title: Ethnoveterinary knowledge in pastoral Karamoja, Uganda.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The people of Karamoja of northern Uganda chiefly rely on ethnoveterinary knowledge (EVK) to control common livestock health problems. In spite of cattle's central role in Karamojong culture and livelihoods, there has been no systematic recording of their ethnoveterinary plant-based cures to date.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the remedies used to treat livestock diseases, their preparation and administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, guided questionnaires, group discussions, direct observations and collection trips.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present information on 209 plant species and 18 non-plant materials. Plant species are distributed over 116 genera and 54 families. The most common medicinal use was treatment against anaplasmosis. Balanites aegyptiacus, Carissa spinarum, Warburgia salutaris and Harrisonia abyssinica had the most uses of all species. All different plant parts were used; bark and underground parts were exploited more frequently than other plant parts. Most remedies listed used a single ingredient, typically soaked in water; only 12.8% remedies used multiple plants. The route of administration was primarily oral followed by topical applications. Almost all plants are collected from the wild; none of the few cultivated plants used had been planted for medicinal purposes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pastoralists in the study site possess a wealth of EVK which they use to maintain animal health. Their rich knowledge and high diversity of plants were recorded here for the first time.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Agronomy and Ethnobotany, Ghent University, 653 Coupure links, B-9000 Gent, Belgium. jeangrade@yahoo.com
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Gradé
authors.forename: John R S
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tabuti
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Damme
mesh_terms: D000712:Anaplasmosis / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D019448:Ethnobotany; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D014454:Uganda
chemical_list: D010936:Plant Extracts