title: Induction of muscle weakness by local inflammation: an experimental animal model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to characterize the response of skeletal muscle to a localized inflammation induced by the inflammatory agent casein.
  
  
  METHODS
  An inflammatory agent, casein, was injected into the right hindlimb and saline was injected into the left hindlimb of normal adult mice, once daily for six consecutive days. Inflammatory response was monitored by immunohistochemical labeling of leukocytes. Muscle protein levels were determined by electrophoresis and muscle function was determined by isometric force measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Local inflammation was induced by casein in association with the accumulation of extensive neutrophils and macrophages in the soleus muscle. This local inflammation resulted in a shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform expression and a significant reduction in total MHC concentration in the soleus. Maximal twitch and tetanic forces were significantly reduced in the inflamed soleus. Contractile function in soleus was fully restored after two weeks of recovery, along with the restoration of protein concentration and the disappearance of inflammatory cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes a unique and robust model in which mechanisms of local inflammation induced muscle protein degradation, reduction of contractile force, and subsequent recovery from this condition can be further studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Biology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1247, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bicer
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ching
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Quan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D051379:Mice; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018908:Muscle Weakness / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains