Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease: unresolved questions.
The role of cholesterol as a susceptibility factor or a protective agent in neurodegeneration and, more generally, in amyloid-induced cytotoxicity is still controversial. Epidemiological studies on the hypercholesterolemia-AD risk relation and some reports indicating a beneficial effect of statin therapy suggest cholesterol as a susceptibility factor in AD. The ApoE4 genotype as a prevalent genetic risk factor for AD and the function of ApoE as main cholesterol carrier in the brain also underlie a close cholesterol load-AD risk relation. Finally, cell biology evidences support a critical involvement of lipid raft cholesterol in the modulation of beta- and gamma-secretase cleavage of APP with altered Abeta production. However, little exchange does exist between circulating and brain cholesterol, the latter arising from endogenous synthesis. In addition, increasing evidence supports the idea that amyloid cytotoxicity in most cases is initiated by oligomer recruitment at the cell membrane with loss of membrane integrity, Ca(2+) ingress into the cell, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In such a scenario, increased membrane cholesterol seems to be protective by disfavouring aggregate binding to the membrane. Recent findings also indicate that a reduction of cellular cholesterol favours co-localization of BACE1 and APP in non-raft membrane domains and hinders generation of plasmin, an Abeta-degrading enzyme. Finally, recent researches on Seladin-1, involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, show that modulation of membrane cholesterol affects Abeta generation and cell resistance against Abeta oligomer toxicity. These data confirm previous findings indicating a reduction of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in aged and AD brains. The aim of this review is to critically discuss some of the main results reported in the recent years in this field supporting a role of cholesterol either as a susceptibility factor or as a protective agent in AD.
Stefani
Massimo
M
Department of Biochemical Sciences and Research Centre on Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Florence, Italy. stefani@scibio.unifi.it
Liguri
Gianfranco
G
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000378:metabolism; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008563:Membrane Lipids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors / Q000378:metabolism
D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D008563:Membrane Lipids; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D002784:Cholesterol; D044925:Oxidoreductases Acting on CH-CH Group Donors; C499055:DHCR24 protein, human; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016282:Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases; C509280:BACE1 protein, human