title: Elevated tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity in children and adolescents with sickle cell disease: association with hemolysis and hemoglobin oxygen desaturation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevation of echocardiography-determined tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity predicts high systolic pulmonary artery pressure and early mortality in adults with sickle cell disease. The definition, prevalence and clinical correlates of elevated jet velocity have not been established in pediatric patients. The present study tested the hypotheses that elevated jet velocity affects 10% of pediatric patients, is associated with both hemolysis and hypoxia, and has clinical correlates with acute chest syndrome, stroke, transfusion requirement and abnormal 6-minute walk test results.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective multicenter study of 310 patients aged 3-20 years old with sickle cell disease under basal conditions and 54 matched controls was conducted. A hemolytic index was generated by principal component analysis of the levels of lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase and bilirubin and reticulocyte count.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elevated jet velocity (defined as > or =2.60 m/sec based on the mean+/-2 SD in controls) occurred in 32 patients (11.0%) including one child of 3 years old. After adjustment for hemoglobin concentration, systolic blood pressure and left ventricular diastolic function, a 2 SD increase in the hemolytic index was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in the odds of elevated jet velocity (p=0.009) and oxygen saturation < or =98% with a 3.2-fold increase (p=0.028). Two or more episodes of acute chest syndrome had occurred in 28% of children with elevated jet velocity compared to in 13% of other children (p=0.012), more than ten units of blood had been transfused in 39% versus 18% (p=0.017) and stroke had occurred in 19% versus 11% (p=0.2). The distance walked in 6-minute walk tests did not differ significantly, but oxygen saturation declined during the tests in 68% of children with elevated jet velocity compared to in 32% of other children (p=0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to a pediatric-specific definition the prevalence of elevated jet velocity in this population of young patients with sickle cell disease was 11%. The study provides evidence for independent associations of elevated jet velocity with hemolysis and oxygen desaturation. Further investigations should address whether elevated jet velocity may indicate future complications and whether early intervention is beneficial.
authors.affiliation: Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Caterina P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Minniti
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sable
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ensing
authors.forename: Niti
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dham
authors.forename: Onyinye
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Onyekwere
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nouraie
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Gladwin
authors.forename: Oswaldo L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Victor R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Gordeuk
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017701:Reticulocyte Count; D012307:Risk Factors; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D001663:Bilirubin; D010100:Oxygen