title: Cost effectiveness of nurse delivered endoscopy: findings from randomised multi-institution nurse endoscopy trial (MINuET).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the cost effectiveness of nurses and doctors in performing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a pragmatic randomised trial, the economic analysis calculated incremental cost effectiveness ratios, and generated cost effectiveness acceptability curves to address uncertainty.
  
  
  METHODS
  23 hospitals in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  67 doctors and 30 nurses, with a total of 1888 patients, from July 2002 to June 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy carried out by doctors or nurses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimated health gains in QALYs measured with EQ-5D. Probability of cost effectiveness over a range of decision makers' willingness to pay for an additional quality adjusted life year (QALY).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although differences did not reach traditional levels of significance, patients in the doctor group gained 0.015 QALYs more than those in the nurse group, at an increased cost of about pound56 (euro59, $78) per patient. This yields an incremental cost effectiveness ratio of pound3660 (euro3876, $5097) per QALY. Though there is uncertainty around these results, doctors are probably more cost effective than nurses for plausible values of a QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Though upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and flexible sigmoidoscopies carried out by doctors cost slightly more than those by nurses and improved health outcomes only slightly, our analysis favours endoscopies by doctors. For plausible values of decision makers' willingness to pay for an extra QALY, endoscopy delivered by nurses is unlikely to be cost effective compared with endoscopy delivered by doctors.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International standard RCT 82765705.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics and Hull York Medical School (HYMS), University of York, York YO10 5DD. gar2@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Gerry
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bloor
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Dharmaraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Durai
authors.forename: Wai Yee
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Farrin
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coulton
mesh_terms: D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal / Q000191:economics* / Q000451:nursing; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics / Q000451:nursing; D006304:Health Status; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006792:House Calls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000191:economics / Q000451:nursing; D016896:Treatment Outcome