title: Risk factors for non-communicable disease in urban Haryana: a study using the STEPS approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  India is in the midst of an epidemiological transition with non-communicable diseases increasing in importance. Targeting the risk factors for non-communicable diseases is recognized as an essential preventive strategy. There is lack of good quality data on prevalence of risk factors. The present study addresses this challenge in urban population of Ballabgarh town in Faridabad district of Haryana.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1263 male and 1326 female respondents were selected using multistage systematic random sampling, in 5 age groups of 10 years (15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54 and 55-64). The World Health Organization's STEPS approach entails stepwise collection of the risk factor data based on standardized questionnaires (step 1), basic physical measures in step 2 and finally in 3rd step, basic biochemical investigations such as blood sugar and cholesterol. The prevalence was adjusted to the age and sex strata of urban Faridabad as per census 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of current daily use of smoked tobacco was 22.2% (95% CI7colon; 20.0-24.6) for males and 1.4% (95% CI: 0.9-2.2) for females. In males the prevalence of current alcohol consumption was 28.9% (95% CI: 26.4-31.5). Physical inactivity was reported by 23.2% (95% CI: 20.9-25.6) of males and 52.4% (95% CI: 49.7-55.1) of female respondents. Only 8.6% of males and 4.4% of females were consuming adequate portions of the fruits and vegetables. 23.1% (95% CI: 20.8-25.5) males and 15.7% (95% CI: 13.87ndash;17.8) females were either in Stage 1 and 2 hypertension (JNC VII) or were taking anti-hypertensives. Among males, 25.4% (95% CI: 23.0-27.9) and, among females 34.9% (95% CI: 32.3-37.6) were overweight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use among males and physical inactivity among females was high. Low consumption of fruits and vegetables, hypertension and overweight was equally common among both the sexes in the population studied. Thus there is an urgent need for initiating measures at the risk factor level to counter this modern day epidemic of non-communicable disorders, within this urban community.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India. kanandiyer@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Krishnan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: Bela
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Vivek
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Kshitij
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Khaparde
authors.forename: Eldho
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pau
authors.forename: Geetha R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Kapoor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014504:Urban Health