title: Asenapine elevates cortical dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin release. Evidence for activation of cortical and subcortical dopamine systems by different mechanisms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asenapine, a psychopharmacologic agent developed for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, has higher affinity for 5-HT(2A/C,6,7) and alpha(2) adrenergic receptors than for D(2) receptors. Asenapine exhibits potent antipsychotic-like effects without inducing catalepsy, increases cortical and subcortical dopamine release, and facilitates cortical glutamatergic transmission in rats. In this study, we further analyzed the effects of asenapine on dopaminergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems in the rat brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the effects of asenapine on (1) dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus using in vivo single cell recording, (2) release of dopamine and noradrenaline (medial prefrontal cortex), serotonin (frontal cortex), and dopamine (nucleus accumbens), using in vivo microdialysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systemic asenapine increased dopaminergic (0.001-0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) and noradrenergic (0.025-0.05 mg/kg i.v.) neuronal firing, and asenapine (0.1-0.2 mg/kg, s.c) increased cortical noradrenaline and serotonin output. Local asenapine administration increased all three monoamines in the cortex but did not affect accumbal dopamine output. Intra-VTA tetrodotoxin perfusion blocked asenapine-induced accumbal but not cortical dopamine outflow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asenapine at doses associated with antipsychotic activity enhanced cortical monoamine efflux. Whereas the asenapine-induced dopamine increase in nucleus accumbens is dependent on activation of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA, the increase of cortical dopamine outflow involves largely a local action at nerve terminals. Our data provide further insight on the pharmacologic characteristics of asenapine that may have bearing on its clinical efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Nanna Svartz väg 2, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Frånberg
authors.forename: Monica M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Vladimir
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ivanov
authors.forename: Björn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schilström
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: Torgny H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Svensson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D004594:Electrophysiology; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism*; D013779:Tetrodotoxin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D003986:Dibenzocycloheptenes; D006576:Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; D012701:Serotonin; D013779:Tetrodotoxin; C522667:asenapine; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine