title: Outcome prediction based on microarray analysis: a critical perspective on methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Information extraction from microarrays has not yet been widely used in diagnostic or prognostic decision-support systems, due to the diversity of results produced by the available techniques, their instability on different data sets and the inability to relate statistical significance with biological relevance. Thus, there is an urgent need to address the statistical framework of microarray analysis and identify its drawbacks and limitations, which will enable us to thoroughly compare methodologies under the same experimental set-up and associate results with confidence intervals meaningful to clinicians. In this study we consider gene-selection algorithms with the aim to reveal inefficiencies in performance evaluation and address aspects that can reduce uncertainty in algorithmic validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A computational study is performed related to the performance of several gene selection methodologies on publicly available microarray data. Three basic types of experimental scenarios are evaluated, i.e. the independent test-set and the 10-fold cross-validation (CV) using maximum and average performance measures. Feature selection methods behave differently under different validation strategies. The performance results from CV do not mach well those from the independent test-set, except for the support vector machines (SVM) and the least squares SVM methods. However, these wrapper methods achieve variable (often low) performance, whereas the hybrid methods attain consistently higher accuracies. The use of an independent test-set within CV is important for the evaluation of the predictive power of algorithms. The optimal size of the selected gene-set also appears to be dependent on the evaluation scheme. The consistency of selected genes over variation of the training-set is another aspect important in reducing uncertainty in the evaluation of the derived gene signature. In all cases the presence of outlier samples can seriously affect algorithmic performance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multiple parameters can influence the selection of a gene-signature and its predictive power, thus possible biases in validation methods must always be accounted for. This paper illustrates that independent test-set evaluation reduces the bias of CV, and case-specific measures reveal stability characteristics of the gene-signature over changes of the training set. Moreover, frequency measures on gene selection address the algorithmic consistency in selecting the same gene signature under different training conditions. These issues contribute to the development of an objective evaluation framework and aid the derivation of statistically consistent gene signatures that could eventually be correlated with biological relevance. The benefits of the proposed framework are supported by the evaluation results and methodological comparisons performed for several gene-selection algorithms on three publicly available datasets.
authors.affiliation: Technical University of Crete, Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, University Campus, Chania, Crete, Greece. michalis@display.tuc.gr
authors.forename: Michalis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zervakis
authors.forename: Michalis E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Blazadonakis
authors.forename: Georgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tsiliki
authors.forename: Vasiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Danilatou
authors.forename: Manolis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsiknakis
authors.forename: Dimitris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kafetzopoulos
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D030541:Databases, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis / Q000379:methods*