title: Explaining the adjustment of adolescents with type 1 diabetes: role of diabetes-specific and psychosocial factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to explain adjustment (diabetes-related quality of life, general well-being, and psychopathology) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes by testing the direct, mediating, and moderating effects of diabetes-specific and psychosocial factors, using an adapted version of the Disability-Stress-Coping model of Wallander and Varni.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 437 adolescents (54.5% girls; age range 11-19 years) with type 1 diabetes (mean +/- SD diabetes duration 6.13 +/- 3.78 years) were recruited from 25 hospitals in the Netherlands. Questionnaires were completed by the adolescents and their family members. Metabolic control was assessed by measuring A1C in all participants in one laboratory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diabetes stress mediated between A1C and adjustment, after controlling for protective factors, and explained an additional 16% variance in quality of life and a 15% variance in general well-being, whereas a 19% additional variance in psychopathology was explained by both diabetes-related and general stress. No moderating effects were identified after controlling for the main effects of all risk and protective factors in the model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both diabetes-related and general stress are critical predictors of the adjustment of adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Protective factors such as self-worth and social support may mediate the effects of generic stress and thus should be encouraged. Diabetes-related stress has the potential to displace the effects of protective factors and thus may play a critical role in the development of maladjustment in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ja.malik@psy.vu.nl
authors.forename: Jamil A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Hans M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Koot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers; D009426:Netherlands; D011584:Psychology; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012307:Risk Factors; D012649:Self Concept; D015406:Single Parent; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin