title: Physical intervention: a review of the literature on its use, staff and patient views, and the impact of training.
abstract: As a principal control measure, physical intervention is intended to be a skilled manual, or hands-on, method of physical restraint implemented by trained individuals, with the intention of controlling the aggressive patient, to restore safety in the clinical environment. Physical intervention is however a contentious practice. There have been reports in the literature of negative psychological views from staff and patients on the procedure. Although formal structured training was introduced in response to concerns around patient safety during restraint, concerns remain that PI is sometimes construed as a stand-alone violence prevention initiative. Its potential for misuse, and overuse, in corrupted cultures of care has emerged as a social policy issue. The following paper critically explores the literature on training in physical intervention in the United Kingdom.
authors.affiliation: St Andrews Healthcare, Northampton, UK. bstubbs@standrew.co.uk
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stubbs
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leadbetter
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Yorston
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004509:Education, Nursing, Continuing; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006291:Health Policy; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research / Q000458:organization & administration*; D016272:Occupational Health; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011568:Psychiatric Nursing / Q000193:education / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017751:Safety Management; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom; D014754:Violence / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology