title: Dentoskeletal and soft tissue effects of mini-implants in Class II division 1 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the skeletal, dental, and soft tissue treatment effects of retraction of maxillary anterior teeth with mini-implant anchorage in nongrowing Class II division 1 female patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three patients (overjet > or =7 mm) were selected on the basis of predefined selection criteria. Treatment mechanics consisted of retraction of anterior teeth by placing mini-implants in the interdental bone between the roots of the maxillary first molar and second premolar. A force of 150 g was applied, bilaterally. Treatment effects were analyzed by taking lateral cephalograms and study casts at T1 (before initiation of retraction) and at T2 (after complete space closure).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The upper anterior teeth showed significant retraction (5.18 +/- 2.74 mm) and intrusion (1.32 +/- 1.08 mm). The upper first molar also showed some distal movement and intrusion, but this was not significant (P > .05). The upper and lower lips were retracted by 2.41 mm and 2.73 mm, respectively, and the convexity angle reduced by over 2 degrees (P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mini-implants provided absolute anchorage to bring about significant dental and soft tissue changes in moderate to severe Class II division 1 patients and can be considered as possible alternatives to orthognathic surgery in select cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Craniofacial Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. madhurup@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Madhur
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Upadhyay
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nagaraj
authors.forename: Ravindra
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nanda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D003481:Cuspid / Q000473:pathology; D015921:Dental Implants; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology; D008046:Lip / Q000473:pathology; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000628:therapy*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology; D008963:Molar / Q000473:pathology; D009666:Nose / Q000473:pathology; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019516:Orthodontic Space Closure / Q000295:instrumentation; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants