title: Preparation of tool mark standards with jewelry modeling waxes.
abstract: This paper presents how jewelry modeling waxes are used in the preparation of tool mark standards from exemplar tools. We have previously found that jewelry modeling waxes are ideal for preparing test tool marks from exemplar tools. In this study, simple methods and techniques are offered for the replication of accurate, highly detailed tool mark standards with jewelry modeling waxes. The techniques described here demonstrate the conditioning and proper use of jewelry modeling wax in the production of tool mark standards. The application of each test tool's working surface to a piece of the appropriate wax in a manner consistent with the tool's design is clearly illustrated. The resulting tool mark standards are exact, highly detailed, 1:1, negative impressions of the exemplar tool's working surface. These wax models have a long shelf life and are suitable for use in microscopic examination comparison of questioned and known tool marks.
authors.affiliation: New York City Police Department, Forensic Investigations Division, 150-14 Jamaica Avenue, Jamaica, NY 11432, USA. nlp101648@aol.com
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Petraco
authors.forename: Nicholas D K
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Petraco
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pizzola