title: Objective assessment of facial lipoatrophy changes in a cohort of HIV-infected patients taking combination antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An objective method is needed for assessing facial fat changes in HIV-infected patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure facial fat changes using three-dimensional laser scans (LS) and examine the relationship with clinically assessed lipoatrophy changes and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) measured body composition changes in a cohort of patients taking combination antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients taking ART for at least 12 months were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Clinical lipoatrophy assessment, LS of the face, and whole-body DEXA were performed at baseline and repeated after 12 months. Cheek surface volume (CSV) change and cheek surface point displacement (CPD) change were calculated from the LS using a standardized technique.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline and follow-up assessments were obtained in 146 patients. In the 102 patients with stable clinical lipoatrophy grade during follow-up, there was no CSV change (0.0 +/- 1.7 mL). In the 27 patients with clinical lipoatrophy progression, CSV decreased by 1.3 +/- 1.8 mL (p < .001 vs. stable patients); in the 17 patients with clinical facial lipoatrophy recovery, CSV increased by 1.0 +/- 1.7 mL (p = .092 vs. stable patients). CSV change was significantly related to limb fat change in the overall cohort (r = 0.32, p < .001). Multivariate regression analysis showed that stavudine use was a significant independent predictor of CSV (beta = -0.20, p = .038). Similar results were seen with calculation of CPD change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LS can detect facial lipoatrophy changes in a cohort of patients over time and can clearly detect the effects of individual drugs. This may be an objective and reliable method to assess facial fat change in future clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Marline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yap
authors.forename: Naing
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oo Tha
authors.forename: Nicholas I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Paton
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000473:pathology*; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001823:Body Composition / Q000187:drug effects; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D039682:HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008297:Male; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D018119:Stavudine