title: PMKT2, a new killer toxin from Pichia membranifaciens, and its promising biotechnological properties for control of the spoilage yeast Brettanomyces bruxellensis.
abstract: Pichia membranifaciens CYC 1086 secretes a killer toxin (PMKT2) that is inhibitory to a variety of spoilage yeasts and fungi of agronomical interest. The killer toxin in the culture supernatant was concentrated by ultrafiltration and purified to homogeneity by two successive steps, including native electrophoresis and HPLC gel filtration. Biochemical characterization of the toxin showed it to be a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 30 kDa and an isoelectric point of 3.7. At pH 4.5, optimal killer activity was observed at temperatures up to 20 degrees C. Above approximately this pH, activity decreased sharply and was barely noticeable at pH 6. The toxin concentrations present in the supernatant during optimal production conditions exerted a fungicidal effect on a variety of fungal and yeast strains. The results obtained suggest that PMKT2 has different physico-chemical properties from PMKT as well as different potential uses in the biocontrol of spoilage yeasts. PMKT2 was able to inhibit Brettanomyces bruxellensis while Saccharomyces cerevisiae was fully resistant, indicating that PMKT2 could be used in wine fermentations to avoid the development of the spoilage yeast without deleterious effects on the fermentative strain. In small-scale fermentations, PMKT2, as well as P. membranifaciens CYC 1086, was able to inhibit B. bruxellensis, verifying the biocontrol activity of PMKT2 in simulated winemaking conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: San Mauro
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bravo
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marquina
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001709:Biotechnology; D055168:Brettanomyces / Q000187:drug effects*; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D005285:Fermentation; D055646:Killer Factors, Yeast / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010843:Pichia / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects; D014920:Wine / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D055646:Killer Factors, Yeast; C087906:killer toxin, Pichia