title: Chronic kidney disease in long duration type 1 diabetes lasting more than 50 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is evidence that microalbuminuria and overt nephropathy may progress more slowly in long duration (> 20 years) type 1 diabetes (T1DM). To explore this further, we examined the characteristics of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a large cohort of long duration T1DM in the United Kingdom (UK).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied the UK 'Golden Years' cohort--a group of 400 patients from various parts of the UK with T1DM > 50 years duration. Demographic and clinical information were obtained. HbA(1c), lipids, creatinine and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured. Microalbuminuria was defined as 2.5-25.0 mg/mmol for males and 3.5-25.0 mg/mmol for females; macroalbuminuria was defined as an ACR > 25.0 mg/mmol for both sexes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 69 years and duration of diabetes 55 years. Nine percent had macroalbuminuria and 27% microalbuminuria. No patient had stage 5 CKD. Microalbuminuria was associated significantly with increased diabetes duration (p = 0.02), male sex (p = 0.02), smoking (p = 0.002), higher HbA(1c) (p < 0.0001), raised triglycerides (p = 0.04), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (p < 0.0001). Macroalbuminuria had significant associations with smoking (p = 0.02), raised triglycerides (p = 0.01), raised creatinine (p = 0.02), PVD (p = 0.01) and hypertension (p = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that microalbuminuria and CKD are common, even at long duration (> 50 years) of T1DM, and have similar characteristics and associations as they do with shorter disease duration. There is a striking absence, however, of stage 5 CKD, but selection bias may be an important confounder since patients with advanced disease may have not survived.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital Aintree, Clinical Sciences Centre, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Daousi
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Bain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D006113:United Kingdom