title: Stress and coping of parents of young children diagnosed with bladder exstrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have examined the psychological impact that living with bladder exstrophy has on patients. However, little is known about how parents of children diagnosed with this condition are affected. We examine how parents caring for children diagnosed with bladder exstrophy are impacted. An increased understanding of the stressors these parents face may lead to the development of appropriate parenting interventions, which may ultimately affect psychosocial and health outcomes in the child.
  
  
  METHODS
  All parents of children 10 years and younger treated for bladder exstrophy at our institution were selected from a centralized database. A total of 20 parents (65% of the eligible population) completed standardized questionnaires assessing pediatric specific parenting stress (Pediatric Inventory for Parents) and coping (Ways of Coping Questionnaire).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parents identified several common stressors (eg worrying about the long-term impact of the illness, helping the child with his/her hygiene needs) and overall reported using adaptive ways of coping (ie planful problem solving, seeking social support, positive reappraisal). However, when they experienced increased stress they reported using more nonadaptive ways of coping (ie escape/avoidance and distancing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall the findings of our study suggest that parents of children diagnosed with bladder exstrophy experience a significant amount of stress. In fact, parents in our study indicated experiencing similar frequency and difficulty of stress compared to parents of the same aged children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Increased stress can have negative consequences for parents and children. Future directions and implications of these findings are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mednick
authors.forename: Patricio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gargollo
authors.forename: Melisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Oliva
authors.forename: Rosemary
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borer
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001746:Bladder Exstrophy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires