title: Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES) are predicted by depressive and dissociative symptoms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  (1) To measure depressive and dissociative symptoms in a population of patients with Non-Epileptic Seizures (NES, or pseudo-seizures); (2) To compare NES with Epileptic subjects and Normal controls; (3) To try to define a personality profile specific, or typical, of NES patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  
  
  
  METHODS
  30 consecutive patients (21 females and 9 males, mean age 32.9+/-11.7 years) with NES diagnosed on clinical basis and confirmed by video-EEG recording; 30 patients with epilepsy matched for age and sex who had presented at least two seizures in the 12 months prior to the study despite pharmacological treatment; 30 Control subjects, healthy volunteers, matched for age and sex. Psychometric evaluation: Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS), Dissociative Experience Scale (DES), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Groups were compared by means of one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for independent samples, followed by posthoc Tukey HSD Test, with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressive and dissociative symptoms showed a significantly higher prevalence in the NES group as compared to Epileptics (p<0.001) and Controls (p<0.001), whereas patients with epilepsy did not differ from Controls. The analysis of the MMPI-2 in NES group showed a general increase in most MMPI-2 T-scores as compared to Epileptics and Controls, rather than a constant elevation (T-score>70) of one or more scales. No specific personality profile could be identified for the NES group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that depression and dissociative mechanisms are important precursors to the development and expression of NES.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Psychiatry and Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Via Ugo De Carolis, 48 00136 Roma, Italy. mariannamazza@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Marianna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazza
authors.forename: Giacomo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Della Marca
authors.forename: Annalisa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Martini
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scoppetta
authors.forename: Catello
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vollono
authors.forename: Maria Azzurra
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Valenti
authors.forename: Maria Luigia
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Vaccario
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bria
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mazza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D012640:Seizures / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014741:Video Recording; D055815:Young Adult