title: Comparison of three protocols for tight glycemic control in cardiac surgery patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a randomized trial to compare three insulin-titration protocols for tight glycemic control (TGC) in a surgical intensive care unit: an absolute glucose (Matias) protocol, a relative glucose change (Bath) protocol, and an enhanced model predictive control (eMPC) algorithm.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 120 consecutive patients after cardiac surgery were randomly assigned to the three protocols with a target glycemia range from 4.4 to 6.1 mmol/l. Intravenous insulin was administered continuously or in combination with insulin boluses (Matias protocol). Blood glucose was measured in 1- to 4-h intervals as requested by the protocols.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The eMPC algorithm gave the best performance as assessed by time to target (8.8 +/- 2.2 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.3 +/- 1.9 h; eMPC vs. Matias vs. Bath, respectively; P < 0.05), average blood glucose after reaching the target (5.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 6.2 +/- 0.1 vs. 5.8 +/- 0.1 mmol/l; P < 0.01), time in target (62.8 +/- 4.4 vs. 48.4 +/- 3.28 vs. 55.5 +/- 3.2%; P < 0.05), time in hyperglycemia >8.3 mmol/l (1.3 +/- 1.2 vs. 12.8 +/- 2.2 vs. 6.5 +/- 2.0%; P < 0.05), and sampling interval (2.3 +/- 0.1 vs. 2.1 +/- 0.1 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.1 h; P < 0.05). However, time in hypoglycemia risk range (2.9-4.3 mmol/l) in the eMPC group was the longest (22.2 +/- 1.9 vs. 10.9 +/- 1.5 vs. 13.1 +/- 1.6; P < 0.05). No severe hypoglycemic episode (<2.3 mmol/l) occurred in the eMPC group compared with one in the Matias group and two in the Bath group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The eMPC algorithm provided the best TGC without increasing the risk of severe hypoglycemia while requiring the fewest glucose measurements. Overall, all protocols were safe and effective in the maintenance of TGC in cardiac surgery patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Resuscitation and Intensive Medicine, Charles University in Prague, 1st Faculty of Medicine and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Blaha
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kopecky
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matias
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hovorka
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kunstyr
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kotulak
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lips
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rubes
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stritesky
authors.forename: Jaroslav
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semrad
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haluzik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007362:Intensive Care Units / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin