title: Microarray analyses of gene expression during the Tetrahymena thermophila life cycle.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The model eukaryote, Tetrahymena thermophila, is the first ciliated protozoan whose genome has been sequenced, enabling genome-wide analysis of gene expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A genome-wide microarray platform containing the predicted coding sequences (putative genes) for T. thermophila is described, validated and used to study gene expression during the three major stages of the organism's life cycle: growth, starvation and conjugation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of the approximately 27,000 predicted open reading frames, transcripts homologous to only approximately 5900 are not detectable in any of these life cycle stages, indicating that this single-celled organism does indeed contain a large number of functional genes. Transcripts from over 5000 predicted genes are expressed at levels >5x corrected background and 95 genes are expressed at >250x corrected background in all stages. Transcripts homologous to 91 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 155 more are highly up-regulated in growing cells, while 90 are specifically expressed and 616 are up-regulated during starvation. Strikingly, transcripts homologous to 1068 predicted genes are specifically expressed and 1753 are significantly up-regulated during conjugation. The patterns of gene expression during conjugation correlate well with the developmental stages of meiosis, nuclear differentiation and DNA elimination. The relationship between gene expression and chromosome fragmentation is analyzed. Genes encoding proteins known to interact or to function in complexes show similar expression patterns, indicating that co-ordinate expression with putative genes of known function can identify genes with related functions. New candidate genes associated with the RNAi-like process of DNA elimination and with meiosis are identified and the late stages of conjugation are shown to be characterized by specific expression of an unexpectedly large and diverse number of genes not involved in nuclear functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. miaowei530@yeah.net
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Miao
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Josephine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yifan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Olga
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Braguinets
authors.forename: Jorg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grigull
authors.forename: Ronald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pearlman
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Orias
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gorovsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015152:Blotting, Northern; D003062:Codon / Q000235:genetics; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D017125:Genes, Protozoan; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000235:genetics*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016808:Tetrahymena thermophila / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D003062:Codon; D015800:Protozoan Proteins