title: Flow injection analysis system based on amperometric thin-film transducers for free chlorine detection in swimming pool waters.
abstract: This work reports on the performance of a user-friendly flow injection analysis (FIA) system for the monitoring of free chlorine. A methacrylate flow cell integrating a gold thin-film microelectrode, together with an on-chip gold counter electrode, both fabricated by microfabrication technology, provided robustness, low output impedance, rapid response and low cost to the proposed flow system. An external Ag/AgCl reference electrode placed downstream the chip completes the electrochemical cell. Amperometric detection of chlorine was carried out at a set potential of +350 mV, without oxygen interference. The proposed flow system responded linearly to chlorine concentrations in a range from 0.2 to 5 mgl(-1), with a sensitivity of 0.23 microAlmg(-1), the estimated limit of detection being 0.02 mgl(-1). In addition, the system response was kept stable for at least 10 days (+/-3sigma criterion), by keeping the flow system in an inert atmosphere when not in use. Fifteen samples of swimming pool waters were analyzed and no matrix effects were detected. Also, results were in good agreement with those obtained by a standard method. The excellent analytical performance of the system together with its good working stability would also enable its application for the detection of chlorine in other matrices such as tap water or chlorine stock solutions.
authors.affiliation: Grup de Sensors i Biosensors, Departament de Química, Facultat de Ciències, Edifici C-Nord, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain.
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Olivé-Monllau
authors.forename: Jahir
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Orozco
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernández-Sánchez
authors.forename: Mireia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Baeza
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bartrolí
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jimenez-Jorquera
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Céspedes
mesh_terms: D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis*; D004563:Electrochemistry / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013551:Swimming Pools; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D014867:Water; D002713:Chlorine