title: Fibroblast growth factor 2 promotes endothelial differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSC) could potentially restore endothelial function in vasculogenic erectile dysfunction (ED). The mechanism for ADSC endothelial differentiation remained unidentified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test whether ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis and to identify the underlying mechanism of ADSC endothelial differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  For in vivo endothelial differentiation, ADSC were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), injected into rat corpora cavernosa, and localized by immunofluorescence and phase-contrast microscopy. For in vitro endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in endothelial growth medium 2 (EGM2), stained for endothelial markers CD31, von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and assessed for the ability to form tube-like structures in Matrigel and to endocytose acetylated low-density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL). To identify factors that promote ADSC endothelial differentiation, ADSC were grown in various media, each of which contained a specific combination of supplemental factors and assessed for LDL-uptake. PD173074, a selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) receptor, was used to confirm the importance of FGF2 signaling for ADSC endothelial differentiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In vitro endothelial differentiation was assessed by immunofluorescence, Matrigel tube formation, and Ac-LDL uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injected ADSC were localized to the sinusoid endothelium, some of which stained positive for both BrdU and endothelial antigen rat endothelial cell antigen. ADSC proliferated at a faster rate in EGM2 than in standard DMEM, expressed endothelial markers CD31, vWF, and eNOS, formed tube-like structures in Matrigel, and endocytosed Ac-LDL. These properties were greatly diminished when ADSC were grown in the absence of FGF2 but were unaffected when grown in the absence of vascular endothelial growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, or epidermal growth factor. Furthermore, ADSC displayed similar endothelial properties when grown in FGF2-supplemented basic medium as in EGM2. Finally, blockade of FGF2 signaling with PD173074 abrogated ADSC endothelial differentiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ADSC could differentiate into endothelial cells in the penis. FGF2 signaling mediates ADSC endothelial differentiation.
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Hongxiu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Guiting
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Rong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA.
authors.forename: Tom F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Lue
authors.affiliation: University of California, School of Medicine, Knuppe Molecular Urology Laboratory-Department of Urology, San Francisco, California, USA. Electronic address: cslin@urology.ucsf.edu.
authors.forename: Ching-Shwun
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007172:Erectile Dysfunction / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D016222:Fibroblast Growth Factor 2; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine