title: Low-dose cidofovir for the treatment of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy: two case reports and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) is a serious complication and cause of graft loss in kidney transplant recipients. In the absence of specific antiviral drugs, early detection of the disease and reduction of immunosuppressive regimen is the cornerstone of therapy. Cidofovir, a nucleoside analogue, has been found to inhibit BK virus (BKV) replication in vitro and has been proposed as treatment of refractory PVAN at low doses; however, its efficacy has never been demonstrated in randomized controlled trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cidofovir therapy (0.5 mg/kg at a 2-week interval for eight consecutive doses) was initiated in two patients with biopsy-proven PVAN and persistent BKV DNA viraemia (> or = 10,000 copies/ml despite sustained reduction of the immunosuppressive regimen). In addition to these two case reports, we performed a critical review of the literature on the use of cidofovir in PVAN.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant decrease of BKV viral load in blood was observed during cidofovir therapy and in follow-up of the two patients treated with cidofovir. Our literature review identified 21 publications reporting the use of cidofovir for the treatment of PVAN. All were case reports or small series. The efficacy of cidofovir therapy could not be assessed in 17 of these publications because of lack of data or concomitant reduction of immunosuppressive regimen. The four remaining publications were case reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vitro and clinical data to support the efficacy of cidofovir in the treatment of PVAN are currently lacking. More promising compounds should be identified for further clinical studies.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Diseases Service, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Frederic.Lamoth@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lamoth
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pascual
authors.forename: Véronique
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Erard
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Venetz
authors.forename: Ghaleb
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nseir
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meylan
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001739:BK Virus; D000077404:Cidofovir; D003596:Cytosine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D063065:Organophosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D063065:Organophosphonates; D003596:Cytosine; D000077404:Cidofovir