title: Surgical site infection prevention: the importance of operative duration and blood transfusion--results of the first American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Best Practices Initiative.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Surgical site infections (SSI) continue to be a significant problem in surgery. The American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) Best Practices Initiative compared process and structural characteristics among 117 private sector hospitals in an effort to define best practices aimed at preventing SSI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using standard NSQIP methodologies, we identified 20 low outlier and 13 high outlier hospitals for SSI using data from the ACS-NSQIP in 2006. Each hospital was administered a process of care survey, and site visits were conducted to five hospitals. Comparisons between the low and high outlier hospitals were made with regard to patient characteristics, operative variables, structural variables, and processes of care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hospitals that were high outliers for SSI had higher trainee-to-bed ratios (0.61 versus 0.25, p < 0.0001), and the operations took significantly longer (128.3+/-104.3 minutes versus 102.7+/-83.9 minutes, p < 0.001). Patients operated on at low outlier hospitals were less likely to present to the operating room anemic (4.9% versus 9.7%, p=0.007) or to receive a transfusion (5.1% versus 8.0%, p=0.03). In general, perioperative policies and practices were very similar between the low and high outlier hospitals, although low outlier hospitals were readily identified by site visitors. Overall, low outlier hospitals were smaller, efficient in the delivery of care, and experienced little operative staff turnover.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that evidence-based SSI prevention practices do not easily distinguish well from poorly performing hospitals. But structural and process of care characteristics of hospitals were found to have a significant association with good results.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
authors.forename: Darrell A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Englesbe
authors.forename: Bruce L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
authors.forename: Dale
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bratzler
authors.forename: E Patchen
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: Leigh
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Neumayer
authors.forename: Barbara L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: Matthew M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Hutter
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Clifford
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Kamal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Itani
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siperstein
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Shukri F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Khuri
mesh_terms: D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006801:Humans; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000592:standards; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors