title: Estimating the spatial scale of herbicide and soil interactions by nested sampling, hierarchical analysis of variance and residual maximum likelihood.
abstract: An unbalanced nested sampling design was used to investigate the spatial scale of soil and herbicide interactions at the field scale. A hierarchical analysis of variance based on residual maximum likelihood (REML) was used to analyse the data and provide a first estimate of the variogram. Soil samples were taken at 108 locations at a range of separating distances in a 9 ha field to explore small and medium scale spatial variation. Soil organic matter content, pH, particle size distribution, microbial biomass and the degradation and sorption of the herbicide, isoproturon, were determined for each soil sample. A large proportion of the spatial variation in isoproturon degradation and sorption occurred at sampling intervals less than 60 m, however, the sampling design did not resolve the variation present at scales greater than this. A sampling interval of 20-25 m should ensure that the main spatial structures are identified for isoproturon degradation rate and sorption without too great a loss of information in this field.
authors.affiliation: Warwick-HRI, University of Warwick, Wellesbourne, Warwick, CV32 6EF, UK. oliver.price@unilever.com
authors.forename: Oliver R
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry*; D006812:Humic Substances; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010316:Particle Size; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D006812:Humic Substances; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; C028904:isoproturon