title: Combinatorial effects of environmental parameters on transcriptional regulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a quantitative analysis of a compendium of chemostat-based transcriptome data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microorganisms adapt their transcriptome by integrating multiple chemical and physical signals from their environment. Shake-flask cultivation does not allow precise manipulation of individual culture parameters and therefore precludes a quantitative analysis of the (combinatorial) influence of these parameters on transcriptional regulation. Steady-state chemostat cultures, which do enable accurate control, measurement and manipulation of individual cultivation parameters (e.g. specific growth rate, temperature, identity of the growth-limiting nutrient) appear to provide a promising experimental platform for such a combinatorial analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A microarray compendium of 170 steady-state chemostat cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is presented and analyzed. The 170 microarrays encompass 55 unique conditions, which can be characterized by the combined settings of 10 different cultivation parameters. By applying a regression model to assess the impact of (combinations of) cultivation parameters on the transcriptome, most S. cerevisiae genes were shown to be influenced by multiple cultivation parameters, and in many cases by combinatorial effects of cultivation parameters. The inclusion of these combinatorial effects in the regression model led to higher explained variance of the gene expression patterns and resulted in higher function enrichment in subsequent analysis. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the compendium and regression analysis for interpretation of shake-flask-based transcriptome studies and for guiding functional analysis of (uncharacterized) genes and pathways.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modeling the combinatorial effects of environmental parameters on the transcriptome is crucial for understanding transcriptional regulation. Chemostat cultivation offers a powerful tool for such an approach.
authors.affiliation: Information and Communication Theory Group, Department of Mediamatics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD, Delft, the Netherlands. t.a.knijnenburg@tudelft.nl
authors.forename: Theo A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Knijnenburg
authors.forename: Jean-Marc G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Daran
authors.forename: Marcel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: van den Broek
authors.forename: Pascale As
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Daran-Lapujade
authors.forename: Johannes H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: de Winde
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Pronk
authors.forename: Marcel J T
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Reinders
authors.forename: Lodewyk F A
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wessels
mesh_terms: D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*