title: A pharmacy leadership action study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report on the creation of a leadership development program targeted exclusively at pharmacists working in management in the professional community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Large staff-model health maintenance organization (HMO) in California between 2004 and 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Pharmacy Leadership Institute (PLI; a joint effort of the School of Pharmacy and the Center for the Health Professions at the University of California, San Francisco) tested a program in a large staff-model HMO with hundreds of pharmacists in leadership roles. This program included learning seminars, psychometric assessments, leadership goals, intersession activities, coaching/mentoring, and leadership projects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  PLI collected survey data in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the institute's leadership development program. In addition, an external evaluator was hired to conduct interviews with the pharmacy directors of the organization which chose to pilot the program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The evaluations from the participants indicate that the leadership development program met many but not all of its initial objectives. Consistent with action research methodology, the faculty of the institute met to redesign some sections of the program in order to meet the established goals. Adjustments were made to different components of the program over the next 4 years. Evaluation data show that these revisions were successful. In addition, follow-up evaluations with participants showed a lasting impact of the program on both individual leadership skills and organizational outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the positive outcomes indicated by the evaluation data used in this study, the work of PLI indicates that broader leadership skills can be identified and enhanced within a group of pharmacy managers.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Universityof California, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
authors.forename: Clifton
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mertz
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Penfil
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: O'Neil
mesh_terms: D002140:California; D003625:Data Collection; D004513:Education, Pharmacy, Continuing / Q000379:methods; D006279:Health Maintenance Organizations / Q000458:organization & administration; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D010595:Pharmacists; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011361:Professional Competence; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013192:Staff Development / Q000379:methods*