title: Radiation safety considerations for the bone seeking radiopharmaceuticals. 89SrCl2, 186Re-HEDP and 153Sm-EDTMP.
abstract: The radiation exposure to bystanders from 89SrCl2, 186Re-HEDP and 153Sm-EDTMP, is generally thought to be caused by "bremsstrahlung" and gamma-radiation, with negligible contribution from beta-radiation. The latter assumption may be erroneous. The aim of this prospective study was the investigation of radiation safety after treatment with these radiopharmaceuticals. The radiation field around treated patients was characterized and the magnitude estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  33 patients (30 prostate carcinoma, 3 breast carcinoma) were treated with 150 MBq 89SrCl2 (9 patients), 1295 MBq 186Re-HEDP (12 patients) or 37 MBq/kg 153Sm-EDTMP (12 patients). External exposure rates at 30 cm from the patient were measured at times 0 to 72 h post-injection. To evaluate the respective contribution of Bremsstrahlung, beta- and gamma-radiation, a calibrated survey meter was used, equipped with a shutter. For each patient, the measured exposure rate-versus-time data were fit to a curve and the curve integrated (area under the curve) to estimate the total exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 29/33 patients the total ambient equivalent doses (mean+/-1 standard deviation [SD]) based on the integral of the fitted curve were 2.1+/-1.2 mSv for 89SrCl2, 3.3+/-0.6 mSv for 186Re-HEDP and 2.8+/-0.6 mSv for 153Sm-EDTMP. Beta-radiation contributes significantly to these doses (>99% for 89SrCl2, 87% for 186Re-HEDP and 27% for 153Sm-EDTMP). The effective doses (at 30 cm) are <0.1 mSv for 89SrCl2, 0.3 mSv for 186Re-HEDP and 1.6 mSv for 153Sm-EDTMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients treated with 89SrCl2, 186Re-HEDP or 153Sm-EDTMP emit a spectrum of radiation, including non-negligible beta-radiation. With specific instructions effective doses to bystanders are acceptable.
authors.affiliation: University Medical Center Utrecht, Department of Nuclear Medicine, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.Lam@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: M G E H
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
authors.forename: J M H
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: de Klerk
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: van Rijk
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Zonnenberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012968:Etidronic Acid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011868:Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012211:Rhenium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012449:Safety; D012493:Samarium / Q000009:adverse effects; D013324:Strontium / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D011868:Radioisotopes; D013326:Strontium Radioisotopes; D012493:Samarium; D012211:Rhenium; C061972:samarium Sm-153 lexidronam; C025700:strontium chloride; D012968:Etidronic Acid; D013324:Strontium