title: N-acetyl cysteine prevents polymethyl methacrylate bone cement extract-induced cell death and functional suppression of rat primary osteoblasts.
abstract: This study examines the cytotoxicity of bone cement extract to osteoblasts and the potential detoxification and restoration of osteoblastic function by an antioxidant amino acid, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). The osteoblastic cells derived from rat femurs were cultured with extract from polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement. The calcein and ethidium homodimer staining of the cells after 24-h incubation showed that 23.0% of the cells were dead in the culture with bone cement extract, while the addition of 5 mM NAC into the culture reduced the percentage to 4.3%. Annexin V and propidium iodide-based flow cytometric analysis also revealed that the apoptotic cells present at 15.8% in the culture with bone cement extract was reduced to 2.4% in the culture cotreated with bone cement extract and NAC. Severely suppressed alkaline phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization in the culture with bone cement extract (reduced to 10% and 5%, respectively, compared with the control culture) were restored to a normal level when treated with 5 mM NAC. The bone cement extract-induced, downregulated expression of osteoblastic genes, such as alkaline phosphatase, collagen I, and osteocalcin, was also restored to the baseline level by cotreatment with NAC. The data indicated that the addition of NAC into acrylic bone cement extract remarkably ameliorated the cytotoxicity to osteoblasts and restored their phenotype and function to a biologically significant degree, suggesting the potential usefulness of NAC in developing more biocompatible acrylic bone cement.
authors.affiliation: Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aita
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsukimura
authors.forename: Masahiro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hori
authors.forename: Katsutoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Hatsuhiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Katsuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimoto
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002113:Calcification, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione; D000111:Acetylcysteine