title: Effect of exercise intensity on abdominal fat loss during calorie restriction in overweight and obese postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exercise intensity may affect the selective loss of abdominal adipose tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study showed whether aerobic exercise intensity affects the loss of abdominal fat and improvement in cardiovascular disease risk factors under conditions of equal energy deficit in women with abdominal obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a randomized trial in 112 overweight and obese [body mass index (in kg/m(2)): 25-40; waist circumference >88 cm], postmenopausal women assigned to one of three 20-wk interventions of equal energy deficit: calorie restriction (CR only), CR plus moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (CR + moderate-intensity), or CR plus vigorous-intensity exercise (CR + vigorous-intensity). The diet was a controlled program of underfeeding during which meals were provided at individual calorie levels (approximately 400 kcal/d). Exercise (3 d/wk) involved treadmill walking at an intensity of 45-50% (moderate-intensity) or 70-75% (vigorous-intensity) of heart rate reserve. The primary outcome was abdominal visceral fat volume.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average weight loss for the 95 women who completed the study was 12.1 kg (+/-4.5 kg) and was not significantly different across groups. Maximal oxygen uptake ( O(2)max) increased more in the CR + vigorous-intensity group than in either of the other groups (P < 0.05). The CR-only group lost relatively more lean mass than did either exercise group (P < 0.05). All groups showed similar decreases in abdominal visceral fat (approximately 25%; P < 0.001 for all). However, changes in visceral fat were inversely related to increases in O(2)max (P < 0.01). Changes in lipids, fasting glucose or insulin, and 2-h glucose and insulin areas during the oral-glucose-tolerance test were similar across treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With a similar amount of total weight loss, lean mass is preserved, but there is not a preferential loss of abdominal fat when either moderate- or vigorous-intensity aerobic exercise is performed during caloric restriction. This trial was registered at (ClinicalTrials.gov) as: NCT00664729.
authors.affiliation: Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, J Paul Sticht Center on Aging, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. bnicklas@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nicklas
authors.forename: Xuewen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Tongjian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Lyles
authors.forename: Jamehl
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Demons
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Easter
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenchik
authors.forename: J Jeffrey
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Carr
mesh_terms: D050153:Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D017698:Postmenopause; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose