title: Individual patient education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type 2 diabetes is a common and costly chronic disease which is associated with significant premature mortality and morbidity. Although patient education is an integral component of diabetes care, there remain uncertainties regarding the effectiveness of different methods and modes of education.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of individual patient education on metabolic control, diabetes knowledge and psychosocial outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Multiple electronic bibliographic databases were searched, including The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Premedline, ERIC, Biosis, AMED, Psychinfo, EMBASE, CINAHL, APAIS-health, Australian Medical Index, Web of Science, dissertation abstracts and Biomed Central.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized controlled and controlled clinical trials which evaluated individual education for adults with type 2 diabetes. The intervention was individual face-to-face patient education while control individuals received usual care, routine treatment or group education. Only studies that assessed outcome measures at least six months from baseline were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was extracted by two reviewers who summarized both study characteristics and outcome statistics. A meta-analysis using a fixed-effect model was performed if there were adequate studies with a specified outcome of sufficient homogeneity. For outcomes where there were too few studies or the assessment measurements were not standardized or variable, the results were summarised qualitatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies involving 1359 participants met the inclusion criteria. Six studies compared individual education to usual care and three compared individual education to group education (361 participants). There were no long-term studies and overall the quality of the studies was not high. In the six studies comparing individual face-to-face education to usual care, individual education did not significantly improve glycaemic control (weighted mean difference (WMD) in HbA1c -0.1% (95% confidence interval (CI) -0.3 to 0.1, P = 0.33) over a 12 to 18 month period. However, there did appear to be a significant benefit of individual education on glycaemic control in a subgroup analysis of three studies involving participants with a higher mean baseline HbA1c greater than 8% (WMD -0.3% (95% CI -0.5 to -0.1, P = 0.007). In the two studies comparing individual to group education, there was no significant difference in glycaemic control between individual or group education at 12 to 18 months with a WMD in HbA1c of 0.03% (95% CI -0.02 to 0.1, P = 0.22). There was no significant difference in the impact of individual versus usual care or group education on body mass index systolic or diastolic blood pressure. There were too few studies to perform a meta-analysis on the effect of individual education on dietary self management, diabetes knowledge, psychosocial outcomes and smoking habits. No data were available on the other main outcome measures of diabetes complications or health service utilization and cost analysis in these studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This systematic review suggests a benefit of individual education on glycaemic control when compared with usual care in a subgroup of those with a baseline HbA1c greater than 8%. However, overall there did not appear to be a significant difference between individual education and usual care. In the small number of studies comparing group and individual education, there was an equal impact on HbA1c at 12 to 18 months. Additional studies are needed to delineate these findings further.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Unit, Australian Health Policy Institute, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Sally-Anne S
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Duke
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Colagiuri
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Colagiuri
mesh_terms: D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000628:therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin