title: Acute and timing effects of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) on indirect markers of skeletal muscle damage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While chronic β-Hydroxy β-Methylbutyrate (HMB) supplementation (≥ 2 wk) lowers exercise induced muscle damage, its acute or timing effects have not been examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute and timing effects of oral HMB supplementation on serum creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), muscle soreness, and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen non-resistance trained men (22 ± 2 yrs) were assigned to HMB-Pre or HMB-Post groups. In a crossover design, all subjects performed 55 maximal eccentric knee extension/flexion contractions on 2 occasions on either the right or left leg. HMB-Pre (N = 8) randomly received 3 grams of either a placebo or HMB before and a placebo after exercise. HMB-Post (N = 8) received a placebo before and either 3 grams of HMB or a placebo after exercise. Muscle damage tests were recorded before, at 8, 24, 48, and 72 hrs post exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a reduction in MVC and an increase in soreness in the quadriceps and hamstrings following exercise (p < 0.001). Although HMB-Pre approached significance in attenuating soreness for the quadriceps (p = 0.07), there was no time x group effect. Serum indices of damage increased, peaking at 48 hrs for CK (773%) (p < 0.001) and 72 hrs for LDH (180%) (p < 0.001). While there were no time x group effects of HMB on CK and LDH, post hoc analysis revealed that only HMB-Pre showed no significant increase in LDH levels following exercise.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest no clear acute or timing effects of HMB supplementation. However, consuming HMB before exercise appeared to prevent increases in LDH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA. jmw06x@fsu.edu.
authors.forename: Jacob M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Jeong-Su
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sang-Rok
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Rathmacher
authors.forename: Brett
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dalmau
authors.forename: J Derek
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Kingsley
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koch
authors.forename: Anssi H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Manninen
authors.forename: Raz
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saadat
authors.forename: Lynn B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Panton