title: Parenteral iron use: possible contribution to exceeding target hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Use of parenteral iron for anemia management in dialysis patients has greatly increased. Exceeding hemoglobin target levels is not without risk, and whether parenteral iron administration contributes to exceeding targets has not been tested. The authors aimed to determine prevalence of parenteral iron administration and its contribution to exceeding hemoglobin target levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors performed a retrospective observational study of 149,292 hemodialysis patients using Centers for Medicaid & Medicare Services data. All patients were point prevalent on January 1, 2004; survived through June 30, 2004; had Medicare as primary payer; were treated with erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs); and had valid hemoglobin values in April, May, and June, 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the cohort, 58% received parenteral iron; use was more likely among men, whites, younger patients, and patients with end-stage renal disease as a result of diabetes. Age > 75 yr, African American and other races, baseline hemoglobin > 12 g/dl, higher ESA dose, and iron use in months 1 to 4 of the study period were independently associated with the risk of exceeding hemoglobin levels of 12, 13, and 14 g/dl. Receiving iron in month 4 of the study period showed the highest probability of exceeding targets (odds ratios 1.49, 1.43, 1.50 for hemoglobin levels 12, 13, 14 g/dl, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parenteral iron use is prevalent, and although adequate iron stores are central to ESA response, iron use may contribute to exceeding recommended hemoglobin levels. Only data from a prospective trial can confirm this association.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55404, USA.
authors.forename: Hassan N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Foley
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Gilbertson
authors.forename: Allan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D014487:Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005937:Glucaric Acid; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D007505:Iron-Dextran Complex; D000077605:Ferric Oxide, Saccharated; D005937:Glucaric Acid; C035552:ferric gluconate