title: Management of infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis by programmed endoscopic necrosectomy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Necrosectomy is the gold standard treatment for infected pancreatic necrosis (IPN). A percutaneous and endoscopic approach has been accepted in selected cases. Endoscopic drainage (ED) of IPN can be performed by using transpapillary or transmural procedures, or a combination of both with or without endoscopic ultrasound.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the indications, complications, success rate, and the importance of assessment of main pancreatic duct integrity by endoscopic retrograde pancreatography (ERP) in patients with IPN.
  
  
  METHODS
  Records of all patients who underwent endoscopic necrosectomy from January 2002 to December 2007 at Rio de Janeiro Federal University Hospital were reviewed. A total of 56 patients were included. ED was performed using daily transmural and transpapillary drainage. A diagnostic pancreatogram (ERP) to search for communications between the pancreatic duct and the collection were performed in all cases and in cases where communication existed. A pre-cut needle knife was used to puncture the cyst wall, aspirate the content and then enter at the cyst cavity (contrast was injected to ensure opacification of the cyst and subsequent drainage). Sphincterotomy catheter or balloons were used to enlarge and ensure a wide cystoenterostomy. All patients were followed with computerized tomography scans or ultrasound to ensure clinical resolution. Mean follow-up was 21 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  49/56 patients could be successfully treated. ED was successful in 49 patients (87%) and in 3 (13%) it failed. Mean follow-up was 21 months. During this period, there were 2 (10.5%) pseudocyst recurrences and only 1 (5.2%) recurrence of new episodes of pancreatic necrosis, and all were managed clinically and/or endoscopically. No mortality was related to the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ED with daily necrosectomy is a useful method to remove infected and sterile pancreatic necrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. coelhodjalma@yahoo.com
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Ardengh
authors.forename: J M R
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Eulálio
authors.forename: J E F
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Manso
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mönkemüller
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Coelho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000601:surgery*