title: Dopamine agonist administration causes a reduction in endometrial implants through modulation of angiogenesis in experimentally induced endometriosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Implantation of a retrogradely-shed endometrium during menstruation requires an adequate blood supply. The endometrium has angiogenic potential, and endometriotic lesions grow in areas with a rich vascularization, suggesting that angiogenesis is a prerequisite for endometriosis development. Targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) leads to an inhibition of endometriosis. Dopamine and its agonists, such as cabergoline (Cb2), promote VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) endocytosis in endothelial cells, preventing VEGF-VEGFR-2 binding and reducing neoangiogenesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-angiogenic properties of Cb2 on growth of established endometriosis lesions and investigate the molecular mechanisms by which Cb2 exerts the anti-angiogenic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human endometrium fragments were implanted in female nude mice peritoneum, and mice were treated with vehicle, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg/day oral Cb2 for 14 days. After treatment, the implants were processed to assess proliferative activity, neoangiogenesis, VEGFR-2 phosphorylation and angiogenic gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant decrease in the percentage of active endometriotic lesions (P < 0.05) and cellular proliferation index (P < 0.001) was found with Cb2 treatment. Neoangiogenesis was reduced by Cb2 treatment, as observed at gross morphological level and by significant changes in gene expression. The degree of VEGFR-2 phosphorylation was significantly lower in Cb2-treated animals than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cb2 treatment in experimental endometriosis has an anti-angiogenic effect acting through VEGFR-2 activation. These findings support the testing of dopamine agonists as a novel therapeutic approach to peritoneal endometriosis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Instituto Valenciano de Infertilidad (IVI), University of Valencia, Plaza de la Policía Local, 3, 46015 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Edurne
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Novella-Maestre
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carda
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Noguera
authors.forename: Amparo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Saurí
authors.forename: Juan Antonio
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: García-Velasco
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simón
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pellicer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000077465:Cabergoline; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004715:Endometriosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D004873:Ergolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D004873:Ergolines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D000077465:Cabergoline