title: Intravitreal toxicity of ketorolac tris salt and flurbiprofen.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the retinal toxicity of intravitreal ketorolac tris salt and flurbiprofen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two New Zealand rabbits were injected intravitreally with 125, 250, or 500 microg or 1 mg of ketorolac tris salt or flurbiprofen in one eye and 8 fellow eyes were injected with 5% dextrose as a control. All animals underwent indirect ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp biomicroscopy before injection and on days 1, 7, and 14 after the intravitreal injection. Electroretinography was performed on all animals before injection and on day 14 after the injection before the animals were killed. The enucleated eyes were prepared for histology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical examination, electroretinography results, and histological evaluation demonstrated no signs of retinal toxicity for either drug at any dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intravitreal doses up to 1 mg of ketorolac tris salt and 1 mg of flurbiprofen did not cause retinal toxicity in the rabbit eye.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
authors.forename: Ana Munoz
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Morales
authors.forename: Muhamet
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivilcim
authors.forename: Gholam A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Peyman
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Main
authors.forename: Roberta Pereira de Almada
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Manzano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000633:toxicity*; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D004596:Electroretinography; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000633:toxicity*; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D011817:Rabbits; D012160:Retina / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D020911:Ketorolac Tromethamine; D005480:Flurbiprofen