title: Proton pump inhibitor omeprazole use is associated with low bone mineral density in maintenance haemodialysis patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Limited studies have shown that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy may decrease bone density or insoluble calcium reabsorption through induction of hypochlorhydria. However, PPI therapy may also reduce bone resorption via inhibition of osteoclastic vacuolar proton pumps. The aim of this study was to determine whether the opposing effects of PPI therapy may cause clinically important alterations in bone mineral densitometry (BMD) parameters in maintenance haemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-eight maintenance haemodialysis patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were classified into two groups involving users of PPI therapy (omeprazole 20 mg/day, group 1, n = 36 patients) and non-users of acid suppression drugs (group 2, n = 32 patients). Patients had radius, hip and spine BMD assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean duration of PPI therapy with omeprazole was 27 +/- 5 months. The users of PPI therapy had lower values of bone mineral density and T-scores at the anatomical regions than non-users of acid suppression drugs. Serum calcium and phosphate levels, calcium-phosphate product and serum intact parathormone levels and the ratio of users of vitamin D therapy were similar among groups. A mutivariable adjusted odds ratio for lower bone density associated with more than 18 months of omeprazole, when all the potential confounders were considered, was 1.31 in the proximal radius, 0.982 in the femur neck, 0.939 in the trochanter and 1.192 in the lumbal spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggest that PPI therapy should be cautiously prescribed in maintenance haemodialysis patients, especially with lower BMD values.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. alperkirkpantur@yahoo.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kirkpantur
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Altun
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arici
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turgan
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009853:Omeprazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000897:Anti-Ulcer Agents; D009853:Omeprazole