title: Efficacy and safety of doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly patients with primary insomnia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate efficacy and safety of the histamine-H1 antagonist doxepin at doses of 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg in elderly adults with primary insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design was used in this population of elderly adults with primary insomnia (DSM-IV). Each treatment period consisted of 2 polysomnographic (PSG) assessment nights with a 5- or 12-day drug-free interval between periods. The study was conducted from September 2004 to January 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sleep laboratories in 11 sleep centers in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Elderly adults with primary insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Doxepin 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg.
  
  
  METHODS
  Efficacy was assessed using PSG and patient-reported measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six patients were randomly assigned. All 3 doxepin doses produced dose-related significant improvements in PSG-determined wake time during sleep (p < .0001), wake time after sleep onset (p < .0001), total sleep time (p < .0001), and overall sleep efficiency (p < .0001) versus placebo. At the 3-mg and 6-mg doses, sleep efficiency was significantly improved during all thirds of the night (p < .05). There was a dose-related decrease in patient-reported sleep latency, with the 6-mg dose achieving statistical significance in latency to sleep onset (p = .0181). The pattern of the remaining subjective efficacy results was consistent with PSG. All 3 doxepin doses had side effect profiles comparable to placebo, with no spontaneously reported anticholinergic effects, no memory impairment, and no significant next-day residual effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this 2-night study of elderly adults with primary insomnia, doxepin doses of 1 mg, 3 mg, and 6 mg were well tolerated and produced significant improvement in objective and subjective sleep maintenance and duration endpoints that persisted into the final hour of the night. Positive effects on patient-reported sleep onset were observed at the highest dose. All 3 doxepin doses had a safety profile comparable to placebo. These data demonstrate that doxepin was efficacious in improving sleep in elderly adults.
authors.affiliation: Tristate Sleep Disorders Center, 1275 East Kemper Rd., Cincinnati, OH 45246, USA. sleepsat1@aol.com
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scharf
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rogowski
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohn
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mayleben
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ereshefsky
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lankford
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004316:Doxepin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000187:drug effects; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D004316:Doxepin