title: Clinical predictors of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with breast cancer often receive emetogenic anthracycline-based chemotherapy as part of their treatment. Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) has been commonly reported as one of the distressing adverse effects among patients with cancer. Despite the advent of newer antiemetics and better understanding of the CINV pathophysiology, total eradication of CINV has yet to be achieved.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the incidence of nausea and vomiting in patients who have breast cancer and are receiving adjuvant doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC) bolus chemotherapy, ascertain patients' risk factors affecting CINV response, and study patient adherence to delayed antiemetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a single-institution, prospective, observational study conducted at an outpatient cancer center in Singapore from December 2006 to December 2007. Clinical events such as CINV were collated using a standardized diary. Use of rescue antiemetics and unscheduled clinic visits due to CINV were documented.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of a total of 108 participants, 16 patients were lost to follow-up and 1 provided incomplete information; thus, 91 patients were included in the analysis. Delayed antiemetics were given according to the institution's guideline and only 9 (9.9%) patients received aprepitant. Neither acute nor delayed vomiting was reported by a majority of patients and only 4 (4.4%) experienced grade 3 vomiting. The incidence of severe nausea was highest on day 3 of chemotherapy and affected 14.3% of patients. Anxiety and history of chemotherapy-induced nausea were associated with both acute and delayed nausea, and history of motion sickness was associated with delayed vomiting. Approximately 65% of patients were adherent to their prescribed delayed antiemetics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of our patients adhered to their antiemetics and tolerated AC chemotherapy reasonably well, without vomiting; yet nausea persisted. To improve CINV control, clinicians must actively communicate with patients to facilitate accurate assessment of risk factors and CINV response and to encourage adherence to delayed antiemetics.
authors.affiliation: National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.
authors.forename: Vivianne
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Hee Siew
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Wan
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004317:Doxorubicin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D016903:Drug Monitoring
chemical_list: D000932:Antiemetics; D004317:Doxorubicin; D003520:Cyclophosphamide