title: Influence of gender of physicians and patients on guideline-recommended treatment of chronic heart failure in a cross-sectional study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical outcomes of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have improved, but evidence-based treatment appears to be imbalanced depending on patients' and physicians' gender. We aimed to determine the interactions of gender with medical treatment of CHF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Consecutive patients with CHF (n = 1857) were evaluated regarding co-morbidities, New York Heart Association classification, current medical treatment, and dosage of angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitors (ACE-Is) and beta-blockers. Gender of patients and treating physicians was recorded. Baseline characteristics of patients and physicians were comparable for males and females. Female patients were less frequently treated with ACE-Is, angiotensin-receptor blockers, or beta-blockers. Achieved doses were lower in female compared with male patients. Guideline-recommended drug use and achieved target doses tended to be higher in patients treated by female physicians. There was no different treatment for male or female patients by female physicians, whereas male physicians used significantly less medication and lower doses in female patients. In multivariable analysis, female gender of physicians was an independent predictor of use of beta-blockers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of CHF is influenced by patients', but also physicians' gender with regard to evidenced-based drugs and their dosage. Physicians should be aware of this problem in order to avoid gender-related treatment imbalances.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of the Saarland, Kirrbergerstr. 1, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany. magnus@baumhaekel.de
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baumhäkel
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Böhm
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000368:Aged; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010820:Physicians / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors