title: Adherence to guidelines for use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents in patients with chemotherapy-induced anemia: results of a retrospective study of an electronic medical-records database in the United States, 2002-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chemotherapy-induced anemia (CIA) commonly occurs in cancer patients receiving conventional myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Two national guidelines regarding the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) in CIA were released in 2002. Because of poorer disease outcomes and increased risk of adverse events associated with ESAs in recent studies, the use of ESAs has been increasingly restricted in practice guidelines in the years 2007 and 2008.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to provide a baseline for adherence to national guidelines in the use of ESAs for CIA between 2002 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective study used the Varian Medical Oncology database (Varian Medical Systems, Inc., Palo Alto, California) of electronic medical records, representing 17 outpatient oncology organizations at 71 clinic locations in the United States. Adults diagnosed with any malignant neoplasm who started conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy between January 1, 2002, and September 30, 2006, were included. The proportion of patients receiving an ESA was calculated by hemoglobin (Hb) level during each chemotherapy cycle, stratified by line of chemotherapy and year. Logistic regression modeling identified predictors of ESA use in anemic patients during the first chemotherapy cycle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The records of 17,731 cancer patients were evaluated. Median (SD) age was 61 (13) years, and 58.9% were female. Most patients (84.1%) had a solid tumor. Many patients (41.3%) received platinum containing chemotherapy and 74.4% received combination chemotherapy. During the first 5 cycles of first-line chemotherapy among patients with CIA (Hb <11 g/dL), ESAs were used by 55.8% of patients at cycle 1 and 68.9% at cycle 5. ESA use in CIA patients increased across lines of chemotherapy and time. Few patients (2.8%) received an ESA at Hb >13 g/dL. The statistically significant predictors of ESA use included age >65 years, eastern US residence, private health insurance, community-based care, and solid tumors, especially lung cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The patterns we observed were generally consistent with prevailing ESA labels and national guidelines during 2002 through 2006. Although ESA use in patients with CIA increased over chemotherapy cycles, lines of chemotherapy, and time, <70% of CIA episodes were treated with ESAs during the initial 5 chemotherapy cycles.
authors.affiliation: United BioSource Corporation, 430 Bedford Street, Suite 300, Lexington Office Park, Lexington, MA 02420, USA. Weixiu.luo@unitedbiosource.com
authors.forename: Weixiu
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Beth L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Nordstrom
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fraeman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nordyke
authors.forename: Gayatri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Linz
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winterkorn
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Susan D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Knopf
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000740:Anemia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004348:Drug Labeling / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006397:Hematinics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D008875:Middle Aged; D010045:Outpatients / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins