title: Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non-injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non-toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program.
authors.affiliation: Horticulture Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, St Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Noubar J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Bostanian
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Thistlewood
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hardman
authors.forename: Marie-Claude
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Laurin
authors.forename: Gaétan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Racette
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008925:Mites / Q000187:drug effects*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000469:parasitology*; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077922:Thiamethoxam; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010078:Oxazines; D013844:Thiazoles; C082359:imidacloprid; D000077922:Thiamethoxam