title: Phosphonoformic acid prevents vascular smooth muscle cell calcification by inhibiting calcium-phosphate deposition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of inorganic phosphate in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification (VC) has been studied extensively in recent years. Phosphonoformic acid (PFA), an inhibitor of type II Pi transporters, has been traditionally used to study the involvement of Pi transport in VC, because PFA also prevents calcium deposition in vitro. However, aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) only express PFA-resistant, type III transporters (Pit-1 and Pit-2). Therefore, in this article we have studied the mechanism of VC prevention by PFA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Radiotracer Pi uptake in rat VSMCs was not inhibited at the concentrations at which PFA prevents calcification. Alternative mechanisms whereby PFA could prevent calcification, such as cytotoxicity or phosphodiesterase inhibition, have also been excluded. The progression of calcification also took place in fixed cells. The kinetics of VC prevention by PFA, pyrophosphate, phosphonoacetate, and bisphosphonates was similar in live and fixed cells, showing mean effective concentrations in the micromolar range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PFA mainly prevents VC through a physicochemical mechanism that is independent of any cellular metabolic activity, including Pi transport. Conversely, PFA seems to act similarly to its chemical analogues, inorganic pyrophosphate, and bisphosphonates, as suggested decades ago.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, University of Zaragoza, Spain.
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Villa-Bellosta
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sorribas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D017245:Foscarnet / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D028061:Phosphate Transport Proteins / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D028061:Phosphate Transport Proteins; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D017245:Foscarnet; C020243:calcium phosphate