title: Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) sites.
abstract: Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( approximately 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( approximately 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of approximately 6 g/day at a plume control plane approximately 175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume (approximately 1.2 km long, approximately 0.3 km wide; 17 m deep; approximately 2000-2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.
authors.affiliation: School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2051, USA. nbasu@purdue.edu
authors.forename: Nandita B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Basu
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Suresh
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Irene C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Poyer
authors.forename: Subhas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nandy
authors.forename: Megharaj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mallavarapu
authors.forename: Ravi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naidu
authors.forename: Greg B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Bradley M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Annable
authors.forename: Kirk
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hatfield
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D013997:Time Factors; D014241:Trichloroethylene / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds; D014241:Trichloroethylene