title: Distinguishing iron-reducing from sulfate-reducing conditions.
abstract: Ground water systems dominated by iron- or sulfate-reducing conditions may be distinguished by observing concentrations of dissolved iron (Fe(2+)) and sulfide (sum of H(2)S, HS(-), and S(=) species and denoted here as "H(2)S"). This approach is based on the observation that concentrations of Fe(2+) and H(2)S in ground water systems tend to be inversely related according to a hyperbolic function. That is, when Fe(2+) concentrations are high, H(2)S concentrations tend to be low and vice versa. This relation partly reflects the rapid reaction kinetics of Fe(2+) with H(2)S to produce relatively insoluble ferrous sulfides (FeS). This relation also reflects competition for organic substrates between the iron- and the sulfate-reducing microorganisms that catalyze the production of Fe(2+) and H(2)S. These solubility and microbial constraints operate in tandem, resulting in the observed hyperbolic relation between Fe(2+) and H(2)S concentrations. Concentrations of redox indicators, including dissolved hydrogen (H(2)) measured in a shallow aquifer in Hanahan, South Carolina, suggest that if the Fe(2+)/H(2)S mass ratio (units of mg/L) exceeded 10, the screened interval being tapped was consistently iron reducing (H(2) approximately 0.2 to 0.8 nM). Conversely, if the Fe(2+)/H(2)S ratio was less than 0.30, consistent sulfate-reducing (H(2) approximately 1 to 5 nM) conditions were observed over time. Concomitantly high Fe(2+) and H(2)S concentrations were associated with H(2) concentrations that varied between 0.2 and 5.0 nM over time, suggesting mixing of water from adjacent iron- and sulfate-reducing zones or concomitant iron and sulfate reduction under nonelectron donor-limited conditions. These observations suggest that Fe(2+)/H(2)S mass ratios may provide useful information concerning the occurrence and distribution of iron and sulfate reduction in ground water systems.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Geological Survey, South Carolina Water Science Center, Columbia, SC 29210, USA. chapelle@usgs.gov
authors.forename: Francis H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Chapelle
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Peter B
authors.initials: PB
authors.lastname: McMahon
mesh_terms: D007501:Iron / Q000737:chemistry*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D013431:Sulfates / Q000737:chemistry*; D014872:Water Movements
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D007501:Iron