title: Smoking cessation early in pregnancy and birth weight, length, head circumference, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity in umbilical and chorionic vessels: an observational study of healthy singleton pregnancies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced production of the vasodilator nitric oxide (NO) in fetal vessels in pregnant smokers may lower the blood flow to the fetus and result in lower birth weight, length, and head circumference. The present study measured endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) activity in fetal umbilical and chorionic vessels from nonsmokers, smokers, and ex-smokers and related the findings to the fetal outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 266 healthy, singleton pregnancies, 182 women were nonsmokers, 43 were smokers, and 41 stopped smoking early in pregnancy. eNOS activity and concentration were quantified in endothelial cells of the fetal vessels. Cotinine, lipid profiles, estradiol, l-arginine, and dimethylarginines that may affect NO production were determined in maternal and fetal blood. Serum cotinine verified self-reported smoking. Newborns of smokers had a lower weight (P< or =0.001) and a smaller head circumference (P< or =0.041) and were shorter (P< or =0.001) than newborns of nonsmokers and ex-smokers. eNOS activity in umbilical veins of smokers was 36% lower (P<0.001), eNOS concentration was 47% lower (P<0.001), and the fetal plasma level of high-density lipoprotein was 18% lower (P<0.001) than those of nonsmokers, whereas the same levels were found in umbilical veins from ex-smokers and nonsmokers. The same patterns in eNOS activity and concentration were found in umbilical arteries and chorionic vessels. Fetal plasma levels of estradiol, l-arginine, dimethylarginines, total cholesterol, and triglycerides were similar for nonsmokers, smokers, and ex-smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that maternal smoking reduces eNOS activity in the fetal vascular bed, contributing to retarded fetal growth caused by the reduction of vasodilatory capacity, and suggest that smoking cessation early in pregnancy prevents these effects in newborns.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Gentofte University Hospital, Niels Andersens Vej 65, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark. mardan01@geh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Malene R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Andersen
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Simonsen
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uldbjerg
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Aalkjaer
authors.forename: Steen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stender
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight; D001827:Body Height; D002823:Chorion / Q000098:blood supply / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000098:blood supply; D006257:Head / Q000254:growth & development; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III