title: Preoperative and postoperative nomograms incorporating surgeon experience for clinically localized prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Accurate preoperative and postoperative risk assessment has been critical for counseling patients regarding radical prostatectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. In addition to other treatment modalities, neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapies have been considered. The growing literature suggested that the experience of the surgeon may affect the risk of prostate cancer recurrence. The purpose of this study was to develop and internally validate nomograms to predict the probability of recurrence, both preoperatively and postoperatively, with adjustment for standard parameters plus surgeon experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort included 7,724 eligible prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy by 1 of 72 surgeons. For each patient, surgeon experience was coded as the total number of cases conducted by the surgeon before the patient's operation. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were developed to predict recurrence. Discrimination and calibration of the models was assessed following bootstrapping methods, and the models were presented as nomograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this combined series, the 10-year probability of recurrence was 23.9%. The nomograms were quite discriminating (preoperative concordance index, 0.767; postoperative concordance index, 0.812). Calibration appeared to be very good for each. Surgeon experience seemed to have a quite modest effect, especially postoperatively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nomograms have been developed that consider the surgeon's experience as a predictor. The tools appeared to predict reasonably well but were somewhat little improved with the addition of surgeon experience as a predictor variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Kattan
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Vickers
authors.forename: Changhong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Fernando J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Bianco
authors.forename: Angel M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cronin
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Eastham
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Alwyn M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Reuther
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Edson Pontes
authors.forename: Peter T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Scardino
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; D049451:Nomograms; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen