title: Depressive illness burden associated with complex polypharmacy in patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many patients with bipolar disorder receive multi-drug treatment regimens, but the distinguishing profiles of patients who receive complex pharmacologies have not been established.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescribing patterns of lithium, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and antipsychotics were examined for 4,035 subjects with bipolar disorder (DSM-IV) immediately prior to entering the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Subjects were recruited for participation across 22 centers in the United States between November 1999 and July 2005. The quality receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method was used to develop composite profiles of patients receiving complex regimens (p < .01 for all iterations).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of 3 or more medications occurred in 40% of subjects, while 18% received 4 or more agents. Quality ROC analyses revealed that subjects had a 64% risk for receiving a complex regimen (> or = 4 medications) if they had (1) ever taken an atypical antipsychotic, (2) > or = 6 lifetime depressive episodes, (3) attempted suicide, and (4) an annual income > or = $75,000. Complex polypharmacy was least often associated with lithium, divalproex, or carbamazepine and most often associated with atypical antipsychotics or antidepressants. Contrary to expectations, a history of psychosis, age at onset, bipolar I versus II subtype, history of rapid cycling, prior hospitalizations, current illness state, and history of alcohol or substance use disorders did not significantly alter the risk profiles for receiving complex regimens.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex polypharmacy involving at least 4 medications occurs in approximately 1 in 5 individuals with bipolar disorder. Use of traditional mood stabilizers is associated with fewer cotherapies. Complex regimens are especially common in patients with substantial depressive illness burden and suicidality, for whom simpler drug regimens may fail to produce acceptable levels of response.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00012558.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. Joseph.goldberg@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: John O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: Keiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurita
authors.forename: Jennifer C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hoblyn
authors.forename: S Nassir
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ghaemi
authors.forename: Roy H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Perlis
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Miklowitz
authors.forename: Terence A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ketter
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Sachs
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003527:Cyclothymic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012372:ROC Curve; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D016651:Lithium Carbonate