title: Scheduled bright light for treatment of insomnia in older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether bright light can improve sleep in older individuals with insomnia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week, parallel-group randomized design comparing four treatment groups representing a factorial combination of two lighting conditions and two times of light administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  At-home light treatment; eight office therapy sessions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six women and fifteen men (aged 63.6+/-7.1) meeting primary insomnia criteria recruited from the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-week program of sleep hygiene and exposure to bright ( approximately 4,000 lux) or dim light ( approximately 65 lux) scheduled daily in the morning or evening for 45 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Within-group changes were observed for subjective (sleep logs, questionnaires) and objective (actigraphy, polysomnography) sleep measures after morning or evening bright light.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within-group changes for subjective sleep measures after morning or evening bright light were not significantly different from those observed after exposure to scheduled dim light. Objective sleep changes (actigraphy, polysomnography) after treatment were not significantly different between the bright and dim light groups. Scheduled light exposure was able to shift the circadian phase predictably but was unrelated to changes in objective or subjective sleep measures. A polymorphism in CLOCK predicted morningness but did not moderate the effects of light on sleep. The phase angle between the circadian system (melatonin midpoint) and sleep (darkness) predicted the magnitude of phase delays, but not phase advances, engendered by bright light.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Except for one subjective measure, scheduled morning or evening bright light effects were not different from those of scheduled dim light. Thus, support was not found for bright light treatment of older individuals with primary insomnia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94304, USA.
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Friedman
authors.forename: Jamie M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Zeitzer
authors.forename: Clete
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kushida
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Zhdanova
authors.forename: Art
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Bret
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guilleminault
authors.forename: Javaid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Jerome A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yesavage
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010789:Phototherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017286:Polysomnography; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000628:therapy*