title: Professional awareness is needed to distinguish between child physical abuse from other disorders that can mimic signs of abuse (Skull base sclerosis in infant manifesting features of infantile cortical hyperostosis): a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infantile cortical hyperostosis is characterised by hyperirritability, acute inflammation of soft tissue, and profound alterations of the shape and structure of the underlying bones, particularly the long bones, mandible, clavicles, or ribs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on a clinical case of a 3-months-old baby girl of non-consanguineous parents. Multiple long bone swellings were the motive of referral to our department for clinical evaluation. Radiographic documentation was consistent with infantile cortical hyperostosis (Caffey disease). Interestingly, skull base sclerosis associated with excessive thickening was the most unusual malformation. We report a baby with mixed endochondral and intramembraneous ossification defects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bone dysplasias, mucopolysaccharidoses, and metabolic diseases are a group of disorders that cause abnormal growth, density, and skull base shape. Skull base sclerosis/thickening is a well-known malformation in connection with other forms of sclerosing bone disorders such as dysosteosclerosis, frontometaphyseal dysplasia, and progressive diaphyseal dysplasia with skull base involvement. It is noteworthy that our present patient had an unusually sclerosed/thickened skull base. Narrowing of skull foramina due to sclerosis of skull base is likely to result in cranial nerves deficits. In this baby, the pathology has been judged to be the result of child abuse and it is not, in this case considerable harm to his parents, and the doctor-parent relationship was the outcome.
authors.affiliation: Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology, at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and, AUVA, Trauma Centre Meidling, 4th Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Vienna, Austria. ali.alkaissi@osteologie.at.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al Kaissi
authors.forename: Gert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Petje
authors.forename: Veerla
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Brauwer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grill
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Klaushofer