title: GPR119 is essential for oleoylethanolamide-induced glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion from the intestinal enteroendocrine L-cell.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intestinal L-cells secrete the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in response to ingestion of nutrients, especially long-chain fatty acids. The Galphas-coupled receptor GPR119 binds the long-chain fatty acid derivate oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and GPR119 agonists enhance GLP-1 secretion. We therefore hypothesized that OEA stimulates GLP-1 release through a GPR119-dependent mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Murine (m) GLUTag, human (h) NCI-H716, and primary fetal rat intestinal L-cell models were used for RT-PCR and for cAMP and GLP-1 radioimmunoassay. Anesthetized rats received intravenous or intraileal OEA, and plasma bioactive GLP-1, insulin, and glucose levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay or glucose analyzer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GPR119 messenger RNA was detected in all L-cell models. OEA treatment (10 micromol/l) of mGLUTag cells increased cAMP levels (P < 0.05) and GLP-1 secretion (P < 0.001) in all models, with desensitization of the secretory response at higher concentrations. GLP-1 secretion was further enhanced by prevention of OEA degradation using the fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor, URB597 (P < 0.05-0.001 vs. OEA alone), and was abolished by H89-induced inhibition of protein kinase A. OEA-induced cAMP levels and GLP-1 secretion were significantly reduced in mGLUTag cells transfected with GPR119-specific small interfering RNA (P < 0.05). Application of OEA (10 micromol/l) directly into the rat ileum, but not intravenously, increased plasma bioactive GLP-1 levels in euglycemic animals by 1.5-fold (P < 0.05) and insulin levels by 3.9-fold (P < 0.01) but only in the presence of hyperglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of these studies demonstrate, for the first time, that OEA increases GLP-1 secretion from intestinal L-cells through activation of the novel GPR119 fatty acid derivate receptor in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Lina M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Lauffer
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iakoubov
authors.forename: Patricia L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Brubaker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D019858:Enteroendocrine Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D063388:Endocannabinoids; C519854:GPR119 protein, human; C532423:GPR119 protein, rat; C516207:Gpr119 protein, mouse; D009829:Oleic Acids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C488250:oleoylethanolamide; D000242:Cyclic AMP