title: An international prospective general population-based study of respiratory work disability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous cross-sectional studies have shown that job change due to breathing problems at the workplace (respiratory work disability) is common among adults of working age. That research indicated that occupational exposure to gases, dust and fumes was associated with job change due to breathing problems, although causal inferences have been tempered by the cross-sectional nature of previously available data. There is a need for general population-based prospective studies to assess the incidence of respiratory work disability and to delineate better the roles of potential predictors of respiratory work disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective general population cohort study was performed in 25 centres in 11 European countries and one centre in the USA. A longitudinal analysis was undertaken of the European Community Respiratory Health Survey including all participants employed at any point since the baseline survey, 6659 subjects randomly sampled and 779 subjects comprising all subjects reporting physician-diagnosed asthma. The main outcome measure was new-onset respiratory work disability, defined as a reported job change during follow-up attributed to breathing problems. Exposure to dusts (biological or mineral), gases or fumes during follow-up was recorded using a job-exposure matrix. Cox proportional hazard regression modelling was used to analyse such exposure as a predictor of time until job change due to breathing problems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence rate of respiratory work disability was 1.2/1000 person-years of observation in the random sample (95% CI 1.0 to 1.5) and 5.7/1000 person-years in the asthma cohort (95% CI 4.1 to 7.8). In the random population sample, as well as in the asthma cohort, high occupational exposure to biological dust, mineral dust or gases or fumes predicted increased risk of respiratory work disability. In the random sample, sex was not associated with increased risk of work disability while, in the asthma cohort, female sex was associated with an increased disability risk (hazard ratio 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Respiratory work disability is common overall. It is associated with workplace exposures that could be controlled through preventive measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 414, S-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden. kjell.toren@amm.gu.se
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torén
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Zock
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kogevinas
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Plana
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sunyer
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Radon
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kromhout
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: d'Errico
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Payo
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Antó
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Blanc
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004391:Dust; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004391:Dust