title: Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence suggests an association between maternal obesity and some congenital anomalies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess current evidence of the association between maternal overweight, maternal obesity, and congenital anomaly.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus (January 1966 through May 2008) were searched for English-language studies using a list of keywords. Reference lists from relevant review articles were also searched.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational studies with an estimate of prepregnancy or early pregnancy weight or body mass index (BMI) and data on congenital anomalies were considered. Of 1944 potential articles, 39 were included in the systematic review and 18 in the meta-analysis. Data Extraction and Synthesis Information was extracted on study design, quality, participants, congenital anomaly groups and subtypes, and risk estimates. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) comparing risk among overweight, obese, and recommended-weight mothers (defined by BMI) were determined for congenital anomaly groups and subtypes for which at least 150 cases had been reported in the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pooled ORs for overweight and obesity were calculated for 16 and 15 anomaly groups or subtypes, respectively. Compared with mothers of recommended BMI, obese mothers were at increased odds of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects (OR, 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.15), spina bifida (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.86-2.69), cardiovascular anomalies (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.51), septal anomalies (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09-1.31), cleft palate (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.47), cleft lip and palate (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40), anorectal atresia (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.97), hydrocephaly (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.19-2.36), and limb reduction anomalies (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.73). The risk of gastroschisis among obese mothers was significantly reduced (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.10-0.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of a range of structural anomalies, although the absolute increase is likely to be small. Further studies are needed to confirm whether maternal overweight is also implicated.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom NE2 4HH.
authors.forename: Katherine J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stothard
authors.forename: Peter W G
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Tennant
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rankin
mesh_terms: D000013:Congenital Abnormalities / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications*; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications; D012307:Risk Factors