title: Binocular depth inversion as a paradigm of reduced visual information processing in prodromal state, antipsychotic-naïve and treated schizophrenia.
abstract: The binocular depth inversion illusion test (BDII) represents a sensitive measure of impaired visual information processing that manifests in various experimental and naturally occurring psychotic states. This study explores impairment of visual processing in different major psychiatric diseases investigating 313 subjects, suffering of either an initial prodromal state of psychosis (IPS) or a first-episode, antipsychotic-naïve paranoid schizophrenia (SZ-N) as well as short-term antipsychotically treated schizophrenia (SZ-T), major depression (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), dementia (D), and healthy controls (HC). Patients suffering from either IPS, SZ-N or a SZ-T showed significantly higher scores of BDII compared to HC, indicating that visual processing is already disturbed at an early state of the disease. For MDD, BD and D no statistically significant difference was found compared to HC. As the identification of individuals at high risk for developing schizophrenia relies on rating scales assessing subtle, pre-psychotic psychopathology, it would be of interest to have more diagnostic criteria available, testing, e.g. cognitive and perceptual impairment. We therefore analysed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, testing prodromal cases versus a clinically relevant sample of non-psychotic patients and controls, which included HC as well as the groups of patients suffering from MDD, BD or D revealing a AUC of 0.70. Thus, the BDII may be useful as an additional neuropsychological test for assessment of patients at high risk for developing schizophrenia.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50924, Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Koethe
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kranaster
authors.forename: Carolin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoyer
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Miriam A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Neatby
authors.forename: Frauke
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Schultze-Lutter
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ruhrmann
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klosterkötter
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hellmich
authors.forename: F Markus
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Leweke
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D003867:Depth Perception; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015357:Vision Disparity; D015348:Vision, Binocular
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents