title: An exploration of the relationship between depressive symptoms and cortisol rhythms in Colorado ranchers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the effects of stress on health have been studied in numerous urban-dwelling populations, fewer studies have addressed these effects in rural populations, such as farmers and ranchers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study focuses on seasonal levels of depressed affect and perceived stress in Western Colorado ranchers, and how those phenomena related to their levels of cortisol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one (21) ranchers, who were permittees on the Colorado Grand Mesa, completed the study. Participants identified 2-week time periods during the year representing relative high, medium, and low stress. During each period, participants took saliva samples, rated stress levels, and completed a daily health diary. In addition, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the perceived stress scale (PSS), and a life events scale (LES) were administered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a strong relationship between BDI-II and PSS scores (r = 0.748, P < .01). The decreased daytime cortisol decline supports the notion that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis negative feedback loop is disrupted in chronic stress and depression, thus resulting in chronically elevated cortisol levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports the relationship between stress, depression, and HPA dysregulation in ranchers.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laudenslager
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coussons-Read
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D003120:Colorado / Q000453:epidemiology; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000032:analysis*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D011594:Psychometrics; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D012621:Seasons; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone