title: Tranexamic acid can inhibit tongue squamous cell carcinoma invasion in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tranexamic acid (TA) is an inhibitor of plasminogen activation commonly used in surgery. Plasmin, the end product of plasminogen activation, degrades fibrin in the thrombus, leading to thrombolysis. However, plasmin is also associated with progression of several cancers and with cancer-associated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activation. As the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9 are involved in cancer progression, several antigelatinolytic drugs have been developed as potential anticancer therapeutics. We previously developed gelatinases targeting peptide CTT1 capable of inhibiting carcinoma growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of TA and CTT1 on tongue carcinoma aggressiveness were evaluated in an in vitro assay of human HSC-3 and SCC-25 cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cells were cultured with or without TA and CTT1 and their proMMP-9 production and activation were analysed with Western immunoblotting and gelatin zymography. Their effects on tongue carcinoma invasion were analysed in a Matrigel assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tranexamic acid alone and in combination with CTT1 can inhibit tongue SCC invasion in vitro, at least partially explained by its property of reducing the plasmin-mediated activation of proMMP-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that patients undergoing surgical therapy for large oral malignancies may cobenefit from prolonged TA therapy, because of its antithrombolytic and antitumour properties.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Institute of Dentistry at the University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. juho.suojanen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suojanen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sorsa
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salo
mesh_terms: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004792:Enzyme Precursors / Q000187:drug effects; D018093:Gelatinases / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000187:drug effects; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C415426:CTTHWGFTLC peptide; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004792:Enzyme Precursors; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D018093:Gelatinases; C120487:pro-matrix metalloproteinase 9; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9