title: Graphical and numerical evaluation of continuous glucose sensing time lag.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study introduces a new method for graphical and numerical evaluation of time lags typically associated with subcutaneous glucose sensing, based on Poincaré-type plot and a maximum statistical agreement criterion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The proposed method is illustrated by retrospective analysis of 56 continuous glucose monitor (CGM) time series collected by the FreeStyle Navigator (Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA) from 28 patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, each wearing simultaneously two sensors (on arm and abdomen) and parallel reference blood glucose (BG) collected with a reference YSI (Yellow Springs, OH) analyzer every 15 min. The average duration of a time series was 111 h; there were approximately 10,000 sensor-reference data pairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When sliding in time CGM readings versus BG, the point of minimal spread of a Poincaré-type plot marks visually the time of CGM delay. The same point is numerically estimated by minimizing the distance between BG and CGM readings. The average observed time lag between reference BG and CGM was 12.5 min. Stratified by BG rate of change, the time lag was longer (16.8 min) when BG was falling, compared to steady or rising BG (11.7 min and 9.9 min, respectively) (P < 0.005). The time lags at the two sensor locations were not significantly different: 12.4 min on the arm, 12.6 min on the abdomen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this data set, substantial blood-to-sensor time delays were observed, possibly because of both blood-to-interstitial glucose transport and instrumental delay. Analysis of BG-CGM co-dynamics that is free from mathematical approximation of glucose fluctuations resulted in convenient visualization and numerical estimation of these delays.
authors.affiliation: University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA. boris@virginia.edu
authors.forename: Boris P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Kovatchev
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Breton
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D001132:Arm; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D018670:Monitoring, Ambulatory / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose