title: Human occludin is a hepatitis C virus entry factor required for infection of mouse cells.
abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. The development of much needed specific antiviral therapies and an effective vaccine has been hampered by the lack of a convenient small animal model. The determinants restricting HCV tropism to human and chimpanzee hosts are unknown. Replication of the viral RNA has been demonstrated in mouse cells, but these cells are not infectable with either lentiviral particles bearing HCV glycoproteins (HCVpp) or HCV produced in cell culture (HCVcc) (A.P., M.E. and C.M.R., unpublished observations), suggesting that there is a block at the level of entry. Here we show, using an iterative complementary DNA library screening approach, that human occludin (OCLN) is an essential HCV cell entry factor that is able to render murine cells infectable with HCVpp. Similarly, OCLN is required for the HCV-susceptibility of human cells, because its overexpression in uninfectable cells specifically enhanced HCVpp uptake, whereas its silencing in permissive cells impaired both HCVpp and HCVcc infection. In addition to OCLN, HCVpp infection of murine cells required expression of the previously identified HCV entry factors CD81 (ref. 4), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI, also known as SCARB1) and claudin-1 (CLDN1). Although the mouse versions of SR-BI and CLDN1 function at least as well as the human proteins in promoting HCV entry, both OCLN and CD81 must be of human origin to allow efficient infection. The species-specific determinants of OCLN were mapped to its second extracellular loop. The identification of OCLN as a new HCV entry factor further highlights the importance of the tight junction complex in the viral entry process, and provides an important advance towards efforts to develop small animal models for HCV.
authors.affiliation: Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, USA.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ploss
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Valeriya A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gaysinskaya
authors.forename: Maryline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Panis
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Ype P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Charles M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Rice
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000502:physiology*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000821:virology*; D006801:Humans; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D062793:Occludin; D060225:Tetraspanin 28; D053586:Virus Internalization
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; C554798:CD81 protein, human; C554799:Cd81 protein, mouse; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C568985:OCLN protein, human; D062793:Occludin; C568986:Ocln protein, mouse; D060225:Tetraspanin 28