title: Fear-avoidance beliefs and pain as predictors for low physical activity in patients with leg ulcer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous studies have shown that patients with chronic venous insufficiency are deconditioned and physically inactive. The present study aimed to examine the occurrence of fear-avoidance beliefs in patients with chronic venous insufficiency, and to investigate the role of fear-avoidance beliefs and pain severity in predicting the low level of physical activity in these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected by a postal questionnaire sent to 146 patients with chronic venous insufficiency and current or previous venous leg ulcer. Complete data were collected from 98 patients aged 60-85 years - 63% women - giving a response rate of 67%. Fear-avoidance beliefs were assessed by the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, physical activity subscale. Pain and physical activity were assessed by the Six-point Verbal Rating Scale of Pain Assessment and the Physical Activity Questionnaire, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fear-avoidance beliefs were present in 81 (83%) of the patients with chronic venous insufficiency (range 0-24, median 12). Forty patients (41%) had strong fear-avoidance beliefs. One-third of the patients with healed ulcers had strong fear-avoidance beliefs. Patients with low physical activity had significantly stronger fear-avoidance beliefs and more severe pain than patients with high physical activity. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratio (OR) for low physical activity were about three times higher for patients with strong fear-avoidance beliefs (OR 3.1, 95% confidence interval 1.1-8.3; p = 0.027) than for patients with weak fear-avoidance beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fear-avoidance beliefs were present in most patients with chronic venous insufficiency and were associated with low physical activity. Clinical implications ought to include a better recognition of fear-avoidance beliefs, early information about the negative consequences of such beliefs, and the importance of physical activity to counteract poor mobility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. kirsti.skavberg.roaldsen@ki.se
authors.forename: Kirsti Skavberg
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Roaldsen
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elfving
authors.forename: Johan Kvalvik
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Stanghelle
authors.forename: Toomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Talme
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mattsson
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007871:Leg Ulcer / Q000523:psychology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000534:rehabilitation*