title: Urinary trypsin inhibitor attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by reducing nuclear factor-kappa B activation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urinary trypsin inhibitor (UTI) inhibits the inflammatory response and protects against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The inflammatory response is mediated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) and its related target genes and products such as vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule and CXC chemokines. We aimed to assess the roles of those mediators in a UTI-treated mouse model of hepatic I/R injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Treatment group 1 (UTI given 5 minutes prior to liver ischemia), treatment group 2 (UTI given 5 minutes after the anhepatic phase) and a control group were investigated. Blood and liver samples were obtained and compared at 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours after reperfusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Attenuation of pathological hepatocellular damage was greater in the treatment groups than in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the UTI treatment groups showed significantly lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, decreased myeloperoxidase activity, and reduced NF-kappaB activation. Also downregulated was the expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 at the mRNA level. P-selectin protein and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 protein expression were also downregulated. In addition, the treatment group 1 showed a better protective effect against I/R injury than the treatment group 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UTI reduces NF-kappaB activation and downregulates the expression of its related mediators, followed by the inhibition of neutrophil aggregation and infiltration in hepatic I/R injury. The protective role of UTI is more effective in prevention than in treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
authors.forename: Yi-Jun
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Xin-Hui
authors.initials: XH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Hai-Yang
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Ji-Ren
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Shu-Sen
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Zheng
mesh_terms: D000210:Acute-Phase Reaction / Q000276:immunology; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D019040:E-Selectin; D006023:Glycoproteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019007:P-Selectin; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D009195:Peroxidase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; C028665:urinastatin