title: Incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia requiring hospitalization in rural Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Population-based estimates of the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease are unavailable for Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia. We estimated the incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia cases requiring hospitalization in rural Thailand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Blood cultures were performed on samples from hospitalized patients in 2 rural provinces where active, population-based surveillance of community-acquired pneumonia is conducted. Blood cultures were performed at clinician discretion and were encouraged for all patients with suspected pneumonia and all children aged <5 years with suspected sepsis. Pneumococcal antigen testing was performed on positive blood culture specimens that failed to grow organisms on subculture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From May 2005 through June 2007, 23,853 blood culture specimens were collected overall, and 7319 were collected from children aged <5 years, which represented 66% and 47% of target patients, respectively. A total of 72 culture-confirmed pneumococcal bacteremia cases requiring hospitalization were identified. An additional 44 patients had media from positive blood cultures that yielded no growth on subculture but that had positive results of pneumococcal antigen testing. Of the 116 confirmed cases of bacteremia, 27 (23%) occurred in children aged <5 years; of these, 9 (33%) were confirmed by antigen testing only. The incidence of pneumococcal bacteremia cases requiring hospitalization among children aged <5 years had a range of 10.6-28.9 cases per 100,000 persons (incidence range if cases detected by antigen are excluded, 7.5-14.0 cases per 100,000 persons).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Invasive pneumococcal disease is more common than was previously suspected in Thailand, even on the basis of estimates limited to hospitalized cases of bacteremia. These estimates, which are close to estimates of the incidence of hospitalized cases of pneumococcal bacteremia in the United States before introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, provide important data to guide public health care policy and to inform discussions about vaccine introduction in Thailand and the rest of Southeast Asia.
authors.affiliation: International Emerging Infections Program, Thailand Ministry of Public Health-US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Collaboration, Sa Kaeo, Thailand. hbaggett@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Henry C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Baggett
authors.forename: Leonard F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Peruski
authors.forename: Sonja J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Somsak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thamthitiwat
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Surang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dejsirilert
authors.forename: Wanna
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wongjindanon
authors.forename: Scott F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Dowell
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fischer
authors.forename: Peera
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Areerat
authors.forename: Denchai
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sornkij
authors.forename: Possawat
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jorakate
authors.forename: Anek
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaewpan
authors.forename: Prabda
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prapasiri
authors.forename: Sathapana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naorat
authors.forename: Leelawadee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sangsuk
authors.forename: Boonchuay
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eampokalap
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Beall
authors.forename: Kumnuan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ungchusak
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Maloney
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000097:blood; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012424:Rural Population; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial