title: Concept analysis of adherence in the context of cardiovascular risk reduction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular disease is the number one cause of death in the United States. Examination of the concept of adherence is essential to provide informed patient-centered care to prevent the development and progression of this largely preventable disease.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this concept analysis is to explore and clarify the concept of adherence. This analysis will provide a framework for those seeking a better understanding of patient decision-making, reduction of relapse to unhealthy behaviors, and increased long-term adherence to cardiovascular health recommendations. Reviews of major theories related to health behavior are reviewed in the second part of the article and are linked to the concept of adherence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following a review of the literature, Morse's guidelines were utilized to present a concept analysis of adherence and the related terms concordance and compliance from the disciplines of nursing, health psychology, ethics, pharmacy, and medicine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Adherence is dependent on the collaborative relationship between patient and healthcare provider. Adherence is influenced by the meaning of health, heart disease, and sense of personal risk as well as socioeconomic status, decision support, motivation, and desire for change, self-efficacy, and sources of credible health information. Attributes of successful adherence include alignment of patient behavior and health recommendations, mastery of new health knowledge and behavior, continued collaborative relationships between the patient and healthcare provider, and ability to meet outcome targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adherence is defined as persistence in the practice and maintenance of desired health behaviors and is the result of active participation and agreement. Adherence is dependent on the development of a concordant relationship and its measurement should be specific utilizing the correct tools. Special attention should be paid to shared decision-making between patient and healthcare provider.
authors.affiliation: Asthma and Allergy Center, Roanoke, VA, USA. scohen@hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Shannon Munro
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003657:Decision Making; D006040:Goals; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D008019:Life Style; D016294:Models, Nursing; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009723:Nurse-Patient Relations; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D020377:Self Efficacy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology