title: Respiratory symptoms and conditions related to occupational exposures in machine shops.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since there are few data on the effects of metalworking in populations representing a variety of metal companies or on dose-response relationships concerning metalworking, this study investigated the relationship between occupational exposures in machine shops and the occurrence of upper and lower respiratory symptoms, asthma, and chronic bronchitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 726 male machine workers and 84 male office workers from 64 companies was conducted in southern Finland. All of the participants filled out a questionnaire, and aerosol measurements were performed in 57 companies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to metalworking fluids (MWF) showed a greater risk [odds ratio (OR)>or=2) for upper-airway symptoms, cough, breathlessness, and current asthma than exposures in office work did. Exposure to aerosol levels above the median (>or=0.17 mg/m3 in the general workshop air) was related to an increased risk (OR>or=2) of nasal and throat symptoms, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, chronic bronchitis, and current asthma. Machine workers with a job history of >or=15 years experienced increased throat symptoms, cough, and chronic bronchitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This large study representing machine shops in southern Finland showed that machine workers experience increased nasal and throat symptoms, cough, wheezing, breathlessness, and asthma even in environments with exposure levels below the current occupational exposure limit for oil mists. The study suggests that improving machine shop environments could benefit the health of this workforce. It also suggests that it is time to consider reducing the current Finnish occupational exposure limit for oil mist or introducing the use of other health-relevant indicators of exposure.
authors.affiliation: Respiratory Medicine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland. maritta.jaakkola@oulu.fi
authors.forename: Maritta S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Jaakkola
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suuronen
authors.forename: Ritva
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luukkonen
authors.forename: Merja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Järvelä
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tuomi
authors.forename: Kristiina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Alanko
authors.forename: Erja A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jolanki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000032:analysis; D001249:Asthma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D029481:Bronchitis, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008670:Metals / Q000009:adverse effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D008670:Metals