title: Intraoperative direct third ventriculostomy and aqueductal stenting in deep-seated midline brain tumor surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Surgical resection of deep-seated midline brain tumors does not always resolve obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid pathways, and an additional operation--ventricular shunting--is required. To prevent postoperative obstructive hydrocephalus, we combine tumor removal and internal ventricular shunting in 1 stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2000 and 2006, 82 patients with deep-seated midline brain tumors (tumors of the third ventricle, pineal region, thalamus, upper brainstem, and superior half of the fourth ventricle) underwent 84 tumor resections with intraoperative internal ventricular shunting. Two types of intraoperative shunting were performed: direct third ventriculostomy with fenestration of the premammillary membrane of the third ventricle floor and Liliequist's membrane, 53 operations; and aqueductal stenting, 30 operations. In 1 patient, third ventriculostomy and aqueductal stenting were performed simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As most of the tumors had an infiltrative growth pattern, gross total tumor removal was achieved in only 31% of patients in this series. There were no fatal outcomes related to the surgery. Follow-up data were collected in 73 patients (89%) and ranged from 2 to 68 months (median, 16 months). Additional shunting because of inadequate function of stoma or stent was performed in 13 patients at various times after surgery (median, 30 days). The Kaplan-Meier survival analysis demonstrated that at 12 and 24 months the intraoperative direct third ventriculostomy success rates were 67 and 61%, respectively; aqueductal stenting success rates were 93% at both 12 and 24 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative direct third ventriculostomy and aqueductal stenting under direct visual control were found to be reliable methods of hydrocephalus management in patients with deep-seated midline brain tumors.
authors.affiliation: Burdenko Neurosurgery Institute, Moscow, Russia. dav@nsi.ru
authors.forename: David I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Pitskhelauri
authors.forename: Alexander N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Konovalov
authors.forename: Valeri N
authors.initials: VN
authors.lastname: Kornienko
authors.forename: Natalia K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Serova
authors.forename: Nikita V
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Arutiunov
authors.forename: Dmitry N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Kopachev
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult