title: Favorable toxicity and biochemical control using real-time inverse optimization technique for prostate brachytherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Favorable dosimetric results have been reported using intraoperative inverse optimization (IO) for permanent prostate brachytherapy. The clinical implications of these improvements in dosimetry are unclear. We review toxicity and early biochemical outcomes for patients implanted using IO technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 2001 and 2007, 165 patients received permanent prostate implants using real-time IO and had >/=3 months of followup. Dose constraints for inverse planning were: the prostate volume receiving 100% of the prescription dose [prostate V(100)] was >95%; the dose received by 90% of the gland [prostate D(90)] was within the 140-180 by dose range; the volume of urethra receiving 150% of the prescription dose [urethra V(150)] was <30%; and the volume of rectal wall receiving 110% of the prescription dose [rectal V(110)] was <1.0 cc. Toxicity was prospectively scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group toxicity scale and the International Prostate Symptom Score questionnaire. Biochemical control was determined using the nadir + 2 ng/mL definition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean followup was 30 months (range, 6-63 months). Risk classification was low risk in 89% and intermediate risk in 11%. Iodine-125 sources were used for 161 implants and palladium-103 sources for four implants. The median number of seeds and total activity implanted were 61 and 999 MBq, respectively, for a median prostate volume of 33.6 cc. Late GU and GI morbidity was uncommon. Among patients with at least 24 months followup, 16% had persistent Grade 2-3 urinary morbidity. Grade 2 rectal bleeding occurred in 1 patient (0.6%). Biochemical failure has occurred in only 4 patients at last followup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IO technique for prostate brachytherapy is associated with low rates of late morbidity and excellent early biochemical control. Additionally, the number of seeds and total implanted activity required to achieve a high-quality implant are lower compared with historical controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center, Wilmington, DE, USA.
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raben
authors.forename: Kyle E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Rusthoven
authors.forename: Abrihup
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Benge
authors.forename: Dayee
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raben
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010165:Palladium; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011868:Radioisotopes; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018570:Risk Assessment
chemical_list: D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; D011868:Radioisotopes; D010165:Palladium; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen