title: Hypoxia downregulates farnesoid X receptor via a hypoxia-inducible factor-independent but p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent pathway.
abstract: Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, has been shown to play pivotal roles in bile acid homeostasis by regulating the biosynthesis, conjugation, secretion and absorption of bile acids. Accumulating data suggest that FXR signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of liver and metabolic disorders. Here we show that FXR expression is significantly suppressed in HepG2 cells exposed to hypoxia. Concomitantly, the expression of the bile salt export pump, known as an FXR target gene product and responsible for the excretion of bile acids from the liver, is also decreased under hypoxia. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha does not mimic the suppressive effect of hypoxia on FXR expression. Furthermore, simultaneous knockdown of HIF-1alpha, HIF-2alpha and HIF-3alpha fails to restore the FXR expression level under hypoxia, indicating that HIF is not involved in hypoxia-evoked FXR downregulation. Instead, we demonstrate that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is an indispensable factor for FXR downregulation under hypoxia. Thus, we propose a novel liver disorder model in which two signaling molecules, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and FXR, may contribute to the linkage of two pathogenic conditions, i.e. ischemia, a condition accompanying hypoxia, and cholestasis, a condition with intrahepatic accumulation of cytotoxic bile acids.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomofumi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujino
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Issei
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Ozawa
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Minegishi
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kashimura
authors.forename: Toshihiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akita
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saitou
authors.forename: Takehisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Atsumi
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: Shuntaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Kiyomi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kikugawa
authors.forename: Makio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hayakawa
mesh_terms: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099150:Receptor, Farnesoid X-Activated