title: Update on the medical management of stone disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recurrent nephrolithiasis is a burden to the individual patient as well as the healthcare system. A lack of new medications for treatment of stone disease and continued poor compliance with drug therapy has led to a growing interest in dietary manipulation and novel therapies aimed at preventing recurrent stone formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite initial enthusiasm for lemonade therapy, recent metabolic studies suggest that beverages with a high potassium citrate content, rather than citric acid, may be more effective in reducing stone risk because of the alkali load and citraturic response. In addition, there is increasing epidemiologic and metabolic evidence that obesity and dietary excess, including fructose-rich and purine-rich foods, are associated with increased stone risk. Finally, alternative measures for reducing urinary risk factors, such as probiotics, show promise in reducing urinary oxalate and may be effective in the treatment of primary and enteric hyperoxaluria or even idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Although changes in urinary stone risk factors may reduce the need for surgical treatment of stone disease, the best management for recurrent nephrolithiasis is likely a combination of surgical and medical therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary measures and novel probiotic therapy are promising adjuncts for preventing recurrent nephrolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA.
authors.forename: Chad R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Margaret S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pearle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002129:Calcium Oxalate / Q000378:metabolism; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000652:urine; D004032:Diet; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D053040:Nephrolithiasis / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000652:urine; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002129:Calcium Oxalate; D014527:Uric Acid; D019343:Citric Acid; D005632:Fructose