title: Spatially resolved streaming potentials of human intervertebral disk motion segments under dynamic axial compression.
abstract: Intervertebral disk degeneration results in alterations in the mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the disk tissue. The purpose of this study is to record spatially resolved streaming potential measurements across intervertebral disks exposed to cyclic compressive loading. We hypothesize that the streaming potential profile across the disk will vary with radial position and frequency and is proportional to applied load amplitude, according to the presumed fluid-solid relative velocity and measured glycosaminoglycan content. Needle electrodes were fabricated using a linear array of AgAgCl micro-electrodes and inserted into human motion segments in the midline from anterior to posterior. They were connected to an amplifier to measure electrode potentials relative to the saline bath ground. Motion segments were loaded in axial compression under a preload of 500 N, sinusoidal amplitudes of +/-200 N and +/-400 N, and frequencies of 0.01 Hz, 0.1 Hz, and 1 Hz. Streaming potential data were normalized by applied force amplitude, and also compared with paired experimental measurements of glycosaminoglycans in each disk. Normalized streaming potentials varied significantly with sagittal position and there was a significant location difference at the different frequencies. Normalized streaming potential was largest in the central nucleus region at frequencies of 0.1 Hz and 1.0 Hz with values of approximately 3.5 microVN. Under 0.01 Hz loading, normalized streaming potential was largest in the outer annulus regions with a maximum value of 3.0 microVN. Correlations between streaming potential and glycosaminoglycan content were significant, with R(2) ranging from 0.5 to 0.8. Phasic relationships between applied force and electrical potential did not differ significantly by disk region or frequency, although the largest phase angles were observed at the outermost electrodes. Normalized streaming potentials were associated with glycosaminoglycan content, fluid, and ion transport. Results suggested that at higher frequencies the transport of water and ions in the central nucleus region may be larger, while at lower frequencies there is enhanced transport near the periphery of the annulus. This study provides data that will be helpful to validate multiphasic models of the disk.
authors.affiliation: School of Engineering, Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Vermont, 33 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA. james.iatridis@uvm.edu
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Iatridis
authors.forename: Masaru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Furukawa
authors.forename: Ian A F
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Stokes
authors.forename: Mack G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Gardner-Morse
authors.forename: Jeffrey P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Laible
mesh_terms: D019245:Compressive Strength; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000503:physiopathology; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008839:Microelectrodes; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D009038:Motion; D016474:Weight-Bearing
chemical_list: D006025:Glycosaminoglycans