title: Eliminating biofilm from ureteral stents: the Holy Grail.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biofilms continue to be a major limiting factor in the long-term use of ureteral stents, promoting the development of chronic infections and antibiotic resistance and encrustation. Apart from stent removal in conjunction with antibiotic therapy, there is currently no treatment proven successful for completely eradicating a biofilm-related infection, highlighting the need for continued research in this area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Research continues to focus mainly on biofilm prevention, specifically the development of novel coatings comprising antibacterial, antifouling or bacterial signalling compounds. Notably, all three strategies have generated candidate coatings showing recent success both in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the current lack of a completely biofilm-resistant device, coating or treatment strategy, continued research into the causation of bacterial biofilm formation and the continued development of novel antibacterial, antifouling and antibiofilm compounds is promising. Future work should be aimed at more rigorous testing of candidate coatings from both physical and bacterial challenge standpoints as well as increased in-vivo investigation via clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada. denstedt@uwo.ca
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cadieux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D015607:Stents / Q000382:microbiology*; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects