title: Responsiveness to drug cues and natural rewards in opiate addiction: associations with later heroin use.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although drug cues reliably activate the brain's reward system, studies rarely examine how the processing of drug stimuli compares with natural reinforcers or relates to clinical outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine hedonic responses to natural and drug reinforcers in long-term heroin users and to examine the utility of these responses in predicting future heroin use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective design examining experiential, expressive, reflex modulation, and cortical/attentional responses to opiate-related and affective stimuli. The opiate-dependent group was reassessed a median of 6 months after testing to determine their level of heroin use during the intervening period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community drug and alcohol services and a clinical research facility.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-three opiate-dependent individuals (mean age, 31.6 years) with stabilized opiate-substitution pharmacotherapy and 19 sex- and age-matched healthy non-drug users (mean age, 30 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-ratings, facial electromyography, startle-elicited postauricular reflex, and event-related potentials combined with measures of heroin use at baseline and follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to the control group, the opiate-dependent group rated pleasant pictures as less arousing and showed increased corrugator activity, less postauricular potentiation, and decreased startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing pleasant pictures. The opiate-dependent group rated the drug-related pictures as more pleasant and arousing, and demonstrated greater startle-elicited P300 attenuation while viewing them. Although a startle-elicited P300 amplitude response to pleasant (relative to drug-related) pictures significantly predicted regular (at least weekly) heroin use at follow-up, subjective valence ratings of pleasant pictures remained the superior predictor of use after controlling for baseline craving and heroin use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heroin users demonstrated reduced responsiveness to natural reinforcers across a range of psychophysiological measures. Subjective rating of pleasant pictures robustly predicted future heroin use. Our findings highlight the importance of targeting anhedonic symptoms within clinical treatment settings.
authors.affiliation: ORYGEN Research Centre, 35 Poplar Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia. dan.lubman@mh.org.au
authors.forename: Dan I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Lubman
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yücel
authors.forename: Jonathan W L
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kettle
authors.forename: Antonietta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scaffidi
authors.forename: Trudi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mackenzie
authors.forename: Julian G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Nicholas B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003463:Cues; D004576:Electromyography; D004644:Emotions / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012008:Recurrence; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics