title: Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae: asymptomatic cortical venous drainage portends less aggressive clinical course.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cranial dural arteriovenous fistulae (dAVF) with cortical venous drainage (CVD) (Borden Types 2 and 3) are reported to carry a 15% annual risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) or nonhemorrhagic neurological deficit (NHND). The purpose of this study was to compare the clinical course of Type 2 and 3 dAVFs that present with ICH or NHND with those that do not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight patients with Type 2 or 3 dAVFs were retrospectively evaluated. CVD was classified as asymptomatic (aCVD) if patients presented incidentally or with pulsatile tinnitus or orbital phenomena. CVD was classified as symptomatic (sCVD) if patients presented with ICH or NHND. Occurrence of new ICH or new or worsening NHND between diagnosis and disconnection of CVD or last follow-up (if not disconnected) was noted. Overall frequency of events was compared using Fisher's exact test. Cumulative, event-free survival was compared using Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 17 patients with aCVD, 1 (5.9%) developed ICH and none experienced NHND or death during the median 31.4-month follow-up period. Of 11 patients with sCVD, 2 (18.2%) developed ICH and 3 (27.3%) experienced new or worsened NHND over the median 9.7-month follow-up period. One of these patients subsequently died. Overall frequency of ICH or NHND was significantly lower in patients with aCVD versus sCVD (P = 0.022). Respective annual event rates were 1.4 versus 19.0%. aCVD patients had significantly higher cumulative event-free survival (P = 0.0016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cranial dAVFs with aCVD may have a less aggressive clinical course than those with sCVD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors.forename: Russell G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Strom
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Botros
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Refai
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: DeWitte T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Cross
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chicoine
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: Keith M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rich
authors.forename: Ralph G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Dacey
authors.forename: Colin P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Derdeyn
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Zipfel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000002:abnormalities*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy*; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome