title: Endocrine and metabolic effects of consuming fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages with meals in obese men and women: influence of insulin resistance on plasma triglyceride responses.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Compared with glucose-sweetened beverages, consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with meals elevates postprandial plasma triglycerides and lowers 24-h insulin and leptin profiles in normal-weight women. The effects of fructose, compared with glucose, ingestion on metabolic profiles in obese subjects has not been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to compare the effects of fructose- and glucose-sweetened beverages consumed with meals on hormones and metabolic substrates in obese subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study had a within-subject design conducted in the clinical and translational research center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included 17 obese men (n = 9) and women (n = 8), with a body mass index greater than 30 kg/m(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were studied under two conditions involving ingestion of mixed nutrient meals with either glucose-sweetened beverages or fructose-sweetened beverages. The beverages provided 30% of total kilocalories. Blood samples were collected over 24 h.
  
  
  METHODS
  Area under the curve (24 h AUC) for glucose, lactate, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, uric acid, triglycerides (TGs), and free fatty acids was measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with glucose-sweetened beverages, fructose consumption was associated with lower AUCs for insulin (1052.6 +/- 135.1 vs. 549.2 +/- 79.7 muU/ml per 23 h, P < 0.001) and leptin (151.9 +/- 22.7 vs. 107.0 +/- 15.0 ng/ml per 24 h, P < 0.03) and increased AUC for TG (242.3 +/- 96.8 vs. 704.3 +/- 124.4 mg/dl per 24 h, P < 0.0001). Insulin-resistant subjects exhibited larger 24-h TG profiles (P < 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In obese subjects, consumption of fructose-sweetened beverages with meals was associated with less insulin secretion, blunted diurnal leptin profiles, and increased postprandial TG concentrations compared with glucose consumption. Increases of TGs were augmented in obese subjects with insulin resistance, suggesting that fructose consumption may exacerbate an already adverse metabolic profile present in many obese subjects.
authors.affiliation: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. kteff@pobox.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Teff
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grudziak
authors.forename: Raymond R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Townsend
authors.forename: Tamara N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Ryan W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Sean H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Nancy L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Keim
authors.forename: Bethany P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Cummings
authors.forename: Kimber L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Stanhope
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Havel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005632:Fructose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D005947:Glucose / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006728:Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood*; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D054439:Ghrelin; D006728:Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D014280:Triglycerides; D014527:Uric Acid; D005632:Fructose; D005947:Glucose