title: Characterization of inhibitory anti-insulin-like growth factor receptor antibodies with different epitope specificity and ligand-blocking properties: implications for mechanism of action in vivo.
abstract: Therapeutic antibodies directed against the type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) have recently gained significant momentum in the clinic because of preliminary data generated in human patients with cancer. These antibodies inhibit ligand-mediated activation of IGF-1R and the resulting down-stream signaling cascade. Here we generated a panel of antibodies against IGF-1R and screened them for their ability to block the binding of both IGF-1 and IGF-2 at escalating ligand concentrations (>1 microm) to investigate allosteric versus competitive blocking mechanisms. Four distinct inhibitory classes were found as follows: 1) allosteric IGF-1 blockers, 2) allosteric IGF-2 blockers, 3) allosteric IGF-1 and IGF-2 blockers, and 4) competitive IGF-1 and IGF-2 blockers. The epitopes of representative antibodies from each of these classes were mapped using a purified IGF-1R library containing 64 mutations. Most of these antibodies bound overlapping surfaces on the cysteine-rich repeat and L2 domains. One class of allosteric IGF-1 and IGF-2 blocker was identified that bound a separate epitope on the outer surface of the FnIII-1 domain. Using various biophysical techniques, we show that the dual IGF blockers inhibit ligand binding using a spectrum of mechanisms ranging from highly allosteric to purely competitive. Binding of IGF-1 or the inhibitory antibodies was associated with conformational changes in IGF-1R, linked to the ordering of dynamic or unstructured regions of the receptor. These results suggest IGF-1R uses disorder/order within its polypeptide sequence to regulate its activity. Interestingly, the activity of representative allosteric and competitive inhibitors on H322M tumor cell growth in vitro was reflective of their individual ligand-blocking properties. Many of the antibodies in the clinic likely adopt one of the inhibitory mechanisms described here, and the outcome of future clinical studies may reveal whether a particular inhibitory mechanism leads to optimal clinical efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Biogen Idec, San Diego, California 92130 and Applied Photophysics Limited, Leatherhead, Surrey KT22 7PB, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doern
authors.forename: Xianjun
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Arlene
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sereno
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Reyes
authors.forename: Angelina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Altshuler
authors.forename: Flora
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cathy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hession
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flavier
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Favis
authors.forename: Hon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ailor
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levesque
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berquist
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamraz
authors.forename: Tracey
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Snipas
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Garber
authors.forename: William S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Shestowsky
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rennard
authors.forename: Christilyn P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Graff
authors.forename: Xiufeng
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gregson
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Steffan N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Mitchell E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reff
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Jianying
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Demarest
authors.forename: Kandasamy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hariharan
mesh_terms: D000495:Allosteric Site; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D018604:Epitope Mapping; D000939:Epitopes / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II / Q000737:chemistry; D007700:Kinetics; D008024:Ligands; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000939:Epitopes; D008024:Ligands; D017451:Receptors, Somatomedin; D007335:Insulin-Like Growth Factor II; D017526:Receptor, IGF Type 1