title: Spillway-induced salmon head injury triggers the generation of brain alphaII-spectrin breakdown product biomarkers similar to mammalian traumatic brain injury.
abstract: Recent advances in biomedical research have resulted in the development of specific biomarkers for diagnostic testing of disease condition or physiological risk. Of specific interest are alphaII-spectrin breakdown products (SBDPs), which are produced by proteolytic events in traumatic brain injury and have been used as biomarkers to predict the severity of injury in humans and other mammalian brain injury models. This study describes and demonstrates the successful use of antibody-based mammalian SBDP biomarkers to detect head injury in migrating juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) that have been injured during passage through high-energy hydraulic environments present in spillways under different operational configurations. Mortality and injury assessment techniques currently measure only near-term direct mortality and easily observable acute injury. Injury-based biomarkers may serve as a quantitative indicator of subacute physical injury and recovery, and aid hydropower operators in evaluation of safest passage configuration and operation actions for migrating juvenile salmonids. We describe a novel application of SBDP biomarkers for head injury for migrating salmon. To our knowledge, this is the first documented cross-over use of a human molecular biomarker in a wildlife and operational risk management scenario.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Sustainability Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America. ann.miracle@pnl.gov
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miracle
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Denslow
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kroll
authors.forename: Ming Cheng
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kevin K W
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D025041:Animal Migration; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012474:Salmon / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013049:Spectrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D013049:Spectrin