title: A prospective multicenter study of injury profile, severity and risk factors in 221 motorcycle-injured Nigerian maxillofacial patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This 12-month prospective multi-center study was designed to ascertain the entire injury profile, injury severity, and risk factors in motorcycle injured Nigerian maxillofacial patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  With a validated investigator-administered questionnaire, we obtained data from motorcycle-injured in- and out-patients managed in the maxillofacial units of four Nigerian teaching hospitals. Standardized information on host factors, agent, and type of crash as well as location, type, and extent of injury were elicited. Injuries were scored using the Facial Injury Severity and Abbreviated Injury scales (FISS, AIS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant male preponderance was observed (p = 0.003) with peak age 21-30 years; 62.7% of the patients were riders. Alcohol/substance abuse was implicated in 31.2% of riders, fatigue in 13.5%, and bad roads in 17.6%. The rate of helmet use was 3%. The predominant type of crash was head-on collision (HOC) 58%). Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ranged from 5 to 15 with mean 13.3 (3.5); Facial Injury Severity Score (FISS) ranged from 1 to 11, mean 3.7 (1.9); and Abbreviated Injury Score was mostly 2. FISS was not significantly different between both genders (p = 0.26) and road types (p > 0.05). The mean FISS was greater with multiple passengers than with single or no passengers (p = 0.12) and lower with crashes involving motorcycles carrying heavier loads (p = 0.022). Six of the patients died (2.7% fatality) in the course of their hospitalization all within a month of injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We advocate prompt legislation of a ban on greater than one passenger on a motorcycle, impaired (substance abuse) operation on a motorcycle, and stronger enforcement of speed limit and adoption of legislation that would make it mandatory to wear a full-face helmet when operating a motorcycle in Nigeria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. torera5265@yahoo.com
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Oginni
authors.forename: S O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Ajike
authors.forename: O N
authors.initials: ON
authors.lastname: Obuekwe
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fasola
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000328:Adult; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009049:Motorcycles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology