title: GBV-C viremia is associated with reduced CD4 expansion in HIV-infected people receiving HAART and interleukin-2 therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine with multiple effects on lymphocytes including induction of CD4 T-cell proliferation. IL-2 administration has been shown to increase CD4 cell counts in HIV-infected people receiving antiretroviral therapy. GB virus C (GBV-C) is an apparently nonpathogenic flavivirus that replicates in CD4 T cells and inhibits HIV replication in vitro by mechanisms including downregulation of HIV entry coreceptors (CCR5 and CXCR4) and induction of chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1 beta, and SDF-1). GBV-C replication is significantly inhibited in vitro by activation of primary CD4 cell cultures with IL-2 and phytohemagglutinin. We sought to determine if there is an interaction between GBV-C and IL-2 in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  GBV-C viremia status was characterized in 92 HIV-infected individuals participating in a randomized trial of IL-2 and antiretroviral therapy [AIDS Clinical Trials Group Study (ACTG) 328]. Changes in CD4 cell counts and HIV RNA levels in individuals assigned IL-2 were compared with those in individuals assigned antiretroviral therapy alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals lacking GBV-C viremia had a significantly greater rise in CD4 cell count with IL-2, compared with GBV-C viremic individuals (by 511 cells/microl at week 84; interaction P = 0.02): GBV-C viremic individuals assigned IL-2 did not demonstrate a significant increase in CD4 cell count compared with individuals not assigned to receive IL-2 (95% CI for difference -255 to 397 cells/microl).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GBV-C viremia was associated with a block in CD4 cell expansion following IL-2 therapy in the ACTG 328 study, and GBV-C status may be an important factor in IL-2 treatment response.
authors.affiliation: The University of Iowa, Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Jack T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Stapleton
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chaloner
authors.forename: Jingyang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klinzman
authors.forename: Inara E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Souza
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landay
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pollard
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mitsuyasu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D018178:Flaviviridae Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D029407:GB virus C / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014766:Viremia / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D007376:Interleukin-2; D011994:Recombinant Proteins