title: Comparison of maternal mortality between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai, China, 1996-2005.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Shanghai residents has been declining in the past two decades and has reached levels comparable to developed countries. The MMR in migrating population in Shanghai remains high, however. The objectives of this study were to compare the trends of MMR between residents and migrating population in Shanghai from 1996 to 2005 and to explore the reasons for the dramatic differences in MMR between the two groups living in the same city.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Shanghai, China.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 902,807 pregnancies with live births in Shanghai in the period of 1996-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first compared the overall MMR between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai and examined temporal trends of MMR in the two subpopulations. We then compared the causes and maternal characteristics of maternal deaths between the two subpopulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Maternal mortality and cause of death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 902,807 live births and 243 maternal deaths were recorded in Shanghai in the period of 1996 to 2005, with an average MMR of 26.66 per 100,000 live births. The MMR in Shanghai residents declined dramatically from 22.47 per 100,000 in 1996 to 1.64 per 100,000 live births in 2005 (P < 0.01), while the MMR in migrating population was reduced only moderately from 54.68 per 100,000 live births to 48.46 per 100,000 (P > 0.05). The main causes of maternal deaths in migrating population were postpartum haemorrhage (39.9%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (9.8%), and puerperal infection (9.3%), whereas the main causes of maternal death of Shanghai residents were chronic heart and liver diseases (20.0%), postpartum haemorrhage (12.9%), and amniotic fluid embolism (12.9%). Among the maternal death cases in migrating women, 60% had elementary education or less, 22% were unemployed, 65% had no prenatal visit, 44% gave a birth at home, and 12% of the deaths occurred at home.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lack of access to quality maternity care, especially for the effective management of postpartum haemorrhage, is the main reason for the high MMR in migrating population in Shanghai.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai Women's Health Institute, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Q
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: S W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Wen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000592:standards; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014171:Transients and Migrants / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult