title: Paternal alcoholism and offspring ADHD problems: a children of twins design.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A recent Children-of-Female-Twin design suggests that the association between maternal alcohol use disorder and offspring ADHD is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal nicotine exposure. We present here a complementary analysis using a Children-of-Male-Twin design examining the association between paternal alcoholism and offspring attention deficit hyperactivity problems (ADHP).
  
  
  METHODS
  Children-of-twins design: offspring were classified into 4 groups of varying genetic and environmental risk based on father and co-twin's alcohol dependence status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Univariate results are suggestive of a genetic association between paternal alcohol dependence and broadly defined offspring ADHP. Specifically, offspring of male twins with a history of DSM-III-R alcohol dependence, as well as offspring of non-alcohol dependent monozygotic twins whose co-twin was alcohol dependent, were significantly more likely to exhibit ADHP than control offspring. However, multivariate models show maternal variables independently predicting increased risk for offspring ADHP and significantly decreased support for a genetic mechanism of parent-to-child transmission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In support of earlier work, maternal variables (i.e., maternal ADHD and prenatal exposure) were strongly associated with child ADHP; however, the role of paternal alcohol dependence influences was not definitive. While genetic transmission may be important, the association between paternal alcohol dependence and child ADHP is more likely to be indirect and a result of several pathways.
authors.affiliation: Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Community Health, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, United States of America. Valerie_Knopik@Brown.edu
authors.forename: Valerie S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Knopik
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jacob
authors.forename: Jon Randolph
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Haber
authors.forename: Lance P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Donelle N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Howell
mesh_terms: D000437:Alcoholism / Q000235:genetics*; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics*; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000235:genetics; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics*