title: Blood pressure reduction and renin-angiotensin system inhibition for prevention of congestive heart failure: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is unclear whether prevention of congestive heart failure (CHF) by drugs that inhibit the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) occurs over and beyond the reduction in blood pressure (BP) achieved by these drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a meta-analysis of trials comparing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs), angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), or calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), with diuretics, beta-blockers, or placebo in hypertensive or high-risk subjects without CHF at entry. Both fixed- and random-effect models were used. In trials vs. placebo, the risk of CHF was reduced by 21% with ACEIs (P = 0.007), whereas the effect of ARBs and CCBs was not significant (random-effect models). Thus, CCBs did not increase the risk of CHF. In trials vs. diuretics/beta-blockers, no differences were found between ACEIs and comparators [odds ratio (OR) 1.02; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84-1.24], whereas CCBs were associated with an 18% higher risk of CHF (OR 1.18; 95% CI 1.00-1.39; P = 0.048). Therefore, ACEIs were not superior to diuretics/beta-blockers for the prevention of CHF. Because heterogeneity between trials was significant, we investigated potential sources of heterogeneity by meta-regression. The risk of CHF decreased by 24% (P < 0.001) for each 5 mmHg reduction in systolic BP. The risk of CHF was 19% less with ACEIs/ARBs than CCBs (P < 0.001) and 16% less in studies without multiple risk factors required for entry (P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BP reduction is beneficial for the prevention of CHF. Over and beyond BP reduction, the protective effect of ACEIs and ARBs is greater than that of CCBs.
authors.affiliation: Ospedale S. Maria della Misericordia, Cardiologia, Perugia, Italy. verdec@tin.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verdecchia
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavallini
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gattobigio
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gentile
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Staessen
authors.forename: Gianpaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reboldi
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004232:Diuretics / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics