title: Early initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir in infants less than 6 weeks of age: pharmacokinetics and 24-week safety and efficacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With increasing recognition of the benefits of early antiretroviral therapy initiation in perinatally HIV-infected infants, data are needed regarding the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, and efficacy of recommended first-line protease inhibitors such as lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r).
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, phase I/II, open-label, dose-finding trial evaluated LPV/r at a dose of 300/75 mg/m twice daily plus 2 nucleoside analogs in HIV-1-infected infants > or =14 days to <6 weeks of age. Intensive 12-hour PK evaluations were performed after 2 weeks of LPV/r therapy, and doses were modified to maintain LPV predose concentrations >1 microg/mL and area under the curve (AUC) <170 microg hr/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ten infants enrolled [median age 5.7 (range, 3.6-5.9) weeks] with median HIV-1 RNA of 6.0 (range, 4.7-7.2) log10 copies/mL; all completed 24 weeks of follow-up. Nine completed the intensive PK evaluation at a median LPV dose of 267 (range, 246-305) mg/m q12 hours; median measures were AUC = 36.6 (range, 27.9-62.6) microg hr/mL; predose concentration = 2.2 (range, 0.99-4.9) microg/mL; maximum concentration = 4.76 (range, 2.84-7.28) microg/mL and apparent clearance (L/h/m) = 6.75 (range, 2.79-12.83). Adverse events were limited to transient grade 3 neutropenia in 3 subjects. By week 24, 2 of 10 subjects had experienced a protocol-defined virologic failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the LPV AUC in this population was significantly lower than that observed in infants ages 6 weeks to 6 months, LPV/r-based antiretroviral therapy in doses of 300/75 mg/m BID was well tolerated and resulted in virologic control in 8 of 10 infants by 24 weeks. Additional investigation is needed to understand the long-term implications of the lower LPV exposure in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA. egchadwick@childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: Ellen Gould
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Ram
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yogev
authors.forename: Carmelita G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Alvero
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Palumbo
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Rohan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hazra
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Serchuck
authors.forename: Barbara E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: Lynette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Purdue
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Browning
authors.forename: Katherine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Luzuriaga
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodman
authors.forename: Edmund
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Capparelli
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D019438:Ritonavir / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D012367:RNA, Viral; D061466:Lopinavir; D019438:Ritonavir