title: Emotional stress as a trigger of falls leading to hip or pelvic fracture. Results from the ToFa study - a case-crossover study among elderly people in Stockholm, Sweden.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sudden emotions may interfere with mechanisms for keeping balance among the elderly. The aim of this study is to analyse if emotional stress and specifically feelings of anger, sadness, worries, anxiety or stress, can trigger falls leading to hip or pelvic fracture among autonomous older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study applied the case-crossover design and was based on data gathered by face to face interviews carried out in Stockholm between November 2004 and January 2006 at the emergency wards of two hospitals. Cases (n = 137) were defined as persons aged 65 and older admitted for at least one night due to a fall-related hip or pelvic fracture (ICD10: S72 or S32) and meeting a series of selection criteria. Results are presented as relative risks with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was an increased risk for fall and subsequent hip or pelvic fracture for up to one hour after emotional stress. For anger there was an increased relative risk of 12.2 (95% CI 2.7-54.7), for sadness of 5.7 (95% CI 1.1-28.7), and for stress 20.6 (95% CI 4.5-93.5) compared to periods with no such feelings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emotional stress seems to have the potential to trigger falls and subsequent hip or pelvic fracture among autonomous older people. Further studies are needed to clarify how robust the findings are - as the number of exposed cases is small - and the mechanisms behind them - presumably balance and vision impairment in stress situation.
authors.affiliation: Karolinska Institutet, Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Public Health Epidemiology, Stockholm, Sweden. jette.moller@ki.se
authors.forename: Jette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Möller
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hallqvist
authors.forename: Lucie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Laflamme
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mattsson
authors.forename: Sari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ponzer
authors.forename: Siv
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadigh
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Engström
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010384:Pelvic Bones / Q000293:injuries*; D012306:Risk; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*