title: Hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharide enriched extract of Astragalus membranaceus in diet induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice and its potential mechanism.
abstract: Our previous studies found that Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) exerts insulin-sensitizing and hypoglycemic activities in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) rats. The present study was designed to further confirm the hypoglycemic effect of APS and to investigate its possible mechanism underlying the improvement of insulin resistance in vivo and in vitro. Diet-induced insulin resistant C57BL/6J mice treated with or without APS (orally, 700 mg/kg/d) for 8 weeks were analyzed and compared. Simultaneously, an insulin resistant C(2)C(12) cell model and an ER stressed HepG2 cell model were established and incubated with or without APS (200 microg/ml) for 24h respectively. Systematic insulin sensitivity was measured with an insulin-tolerance test (ITT) and an homeostasis model assessment (HOMA IR) index. Metabolic stress variation was analyzed for biochemical parameters and pathological variations. The expression and activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), which plays a very important role in insulin signaling and in the ER stress response, was measured by immunoprecipitation and Western blot. The ER stress response was analyzed through XBP1 transcription and splicing by real-time PCR. APS could alleviate insulin resistance and ER stress induced by high glucose in vivo and in vitro, respectively. The hyperglycemia, hypolipemia, and hyperinsulinemia status were controlled with APS therapy. Insulin action in the liver of insulin resistant mice was restored significantly with APS administration. APS enhanced adaptive capacity of the ER and promoted insulin signaling by the inhibition of the expression and activity of PTP1B. Furthermore, the anti-obesity effect and hypolipidemia effects of APS were probably due partly to decreasing the leptin resistance of mice, which would positively couple with the normalization of plasma insulin levels. We have shown that APS has beneficial effects on insulin resistance and hyperglycemia. The mechanism is related to the alleviation of ER stress and insulin resistance under hyperglycemia conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College of Wuhan University, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune-Related Diseases, Wuhan, China.
authors.forename: Xian-qing
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Nian
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zou
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jing-ping
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ouyang
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D027885:Astragalus propinquus; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D004032:Diet; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018517:Plant Roots; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1
chemical_list: D019440:Anti-Obesity Agents; D001786:Blood Glucose; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011134:Polysaccharides; D000071701:Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000071717:X-Box Binding Protein 1; C000605543:XBP1 protein, human; C000605544:Xbp1 protein, mouse; C000605545:Xbp1 protein, rat; D054562:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 1; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases; C516609:Ptpn1 protein, mouse; D005947:Glucose