title: Leadless pacing of the heart using induction technology: a feasibility study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a leadless pacemaker system based on induction technology and to investigate its feasibility and safety in the pig model.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Despite tremendous technical advances during the last decades, cardiac pacing is still associated with a considerable rate of complications that can be primarily attributed to the leads.
  
  
  METHODS
  The device consists of a transmitter unit implanted subcutaneously just above the heart and an endocardial receiver unit implanted in the apex of the right ventricle. The transmitter unit generates an alternating magnetic field that is converted into a voltage pulse by the receiver unit. In order to test feasibility, the receiver unit was attached to an electrophysiology catheter for signal recording and placed in the apex of the right ventricle of a pig. Subsequently, the receiver unit was implanted without external connection in the right ventricle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An alternating magnetic field of about 0.5 mT was generated by the transmitter unit in a distance of 3 cm. Voltage pulses with a duration of 0.4 ms and voltage amplitude of 0.6-1.0 V were generated. Using these pulse characteristics, a reliable stimulation of the heart could be achieved. A secure fixation of the receiver unit in the apex of the right ventricle could be obtained for the duration of this short-term study by using screw fixation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that induction technology is feasible for cardiac pacing. Typical voltage pulses could be generated by which an effectively stimulation in vivo could be achieved.
authors.affiliation: West-German Heart Center, University Clinics Essen, Essen, Germany. heinrich.wieneke@uni-essen.de
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wieneke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Konorza
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: Erhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kisker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001709:Biotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D008280:Magnetics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial; D013552:Swine; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods