title: A multidimensional tool to quantify treatment resistance in depression: the Maudsley staging method.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Treatment resistance is a common clinical phenomenon in depression. However, current unitary models of staging fail to represent its complexity. We aimed to devise a model to stage treatment-resistant depression, taking into account the core factors contributing to treatment failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the literature to identify factors consistently associated with treatment resistance. We also analyzed data from a subgroup of patients discharged from a specialist inpatient unit for whom adequate data were obtainable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present a points-based staging model incorporating 3 factors: treatment, severity of illness, and duration of presenting episode. In this model, the rating of symptom severity ranges from subsyndromal depression (score 1) to severe syndromal depression with psychosis (score 5). Antidepressant treatment is rated on a 5-point subscale based on number of medications used, while duration of the presenting episode is rated on a 3-point subscale. The overall level of resistance estimated using this model varies from minimal resistance (score of 3) to severe resistance (score of 15). The rating system allows the overall severity of treatment resistance to be summarized either as a single numeric score or under a single descriptive category. It may also be possible to specify categories (mild, moderate, and severe) based on severity of resistance. Analysis of inpatient data indicates that the factors incorporated in the model and the model itself have some predictive validity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This staging model has reasonable face and predictive validity and may have better utility in staging treatment resistance than currently available methods.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Section of Neurobiology of Mood Disorders, Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Abebaw
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fekadu
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wooderson
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donaldson
authors.forename: Kalypso
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Markopoulou
authors.forename: Brendan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Masterson
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Poon
authors.forename: Anthony J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cleare
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004565:Electroconvulsive Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010343:Patient Admission; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents