title: Predictors of driving safety in early Alzheimer disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To measure the association of cognition, visual perception, and motor function with driving safety in Alzheimer disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty drivers with probable early AD (mean Mini-Mental State Examination score 26.5) and 115 elderly drivers without neurologic disease underwent a battery of cognitive, visual, and motor tests, and drove a standardized 35-mile route in urban and rural settings in an instrumented vehicle. A composite cognitive score (COGSTAT) was calculated for each subject based on eight neuropsychological tests. Driving safety errors were noted and classified by a driving expert based on video review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drivers with AD committed an average of 42.0 safety errors/drive (SD = 12.8), compared to an average of 33.2 (SD = 12.2) for drivers without AD (p < 0.0001); the most common errors were lane violations. Increased age was predictive of errors, with a mean of 2.3 more errors per drive observed for each 5-year age increment. After adjustment for age and gender, COGSTAT was a significant predictor of safety errors in subjects with AD, with a 4.1 increase in safety errors observed for a 1 SD decrease in cognitive function. Significant increases in safety errors were also found in subjects with AD with poorer scores on Benton Visual Retention Test, Complex Figure Test-Copy, Trail Making Subtest-A, and the Functional Reach Test.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Drivers with Alzheimer disease (AD) exhibit a range of performance on tests of cognition, vision, and motor skills. Since these tests provide additional predictive value of driving performance beyond diagnosis alone, clinicians may use these tests to help predict whether a patient with AD can safely operate a motor vehicle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biostatistics, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 200 Hawkins Dr., C-22 GH, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. jeffrey-dawson@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Dawson
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: E Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Uc
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dastrup
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rizzo
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001334:Automobile Driving; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis