title: Curbing problem drinking with personalized-feedback interventions: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effectiveness of personalized-feedback interventions to reduce problem drinking has been evaluated in several RCTs and systematic reviews. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the overall effectiveness of brief, single-session personalized-feedback interventions without therapeutic guidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The selection and analyses of studies were conducted in 2008. Fourteen RCTs of single-session personalized-feedback interventions without therapeutic guidance were identified, and their combined effectiveness on the reduction of problematic alcohol consumption was evaluated in a meta-analysis. Alcohol consumption was the primary outcome measure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pooled standardized-effect size (14 studies, 15 comparisons) for reduced alcohol consumption at post-intervention was d=0.22 (95% CI=0.16, 0.29; the number needed to treat=8.06; areas under the curve=0.562). No heterogeneity existed among the studies (Q=10.962; p=0.69; I(2)=0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of single-session personalized-feedback interventions without therapeutic guidance appears to be a viable and probably cost-effective option for reducing problem drinking in student and general populations. The Internet offers ample opportunities to deliver personalized-feedback interventions on a broad scale, and problem drinkers are known to be amenable to Internet-based interventions. More research is needed on the long-term effectiveness of personalized-feedback interventions for problem drinking, on its potential as a first step in a stepped-care approach, and on its effectiveness with other groups (such as youth obliged to use judicial service programs because of violations of minimum-age drinking laws) and in other settings (such as primary care).
authors.affiliation: Innovation Centre of Mental Health and Technology, Trimbos Institute (Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction), Utrecht, The Netherlands. hriper@trimbos.nl
authors.forename: Heleen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Riper
authors.forename: Annemieke
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van Straten
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Keuken
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schippers
authors.forename: Pim
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cuijpers
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D030141:Feedback, Psychological; D006801:Humans; D020407:Internet; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology