title: Patterns of real-time occupational ultraviolet radiation exposure among a sample of outdoor workers in New Zealand.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an occupational health and safety issue for outdoor workers since excessive exposure is associated with negative health outcomes, including eye conditions and skin cancers. The objective of this research was to describe the pattern of UVR exposure experienced by outdoor workers from selected occupations in New Zealand in order to identify the impact of behaviour and work conditions on exposure.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports on the occupational UVR exposure arm of a dual arm cross-sectional study that also examined workers' sun protection practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  For five consecutive working days in January-March 2007, electronic dosimeters were used to record the time-stamped UVR exposure of a sample of 77 outdoor workers from three occupations (building, horticulture and roading) in Central Otago, New Zealand.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The geometric mean total daily UVR exposure (between 1100 and 1600 h) was 5.32 standard erythemal doses (SED; 95% reference range 0.28-19.97 SED). The geometric mean total daily UVR exposure as a percentage of the total daily ambient UVR was 20.5% (95% confidence interval 1.4-83.0%). Personal UVR exposure dipped between 1200 h and 1300 h--the same time that ambient UVR peaked--indicating the effect of shade seeking over the lunch period. Personal UVR exposure peaked between 1400 h and 1500 h, alongside decreasing ambient UVR levels, suggesting the influence of behavioural rather than climatic factors. The difference in workers' exposure between 1200 h and 1300 h, and 1400 h and 1500 h was statistically significant for both measured personal exposure (P < 0.005) and exposure calculated as a percentage of concurrent available ambient UVR (P < 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All the workers in this study recorded mean daily UVR exposure in excess of the current recommended occupational exposure limits. Only a minority of workers sought shade during their lunch break; most remained in highly exposed conditions. There is no evidence that work tasks which involve substantial sun exposure are being scheduled outside the high UVR period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand. vanessa.hammond@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Reeder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000379:methods; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays