title: The effect of topical amphotericin B on inflammatory markers in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis: a multicenter randomized controlled study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been suggested that an exaggerated immune response to fungi is crucial in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Based on this rationale, the use of topical antifungals (amphotericin B) has been advocated. Studies on its clinical effectiveness are, however, contradictory.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of nasal antifungal treatment on secreted mediators in samples of nasal lavage fluid from patients with CRS with or without nasal polyps (NP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Part two of a prospective double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter clinical trial investigating the effect of 13 weeks of treatment with amphotericin B or placebo on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and growth factors (i.e., IL-1beta, IL-1RA, IL-2, IL-2R, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 (p40/p70 subunits), IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, TNF-alpha, IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, G-CSF, GM-CSF, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta, IP-10, MIG, eotaxin, RANTES, MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, VEGF, EGF, FGF-basic, HGF, Gro-alpha) and albumin via a fluorescent enzyme immunoassay in nasal lavage specimens of CRS patients with or without NP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Topical amphotericin B had no significant effect on the level of any of the tested pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors in CRS nasal lavage samples. Treatment with placebo, however, increased the level of MIP-1alpha and MIP-1beta, which are mediators involved in wound healing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Topical amphotericin B has no significant effect on activation markers of nasal inflammatory cells in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.a.ebbens@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Fenna A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Ebbens
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Georgalas
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Luiten
authors.forename: Cornelis M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: van Drunen
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Badia
authors.forename: Glenis K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Scadding
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Hellings
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jorissen
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mullol
authors.forename: Alda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cardesin
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert
authors.forename: Thibaut P J
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: van Zele
authors.forename: Valerie J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Lund
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Fokkens
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000328:Adult; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018925:Chemokines / Q000032:analysis; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002908:Chronic Disease; D016207:Cytokines / Q000032:analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055556:Nasal Lavage; D009298:Nasal Polyps / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D018925:Chemokines; D016207:Cytokines; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000666:Amphotericin B