title: The theropod furcula.
abstract: The furcula is a structure formed by the midline fusion of the clavicles. This is the element which is unique to theropods and is important for understanding the link between birds and other theropods. New specimens from basal theropods suggest that the furcula appeared very early in theropod history. We review furcula development, function, and morphology, as well as the anatomical terminology applied to it. Furcular morphology is highly variable in crown-group avians but is rather conserved among nonavian theropods. Here we review, or describe for the first time, the furculae in many nonavian theropods. Furculae occur in nearly all major clades of theropods, as shown by new theropod specimens from the Early Cretaceous of China and a close inspection of previously collected specimens. Informative phylogenetic characters pertaining to the furcula occur throughout Theropoda, though care should betake to consider taphonomic effects when describing furcular morphology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024, USA. nesbitt@ldeo.columbia.edu
authors.forename: Sterling J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Nesbitt
authors.forename: Alan H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Turner
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spaulding
authors.forename: Jack L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Conrad
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Norell
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D002968:Clavicle / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D025061:Dinosaurs / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000254:growth & development; D005580:Fossils; D010163:Paleontology; D010802:Phylogeny