title: Resistance of Pakistani field populations of spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to pyrethroid, organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Fab.) is a serious pest of cotton and okra in Pakistan. Owing to persistent use of insecticides, this pest has developed resistance, especially to pyrethroids. The present studies aimed at determining the extent of resistance to pyrethroid, organophosphorus and new chemical insecticides in Pakistani populations of E. vittella.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Field populations of E. vittella were monitored at Multan, Pakistan, from 1999 to 2007 for their resistance against six pyrethroid, four organophosphorus and six new chemical insecticides using a leaf-dip bioassay. Of the pyrethroids, resistance was generally low to zeta-cypermethrin and moderate to high or very high to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin and lambda-cyhalothrin. Resistance to organophosphates chlorpyrifos, profenofos, triazophos and phoxim was recorded at very low to low levels. Among new chemicals, E. vittella had no or a very low resistance to spinosad, emamectin benzoate and methoxyfenozide, a very low to low resistance to abamectin, a very low to moderate resistance to indoxacarb and a moderate resistance to chlorfenapyr.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate a lack of cross-resistance between pyrethroid and organophosphorus insecticides in E. vittella. Rotation of insecticides showing no, very low or low resistance, but belonging to different insecticide classes with unrelated modes of action, may prevent or mitigate insecticide resistance in E. vittella.
authors.affiliation: Central Cotton Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan. mushsoroya@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mushtaq
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iqbal Arif
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010154:Pakistan; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D010755:Organophosphates; D011722:Pyrethrins