title: Two highly conserved cysteine residues in HPV16 L2 form an intramolecular disulfide bond and are critical for infectivity in human keratinocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minor capsid protein L2 performs an indispensable but uncharacterized role in human papillomavirus infections. A neutralizing B cell epitope has recently been mapped to the N-terminus of HPV16 L2, residues 17-36, and exposure of this region of L2 has been implicated in translocation of incoming virions from the endo/lysosomal compartment to the cellular cytoplasm. Here we examine the redox state of Cys22 and Cys28 two highly conserved cysteines located within this epitope. We also investigate the infectivity of virions containing L2 single and double cysteine point mutants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Denaturing/non-reducing gel analysis and thiol labeling experiments of wild type and cysteine mutant HPV16 virion particles strongly support the existence of a buried intramolecular C22-C28 disulfide bond. The disulfide was confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry of L2 protein from non-reduced virions. Single C22S and C28S and the double C22/28S mutants were non-infectious but had no apparent defects in cell binding, endocytosis, or trafficking to lysosomes by 8 h post infection. During infection with L2 mutant particles, there was a marked decrease in L2 levels compared to wild type L2-containing virions, suggesting a failure of mutant L2/genome complexes to exit the endo/lysosomal compartment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  L2 residues C22 and C28 are bound as an intramolecular disulfide bond in HPV16 virions and are necessary for infectivity. Previous work has suggested that the furin-dependent exposure of the 17-36 epitope and subsequent interaction of this region with an unknown receptor is necessary for egress from the endo/lysosomal compartment and infection. Identification of the C22-C28 disulfide suggests that reduction of this disufide bond may be necessary for exposure of 17-36 and HPV16 infection.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America.
authors.forename: Samuel K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Campos
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ozbun
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001710:Biotin / Q000737:chemistry; D036022:Capsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003545:Cysteine / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004220:Disulfides / Q000737:chemistry*; D052162:Human papillomavirus 16 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D015603:Keratinocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000821:virology*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D014771:Virion / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D036022:Capsid Proteins; D004220:Disulfides; C063316:L2 protein, Human papillomavirus type 16; D009856:Oncogene Proteins, Viral; D001710:Biotin; D003545:Cysteine