title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor use and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older: prospective findings from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the associations between current use, duration, and potency of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and incident frailty in women aged 65 and older who were not frail at baseline.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a prospective study conducted at 40 U.S. clinical centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women aged 65 to 79 at baseline who were not frail (N=27,378).
  
  
  METHODS
  Current ACE inhibitor use was ascertained through direct inspection of medicine containers at baseline. Components of frailty were self-reported low physical function or impaired walking, exhaustion, low physical activity, and unintended weight. Frailty was ascertained through self-reported and physical measurements data at baseline and 3-year clinic contacts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By the 3-year follow-up, 3,950 (14.4%) women had developed frailty. Current ACE inhibitor use had no association with incident frailty (multivariate adjusted odds ratio=0.96, 95% confidence interval=0.82-1.13). Duration and potency of ACE inhibitor use were also not significantly associated with incident frailty. A similar pattern of results was observed when incident cardiovascular disease events were studied as a separate outcome or when the sample was restricted to subjects with hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, incidence of frailty was similar in current ACE inhibitor users and nonusers.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA. slgray@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Shelly L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Andrea Z
authors.initials: AZ
authors.lastname: LaCroix
authors.forename: Aaron K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Aragaki
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McDermott
authors.forename: Barbara B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Cochrane
authors.forename: Charles L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Kooperberg
authors.forename: Anne M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Beatriz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: Nancy F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Woods
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors