title: The role of surgery for high-grade intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas: importance of obliteration of venous outflow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical intervention may be required if endovascular embolization is insufficient to completely obliterate intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs). The authors report their 14-year experience with 23 patients harboring diverse intracranial DAVFs that required surgical intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1993 and 2007, 23 patients underwent surgery for intracranial DAVFs. The following types of DAVFs were treated: superior petrosal sinus (in 10 patients); parietooccipital (in 3); confluence of sinuses and ethmoidal (in 2 each); and tentorial, falcine, occipital, transverse-sigmoid, superior sagittal, and cavernous sinuses (in 1 patient each). In all cases, the authors' goal was to obliterate the DAVF venous outflow by direct surgical interruption of the leptomeningeal venous drainage. Transarterial embolization was used primarily as an adjunct to decrease flow to the DAVF prior to definitive treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complete angiographic obliteration of the DAVF was achieved in all cases. There were no complications of venous hypertension, venous infarction, or perioperative death. There were no recurrences and no further clinical events (new hemorrhages or focal neurological deficits) after a mean follow-up of 45 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' experience emphasizes the importance of occluding venous outflow to obliterate intracranial DAVFs. Those that drain purely through leptomeningeal veins can be safely obliterated by surgically clipping the arterialized draining vein as it exits the dura. Radical excision of the fistula is not necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Aclan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Dilantha B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Ellegala
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Nesbit
authors.forename: Stanley L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Barnwell
authors.forename: Johnny B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Delashaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D004388:Dura Mater / Q000098:blood supply*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods