title: Phosphoregulation of K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter 4 during changes in intracellular Cl(-) and cell volume.
abstract: It has long been stated that the K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporters (KCCs) are activated during cell swelling through dephosphorylation of their cytoplasmic domains by a protein phosphatase (PP) but that other enzymes are involved by targeting this PP or the KCCs directly. To date, however, the role of signaling intermediates in KCC regulation has been deduced from indirect evidence rather than in vitro phosphorylation studies, and examined after simulation of ion transport through cell swelling or N-ethylmaleimide treatment. In this study, the oocyte expression system was used to examine the effects of changes in cell volume (C(VOL)) and intracellular [Cl(-)] ([Cl(-)](i)) on the activity and phosphorylation levels (P(LEV)) of KCC4, and determine whether these effects are mediated by PP1 or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-sensitive effectors. We found that (1) low [Cl(-)](i) or low C(VOL) leads to decreased activity but increased P(LEV), (2) high C(VOL) leads to increased activity but no decrease in P(LEV) and (3) calyculin A (Cal A) or PMA treatment leads to decreased activity but no increase in P(LEV). Thus, we have shown for the first time that one of the KCCs can be regulated through direct phosphorylation, that changes in [Cl(-)](i) or C(VOL) modify the activity of signaling enzymes at carrier sites, and that the effectors directly involved do not include a Cal A-sensitive PP in contrast to the widely held view. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 787-796, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Research Group of the CHUQ-L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec Institution, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada G1R 2J6.
authors.forename: Marc J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bergeron
authors.forename: Rachelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Frenette-Cotton
authors.forename: Gabriel A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Carpentier
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Caron
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Isenring
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048429:Cell Size; D002712:Chlorides / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007424:Intracellular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism; D008387:Marine Toxins; D051379:Mice; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D027981:Symporters / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection; D014982:Xenopus laevis; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D008387:Marine Toxins; D010080:Oxazoles; D010749:Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D027981:Symporters; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C492282:Slc12a7 protein, mouse; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters; C059041:calyculin A