title: Patterns of motor and non-motor features in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the presence and nature of patterns of coherency among the motor and non-motor domains in Parkinson's disease (PD) and to examine which clinical parameters are related to the potential patterns.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 397 patients with PD were randomly divided into two samples. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was performed on the motor and non-motor symptoms in PD in the first sample. Findings of the EFA were used to construct a model which was tested in the second sample by confirmatory factor analysis. Multiple regression analyses on the resulting factors were performed to evaluate the influence of clinical parameters on these factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four factors were identified. The first and strongest factor (cognitive impairment, autonomic dysfunction, psychotic symptoms, depression, daytime sleepiness and axial symptoms) reflected advancing disease. Another factor largely reflected motor complications of therapy and was related to dopaminergic medication. The other two factors reflected sleep/depression and tremor/bradykinesia/rigidity, and were only marginally related to disease severity or medication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The motor and non-motor features in PD can be characterised by four distinct patterns of coherency, which provide insight into the contributions of the primary disease process and antiparkinsonian medication to the broad clinical spectrum of PD. One factor, consisting of predominantly non-motor symptoms together with axial features, clearly reflected disease severity and may provide a new basis for monitoring disease progression in PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, K5Q-92, Leiden University Medical Centre, PO Box 9600, NL-2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. s.m.van_rooden@lumc.nl
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: van Rooden
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Verbaan
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marinus
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van Hilten
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000978:Antiparkinson Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016014:Linear Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000978:Antiparkinson Agents; D007980:Levodopa