title: In-vivo efficacy of amodiaquine-artesunate in children with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in western Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of amodiaquine-artesunate in an area with high chloroquine resistance in western Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-eight day in-vivo efficacy trial of amodiaquine-artesunate in 103 children aged 6-59 months in western Kenya with smear-confirmed uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 28-day uncorrected adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) was 69.0%, with 15.5% Late Clinical Failure and 15.5% Late Parasitologic Failure rates. The PCR-corrected 28-day ACPR was 90.2%. Clinical risk factors for recurrent infection (recrudescences and reinfections) were lower axillary temperature at enrollment and low weight-for-age Z-score. The presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms pfcrt 76T and pfmdr1 86Y at baseline was associated with increased risk of recurrent infections, both reinfections and recrudescences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem) is the first line ACT in Kenya, amodiaquine-artesunate is registered as an option for treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum and remains an effective alternative to Coartem in western Kenya. Continued amodiaquine monotherapy in the private sector may jeopardize the future use of amodiaquine-artesunate as an alternative artemisinin-based combination therapy.
authors.affiliation: Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA. fez3@cdc.gov
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Thwing
authors.forename: C O
authors.initials: CO
authors.lastname: Odero
authors.forename: F O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Odhiambo
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Otieno
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariuki
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ord
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roper
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McMorrow
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vulule
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Slutsker
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hamel
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desai
mesh_terms: D000655:Amodiaquine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000655:Amodiaquine; D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D004338:Drug Combinations; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C513498:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C416369:PfCRT protein, Plasmodium falciparum; C515299:amodiaquine, artesunate drug combination