title: Chlorhexidine gluconate attenuates the ability of lipoteichoic acid from Enterococcus faecalis to stimulate toll-like receptor 2.
abstract: Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) has been widely used as a canal irrigant or an intracanal medicament on account of its antibacterial substantivity. This in vitro study aimed to determine if CHX attenuates the inflammatory activity of Enterococcus faecalis and its major virulence factor, lipoteichoic acid (LTA). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that CHX-killed E. faecalis was less potent than heat-killed E. faecalis in the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) by a murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 (p < 0.05). Interestingly, pretreatment of LTA with 2% CHX for 6 hours or with 0.2% CHX for 24 hours almost eliminated the TNF-alpha inducibility (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CHX abrogated the ability of LTA to stimulate Toll-like receptor 2, resulting in the attenuated induction of TNF-alpha expression. Collectively, our results suggest that CHX can inactivate LTA of E. faecalis leading to the alleviation of inflammatory responses induced by E. faecalis and its LTA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry and Dental Research Institute and BK21 Program, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Jin-Kyung
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Baik
authors.forename: Cheol-Heui
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Kangseok
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Seung Hyun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: WooCheol
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Kwang-Shik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Bae
authors.forename: Seung-Ho
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Baek
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Won-Jun
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Kee-Yeon
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Kum
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016466:CHO Cells; D002460:Cell Line; D002710:Chlorhexidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D051195:Toll-Like Receptor 2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C009900:lipoteichoic acid; C010882:chlorhexidine gluconate; D002710:Chlorhexidine