title: Clinicopathological features and prognosis in immunoglobulin light and heavy chain deposition disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are three subtypes of monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease: light chain deposition disease (LCDD), light and heavy chain deposition disease (LHCDD), and heavy chain deposition disease (HCDD). Although it has been considered that LHCDD is a variant of LCDD, information on clinicopathological features and prognosis in LHCDD is presently limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed 5,443 renal biopsies, and evaluated clinicopathological features and outcomes in patients with LHCDD, in comparison with those in patients with LCDD and previously reported patients with HCDD. We also characterized paraprotein deposits in patients with LHCDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 6 patients with LHCDD, 6 patients with LCDD, and 1 patient with HCDD. The most common clinicopathological findings in patients with LHCDD were proteinuria, renal insufficiency, and nodular sclerosing glomerulopathy. Three patients had IgG-k deposits and 3 patients had IgG-l deposits. Heavy chain subclass analysis performed in 4 patients showed IgG3 deposits in all patients. Dual immunostaining revealed glomerular colocalization of light and heavy chains. In contrast with LCDD, glomerular C3 and C1q deposits were common findings in LHCDD and HCDD. All patients with LHCDD were treated with steroids and cytotoxic agents, but no effect on proteinuria was observed. Three patients developed end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. The underlying hematological disorders in LHCDD and HCDD were milder than in LCDD. Early renal survival and overall patient survival in our patients appeared to be better in LHCDD than in LCDD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are apparent differences in clinicopathological features and prognosis between LHCDD and LCDD. LHCDD is probably more similar to HCDD.
authors.affiliation: Third Department of Internal Medicine, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita Kumiai General Hospital, Akita, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Masai
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakui
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Togashi
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtani
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Komatsuda
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sawada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010265:Paraproteinemias / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007143:Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains; D007147:Immunoglobulin Light Chains