title: Conception of a navigation system controlling diaphyseal fracture reduction treated with external fixation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reduction of long bone fractures treated with external fixation is usually performed with fluoroscopic images, which include several disadvantages: 2D information, distortions, and irradiation to the patient and the surgical team. This article presents a new navigation technique to control the reduction of such fractures while minimizing the irradiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optically tracked markers are fixed to pins inserted into the bone fragments. These last are modelled using two initial calibrated radiographs. The models can be improved with several types of anatomical data and are displayed in real time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This navigation system was tested on dry bones and an anatomical specimen leg.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new technique allows the visualization of the fracture in real time and from any viewpoint during the reduction. Irradiation is minimized using only two X-ray images.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. tleloup@ulb.ac.be
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leloup
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: El Kazzi
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schuind
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Warzée
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D018483:Diaphyses / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011859:Radiography; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*