title: Maternal mortality in low-income countries: what interventions have been evaluated and how should the evidence base be developed further?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of non-clinical interventions to reduce maternal mortality in low-income settings and identifies the gaps in the evidence base.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic search was conducted to identify reviews and evaluations of non-clinical interventions to reduce maternal mortality in lower-income countries with high maternal mortality published between 1997 and 2008. Studies were reviewed to identify the topic focus, study design, and outcomes measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 109 intervention evaluations and 30 reviews identified. Studies had been conducted in less than half of the countries and were generally poor quality. More studies focused on tertiary prevention (i.e., preventing death) rather than secondary prevention (i.e., preventing complications). More interventions sought to address quality of care than delays in seeking or accessing care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While evidence partly reflects difficulties in evaluating complex public health interventions, more robust study designs are possible to evaluate interventions to reduce maternal mortality. In addition, better standardized outcome measures are needed. This overview identifies topic areas neglected by intervention research.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Population Studies, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK. helen.burchett@gmail.com
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Burchett
authors.forename: Susannah H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Mayhew
mesh_terms: D016208:Databases, Factual; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008429:Maternal Welfare; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012106:Research / Q000592:standards; D012107:Research Design