title: The influence of age, hearing, and working memory on the speech comprehension benefit derived from an automatic speech recognition system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the current study was to examine whether partly incorrect subtitles that are automatically generated by an Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) system, improve speech comprehension by listeners with hearing impairment. In an earlier study (Zekveld et al. 2008), we showed that speech comprehension in noise by young listeners with normal hearing improves when presenting partly incorrect, automatically generated subtitles. The current study focused on the effects of age, hearing loss, visual working memory capacity, and linguistic skills on the benefit obtained from automatically generated subtitles during listening to speech in noise.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to investigate the effects of age and hearing loss, three groups of participants were included: 22 young persons with normal hearing (YNH, mean age = 21 years), 22 middle-aged adults with normal hearing (MA-NH, mean age = 55 years) and 30 middle-aged adults with hearing impairment (MA-HI, mean age = 57 years). The benefit from automatic subtitling was measured by Speech Reception Threshold (SRT) tests (Plomp & Mimpen, 1979). Both unimodal auditory and bimodal audiovisual SRT tests were performed. In the audiovisual tests, the subtitles were presented simultaneously with the speech, whereas in the auditory test, only speech was presented. The difference between the auditory and audiovisual SRT was defined as the audiovisual benefit. Participants additionally rated the listening effort. We examined the influences of ASR accuracy level and text delay on the audiovisual benefit and the listening effort using a repeated measures General Linear Model analysis. In a correlation analysis, we evaluated the relationships between age, auditory SRT, visual working memory capacity and the audiovisual benefit and listening effort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The automatically generated subtitles improved speech comprehension in noise for all ASR accuracies and delays covered by the current study. Higher ASR accuracy levels resulted in more benefit obtained from the subtitles. Speech comprehension improved even for relatively low ASR accuracy levels; for example, participants obtained about 2 dB SNR audiovisual benefit for ASR accuracies around 74%. Delaying the presentation of the text reduced the benefit and increased the listening effort. Participants with relatively low unimodal speech comprehension obtained greater benefit from the subtitles than participants with better unimodal speech comprehension. We observed an age-related decline in the working-memory capacity of the listeners with normal hearing. A higher age and a lower working memory capacity were associated with increased effort required to use the subtitles to improve speech comprehension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participants were able to use partly incorrect and delayed subtitles to increase their comprehension of speech in noise, regardless of age and hearing loss. This supports the further development and evaluation of an assistive listening system that displays automatically recognized speech to aid speech comprehension by listeners with hearing impairment.
authors.affiliation: ENT/Audiology and EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. aa.zekveld@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Adriana A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zekveld
authors.forename: Sophia E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Judith M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Kessens
authors.forename: Marcel S M G
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Vlaming
authors.forename: Tammo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Houtgast
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities; D003638:Deafness / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006310:Hearing Aids; D006801:Humans; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term; D008875:Middle Aged; D009622:Noise; D011932:Reading; D013067:Speech Perception; D049250:Speech Recognition Software; D055815:Young Adult