title: Mercury emissions during cofiring of sub-bituminous coal and biomass (chicken waste, wood, coffee residue, and tobacco stalk) in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed combustor.
abstract: Four types of biomass (chicken waste, wood pellets, coffee residue, and tobacco stalks) were cofired at 30 wt % with a U.S. sub-bituminous coal (Powder River Basin Coal) in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed combustor. A cyclone, followed by a quartz filter, was used for fly ash removal during tests. The temperatures of the cyclone and filter were controlled at 250 and 150 degrees C, respectively. Mercury speciation and emissions during cofiring were investigated using a semicontinuous mercury monitor, which was certified using ASTM standard Ontario Hydra Method. Test results indicated mercury emissions were strongly correlative to the gaseous chlorine concentrations, but not necessarily correlative to the chlorine contents in cofiring fuels. Mercury emissions could be reduced by 35% during firing of sub-bituminous coal using only a quartz filter. Cofiring high-chlorine fuel, such as chicken waste (Cl = 22340 wppm), could largely reduce mercury emissions by over 80%. When low-chlorine biomass, such as wood pellets (Cl = 132 wppm) and coffee residue (Cl = 134 wppm), is cofired, mercury emissions could only be reduced by about 50%. Cofiring tobacco stalks with higher chlorine content (Cl = 4237 wppm) did not significantly reduce mercury emissions. This was also true when limestone was added while cofiring coal and chicken waste because the gaseous chlorine was reduced in the freeboard of the fluidized bed combustor, where the temperature was generally below 650 degrees C without addition of the secondary air. Gaseous speciated mercury in flue gas after a quartz filter indicated the occurrence of about 50% of total gaseous mercury to be the elemental mercury for cofiring chicken waste, but occurrence of above 90% of the elemental mercury for all other cases. Both the higher content of alkali metal oxides or alkali earth metal oxides in tested biomass and the occurrence of temperatures lower than 650 degrees C in the upper part of the fluidized bed combustor seemed to be responsible for the reduction of gaseous chlorine and, consequently, limited mercury emissions reduction during cofiring. This study identified the important impacts of temperature profile and oxides of alkali metal (alkali earth metal) on mercury emissions during cofiring in the fluidized bed combustor.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Combustion Science and Environmental Technology, Western Kentucky University, 2413 Nashville Rd., Bowling Green, Kentucky 42101, USA. yan.cao@wku.edu
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Hongcang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Junjie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Houyin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Tuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hack
authors.forename: Chia-Chun
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jian-Chang
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Liou
authors.forename: Wei-Ping
authors.initials: WP
authors.lastname: Pan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D019149:Bioreactors; D002645:Chickens; D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D003031:Coal; D003069:Coffee / Q000378:metabolism*; D007753:Laboratories; D008628:Mercury / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000378:metabolism*; D014866:Waste Products; D014934:Wood
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D003031:Coal; D003069:Coffee; D010087:Oxides; D014866:Waste Products; D008628:Mercury