title: Torsion of malignant ovarian tumors in childhood and adolescence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the frequency of torsion of malignant ovarian tumors in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated all patients treated for adnexal torsion in a tertiary care referral pediatric institution during the last 20 years. Presentation, tumor markers and pathology reports were evaluated. We reviewed the literature on torsion of malignant ovarian tumors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-two girls (age 6 months to 19 years), 41 of them premenarchal, were surgically treated for adnexal torsion. Symptoms and signs that led to clinical investigation and subsequent surgery were not specific. Histological findings of torsioned masses showed 69 non-neoplasms and 23 tumors, including five malignant. Origin of the malignant disease included four germ cell tumors and one sex-cord stromal tumor. The morphology index score for malignant tumors was > or = 7 in all five patients. Tumor markers were elevated in 12 patients, including four of the patients with malignant tumors. Complete staging was performed in three adolescents with stage Ia, IIa and IIIa of disease. We found tumor origin for 11 previous reported patients with torsion of malignant ovarian tumor, including seven germ cell and four granulosa cell tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Torsion of malignant ovarian tumors in pediatric and adolescent patients occurs very rarely, but it is nevertheless possible at any stage of disease. The most common torsioned malignant ovarian tumors were of germ cell origin, in both premenarchal and postmenarchal girls. A torsioned adnexal mass with index > or = 7 needs to be considered as a potential malignant tumor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Mother and Child Health Institute of Serbia Dr Vukan Cupic, Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Djordje
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Savic
authors.forename: Zoran B
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: Stankovic
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Djukic
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mikovic
authors.forename: Slavisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Djuricic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006106:Granulosa Cell Tumor / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008572:Menarche / Q000502:physiology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009373:Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult