title: Ischemia-reperfusion injury in the lung: quantitation using electron microscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The primary objectives of this study were to determine the time course of ischemia-reperfusion injury in an isolated rabbit lung model and to quantify this damage using electron microscopic methodology coupled with statistical analyses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight groups of isolated rabbit lungs (n = 5 per group) were subjected to predetermined periods of ischemia-reperfusion. Two hours of ischemia and 4 hours of reperfusion were concluded to be necessary to induce optimal ischemia-reperfusion injury in this model. Four other groups were subjected to 2 hours of ischemia followed by selected periods of reperfusion. These groups were compared to 4 control groups that were perfused for comparable time periods but without the initial ischemia. New quantitative methods were developed based on the average surface area of the alveoli and average number of alveoli per unit surface area, using scanning electron microscopic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia per se caused substantial damage. Restoration of volume and nutrients reversed this damage at 1 hour of reperfusion, but severe damage was evident at 4 hours of reperfusion, as reported by subjective and blinded examination. By using the new quantitative methods, there was a significant difference between the groups (P < .005) according to the time of post-ischemia-reperfusion, which correlated with the subjective evaluation of damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These 2 new quantitative techniques provide an objective assessment of damage in the isolated rabbit lung model, suggesting that they warrant further consideration in similar studies of ischemia reperfusion injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA. nhasaniya@llu.edu
authors.forename: Nahidh W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Hasaniya
authors.forename: Shyamal
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Premaratne
authors.forename: Wayne W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Aziz M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Razzuk
authors.forename: Ayman A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abdul-Ghani
authors.forename: Milea
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siera
authors.forename: Roderick H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Dashwood
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eklof
authors.forename: Larry R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Tinsley
authors.forename: J Judson
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: McNamara
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000473:pathology*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010477:Perfusion; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D011817:Rabbits; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000473:pathology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors