title: Schistosoma mansoni coinfection could have a protective effect against mixed cryoglobulinaemia in hepatitis C patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between mixed cryogloblinaemia and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has been established. However, the factors underlying its great geographical heterogeneity of prevalence have not yet been identified. Concomitant HCV and Schistosoma mansoni infections are common in Egypt. Chronic helminthic infections have been found to decrease the incidence and manifestations of immune-related diseases. To date, no study has focused on the influence of S. mansoni coinfection on the risk of cryoglobulinaemia in hepatitis C patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 119 consecutively recruited chronic hepatitis C-infected patients was studied. Patients' sera were assessed for S. mansoni antibodies and cryoglobulins (CGs) were determined and characterized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cryoglobulins were detected in 18 of 119 patients (15.1%) included in this study. They were detected in 12 of 45 hepatitis C (26.7%) and six of 74 coinfected patients (8.1%), which was statistically significant, P=0.01. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were also found to be significantly lower in the CG-positive group compared with the CG-negative group, P=<0.01. CGs were detected in seven of 21 (33.3%) and in 11 of 98 (11.2%) hepatitis C female and male patients, respectively, indicating a significantly positive association with the female gender, P=0.02. A logistic regression adjusted for gender, AST and ALT showed that hepatitis C patients without schistosomal coinfection are more likely to have cryoglobulinaemia, odds ratio=4.12, 95% confidence interval=1.42-11.95.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an apparent protective effect of S. mansoni coinfection against mixed cryoglobulinaemia in chronic hepatitis C patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menofeya University, Menofeya, Egypt. omaima@liver-eg.org
authors.forename: Omaima M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Abbas
authors.forename: Nabil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Hassan E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Zaghla
authors.forename: Mohammad F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Faramawi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D000909:Antibodies, Helminth / Q000097:blood*; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003449:Cryoglobulinemia / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D003450:Cryoglobulins / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012550:Schistosoma mansoni / Q000276:immunology*; D012555:Schistosomiasis mansoni / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000909:Antibodies, Helminth; D003450:Cryoglobulins; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase