title: One-year treatment with exenatide improves beta-cell function, compared with insulin glargine, in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traditional blood glucose-lowering agents do not sustain adequate glycemic control in most type 2 diabetic patients. Preclinical studies with exenatide have suggested sustained improvements in beta-cell function. We investigated the effects of 52 weeks of treatment with exenatide or insulin glargine followed by an off-drug period on hyperglycemic clamp-derived measures of beta-cell function, glycemic control, and body weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-nine metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to exenatide (n = 36) or insulin glargine (n = 33). beta-Cell function was measured during an arginine-stimulated hyperglycemic clamp at week 0, at week 52, and after a 4-week off-drug period. Additional end points included effects on glycemic control, body weight, and safety.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment-induced change in combined glucose- and arginine-stimulated C-peptide secretion was 2.46-fold (95% CI 2.09-2.90, P < 0.0001) greater after a 52-week exenatide treatment compared with insulin glargine treatment. Both exenatide and insulin glargine reduced A1C similarly: -0.8 +/- 0.1 and -0.7 +/- 0.2%, respectively (P = 0.55). Exenatide reduced body weight compared with insulin glargine (difference -4.6 kg, P < 0.0001). beta-Cell function measures returned to pretreatment values in both groups after a 4-week off-drug period. A1C and body weight rose to pretreatment values 12 weeks after discontinuation of either exenatide or insulin glargine therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exenatide significantly improves beta-cell function during 1 year of treatment compared with titrated insulin glargine. After cessation of both exenatide and insulin glargine therapy, beta-cell function and glycemic control returned to pretreatment values, suggesting that ongoing treatment is necessary to maintain the beneficial effects of either therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Mathijs C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bunck
authors.forename: Michaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Diamant
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cornér
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eliasson
authors.forename: Jaret L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Malloy
authors.forename: Rimma M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Shaginian
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Kendall
authors.forename: Marja-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Taskinen
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Heine
mesh_terms: D001120:Arginine / Q000494:pharmacology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000077270:Exenatide; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D008687:Metformin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010455:Peptides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014688:Venoms / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001120:Arginine; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D000077270:Exenatide; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008687:Metformin; D010455:Peptides; D014688:Venoms