title: Association of contact loading in diffuse axonal injuries from motor vehicle crashes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although studies have been conducted to analyze brain injuries from motor vehicle crashes, the association of head contact has not been fully established. This study examined the association in occupants sustaining diffuse axonal injuries (DAIs).
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1997 to 2006 motor vehicle Crash Injury Research Engineering Network database was used. All crash modes and all changes in velocity were included; ejections and rollovers were excluded; injuries to front and rear seat occupants with and without restraint use were considered. DAI were coded in the database using Abbreviated Injury Scale 1990. Loss of consciousness was included and head contact was based on medical- and crash-related data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-seven occupants with varying ages were coded with DAI. Forty-one adult occupants (mean, 33 years of age, 171-cm tall, 71-kg weight; 30 drivers, 11 passengers) were analyzed. Mean change in velocity was 41.2 km/h and Glasgow Coma Scale score was 4. There were 33 lateral, 6 frontal, and 2 rear crashes with 32 survivors and 9 were fatalities. Two occupants in the same crash did not sustain DAI. Although skull fractures and scalp injuries occurred in some impacts, head contact was identified in all frontal, rear, and far side, and all but one nearside crashes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using a large sample size of occupants sustaining DAI in 1991 to 2006 model year vehicles, DAI occurred more frequently in side than frontal crashes, is most commonly associated with impact load transfer, and is not always accompanied by skull fractures. The association of head contact in >95% of cases underscores the importance of evaluating crash-related variables and medical information for trauma analysis. It would be prudent to include contact loading in addition to angular kinematics in the analysis and characterization of DAI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, and VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. yoga@mcw.edu
authors.forename: Narayan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoganandan
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gennarelli
authors.forename: Jiangyue
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Frank A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Pintar
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takhounts
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ridella
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging; D020833:Diffuse Axonal Injury / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014922:Wisconsin / Q000453:epidemiology