title: Estimating the burden of malaria in pregnancy: a case study from rural Madhya Pradesh, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria in pregnancy (MiP) is inadequately researched in India, and the burden is probably much higher than current estimates suggest. This paper models the burden of MiP and associated foetal losses and maternal deaths, in rural Madhya Pradesh, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of pregnancies per year was estimated from the number of births and an estimate of pregnancies that end in foetal loss. The prevalence of MiP, risk of foetal loss attributable to MiP and case fatality rate of MiP were obtained from the literature. The estimated total number of pregnancies was multiplied by the appropriate parameter to estimate the number of MiP cases, and foetal loss and maternal deaths attributable to MiP per year. A Monte Carlo simulation sensitivity analysis was done to assess plausibility of various estimates obtained from the literature. The burden of MiP in tribal women was explored by incorporating the variable prevalence of malaria in tribal and non-tribal populations and in forested and non-forested regions within Madhya Pradesh.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Estimates of MiP cases in rural Madhya Pradesh based on the model parameter values found in the literature ranged from 183,000-1.5 million per year, with 73,000-629,000 lost foetuses and 1,500-12,600 maternal deaths attributable to MiP. The Monte Carlo simulation gave a more plausible estimate of 220,000 MiP cases per year (inter-quartile range (IQR): 136,000-305,000), 95,800 lost foetuses (IQR: 56,800-147,600) and 1,000 maternal deaths (IQR: 650-1,600). Tribal women living in forested areas bore 30% of the burden of MiP in Madhya Pradesh, while constituting 18% of the population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the estimates are uncertain, they suggest MiP is a significant public health problem in rural Madhya Pradesh, affecting many thousands of women and that reducing the MiP burden should be a priority.
authors.affiliation: London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. nadia.diamondsmith@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Diamond-Smith
authors.forename: Neeru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: R K Das
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dash
authors.forename: Krongthong
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thimasarn
authors.forename: Oona M R
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chandramohan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008288:Malaria / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D015597:Pregnancy Complications, Parasitic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population