title: Personality traits and psychosocial stress: quality of life over 2 years following breast cancer diagnosis and psychological impact factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the quality of life (QoL) and body image among breast cancer patients over 2 years and to examine different predictive factors for QoL 2 years after the primary operation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 203 women with a primary diagnosis of breast cancer completed the questionnaires 2 weeks and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after surgery. Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-C30), Breast Cancer Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire Module (QLQ-BR23), Questionnaire on Stress in Cancer Patients (QSC-R23), Freiburg Personality Inventory (FPI-R), Life Orientation Test (LOT) were used as standardized measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall QoL and most functional and symptom scales improved during the 2-year period. However, cognitive functioning, body image, and the three symptom scales of insomnia, constipation, and diarrhea did not change. Age was only capable of predicting physical functioning, whereas tumor size, axillary surgery, and adjuvant chemotherapy were not predictive of the long-term QoL functional scores. Initial distress was the most potent predictive factor for long-term QoL. Baseline functioning predicted functional QoL scores 2 years later. And higher scores for neuroticism were associated with a poorer QoL. However, optimism was not capable of predicting the QoL 2 years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Screening measures should be implemented at the time when breast cancer is diagnosed, in order to identify psychologically vulnerable patients and offer them professional psycho-oncological help.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80337 Munich, Germany. kristin.haertl@med.unimuenchen.de
authors.forename: Kristin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Härtl
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herschbach
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Reinecker
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Friese
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001828:Body Image; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009497:Neurotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D010551:Personality; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors