title: Development of a piezo-actuated micro-teleoperation system for cell manipulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) requires long training and has low success rates, primarily due to poor control over the injection force. Making force feedback available to the operator will improve the success rate of the injection task. A macro-micro-teleoperation system bridges the gap between the task performed at the micro-level and the macroscopic movements of the operator. The teleoperation slave manipulator should accurately position a needle to precisely penetrate a cell membrane. Piezoelectric actuators are widely used in micromanipulation applications; however, hysteresis non-linearity limits the accuracy of these actuators.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper presents a novel approach for utilizing a piezoelectric nano-stage as slave manipulator of a teleoperation system. The Prandtl-Ishlinskii (PI) model is used to model actuator hysteresis in a feedforward scheme to cancel out this non-linearity. To deal with the influence of parametric uncertainties, unmodelled dynamics and PI identification error, a perturbation term is added to the slave model and applies a sliding mode-based impedance control with perturbation estimation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The stability of entire system is guaranteed by Llewellyn's absolute stability criterion. The performance of the proposed controller was investigated through experiments for cell membrane penetration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The experimental results verified the accurate position tracking in free motion and simultaneous position and force tracking in contact with a low stiffness environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amirkabir University, Tehran, Iran. mzare@aut.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zareinejad
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rezaei
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shiry Ghidary
mesh_terms: D015374:Biosensing Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D002462:Cell Membrane; D002477:Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D008433:Mathematics; D008846:Micromanipulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*