title: Toxicity evaluation of three pesticides on non-target aquatic and soil organisms: commercial formulation versus active ingredient.
abstract: The Ecological Risk Assessment of pesticides requires data regarding their toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial non-target species. Such requirements concern active ingredient(s), generally not considering the noxious potential of commercial formulations. This work intends to contribute with novel information on the effects of short-term exposures to two herbicides, with different modes of action (Spasor, Stam Novel Flo 480), and an insecticide (Lannate), as well as to corresponding active ingredients (Glyphosate, Propanil and Methomyl, respectively). The microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (growth inhibition), the cladoceran Daphnia magna (immobilisation), and the earthworm Eisenia andrei (avoidance behaviour) were used as test species. Both herbicides were innocuous to all test organisms at environmentally realistic concentrations, except for Stam and Propanil (highly toxic for Pseudokirchneriella; moderately toxic to Daphnia). Lannate and Methomyl were highly toxic to Daphnia and caused Eisenia to significantly avoid the spiked soil at realistic application rates. The toxicity of formulations either overestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for P. subcapitata) or underestimated (e.g. Stam/Propanil for D. magna) that of the active ingredient.
authors.affiliation: CESAM (Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies) & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal. jpereira@ua.pt
authors.forename: Joana L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Sara C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Antunes
authors.forename: Bruno B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Catarina R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Marques
authors.forename: Ana M M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pereira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000460:Chlorophyta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000633:toxicity; D008724:Methomyl / Q000633:toxicity*; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D011411:Propanil / Q000633:toxicity*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D005998:Glycine; D008724:Methomyl; D010575:Pesticides; D011411:Propanil; D000097797:Glyphosate