title: Cross-talk between TGF-beta1 and IL-6 in human trabecular meshwork cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the relationship between transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells as well as to identify the signaling pathway/s involved in the increased IL-6 expression that occurs in response to mechanical stress and TGF-beta1.
  
  
  METHODS
  All experiments were performed in confluent monolayers of HTM cells at passage 3. Secreted IL-6 was quantified by ELISA. Levels of IL-6 mRNA were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Activation of the IL-6 and TGF-beta1 promoters was monitored by measuring secreted alkaline phosphatase protein (SEAP) released into the culture medium by HTM cells infected with an adenovirus expressing the SEAP reporter gene that was controlled by either the IL-6 promoter (AdIL6-SEAP) or the TGF-beta1 promoter (AdTGFbeta1-SEAP). Cyclic mechanical stress (5% elongation, one cycle per second) was applied using the Flexcell System. Reagents used in this study included human TGF-beta1, human IL-6, and the inhibitors for the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; SB202190), c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK; SP600125), extracellular-regulating kinase (ERK; PD98059), and TGF type I activin receptor (SB431542).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incubation of HTM cells with TGF-beta1 (5 ng/ml) resulted in a significant increase in the protein and mRNA levels of IL-6, which was significantly diminished in the presence of the inhibitors for p38 MAPK or JNK. No transcriptional activation of the exogenous IL-6 promoter was observed following TGF-beta1 treatment. In addition, the presence of inhibitors for the p38 MAPK, ERK, and TGF-beta1 pathways significantly decreased the increased expression of IL-6 by cyclic mechanical stress. Furthermore, exposure of HTM cells to IL-6 (100 ng/ml) demonstrated the transcriptional activation of TGF-beta1 promoter, which was severely impaired by blocking the p38 MAPK pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that TGF-beta1 participates in the regulation of basal expression and the stretch-induced expression of IL-6 and suggest the possible existence in cultured HTM cells of an autocrine loop between IL-6 and TGF-beta1. We also found that p38 MAPK might play a contributing role in the maintenance of such a loop.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA. paloma.liton@duke.edu
authors.forename: Paloma B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: Liton
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Coralia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luna
authors.forename: Pedro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Epstein
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D019898:Autocrine Communication; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D014129:Trabecular Meshwork / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D015850:Interleukin-6; C508960:TGFB1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase