title: [Evarts A. Graham (1883-1957)--biography and medical achievements. His input into the knowledge of carcinogenic actions of tobacco].
abstract: Evarts Ambrose Graham (1883-1957) was one of the most prominent American surgeons of the 20th century. Some believe that he belonged, together with William Halsted and Harvey Cushing, to the three most respected American surgeons. Graham was mainly dedicated to thoraco-surgery. He proposed a new treatment for empyema of the chest, based on the physiological understanding of pleural mechanics. He introduced the cholecystography method for the visualization of gall bladder and performed the first total one-stage pneumonectomy. Moreover, he was actively engaged in the studies of carcinogenic influence of tobacco and an association between tobacco smoking and lung carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Katedra Historii Nauk Medycznych, Uniwersytet Medyczny im. Karola Marcinkowskiego w Poznaniu. grzyb@am.poznan.pl
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grzybowski
mesh_terms: D015984:Causality; D002765:Cholecystography / Q000266:history; D004653:Empyema / Q000266:history; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000266:history; D013903:Thoracic Surgery / Q000266:history*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000266:history*; D014481:United States