title: Chances of employment in women and men after surgery of congenital heart disease: comparisons between patients and the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It was examined whether women and men (17-45 years) with operated congenital heart disease differ with respect to chances of employment. Patients were compared with the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients (n = 314) were classified by type of surgery (curative, reparative, palliative) as indicator of initial severity of disease. The second classification was performed according to a system proposed by the New York Heart Association in order to take reported impairments into account. Controls (n = 1165) consisted of a 10% random sample drawn from the German Socio-Economic Panel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chances of full-time employment decreased as disease severity increased. Chances of part-time and minor employment were higher in patients than among controls. These general effects were because of male patients, while the employment patterns of women did not differ from the control group. Independent of patient status, women were more likely to have lower rates of full-time employment, and the rates of part-time and minor employment were higher.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term adaptation to impairments as a result of congenital heart disease differs between women and men with respect to employment status. While female patients do not differ from the general population, males may lower their engagement in paid work.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sociology Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. geyer.siegfried@mh-hannover.de
authors.forename: Siegfried
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Kambiz
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Norozi
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Buchhorn
authors.forename: Armin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wessel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004651:Employment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D012016:Reference Values; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult