title: Serological reports of human infections of H7 and H9 avian influenza viruses in northern China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  H7 and H9 subtype avian influenza viruses pose a similar threat to humans as H5 virus.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to identify the potential existence of H7 and H9 avian influenza infections in farmers and in poultry workers in northern China regions with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sera were collected from farmers in Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region and Liaoning province and poultry workers in Shandong province. Sera from healthy residents in Shanxi province were used as the controls. H7 and H9 virus infections were examined by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay using horse erythrocytes. The titer equal to or greater than 1:160 was considered positive.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 583 sera collected from farmers in Xinjiang were tested, and 10 (1.7%) were positive for H9 virus infection. Out of 200 sera collected from Liaoning, two (1.0%) were infected by H9 virus. No H7 virus infection was detected in the above serum samples. Neither H7 nor H9 virus infection was identified in 277 poultry workers of Shandong and in 407 residents of Shanxi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although H9 virus infection was limited in farmers from Xinjiang and Liaoning, a public health alert is needed as novel pandemic influenza strains may develop unnoticed given the presence of subclinical infections, and the possibility of re-assortment with prevailing H5N1 virus in these regions.
authors.affiliation: Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Fengtai District, Beijing, PR China.
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Sake J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: de Vlas
authors.forename: Yun-Xi
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jiu-Song
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Rong-Li
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Dang
authors.forename: Yong-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Xian-Jun
authors.initials: XJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ti
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Guo-Ping
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Qing-Li
authors.initials: QL
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Richardus
authors.forename: Shan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Wu-Chun
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Cao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C109963:hemagglutinin, avian influenza A virus