Nerve injuries and treatment in facial cosmetic surgery.
Surgical intervention remains a popular choice in patients seeking facial rejuvenation. Although uncommon, temporary or permanent peripheral nerve injury may complicate almost any type of invasive aesthetic procedure of the face, resulting in functional and psychological consequences for patients. Prompt recognition and appropriate intervention are necessary to avoid the long-term sequelae and improve the chances of complete neurologic recovery. Depending on the type of injury, various interventions may range from observation and close follow-up to interposition nerve grafting. This article reviews the pertinent anatomy of nerves at risk in facial cosmetic surgery and discusses various management strategies for inadvertent injury to peripheral nerves of the face.
Azizzadeh
Babak
B
Division of Head & Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA. md@facialplastics.info
Mashkevich
Grigoriy
G
D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D020209:Cranial Nerve Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D005145:Face / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation*; D006801:Humans; D059348:Peripheral Nerve Injuries; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000145:classification* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D012060:Rejuvenation; D012867:Skin / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000145:classification / Q000379:methods