title: The cost-effectiveness of increasing kidney transplantation and home-based dialysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal replacement therapy (RRT) consumes sizable proportions of health budgets internationally, but there is considerable variability in choice of RRT modality among and within countries with major implications for health outcomes and costs. We aimed to quantify these implications for increasing kidney transplantation and improving the rate of home-based dialysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiple cohort Markov model was used to assess costs and health outcomes of RRT for new end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients in Australia for 2005-2010, using a health-care funder perspective. Patient characteristics and current practice patterns were based on the ANZDATA Registry. Two proposed changes were modelled: (i) increasing kidney transplants by between 10% and 50% by 2010; and (ii) increasing home haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) to the highest rates observed among Australian centres. We assessed costs (Australian dollars), survival and quality-adjusted survival, and cost-effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of new ESKD patients in 2010 was estimated to be 2700, with annual RRT costs of about $A700 million; cumulative costs (2005-2010) were $A5 billion. Increasing transplants by 10-50% saves between $A5.8 and $A26.2 million, and increases quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) by 130-658 QALYs. Switching new patients from hospital HD to (i) home HD saves $A46.6 million by 2010; or (ii) PD saves $A122.1 million.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These clinical practice changes reduce costs, improve patient quality of life and, in the case of transplantation, increase survival. Planning for RRT services should incorporate efforts to maximize rates of transplantation and to encourage home-based over hospital-based dialysis to optimize cost-effectiveness in RRT service delivery.
authors.affiliation: University of Sydney, Australia. kirstenh@health.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salkeld
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chadban
authors.forename: Jonathan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cass
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D006437:Hemodialysis, Home / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D013997:Time Factors