title: Bone formation on apatite-coated titanium incorporated with bone morphogenetic protein and heparin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) strongly induce osteogenesis and are enhanced by heparin. In this study, a potent osteoinductive material was developed by coating the surface of titanium with apatite incorporated with BMP and heparin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium samples were treated with a 5 N NaOH solution and heated at 600 degrees C for 24 hours. The treated titanium was soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 4 days and additionally soaked in SBF containing recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2; 1,000 ng/mL) with or without heparin (30 microg/mL) for 3 days at 37 degrees C. The surfaces of each sample were examined with scanning electron microscopy. The presence of rhBMP-2 on the surface of the apatite-coated titanium was examined using the immunogold method. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the surface of each sample. The number and morphology of the adherent cells, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteocalcin mRNA expression were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Apatite was formed on the surface of alkaline heat-treated titanium after soaking in SBF for 7 days. The presence of rhBMP-2 was confirmed by the distribution of BMP-positive immunogold particles. The incorporation of (> or = 3 microg/mL) heparin significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin mRNA expression in the cells on apatite-coated titanium containing rhBMP-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate that heparin enhanced BMP-2-induced osteogenesis on apatite-coated titanium without the loss of BMP-2 activity. The combination of BMP-2 and heparin was effective even in the thin apatite layer formed on titanium using the alkaline heat treatment method.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Kyushu Dental College, Kitakyushu, Japan.
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kodama
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Tetsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Takahashi
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000032:analysis; D000818:Animals; D001031:Apatites / Q000737:chemistry*; D001826:Body Fluids / Q000737:chemistry; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002424:Caustics / Q000737:chemistry; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000032:analysis; D010012:Osteogenesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D001031:Apatites; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D002424:Caustics; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D003764:Dental Materials; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D015675:Osteocalcin; D012972:Sodium Hydroxide; D006493:Heparin; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase