Risk factors for cardiovascular disease do not fully explain differences in carotid intima-media thickness between Indigenous and European Australians without diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether cardiovascular risk factors can explain the higher carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in Indigenous compared with European Australians.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study in three subgroups.


METHODS
Non-diabetic urban European (n = 86), urban Indigenous (n = 69), and remote Indigenous (n = 60) Australians aged 25-64 years.


METHODS
CIMT, age, sex, anthropometry, blood pressure, smoking status, fasting glucose and insulin, haemoglobin (Hb)A1c, homocysteine, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipids, urinary albumin and creatinine.


RESULTS
CIMT and levels of risk factors, except fasting glucose and total cholesterol, worsened across the three groups. Log(n) fasting insulin [beta = 0.022, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0-0.0439], age (beta = 0.006, 95% CI 0.004-0.007), gender (female beta = -0.005 vs. male, 95% CI -0.084 to -0.026), mean arterial pressure (MAP) (beta = 0.001, 95% CI 0.001-0.002) and ethnicity/location [urban Indigenous (beta = 0.027, 95% CI -0.010 to 0.064 vs. European); remote Indigenous (beta = 0.083, 95% CI 0.042-0.123 vs. European)] explained 41% of variance in CIMT. Significant interactions were seen for ethnicity/location with age (P = 0.014) and MAP (P = 0.018). Age was consistently associated with CIMT across the three populations, and was associated with larger increments in CIMT for the Indigenous subgroups (beta = 0.007, 95% CI 0.005-0.009 urban; beta = 0.007, 95% CI 0.004-0.010 remote) compared with Europeans (beta = 0.003, 95% CI 0.002-0.006) in models including age, sex and MAP. MAP was only associated with CIMT in the remote Indigenous subgroup.


CONCLUSIONS
After adjusting for selected risk factors, CIMT in remote Indigenous participants was still higher than in Europeans. The slope of the association between age and CIMT steepened from urban Europeans to remote Indigenous.
Maple-Brown
L
L
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia.
Hodge
A
A
Cunningham
J
J
Celermajer
D S
DS
O'Dea
K
K
D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000208:ethnology; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008055:Lipids; D002097:C-Reactive Protein