title: Differential requirements of BMP and Wnt signalling during gastrulation and neurulation define two steps in neural crest induction.
abstract: The neural crest is induced by a combination of secreted signals. Although previous models of neural crest induction have proposed a step-wise activation of these signals, the actual spatial and temporal requirement has not been analysed. Through analysing the role of the mesoderm we show for the first time that specification of neural crest requires two temporally and chemically different steps: first, an induction at the gastrula stage dependent on signals arising from the dorsolateral mesoderm; and second, a maintenance step at the neurula stage dependent on signals from tissues adjacent to the neural crest. By performing tissue recombination experiments and using specific inhibitors of different inductive signals, we show that the first inductive step requires Wnt activation and BMP inhibition, whereas the later maintenance step requires activation of both pathways. This change in BMP necessity from BMP inhibition at gastrula to BMP activation at neurula stages is further supported by the dynamic expression of BMP4 and its antagonists, and is confirmed by direct measurements of BMP activity in the neural crest cells. The differential requirements of BMP activity allow us to propose an explanation for apparently discrepant results between chick and frog experiments. The demonstration that Wnt signals are required for neural crest induction by mesoderm solves an additional long-standing controversy. Finally, our results emphasise the importance of considering the order of exposure to signals during an inductive event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Steventon
authors.forename: Claudio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Araya
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Linker
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuriyama
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mayor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002642:Chick Embryo; D054262:Gastrulation / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D008959:Models, Neurological; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D013045:Species Specificity; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D055415:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; C527788:Sox3 protein, Xenopus; D014157:Transcription Factors; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C525812:bmp4 protein, Xenopus; C527781:sox2 protein, Xenopus; C054234:chordin