title: The interaction between Helicobacter pylori and atopy: does inverse association really exist?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To date, cross-sectional and case-control studies suggest an inverse association between Helicobacter pylori infection and atopic diseases, whereas the immunologic basis has not been studied yet. In this study we investigated T helper (Th) cell function in H. pylori-infected children and compared cytokine responses in atopic and non-atopic groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study groups was recruited from a cohort of 327 healthy children evaluated and followed-up for 6 years to assess the natural history of H. pylori infection. Seventy-four of 136 healthy children who underwent (13)C urea breath test were eligible and accepted to participate. All participants were evaluated by a questionnaire, and skin-prick testing. According to the results, children were divided into four groups with respect to the presence or absence of H. pylori and atopy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 34 of 74 children were cultured with H. pylori, Der p 1, and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) levels were measured in supernatants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of atopy was lower in H. pylori-infected group (31.9% vs. 48.1, p = .22), while atopic symptoms were similar between infected and non-infected children. While PHA and H. pylori induced IFN-gamma levels were significantly higher in H. pylori-infected children, concomitant presence of both atopy and H. pylori decreased the level of PHA and H. pylori induced IFN-gamma production. PHA and Der p 1-induced IL-4 levels were higher in atopic children, and IL-4 production was suppressed when they were concomitantly infected with H. pylori. The production of TGF-beta was found to be suppressed in atopic children irrespective of the presence of H. pylori infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the current study demonstrated a counteractive Th1 and Th2 cytokine interaction between H. pylori infection and atopy. However, this counteractive immunologic balance did not protect against atopy.
authors.affiliation: Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
authors.forename: Sebahat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cam
authors.forename: Deniz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ertem
authors.forename: Nerin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bahceciler
authors.forename: Tunc
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akkoc
authors.forename: Isil
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Barlan
authors.forename: Ender
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pehlivanoglu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002648:Child; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000150:complications / Q000276:immunology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D010835:Phytohemagglutinins