title: Toxicity of soybean rust fungicides to freshwater algae and Daphnia magna.
abstract: Soybeans are intensively grown over large swaths of land in the Midwestern US. Introduction of the pathogenic fungus responsible for Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) will likely result in a significant increase in the environmental load of strobilurin and conazole fungicides. We determined the toxicity of six such fungicides to the unicellular algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the aquatic invertebrate, Daphnia magna. We found that levels of concern of some fungicides were lower than annual average runoff concentrations predicted for Indiana. Our results suggest that pyraclostrobin and propiconazole, and to a lesser extent tebuconazole, may cause impacts to algae and daphnids in areas where soybeans are intensively grown. More studies are needed to describe the ecological effects of sublethal exposures to these fungicides, as well as monitoring environmental concentrations in watersheds where these fungicides are applied to soybeans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA. hochoaac@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Hugo G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ochoa-Acuña
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bialkowski
authors.forename: Gowri
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yale
authors.forename: Leighanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001487:Basidiomycota; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D054750:Ecotoxicology / Q000379:methods*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007196:Indiana; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D013025:Glycine max / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial