title: Identification of histone modifications in biomedical text for supporting epigenomic research.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Posttranslational modifications of histones influence the structure of chromatine and in such a way take part in the regulation of gene expression. Certain histone modification patterns, distributed over the genome, are connected to cell as well as tissue differentiation and to the adaption of organisms to their environment. Abnormal changes instead influence the development of disease states like cancer. The regulation mechanisms for modifying histones and its functionalities are the subject of epigenomics investigation and are still not completely understood. Text provides a rich resource of knowledge on epigenomics and modifications of histones in particular. It contains information about experimental studies, the conditions used, and results. To our knowledge, no approach has been published so far for identifying histone modifications in text.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have developed an approach for identifying histone modifications in biomedical literature with Conditional Random Fields (CRF) and for resolving the recognized histone modification term variants by term standardization. For the term identification F1 measures of 0.84 by 10-fold cross-validation on the training corpus and 0.81 on an independent test corpus have been obtained. The standardization enabled the correct transformation of 96% of the terms from training and 98% from test the corpus. Due to the lack of terminologies exhaustively covering specific histone modification types, we developed a histone modification term hierarchy for use in a semantic text retrieval system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The developed approach highly improves the retrieval of articles describing histone modifications. Since text contains context information about performed studies and experiments, the identification of histone modifications is the basis for supporting literature-based knowledge discovery and hypothesis generation to accelerate epigenomic research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Bioinformatics, Fraunhofer Institute Algorithms and Scientific Computing (SCAI) Schloss Birlinghoven, D-53754 Sankt Augustin, Germany. corinna.kolarik@scai.fhg.de
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kolárik
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofmann-Apitius
mesh_terms: D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D016678:Genome; D023281:Genomics / Q000379:methods*; D006657:Histones / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational / Q000235:genetics*; D009626:Terminology as Topic
chemical_list: D006657:Histones