title: Multidrug-resistant to extensively drug resistant tuberculosis: what is next?
abstract: Drug resistant tuberculosis is a man made problem. While tuberculosis is hundred percent curable, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is difficult to treat. Inadequate and incomplete treatment and poor treatment adherence has led to a newer form of drug resistance known as extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB). XDR-TB is defined as tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain, which is resistant to at least rifampicin and isoniazid among the first line anti tubercular drugs (MDR-TB) in addition to resistance to any fluroquinolones and at least one of three injectable second line anti tubercular drugs i.e. amikacin, kanamycin and/or capreomycin. Mismanagement of tuberculosis paves the way to drug resistant tuberculosis. Emergence of XDR-TB is reported world wide. Reported prevalence rates of XDR-TB of total MDR cases are; 6.6% overall worldwide, 6.5% in industrialized countries, 13.6% in Russia and Eastern Europe, 1.5% in Asia, 0.6% in Africa and Middle East and 15.4% in Republic of Korea. Better management and control of tuberculosis specially drug resistant TB by experienced and qualified doctors, access to standard microbiology laboratory,co-morbitidy of HIV and tuberculosis,new anti-TB drug regimens, better diagnostic tests,international standards for second line drugs (SLD)-susceptibility testing,invention of newer anti- tubercular molecules and vaccines and knowing the real magnitude of XDR-TB are some of the important issues to be addressed for effective prevention and management of XDR-TB.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Department of Microbiology, CSM Medical University, Lucknow 226 003, India. amita602002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Amita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Pratima
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dixit
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000150:complications; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular