title: Bipolar I disorder with mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms: a comparative longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate similarities and differences between bipolar I patients with and without mood-incongruent symptoms (MIS) over a long period of time, independently of longitudinal syndromatic constellations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Halle bipolarity longitudinal study (HABILOS) prospectively investigates 182 patients meeting the DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorders over a long period of time (x;- = 16.84 years). One thousand five hundred thirty-nine (1,539) episodes have been evaluated with standardized instruments. Patients and episodes were divided into two groups (with and without MIS) and were compared on various levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It was found: (1) The majority of the episodes of bipolar I patients during long-term course did not have MIS, but the majority of patients did. (2) Bipolar I patients with MIS differ from patients without MIS in the following features: (a) Bipolar I patients with MIS are more frequently males. (b) Bipolar I patients with MIS need treatment at a significantly younger age than those without MIS. (c) First manifestation of bipolar I disorder with MIS after the age of 50 is extremely seldom. (d) Bipolar I patients with MIS more frequently have relatives with schizophrenia. (e) Bipolar I patients with MIS more frequently become disabled and retire at a significantly younger age than patients without MIS and (f) Significantly fewer patients with MIS than those without MIS live in a stable partnership.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be concluded that bipolar I disorders with MIS are more severe disorders than bipolar I disorders without MIS. This finding in combination with the above results, however, can give rise to the conclusion that bipolar I disorders with MIS are the epiphenomenon of the overlap, possibly genetic, of a "schizophrenic spectrum" and a "bipolar spectrum" and their antagonistic influence creating a "schizo-affective" area between them as a kind of psychotic continuum between prototypes.
authors.affiliation: Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle 06097, Germany. andreas.marneros@medizin.uni-halle.de
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marneros
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Röttig
authors.forename: Dörthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Röttig
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tscharntke
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brieger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006212:Hallucinations / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult