title: Circulating visfatin in obese non-diabetic patients in relation to cardiovascular risk factors, insulin resistance, and adipocytokines: a contradictory piece of the puzzle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with cardiovascular risk factors. The aim of the present study was to explore the relation of circulating visfatin to insulin resistance, cardiovascular risk factors, anthropometry, and adipocytokines in obese patients without diabetes mellitus.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population of 228 obese non-diabetic outpatients was analyzed in a prospective way. All patients with a 2-wk weight-stabilization period before recruitment were enrolled. Biochemical analysis and nutritional evaluation were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects were 62 men (27.2%) and 166 women (62.8%) with a mean age of 41.1 ± 16.4 y and a mean body mass index of 35.8 ± 3.6 kg/m(2). Patients were divided in two groups by median visfatin value (22.8 ng/mL), i.e., those with low values (group I) and those with high values (group II). Patients in group I had greater weight, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, insulin, homeostasis model of assessment, triacylglycerol, leptin, and adiponectin than patients in group II. Patients in group II had higher total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels than patients in group I. In a multivariate analysis with age- and sex-adjusted basal visfatin concentration as a dependent variable, only weight and leptin remained as an independent predictor in the model (F = 6.5, P < 0.05), with an inverse correlation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, tumor necrosis factor-α, and resistin levels are elevated in patients with visfatin levels above the median value. Homeostasis model of assessment, insulin, weight, fat mass, fat-free mass, triacylglycerols, leptin, and adiponectin are decreased in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Medicine School and Unit of Investigation, Hospital Rio Hortega, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain. dadluis@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: de Luis
authors.forename: Manuel Gonzalez
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Sagrado
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aller
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: Olatz
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Izaola
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000097:blood*; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: C499918:ADIPOQ protein, human; D054392:Adipokines; D052242:Adiponectin; D016207:Cytokines; D007328:Insulin; D020738:Leptin; D008055:Lipids; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase; C085455:nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, human