A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation.
BACKGROUND
Smoking is the leading preventable cause of premature death in the United States. Previous studies of financial incentives for smoking cessation in work settings have not shown that such incentives have significant effects on cessation rates, but these studies have had limited power, and the incentives used may have been insufficient.


METHODS
We randomly assigned 878 employees of a multinational company based in the United States to receive information about smoking-cessation programs (442 employees) or to receive information about programs plus financial incentives (436 employees). The financial incentives were $100 for completion of a smoking-cessation program, $250 for cessation of smoking within 6 months after study enrollment, as confirmed by a biochemical test, and $400 for abstinence for an additional 6 months after the initial cessation, as confirmed by a biochemical test. Individual participants were stratified according to work site, heavy or nonheavy smoking, and income. The primary end point was smoking cessation 9 or 12 months after enrollment, depending on whether initial cessation was reported at 3 or 6 months. Secondary end points were smoking cessation within the first 6 months after enrollment and rates of participation in and completion of smoking-cessation programs.


RESULTS
The incentive group had significantly higher rates of smoking cessation than did the information-only group 9 or 12 months after enrollment (14.7% vs. 5.0%, P<0.001) and 15 or 18 months after enrollment (9.4% vs. 3.6%, P<0.001). Incentive-group participants also had significantly higher rates of enrollment in a smoking-cessation program (15.4% vs. 5.4%, P<0.001), completion of a smoking-cessation program (10.8% vs. 2.5%, P<0.001), and smoking cessation within the first 6 months after enrollment (20.9% vs. 11.8%, P<0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
In this study of employees of one large company, financial incentives for smoking cessation significantly increased the rates of smoking cessation. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00128375.)
Volpp
Kevin G
KG
Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, USA. volpp70@wharton.upenn.edu
Troxel
Andrea B
AB
Pauly
Mark V
MV
Glick
Henry A
HA
Puig
Andrea
A
Asch
David A
DA
Galvin
Robert
R
Zhu
Jingsan
J
Wan
Fei
F
DeGuzman
Jill
J
Corbett
Elizabeth
E
Weiner
Janet
J
Audrain-McGovern
Janet
J
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D016272:Occupational Health; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States