title: Cerebrospinal fluid neopterin in paediatric neurology: a marker of active central nervous system inflammation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) neopterin production is increased by interferon-gamma stimulation and appears to act as a marker of intrathecal immune activation. We aimed to test the usefulness of elevated CSF neopterin as a biological marker of central nervous system (CNS) inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed CSF neopterin in 158 children (89 males, 69 females, mean age 4y 1mo, SD 3y 11mo, range 1mo-15y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSF neopterin levels in children with chronic static CNS disorders (n=105) were predominantly low, suggesting that inflammation is rare in these patients. We created an upper value of normal (chronic static group 95th centile 27.4 nmol/l). CSF neopterin was elevated in all 10 patients with acute encephalitis and in 10 of 12 patients with other acute inflammatory CNS disorders (demyelination, post-infectious ataxia, myelitis). CSF neopterin was also significantly elevated in patients with chronic progressive disorders of inflammatory origin. Interestingly, CSF neopterin was elevated in four of six patients with chronic static disorders who were tested during a febrile exacerbation of seizures or dystonia, suggesting that intrathecal immune activation may be important in this setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neopterin has a short half-life and was useful for monitoring inflammation activity in a patient with relapsing-remitting encephalitis. CSF neopterin is a useful marker of inflammation in a broad range of acute and chronic CNS disorders, and is a significantly more sensitive marker of inflammation than CSF pleocytosis.
authors.affiliation: Neuroinflammation Group, Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia.
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Fabienne
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brilot
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fagan
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Earl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000145:classification; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D019798:Neopterin / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D009462:Neurology; D010372:Pediatrics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019798:Neopterin