title: Effects and side-effects of surgery for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea--a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Many patients undergo surgery for snoring and sleep apnea, although the efficacy and safety of such procedures have not been clearly established. Our aim was systematically to review studies of the efficacy and adverse effects of surgery for snoring and obstructive sleep apnea.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed and Cochrane databases were searched in September 2007. Randomized controlled trials of surgery vs. sham surgery or conservative treatment in adults, with daytime sleepiness, quality of life, apnea-hypopnea index, and snoring as outcomes were included. Observational studies were also reviewed to assess adverse effects. Evidence of effect required at least two studies of medium and high quality reporting the same result.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Four studies of benefits and 45 studies of adverse effects were included. There was no significant effect on daytime sleepiness and quality of life after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty and radiofrequency ablation. The apnea-hypopnea index and snoring was reduced in one trial after laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty but not in another trial. Subjective snoring was reduced in one trial after radiofrequency ablation. No trial investigating the effect of any other surgical modality met the inclusion criteria. Persistent side-effects occurred after uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and uvulopalatoplasty in about half the patients and difficulty in swallowing, globus sensation and voice changes were especially common.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only a small number of randomized controlled trials with a limited number of patients assessing some surgical modalities for snoring or sleep apnea are available. These studies do not provide any evidence of effect from laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty or radiofrequency ablation on daytime sleepiness, apnea reduction, quality of life or snoring. We call for research of randomized, controlled trials of surgery other than uvulopalatopharyngoplasty and uvulopalatoplasty, as they are related to a high risk of long-term side-effects, especially difficulty swallowing.
authors.affiliation: Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, Stockholm, Sweden. Karl.Franklin@lung.umu.se
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Anttila
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Axelsson
authors.forename: Thorarinn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gislason
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maasilta
authors.forename: Kurt I
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Myhre
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rehnqvist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000601:surgery; D004598:Electrosurgery; D006801:Humans; D053685:Laser Therapy; D010160:Palate, Soft / Q000601:surgery; D010614:Pharynx / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D011788:Quality of Life; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D020181:Sleep Apnea, Obstructive / Q000601:surgery*; D012913:Snoring / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014609:Uvula / Q000601:surgery