title: Higher HDL cholesterol levels are associated with a lower incidence of chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Type 2 diabetes is one of the most important risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Recently, it has been shown that lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels predicted the development of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic individuals. We have prospectively assessed the effects of plasma HDL-C levels on the incidence of CKD in a large cohort of type 2 diabetic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We followed 1987 type 2 diabetic outpatients with normal or near-normal kidney function at baseline for 5 years for the occurrence of incident CKD defined as glomerular filtration rate < or = 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) (as estimated by the abbreviated Modified Diet and Renal Disease Study equation). Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the independent relationship between plasma HDL-C levels and incident CKD. During a median follow-up of 5 years, 11.8% (n=234) of participants developed incident CKD. In multivariate regression analysis, higher HDL-C levels were associated with a lower risk of incident CKD (multiple-adjusted hazard ratio 0.76; 95% coefficient intervals 0.61-0.96; p=0.025) independently of age, gender, body mass index, hypertension, smoking history, diabetes duration, hemoglobin A1c, plasma triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, presence of diabetic retinopathy, baseline albuminuria, and current use of medications (anti-hypertensive, anti-platelet, lipid-lowering and hypoglycemic drugs).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher plasma levels of HDL-C are associated with a lower risk of incident CKD in a large cohort of type 2 diabetic adults independently of numerous confounding factors.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Ospedale Civile Maggiore, Piazzale Stefani, 1, 37126 Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zoppini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Targher
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Perrone
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muggeo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL