title: American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) provisional clinical opinion (PCO), offers timely clinical direction to ASCO's oncologists following publication or presentation of potentially practice-changing data from major studies. This PCO addresses the utility of KRAS gene mutation testing in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR) monoclonal antibody (MoAb) therapy with cetuximab or panitumumab (see Note).
  
  
  METHODS
  Recent results from phase II and III clinical trials demonstrate that patients with metastatic colorectal cancer benefit from therapy with monoclonal antibodies directed against the EGFR, when used either as monotherapy or combined with chemotherapy. Retrospective subset analyses of the data from these trials strongly suggest that patients who have KRAS mutations detected in codon 12 or 13 do not benefit from this therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five randomized controlled trials of cetuximab or panitumumab have evaluated outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma in relation to KRAS mutational status as no mutation detected (wild type) or abnormal (mutated). Another five single-arm studies have retrospectively evaluated tumor response according to KRAS status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on systematic reviews of the relevant literature, all patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma who are candidates for anti-EGFR antibody therapy should have their tumor tested for KRAS mutations in a CLIA-accredited laboratory. If KRAS mutation in codon 12 or 13 is detected, then patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma should not receive anti-EGFR antibody therapy as part of their treatment.
  ASCO's provisional clinical opinions (PCOs) reflect expert consensus based on clinical evidence and literature available at the time they are written, and are intended to assist physicians in clinical decision-making and identify questions and settings for further research. Due to the rapid flow of scientific information in oncology, new evidence may have emerged since the time a PCO was submitted for publication. PCOs are not continually updated and may not reflect the most recent evidence. PCOs cannot account for individual variation among patients, and cannot be considered inclusive of all proper methods of care or exclusive of other treatments. It is the responsibility of the treating physician or other health care provider, relying on independent experience and knowledge of the patient, to determine the best course of treatment for the patient. Accordingly, adherence to any PCO is voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding its application to be made by the physician in light of each patient's individual circumstances. ASCO PCOs describe the use of procedures and therapies in clinical practice and cannot be assumed to apply to the use of these interventions in the context of clinical trials. ASCO assumes no responsibility for any injury or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of ASCO's PCOs, or for any errors or omissions.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology/Oncology,Department of Medicine,University of Florida Shands CancerCenter, Gainesville, FL, USA.
authors.forename: Carmen J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Allegra
authors.forename: J Milburn
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jessup
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Somerfield
authors.forename: Stanley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Daniel F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Hayes
authors.forename: Pamela K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: McAllister
authors.forename: Roscoe F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Schilsky
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017322:Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; D017326:Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D018579:Patient Selection; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins