title: Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus: etiology, evaluation, and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes mellitus (CFRD).
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a MEDLINE search of the literature, using the search terms "cystic fibrosis-related diabetes, "CFRD," and "cystic fibrosis and diabetes," to identify pertinent articles available in English.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), CFRD is a major cause for an accelerated decline in health. It is the result of multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms, including destruction of pancreatic islet cells, impaired hepatic response to the antigluconeogenic effects of insulin, and impaired insulin sensitivity. Nutritional management and adequate caloric intake are paramount to successful management of CF. Although insulin remains the standard of care for treating CFRD in conjunction with fasting hyperglycemia, a small but growing body of literature supports the use of oral therapies. In this article, we discuss the benefits of and possible adverse reactions to the various classes of oral and injectable agents used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, with special attention to the population of patients with CF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Orally administered agents can have a role in the treatment of CFRD. Further study is needed to determine the optimal combination of therapeutic modalities for CFRD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, PinnacleHealth System at Harrisburg Hospital, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17104, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fischman
authors.forename: Vinod K
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Nookala
mesh_terms: D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D004035:Diet Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016040:Lung Transplantation / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000628:therapy; D015995:Prevalence
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents