title: Simple 3D images from fossil and recent micromaterial using light microscopy.
abstract: Abstract We present a technique for extracting 3D information from small-scale fossil and Recent material and give a summary of other contemporary techniques for 3D methods of investigation. The only hardware needed for the here-presented technique is a microscope that can perform dark field and/or differential interference contrast with a mounted digital camera and a computer. Serial images are taken while the focus is successively shifted from the uppermost end of the specimen to the lowermost end, resulting in about 200 photographs. The data are then processed almost completely automatically by successive use of three freely available programs. Firstly, the stack of images is aligned by the use of CombineZM, which is used to produce a combined image with a high depth of field. Secondly, the aligned images are cropped and sharp edges extracted with the aid of ImageJ. Thirdly, although ImageJ is also capable of producing 3D representations, we preferred to process the image stack further using osirix as it has the facility to export various formats. One of the interesting export formats is a virtual Quicktime movie file (QTVR), which can be used for documentation, and stereo images can also be produced from this Quicktime VR. This method is easy to apply and can be used for documenting specimens in 3D (at least some aspects) without having to prepare them. Therefore, it is particularly useful as a safe method for documenting limited material, before using methods that may destroy the specimen of interest, or to investigate type material that cannot be treated with any preparatory technique. As light microscopes are available in most labs and free computer programs are easily accessible, this method can be readily applied.
authors.affiliation: Biosystematic Documentation, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstrasse 20, D-89081 Ulm, Germany. joachim.haug@uni-ulm.de
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haug
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maas
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Fayers
authors.forename: N H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Trewin
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Waloszek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001181:Arthropods / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005580:Fossils; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008857:Microscopy, Interference / Q000379:methods*