title: Influence of sensor ingestion timing on consistency of temperature measures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The validity and the reliability of using intestinal temperature (T int) via ingestible temperature sensors (ITS) to measure core body temperature have been demonstrated. However, the effect of elapsed time between ITS ingestion and T int measurement has not been thoroughly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight volunteers (six men and two women) swallowed ITS 5 h (ITS-5) and 29 h (ITS-29) before 4 h of varying intensity activity. T int was measured simultaneously from both ITS, and T int differences between the ITS-5 and the ITS-29 over the 4 h of activity were plotted and compared relative to a meaningful threshold of acceptance (+/-0.25 degrees C). The percentage of time in which the differences between paired ITS (ITS-5 vs ITS-29) were greater than or less than the threshold of acceptance was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  T int values showed no systematic bias, were normally distributed, and ranged from 36.94 degrees C to 39.24 degrees C. The maximum T int difference between paired ITS was 0.83 degrees C with a minimum difference of 0.00 degrees C. The typical magnitude of the differences (SE of the estimate) was 0.24 degrees C, and these differences were uniform across the entire range of observed temperatures. Paired T int measures fell outside of the threshold of acceptance 43.8% of the time during the 4 h of activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The differences between ITS-5 and ITS-29 were larger than the threshold of acceptance during a substantial portion of the observed 4-h activity period. Ingesting an ITS more than 5 h before activity will not completely eliminate confounding factors but may improve accuracy and consistency of core body temperature.
authors.affiliation: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Kenefick
authors.forename: Bruce S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Cadarette
authors.forename: Samuel N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Cheuvront
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D013686:Telemetry / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013997:Time Factors