title: Development of diaphragmatic weakness after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of the right inferior phrenic artery: frequency and determinant factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the frequency of diaphragmatic weakness and its determinant factors after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of the right inferior phrenic artery (IPA) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  From June 2006 to October 2006, 60 patients (48 men, 12 women; mean age, 59 years) who had undergone chemoembolization of the right IPA underwent follow-up angiography of the right IPA and fluoroscopic diaphragmatic movement assessment. Diaphragmatic weakness was determined by the presence of paradoxical or decreased movement at fluoroscopy. As determinant factors, the extent of embolization (selective chemoembolization of the anterior or posterior branch vs nonselective chemoembolization), the use of gelatin sponge pledgets, additional cisplatin infusion, the size of a tumor supplied by the right IPA (>or=48 mm vs <48 mm), multiplicity of right IPA chemoembolization, and the extent of occlusive changes (single vs both branches) at follow-up right IPA angiography were assessed. The chi(2) and logistic regression tests were used to identify determinant factors of diaphragmatic weakness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diaphragmatic weakness occurred in 11 of the 60 patients (18%). All 11 patients complained of shoulder pain during chemoembolization, but persistent dyspnea did not develop. Nonselective embolization (P = .005) and occlusive changes of both right IPA branches at follow-up angiography (P = .002) were significant determinant factors, as determined with univariate analysis. As determined with multivariate analysis, an occlusive change of both right IPA branches was the only significant determinant factor (P = .009; odds ratio, 17.2). Diaphragmatic weakness developed in 10 of the 28 patients (36%) with occlusive changes of both right IPA branches and only one (3.1%) of the remaining 32 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When chemoembolization of the right IPA is nonselectively performed and with permanent occlusive changes of the right IPA, diaphragmatic weakness can develop in one-third of patients as an ischemic complication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Dong Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jin Wook
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Hyo-Cheol
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hwan Jun
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Jae
authors.forename: Chang Jin
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sung Gwon
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Ung Bae
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Jeon
authors.forename: Young Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: So
authors.forename: Yong Hu
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jae Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015897:Comorbidity; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006499:Hepatic Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007723:Korea / Q000453:epidemiology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors