Critical care management of subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Successful critical care management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) requires a thorough understanding of the disease and its complications and a familiarity with modern multimodality neuromonitoring technology. This article reviews the natural history of aneurysmal SAH and strategies for disease management in the acute setting, including available tools for monitoring brain function. Intensive care management of patients with SAH focuses on prevention of further neurologic injury. Aneurysmal rebleeding, hydrocephalus, seizures, and delayed ischemic injury represent major threats. There is increasing awareness of extracerebral complications, including electrolyte disturbances (eg, cerebral salt wasting) and cardiac dysfunction. Prompt recognition and treatment of these disorders maximizes the odds of a good functional outcome. Technologic advances hold the promise of improved detection and treatment of secondary neurologic insults.
Levine
Joshua M
JM
Joshua M. Levine, MD Neurocritical Care Program, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3 West Gates Building, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. joshua.levine@uphs.upenn.edu.