title: The limping child: a systematic approach to diagnosis.
abstract: Deviations from a normal age-appropriate gait pattern can be caused by a wide variety of conditions. In most children, limping is caused by a mild, self-limiting event, such as a contusion, strain, or sprain. In some cases, however, a limp can be a sign of a serious or even life-threatening condition. Delays in diagnosis and treatment can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Examination of a limping child should begin with a thorough history, focusing on the presence of pain, any history of trauma, and any associated systemic symptoms. The presence of fever, night sweats, weight loss, and anorexia suggests the possibility of infection, inflammation, or malignancy. Physical examination should focus on identifying the type of limp and localizing the site of pathology by direct palpation and by examining the range of motion of individual joints. Localized tenderness may indicate contusions, fractures, osteomyelitis, or malignancy. A palpable mass raises the concern of malignancy. The child should be carefully examined because non-musculoskeletal conditions can cause limping. Based on the most probable diagnoses suggested by the history and physical examination, the appropriate use of laboratory tests and imaging studies can help confirm the diagnosis.
authors.affiliation: University of Tennessee-Campbell Clinic, LeBonheur Children's Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA. jsawyer@campbellclinic.com
authors.forename: Jeffrey R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Sawyer
authors.forename: Mukesh
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001847:Bone Diseases / Q000150:complications; D002648:Child; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005684:Gait; D006801:Humans; D008487:Medical History Taking / Q000379:methods; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D010808:Physical Examination / Q000379:methods