title: Understanding the challenges of service change - learning from acute pain services in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore organizational difficulties faced when implementing national policy recommendations in local contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative case study involving semi-structured interviews with health professionals and managers working in and around acute pain services.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three UK acute hospital organizations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Identification of the content, context and process factors impacting on the implementation of the national policy recommendations on acute pain services; insights into and deeper understanding of the generic obstacles to change facing service improvements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process of implementing policy recommendations and improving services in each of the three organizations was undermined by multiple factors relating to: doubts and disagreements about the nature of the change; challenging local organizational contexts; and the beliefs, attitudes and responses of health professionals and managers. The impact of these factors was compounded by the interaction between them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local implementation of national policies aimed at service improvement can be undermined by multiple interacting factors. Particularly important are the pre-existing local organizational contexts and histories, and the deeply-ingrained attitudes, beliefs and assumptions of diverse staff groups. Without close attention to all of these underlying issues and how they interact in individual organizations against the background of local and national contexts, more resources or further structural change are unlikely to deliver the intended improvements in patient care.
authors.affiliation: Social Dimensions of Health Institute at the University of Dundee, UK. aep2@st-and.ac.uk
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: H T O
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bannister
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Macrae
mesh_terms: D006291:Health Policy / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D009936:Organizational Innovation; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D018710:Pain Clinics / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000639:trends; D059408:Pain Management; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000639:trends; D006113:United Kingdom