title: Modeling the genetic and environmental association between peer group deviance and cannabis use in male twins.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Peer group deviance (PGD) is linked strongly to liability to drug use, including cannabis. Our aim was to model the genetic and environmental association, including direction of causation, between PGD and cannabis use (CU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Results were based on 1736 to 1765 adult males from the Mid-Atlantic Twin Registry with complete CU and PGD data measured retrospectively at three time-intervals between 15 and 25 years using a life-history calendar.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At all ages, multivariate modeling showed that familial aggregation in PGD was explained by a combination of additive genetic and shared environmental effects. Moreover, the significant PGD-CU association was best explained by a CU-->PGD causal model in which large portions of the additive genetic (50-78%) and shared environmental variance (25-73%) in PGD were explained by CU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Until recently PGD was assumed to be an environmental, upstream risk factor for CU. Our data are not consistent with this hypothesis. Rather, they suggest that the liability to affiliate with deviant peers is explained more clearly by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that are indexed by CU which sits as a 'risk indicator' in the causal pathway between genetic and environmental risks and the expression of PGD. This is consistent with a process of social selection by which the genetic and environmental risks in CU largely drive the propensity to affiliate with deviant peers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219-1534, USA. ngillespie@vcu.edu
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Gillespie
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: Kristen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010379:Peer Group; D010641:Phenotype; D012307:Risk Factors; D012931:Social Environment; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology