title: Item reduction of the voice handicap index based on the original version and on European translations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Constructing an internationally applicable short-scale of the Voice Handicap Index (VHI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 1,052 patients with 5 different types of voice disorder groups from Belgium, France, Sweden, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Portugal, and the USA. Different 9- and 12-item subsets were selected from the 30 VHI items using (1) the first factor of an unrotated factor analysis (narrow range subsets) and (2) the first three factors after promax rotation (broad range subsets). Country-specific subsets were selected to test deviations from the international subsets. For all subsets, reliability was investigated using Cronbach's alphas and correlations with the total VHI. Validity was investigated using regression on voice disorder groups. All analyses were performed for the total and for all country-specific subject samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reliability was high for all item subsets. It was lower for the international compared to the country-specific subsets and for the broad range compared to the narrow range subsets. Validity was best for the broad range subsets. Validity was better for the international than for the country-specific subsets. For all statistics the 12-item subsets were not essentially better than the 9-item subsets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The international broad range 9-item subset forms a scale which approximates well the total VHI.
authors.affiliation: Department of Phoniatrics and Paedaudiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany. nawka@uni-greifswald.de
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nawka
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Verdonck-de Leeuw
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Bodt
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Guimaraes
authors.forename: E B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Holmberg
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schindler
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Woisard
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Whurr
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Konerding
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014175:Translating; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D055815:Young Adult