title: Hexavalent chromium content in stainless steel welding fumes is dependent on the welding process and shield gas type.
abstract: Occupational exposure to welding fumes is a known health hazard. To isolate elements in stainless steel welding fumes with high potential for adverse health outcomes, fumes were generated using a robotic gas metal arc system, using four shield gases of varying oxygen content. The objective was to measure Cr(VI) concentrations in a broad spectrum of gas metal arc welding processes, and identify processes of exceptionally high or low Cr(VI) content. The gases used were 95% Ar/5% O(2), 98% Ar/2% O(2), 95% Ar/5%CO(2), and 75% He/25% Ar. The welder was operated in axial spray mode (Ar/O(2), Ar/CO(2)), short-circuit (SC) mode (Ar/CO(2) low voltage and He/Ar), and pulsed axial-spray mode (98% Ar/2% O(2)). Results indicate large differences in Cr(VI) in the fumes, with Ar/O(2) (Pulsed)>Ar/O(2)>Ar/CO(2)>Ar/CO(2) (SC)>He/Ar; values were 3000+/-300, 2800+/-85, 2600+/-120, 1400+/-190, and 320+/-290 ppm respectively (means +/- standard errors for 2 runs and 3 replicates per run). Respective rates of Cr(VI) generation were 1.5, 3.2, 4.4, 1.3, and 0.46 microg/min; generation rates were also calculated in terms of microg Cr(VI) per metre of wire used. The generation rates of Cr(VI) increased with increasing O(3) concentrations. Particle size measurements indicated similar distributions, but somewhat higher >0.6 microm fractions for the short-circuit mode samples. Fumes were also sampled into 2 selected size ranges, a microspatter fraction (>or=0.6 microm) and a fine (<0.6 microm) fraction; analysis indicated that Cr(VI) is primarily associated with particles <0.6 microm. The conclusion of the study is that Cr(VI) concentrations vary significantly with welding type and shield gas type, and this presents an opportunity to tailor welding practices to lessen Cr(VI) exposures in workplaces by selecting low Cr(VI)-generating processes. Short-circuit processes generated less Cr(VI) than axial-spray methods, and inert gas shielding gave lower Cr(VI) content than shielding with active gases. A short circuit He/Ar shielded process and a pulsed axial spray Ar/O(2) process were both identified as having substantially lower Cr(VI) generation rates per unit of wire used relative to the other processes studied.
authors.affiliation: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1095 Willowdale Rd, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA. mjk3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keane
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stone
authors.forename: Bean
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slaven
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schwegler-Berry
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Antonini
mesh_terms: D000336:Aerosols / Q000032:analysis; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental / Q000032:analysis*; D002857:Chromium / Q000032:analysis*; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D010126:Ozone / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013997:Time Factors; D014896:Welding / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D002274:Carcinogens, Environmental; D005740:Gases; D002857:Chromium; D013193:Stainless Steel; C074702:chromium hexavalent ion; D010126:Ozone