title: Quantitative determination of caffeine and alcohol in energy drinks and the potential to produce positive transdermal alcohol concentrations in human subjects.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether non-alcoholic energy drinks could result in positive "alcohol alerts" based on transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) using a commercially available electrochemical monitoring device. Eleven energy drinks were quantitatively assayed for both ethanol and caffeine. Ethanol concentrations for all of the non-alcoholic energy drinks ranged in concentration from 0.03 to 0.230% (w/v) and caffeine content per 8-oz serving ranged from 65 to 126 mg. A total of 15 human subjects participated in the study. Subjects consumed between 6 and 8 energy drinks over an 8-h period. The SCRAM II monitoring device was used to determine TACs every 30 min before, during, and after the study. None of the subjects produced TAC readings that resulted in positive "alcohol alerts". TAC measurements for all subjects before, during and after the energy drink study period (16 h total) were <0.02% (w/v). Subjects in the study consumed a quantity of non-alcoholic energy drink that greatly exceeds what would be considered typical. Based on these results, it appears that energy drink consumption is an unlikely explanation for elevated TACs that might be identified as potential drinking episodes or "alcohol alerts" using this device.
authors.affiliation: Forensic Science Program, College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University, Box 2525, 1003 Bowers Blvd., Huntsville, Texas 77341, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ayala
authors.forename: Kelsie
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Simons
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kerrigan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000032:analysis*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000032:analysis*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000032:analysis*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013542:Sweat / Q000737:chemistry*; D014870:Water Loss, Insensible; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine; D000431:Ethanol