title: Dietary intake of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of U.S. men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids intakes may play opposing roles in inflammation-driven colorectal carcinogenesis. We examined the relationship of these polyunsaturated fatty acids and the ratio of their intake with colorectal cancer risk in a large U.S. prospective cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort completed a detailed questionnaire on diet, medical history, and lifestyle in 1999. Between 1999 and 2005, 869 incident colorectal cancer cases (452 men and 417 women) were identified among 99,080 participants (43,108 men and 55,972 women). Multivariate-adjusted rate ratios were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The ratio of total omega-6 to total omega-3 intake was not associated with colorectal cancer risk in either sex. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, total omega-6 intake was inversely related to colorectal cancer risk in men [multivariate relative risk (95% confidence interval) for highest to lowest quartile, 0.81 (0.61-1.07); P(trend) = 0.07], and alpha-linolenic acid, the primary contributor to total omega-3 intake, was associated with increased risk in women for quartiles 2 through 4 versus the lowest quartile [relative risk (95% confidence interval), 1.50 (1.12-2.01), 1.40 (1.04-1.87), and 1.38 (1.02-1.85), respectively; P(trend) = 0.13]. In women, total omega-6 and marine omega-3 intake appeared to be associated with higher and lower risk, respectively, but associations were attenuated with adjustment for other risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 intake was not related to colorectal cancer risk in this cohort, which may be due to unexpected findings for the individual components. Differential associations by sex warrant further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Nutrition and Health Sciences Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
authors.forename: Carrie R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Daniel
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Roshni C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Thun
authors.forename: Eugenia E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Calle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015930:Diet Records; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6 / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D043371:Fatty Acids, Omega-6