title: Significance of the cyclic structure and of arginine residues for the antibacterial activity of arenicin-1 and its interaction with phospholipid and lipopolysaccharide model membranes.
abstract: Arenicin-1 (Ar-1) is a beta-sheeted antimicrobial peptide from the marine lugworm Arenicola marina. To elucidate the significance of its unique 18-residue cyclic structure and of six cationic arginines for its biological activity and its interaction with biomembranes, we synthesized one linear peptide in which the two cysteines were exchanged for serines (C/S-Ar-1) and a cyclic peptide in which all arginines were replaced by lysines (R/K-Ar-1). We addressed antibacterial and hemolytic activities, the impact of the peptides on bacterial morphology, and their binding to, intercalation into, and permeabilization of model membranes composed of phospholipids or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In accordance with high salt concentration in sea water, the antibacterial activity of Ar-1 was almost insensitive to high NaCl concentrations. In contrast, the linear derivative lost activity under these conditions against polymyxin B-resistant Proteus mirabilis. Ar-1 intercalated into phospholipid and LPS membranes and formed heterogeneous and short-lived lesions. However, when the peptide was present in both membrane leaflets, it formed defined pores. This characteristic was not observed for the linear derivative C/S-Ar-1. Apparently, the disulfide bond provides conforma-tional stability, which has an impact on salt tolerance, prevents fast degradation by trypsin, and is a prerequisite for the formation of structurally defined pores.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biophysics, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz-Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 10, D-23845 Borstel, Germany. jandrae@fz-borstel.de
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Andrä
authors.forename: Malte U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grötzinger
authors.forename: Igor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jakovkin
authors.forename: Buko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Ekkehard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vollmer
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fedders
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leippe
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gutsmann
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D001120:Arginine / Q000737:chemistry*; D002942:Circular Dichroism; D015195:Drug Design; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D011513:Proteus mirabilis / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D023181:Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; D015801:Helminth Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010455:Peptides; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D010743:Phospholipids; C496888:arenicin-1, Arenicola marina; D001120:Arginine