title: Use of the designation "shedder" in mucosal detection of herpes simplex virus DNA involving repeated sampling.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated two methods to describe detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) from the genital mucosa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed genital swabs from HSV-2 seropositive people participating in longitudinal studies of HSV DNA detection at the University of Washington Virology Research Clinic. We determined the length of observation period necessary to ensure some HSV detection for most individuals. We compared two measures to assess differences in shedding according to HIV status, the shedding rate ratio, defined as the proportion of total samples with detectable HSV in HIV-1 seropositive versus HIV-1 seronegative participant, and the ratio of "shedders", defined as the proportion of people with any shedding over the interval in HIV-1 seropositive versus HIV-1 seronegative people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  While only 17% (51/308) of HSV-2 seropositive people shed on their first day on study, 77% (238/308) had some genital shedding over 30 days (any HSV DNA detected on genital swabs). Shedding rate ratios (SRR) for HIV-seropositive versus HIV-seronegative people varied from SRR = 1.42 using 10 samples to SRR = 1.35 using 50 samples. The ratio of "shedders" (RS) approached 1 as the observation period increased (RS = 1.13 using 10 samples to RS = 1.01 using 50 samples). In a hypothetical case, the ratio of "shedders" was shown to exceed 1 when shedding rates were equal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most HSV-2 seropositive people shed HSV from the genital mucosa. Dichotomisation of people into "shedders" and "non-shedders" or "high" and "low" shedders yields inferences that depend upon sampling interval length. Overall shedding rates provide consistent measures regardless of the number of swabs collected.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA. amag@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Magaret
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wald
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005835:Genitalia / Q000821:virology; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000821:virology; D006558:Herpes Genitalis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D018258:Herpesvirus 2, Human / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000821:virology*; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D017201:Virus Shedding