of clinical outcomes, and more thoroughly elucidate the relationship between exercise-induced adaptations and survival advantage in end-stage renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Division of Exercise and Sport Science, College of Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand. b.cheema@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: Birinder Singh Bobby
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cheema
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015444:Exercise; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein