title: Alcohol in Mayan Guatemala: consumption, distribution, production and composition of cuxa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the consumption, distribution, production and chemical composition of alcohol, including cuxa (pronounced 'coo sha'), in Nahualá, a highland Mayan municipality in Guatemala. Cuxa is a sugarcane-derived spirit, in part produced clandestinely, that has been distributed in the community for several decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Key informant interviews with alcohol distributors and consumers, cuxa producers and health professionals, as well as analyses of questionnaires from a sample of 47 spouses who came to the local health centre for problems related to their husband's drinking. Sampling and chemical analysis of cuxa from 12 of 13 identified sales points in the head-town of Nahualá and its nearby settlements (10 km radius). Fieldwork was conducted between November 2007 and March 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Alcohol consumption was found to be integrated culturally in this community. The overall drinking culture was marked by irregular heavy drinking occasions, especially around market days, with substantial inebriation and health problems, especially among street inhabiting drinkers. Cuxa contributed to these problems, and cuxa drinking was socially stigmatized. Cuxa was produced both clandestinely and industrially, and sold legally by taverns and illegally by clandestine distributors. The alcoholic strength of the samples was typically between 17 and 19% vol.; clandestinely produced cuxa samples showed acetaldehyde contamination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measures should be taken to reduce the harm associated with alcohol in this community, including efforts to reduce acetaldehyde levels in cuxa.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Fotis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kanteres
authors.forename: Dirk W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Lachenmeier
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rehm
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000032:analysis / Q000191:economics; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000434:Alcoholic Beverages / Q000032:analysis* / Q000191:economics / Q000600:supply & distribution; D000435:Alcoholic Intoxication / Q000453:epidemiology; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003469:Culture; D006166:Guatemala / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007197:Indians, Central American; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D031786:Saccharum / Q000737:chemistry*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000079:Acetaldehyde