title: Direct-conversion flat-panel imager with avalanche gain: feasibility investigation for HARP-AMFPI.
abstract: The authors are investigating the concept of a direct-conversion flat-panel imager with avalanche gain for low-dose x-ray imaging. It consists of an amorphous selenium (a-Se) photoconductor partitioned into a thick drift region for x-ray-to-charge conversion and a relatively thin region called high-gain avalanche rushing photoconductor (HARP) in which the charge undergoes avalanche multiplication. An active matrix of thin film transistors is used to read out the electronic image. The authors call the proposed imager HARP active matrix flat panel imager (HARP-AMFPI). The key advantages of HARP-AMFPI are its high spatial resolution, owing to the direct-conversion a-Se layer, and its programmable avalanche gain, which can be enabled during low dose fluoroscopy to overcome electronic noise and disabled during high dose radiography to prevent saturation of the detector elements. This article investigates key design considerations for HARP-AMFPI. The effects of electronic noise on the imaging performance of HARP-AMFPI were modeled theoretically and system parameters were optimized for radiography and fluoroscopy. The following imager properties were determined as a function of avalanche gain: (1) the spatial frequency dependent detective quantum efficiency; (2) fill factor; (3) dynamic range and linearity; and (4) gain nonuniformities resulting from electric field strength nonuniformities. The authors results showed that avalanche gains of 5 and 20 enable x-ray quantum noise limited performance throughout the entire exposure range in radiography and fluoroscopy, respectively. It was shown that HARP-AMFPI can provide the required gain while maintaining a 100% effective fill factor and a piecewise dynamic range over five orders of magnitude (10(-7)-10(-2) R/frame). The authors have also shown that imaging performance is not significantly affected by the following: electric field strength nonuniformities, avalanche noise for x-ray energies above 1 keV and direct interaction of x rays in the gain region. Thus, HARP-AMFPI is a promising flat-panel imager structure that enables high-resolution fully quantum noise limited x-ray imaging over a wide exposure range.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Research, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. matt.wronski@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Wronski
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rowlands
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D020811:Biomedical Technology; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004581:Electronics; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D008327:Mammography / Q000295:instrumentation; D015233:Models, Statistical; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011789:Quantum Theory; D011859:Radiography / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012643:Selenium; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D012643:Selenium