title: Absence of mucosal immunity in the human upper respiratory tract to the commensal bacteria Neisseria lactamica but not pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis during the peak age of nasopharyngeal carriage.
abstract: The normal flora that colonizes the mucosal epithelia has evolved diverse strategies to evade, modulate, or suppress the immune system and avoid clearance. Neisseria lactamica and Neisseria meningitidis are closely related obligate inhabitants of the human upper respiratory tract. N. lactamica is a commensal but N. meningitidis is an opportunistic pathogen that occasionally causes invasive disease such as meningitis and septicemia. We demonstrate that unlike N. meningitidis, N. lactamica does not prime the development of mucosal T or B cell memory during the peak period of colonization. This cannot be explained by the induction of peripheral tolerance or regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+) T cell activity. Instead, N. lactamica mediates a B cell-dependent mitogenic proliferative response that is absent to N. meningitidis. This mitogenic response is associated with the production of T cell-independent polyclonal IgM that we propose functions by shielding colonizing N. lactamica from the adaptive immune system, maintaining immunological ignorance in the host. We conclude that, in contrast to N. meningitidis, N. lactamica maintains a commensal relationship with the host in the absence of an adaptive immune response. This may prolong the period of susceptibility to colonization by both pathogenic and nonpathogenic Neisseria species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of Medical Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom. andrew.vaughan@emory.edu
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gorringe
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Davenport
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Heyderman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018941:Antigens, CD19 / Q000276:immunology; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal / Q000276:immunology*; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit / Q000276:immunology; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D042806:Neisseria lactamica / Q000276:immunology*; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000276:immunology*; D016870:Neisseriaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000276:immunology; D016176:T-Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018941:Antigens, CD19; D053645:Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit; D017493:Leukocyte Common Antigens