title: Randomized trial assessing the effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered program for smoking cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As trained and accessible healthcare professionals, pharmacists are in an ideal position to provide tobacco cessation interventions. Of the 15 studies identified in the literature assessing the effectiveness of tobacco cessation interventions delivered by pharmacists, this is the first randomized controlled trial conducted in the US of a pharmacist-delivered program for smoking cessation using biochemical confirmation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness on smoking cessation of a face-to-face group program conducted by the pharmacist team compared with a brief standard care session delivered by a pharmacist over the telephone.
  
  
  METHODS
  An open-label, prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted at a Veterans Health Administration, community-based outpatient clinic in the Rocky Mountain region. Participants were randomly assigned to receive a 3-session face-to-face group program conducted by the pharmacist team or one 5- to 10-minute standard care session delivered by the pharmacist team over the telephone. Participants in both groups were offered either immediate-release bupropion or nicotine patch at no cost. The primary outcome of self-reported abstinence was biochemically confirmed by urinary cotinine at 6 months after the quit date.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred one smokers were randomized from October 3, 2005, to March 30, 2007, with the last 6-month follow-up survey completed on November 6, 2007. Analysis of data was completed in December 2007. Using intent-to-treat procedures, confirmed abstinence rates at the end of 6 months were 28% in the pharmacist-delivered face-to-face treatment group and 11.8% in the standard care telephone session control group (p < 0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that pharmacists are effective providers of tobacco cessation interventions. Greater utilization of pharmacists in tobacco cessation efforts could have a significant impact on smoking rates, prevention of tobacco-related diseases, and overall improvement in public health across the US.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA. larry.dent@umontana.edu
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Dent
authors.forename: Kari Jo
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Curtis W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Noonan
mesh_terms: D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003157:Community Pharmacy Services; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine; D003367:Cotinine