title: Hormonal control of pupal coloration in the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui.
abstract: Pupae of the painted lady butterfly Vanessa cardui exhibit pupal color polyphenism consisting of white, dark and intermediate types. We investigated environmental factors affecting pupal coloration and the physiological mechanisms underlying the control of pupal color polyphenism in this species. Over 80% of larvae reared at 16 degrees C developed into pupae of dark types, whereas over 82% of larvae at 32 degrees C developed into pupae of white types irrespective of long/short-day photoperiod conditions. When mature larvae reared at 32 degrees C were ligatured between thoracic and abdominal parts at three different pharate pupal stages, all of the head-thoracic parts developed into white pupae regardless of pupal stage, but all abdominal parts ligatured at the early pharate pupal stage only developed into dark pupae. These results indicate that temperature during larval stages is an important element affecting pupal coloration as an environmental cue in V. cardui, and that a factor(s) inducing white pupae is released from head-thoracic parts under conditions of high temperature. Additionally, when ligatured abdomens destined to develop into dark pupae were treated with crude extracts prepared from the central nervous system, all of the ligatured abdomens developed into white pupae at a level dependent on dose and pupal stage. These results suggest that the factor inducing white pupae is a key molecule controlling pupal color polyphenism in V. cardui.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Biology and Informatics, Faculty of Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan. yamanaka@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
authors.forename: Miwako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kometani
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Yuki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tsujimura
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motomura
authors.forename: Chisato
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kitazawa
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Endo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002080:Butterflies / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism; D017753:Ecosystem; D005260:Female; D007301:Insect Hormones / Q000378:metabolism*; D007814:Larva / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D010858:Pigmentation; D011679:Pupa / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D007301:Insect Hormones