title: Effects of acute and chronic exercise on disulfide-linked growth hormone variants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that the appearance of disulfide-linked growth hormone (GH) aggregates during and after an acute resistance exercise test (ARET) in men could be influenced by chronic physical training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen men (28 +/- 1 yr) underwent two different 8-wk physical training programs designed to improve military performance. Before and after chronic training, subjects performed an ARET (six sets of 10 repetition-maximum squat) and had venous blood drawn pre-, mid-, and post-ARET (0, 15, and 30 min postexercise). To determine whether GH molecules were disulfide-linked, serum samples were chemically reduced via glutathione (GSH). Serum immunoreactive GH (IRGH) and immunofunctional GH (IFGH) concentrations were determined using two specific immunoassays, in nonreduced (-GSH) and reduced (+GSH) states. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No differences were observed in the GH responses of the two training programs; therefore, training group data were combined for analysis. GSH reduction increased the mean GH signal (-GSH: 1.4 +/- 0.3 microg x L(-1) vs +GSH: 1.7 +/- 0.3 microg x L(-1); P < 0.01) only when quantifying IRGH. Post hoc testing indicated that serum contained IRGH disulfide-linked GH aggregates at the mid, 0-, 15-, and 30-min posttime points of the ARET (P < 0.01), whereas GSH reduction did not affect IFGH concentrations. Chronic physical training had no effect on the ARET-induced GH response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute resistance exercise leads to the appearance of disulfide-linked IRGH aggregates, and this response does not appear to be affected by 8 wk of chronic physical training. The physiological significance of increased proportions of disulfide-linked GH aggregates postexercise remains uncertain; however, structural alterations in GH moieties after acute exercise may represent important regulatory steps in mediating GH biological activity at selected target tissues.
authors.affiliation: Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Alexander P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Tuckow
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Alemany
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Rarick
authors.forename: Jeffery S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Staab
authors.forename: Everett A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Harman
authors.forename: Bradley C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Nindl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D005978:Glutathione; D019382:Human Growth Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D053580:Muscle Strength; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010806:Physical Education and Training / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D019382:Human Growth Hormone; D005978:Glutathione