title: External electric muscle stimulation improves burning sensations and sleeping disturbances in patients with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic neuropathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  External muscle stimulation (EMS) of the thighs was previously shown to have beneficial effects in a pilot study on painful diabetic neuropathy. However, differential effects on specific symptoms of neuropathy as well as determinants of treatment response have not been described.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-two type 2 diabetes patients with different neuropathic symptoms were included in a prospective uncontrolled trial. Patients were treated twice a week for 4 weeks. Symptoms were graded on numeric scales at baseline, before the second and the eighth visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three percent of the participants reported marked improvement of symptoms. Subjective treatment response was positively and independently associated with symptom intensity but independent of disease extent, metabolic factors, age, or gender. Total symptoms graded by patients on numerical scales decreased significantly after 4 weeks of treatment. Patients in the upper tertile of symptom intensity showed significant improvement of paresthesia, pain, numbness and most pronounced for burning sensations and sleeping disturbances.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In an uncontrolled setting, EMS seems to be an effective treatment for symptomatic neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes, especially in patients with strong symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Medizinische Klinik 1 und Klinische Chemie, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. per.humpert@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors.forename: Per M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Humpert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Morcos
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oikonomou
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamann
authors.forename: Angelika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bierhaus
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schilling
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Nawroth
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D003929:Diabetic Neuropathies / Q000628:therapy*; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013848:Thigh / Q000502:physiology