title: Dopamine promotes striatal neuronal apoptotic death via ERK signaling cascades.
abstract: Although the mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration are poorly understood, we have shown that striatal pathogenesis may be initiated by high synaptic levels of extracellular dopamine (DA). Here we investigated in rat striatal primary neurons the mobilization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways after treatment with DA. Instead of observing an elevation of the archetypical pro-cytotoxic MAPKs, p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK, we found that DA, acting through D1 DA receptors, induced a sustained stimulation of the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) via a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/Rap1/B-Raf / MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) pathway. Blockade of D2 DA receptors, beta-adrenergic receptors or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with receptor-specific antagonists had no significant effect on this process. Activation of D1 DA receptors and PKA by DA caused phosphorylation and inactivation of the striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase, an important phosphatase for the dephosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of p-ERK in the striatum. Interestingly, p-ERK was primarily retained in the cytoplasm, with only low amounts translocated to the nucleus. The scaffold protein beta-arrestin2 interacted with both p-ERK and D1 DA receptor, triggering the cytosolic retention of p-ERK and inducing striatal neuronal apoptotic death. These data provide unique insight into a novel role of p-ERK in striatal neurodegeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University, Washington DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rusnak
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Lombroso
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sidhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D019390:Arrestins / Q000378:metabolism; D001480:Basal Ganglia Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D009410:Nerve Degeneration / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000071557:beta-Arrestins
chemical_list: D019390:Arrestins; D017447:Receptors, Dopamine D1; D000071557:beta-Arrestins; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D053824:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 6; D004298:Dopamine