title: Pulmonary complications of tumor necrosis factor-targeted therapy.
abstract: Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-targeted therapies are increasingly being prescribed in the management of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The use of this class of medications also pose risks of developing an assortment of pulmonary side effects including infections (TB, bacterial, and fungal infections), pulmonary nodules, chronic pneumonitis/fibrosis, SLE-like reactions, vasculitis, and exacerbations of underlying lung disease. In addition to surveillance for tuberculosis prior to initiation of TNF-targeted therapy, a high level of vigilance should be maintained during administration for infectious and non-infectious complications, even years into a patient's course. The available evidence argues for caution in using these agents in patients with pre-existing lung disease and heightened suspicion of accelerated nodule formation in those with pre-existing rheumatoid nodules. Management centers on excluding infection, identifying confounders (especially methotrexate or pre-existing lung disease), and promptly discontinuing TNF-targeted therapy. In some instances, invasive procedures (e.g. bronchoscopy or VATS lung biopsy) will be necessary to establish the proper diagnosis, and the administration of steroids may be beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 240 E. Huron Street, McGaw M-300, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. k-thavarajah@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Krishna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Thavarajah
authors.forename: Peggy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Elisa J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Rhew
authors.forename: Anjana K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Yeldandi
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Kamp
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000009:adverse effects; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000069285:Infliximab; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D000069285:Infliximab; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept