title: Nkx2.7 and Nkx2.5 function redundantly and are required for cardiac morphogenesis of zebrafish embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nkx2.7 is the tinman-related gene, as well as orthologs of Nkx2.5 and Nkx-2.3. Nkx2.7 and Nkx2.5 express in zebrafish heart fields of lateral plate mesoderm. The temporal and spatial expression patterns of Nkx2.7 are similar to those of Nkx2.5, but their functions during cardiogenesis remain unclear.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, Nkx2.7 is demonstrated to compensate for Nkx2.5 loss of function and play a predominant role in the lateral development of the heart, including normal cardiac looping and chamber formation. Knocking down Nkx2.5 showed that heart development was normal from 24 to 72 hpf. However, when knocking down either Nkx2.7 or Nkx2.5 together with Nkx2.7, it appeared that the heart failed to undergo looping and showed defective chambers, although embryos developed normally before the early heart tube stage. Decreased ventricular myocardium proliferation and defective myocardial differentiation appeared to result from late-stage up-regulation of bmp4, versican, tbx5 and tbx20, which were all expressed normally in hearts at an early stage. We also found that tbx5 and tbx20 were modulated by Nkx2.7 through the heart maturation stage because an inducible overexpression of Nkx2.7 in the heart caused down-regulation of tbx5 and tbx20. Although heart defects were induced by overexpression of an injection of 150-pg Nkx2.5 or 5-pg Nkx2.7 mRNA, either Nkx2.5 or Nkx2.7 mRNA rescued the defects induced by Nkx2.7-morpholino(MO) and Nkx2.5-MO with Nkx2.7-MO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, we conclude that redundant activities of Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.7 are required for cardiac morphogenesis, but that Nkx2.7 plays a more critical function, specifically indicated by the gain-of-function and loss-of- function experiments where Nkx2.7 is observed to regulate the expressions of tbx5 and tbx20 through the maturation stage.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chi-Tang
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Tzu-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Huai-Jen
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000737:chemistry; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D015027:Zebrafish; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C528182:Nkx2.5 protein, zebrafish; C102934:Nkx2.7 protein, zebrafish; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C103172:T-box transcription factor 5; D014157:Transcription Factors; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C486014:tbx20 protein, zebrafish; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins