title: Neurocognitive screening tools in HIV/AIDS: comparative performance among patients exposed to antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to compare the performance of several bedside neuropsychological tools for detection of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) in antiretroviral drug-exposed persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed the relative performance of the HIV Dementia Scale (HDS), International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) together with neuropsychological tests (Symbol-Digit, Grooved Pegboard and Trail Making) in HIV-1-seronegative subjects (HIV-; n=13) and in HIV-1-seropositive subjects with HAND (HIV+HAND; n=13) and other neurological disorders (HIV+OND; n=20).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Established neuropsychological tests consistently showed significantly poorer performance by HIV+HAND subjects compared with the other two groups. Similarly, the mean HDS and IHDS scores were lower in the HIV+HAND group compared with the other two groups (P<0.005) while the mean MMSE score did not show significant differences between the HIV+HAND and HIV+OND groups. Receiver operator characteristics curves generated from these data using predefined cut-off scores revealed that the HDS, IHDS and MMSE displayed corresponding area under the curve values of 0.82, 0.74 and 0.48, respectively (P<0.006).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings indicate that the MMSE is a weak tool for diagnosing HAND in this group of patients but the HDS and IHDS demonstrate better efficiencies, although cut-off values for the HDS require reassessment in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Skinner
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Adewale
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: DeBlock
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Power
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis*; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents