title: Functional characterization of two secreted SEL1L isoforms capable of exporting unassembled substrate.
abstract: SEL1L-A, a transmembrane glycoprotein residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is a component of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. Alternative splicing generates two smaller SEL1L isoforms, -B and -C, that lack the SEL1L-A membrane-spanning region but retain some sel-1-like repeats, known to be involved in multi-protein interactions and signal transduction. In this study the functional characteristics of SEL1L-B and -C were investigated in human cell models. We show that these two isoforms are induced upon ER stress and activation of the unfolded protein response, together with SEL1L-A. Using transient transfection experiments (based on wild-type and mutant SEL1L constructs) combined with several biochemical tests we show that SEL1L-B and, more prominently, SEL1L-C are secreted glycoproteins. Although SEL1L-C is in monomeric form, SEL1L-B is engaged in intramolecular/intermolecular disulfide bonds. Both isoforms localize in secretory and degradative cellular compartments and in areas of cell-cell contact. However, whereas SEL1L-B is mainly associated with membranes, SEL1L-C shows the typical intralumenal localization of soluble proteins and is present in intercellular spaces. Furthermore, because of its peroxisomal domain, SEL1L-C localizes to peroxisomes. Both SEL1L-B and -C are involved in sorting and exporting unassembled Ig-mu(s) but do not affect two other ERAD substrates, the null Hong Kong variant of alpha(1)-antitrypsin, and mutant alpha(1)-AT Z. Overall these findings suggest that SEL1L-B and -C participate to novel molecular pathways that, in parallel with ERAD, contribute to the disposure of misfolded/unfolded or orphan proteins through degradation or secretion.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Via Fratelli Cervi, 93, 20090 Segrate, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cattaneo
authors.forename: Lavinia Vittoria
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lotti
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cardano
authors.forename: Rosaria
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Orlandi
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariani-Costantini
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Biunno
mesh_terms: D001483:Base Sequence; D004220:Disulfides; D004721:Endoplasmic Reticulum / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D020675:Peroxisomes / Q000378:metabolism; D011489:Protein Denaturation; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004220:Disulfides; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D011506:Proteins; C117384:SEL1L protein, human; D000515:alpha 1-Antitrypsin