title: Esophageal involvement and interstitial lung disease in mixed connective tissue disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mixed connective tissue disease is a systemic inflammatory disorder that results in both pulmonary and esophageal manifestations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We sought to evaluate the relationship between esophageal dysfunction and interstitial lung disease in patients with mixed connective tissue disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We correlated the pulmonary function data and the high-resolution computed tomography findings of interstitial lung disease with the results of esophageal evaluation in manometry, 24-hour intraesophageal pH measurements, and the presence of esophageal dilatation on computed tomography scan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty consecutive patients with mixed connective tissue disease, according to Kasukawa's classification criteria, were included in this prospective study. High-resolution computed tomography parenchymal abnormalities were present in 39 of 50 patients. Esophageal dilatation, gastroesophageal reflux, and esophageal motor impairment were also very prevalent (28 of 50, 18 of 36, and 30 of 36, respectively). The presence of interstitial lung disease on computed tomography was significantly higher among patients with esophageal dilatation (92% vs. 45%; p<0.01) and among patients with severe motor dysfunction (90% vs. 35%; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although we were not able to prove a causal relationship between esophageal and pulmonary involvement, our series revealed a strong association between esophageal motor dysfunction and interstitial lung disease in patients with mixed connective tissue disease.
authors.affiliation: Pulmonary Division, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, Brazil. mniedermayer@uol.com.br
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Fagundes
authors.forename: M T C
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Caleiro
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Navarro-Rodriguez
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Baldi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kavakama
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salge
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kairalla
authors.forename: C R R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004108:Dilatation, Pathologic / Q000175:diagnosis; D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D004947:Esophagus / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D017563:Lung Diseases, Interstitial / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D008947:Mixed Connective Tissue Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult