title: Gram's stain of peritoneal fluid is rarely helpful in the evaluation of the ascites patient.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determine the sensitivity, specificity, and clinical utility of the Gram's stain of peritoneal fluid in patients undergoing paracentesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective chart review of all peritoneal fluid analyses in a 3-year period in an urban 3-hospital system. Peritoneal dialysis and diagnostic peritoneal lavage patients were excluded. Data collected included Gram's stain, cell count, and culture results. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was defined as an absolute neutrophil count greater than 250 cells/mm(3). In patients with a positive Gram's stain result, charts were reviewed for antibiotic changes. Primary outcome measures were the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the Gram's stain for the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 796 fluid samples, Gram's stain demonstrated an organism in 31 (3.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.6% to 5.4%). Gram stain had a sensitivity of 10% (95% CI 6% to 15%), specificity of 97.5% (95% CI 96.7% to 98.3%), positive predictive value of 48% (95% CI 32% to 65%), and negative predictive value of 81.3% (95% CI 80.7% to 82.0%) in the detection of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis was changed after Gram's stain results in only 1 case, and 16 of 31 positive Gram's stain results occurred in patients without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, likely representing contaminants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Gram's stain result was rarely positive in patients undergoing paracentesis, and when positive, it rarely provided clinically useful information.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco-Fresno Medical Education Program, Fresno, CA 93701, USA. b.chinnock@comcast.net
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chinnock
authors.forename: Casey
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Gregory W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Hendey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001201:Ascites / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001202:Ascitic Fluid / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005840:Gentian Violet; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009504:Neutrophils; D019152:Paracentesis; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D010619:Phenazines; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014505:Urban Population; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C035863:Gram's stain; D010619:Phenazines; D005840:Gentian Violet