Immune regulation by non-lymphoid cells in transplantation.
Regulatory cells play a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance by controlling T cell as well as B and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity. In transplantation, CD4+CD25+forkhead box P3+ T regulatory cells are instrumental in the maintenance of immunological tolerance, as are several other T cell subsets such as NK T cells, double negative CD3+ T cells, gammadelta T cells, interleukin-10-producing regulatory type 1 cells, transforming growth factor-beta-producing T helper type 3 cells and CD8+CD28(-) cells. However, not only T cells have immunosuppressive properties, as it is becoming increasingly clear that both T and non-T regulatory cells co-operate and form a network of cellular interactions controlling immune responses. Non-T regulatory cells include tolerogenic dendritic cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, mesenchymal stem cells, different types of stem cells, various types of alternatively activated macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Here, we review the mechanism of action of these non-lymphoid regulatory cells as they relate to the induction or maintenance of tolerance in organ transplantation.
Dugast
A-S
AS
INSERM, U643, Nantes, France.
Vanhove
B
B
D000818:Animals; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology*; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000276:immunology; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology; D014181:Transplantation Immunology / Q000276:immunology*