title: Genetics and sports.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The limit of each individual to perform a given type of exercise depends on the nature of the task, and is influenced by a variety of factors, including psychology, environment and genetic make up. Genetics provide useful insights, as sport performances can be ultimately defined as a polygenic trait.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched PubMed using the terms 'sports' and 'genetics' over the period 1990 to present.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The physical performance phenotypes for which a genetic basis can be suspected include endurance capacity, muscle performance, physiological attitude to train and ability of tendons and ligaments to withstand injury. Genetic testing in sport would permit to identify individuals with optimal physiology and morphology, and also those with a greater capacity to respond/adapt to training and a lesser chance of suffering from injuries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethical and practical caveats should be clearly emphasized. The translation of an advantageous genotype into a champion's phenotype is still influenced by environmental, psychological and sociological factors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current scientific evidence on the relationship between genetics and sports look promising. There is a need for additional studies to determine whether genome-wide genotyping arrays would be really useful and cost-effective. Since exercise training regulates the expression of genes encoding various enzymes in muscle and other tissues, genetic research in sports will help clarify several aspects of human biology and physiology, such as RNA and protein level regulation under specific circumstances.
authors.affiliation: Sezione di Chimica Clinica, Università di Verona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: Umile Giuseppe
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Longo
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Maffulli
mesh_terms: D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000941:ethics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D010641:Phenotype; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000235:genetics*