title: Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients treated with hemodialysis--epidemiological analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in patients treated with hemodialysis (HD). The annual cardiovascular mortality rate in these patients is 9%. Left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease and heart failure are the most prevalent cardiovascular causes of death. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of traditional and nontraditional risk factors for cardiovascular complications, to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular complications and overall and cardiovascular mortality rate in patients on HD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated a total of 115 patients undergoing HD for at least 6 months. First, a cross-sectional study was performed, followed by a two-year followup study. Beside standard biochemical parameters, we also determined cardiac troponins and echocardiographic parameters of LV morphology and function (LV mass index, LV fractional shortening, LV ejection fraction). The results were analyzed using the Student's t test and Mann-Whitney U test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with adverse outcome had significantly lower serum albumin (p < 0.01) and higher serum homocystein, troponin I and T, and LV mass index (p < 0.01). Hyperhomocysteinemia, anemia, hypertriglyceridemia and uncontrolled hypertension had the highest prevalence (86.09%, 76.52%, 43.48% and 36.52%, respectively) among all investigated cardiovascular risk factors. Hypertrophy of the LV was presented in 71.31% of the patients and congestive heart failure in 8.70%. Heart valve calcification was found in 48.70% of the patients, pericardial effusion in 25.22% and disrrhythmia in 20.87% of the investigated patients. The average annual overall mortality rate was 13.74%, while average cardiovascular mortality rate was 8.51%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients on HD have high risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Center, Clinic of Urology and Nephrology, Kragujevac, Srbija. aca96@eunet.yu
authors.forename: Dejan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Petrović
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stojimirović
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors