title: High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in north Indian adults is exacerbated in those with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin D is being increasingly recognized as an important player in disease. Hypovitaminosis D is widespread in chronic kidney disease (CKD) populations around the world. The vitamin D status of Indian CKD patients is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of 25(OH) vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were measured in adult north Indian male patients with newly diagnosed stage IV-V CKD and matched control subjects drawn from the same population. A total of 100 (34 stage IV and 66 stage V) patients with CKD and 72 controls were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only 4% control and 1% of CKD subjects had normal (>30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels. Approximately 68% of control and 77% of the CKD population had vitamin D deficiency (<15 ng/ml) whereas the remaining 38% control and 22% CKD patients had insufficient (15-30 ng/mL) vitamin D levels. Levels were lower in CKD subjects compared to their family members, and the CKD patients were significantly more likely to have severe vitamin D deficiency (<5 ng/mL). A strong negative correlation was noted between vitamin D and PTH. No significant correlation was found between vitamin D levels and body mass index, bodyfat percentage, serum albumin or calcium levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in north Indians, and this is more pronounced in CKD subjects. There is a significant inverse correlation between the vitamin D and PTH levels. The clinical significance of this deficiency and the potential benefits to be derived from vitamin D supplementation in this population merits further studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
authors.forename: Zulfikar
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jabbar
authors.forename: Pardeep K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Nirupama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chandel
authors.forename: Harbir S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kohli
authors.forename: Krishan L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sakhuja
authors.forename: Vivekanand
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jha
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010281:Parathyroid Hormone / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D010281:Parathyroid Hormone; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D