title: Plasma indices of angiogenesis in rheumatoid disease: relationship to cardiovascular risk factors and cardiac function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rheumatoid Disease (RD) is associated with increased rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Angiogenesis is central to RD, and well-recognized in CVD. We hypothesised that plasma levels of two indices associated with angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiogenin, would be higher among RD patients compared to healthy controls (HC), would relate to CVD risk factors, calculated 10-year coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke risk scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  144 clinic patients with established RD and 63 HC were recruited in a cross-sectional study. RD patients were grouped according to the presence (RD-CVD, n=73 or absence (non-CVD RD; n=71) of CVD risk factors. Angiogenin and VEGF levels were quantified by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences for VEGF or angiogenin, between RD-CVD, non-CVD RD and HC groups (p=NS). Calculated risks for both CHD (p=0.017) and stroke (p=0.016) were higher when RD-CVD was compared to non-CVD RD and HC. Upon multivariate analysis, methotrexate use (p=0.006) and prior mycocardial infarction (MI) (p=0.034) were associated with higher angiogenin levels; body mass index (BMI) (p=0.034) and presence of RD (p=0.029) itself predicted lower levels. For RD patients, serum creatinine (p<0.001) and CRP levels, VEGF levels, and NSAID/COX2 inhibitor use (all p<0.05) were independently associated with CHD risk; plasma VEGF and serum creatinine levels were independently associated with stroke risk (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although levels of angiogenin were not significantly different between HC and RD patients, RD may have some influence on their variation. Methotrexate use and prior MI predicted higher angiogenin levels, whilst levels of VEGF were negatively associated with 10-year CHD and stroke risk.
authors.forename: Gurbir S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sosin
authors.forename: Jeetesh V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Karl A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Grindulis
authors.forename: Fazal H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Khattak
authors.forename: Russell C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C046366:angiogenin; D012259:Ribonuclease, Pancreatic