title: Evidence for the involvement of dopamine transporters in behavioral stimulant effects of modafinil.
abstract: Modafinil is prescribed for numerous medical conditions, but the drug's mechanism of action is unclear. Here, we examined the interaction of modafinil with receptors and transporters in vitro and compared pharmacological effects of the drug with those produced by indirect dopamine (DA) agonists 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (GBR12909) and (+)-methamphetamine (METH). Modafinil was screened at various receptors and transporters using binding assays. Transporter-mediated uptake and release were examined in rat brain synaptosomes. Effects of modafinil on motor activity and neurochemistry were determined in rats undergoing in vivo microdialysis in nucleus accumbens. Of the receptors and transporters assayed, modafinil displayed measurable potency only at DA transporters (DAT), inhibiting [(3)H]DA uptake, with an IC(50) value of 4.0 microM. Accordingly, modafinil pretreatment (10 microM) antagonized METH-induced release of the DAT substrate [(3)H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium. Intravenous modafinil (20 and 60 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent increases in motor activity and extracellular DA, without affecting serotonin (5-HT). Analogous results were observed for GBR12909 (1 and 3 mg/kg), whereas METH (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) increased DA and 5-HT. Locomotor effects of all drugs were positively correlated with dialysate DA (P < 0.001). Interestingly, modafinil pretreatment reduced METH-induced ambulation and DA release. Our data show that modafinil interacts with DAT sites in rat brain, a property shared with agonist medications under investigation for treating cocaine dependence. Nondopaminergic mechanisms may also contribute to the pharmacology of modafinil. Finally, the results suggest that modafinil should be tested as an adjunct for treating METH addiction.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Psychopharmacology Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zolkowska
authors.forename: Raka
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Rothman
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Partilla
authors.forename: Bryan L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Setola
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Prisinzano
authors.forename: Michael H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Baumann
mesh_terms: D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000378:metabolism / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001665:Binding Sites; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017551:Microdialysis; D000077408:Modafinil; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013574:Synaptosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D008694:Methamphetamine; D000077408:Modafinil