title: The use of lithium, valproate or lamotrigine for psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents in Norway 2004-2007 - a prescription database study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increasing awareness of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. Our study aimed to explore how common the use of lithium, valproate and lamotrigine in psychiatric conditions in children and adolescents in Norway and to describe concomitant use of other psychotropic drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Norwegian Prescription Database (NorPD) captures all prescriptions given to individuals in ambulatory care. We investigated prescriptions for lithium, and for valproate and lamotrigine given for psychiatric conditions to children and adolescents under the age of 18 years from 2004 till 2007. We also studied other prescriptions for psychotropic drugs given to the same patients during the period. A comparison was made with the users of ADHD medication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number below 18 years treated with lithium, valproate or lamotrigine rose from 323 (0.03%) in 2004 till 454 (0.04%) in 2007. Lamotrigine increased most rapidly and lithium was most infrequently used. The users of the three drugs had often also tried antidepressants (14-42%) and atypical antipsychotics (21-51%), but true concomitant use was rarer (7-20% and 16-43% respectively). The users of ADHD medication had a much lower use of other psychotropic drugs, but quite a few users of lithium, valproate and lamotrigine had tried ADHD medication (20-26%) and even used these drugs concomitantly (15-21%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NorPD does not include diagnoses, and we do not know if the drugs dispensed were actually used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall there has been a slight increase in the use of lamotrigine in Norway during the last four years, most likely prescribed as a mood stabilizer in bipolar disorders. Still the use among the under 14-year-olds is rare in Norway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, NO-0881 Oslo, Norway. j.g.bramness@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Jørgen G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Bramness
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grøholt
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Engeland
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Furu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077213:Lamotrigine; D016651:Lithium Carbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D009664:Norway; D014227:Triazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D014227:Triazines; D016651:Lithium Carbonate; D000077213:Lamotrigine