title: Methadone and impairment in apprehended drivers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  According to Norwegian guidelines, patients who are in opioid-assisted rehabilitation programmes are permitted to drive a motor vehicle provided that certain requirements are met. The purpose of this study was to investigate apprehended drivers who had methadone in their blood at the time of apprehension and, further, the relationship between blood methadone concentration and impairment as measured by the clinical test of impairment (CTI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse (DFTDA) at the Norwegian Institute of Public Heath analyses blood samples from all drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs nation-wide. Cases with positive results for methadone in blood were collected over the period 2001-2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 635 drivers with methadone found in their blood samples were identified. The majority of drivers were men (>80%), aged between 30 and 40 years. Methadone was the only psychoactive drug detected in blood in only 10 cases. Benzodiazepines were a frequent finding (in approximately 90% of cases). A significant difference in blood methadone concentration was found between cases where only methadone was detected [median 0.46 mg/l (range 0.19-0.65)] and cases where methadone was detected in combination with other psychoactive drugs [median 0.28 mg/l (range 0.06-1.24)]. A CTI had been carried out, in conjunction with blood sampling, in 577 of the cases. A concentration-impairment relationship was not seen for methadone in these cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cases of driving impairment involving methadone alone were very rare, with combination use most frequent. No correlation between methadone concentration and impairment as judged by the CTI was seen either for these cases or for the material as a whole.
authors.affiliation: Division of Forensic Toxicology and Drug Abuse, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway. jean.paul.bernard@fhi.no
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Jørg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mørland
authors.forename: Mette
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Krogh
authors.forename: Hassan Zaré
authors.initials: HZ
authors.lastname: Khiabani
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D035846:Law Enforcement; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000097:blood*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood*; D009664:Norway; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000097:blood; D012737:Sex Factors; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D008691:Methadone