title: High-risk and multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in cancer-free Jamaican women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccines, that target human papillomavirus (HPV) high risk genotypes 16 and 18, have recently been developed. This study was aimed at determining genotypes commonly found in high-risk and multiple-HPV infections in Jamaican women. Two hundred and fifty three (253) women were enrolled in the study. Of these, 120 pregnant women, aged 15-44 years, were recruited from the Ante Natal Clinic at the University Hospital of the West Indies and 116 non-pregnant, aged 19-83, from a family practice in Western Jamaica. Cervical cell samples were collected from the women and HPV DNA was detected using Polymerase Chain Reaction and Reverse Line Hybridization. HPV genotypes were assessed in 236 women. Data were collected from January 2003 to October 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HPV DNA was detected in 87.7% (207/236) and of these 80.2% were positive for high-risk types. The most common high-risk HPV types were: HPV 45 (21.7%), HPV 58 (18.8%), HPV 16 (18.4%), HPV 35 (15.0%), HPV 18 (14.5%), HPV 52 (12.0%) and HPV 51(11.1%). Other high-risk types were present in frequencies of 1.4% - 7.2%.Multivariate regression analyses showed that bacterial vaginosis predicted the presence of multiple infections (OR 3.51; CI, 1.26-9.82) and that alcohol use (OR 0.31; CI, 0.15-0.85) and age at first sexual encounter (12-15 years: OR 3.56; CI, 1.41-9.12; 16-19 years, OR 3.53, CI, 1.22-10.23) were significantly associated with high risk infections. Cervical cytology was normal in the majority of women despite the presence of high-risk and multiple infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HPV genotype distribution in this group of Jamaican women differs from the patterns found in Europe, North America and some parts of Asia. It may be necessary therefore to consider development of other vaccines which target genotypes found in our and similar populations. HPV genotyping as well as Pap smears should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica. wattangela@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watt
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Garwood
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Novie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Younger
authors.forename: Camille
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ragin
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Smikle
authors.forename: Horace
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: Norma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McFarlane-Anderson