title: Promoter hypermethylation of mismatch repair genes, hMLH1 and hMSH2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Major risk factors of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are environmental and can lead to DNA mutagenesis. Mismatch repair (MMR) system functions to repair small DNA lesions, which can be targeted for promoter hypermethylation. We therefore wanted to test whether hypermethylation of MMR genes (hMLH1, hMSH2) could contribute to oral carcinogenesis by correlating the information to patient clinical data.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genomic DNA was extracted from 28 OSCC and six normal oral epithelium samples. The methylation status of the two MMR genes was assessed using Methylation Specific PCR after DNA modification with sodium bisulfite. Serial sections of the same tissues were immunostained with antibodies against hMLH1 and hMSH2 protein.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promoter hypermethylation was observed in 14/28 OSCC cases. Remarkably, 100% of patients with multiple oral malignancies showed hypermethylation in hMLH1 or hMSH2 compared with 31.5% of single tumor patients. In 10 cancer cases, expression of the hMLH1 and hMSH2 genes by immunostaining showed reduced or absence of expression of one of the genes, although some did not reflect the methylation status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypermethylation of hMLH1 and hMSH2 might play a role in oral carcinogenesis and may be correlated with a tendency to develop multiple oral malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel. rakefetc@hadassah.org.il
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Czerninski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krichevsky
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ashhab
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazit
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ben-Yehuda
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008745:Methylation; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein; D045643:DNA Repair Enzymes