Immunoglobulins and complement in postmortem multiple sclerosis tissue.
OBJECTIVE
To identify evidence of a discrete, specific immune response in multiple sclerosis (MS) by analyzing the distribution of immunoglobulins and complement in tissue derived from cases of MS, and from control inflammatory white matter diseases known to express viral and autoantigens in the brain and spinal cord.


METHODS
Autopsy tissue from 25 MS patients and 24 patients with other neurological diseases was examined immunohistochemically for immunoglobulins and activated complement (C3d and C9neo).


RESULTS
In tissue remote from focal lesions in MS and other neurological diseases, IgG was detected in many normal structures but not in myelin or ramified microglia. Disrupted myelin in areas of active myelin breakdown and in phagocytes stained positively for C3d and C9neo, and equivocally for IgG in MS and all other neurological diseases examined, including ischemic infarcts. Disease-specific deposits of IgG or complement were detected in virus-infected cells in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and cytomegalovirus encephalitis; in glial-limiting membranes in neuromyelitis optica; and in senile plaques in Alzheimer's dementia. Specific to MS were unusual microglial nodules containing short, linear deposits of activated complement (C3d) on partly demyelinated axons located in normal-appearing periplaque white matter.


CONCLUSIONS
IgG and complement immunostaining of disrupted myelin in MS lesions, frequently cited as an indication of pathogenic anti-myelin antibodies, is a nonspecific feature that cannot be interpreted as evidence of a distinct pathogenesis or serve to define particular variants of the disease. The unusual microglial nodules described in this study may constitute a specific biomarker with pathogenetic significance in MS.
Barnett
Michael H
MH
Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Parratt
John D E
JD
Cho
Eun-Sook
ES
Prineas
John W
JW
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D015933:Complement C3d / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D003186:Complement C9 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology*; D009422:Nervous System Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
D003186:Complement C9; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D015933:Complement C3d