title: Sall4 regulates cell fate decision in fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fetal hepatic stem/progenitor cells, called hepatoblasts, differentiate into both hepatocytes and cholangiocytes. The molecular mechanisms regulating this lineage segmentation process remain unknown. Sall4 has been shown to be among the regulators of organogenesis, embryogenesis, maintenance of pluripotency, and early embryonic cell fate decisions in embryonic stem cells. The expression and functional roles of Sall4 during liver development have not been elucidated. We here provide their first description in hepatoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  To investigate functions of Sall4 in fetal liver development, Dlk(+)CD45(-)Ter119(-) hepatoblasts derived from embryonic day 14 mouse livers were purified, and in vitro gain and loss of function analyses and in vivo transplantation analyses were performed using retrovirus- or lentivirus-mediated gene transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrated that Sall4 was expressed in fetal hepatoblasts but not adult hepatocytes. The expression level of Sall4 gradually fell during liver development. Overexpression of Sall4 in hepatoblasts significantly inhibited maturation induced by oncostatin M and extracellular matrix in vitro, as evidenced by morphologic changes and suppression of hepatic maturation marker gene expression. When bile duct-like structures were induced by collagen gel-embedded culture, overexpression of Sall4 markedly augmented size and number of cytokeratin19(+)-branching structures. Knockdown of Sall4 inhibited formation of these branching structures. With in vivo transplantation, Sall4 enhanced differentiation of cytokeratin19(+)-bile ducts derived from transplanted hepatoblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Sall4 plays a crucial role in controlling the lineage commitment of hepatoblasts not only inhibiting their differentiation into hepatocytes but also driving their differentiation toward cholangiocytes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsunekazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oikawa
authors.forename: Akihide
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamiya
authors.forename: Sei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kakinuma
authors.forename: Mikio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zeniya
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishinakamura
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tajiri
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakauchi
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D015415:Biomarkers; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology; D019070:Cell Lineage / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000637:transplantation; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000502:physiology; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; C509167:Sall4 protein, mouse; D014157:Transcription Factors