title: Improving conditional discrimination learning and memory in five-year-old children: differential outcomes effect using different types of reinforcement.
abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that discriminative learning is facilitated when a particular outcome is associated with each relation to be learned. When this training procedure is applied (the differential outcomes procedure; DOP), learning is faster and better than when the typical common outcomes procedure or nondifferential outcomes (NDO) is used. Our primary purpose in the two experiments reported here was to assess the potential advantage of DOP in 5-year-old children using three different strategies of reinforcement in which (a) children received a reinforcer following a correct choice (" + "), (b) children lost a reinforcer following an incorrect choice (" - "), or (c) children received a reinforcer following a correct choice and lost one following an incorrect choice (" + / - "). In Experiment 1, we evaluated the effects of the presence of DOP and different types of reinforcement on learning and memory of a symbolic delayed matching-to-sample task using secondary and primary reinforcers. Experiment 2 was similar to the previous one except that only primary reinforcers were used. The results from these experiments indicated that, in general, children learned the task faster and showed higher performance and persistence of learning whenever differential outcomes were arranged independent of whether it was differential gain, loss, or combinations. A novel finding was that they performed the task better when they lost a reinforcer following an incorrect choice (type of training " - ") in both experiments. A further novel finding was that the advantage of the DOP over the nondifferential outcomes training increased in a retention test.
authors.affiliation: University of Almería, Almería, Spain.
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Angeles F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Estévez
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: J Bruce
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Overmier
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011897:Random Allocation; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D013997:Time Factors