title: Multifocal glioblastoma with remote cutaneous metastasis: a case report and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Remote extracranial mestastases of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are uncommon, while cutaneous seeding at a distance from the operative site appears to be even more unusual.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 63-year-old man presented with focal seizures and mental impairment. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a left frontoparietal mass. He underwent a gross total removal of the tumor. The tissue diagnosis was that of a GBM. Seven months later, the patient developed a left scapular subcutaneous mass. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed and the cytological findings disclosed again a GBM. One month later, after clinical deterioration, a repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan was carried out which demonstrated two new distinct lesions in the opposite hemisphere, as in a multifocal GBM. Both lesions were biopsed under stereotactic guidance and the recurrence of GBM was confirmed. The patient died ten months after the primary diagnosis of the intracranial GBM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improved diagnostic modalities and prolonged survival have increased the likelihood of detection of extracranial mestastases from GBM. This potential may be greater in multifocal GBM. FNA is a valuable method for the definite diagnosis of metastatic GBMs. Although several theories have been postulated, the route of remote cutaneous dissemination and the mechanism of multifocal recurrence remain to be elucidated.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Miliaras
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tsitsopoulos
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markoula
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kyritsis
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Polyzoidis
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Malamou-Mitsi
mesh_terms: D044963:Biopsy, Fine-Needle; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005909:Glioblastoma / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012640:Seizures / Q000209:etiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed