title: Abdominal wall paresis as a complication of laparoscopic surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal wall nerve injury as a result of trocar placement for laparoscopic surgery is rare. We intend to discuss causes of abdominal wall paresis as well as relevant anatomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the nerve supply of the abdominal wall is illustrated with a rare case of a patient presenting with paresis of the internal oblique muscle due to a trocar lesion of the right iliohypogastric nerve after laparoscopic appendectomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trocar placement in the upper lateral abdomen can damage the subcostal nerve (Th12), caudal intercostal nerves (Th7-11) and ventral rami of the thoracic nerves (Th7-12). Trocar placement in the lower abdomen can damage the ilioinguinal (L1 or L2) and iliohypogastric nerves (Th12-L1). Pareses of abdominal muscles due to trocar placement are rare due to overlap in innervation and relatively small sizes of trocar incisions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge of the anatomy of the abdominal wall is mandatory in order to avoid the injury of important structures during trocar placement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam 3000 CA, The Netherlands. g.vanramshorst@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: van Ramshorst
authors.forename: G-J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kleinrensink
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hermans
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Terkivatan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Lange
mesh_terms: D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D000328:Adult; D001062:Appendectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D001064:Appendicitis / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010291:Paresis / Q000209:etiology*