title: Composition, disintegrative properties, and labeling compliance of commercially available taurine and carnitine dietary products.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the quality, disintegration properties, and compliance with labeling regulations for representative commercially available taurine and carnitine dietary products.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evaluation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  11 commercially available taurine and 10 commercially available carnitine products.
  
  
  METHODS
  For each product, the amount of taurine or carnitine was determined and compared with the label claim. All products were evaluated for concentrations of mercury, arsenic, and selenium. Disintegration properties of 5 taurine and 8 carnitine products were determined in vitro. Labels were evaluated for compliance with FDA guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10 of 11 taurine and 10 of 10 carnitine products were within 10% of the stated label claim. Three of 11 taurine and 6 of 10 carnitine products were within 5% of the stated label claim. The median percentage difference between laboratory analysis and label claim was -5.7% (range, -26.3% to 2.5%) for taurine and 3.6% (range, -2.6% to 8.8%) for carnitine. No substantial amount of contamination with mercury, arsenic, or selenium was found in any of the products. During disintegration testing, 1 of 5 taurine products and 5 of 8 carnitine products did not disintegrate within 45 minutes during at least 1 test. Disintegration time for those that did disintegrate ranged from 1.7 to 37.0 minutes. All product labels conformed with FDA regulations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taurine and carnitine products evaluated in this study closely adhered to manufacturer claims and labeling guidelines. However, disintegration testing suggested high variability in some products, possibly limiting uptake and use by animals that receive them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Bragg
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Fascetti
authors.forename: Zengshou
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis; D002331:Carnitine / Q000032:analysis*; D002415:Cats; D004285:Dogs; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000592:standards*; D008628:Mercury / Q000032:analysis; D012643:Selenium / Q000032:analysis; D013654:Taurine / Q000032:analysis*; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D013654:Taurine; D008628:Mercury; D012643:Selenium; D001151:Arsenic; D002331:Carnitine