title: A biosecure composting system for disposal of cattle carcasses and manure following infectious disease outbreak.
abstract: During outbreaks of infectious animal diseases, composting may be an effective method of disposing of mortalities and potentially contaminated manure. Duplicate biosecure structures containing 16 cattle (Bos taurus) mortalities (343 kg average weight) were constructed with carcasses placed on a 40-cm straw layer and overlaid with 160 cm of feedlot manure. At a depth of 80 cm (P80), compost heated rapidly, exceeding 55 degrees C after 8 d and maintained temperatures of 55 to 65 degrees C for > 35 d. Temperatures at 160 cm (P160) failed to exceed 55 degrees C, but remained above 40 degrees C for >4 mo. To investigate rates of microbial inactivation, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were inoculated in manure (E. coli O157:H7 and C. jejuni approximately 10(8) CFU g(-1); NDV, approximately 10(6) EID(50) g(-1)), embedded at P80 and P160 and retrieved at intervals during composting. Escherichia coli O157:H7 and NDV were undetectable after 7 d at both depths. The C. jejuni DNA was detected up to 84 d at P80 and >147 d at P160. To estimate degradation of recalcitrant substrates, bovine brain, hoof, and rib bones were also embedded at P80 and P160 and retrieved at intervals. Residues of soft tissues remained in carcasses after opening at 147 d and bovine tissue decomposition ranked as brain > hoof > bone. More than 90% dry matter (DM) of brain disappeared after 7 d and 80% DM of hoof decomposed after 56 d. High degradation of cattle carcasses, rapid suppression of E. coli O157:H7 and NDV and reduction in viable cell densities of >6 logs for C. jejuni demonstrates that the biosecure composting system can dispose of cattle carcasses and manure in an infectious disease outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research Centre, P.O. Box 3000, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, Canada.
authors.forename: Weiping
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reuter
authors.forename: G Douglas
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Inglis
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Larney
authors.forename: Trevor W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Jiewen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guan
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Yongping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Tim A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: McAllister
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016123:Campylobacter jejuni / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008372:Manure / Q000382:microbiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D009522:Newcastle disease virus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D018505:Waste Management / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008372:Manure; D012987:Soil