title: Early and late outcomes in minimally invasive mitral valve repair: an eleven-year experience in 707 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study analyzes a single institution experience with minimally invasive mitral valve repair and evaluates long-term surgical outcomes of morbidity, mortality, and rates of reoperation. Late follow-up of mitral regurgitation and left ventricular function were also assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between August 1996 and October 2007, minimally invasive mitral valve repair was performed in 713 patients (mean follow-up 5.7 years). Excluding 6 repairs with robotic assistance, an perspective analysis of the remaining 707 patients was carried forth. Mean age was 57 +/- 13 years. Mean preoperative ejection fraction was 60% +/- 10%. Surgical access was through a lower ministernotomy (74%), right parasternal incision (24%), right thoracotomy (1.4%), or upper ministernotomy (0.7%). Exposure of the mitral valve was through the left atrium in 58% of the cases and transeptal in 42%. A ring annuloplasty was incorporated into 680 (96%) of 707 repairs. The Kaplan-Meier and Student t test for paired samples were used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 3 (0.4%) operative deaths. Perioperative morbidity included new-onset atrial fibrillation (20%), reoperation for bleeding (2%), stroke (1.9%), permanent pacemaker implantation (1.7%), deep sternal wound infection (0.7%), and aortic dissection (0.4%). Median hospital stay was 5 days. Only 31% of patients required blood transfusion during the hospital course. There were 49 (6.9%) late deaths and 34 (4.8%) failed repairs necessitating reoperation. At 11.2 years, survival was 83% (95% confidence intervals, 76.5-88.1); freedom from reoperation was 92% (95% confidence intervals, 86.2-94.9). Nine (1.3%) patients were lost to follow-up. A total of 2369 patient-years of echocardiography time were obtained in 544 patients (mean 4.36 years, range 0.47-11.09). Mean grade of mitral regurgitation decreased from 3.80 to 1.42 (P < .0001) Mean left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 60.7% to 56.3% (P < .0001). Combined risk of death, reoperation, and recurrence of moderately severe to severe mitral regurgitation was 7.7% (43/555).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minimally invasive mitral valve repair is safe, with low perioperative morbidity, low rates of recurrent mitral regurgitation, and low rates of reoperation and death at late follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Cardiac Surgery, Harvard School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors.forename: R Scott
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Lawrence H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wiegerinck
authors.forename: Gregory S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Couper
authors.forename: Sary F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Aranki
authors.forename: R Morton
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Bolman
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Frederick Y
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult