title: Molecular source tracking of predominant lactic acid bacteria in traditional Belgian sourdoughs and their production environments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the circulation of predominant sourdough lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species in the production environment of two Belgian artisan sourdough bakeries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolates were collected from sourdoughs, flour, hands of the baker and air in the bakery setting and taxonomically characterized using repetitive element sequence-based PCR fingerprinting, pheS and/or 16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. In parallel, PCR-DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) analysis of V3-16S rDNA amplicons was applied to visualize the predominant bacterial population in the sourdoughs and the corresponding bakery environment (flour, hands of the baker, air and bakery equipment). Both approaches revealed that sourdoughs produced at D01 and D10 were mainly dominated by Lactobacillus spicheri and L. plantarum and by L. sanfranciscensis, respectively, and that these LAB species also circulated in the corresponding bakery environment. Furthermore, AFLP fingerprinting demonstrated that sourdough and bakery environment isolates of these species were genetically indistinguishable. For more sensitive source-tracking, SYBR Green-based real-time PCR assays were developed using species-specific primers targeting the pheS gene of L. plantarum and L. sanfranciscensis, detected in air samples from D01 and D10, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in this study indicate that specific strains of LAB persist in artisan doughs over years and circulate in the bakery environment. Furthermore, the importance of air as a potential carrier of LAB in artisan bakery environments was demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PheS-based real-time PCR can be used to detect, quantify and/or monitor specific LAB species (e.g. starter cultures) in sourdough and bakery environment samples.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Microbiology, Ghent University, Belgium. Ilse.Scheirlinck@ugent.be
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Scheirlinck
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Van der Meulen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Vuyst
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Huys
mesh_terms: D000388:Air / Q000032:analysis; D054458:Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis; D001530:Belgium; D001939:Bread / Q000382:microbiology*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting / Q000379:methods; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D005285:Fermentation; D005433:Flour / Q000382:microbiology; D019649:Food Industry; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006225:Hand / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S