title: Pharmacological approaches to reducing the risk of prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is now possible to reduce a man's risk of developing biopsy-detectable prostate cancer. This review addresses the evidence and issues surrounding prostate cancer risk reduction.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The scientific basis, therapeutic approach, and risks and benefits of prostate cancer prevention are reviewed. Special attention is given to data on 5alpha-reductase inhibitors (5-ARIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline searches consisted of articles published since 2003 regarding prostate cancer chemoprevention, prevention, or risk reduction, as well as searches around specific topics within this review.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current data support the use of finasteride for prostate cancer risk reduction in appropriately selected men. The initial concern that finasteride increased the incidence of high-grade prostate cancer has not been confirmed by subsequent analyses. The efficacy of dutasteride, a dual 5-ARI, for prostate cancer risk reduction is currently being evaluated in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Other medical approaches to prostate cancer risk reduction, including statins, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, selective estrogen receptor modulators, and dietary supplements, await validation in controlled clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is now possible to reduce an individual man's risk of developing biopsy-detectable prostate cancer. The greatest benefit arises from decreasing the amount of unnecessary treatment in men harboring low-risk cancers. Presently, there is no evidence that 5-ARIs or any other approach to prostate cancer risk reduction will reduce the risk of lethal prostate cancers. Finasteride, however, does enhance the utility of PSA for diagnosing high-grade cancers.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Clinical Development, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA. roger.s.rittmaster@gsk.com
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Rittmaster
authors.forename: Neil E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Fleshner
authors.forename: Ian M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Thompson
mesh_terms: D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase / Q000008:administration & dosage; D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001378:Azasteroids / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018890:Chemoprevention; D004032:Diet; D000068538:Dutasteride; D055088:Early Detection of Cancer; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018120:Finasteride / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011322:Primary Prevention / Q000379:methods; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D058891:5-alpha Reductase Inhibitors; D001378:Azasteroids; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018120:Finasteride; D013741:3-Oxo-5-alpha-Steroid 4-Dehydrogenase; D000068538:Dutasteride