title: The effect of 'two hit' neonatal and young-adult stress on dopaminergic modulation of prepulse inhibition and dopamine receptor density.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A combination of early neurodevelopmental insult(s) and young-adult stress exposure may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. We studied prepulse inhibition (PPI) regulation in rats after an early stress, maternal deprivation, combined with a later stress, simulated by chronic corticosterone treatment, and also determined whether changes in brain dopamine receptor density were involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to either 24 h maternal deprivation on postnatal day 9, corticosterone treatment from 8 to 10 weeks of age, or both. At 12 weeks of age, the rats were injected with 0.1, 0.3 or 1.0 mg.kg(-1) of apomorphine or 0.5 or 2.5 mg.kg(-1) of amphetamine and PPI was determined using automated startle boxes. Dopamine D(1) and D(2) receptor levels were assessed in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus using receptor autoradiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young-adult treatment with corticosterone resulted in attenuated disruption of PPI by apomorphine and amphetamine. In some rats, maternal deprivation resulted in reduced baseline PPI which added to the effect of corticosterone treatment. There was no down-regulation of dopamine D(1) or D(2) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results confirm and extend our finding of an inhibitory interaction of developmental stress on dopaminergic regulation of PPI. No corresponding changes in dopamine receptor density were observed in brain regions with a major involvement in PPI regulation, suggesting long-lasting desensitization of dopamine receptor signalling or indirect changes in PPI regulation.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, 155 Oak Street, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
authors.forename: Kwok Ho Christopher
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Yvonne P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: de Visser
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van den Buuse
mesh_terms: D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001345:Autoradiography; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D000661:Amphetamine; D001058:Apomorphine; D003345:Corticosterone