title: [Phenotypic evaluation of patients with Pendred syndrome].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Pendred syndrome (PS) is an autosomally recessively inherited disease. Its diagnosis requires identification of the classical triad of symptoms, including hypoacusis, thyroid goitre and iodine organification defect in the thyroid, which may lead to thyroid functional disorders of hypothyroidism. SP is accompanied by anatomical anomalies. The objective is the hearing and balance system evaluation and the analysis of the inner ear structure and also the assessment of the function and structure of thyroid gland.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the research four families were qualified, 7 persons with PS, 12 persons altogether. In all the patients the anamnesis in the form of a questionnaire and laryngological examination were performed. It was followed by pure tone, speech and impedance audiometry and brainstem response testing as well. ENG was also conducted. Patients with hearing loss were subjected to magnetic resonance of temporal bone. For the whole group thyroid hormones levels and iodine organification in the thyroid identified in a test with potassium perchlorate were measured and also USG and scyntography were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In audiological examination in 3 cases deafness, in 2 cases profound hypoacusis and in 2 mild hypoacusis were recognised. In the group in 2 patients the hypoacusis was of a mixed type. In radiological assessment the labirynth showed anatomical anomalies in the form of enlargement of the vestibular aqueduct and the endolyphatic sac, yet in 3 patients the anomalies also concerned the structure of cochlear and semicircular canals. Endocrine examination showed hypothyroidism in 5, its subclinical form in 1, diffuse thyroid goitre in 4 and nodular thyroid goiter in 2 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A complex clinical evaluation: endocrine and audiological, together with radiological diagnostic imaging, supported by molecular studies of SLC26A4 gene, are the procedures, necessary for complete and accurate diagnosis of PS and EVAS.
authors.affiliation: I Katedra Otolaryngologii UM w Łodzi, Uniwersytecki Szpital Kliniczny nr 1 im. N. Barlickiego. k.maciaszczyk@op.pl
authors.forename: Katarzyna
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maciaszczyk
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pniewska-Siark
authors.forename: Witold
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gajewicz
authors.forename: Ludomir
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stefańczyk
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Durko
authors.forename: Andrzej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lewiński
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pajor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016057:Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Brain Stem; D005260:Female; D006042:Goiter / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011044:Poland; D013577:Syndrome; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D055815:Young Adult