title: Diabetes mellitus, exocrine pancreatic deficiency, hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation, and chronic inflammation: confirmation of a syndrome.
abstract: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by dysregulation of the immune system leading to inflammation and selective destruction of pancreatic beta cells. Mild to moderate pancreatic exocrine insufficiency is found in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes mellitus may also be part of a syndrome occasionally involving hair and skin abnormalities. We report our observations on two siblings with insulin-dependent diabetes, severe exocrine pancreatic deficiency, pigmented hypertrichotic skin patches with induration and chronic inflammation. The first sibling presented at the age of 9 months with hypertrichosis and hyperpigmentation, particularly on her back and legs and then developed diabetes mellitus at the age of 4 yr. The second sibling presented with exactly the same clinical features but at a later age of 12 yr. Both siblings had severe pancreatic exocrine deficiency with chronic persistent inflammation. Some of the clinical features in these siblings resemble those described by Prendiville et al. although our patients had additional features. The chronic inflammatory response in both siblings is highly suggestive of some form of immune dysregulation. The presence of consanguinity in the parents and similarity of clinical features in the siblings are suggestive of a novel autoimmune disorder, possibly secondary to autosomal recessive inheritance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK. K.Hussain@ich.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hussain
authors.forename: Raja
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Padidela
authors.forename: Ritika R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Kapoor
authors.forename: Chela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Kausik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: Louise C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Raoul C M
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Hennekam
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003241:Consanguinity; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D057487:Enzyme Therapy; D010188:Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017495:Hyperpigmentation / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D006983:Hypertrichosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D007223:Infant; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010179:Pancreas / Q000201:enzymology; D010290:Parents; D035781:Siblings; D012871:Skin Diseases / Q000150:complications; D013577:Syndrome; D004798:Enzymes
chemical_list: D004798:Enzymes