title: Gender differences in stroke incidence and poststroke disability in the Framingham heart study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is emerging as a major public health problem for women, as it is for men. Controversy persists regarding gender differences in stroke incidence, severity, and poststroke disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Framingham Original (n=5119; 2829 women) and Offspring (n=4957, 2565 women) cohorts who were 45 years and stroke-free were followed to first incident stroke. Gender-specific outcome measures were adjusted for the Framingham Stroke Risk Profile components.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed 1136 incident strokes (638 in women) over 56 years of follow-up. Women were significantly (P<0.001) older (75.1 versus 71.1 years for men) at their first-ever stroke, had a higher stroke incidence above 85 years of age, lower at all other ages, and a higher lifetime risk of stroke at all ages. There was no significant difference in stroke subtype, stroke severity, and case fatality rates between genders. Women were significantly (P<0.01) more disabled before stroke and in the acute phase of stroke in dressing (59% versus 37%), grooming (57% versus 34%), and transfer from bed to chair (59% versus 35%). At 3 to 6 months poststroke women were more disabled, more likely to be single, and 3.5 times more likely to be institutionalized (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results from the Framingham Heart Study (FHS) support the existence of gender-differences in stroke incidence, lifetime risk (LTR) of stroke, age at first stroke, poststroke disability, and institutionalization rates. Prestroke disability and sociodemographic factors may contribute to the high rate of institutionalization and poorer outcome observed in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118-2526, USA.
authors.forename: Rodica E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Petrea
authors.forename: Alexa S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Beiser
authors.forename: Sudha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Seshadri
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly-Hayes
authors.forename: Carlos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Kase
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Wolf
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015897:Comorbidity; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007326:Institutionalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*