title: Coronary calcium predicts events better with absolute calcium scores than age-sex-race/ethnicity percentiles: MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we aimed to establish whether age-sex-specific percentiles of coronary artery calcium (CAC) predict cardiovascular outcomes better than the actual (absolute) CAC score.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The presence and extent of CAC correlates with the overall magnitude of coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden and with the development of subsequent coronary events.
  
  
  METHODS
  MESA (Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) is a prospective cohort study of 6,814 asymptomatic participants followed for coronary heart disease (CHD) events including myocardial infarction, angina, resuscitated cardiac arrest, or CHD death. Time to incident CHD was modeled with Cox regression, and we compared models with percentiles based on age, sex, and/or race/ethnicity to categories commonly used (0, 1 to 100, 101 to 400, 400+ Agatston units).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 163 (2.4%) incident CHD events (median follow-up 3.75 years). Expressing CAC in terms of age- and sex-specific percentiles had significantly lower area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) than when using absolute scores (women: AUC 0.73 versus 0.76, p = 0.044; men: AUC 0.73 versus 0.77, p < 0.001). Akaike's information criterion indicated better model fit with the overall score. Both methods robustly predicted events (>90th percentile associated with a hazard ratio [HR] of 16.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.30 to 28.9, and score >400 associated with HR of 20.6, 95% CI: 11.8 to 36.0). Within groups based on age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific percentiles there remains a clear trend of increasing risk across levels of the absolute CAC groups. In contrast, once absolute CAC category is fixed, there is no increasing trend across levels of age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific categories. Patients with low absolute scores are low-risk, regardless of age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific percentile rank. Persons with an absolute CAC score of >400 are high risk, regardless of percentile rank.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using absolute CAC in standard groups performed better than age-, sex-, and race/ethnicity-specific percentiles in terms of model fit and discrimination. We recommend using cut points based on the absolute CAC amount, and the common CAC cut points of 100 and 400 seem to perform well.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA, Torrance, CA 90502, USA. Budoff@ucla.edu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Budoff
authors.forename: Khurram
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nasir
authors.forename: Robyn L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: McClelland
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Detrano
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Blumenthal
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kondos
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kronmal
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed