title: Improving the prediction of medication compliance: the example of bisphosphonates for osteoporosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Administrative claims data have a limited ability to identify persons with high compliance to oral bisphosphonates. We tested whether adding information on compliance with other drugs used to treat chronic, asymptomatic conditions would improve the predictive ability of administrative data to identify adherent individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using data from a large, US healthcare organization, we identified new bisphosphonate users and their 1-year compliance to oral bisphosphonates, quantified by the Medication Possession Ratio (MPR). Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the relationship between high bisphosphonate compliance (MPR >or=80%) and patient demographics, comorbidities, and health services utilization. To these logistic regression models, we evaluated the incremental change in the area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) after adding information regarding compliance with other drug classes. These included antihyperlipidemics (statins), antihypertensives, antidepressants, oral diabetes agents, and glaucoma medications. Results from the logistic regression models were evaluated in parallel using recursive partitioning trees with 10-fold cross-validation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 101,038 new bisphosphonate users, administrative data identified numerous nonmedication factors (eg, age, gender, use of preventive services) significantly associated with high bisphosphonate compliance at 1 year. However, all these factors in aggregate had low discriminant ability to identify persons highly adherent with bisphosphonates (AUC = 0.62). For persons who were new users of >or=1 of the other asymptomatic condition drugs, MPR data on the other drugs substantially improved the prediction of high bisphosphonate compliance. The impact on prediction was largest for concomitant statin users (AUC = 0.70).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Information on compliance with drugs used to treat chronic asymptomatic conditions improves the prediction of compliance with oral bisphosphonates. This information may help identify persons who should receive targeted interventions to promote compliance to osteoporosis medications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA. jcurtis@uab.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Andrew O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Westfall
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Saag
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delzell
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007345:Insurance Claim Review; D007356:Insurance, Pharmaceutical Services; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents