title: Does sex matter? Thirty-day stroke and death rates after carotid artery stenting in women versus men: results from the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST) lead-in phase.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several carotid endarterectomy randomized, controlled trials and series have reported higher perioperative stroke and death rates for women compared with men. The potential for this same relationship with carotid artery stenting was examined in the lead-in phase of the Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial (CREST).
  
  
  METHODS
  CREST compares efficacy of carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting in preventing stroke, myocardial infarction, and death in the periprocedural period and ipsilateral stroke over the follow-up period. CREST included a "lead-in" phase of symptomatic (>or=50% stenosis) and asymptomatic (>or=70% stenosis) patients. Patients were examined by a neurologist preprocedure, at 24 hours, and at 30 days. Review of stroke and death was by an independent events committee. The association of sex with periprocedural stroke and death was examined in 1564 patients undergoing carotid artery stenting (26.5% symptomatic).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women comprised 37% of the lead-in cohort and did not differ from men by age, symptomatic status, or characteristics of the internal carotid artery. The 30-day stroke and death rate for women was 4.5% (26 of 579; 95% CI, 3.0% to 6.5%) compared with 4.2% (41 of 985; 95% CI, 3.0% to 5.6%) for men. The difference in stroke and death rate was not significant nor were there any significant differences by sex after adjustment for age, arterial characteristics, or cardiovascular risk factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results do not provide evidence that women have a higher carotid artery stenting stroke and death rate compared with men. The potential differential periprocedural risk by sex will be prospectively addressed in the randomized phase of CREST.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0022, USA. vjhoward@uab.edu
authors.forename: Virginia J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Jenifer H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Voeks
authors.forename: Helmi L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Lutsep
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mackey
authors.forename: Genevieve
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Milot
authors.forename: Albert D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sam
authors.forename: Meelee
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tom
authors.forename: Susan E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Alice J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sheffet
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Longbottom
authors.forename: Jason B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Brott
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000601:surgery*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015607:Stents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D020521:Stroke / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*