title: Celecoxib induces hepatic stellate cell apoptosis through inhibition of Akt activation and suppresses hepatic fibrosis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) but not quiescent HSCs express cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), suggesting that the COX-2/prostanoid pathway has an active role in hepatic fibrogenesis. However, the role of COX-2 inhibitors in hepatic fibrogenesis remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifibrotic effects of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of various COX inhibitors-that is, ibuprofen, celecoxib, NS-398 and DFU, were investigated in activated human HSCs. Then, the antifibrotic effect of celecoxib was evaluated in hepatic fibrosis developed by bile duct ligation (BDL) or peritoneal thioacetamide (TAA) injection in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Celecoxib, NS-398 and DFU inhibited platelet-derived growth facor (PDGF)-induced HSC proliferation; however, only celecoxib (> or =50 microM) induced HSC apoptosis. All COX inhibitors completely inhibited prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and PGI(2) production in HSCs. Separately, PGE(2) and PGI(2) induced cell proliferation and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation in HSCs. All COX inhibitors attenuated ERK activation, but only celecoxib significantly inhibited Akt activation in HSCs. Celecoxib-induced apoptosis was significantly attenuated in HSCs infected with adenovirus containing a constitutive active form of Akt (Ad5myrAkt). Celecoxib had no significant effect on PPARgamma (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma) expression in HSCs. Celecoxib inhibited type I collagen mRNA and protein production in HSCs. Oral administration of celecoxib (20 mg/kg/day) significantly decreased hepatic collagen deposition and alpha-SMA (alpha-smooth muscle actin) expression in BDL- and TAA-treated rats. Celecoxib treatment significantly decreased mRNA expression of COX-2, alpha-SMA, transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFbeta1) and collagen alpha1(I) in both models.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celecoxib shows a proapoptotic effect on HSCs through Akt inactivation and shows antifibrogenic effects in BDL- and TAA-treated rats, suggesting celecoxib as a novel antifibrotic agent of hepatic fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Gastroenterology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Liver Cirrhosis Clinical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135-720, Korea.
authors.forename: Y-H
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: J K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: D Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: An
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: C Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Chon
authors.forename: S I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008106:Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib