title: New mechanism of rosiglitazone to reduce neointimal hyperplasia: activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta followed by inhibition of MMP-9.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mechanism of neointimal hyperplasia after vascular injury includes activation of signaling pathways and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that are involved in cell proliferation and migration. Rosiglitazone, a synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, was reported to inhibit neointimal hyperplasia in diabetic animals and humans. But the underlying mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, we examined how rosiglitazone inhibited neointimal hyperplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proliferation and survival of cultured rat VSMCs were reduced by rosiglitazone, which was mediated by inhibition of ERK and activation GSK-3beta, without change of Akt. The antiproliferative effect of rosiglitazone was reversed by GSK-3beta inactivation. The migration of VSMCs was also suppressed by rosiglitazone that inhibited the expression and activity MMP-9 through GSK-3beta activation. Thus migration of MMP-9(-/-) VSMCs from MMP-9 knockout mice was not affected by rosiglitazone. The underlying mechanism of MMP-9 suppression by rosiglitazone was that it inhibited NF-kappaB DNA binding activity, which was also dependent on GSK-3beta. In rat carotid artery, balloon injury significantly inactivated GSK-3beta with induction of MMP-9, which was effectively prevented by rosiglitazone. Thus, rosiglitazone significantly decreased the ratio of intima to media by reducing proliferation and inducing apoptosis of VSMCs at neointima, which was reversed by inactivation of GSK-3beta with adenoviral transfer of catalytically-inactive GSK-KM gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rosiglitazone activates GSK-3beta, which inhibits not only proliferation of VSMCs but also migration of VSMCs through blocking NF-kappaB-dependent MMP-9 activation.
authors.affiliation: Innovative Research Institute for Cell Therapy (IRICT), Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Choon-Soo
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yoo-Wook
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Han-Mo
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Sung-Hwan
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae-Youn
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hur
authors.forename: Kyung-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyun-Jai
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Hyun-Jae
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Young-Bae
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyo-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020536:Enzyme Activators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006965:Hyperplasia; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D009154:Mutation; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D045162:Thiazolidinediones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D020536:Enzyme Activators; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D045162:Thiazolidinediones; D000077154:Rosiglitazone; C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; C000605508:Gsk3b protein, rat; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C501830:Mmp9 protein, mouse