title: Differential effects of albumin on microglia and macrophages; implications for neurodegeneration following blood-brain barrier damage.
abstract: Microglial activation by blood-borne factors following blood-brain barrier damage may play a significant role in subsequent neuropathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Exposure of primary cultured rat brain microglia to pure, fatty acid- and lipid-deficient rat serum albumin or fraction V, (fatty acid and lipid-containing rat serum albumin), caused inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, glutamate release, tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and transforming growth factor-beta1 release. iNOS expression was attenuated by the MAPK/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway inhibitor U0126 and the phosphorylated forms of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 were detectable in microglia treated with albumin or fraction V. Glutamate release was prevented by l-alpha-aminoadipate and glutathione levels in microglia rose on exposure to albumin. Conditioned medium from microglia exposed to albumin or fraction V was neurotoxic. Peripheral macrophages were resistant to the effects of albumin but both microglia and macrophages responded to lipopolysaccharide, which induced interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha release, cyclooxygenase-2 and iNOS expression in both cell types, indicating a discrete desensitised pathway in macrophages for albumin which was not desensitised in microglia. Thus, exposure of microglia in the brain to albumin may contribute to neuronal damage following blood-brain barrier breakdown and point to resident microglia rather than infiltrating macrophages as therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Kings College London, MRC Centre for Neurodegeneration Research, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
authors.forename: Claudie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hooper
authors.forename: Fleur
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pinteaux-Jones
authors.forename: Victoria A H
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Ioanna G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Sevastou
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Simon J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Heales
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pocock
mesh_terms: D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000494:pharmacology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D017628:Microglia / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D011112:Polymyxin B / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016207:Cytokines; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012709:Serum Albumin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D018750:6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020169:Caspases; D005978:Glutathione; D011112:Polymyxin B