title: Fetal cardiac function assessed with four-dimensional ultrasound imaging using spatiotemporal image correlation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to use spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) to provide reference values for left and right ventricle volumes, and indices of fetal cardiac function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective longitudinal study, STIC volumes were acquired periodically from 12 weeks of gestation onwards. The STIC volumes were frozen in end-systole and end-diastole, and volumetric data were measured by manual tracing and summation of multiple slices. These ventricle volumes were used to calculate stroke volume, ejection fraction and cardiac output.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Some 202 STIC volumes of 63 fetuses were included in the analysis. Mean left and right ventricle stroke volume increased from 0.02 mL at 12 weeks to 1.41 mL and 1.46 mL, respectively, at 30 weeks, while the mean right to left stroke volume ratio remained stable at around 1.2. Mean left and right ventricle cardiac output increased from 2.40 mL/min and 2.60 mL/min at 12 weeks to 197.74 mL/min and 204.81 mL/min, respectively, at 30 weeks. Both left and right mean ejection fraction remained constant at around 0.45 with advancing gestational age. Bland-Altman analysis showed a coefficient of variation for measured stroke volume of 13.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes reference values for fetal cardiac volumes and indices for fetal cardiac function from 12 to 30 weeks of gestation using STIC. STIC seems to overcome many of the pitfalls of conventional ultrasound methods and has the potential to become the method of choice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. lb.uittenbogaard@vumc.nl
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Uittenbogaard
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Haak
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Spreeuwenberg
authors.forename: J M G
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: van Vugt
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D019561:Echocardiography, Four-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005318:Fetal Heart / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006340:Heart Rate, Fetal / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*