title: Cardiovascular disease in patients with renal disease: the role of statins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a major cause of death. The National Kidney Foundation guidelines favour the use of statin therapy for treatment of dyslipidaemia in patients with CKD. Much evidence supports statin therapy for reducing CVD and improving outcomes in the general population, but there is less evidence in patients with CKD. Consequently, prevention of CVD in CKD is based primarily on extrapolation from non-CKD trials. Significantly, in trials specifically designed to investigate patients with CKD, evidence is emerging for improved cardiovascular outcomes with statin therapy. This review describes available data relating to cardiovascular outcomes and the role of statins in patients with CKD, including pre-dialysis, dialysis, and renal transplant patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched (1998-present) to ensure comprehensive identification of publications (including randomised clinical trials) relevant to CKD patients, patterns of cardiovascular outcome in such patients and their relationship to lipid profile, and the role of statins for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular complications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There are conflicting data on the relationship between dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular outcomes, with one major study of statin therapy (4D--Deutsche Diabetes Dialyse Studie) providing equivocal results. Further studies, including AURORA (A study to evaluate the Use of Rosuvastatin in subjects On Regular haemodialysis: an Assessment of survival and cardiovascular events; NCT00240331) in patients receiving haemodialysis, and SHARP (Study of Heart And Renal Protection; NCT00125593) in patients with CKD including those on dialysis, should help to clarify the role of statin therapy in these populations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More studies are needed to elucidate the role of statins in improving cardiovascular outcomes for CKD patients. It is anticipated that ongoing clinical trials geared towards the optimal prevention and treatment of CVD in patients with CKD will help guide clinicians in the management of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Science, Renal Unit, University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. bengt.fellstrom@medsci.uu.se
authors.forename: Bengt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fellström
authors.forename: Hallvard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Holdaas
authors.forename: Alan G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Jardine
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Mattis
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gottlow
authors.forename: Roland E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Schmieder
authors.forename: Faiez
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Zannad
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors