Vitamin and mineral supplement use by children and adolescents in the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: relationship with nutrition, food security, physical activity, and health care access.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if vitamin and mineral supplement use among children and adolescents in the United States is associated with nutrition, food security, physical activity, and health care access.


METHODS
Secondary analysis of nationally representative data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.


METHODS
Questionnaires, household interviews, and medical examinations.


METHODS
Children and adolescents 2 to 17 years of age (N = 10 828).


METHODS
Vitamin and mineral supplement use in the past month.


METHODS
Demographics, nutrition, food security, physical activity, and health care access.


RESULTS
Approximately 34% (SE 1.2) used vitamin and mineral supplements in the past month, with underweight subjects reporting greater intake. Younger age, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, being born in the United States, higher milk intake, lower total fat and cholesterol intake, higher dietary fiber intake, higher income, greater food security, lower media/computer use, greater physical activity, lower body mass index, health insurance coverage, better health care access, and better self-reported health were associated with greater use of vitamin and mineral supplements. Such supplements contributed significantly to total daily dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals.


CONCLUSIONS
A large number of US children and adolescents use vitamin and mineral supplements, which for most may not be medically indicated. Such supplements contribute significantly to total dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals, and studies of nutrition should include their assessment. Since vitamin and mineral supplement users report greater health care access, health care providers may be in a position to provide screening and counseling regarding dietary adequacy and indications for supplement use.
Shaikh
Ulfat
U
University of California Davis School of Medicine, 2516 Stockton Blvd., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. ushaikh@ucdavis.edu
Byrd
Robert S
RS
Auinger
Peggy
P
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005523:Food Supply; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009043:Motor Activity; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins