title: Effects of oxygen inhibition in indirect bonding with a hydrophilic adhesive.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In indirect bonding, a white surface layer defect sometimes appears on the custom resin base when brackets are bonded to the stone model with a hydrophilic adhesive. It was surmised that this surface layer might be related to oxygen inhibition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis were used to corroborate that this defect is caused by oxygen inhibition during the formation of the resin bases. A series of indirect bonding bases was prepared with both hydrophilic (APC PLUS, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) and hydrophobic (APCII, 3M Unitek) adhesive-coated metal brackets, sectioned, and imaged in cross section.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the hydrophilic adhesive, a 30- to 40-microm white layer defect was observed on the custom resin base after rinsing and drying. This defect was not observed, however, when the hydrophobic adhesive was used. When the same tests were conducted under an inert nitrogen blanket, the porous white layer was not present on either adhesive. X-ray microanalysis also showed elevated levels of silicon and oxygen in the porous layer compared with the bulk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that the white layer defect originated from the formation of an oxygen-inhibited surface layer during curing followed by resin leaching when the bonding tray was rinsed. The fact that this layer does not correspond to the normally observed smooth resin-colored surface might be of concern to clinicians; if so, the layer can be eliminated by curing the bonding bases under inert conditions. Moreover, it is not a hindrance to effective bonding.
authors.affiliation: 3M Company, Monrovia, CA 91016-5097, USA. ppsoo@mmm.com
authors.forename: Philip P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Soo
authors.forename: Brian M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Anoop
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sondhi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D003738:Dental Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D003765:Models, Dental; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000737:chemistry; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012825:Silicon / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D017155:Wettability
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D003738:Dental Cements; D019279:Resin Cements; C472247:accelerated Portland cement; D014867:Water; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen; D012825:Silicon