title: Selective expression of CD44, a putative prostate cancer stem cell marker, in neuroendocrine tumor cells of human prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hormonal therapy is effective for advanced prostate cancer (PC) but the disease often recurs and becomes hormone-refractory. It is hypothesized that a subpopulation of cancer cells, that is, cancer stem cells (CSCs), survives hormonal therapy and leads to tumor recurrence. CD44 expression was shown to identify tumor cells with CSC features. PC contains secretory type epithelial cells and a minor population of neuroendocrine cells. Neuroendocrine cells do not express androgen receptor and are quiescent, features associated with CSCs. The purpose of the study was to determine the expression of CD44 in human PC and its relationship to neuroendocrine tumor cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence were performed to study CD44 expression in PC cell lines, single cells from fresh PC tissue and archival tissue sections of PC. We then determined if CD44+ cells represent neuroendocrine tumor cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In human PC cell lines, expression of CD44 is associated with cells of NE phenotype. In human PC tissues, NE tumor cells are virtually all positive for CD44 and CD44+ cells, excluding lymphocytes, are all NE tumor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective expression of the stem cell-associated marker CD44 in NE tumor cells of PC, in combination with their other known features, further supports the significance of such cells in therapy resistance and tumor recurrence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ganesh S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Palapattu
authors.forename: Chengyu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Silvers
authors.forename: Heather B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Salamone
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bushnell
authors.forename: Li-Shan
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jiaoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053379:Chromogranin A / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D006801:Humans; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D014411:Neoplastic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology*; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000096:biosynthesis; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C497483:CD44 protein, human; D053379:Chromogranin A; D018960:Hyaluronan Receptors; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase