title: Long-term effects of magnetron-sputtered calcium phosphate coating on osseointegration of dental implants in non-human primates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of magnetron-sputtered calcium phosphate coating of implants on the later stages of osseointegration in a non-human primate model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen and 20 implants with a 0.1 microm amorphous calcium phosphate coating and a turned surface, respectively, were inserted in the anterior upper and lower jaw of adult non-human primates. Following a 7.5 months healing period, one part of the implants remained in the submerged position. The other part of implants was connected to healing abutments to allow peri-implant inflammation to occur. After another 20 months, histologic and histomorphometric analysis of the peri-implant area was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Submerged implants with a calcium phosphate coating and a turned surface showed no signs of an inflammatory reaction. The histomorphometric parameters 'bone volume per tissue volume' (BV/TV) and 'bone-to-implant contacts' (BIC) were not affected by calcium phosphate coating. Non-submerged implants of both groups showed occasionally signs of inflammation at the implant-abutment junction. Histomorphometric analysis revealed that the distance between the implant-abutment junction and the most coronal level (where bone was attached to the implant) as well as BV/TV and BIC were independent from the surface modification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that dental implants with calcium phosphate coating behave similar to turned implants independently whether they are connected to healing abutments or remain submerged. Ultra-thin calcium phosphate coating can combine the positive effects of calcium phosphate during the early stage of osseointegration without causing impairment of the later stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fügl
authors.forename: Fügl
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Alexander
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ulm
authors.forename: Ulm
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tangl
authors.forename: Tangl
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vasak
authors.forename: Vasak
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Christoph
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Gruber
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reinhard
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Watzek
authors.forename: Watzek
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Georg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016723:Bone Remodeling / Q000502:physiology; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000044:Dental Abutments; D003728:Dental Calculus / Q000145:classification; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000145:classification; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D016348:Osseointegration / Q000187:drug effects*; D010215:Papio; D011897:Random Allocation; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; C020243:calcium phosphate; D014025:Titanium