title: Protocols for Paget-Schroetter syndrome and late treatment of chronic subclavian vein obstruction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paget-Schroetter syndrome is a serious condition that if not treated promptly and properly leads to severe sequelae and permanent disability. In its late stage, chronic fibrous obliteration of the vein is rarely amenable to surgical treatment, except in very few select cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 126 Paget-Schroetter syndrome patients (group I) by implementing an emergency protocol of thrombolysis by catheter-directed infusion, followed by immediate surgery through an anterior subclavian approach entailing (1) decompression of the thoracic inlet and (2) repairing the vein with a vein patch to reestablish its normal caliber. In addition, we treated another selective group of 81 patients (group II) for chronic fibrotic obstruction several months after their original event, but only when the inflow was adequate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our acute emergency care resulted in a 100% long-term patency rate in group I, with no sequelae. The patency rate in group II was 100% as well, but in 74% a long vein patch, endovascular stents, or homograft implants were used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implementation of an emergency approach to treat Paget-Schroetter syndrome is highly recommended to prevent the delayed sequelae of permanent subclavian vein obliteration and disability. In chronic obstruction, when feasible, we recommend a long saphenous vein patch, followed by endovascular stent implant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. molin001@umn.edu
authors.forename: J Ernesto
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Dietz
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010690:Phlebography / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013350:Subclavian Vein / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D015996:Survival Rate; D013577:Syndrome; D017131:Thrombectomy / Q000379:methods; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*