title: Reprogramming of human somatic cells using human and animal oocytes.
abstract: There is renewed interest in using animal oocytes to reprogram human somatic cells. Here we compare the reprogramming of human somatic nuclei using oocytes obtained from animal and human sources. Comparative analysis of gene expression in morula-stage embryos was carried out using single-embryo transcriptome amplification and global gene expression analyses. Genomic DNA fingerprinting and PCR analysis confirmed that the nuclear genome of the cloned embryos originated from the donor somatic cell. Although the human-human, human-bovine, and human-rabbit clones appeared morphologically similar and continued development to the morula stage at approximately the same rate (39, 36, and 36%, respectively), the pattern of reprogramming of the donor genome was dramatically different. In contrast to the interspecies clones, gene expression profiles of the human-human embryos showed that there was extensive reprogramming of the donor nuclei through extensive upregulation, and that the expression pattern was similar in key upregulation in normal control embryos. To account for maternal gene expression, enucleated oocyte transcriptome profiles were subtracted from the corresponding morula-stage embryo profiles. t-Test comparisons (median-normalized data @ fc>4; p<0.005) between human in vitro fertilization (IVF) embryos and human-bovine or human-rabbit interspecies somatic cell transfer (iSCNT) embryos found between 2400 and 2950 genes that were differentially expressed, the majority (60-70%) of which were downregulated, whereas the same comparison between the bovine and rabbit oocyte profiles found no differences at all. In contrast to the iSCNT embryos, expression profiles of human-human clones compared to the age-matched IVF embryos showed that nearly all of the differentially expressed genes were upregulated in the clones. Importantly, the human oocytes significantly upregulated Oct-4, Sox-2, and nanog (22-fold, 6-fold, and 12-fold, respectively), whereas the bovine and rabbit oocytes either showed no difference or a downregulation of these critical pluripotency-associated genes, effectively silencing them. Without appropriate reprogramming, these data call into question the potential use of these discordant animal oocyte sources to generate patient-specific stem cells.
authors.affiliation: Advanced Cell Technology, Worcester, MA 01605, USA. rlanza@advancedcell.com
authors.forename: Young
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Colin E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: Nathan R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Treff
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Vladislav M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Klimanskaya
authors.forename: Wan-Song
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Wun
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Rebecca M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Shi-Jiang
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maserati
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atala
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dittman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lanza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism*; D065150:Cellular Reprogramming; D019976:Cloning, Organism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000235:genetics; D053652:Nuclear Transfer Techniques; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011817:Rabbits; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology