title: Drug incompatibility chemistry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chemical interactions that cause drug incompatibility in solutions, with emphasis on the acid-base and ionized-nonionized forms of organic, weak, electrolyte drugs, are examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When the dilution or mixing of the salt or ionized forms of organic drugs results in precipitation, the most likely cause is formation of the nonionized drug forms. More than 90% of drugs are organic, weak electrolytes, especially those compounded, manufactured, or reconstituted as injections in predominantly ionized or salt forms. Acid-base reactions are the most common causes of drug incompatibility as precipitation of nonionized drug forms. Precipitation is likely when oppositely charged, organic drug ions that contain aromatic rings are combined in relatively strong concentrations. Salts of polyvalent anions and cations are generally less soluble than salts in which both ions are monovalent or in which one ion is monovalent and its opposite ion is polyvalent. The most clinically important potential precipitates among these ions are dibasic and monohydrogen calcium phosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incompatibility of drug and nutrient injections is clinically hazardous. Knowledge of products' chemical facts, organic acid-base equilibria in relation to ionization and nonionization and aqueous solubility, and ranges of pH and ingredient strength from United States Pharmacopeia monographs and product labeling is the foundation of expertise in drug incompatibility. Precipitation in injectable drug solutions should be suspected, particularly when oppositely charged drug salts are mixed in relatively strong concentrations and when pH values of dilutions create more than 1% of nonionized drug forms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Bernard J. Dunn School of Pharmacy, Shenandoah University, Winchester, VA 22601, USA. dnewton@su.edu
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D004344:Drug Incompatibility; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry; D005665:Furosemide / Q000737:chemistry; D010602:Pharmacopoeias as Topic; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004573:Electrolytes; D010656:Phenylephrine; D005665:Furosemide