title: Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) hatchlings track the direction of human gaze.
abstract: Gaze following allows individuals to detect the locus of attention of both conspecifics and other species. However, little is known about how this ability develops. We explored the emergence of bobwhite quail hatchlings' ability to track human gaze by assessing their avoidance behavior in an open arena under five testing conditions: (1) a Direct Gaze condition, in which an experimenter looking down was positioned above one of two approach areas; (2) a Gaze Follow condition in which an experimenter, positioned equidistant between two approach areas, directed his/her gaze towards one of the areas; (3) a Masked Gaze Follow condition, in which the experimenter wore a mask during the Gaze Follow test; (4) a Deprived Face Experience condition, in which hatchlings were deprived of experience with human faces prior to the Gaze Follow test; and (5) a Control condition in which no experimenter was present during testing. Results revealed that hatchlings from the Direct Gaze condition preferred the non-gazed approach area at all ages tested. Hatchlings from the Gaze Follow condition preferred the non-gazed approach area at 48 and 72 h, but not at 24 h of age. In contrast, hatchlings from the Masked Gaze Follow, Deprived Face and Control conditions did not prefer either approach area at any age tested. These results indicate that experience with human faces plays a key role in the rapid emergence of gaze following behavior in bobwhite quail hatchlings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Boulevard, Coral Gables, FL, 33146, USA, mjaime@miami.edu.
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaime
authors.forename: Juan Pablo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lickliter
mesh_terms: D000819:Animal Communication; D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention; D003210:Concept Formation; D005403:Fixation, Ocular; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D009949:Orientation; D011784:Quail / Q000502:physiology*; D012938:Social Perception; D013045:Species Specificity