title: Progestogen-only contraceptives and the risk of stroke: a meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The association between combined oral contraceptives (OC) use and increased risk of stroke has been reported. While progestogen-only contraceptives (POC) are commonly used worldwide, their impact on cardiovascular disease remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis based on EMBASE and MEDLINE referenced literature corresponding to OCs marketed since 1960 was carried out. Eligible articles assessing the risk of stroke in relation to OC or POC were reviewed, and relevant studies were extracted. All types of POC and routes of administration were taken into account in the meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six case-control studies were identified. The combined odd ratio (OR) showed no increase in the risk of stroke among POC users (OR=0.96; 95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 1.31). This result was similar according to the route of administration (either implant or injectable or oral POC).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from observational studies show that POC use is not associated with an increased risk of stroke. However, these results are based on limited data. Further investigations are needed in women with risk factors of stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology and Endocrinology, Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, AP-HP, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Zeina
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chakhtoura
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Canonico
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gompel
authors.forename: Jean-Christophe
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thalabard
authors.forename: Pierre-Yves
authors.initials: PY
authors.lastname: Scarabin
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Plu-Bureau
mesh_terms: D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011374:Progesterone / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003270:Contraceptive Agents; D011374:Progesterone