title: Submaximal arm crank ergometry: Effects of crank axis positioning on mechanical efficiency, physiological strain and perceived discomfort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of the spatial orientation of the crank axis on mechanical efficiency, physiological strain and perceived discomfort in submaximal synchronous arm crank ergometry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve able-bodied individuals performed 12 submaximal exercise bouts of 3 minutes (women: 20 W/25 W; men: 25 W/35 W). The crank axis position was defined by elbow and shoulder angle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results showed that a crank set-up with an elbow angle of 30 degrees was more efficient than 15 degrees ; oxygen consumption and minute ventilation were significantly lower. No significant effects were seen for shoulder angle. Power output and gender showed obvious effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The magnitude of this effect and the absence of any significant shoulder angle effects may be due to the relative low exertion levels that were evaluated. An elbow angle of 30 degrees flexion in arm crank exercise is favourable compared to an elbow angle of 15 degrees in able-bodied untrained subjects.
authors.affiliation: Swiss Paraplegic Research, Nottwil, Switzerland. stefan.vandrongelen@paranet.ch
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: van Drongelen
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheel-Sailer
authors.forename: L H V
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Van Der Woude
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology; D014910:Wheelchairs