title: Pilot study for in vivo cellular imaging of the muscularis propria and ex vivo molecular imaging of myenteric neurons (with video).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is challenging to optimally sample the muscularis propria endoscopically for the diagnosis of muscle layer diseases, especially for motility disorders resulting from neuroenteric dysfunction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Ultramagnification in vivo imaging of the muscularis mucosa and ex vivo identification of myenteric neuronal elements by confocal microscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ex vivo and in vivo porcine animal studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Short-term study in an animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  The muscularis propria in the stomach and esophagus was accessed by resecting the mucosal layer with endoscopic submucosal dissection or cap EMR techniques or by creating a submucosal space by the submucosal endoscopy with mucosal flap technique. The muscularis propria was stained with Nissl stains and 2 types of neuronal molecular stains. The muscular layer was imaged with the endocytoscope in vivo. The muscularis stained with molecular-based stains was also evaluated with a confocal microscope.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cellular microstructures resembling spindle-shaped smooth muscle cells were visualized by endocytoscopy in vivo. Confocal endoscopic microscopy demonstrated that in vivo topical application of neuronal molecular stains successfully stained the muscularis and specifically highlighted neuron-like cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animal model pilot study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In vivo endoscopic histologic evaluation of the muscularis propria is technically feasible and easy. Minimally invasive advanced endoscopic imaging may be useful for the diagnosis and study of neuroenteric disorders at the level of the muscularis propria, avoiding surgical full-thickness tissue sampling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endoscopy, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. kaz_sum@jikei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sumiyama
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.forename: Fusao
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Taiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Imura
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Keiichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Hiroo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imazu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gostout
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004867:Equipment Design; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D020699:Gastroscopes; D002479:Inclusion Bodies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000295:instrumentation*; D009197:Myenteric Plexus / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009474:Neurons / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D014463:Ultrasonography