title: Characterization of paint and varnish on a medieval Coptic-Byzantine icon: novel usage of dammar resin.
abstract: A comprehensive study has been undertaken into a 13th century Coptic-Byzantine icon from the St. Mercurius Church, St. Mercurius monastery, Old Cairo, Egypt. The layered structure, pigment composition and varnish identification were revealed by means of optical and Raman microscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The structure of the icon comprised six layers; wooden panel, canvas, white ground, two bole layers and a single paint layer. Azurite (2CuCO(3) x Cu(OH)(2)), cinnabar (mercuric (II) sulfide alpha-HgS), yellow ochre (Fe(2)O(3) x H(2)O), hydromagnesite Mg(5)(CO(3))(4)(OH)(2) x 4 H(2)O and lamp black (carbon, C) are the pigments identified in the icon. The green paint area is of interest as it is applied neither with a green pigment nor with a mixture of a blue and yellow pigment. Instead, a yellow layer of dammar resin was applied on top of blue azurite to obtain the green colour. Pinaceae sp. resin mixed with drying oil was used as a protective varnish.
authors.affiliation: Department of Conservation, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. mabdelghani2001@yahoo.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Ghani
authors.forename: H G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janaway
mesh_terms: D018612:Byzantium; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000032:analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D049691:History, Medieval; D009821:Oils / Q000032:analysis; D010150:Paint / Q000032:analysis*; D010151:Paintings / Q000266:history*; D028201:Pinaceae / Q000737:chemistry*; D012116:Resins, Plant / Q000032:analysis*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D009821:Oils; D012116:Resins, Plant