title: Reliability of infrared ear thermometry in the prediction of rectal temperature in older inpatients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the capability of infrared ear thermometry accurately to predict rectal temperature in older patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Infrared ear thermometry is now commonly used for predicting body temperature in older patients. However, ear thermometry has been insufficiently evaluated in geriatric patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, convenience sample, unblinded study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients (or their guardians) gave informed consent. Patients hospitalised in a geriatric unit underwent sequential ear and rectal temperatures measurements using two different models of infrared ear thermometers (ThermoScan and Genius) and a rectal probe, respectively. After a brief otoscopic examination, ear temperatures were measured twice at both ears with each thermometer, the highest of four measurements being retained for analysis. The rectal temperature was the reference standard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hundred patients (31 males), aged 81 (SD 7) years completed the study. The mean rectal temperature was 37.3 degrees C (SD 0.7) degrees C (range 36.3-40.7 degrees C). Eighteen patients were febrile (rectal temperature >or= 37.8 degrees C). The mean bias between rectal and ear temperatures as measured with the ThermoScan was -0.20 degrees C (SD 0.32) degrees C and the 95% limits of agreement were -0.83 degrees C and 0.42 degrees C (95% CI, -0.88-0.48 degrees C). Using the Genius, the corresponding figures were -0.56 degrees C (SD 0.39) degrees C, -1.32 degrees C and 0.20 degrees C (95% CI, -1.39-0.27 degrees C). After correction for bias, the ThermoScan predicted the level of fever with a maximum error of 0.7 degrees C (mean error 0.3 degrees C). Using the Genius, the maximum error and the mean error were 1.6 degrees C and 0.4 degrees C, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infrared ear thermometry can predict rectal temperature in normothermic and in febrile inpatients with an acceptable level of accuracy. However, the predictive accuracy depends on both operator technique and quality of instrumentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proper technique (measuring in both ears) and optimal instrumentation (model of ear thermometer) are essential for accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Geriatrics Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Sart Tilman, Liège, Belgium. simon.smitz@chu.ulg.ac.be
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Smitz
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van de Winckel
authors.forename: Marc-François
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Smitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001831:Body Temperature; D004423:Ear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007259:Infrared Rays; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012007:Rectum; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013821:Thermometers