title: Assessment of smoking behaviors and alcohol use in the national social life, health, and aging project.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP) assessed smoking behaviors and alcohol use as factors directly related to physical health, well-being, and social relationships. We describe self-report measures of tobacco and alcohol use, as well as an established biological marker of tobacco exposure, cotinine, collected in Wave 1 of NSHAP.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compare smoking behaviors and alcohol use by gender and age group. We report on derived measures of alcohol consumption and tobacco exposure widely used in medical and substance use literature, compare current and past users, and describe associations between self-reported smoking status and cotinine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Men are more likely than women to report alcohol use, potential problem drinking, and ever smoking. Alcohol use and smoking are lower among older age groups. Although current smoking is less prevalent than in the general U.S. adult population, 50% of current and 29% of past smokers have lifetime exposure of 40 pack-years or more. Cotinine is directly related to number of cigarettes per day but with considerable unexplained variation. Cotinine levels contradict self-report in fewer than 4% of nonsmokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NSHAP provides data useful for investigation of smoking and alcohol use and their association with health and social factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, MC 2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. mdrum@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: Melinda L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Drum
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiovitz-Ezra
authors.forename: Elyzabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaumer
authors.forename: Stacy T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lindau
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003367:Cotinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012919:Social Behavior; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D003367:Cotinine