title: Effects of interventional lung assist on haemodynamics and gas exchange in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective experimental study on animals with acute respiratory distress syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interventional lung assist (ILA), based on the use of a pumpless extracorporeal membrane oxygenator, facilitates carbon dioxide (CO2) elimination in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is unclear whether an ILA system should be clamped during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in patients with ARDS or not. The aim of our study was to test the effects of an ILA on haemodynamics and gas exchange during CPR on animals with ARDS and to establish whether the ILA should be kept open or clamped under these circumstances.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was designed to be prospective and experimental. The experiments were performed on 12 anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated pigs (weighing 41 to 58 kg). One femoral artery and one femoral vein were cannulated and connected to an ILA. ARDS was induced by repeated bronchoalveolar lavage. An indwelling pacemaker was used to initiate ventricular fibrillation and chest compressions were immediately started and continued for 30 minutes. In six animals, the ILA was kept open and in the other six it was clamped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic and mean arterial pressures did not differ significantly between the groups. With the ILA open mean +/- standard deviation systolic blood pressures were 89 +/- 26 mmHg at 5 minutes, 71 +/- 28 mmHg at 10 minutes, 63 +/- 33 mmHg at 20 minutes and 83 +/- 23 mmHg at 30 minutes. The clamped ILA system resulted in systolic pressures of 77 +/- 30 mmHg, 90 +/- 23 mmHg, 72 +/- 11 mmHg and 72 +/- 22 mmHg, respectively. In the group with the ILA system open, arterial partial pressure of CO2 was significantly lower after 10, 20 and 30 minutes of CPR and arterial partial pressure of oxygen was higher 20 minutes after the onset of CPR (191 +/- 140 mmHg versus 57 +/- 14 mmHg). End-tidal partial pressure of CO2 decreased from 46 +/- 23 Torr (ILA open) and 37 +/- 9 Torr (ILA clamped) before intervention to 8 +/- 5 Torr and 8 +/- 10 Torr, respectively, in both groups after 30 minutes of CPR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that in an animal model of ARDS, blood pressures were not impaired by keeping the ILA system open during CPR compared with the immediate clamping of the ILA with the onset of CPR. The effect of ILA on gas exchange implied a beneficial effect.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. zick@anaesthesie.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Günther
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zick
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schädler
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elke
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pulletz
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bein
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Inéz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Frerichs
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Weiler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D005112:Extracorporeal Circulation / Q000379:methods; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D010313:Partial Pressure; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine