title: Prophylactic vertebroplasty may reduce the risk of adjacent intact vertebra from fatigue injury: an ex vivo biomechanical study.
abstract: METHODS
  In vitro biomechanical study using human spine specimens.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To find the biomechanical consequences of prophylactic vertebroplasty post fatigue loading.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous vertebroplasty man be an effective treatment for osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture. One frequently observed complication post surgery is the adjacent vertebral failure (AVF). The prophylactic vertebroplasty was proposed to prevent the AVF. The vertebroplasty is, nevertheless, an invasive intervention. More scientific proves are needed for the application of this surgery on a still intact vertebra.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen 5-level fresh human cadaveric thoracic motion segments were divided into standard and prophylactic group. Both ends of the specimen were mounted, leaving the center 3 vertebrae free. The lower level of free vertebrae was artificially injured and cement augmented. The center level vertebra of standard group remained intact and nonaugmented. The center level vertebra of prophylactic group also remained intact, but augmented with bone cement. The specimen was applied with a 2-hour, 5-Hz, 630-N (mean) compressive fatigue loading. Impulse test and CT scanning were conducted both before and after fatigue loading to find the variance of strain compliance of cortical shell and height of vertebral body.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The strain compliance of cortical shell is generally not statistically significantly affected by the fatigue loading, cement augmentation and vertebral level (All P > 0.05). The only exception is that the cortical strain compliance of augmented vertebrae tentatively decreased post fatigue loading (P = 0.012 for tensile strain compliance, and P = 0.049 for compressive strain compliance). The height loss of intact vertebra adjacent to a 2-level augmented (or intact-augmented) vertebra is significantly lower than the one adjacent to a 1-level augmented (or injury-augmented) vertebra (P = 0.014). For an osteoporotic vertebra, neither cortical strain compliance nor vertebral height loss is connected with bone mineral density (all P > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The strain compliance of cortical shell is generally not a sensitive indicator to predict risk of fatigue injury if the fatigue loading is mild. The prophylactic augmentation strengthens the osteoporotic vertebrae, decreases the progression of vertebral height loss, reduces the anterior body shift, and hence protects the adjacent intact vertebra from elevated flexion bending. It can be cautiously suggested that if the vertebra is osteoporotic and adjacent level is located at pivot or lordotic level of spinal column, the prophylactic augmentation may be an option to prevent the AVF.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chun-Kai
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Chiang
authors.forename: Yao-Hung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chung-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Been-Der
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jaw-Lin
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015519:Bone Density; D002102:Cadaver; D003187:Compliance; D005260:Female; D050815:Fractures, Compression / Q000601:surgery*; D015775:Fractures, Stress / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000009:adverse effects*