title: Multi-modality mediastinal staging for lung cancer among medicare beneficiaries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of noninvasive and invasive diagnostic tests improves the accuracy of mediastinal staging for lung cancer. It is unknown how frequently multimodality mediastinal staging is used, or whether its use is associated with better health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort study was conducted using Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare data (1998-2005). Patients were categorized as having undergone single (computed tomography [CT] only), bi- (CT and positron emission tomography or CT and invasive staging), or tri-modality (CT, positron emission tomography, and invasive staging) staging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 43,912 subjects, 77%, 21%, and 2% received single, bi-, and tri-modality staging, respectively. The use of single modality staging decreased over time from 90% in 1998 to 67% in 2002 (p-trend <0.001), whereas the use of bi- and tri-modality staging increased from 10% to 30% and 0.4% to 5%, respectively. After adjustment for differences in patient characteristics, the use of a greater number of staging modalities was associated with a lower risk of death (bi- versus single modality: hazard ratio [HR] 0.58, 99% confidence interval [CI] 0.56-0.60; tri- versus single modality: HR 0.49, 99% CI 0.45-0.54; tri- versus bi-modality: HR 0.85, 99% CI 0.77-0.93). These associations were maintained even after excluding stage IV patients or adjustment for stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of multimodality mediastinal staging increased over time and was associated with better survival. Stage migration and unmeasured patient and provider characteristics may have affected the magnitude of these associations. Cancer treatment guidelines should emphasize the potential relationship between staging procedures and outcomes, and health care policy should encourage adherence to staging guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Outcomes Research Center, Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA.
authors.forename: Farhood
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Farjah
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Flum
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ramsey
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Heagerty
authors.forename: Rebecca Gaston
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Symons
authors.forename: Douglas E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D018288:Carcinoma, Small Cell / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D019160:Endosonography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008481:Mediastinoscopy; D006278:Medicare; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011379:Prognosis; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018426:SEER Program; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States