title: Differential influence of diet and physical activity on components of metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic sample of children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment of the metabolic syndrome in adults is generally approached with diet and physical activity. The influence of diet and physical activity on cardiometabolic outcomes in children has not been clearly established.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that the distribution of energy from fat and carbohydrate in addition to limited time spent engaging in physical activity would contribute to the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in a multiethnic pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross-sectional study. Diet was assessed by two 24-hour recalls, physical activity by accelerometry, body composition by dual-energy absorptiometry, and glucose and lipid levels using fasting sera.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presence of metabolic syndrome and its components.
  
  
  METHODS
  202 African-American (n=79), white (n=68), or Hispanic (n=55) healthy children aged 7 to 12 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contribution of diet and physical activity to the metabolic syndrome and its components were assessed by logistic regression and multiple linear regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the total sample was 8.4%, with Hispanics more likely than whites and African Americans to meet the criteria. A greater intake of energy from carbohydrate was related to a greater waist circumference and higher concentrations of triglyceride and glucose particularly apparent within the African-American sample (P<0.05). Fat intake was associated with a lower waist circumference (P<0.05) and with lower concentrations of triglyceride (P<0.05) and glucose (P<0.001) in the total sample. Greater moderate/hard physical activity was associated with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in whites (P<0.05). Increased sedentary behavior was related to greater glucose concentration in whites and Hispanics (P<0.05 for both).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diet composition was more closely related to the components of the metabolic syndrome than was physical activity, with carbohydrate intake being adversely related to waist circumference, triglyceride levels, and glucose levels. Furthermore, relationships among diet and metabolic syndrome outcomes were stronger among African-American children, suggesting that nutrition interventions in this group may be particularly beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-3360, USA. kristac@uab.edu
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Casazza
authors.forename: Akilah
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dulin-Keita
authors.forename: Barbara A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Gower
authors.forename: Jose R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fernandez
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D055105:Waist Circumference; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D014280:Triglycerides