title: Influence of prior opioid exposure on diagnostic facet joint nerve blocks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the influence of prior opioid use on the diagnostic validity of controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks in the diagnosis of facet joint involvement in chronic spinal pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were evaluated from 438 patients with chronic spinal pain who underwent diagnostic facet joint nerve blocks. Patient data were divided into four groups based on the level of opioid use: group I (no opioid use), group II (low opioid use), group III (moderate opioid use), and group IV (high opioid use). Facet joint involvement was diagnosed utilizing controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks with 1 percent preservative-free lidocaine and 0.25 percent preservative-free bupivacaine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prior and current opioid use did not show relationship to the diagnostic validity of controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks. Among patients not using opioids (group I), the prevalence of facet joint pain was shown to be 33 percent in the cervical spine, 40 percent in the thoracic spine, and 18 percent in the lumbar spine, with false-positive results with a single lidocaine block of 53 percent, 33 percent, and 54 percent, respectively. Facet joint involvement in patients with opioid use ranged from 37 percent to 53 percent in the cervical spine, 13 percent to 67 percent in the thoracic spine, and 28 percent to 33 percent in the lumbar spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, this evaluation demonstrated that current or prior opioid use is not associated with interference of the validity of controlled comparative local anesthetic blocks in diagnosing spinal facet joint-related pain.
authors.affiliation: Pain Management Center of Paducah, Paducah, Kentucky, USA.
authors.forename: Laxmaiah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manchikanti
authors.forename: Mark V
authors.initials: MV
authors.lastname: Boswell
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manchukonda
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Cash
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Giordano
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002045:Bupivacaine; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008297:Male; D008499:Medical Records; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block; D055815:Young Adult; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine; D002045:Bupivacaine