title: Indirect comparison: relative risk fallacies and odds solution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  When undertaking indirect comparisons, relative risk (RR) is often suggested as an appropriate indicator of treatment effect, particularly where baseline (common comparator) risks differ. In this article, we demonstrate that such use of RR in indirect comparisons is not necessarily stable with respect to framing of outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of RR is shown to lead to inferential fallacies where, for example, a new therapy is suggested to reduce both mortality and survival risk. Conditions under which the inferential fallacy arises and an odds solution are illustrated in indirect comparison of natalizumab and interferon beta-1b for multiple sclerosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using RR, natiluzimab is suggested to be 30% more effective than interferon for progression (RR=0.70), but 16% less effective than interferon for no progression (RR=0.84). This inferential anomaly is avoided using odds ratios (ORs), with odds of progression (0.83) the reciprocal of that for no progression (1.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inferential fallacies with use of RR in indirect comparison provide scope for abuse with respect to choice in framing of outcomes, and confound decision making where both results are presented. The use of ORs overcomes this inferential fallacy, consistently informing inference with respect to direction of treatment effect in indirect comparisons.
authors.affiliation: Flinders University, Flinders Centre for Clinical Change & Health Care Research, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. simon.eckermann@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eckermann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coory
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Willan
mesh_terms: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000069442:Natalizumab; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D012107:Research Design; D012306:Risk; D020521:Stroke / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014859:Warfarin / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000925:Anticoagulants; D000069442:Natalizumab; D000068576:Interferon beta-1b; D014859:Warfarin; D016899:Interferon-beta; D001241:Aspirin