title: Antibacterial activity of epidural infusions.
abstract: The incidence of epidural abscess following epidural catheterisation appears to be increasing, being recently reported as one in 1000 among surgical patients. This study was designed to investigate the antibacterial activity of various local anaesthetics and additives, used in epidural infusions, against a range of micro-organisms associated with epidural abscess. The aim was to determine which, if any, epidural infusion solution has the greatest antibacterial activity. Bupivacaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine crystals were dissolved and added to Mueller-Hinton Agar in concentrations of 0.06%, 0.125%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. Fentanyl, adrenaline and clonidine were also mixed with agar in isolation and in combination with the local anaesthetics. Using a reference agar dilution method, the minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for a range of bacteria. Bupivacaine showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli with minimum inhibitory concentrations between 0.125% and 0.25%. It did not inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at any of the concentrations tested. Levobupivacaine and ropivacaine showed no activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, even at the highest concentrations tested, and minimal activity against Escherichia coli (minimum inhibitory concentrations 0.5% and 1% respectively). The presence of fentanyl, adrenaline and clonidine had no additional effect on the antibacterial activity of any of the local anaesthetic agents. The low concentrations of local anaesthetic usually used in epidural infusions have minimal antibacterial activity. While the clinical implications of this in vitro study are not known, consideration should be given to increasing the concentration of bupivacaine in an epidural infusion or to administering a daily bolus of 0.25% bupivacaine to reduce the risk of epidural bacterial growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Coghlan
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hoyt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Joyce
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kilner
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Waters
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D020802:Epidural Abscess / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D007268:Injections, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077212:Ropivacaine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine