title: Variability in sublingual microvessel density and flow measurements in healthy volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  As sublingual microvascular indices are increasingly heralded as new resuscitation end-points, better population data are required to power clinical studies. This paper describes improved methods to quantify sublingual microvessel flow and density in images obtained by sidestream dark field (SDF) technology in healthy volunteers, including vessels under 10 microm in diameter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements of sublingual capillary density and flow were obtained by recording three 15-second images in 20 healthy volunteers over three days. Two independent observers quantified capillary density by using two methods: total vessel length (mm/mm2) and counting (number/mm). Both intraoral and temporal variabilities within subject and observer reproducibilities were determined by using coefficients of variability and reproducibility indices.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For small (1-10 microm), medium (11-20 microm), and large (21-50 microm) diameter, mean vessel density with standard deviations (SDs) in volunteers was 21.3(+/- 4.9), 5.2 (+/- 1.2), and 2.7 (+/- 0.9) mm/mm2, respectively. Also, 94.0 +/- 1.4% of small vessels, 94.5 +/- 1.4% of medium vessels, and 94.5+/- 4.0% of large vessels had continuous perfusion. Within subjects, the means of all measurements over three days varied less than 13, 22, and 35% in small, medium, and large vessels, respectively. Interobserver reproducibility was good, especially for capillary (1-10 microm) density and flow measurements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our methods of microvessel flow and density quantification have low observer variability and confirm the stability of microcirculatory measurements over time. These results facilitate the development of SDF-acquired sublingual microvascular indices as feasible microperfusion markers in shock resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Clinical and Microvascular Research, Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK. sheena.hubble@pms.ac.uk
authors.forename: Sheena M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hubble
authors.forename: Hayley L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Kyte
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gooding
authors.forename: Angela C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shore
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology; D055806:Microvessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009060:Mouth Floor / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000098:blood supply*; D013997:Time Factors