title: Intra-rater agreement of the anorectal exam and classification of injury severity in children with spinal cord injury.
abstract: METHODS
  Intra-rater reliability study, cross-sectional design.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on the intra-rater agreement of the anorectal examinations and classification of injury severity in children with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Two, non-profit children's hospitals specializing in pediatric SCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  180 subjects had at least two trials of the anorectal examinations as defined by the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to evaluate the agreement. ICC>0.90=high agreement; ICC between 0.75-0.89=moderate agreement; ICC<0.75=poor agreement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When evaluated for the entire sample, agreement was moderate-high for anal sensation and contraction and injury classification. When evaluated as a function of age at examination and type of injury, agreement for anal sensation was poor for subjects with tetraplegia in the 12-15-year age group (ICC=0.56) and 16-21-year age group (ICC=0.70) and for subjects with paraplegia in the 6-11-year age group (ICC=0.69). Agreement for anal contraction was moderate for subjects with tetraplegia in the 16-21-year age group (ICC=0.81) and subjects with paraplegia in the 12-15-year age group (ICC=0.78) and poor for subjects with paraplegia in the 6-11-year age group (ICC=0.67). Agreement for injury classification was poor for subjects with tetraplegia in the 12-15-year group (ICC=0.56) and 16-21-year group (ICC=0.74) and paraplegia in the 6-11-year group (ICC=0.11) and 12-15-year group (ICC=0.63). Anorectal responses had high agreement in subjects with tetraplegia in the 6-11-year group and moderate to high agreement in subjects with paraplegia in the 16-21-year group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data do not fully support the use of anorectal examination in children. Further work is warranted to establish the validity of anorectal examination.
authors.affiliation: Shriners Hospitals for Children, Chicago, IL, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Samdani
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chafetz
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaughan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Betz
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mulcahey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D038801:International Classification of Diseases / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010264:Paraplegia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult