title: In vitro deposition properties of nebulized formoterol fumarate: effect of nebulization time, airflow, volume of fill and nebulizer type.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate in vitro the delivery of a new long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) drug formoterol fumarate inhalation solution (20 microg/2 mL) nebulized with and without ipratropium bromide (0.5 mg/2.5 mL) at different administration times (2.5-22.5 min), airflows (5-28.3 L/min), nebulizer fill volumes (2-6 mL),and nebulizer brands (Pari LC+, Ventstream and DeVilbiss).
  
  
  METHODS
  Formoterol fumarate with and without ipratropium bromide was aerosolized at different administration times, airflows, nebulizer fill volumes, and nebulizer brands. The drug deposited on the throat, filter and stage plates was collected and analyzed by HPLC to determine the aerodynamic profiles of the nebulized drugs under each variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In addition to altering the aerosol characteristics,increasing the nebulizer fill volume including the addition of ipratropium bromide produced a significant(p50.05) increase in the drug output. As expected, sputtering time was significantly longer at low airflows, and vice versa at higher airflows but with a significant loss of drug delivered presumably due to greater solvent evaporation at higher airflows. Airflows between 10 and 28.3 L/min and a nebulization time of approximately 10 min appear sufficient for producing aerosols within the respirable range (1-5 mm MMAD) with the nebulizer/compressor combination used.While the drug output varied significantly (p50.05) among the three brands of nebulizers tested, the LC+ nebulizer appears to produce aerosols (2.7 0.1 microm MMAD) capable of penetrating more deeply into the lung than the other nebulizers evaluated under the current test conditions. This study did not attempt to evaluate different nebulizer/compressor combinations. Also, the cascade impaction data may not necessarily reflect aerosol deposition in the airways in vivo, which may be different depending on the health status of the patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrated that administration of nebulized formoterol fumarate require proper selection of a delivery system/method for safe and effective therapy of the medication with and without ipratropium bromide.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical Development, Dey LP, 2751 Napa Valley Corporate Drive, Napa, CA 4558, USA. samuel.akapo@dey.com
authors.forename: Samuel O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Okapo
authors.forename: June
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Roach
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mark
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004867:Equipment Design; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate; D006801:Humans; D009241:Ipratropium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007700:Kinetics; D009330:Nebulizers and Vaporizers; D010316:Particle Size; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D004983:Ethanolamines; D012996:Solutions; D009241:Ipratropium; D000068759:Formoterol Fumarate