title: DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme in type 2 diabetes mellitus with renal disease in Mexican Mestizos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The DD genotype of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) has been suggested as a major contributor of diabetic nephropathy in several populations. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether micro/macroalbuminuria is associated with ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism in Mexican Mestizos with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 435 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of whom 233 had albuminuria, were characterized for the ACE I/D polymorphism by the polymerase chain reaction method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical and biochemical characteristics and frequencies according to DD, ID and II genotypes in patients with and without albuminuria showed no significant differences. However, only females with micro/macroalbuminuria showed higher frequency of a DD genotype than those without albuminuria (27.9%, 21.2% and 10.5%, respectively; P <or= 0.044). In addition, female patients with macroalbuminuria without dialysis showed no significant differences with patients undergoing dialysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE DD genotype is a risk factor for the development of renal disease in Mexican Mestizo females with type 2 diabetes, indicating a possible DD genotype-associated sex effect in renal disease.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Department and Medical Research Unit in Biochemistry, National Medical Center, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Palomo-Piñón
authors.forename: Margarita E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Díaz-Flores
authors.forename: Reyna
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Barrera
authors.forename: Adán
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valladares-Salgado
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Utrera-Barillas
authors.forename: Genoveva
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Durán-Reyes
authors.forename: Rosa E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Galván-Duarte
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Trinidad-Ramos
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000235:genetics*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A