title: Work exposures, injuries, and musculoskeletal discomfort among children and adolescents in dairy farming.
abstract: Little research is available about the specifics of child or adolescent work on dairy farm operations. The objective of this study was to investigate work performed by children and adolescents on these operations. The authors administered mail questionnaires to a community-based, age- and operation size-stratified sample of individuals aged 6 to 18 (n = 240) who worked on dairy operations in Wisconsin. Data were collected in 1999. The 197 children and adolescents reported averaging 567 hours of dairy farm work in the last year (10.9 hours/week) and completed over 1/3 of all calf feeding, 1/5 of the milking, 1/5 of cow feeding, and 1/10 of tractor operation hours on their farm during the weeks they worked. Some of these young workers reported accomplishing duties also judged by some experts as hazardous work, including nearly half of the 9- to 11-year-olds driving tractors. Six nonfatal injuries were reported that required stopping work (14.6 per 100 full time equivalents per year), including those that required medical attention. Musculoskeletal discomfort and disability reports were unremarkable compared to existing studies of general and working populations. Wisconsin dairy farm youth appeared to be working no more hours per week than their peers in other studies of agricultural populations. Adolescents and some children largely performed the same range of tasks and often the same scope of work as adults, including some performing hazardous work. There is a need for further investigations with larger samples of dairy youth to confirm these findings. The exposures of very young workers to hazardous tractor driving and tower silo tasks suggest that there is an urgent need for improved and validated interventions to reduce these exposures.
authors.affiliation: University of Wisconsin, Biological Systems Engineering Department, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA. LJCHAPMA@WISC.EDU
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Chapman
authors.forename: Alvaro D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Taveira
authors.forename: Ben-Tzion
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Karsh
authors.forename: K Gunnar
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Josefsson
authors.forename: Astrid C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Newenhouse
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Meyer
mesh_terms: D000062:Accidents, Occupational / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003612:Dairying / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology; D016526:Workload / Q000706:statistics & numerical data