title: Effect acidic and alkaline/heat treatments on the bond strength of different luting cements to commercially pure titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of either acidic or combined alkaline/heat treatments on the surface of grit-blasted commercially pure (cp) titanium. The effects of the previous treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) of cp titanium to conventional glass ionomer, resin-reinforced glass ionomer and self-adhesive resin luting cements were evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium discs were machined and received one of the following treatments; grit-blasting (GB), grit-blasting followed either by etching in HNO(3)/HF solution (GB/Ac) or by combined 5M NaOH treatment/heat treatment at 600 degrees C for 1h, then immersed for 24h in SBF solution before cementation (GB/Ak). The treated surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscope (AFM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and laser-induced brake-down spectroscopy (LIBS). Discs were cemented either by Fuji I, Fuji Plus or Rely X Unicem luting cements. The SBS was evaluated and the debonded discs were investigated by SEM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two prominent results were revealed; first, GB/Ak treatment showed the highest SBS than the other treatments (P<0.0001). Second, Rely X Unicem showed the highest SBS than the other cements (P<0.0001). Fuji I and Fuji Plus showed predominant cohesive type of failure, whereas Rely X showed predominant adhesive type of failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combined alkaline/heat treatments of commercially pure titanium surface shows to be of beneficial effect in enhancing SBS to glass ionomer, resin-modified glass ionomer and adhesive resin luting cements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. amrshf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Amr S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Fawzy
authors.forename: Farid S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: El-Askary
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003738:Dental Cements; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C113301:FujiPlus; D005899:Glass Ionomer Cements; C483701:Rely X Unicem; D019279:Resin Cements; C084541:Fuji glass-ionomer lining cement; D014025:Titanium