title: Isoflurane suppresses stress-enhanced fear learning in a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A minority of patients who experience awareness and/or pain during surgery subsequently develop post-traumatic stress disorder. In a rodent model of post-traumatic stress disorder, stress-enhanced fear learning (SEFL), rats are preexposed to a stressor of 15 foot shocks. Subsequent exposure to a single foot shock produces an enhanced fear response. This effect is akin to sensitized reactions shown by some post-traumatic stress disorder patients to cues previously associated with the traumatic event.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied the effect of isoflurane and nitrous oxide on SEFL. Rats were exposed to the inhaled anesthetic during or after a 15-foot shock stressor. Then, rats were given a single foot shock in a different environment. Their fear response was quantified in response to the 15-foot shock and single-foot shock environments. SEFL longevity was tested by placing a 90-day period between the 15 foot shocks and the single foot shock. In addition, the intensity of the foot shock was increased to evaluate treatment effectiveness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing isoflurane concentrations decreased SEFL when given during, but not after, the stressor. At 0.40 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC), isoflurane given during the stressor blocked SEFL 90 days later. A threefold increase in the stressor intensity increased the isoflurane concentration required to block SEFL to no more than 0.67 MAC. As with isoflurane, nitrous oxide suppressed SEFL at a similar MAC fraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that sufficient concentrations (perhaps 0.67 MAC or less) of an inhaled anesthetic may prevent SEFL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0464, USA. rauv@anesthesia.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Vinuta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laster
authors.forename: Edmond I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Eger
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Fanselow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane