title: Temporal changes in coronary revascularization procedures, outcomes, and costs in the bare-metal stent and drug-eluting stent eras: results from the US Medicare program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although drug-eluting stents have been shown to be cost-effective compared with bare-metal stents for select clinical trial patients, whether these findings apply to the general population is unknown.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used data from the Medicare 5% Standard Analytic Files to compare the practice and outcomes of coronary revascularization (by either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary artery bypass grafting) in the United States between 2001 (pre-drug-eluting stent era, n=14 362) and 2004 (post-drug-eluting stent era, n=16 374). Between 2001 and 2004, the rate of revascularization increased from 837 to 931 per 100 000, whereas the proportion of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention as an initial revascularization procedure increased from 67.5% to 75.2% (P<0.001). Over a median follow-up period of 25.5 months, no significant changes in mortality were found between 2001 and 2004 (13.8% versus 13.3%, P=0.193). Significant decreases were seen, however, in the incidence of repeat revascularization (17.1% versus 16.0%, P=0.012) and myocardial infarction (10.6% versus 8.5%, P<0.001). Over this same time period, total cardiovascular care costs per revascularized patient decreased by $1680 (95% confidence interval $1164 to $2196, P<0.001) whereas total noncardiovascular costs increased by $2481 per patient (95% confidence interval $1844 to $3118, P<0.001). When the impact of overall procedural volumes was considered, aggregate cost to the Medicare program for cardiovascular services increased by $544 million over the 2-year follow-up period. Risk-adjusted results for both the clinical and economic outcomes showed similar trends.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the Medicare population undergoing coronary revascularization, the introduction of drug-eluting stents was associated with increased use of initial percutaneous coronary intervention and reduced bypass surgery along with improved clinical outcomes over approximately 2 years of follow-up. Although total cardiovascular-related costs per revascularized patient decreased over this time period, total cost to the Medicare system still increased owing to greater overall use of revascularization procedures.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ryan
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Linde-Zwirble
authors.forename: Luella
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Engelhart
authors.forename: Liesl
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Cohen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054855:Drug-Eluting Stents / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012086:Reoperation; D015607:Stents; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors