title: Beamwidth measurement of individual lithotripter shock waves.
abstract: New lithotripters with narrower foci and higher peak pressures than the original Dornier HM3 electrohydraulic lithotripter have proven to be less effective and less safe. Hence, accurate measurements of the focal characteristics of lithotripter shock waves are important. The current technique for measuring beamwidth requires a collection of single-point measurements over multiple shock waves, thereby introducing error as a result of any shock-to-shock variability. This work reports on the construction of a hydrophone array sensor and on array measurements of individual lithotripter shock waves. Beamwidths for an electrohydraulic lithotripter with a broad-focus HM3-style reflector and a narrow-focus modified reflector were measured using both new and worn electrodes as well as two different electrical charging potentials. The array measured the waveform, beamwidth, and focal location of individual shock waves. The HM3-style reflector produced repeatable focal waveforms and beam profiles at an 18 kV charging potential with new and worn electrodes. Corresponding measurements suggest a narrower beamwidth than reported previously from averaged point measurements acquired under the same conditions. In addition, a lack of consistency in the measured beam profiles at 23 kV underscores the value of measuring individual shock waves.
authors.affiliation: Center for Industrial and Medical Ultrasound, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA. wkreider@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreider
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ketterling
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000295:instrumentation; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors