Common genetic effects of gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood: a study of Finnish twins.
The existence of genetic effects on gender atypical behavior in childhood and sexual orientation in adulthood and the overlap between these effects were studied in a population-based sample of 3,261 Finnish twins aged 33-43 years. The participants completed items on recalled childhood behavior and on same-sex sexual interest and behavior, which were combined into a childhood gender atypical behavior and a sexual orientation variable, respectively. The phenotypic association between the two variables was stronger for men than for women. Quantitative genetic analyses showed that variation in both childhood gender atypical behavior and adult sexual orientation was partly due to genetics, with the rest being explained by nonshared environmental effects. Bivariate analyses suggested that substantial common genetic and modest common nonshared environmental correlations underlie the co-occurrence of the two variables. The results were discussed in light of previous research and possible implications for theories of gender role development and sexual orientation.
Alanko
Katarina
K
Center of Excellence for Behavior Genetics, Department of Psychology, Abo Akademi University, 20500, Turku, Finland. katarina.alanko@abo.fi
Santtila
Pekka
P
Harlaar
Nicole
N
Witting
Katarina
K
Varjonen
Markus
M
Jern
Patrik
P
Johansson
Ada
A
von der Pahlen
Bettina
B
Sandnabba
N Kenneth
NK
D000328:Adult; D001519:Behavior; D002648:Child; D004777:Environment; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D019529:Sexuality; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic