title: Fitness and fatness as mortality predictors in healthy older men: the veterans exercise testing study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low body mass index (BMI) and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are independently associated with increased mortality in the elderly. However, interactions among BMI, CRF, and mortality in older persons have not been adequately explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated for predetermined strata of BMI and CRF. Independent and joint associations of CRF, BMI, and all-cause mortality were assessed by Cox proportional hazards analyses in a prospective cohort of 981 healthy men aged at least 65 years (mean age [+/-SD], 71 [+/-5] years; range, 65-88 years) referred for exercise testing during 1987-2003.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a mean follow-up of 6.9 +/- 4.4 years, a total of 208 patients died. Multivariate relative risks (95% confidence interval [CI]) of mortality across BMI groups of <20.0, 20.0-25.0, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, and > or =35.0 were 2.51 (1.26-4.98), 1.0 (reference), 0.66 (0.48-0.90), 0.50 (0.31-0.78), and 0.44 (0.20-0.97), respectively, and across CRF groups of <5.0, 5.0-8.0, and >8.0 metabolic equivalents were 1.0 (reference), 0.56 (0.40-0.78), and 0.39 (0.26-0.58), respectively. In a separate analysis of within-strata CRF according to BMI grouping, the lowest mortality risk was observed in obese men with high fitness (HR [95% CI] 0.26 [0.10-0.69]; p = .007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of elderly male veterans, we observed independent and joint inverse relations of BMI and CRF to mortality. This warrants further investigation of fitness, fatness, and mortality interactions in older persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Performance and Sport Sciences, Winston-Salem State University, NC 27110, USA.
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pittsley
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Abella
authors.forename: Victor F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Froelicher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054526:Men's Health; D009026:Mortality; D009765:Obesity / Q000401:mortality; D010809:Physical Fitness; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014728:Veterans