title: Shoulder injuries among United States high school athletes during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 school years.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The shoulder is one of the most commonly injured body sites among athletes. Little previous research describes shoulder injury patterns in high school athletes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe and compare shoulder injury rates and patterns among high school athletes in 9 sports (football, soccer, basketball, baseball, and wrestling for boys and soccer, volleyball, basketball, and softball for girls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective injury surveillance study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injury data were collected from 100 nationally representative US high schools via High School Reporting Information Online.
  
  
  METHODS
  Athletes from participating high schools injured while involved in a school-sanctioned practice or competition in 1 of the above sports during the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 school years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shoulder injury rates, diagnoses, severity, and mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 school years, athletes in this study sustained 805 shoulder injuries during 3 550 141 athlete-exposures (AEs), for an injury rate of 2.27 shoulder injuries per 10 000 AEs. This corresponds to an estimated 232 258 shoulder injuries occurring nationwide during this time. Shoulder injuries were more likely to occur during competition than practice (rate ratio = 3.01, 95% confidence interval = 2.62, 3.46). Shoulder injury rates per 10 000 AEs were highest in football (5.09), wrestling (4.34), and baseball (1.90). Common shoulder injury diagnoses included sprains/strains (39.6%), dislocations/separations (23.7%), contusions (11.5%), and fractures (6.6%). Although 44.8% of athletes sustaining a shoulder injury returned to play in less than 1 week, 22.9% were out of play for more than 3 weeks, and 6.2% of shoulder injuries required surgery. Common mechanisms of shoulder injury included player-to-player contact (57.6%) and contact with the playing surface (22.8%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High school shoulder injury rates and patterns varied by sport. Continued surveillance is warranted to understand trends and patterns over time and to develop and evaluate evidence-based preventive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: John E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Bonza
authors.forename: Sarah K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Fields
authors.forename: Ellen E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Yard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dawn Comstock
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012574:Schools; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000473:pathology; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology