title: Acrebol, a novel toxic peptaibol produced by an Acremonium exuviarum indoor isolate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify a toxin and its producer isolated from woody material in a building where the occupants experienced serious ill health symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hyphal extracts of an indoor fungus, identified as the cycloheximide-tolerant species Acremonium exuviarum, inhibited motility of boar spermatozoa (EC(50) 5 +/- 2 microg of crude solids ml(-1)) and caused cytolysis of murine neuroblastoma cells (MNA) and feline fetal lung cells (FL). The responsible substances were purified and identified as two structurally similar, heat-stable, novel, toxic peptaibols, 1726 Da and 1740 Da, respectively, with amino acid sequences of Acetyl-Phe-Iva/Val-Gln-Aib-Ile-Thr-Leu-Aib-Pro-Aib-Gln-Pro-Aib-(X-X-X)-SerOH and Acetyl-Phe-Iva/Val-Gln-Aib-Ile-Thr-Leu-Val-Pro-Aib-Gln-Pro-Aib-(X-X-X)-SerOH. Purified acrebol inhibited motility of boar sperm, depleted ATP half-content in 1 day (EC(50) of 0.1 microg ml(-1), 60 nmol l(-1)) depolarised the mitochondria after 2 days, but did not affect the cellular content in NADH. This indicates mitochondrial toxicity. Plate-grown biomass of A. exuviarum BMB4 contained 0.1-1% (w/w) of acrebol, depending on the culture medium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acrebol paralysed the energy generation of mammalian cells suggesting that mitochondria were its target of action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acremonium exuviarum, as an indoor fungus, is potentially hazardous to health because of the toxic peptaibols that it produces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mikkola
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raulio
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kredics
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maijala
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Salkinoja-Salonen
mesh_terms: D000164:Acremonium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity; D002415:Cats; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D006798:Housing; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000473:pathology; D054848:Peptaibols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects; D014934:Wood / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D054848:Peptaibols