title: Smoking and caries experience in subjects with various form of periodontal diseases from a teaching hospital clinic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between aggressive periodontitis (AgP), caries and smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients who were specifically referred to the Dental Teaching Clinic in Irbid, Jordan for periodontal treatment. Self-administered questionnaire related to socio-demographic data and smoking habits was completed. The oral hygiene, gingival status, periodontal health and dental status of the participants was determined by using the plaque index of Silness and Loe [Acta Odontol Scand, 22 (1964), 121], the gingival index of Loe and Silness [Acta Odontol Scand, 21 (1963), 233], clinical attachment level (CAL) and decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) index respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of smoking was greater in chronic periodontitis (CP) group (44.2%) than in either chronic gingivitis (CG) (27.4%) or AgP (29.9%) group. Self-reported perio-diseases in the close family was more prevalent (77%) among subjects diagnosed with AgP. The mean plaque scores were significantly higher for smoker than non-smoker in AgP group only (P = 0.04), with significantly greater plaque and gingival scores in CG and CP groups than AgP group (P = 0.012, 0.004). A significantly greater mean gingival scores were noted among CG and CP groups than AgP group (P = 0.004). The mean CAL was higher in smokers than in non-smokers in the three groups, with statistically significant differences in CP and AgP groups (P = 0.04, 0.01 respectively).The mean number of DMFT was significantly higher in smoker than in non-smoker of all age groups (P = 0.016, 0.043 and 0.01). However, mean DMFT was significantly greater in CP and CG than AgP groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It was concluded that (i) higher plaque and gingival index among smokers in all groups; (ii) significant difference in the CAL between smoker and non-smoke in CP and AgP groups; (iii) significant increase in caries risk among smokers in all groups; (iv) smokers and non-smokers of AgP group had significantly lower mean DMFT scores than those of CG or CP groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Preventive, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science & Technology, Irbid, Jordan. rolaperio@yahoo.com
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Al-Habashneh
authors.forename: M A O
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Al-Omari
authors.forename: D Q
authors.initials: DQ
authors.lastname: Taani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D010520:Aggressive Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D016301:Alveolar Bone Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D009911:Oral Hygiene Index; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000453:epidemiology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult