title: Cervical vertebrae, cranial base, and mandibular retrognathia in human triploid fetuses.
abstract: On profile radiographs of adults, an association between fusions of cervical vertebrae, deviations in the cranial base and mandibular retrognathia has been documented radiographically. An elaboration of this association on a histological level is needed. In human triploid fetuses severe mandibular retrognathia and deviations in the cranial base have previously been described radiographically (without cephalometry) and cervical column fusions radiographically as well as histologically. Therefore, triploid fetuses were chosen to elucidate the cranial base cephalomterically and histologically. In the present study, eight triploid fetuses were analyzed radiographically and histologically focusing especially on the cranial base, which borders to the spine and to which the jaws are attached. A histological analysis of the cranial base has not previously been performed in triploid cases. An enlarged cranial base angle and a retrognathic position of the mandible were documented cephalometrically on radiographs of all cases. Histologically, malformations were observed in the cranial base as well as in the spine. These are new findings indicating the association between the occipital bone and the uppermost vertebra in the body axis. As the notochord connects the cervical column and the cranial base in early prenatal life, molecular signaling from the notochord may in future studies support the notochord as the developmental link between abnormal development in the spine and the cranial base.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Institute of Odontology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark. lls@odont.ku.dk
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sonnesen
authors.forename: Dorrit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nolting
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjaer
mesh_terms: D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000002:abnormalities; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000235:genetics; D005333:Fetus / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007621:Karyotyping; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities; D009672:Notochord / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000254:growth & development / Q000473:pathology; D011123:Polyploidy; D011859:Radiography; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000235:genetics*; D019291:Skull Base / Q000002:abnormalities