title: Rasmussen encephalitis: long-term outcome after surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is characterized by intractable epilepsy, progressive hemiparesis, and unilateral hemispheric atrophy. The progression of the symptoms to significant neurological impairment usually occurs within months to a few years. RE causes are unknown, although evidence of an autoimmune process has been extensively described in the literature. Antiepileptic drugs are usually not effective to control seizures or cerebral atrophy; despite data supporting a beneficial effect of early immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory interventions, for intractable seizures in RE patients with advanced disease, epilepsy surgery in the form of hemispheric disconnection has been considered the treatment of choice. This work describes the clinical and electrographic analyses, as well as the post-operative evolution of patients with RE.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work includes all the patients with RE evaluated from January 1995 to January 2008 by the Ribeirão Preto Epilepsy Surgery Program (CIREP), taking variables such as gender; age at epilepsy onset; seizure semiology; seizure frequency; interictal and ictal electroencephalographic (EEG) findings; age at surgery, when done; duration of epilepsy; surgery complications; follow-up duration; anatomo-pathological findings; post-surgery seizure; language and cognitive outcome; and anti-epileptic drug treatment after surgery into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients were evaluated; thirteen were female. Mean age of epilepsy onset was 4.4+/-2.0 years. There were no differences between patients with slow and fast evolution with respect to age of epilepsy onset (p=0.79), age at surgery (p=0.24), duration of epilepsy (0.06), and follow-up (p=0.40). There were no correlations between the presence of bilateral EEG abnormalities or the absence of spikes and post-operative seizure outcome (p=0.06). Immunomodulatory therapy was tried in 12 patients (48%). Twenty-three patients underwent surgery. The mean follow-up was 63.3 months. Eleven patients had total seizure control. Twelve individuals persisted with seizures consisting of mild facial jerks (six patients), occasional hemigeneralized tonic-clonic seizures (three patients), and frequent tonic-clonic seizures (three patients). Mental and language impairment was observed in 15 and 12 patients, after surgery, respectively. Eight patients presented post-operative cognitive decline, while only two patients had cognitive improvement. Comparing pre- and post-operative language deficits, 66.7% of the 12 patients with language disturbance did not improve after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This retrospective study reported the clinical and electrographic analysis, as well as the evolution of 23 patients with RE. Patients were divided into two groups: fast evolution and slow evolution to hemiparesis and epilepsia partialis continua. These groups may represent different RE substrates. Fourteen patients achieved satisfactory seizure control, three patients had partial response to surgery, and five patients had maintenance of the pre-operative condition. All patients with left-side involvement presented with some language disturbance, which did not improve after surgery in 66.6% of patients. Cognitive evaluation showed that the majority of the patients did not have any significant improvement, and 38.1% had cognitive deterioration after surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. vctbusta@rnp.fmrp.usp.br
authors.forename: Vera C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Terra-Bustamante
authors.forename: Helio R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: dos Santos Oliveira
authors.forename: Luciano N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Cecília
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Souza-Oliveira
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Escorsi-Rosset
authors.forename: Elza Márcia Targas
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yacubian
authors.forename: Maria da Graça
authors.initials: Mda G
authors.lastname: Naffah-Mazzacoratti
authors.forename: Carla A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Scorza
authors.forename: Esper A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Cavalheiro
authors.forename: Fulvio A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Scorza
authors.forename: Américo C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants