title: Genetic analysis of ventricular arrhythmia in young German Shepherd Dogs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventricular arrhythmias (VA) and sudden death are inherited in German Shepherd Dogs (GSDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the genetic parameters (heritabilities and correlations) of 3 traits of VA (single premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), 2 consecutive PVCs (couplets), and 3 or more consecutive PVCs-ventricular tachycardia [VT]).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and ninety-eight GSDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, observational, case control study. Dogs were phenotyped by 24-hour ambulatory ECG from 6 to 45 weeks of age. Edited ECG records included the number of incidents of (1) single PVCs, (2) couplets, and (3) VT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A data set of 1,239 Holter records from 398 GSDs was used to estimate genetic variables. Phenotypic correlations for affectedness (binarily coded 0/1) of the 3 traits ranged from 0.55 to 0.74, whereas correlations for severity (continuous values of 24-hour VA counts) ranged from 0.26 to 0.39. Estimates of genetic correlation among the severity traits were 0.06 to 0.27. Estimated heritabilities were 0.54, 0.54, and 0.46 for affectedness and 0.33, 0.69, and 0.69 for severity of PVCs, couplets, and VT, respectively. Month and year of birth and age at ECG recording had significant effects on all 3 traits. Season of ECG recording had a significant effect on the number of single PVCs, but not couplets or incidents of VT. Age of onset differed, with single PVCs appearing an average of 4 days earlier than couplets and VT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply a strong genetic component for this disease but suggest that differences in the 3 traits should be taken into consideration in studies to identify the underlying genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cruickshank
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Quaas
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hemsley
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Gunn
authors.forename: N S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Moïse
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000818:Animals; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000662:veterinary*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics*; D004285:Dogs; D015716:Electrocardiography, Ambulatory / Q000662:veterinary; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010375:Pedigree; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography