title: Simultaneous determination of Cd and Fe in grain products using direct solid sampling and high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.
abstract: Cadmium and iron are antagonistic elements in the sense that they produce different effects in the human body. Both elements have to be determined routinely in grain products, cadmium because of its toxicity, and iron because all grain products, according to Brazilian law, have to contain a minimum of 42 mg kg(-1) Fe to combat anemia. A routine screening method has been developed for the quasi simultaneous determination of cadmium and iron using high-resolution continuum source electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry and direct solid sampling. The primary absorption line at 228.802 nm has been used for Cd, and an adjacent secondary line at 228.726 nm for the determination of Fe. Various chemical modifiers have been investigated, and a mixture of tungsten and iridium, applied as a permanent modifier, showed the best performance; it stabilized Cd up to a pyrolysis temperature of 700 degrees C and did not over-stabilize Fe. Two atomization temperatures were used sequentially, 1700 degrees C for Cd and 2600 degrees C for Fe, because of their significantly different volatilities. The characteristic masses obtained were 0.9 pg for Cd and 1.2 ng for Fe. The limits of detection (3 sigma, n=10) were 0.6 microg kg(-1) for Cd and 0.5 mg kg(-1) for Fe. The relative standard deviation ranged from 3 to 7% for Cd and from 4 to 13% for Fe, which is satisfactory for the purpose. The accuracy of the method was confirmed by the analysis of three certified reference materials; the results were in agreement with the certified values at a 95% confidence interval. The Cd content in the investigated grain products was between 0.9 and 10.5 microg kg(-1), but most of them did not contain the required minimum amount of iron.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis-SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Lisia M G
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: Rennan G O
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Araujo
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Welz
authors.forename: Silvana do C
authors.initials: Sdo C
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Maria Goreti R
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vale
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Becker-Ross
mesh_terms: D002104:Cadmium / Q000032:analysis*; D002523:Edible Grain / Q000737:chemistry*; D005504:Food Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000032:analysis*; D012015:Reference Standards; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D002104:Cadmium; D007501:Iron