title: Critical evaluation of novel dynamic flow-through methods for automatic sequential BCR extraction of trace metals in fly ash.
abstract: Two novel dynamic extraction approaches, the so-called sequential injection microcolumn extraction and sequential injection stirred-flow chamber extraction, based on the implementation of a sample-containing container as an external extraction reactor in a sequential injection network, are for the first time, optimized and critically appraised for fractionation assays. The three steps of the original Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction scheme have been performed in both automated dynamic fractionation systems to evaluate the extractability of Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in a standard reference material of coal fly ash (NIST 1633b). In order to find the experimental conditions with the greatest influence on metal leachability in dynamic BCR fractionation, a full-factorial design was applied, in which the solid sample weight (100-500 mg) and the extraction flow rate (3.0-6.0 mL min(-1)) were selected as experimental factors. Identical cumulative extractabilities were found in both sequential injection (SI)-based methods for most of assayed trace elements regardless of the extraction conditions selected, revealing that both dynamic fractionation systems, as opposed to conventional steady-state BCR extraction, are not operationally defined within the selected range of experimental conditions. Besides, the proposed automated SI assemblies offer a significant saving of operational time with respect to classical BCR test, that is, 3.3 h versus 48 h, for complete fractionation with minimum analyst involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa Km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain.
authors.forename: Warunya
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Boonjob
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rosende
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miró
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cerdà
mesh_terms: D001331:Automation; D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry*; D060729:Coal Ash; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008670:Metals / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry*; D012015:Reference Standards
chemical_list: D060729:Coal Ash; D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D002244:Carbon