title: Smoke, choline acetyltransferase, muscarinic receptors, and fibroblast proliferation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
abstract: Acetylcholine (ACh), synthesized by choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), and muscarinic M(1), M(2), and M(3) receptors (MRs) are involved in fibroblast proliferation. We evaluated ChAT, MRs, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and nuclear factor (NF) kappaB activation in lung fibroblasts from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), control smokers, and controls. Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) stimulated with interleukin (IL)-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and cigarette smoke extracts (CSEs) were evaluated for ChAT and MR expression. We tested the effects of ACh on fibroblast proliferation and its ability to bind fibroblasts from patients with COPD, control smokers, controls, and HFL-1 stimulated with IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and CSE. ChAT, M(1), and M(3) expression and ERK1/2 and NFkappaB activation were increased, whereas M(2) was reduced, in COPD and smoker subjects compared with controls. IL-1beta increased the ChAT and M(3), TNF-alpha down-regulated M(2), and CSE increased ChAT and M(3) expression while down-regulating the expression of M(2) in HFL-1 cells. ACh stimulation increased fibroblast proliferation in patients with COPD, control smokers, and controls, with higher effect in control smokers and patients with COPD and increased HFL-1 proliferation only in CSE-treated cells. The binding of ACh was higher in patients with COPD and in control smokers than in controls and in CSE-treated than in IL-1beta- and TNF-alpha-stimulated HFL-1 cells. Tiotropium (Spiriva; [1alpha,2beta,4beta,5alpha,7beta-7-hydroxydi-2-thienylacetyl)oxy]-9,9-dimethyl-3-oxa-9-azoniatrcyclo[3.3.1.0(24)], C(19)H(22) NO(4)S(2)Br.H(2)O), gallamine triethiodide (C(19)H(22)N(4)O(2)S.2HCl.H(2)O), telenzepine [4,9-d-dihydro-3-methyl-4-[(4-methyl-1piperazinyl) acetyl]-10H-thieno [3,4-b][1,5]benzodiazepine-10-one dihydrobromide, C(30)H(60)I(3)N(3)O(3)], 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine, PD098059 [2-(2-amino-3methoxyphenyl)-4H-1benzopyran-4-one, C(16)H(13)NO(3)], and BAY 11-7082 [(E)-3-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-2-propenetrile, C(10)H(9)NO(2)C], down-regulated the ACh-induced fibroblast proliferation, promoting the MRs and ERK1/2 and NFkappaB pathways involvement in this phenomenon. These results suggest that cigarette smoke might alter the expression of ChAT and MRs, promoting airway remodeling in COPD and that anticholinergic drugs, including tiotropium, might prevent these events.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology, Italian National Research Council, Palermo, Italy. profita@ibim.cnr.it
authors.forename: Mirella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Profita
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bonanno
authors.forename: Liboria
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Siena
authors.forename: Andreina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bruno
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ferraro
authors.forename: Angela Marina
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Montalbano
authors.forename: Giusy Daniela
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Albano
authors.forename: Loredana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Riccobono
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Casarosa
authors.forename: Michael Paul
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gjomarkaj
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015153:Blotting, Western; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D008168:Lung / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000009:adverse effects; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D011976:Receptors, Muscarinic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002795:Choline O-Acetyltransferase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases