title: Non-variceal upper GI bleeding in patients already hospitalized for another condition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare outpatients (OPs) presenting with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) to those who started hemorrhaging while in a hospital (inpatients, IPs) in a contemporary setting and to better identify predictors of outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective data from the Canadian Registry of Patients With Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding Undergoing Endoscopy (RUGBE). Descriptive, inferential, and multivariate logistic regression models were carried out in 469 IPs (68.5+/-14 years, 36% women) and 1,395 OPs (65.5+/-18 years, 39% women) in 18 Canadian community and tertiary care centers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Main outcomes were rebleeding, mortality, and their predictors. IPs differed from OPs in disease acuity (P=0.02) and comorbidities (3.1+/-1.7 vs. 2.3+/-1.5, P<0.001), and were admitted longer (7.2+/-7.4 vs. 5+/-5.4 days, P<0.001) and more often to intensive care unit (ICU; 40.5% vs. 16%, P<0.001). Ulcers or erosions predominated (83% vs. 85%, P=0.28), treated by endotherapy (38% vs. 36%, P=0.46). More IPs received proton pump inhibitors (PPIs; 88% vs. 83%, P=0.009). Mortality was greater for IPs (11% vs. 3.5%, P<0.001), but rebleeding (15.7% vs. 13.4%, P=0.23) and surgery (6.9% vs. 6.4%, P=0.72) were not. Among IPs, comorbidity (odds ratio, OR=1.15; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01-1.32) and endoscopic high-risk stigmata increased (OR=3.86, 95% CI:2.05-7.26), whereas PPI decreased (OR=0.20, 95% CI:0.10-0.42) rebleeding; high-risk stigmata (OR=3.13, 95% CI:1.23-7.99) and rebleeding (OR=4.19, 95% CI:2.06-8.55) increased mortality, whereas low disease acuity was protective (OR=0.20; 95% CI:0.46-0.90).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPs are sicker than OPs. Endoscopic hemostasis and PPI therapy favorably affect rebleeding in IPs, whereas patient characteristics principally determine the threefold greater IPs mortality.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, The Montreal General Hospital Site, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Alan N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Barkun
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Martel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002170:Canada; D015897:Comorbidity; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D041742:Upper Gastrointestinal Tract