title: Factors influencing effects of specific COX-2 inhibitor NSAIDs on growth and differentiation of mouse osteoblasts on titanium surfaces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of exposure time and stages of cell growth on the effects of specific COX-2 inhibitor NSAIDs on growth and differentiation of osteoblasts on smooth titanium surfaces.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was categorized into 5 groups: group A, 0.1 microM indomethacin; group B, 1.5 microM celecoxib; group C, 3.0 microM celecoxib; group D, 9.0 microM celecoxib; and group E, serum-free culture medium without drug treatment. A mouse calvarial cell line, MC3T3-E1, was seeded on acid-prickled surface titanium disks. The investigations were performed in 3 experimental phases based on stages of cell growth: static (24 hours after seeding), log (culture day 5), and plateau (culture day 12). In each experimental phase, cells on titanium disks were incubated in a medium treated with drugs according to the groups of study for 1, 3, and 5 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indomethacin and celecoxib in groups A to D inhibited growth of cells on treatment days 3 and 5 in static phase and on treatment day 3 in log phase. Additionally, an inhibitory effect of indomethacin was greater than celecoxib. Effects on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin were not clearly demonstrated. A significant decrease of PGE2 production was found in groups A to D in static and plateau but not log phases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A specific COX-2 inhibitor NSAID, celecoxib, inhibited growth of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces and the effects were influenced by exposure time and stages of cell growth. Using a specific COX-2 inhibitor might cause deterioration of osteointegration of dental implants by interfering with osteoblastic cell growth in the proliferative stage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112 Songkhla, Thailand. pramejid@gmail.com
authors.forename: Premijt
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arpornmaeklong
authors.forename: Butsakorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Akarawatcharangura
authors.forename: Prisana
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pripatnanont
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000134:Acid Etching, Dental; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D015675:Osteocalcin / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D003764:Dental Materials; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D015675:Osteocalcin; D014025:Titanium; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000068579:Celecoxib; D015232:Dinoprostone; D007213:Indomethacin