title: Long-term maintenance of treatment outcomes: diabetes personal trainer intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a 2-year follow-up of A1C outcomes of a self-regulation intervention for youth with type 1 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 81 youths with type 1 diabetes ages 11-16 years were randomized to usual care versus a diabetes personal trainer intervention consisting of six self-monitoring, goal-setting, and problem-solving sessions with trained nonprofessionals. A1C data were obtained from medical records 2 years postintervention, and ANCOVA adjusting for age and baseline A1C was conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An overall intervention effect on A1C (8.93% control vs. 8.43% intervention; F = 8.24, P = 0.05) and a significant intervention-by-age interaction (F = 9.88; P = 0.002) were observed, indicating a greater effect among older than younger youths. Subgroup analyses demonstrated no treatment group differences among pre-/early adolescents but a significant difference in A1C among middle adolescents (9.61% control vs. 8.46% intervention; F = 7.20, P = 0.011).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings indicate maintenance of intervention effects on A1C observed at 1-year follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. nanselt@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Tonja R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Nansel
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Iannotti
authors.forename: Bruce G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Simons-Morton
authors.forename: Leslie P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Plotnick
authors.forename: Loretta M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zeitzoff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D002648:Child; D003376:Counseling; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000523:psychology*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D010349:Patient Compliance; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin