title: Tardive dyskinesia and the 3-year course of schizophrenia: results from a large, prospective, naturalistic study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to compare the 3-year course of schizophrenia between persons with tardive dyskinesia (TD) and persons without TD on multiple outcome measures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were drawn from a large, prospective, naturalistic study of persons treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (DSM-IV criteria) in the United States, conducted between July 1997 and September 2003. Treatment outcomes were assessed at enrollment and at 12, 24, and 36 months postenrollment using measures of symptoms, functioning, productivity, activity, and quality of life. Participants who had TD at enrollment (fulfilling Schooler-Kane criteria, N = 637) were compared with those who did not (N = 1538) on clinical and functional measures at enrollment and across the 3 years of follow-up. Additional analyses examined those with persistent TD compared to those without persistent TD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With adjustment for known correlates of TD, participants with TD compared to those without TD had significantly more severe psychopathology, were less likely to experience symptom remission, had more severe extrapyramidal side effects, and had lower levels of quality of life and functioning, lower productivity, and fewer activities (all p < .001) across the 3-year follow-up. Findings were essentially unchanged when the subgroup of participants with persistent TD (at enrollment and at 1 year) was examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that, in the long-term treatment of schizophrenia, persons with TD have a significantly more severe and more refractory course of illness than those without TD, suggesting poorer prognosis and the need for specialized interventions.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Outcomes Research, Eli Lilly and Co., Lilly Corporate Center, DC 4133, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA. Ascher-Svanum_Haya@lilly.com
authors.forename: Haya
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ascher-Svanum
authors.forename: Baojin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Faries
authors.forename: Xiaomei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kinon
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tohen
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents