title: Social isolation and stress-related cardiovascular, lipid, and cortisol responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Social support is a strong and consistent predictor of health outcomes, and social isolation predicts increased morbidity and mortality. The mediating processes are not completely understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the study is to investigate associations between social isolation and cardiovascular and lipid responses to acute stress in the laboratory, and cortisol profiles over the day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiovascular and lipid responses to acute stress tasks, and salivary cortisol monitoring, were carried out in 238 healthy middle-aged men and women from the Whitehall II cohort. Social isolation was measured using an adapted version of the Close Persons Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Social isolation was associated with slower post-task recovery of systolic blood pressure in men and women, a higher cholesterol response to stress in men only, and also with larger cortisol awakening responses and greater cortisol output over the day in both men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The impact of social isolation on cardiovascular disease risk may be mediated through stress-related dysregulation of cardiovascular, metabolic, and neuroendocrine processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London WC1E6BT, UK. nina.grant@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hamer
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Steptoe
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012934:Social Isolation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol; D006854:Hydrocortisone