title: Microvascular degenerative complications are associated with increased aortic stiffness in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Diabetes is a risk factor for increased arterial stiffness; however, few studies had investigated its associated factors. The aim was to evaluate the correlates of increased arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes, particularly the relationships with microvascular complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  482 type 2 diabetic patients without peripheral arterial disease were evaluated in a cross-sectional study. Clinical (including tests of cardiovascular dysautonomy), laboratory, ECG, echocardiographic and 24h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring data were obtained. Arterial stiffness was assessed by carotid-femoral (aortic) and carotid-radial (peripheral) pulse wave velocity (PWV) measurements. Statistics included multivariate linear and logistic regressions to investigate the independent correlates of increased arterial stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No diabetes-related variable was associated with peripheral arterial stiffness. 148 patients (31%) had increased aortic PWV (>12m/s). On multiple linear regression, retinopathy and nephropathy, besides age, heart rate, 24h pulse pressure, diabetes duration, dyslipidemia and number of antihypertensive drugs in use, were independently associated with aortic PWV. On multivariate logistic regression increased aortic stiffness was associated with retinopathy (odds ratio: 3.83, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.24-6.56, p<0.001) and peripheral neuropathy (odds ratio: 1.79, 95%CI: 1.06-3.02, p=0.03) after adjusting for possible confounding variables. Other variables associated with increased aortic stiffness were older age, heart rate, diabetes duration, 24h pulse pressure, dyslipidemia and physical inactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In type 2 diabetic patients, increased central arterial stiffness is associated with the presence of microvascular complications independent of other established determinants of aortic stiffness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia R L
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Marcel T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Nathalie C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Pablo N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Paulo H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Gil F
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Salles
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism*