title: Cardiac arrhythmia is the primary response of embryonic Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) exposed to crude oil during weathering.
abstract: Teleost embryos develop a syndrome characterized by edema when exposed to water that weathers substrates contaminated with crude oil. Previous studies using zebrafish demonstrated that crude oil exposure causes cardiogenic edema, and that the most abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in weathered crude oils (tricyclic fluorenes, dibenzothiophenes, and phenanthrenes) are cardiotoxic, causing arrhythmia through a pathway that does not require activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). We demonstrate here for Pacific herring, a species impacted by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, that the developing heart is the primary target of crude oil exposure. Herring embryos exposed to the effluent of oiled gravel columns developed dose-dependent edema and irregular cardiac arrhythmia soon afterthe heartbeat was established. At a dose that produced cardiac dysfunction in 100% of exposed embryos, tissue levels of tricyclic PAHs were below 1 micromol/kg, suggesting a specific, high affinity target in the heart. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanism of tricyclic PAH cardiotoxicity, the development of biomarkers for the effects of PAH exposure in fish, and understanding the long-term impacts of oil spills and other sources of PAH pollution in aquatic environments.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Boulevard E., Seattle, Washington 98112, USA. john.incardona@noaa.gov
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Incardona
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carls
authors.forename: Heather L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Day
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Sloan
authors.forename: Jennie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bolton
authors.forename: Tracy K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Collier
authors.forename: Nathaniel L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Scholz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000503:physiopathology; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D004487:Edema / Q000473:pathology; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005399:Fishes / Q000196:embryology*; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D014887:Weather
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1