title: Does implicit memory during anaesthesia persist in children?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies suggest that implicit memory (especially perceptual implicit memory) persists during adequate general anaesthesia in adults. Studies in children, however, have failed to demonstrate implicit memory during general anaesthesia, possibly because of differences in methodological design. We therefore designed a prospective study with the aim of evaluating implicit memory in children undergoing general anaesthesia, using a perceptual memory test based on the mere exposure effect, previously tested in a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve infrequent neutral words were played 12 times in a random sequence via headphones to 36 children aged 8-12 yr during elective or emergency surgery. The children were not premedicated, and general anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. The word presentation started immediately after the surgical incision. Within 36 h after the stimulus presentation, the memory was assessed by using a forced-choice preference judgement task. Time constraint and word deterioration with a low-pass filter were used to prevent the subjects from utilizing intentional retrieval. The implicit memory score was obtained by calculating the proportion of target words preferred, which was compared with the chance level (0.5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of correct responses given by the children was comparable with the chance level. The memory score was mean (sd) 0.48 (0.16) (95% CI 0.43-0.53).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of a perceptual implicit memory test based on the mere exposure procedure in children failed to reveal any evidence of implicit memory under general anaesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Geneva, rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneve 14, Switzerland. ursula.lopez@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laurençon
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Willems
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Van der Linden
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Iselin-Chaves
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011939:Mental Recall / Q000187:drug effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D007530:Isoflurane