title: The evolution of analgesia in an 'accelerated' recovery programme for resectional laparoscopic colorectal surgery with anastomosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study set out to analyse the outcomes of an evolving accelerated recovery programme after laparoscopic colorectal resection (LCR).
  
  
  METHODS
  The results of a prospective electronic database (March 2000 - April 2008) were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 353 consecutive patients undergoing 'three port' high anterior resection (AR) (237 without covering stoma) and 166 a right hemicolectomy (RHC). One hundred thirty-eight had postoperative analgesia using paracetamol IV and oral analgesia (IVP); 27 (16.3%) received additional parenteral morphine and were excluded. Patient controlled morphine analgesia (PCA) was used in 138. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks, supplemented by IV paracetamol and oral analgesia were used in the last 50 patients. The time to the resumption of diet was significantly reduced with TAP analgesia (median 12 h) and IVP (median 12 h) compared with PCA median (36 h) (chi(2) = 143; 4df: P < 0.001). The postoperative hospital stay was significantly reduced with TAP analgesia (median 2 days) and IVP (median 3 days) compared with PCA (median 5 days); chi(2) = 73; 2df: P < 0.001. Seventeen (34%) TAP and nine (6.5%) IVP patients were discharged within 24 h of surgery compared with no patient in the PCA group. Ninety-three per cent of PCA, 35% IVP and 10% TAP patients were discharged in more than 3 days. The movement towards 'accelerated recovery' was not associated with any increased risk of urinary retention, return to theatre, readmission and/or 30 day mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Laparoscopic surgery utilizing IV paracetamol and TAP blocks for postoperative analgesia aids safe effective 'accelerated recovery' in an unselected patient population undergoing right hemicolectomy and high anterior resection. Routine epidural anaesthesia is unnecessary for LCR. Morphine PCA is associated with delayed recovery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Frenchay Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: G L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Greenslade
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dixon
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000698:Analgesia; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004434:Early Ambulation; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D010535:Laparoscopy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000082:Acetaminophen; D009020:Morphine