title: Management of childhood urinary tract infections: an economic modeling study.
abstract: Childhood urinary tract infections (UTIs) can lead to renal scarring and ultimately to terminal renal failure, which has a high impact on quality of life, survival, and health-care costs. Variation in the treatment of UTIs between practices is high.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of a maximum care model for UTIs in children, implying more testing and antibiotic treatment, compared with current practice in primary care in The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a probabilistic modeling study using Markov models. Figures used in the model were derived from a systematic review of the research literature. Multidimensional Monte Carlo simulation was used for the probabilistic analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maximum care gained 0.00102 (males) and 0.00219 (girls) QALYs (quality-adjusted life-years) and saved 42.70 euro (boys) and 77.81 euro (girls) in 30 years compared with current care, and was thus dominant. Net monetary benefit of maximum care ranged from 20 euro to 200 euro for a willingness to pay for a QALY ranging from 0 euro to 80,000 euro, respectively. Maximum care was also dominant over improved current care, although less dominant than to current care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that maximum care for childhood UTI was dominant in the long run to current care, meaning that it delivered more quality of life at lower costs. Nevertheless, making firm conclusions is not possible, given the limitations of the input data.
authors.affiliation: Scientific Institute for Quality of Healthcare, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. m.harmsen@iq.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Mirjam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Harmsen
authors.forename: Eddy M M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Adang
authors.forename: René J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wolters
authors.forename: Johannes C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: van der Wouden
authors.forename: Richard P T M
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Grol
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wensing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D018803:Models, Economic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D011336:Probability; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012307:Risk Factors; D014552:Urinary Tract Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents