title: Efficacy, complications and clinical outcomes of endoscopic sclerotherapy with N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for bleeding gastric varices.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bleeding gastric varices (BGV) are a severe complication of portal hypertension. Although the obliteration of gastric varices using cyanoacrylate has been shown effective to eradicate gastric varices, there are still few data available on its effectiveness for acutely BGV, cyanoacrylate-related complications and follow-up.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report on the feasibility, efficacy and outcomes of N-buytl-2-cyanoacrylate sclerotherapy in patients with BGV.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients who were evaluated for BGV at University of Magdeburg Medical Center. Data abstracted for analysis from the prospectively collected database included patient's demographics, etiology of gastric varices, Child-Pugh score, effectiveness of endoscopic treatment, clinical and endoscopic follow-up. Immediate hemostasis was defined as visible and clinical arrest of bleeding. The following were considered as potential complications of the procedure: aspiration, fever, worsening hemorrhage due to the sclerotherapy and systemic embolization of cyanoacrylate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  33 patients (17 F, 16 M; mean age 54 years, range 18-81) with BGV (29 had active bleeding and 4 had stigmata of recent bleeding) underwent endoscopic injections of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate for hemostasis over a 5-year period. Mean follow-up: 9 months (range: 1 month to 5 years). Initial hemostasis was achieved in 88%. Treatment-related complications occurred in 5 (15.1%), the most common being deep ulcerations, which also resulted in recurrent bleeding. One patient presented with distal cyanoacrylate embolization. During long-term follow-up, 6 patients died, 5 as a consequence of the underlying liver disease and 1 as a consequence of complications due to systemic cyanoacrylate embolization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate sclerotherapy is highly effective for the treatment of BGV, with rare complications occurring both acutely and in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Lucía C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Carolina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Olano
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Malfertheiner
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mönkemüller
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004659:Enbucrilate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004932:Esophageal and Gastric Varices / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions; D004659:Enbucrilate