title: Developments of sulcal pattern and subcortical structures of the forebrain in cynomolgus monkey fetuses: 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging provides high reproducibility of gross structural changes.
abstract: The aim of this study was to spatio-temporally clarify gross structural changes in the forebrain of cynomolgus monkey fetuses using 7-tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). T(1)-weighted coronal, horizontal, and sagittal MR slices of fixed left cerebral hemispheres were obtained from one male fetus at embryonic days (EDs) 70-150. The timetable for fetal sulcation by MRI was in good agreement with that by gross observations, with a lag time of 10-30 days. A difference in detectability of some sulci seemed to be associated with the length, depth, width, and location of the sulci. Furthermore, MRI clarified the embryonic days of the emergence of the callosal (ED 70) and circular (ED 90) sulci, which remained unpredictable under gross observations. Also made visible by the present MRI were subcortical structures of the forebrain such as the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, major subdivisions of the thalamus, and hippocampal formation. Their adult-like features were formed by ED 100, corresponding to the onset of a signal enhancement in the gray matter, which reflects neuronal maturation. The results reveal a highly reproducible level of gross structural changes in the forebrain using a high spatial 7-tesla MRI. The present MRI study clarified some changes that are difficult to demonstrate nondestructively using only gross observations, for example, the development of cerebral sulci located on the deep portions of the cortex, as well as cortical and subcortical neuronal maturation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, 300-0051, Japan. k-sawada@tius-hs.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Xue-Zhi
authors.initials: XZ
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Katsuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fukunishi
authors.forename: Masatoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kashima
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sakata-Haga
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tokado
authors.forename: Ichio
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Aoki
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fukui
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008252:Macaca fascicularis / Q000196:embryology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*