title: Estimates of excess deaths associated with body mass index and other anthropometric variables.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Estimates of excess mortality associated with body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) have been calculated for the US population.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this article is to compare the excess mortality associated with BMI levels to the excess mortality associated with other anthropometric variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  For the 1988-1994 Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, estimates of excess deaths were calculated for standard BMI levels and for comparable levels of percentage body fat, waist circumference, hip and arm circumferences, waist-hip ratio, the sum of 4 skinfold thicknesses, and waist-stature ratio. The outcome measure is the percentage of deaths in the full sample in excess of those predicted for the reference category.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the level equivalent to BMI <18.5, estimates of excess deaths ranged from 0.3% for waist-hip ratio to 2.4% for percentage body fat. All except waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, and waist-stature ratio were significantly greater than zero (P < 0.05). For the level equivalent to BMI 25 to <30, the percentage of excess deaths was 0.1% for percentage body fat and negative for all other variables; estimates were significantly below zero only for circumferences and waist-stature ratio. For the level equivalent to BMI > or = 30, estimates ranged from -1.7% for waist circumference to 1.5% for percentage of fat; none were significantly different from zero. Estimates for all-cause mortality, obesity-related causes of death, and other causes of death showed no statistically significant or systematic differences between BMI and other variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population-based study, attributable fractions of deaths were similar across measures.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD 20782, USA. kflegal@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Katherine M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Flegal
authors.forename: Barry I
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Graubard
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000886:Anthropometry; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D009765:Obesity / Q000401:mortality*; D050177:Overweight / Q000401:mortality*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D013851:Thinness / Q000401:mortality*; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio