title: Behaviour modification in the management of chronic habits of abnormal eye rubbing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how and why many keratoconus patients do not comply with strong advice to control chronic habits of abnormal rubbing. To outline a behaviour modification approach for controlling chronic habits of abnormal rubbing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Common reasons for chronic habits of abnormal rubbing have been reviewed as a basis for specifying a behavioural modification approach to habit reversal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The methods described are organized into the classic behavioural modification structure of: (1) habit awareness, (2) competing responses, (3) development of motivation, and (4) social support. This structure is supported by the application of social influence principles to achieve optimum compliance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of take-home written information in the form of an Abnormal Rubbing Guide is the basis for the development of motivation. Family social support is based upon a widening of the responsibility for avoiding eye rubbing to all family members. Some patients will need minimal application of these principles with patient education being sufficient intervention to achieve habit reversal. For patients with strong provocation to rubbing and/or by having a well established rubbing habit, a greater exposure to the habit reversal program described is indicated. Successful habit reversal may slow the rate of ectasia progression. Prophylactic application of the methods described for patients who are at risk for developing keratoconus, or post-laser assisted in situ keratomileusis keratectasia, may show that some forms of keratectasia are preventable.
authors.affiliation: School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia. c.mcmonnies@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: McMonnies
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D001521:Behavior Therapy / Q000379:methods; D003316:Corneal Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005123:Eye; D006184:Habits; D006801:Humans; D007640:Keratoconus / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D020731:Keratomileusis, Laser In Situ / Q000009:adverse effects; D008405:Massage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D012944:Social Support; D013997:Time Factors