title: Cocaine use in trauma: effect on injuries and outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has been reported that cocaine is associated with trauma patients at epidemic proportions. However, the injury patterns, complications, and mortality in cocaine test-positive trauma patients are not well known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of all trauma patients with toxicology screen at a Level I trauma center between January 2002 and December 2005. A total of 1,096 patients were positive for cocaine but no other substances of abuse or alcohol. Nine hundred eighty-five patients of these cocaine test-positive patients were matched to a pool of 4,846 toxicology test-negative patients admitted during the same period with respect to age (< or = 18, 19-55, > 55 years), gender, mechanism (blunt, penetrating), Injury Severity Score (ISS < 16, 16-25, > 25), head Abbreviated Injury Score (AIS < 3, > or = 3), chest AIS (< 3, > or = 3), abdominal AIS (< 3, > or = 3), and extremity AIS (< 3, > or = 3). Matched pairs of binary outcomes were analyzed using McNemars, and continuous data were tested using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The two groups had similar injury patterns and there was no difference in surgical procedures between cocaine test-positive and toxicology test-negative patients. Overall, there was no difference in mortality between the cocaine and test-negative patients (6.5% vs. 6.2%; p = 0.81), or between cocaine and test-negative patients with an ISS < 16 (1.4% vs. 1.5%; p = 1.00), ISS 16 to 25 (13% vs. 12%; p = 1.00), and ISS > 25 (59% vs. 54%; p = 0.70). The overall incidence of complications was 4% in cocaine patients and 3.6% in test-negative patients (p = 0.72), although the incidence of pneumonia was significantly higher in the cocaine test-positive patients (p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cocaine abuse in trauma patients is concerning. This study did not show a difference in mortality or length of intensive care unit stay between cocaine positive and negative patients. However, there was a significantly higher incidence of pneumonia in cocaine positive patients. Implementation of effective prevention strategies may help reduce cocaine related victims of trauma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma and Surgical Intensive Care, Department of Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
authors.forename: Pantelis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hadjizacharia
authors.forename: Donald J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Plurad
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Law
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014193:Trauma Centers; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*