title: Antiretroviral therapy exposure and insulin resistance in the Women's Interagency HIV study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggesting an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected individuals has heightened the need to understand the relation of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy use, and non-HIV-related factors with insulin resistance (IR).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of 1614 HIV-infected and 604 HIV-uninfected participants from the Women's Interagency HIV Study between October 2000 and March 2007. Homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)-estimated IR at 11,019 semiannual visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV-infected women reporting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) had higher median HOMA than HIV-uninfected women {1.20 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11 to 1.30] times higher for those reporting protease inhibitor-containing HAART; 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01 to 1.20) times higher for those reporting non-protease inhibitor-containing HAART}. Among HIV-infected, cumulative exposure to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) of > 3 years was associated with HOMA 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.25) times higher than the HOMA without any cumulative NRTI exposure. Cumulative exposure to the NRTI stavudine of > 1 year was associated with HOMA 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.27) times higher than the HOMA without any cumulative stavudine use. Family history of diabetes, hepatitis C virus seropositivity, higher body mass index, or reporting menopause was associated with higher HOMA. CINCLUSIONS: Longer cumulative exposure to NRTI; in particular, stavudine is associated with greater IR in HIV-infected women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA. ptien@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Phyllis C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Tien
authors.forename: Michael F E
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Alexandra M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Levine
authors.forename: Mardge
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeHovitz
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Jessica E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Justman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents