title: Chemical composition, radiopacity, and biocompatibility of Portland cement with bismuth oxide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study compared the chemical constitution, radiopacity, and biocompatibility of Portland cement containing bismuth oxide (experimental cement) with those of Portland cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The chemical constitution of materials was determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The radiopacity of the materials was determined using the ISO/6876 method. The biocompatibility of the materials was tested by MTT assay and tissue reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The constitution of all materials was similar. However, the Portland cement and experimental cement were more irregular and had a larger particle size than MTA. The radiopacity of the experimental cement was similar to MTA. The MTT assay revealed MTA to have slightly higher cell viability than the other materials. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the materials, with the exception of MTA at 24 h. There was no significant difference in the tissue reaction between the experimental groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the experimental cement may be used as a substitute for MTA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
authors.forename: Yun-Chan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Song-Hee
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: In-Nam
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: In-Chol
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Min-Seok
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sun-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ho-Hyun
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Son
authors.forename: Won-Mann
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D000818:Animals; D001729:Bismuth; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003287:Contrast Media; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010087:Oxides; D010316:Particle Size; D010513:Periodontal Ligament / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity*; D017640:Silicates; D040521:Subcutaneous Tissue / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D017607:Aluminum Compounds; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D003287:Contrast Media; D003738:Dental Cements; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010087:Oxides; D012387:Root Canal Filling Materials; D017640:Silicates; C472247:accelerated Portland cement; C086631:mineral trioxide aggregate; C033301:bismuth oxide; D001729:Bismuth