title: Effects of alternating current frequency and permeation enhancers upon human epidermal membrane.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of AC iontophoresis to control skin resistance in different transdermal iontophoresis applications. The objectives of the present study were to (a) identify the alternating current (AC) frequency for the optimization of AC pore induction of human epidermal membrane (HEM) and (b) determine the effects of chemical permeation enhancers upon the extent of pore induction under AC conditions. Experiments with a synthetic membrane system were first conducted as the control. In these synthetic membrane experiments, the electrical resistance of the membrane remained essentially constant, suggesting constant electromobility of the background electrolyte ions under the AC conditions studied. In the HEM experiments, the electrical resistance data showed that higher applied voltages were required to induce the same extent of pore induction in HEM at AC frequency of 1kHz compared with those at 30Hz. Even higher voltages were needed at AC frequencies of 10kHz and higher. AC frequency also influenced the recovery of HEM electrical resistance after AC iontophoresis application. An optimal AC frequency region for effective pore induction and least sensation was proposed. Permeation enhancers were shown to enhance pore induction in HEM during AC iontophoresis. The enhancers reversibly reduced the AC voltage required to sustain a constant state of pore induction in HEM during AC iontophoresis, consistent with the mechanism of lipid lamellae electroporation in the stratum corneum.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
authors.forename: Qingfang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Rajan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kochambilli
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jinsong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hao
authors.forename: William I
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Higuchi
authors.forename: S Kevin
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007478:Iontophoresis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D011760:Pyrrolidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011760:Pyrrolidinones