title: Quantification of humic acids in surface water: effects of divalent cations, pH, and filtration.
abstract: Humic acids (HAs) content of raw water is an important analytical parameter in water treatment facilities because HAs in the presence of chlorine may lead to the formation of dangerous by-products (e.g., trihalomethanes). The concentration of HAs in water is not directly accessible by common analytical methods due to their heterogeneous chemical structure. The aim of this study was to compare two methods to assess humic acids (HAs) in surface water namely absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV(254)) and total organic carbon (TOC), as well as to evaluate the effects of calcium and magnesium concentrations, pH and sample filtration on the methods' results. An aqueous solution of a commercial HA with 10 mg L(-1) was used in the present work. Quantification of the HA was carried out by both UV(254) and TOC (combustion-infrared method) measurements. UV(254) results were converted to TOC using a calibration curve. The effects of calcium (0-136.3 mg L(-1)) and magnesium (0-34.5 mg L(-1)) concentrations, pH (4.0, 7.0 and 9.0) and sample filtration on UV(254) and TOC measurements of the HA suspension were evaluated. More accurate TOC values of HA suspensions were obtained by the combustion-infrared method than by the UV(254) absorbance method. The higher differences of TOC values between unfiltered and filtered samples were detected in the presence of calcium at pH 9.0 using the spectrophotometric method.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4700-057 Braga, Portugal.
authors.forename: Alexandrina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brito
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Janknecht
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Proença
authors.forename: Regina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000737:chemistry; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration; D006812:Humic Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014867:Water / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D006812:Humic Substances; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D014867:Water; D002244:Carbon