title: Prolonged norovirus outbreak in a Finnish tertiary care hospital caused by GII.4-2006b subvariants.
abstract: Norovirus outbreaks are difficult to control in hospitals. Cohorting and contact isolation, disinfective surface cleaning and hand hygiene are key elements in outbreak control. A new norovirus variant, GII.4.-2006b, spreading across many continents, caused an exceptionally long epidemic period in Finland, from November 2006 to June 2007. Here, we describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of a norovirus outbreak in a large tertiary care hospital in Finland. Altogether 240 (18%) patients and 205 (19%) healthcare workers fell ill in the 504 bedded main building of Helsinki University Central Hospital during December 2006 to May 2007. The epidemic curve had three peaks in January, February and April, and different wards were affected each time. During the outbreak, 502 patient stool specimens were tested for norovirus RNA, 181 (36%) of which were positive. Molecular analysis of 48 positive specimens revealed three main subvariants of GII.4.-2006b circulating temporally within distinct wards. Of all microbiologically confirmed cases, 121 (67%) were nosocomial and nine (5%) died within 30 days of diagnosis. Molecular analysis suggested that the three main GII.4-2006b subvariants entered the hospital with gastroenteritis patients, and the nosocomial spread within wards coincided with the epidemic peaks. Active control measures, including temporary closure of the wards, ultimately confined the single-ward outbreaks. A prolonged outbreak in the community was probably the source for the prolonged outbreak period in the hospital.
authors.affiliation: Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, Finland. mari.kanerva@hus.fi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanerva
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Maunula
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lappalainen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mannonen
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: von Bonsdorff
authors.forename: V-J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Anttila
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D005838:Genotype; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D029322:Norovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010564:Personnel, Hospital; D012189:Retrospective Studies