title: Levels of serum interleukin (IL)-6 and gingival crevicular fluid of IL-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) among non-smoking subjects with gingivitis and type 2 diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of this study was to assess whether non-smoking patients with type 2 diabetes present with increased levels of local and systemic proinflammatory mediators and, if so, whether such an increase is associated with enhanced clinical gingival inflammation compared to non-smoking patients without diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a cross-sectional database consisting of 725 self-reported lifelong non-smokers aged 53 to 74 years. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1beta and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and serum levels of IL-6 were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. No participant had probing depth >3 mm. Participants with bleeding on probing (BOP) in <10% of sites were classified as healthy, whereas those with BOP in >or=10% of sites were defined as having biofilm-gingival interface (BGI) gingivitis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 53% (n = 385) and 11% (n = 80) of the sample had BGI gingivitis and type 2 diabetes, respectively. The mean age-adjusted level of GCF IL-1beta was significantly elevated in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group (P = 0.048), but serum IL-6 (P = 0.14) and GCF PGE(2) were not (P = 0.98). The mean GCF IL-1beta and PGE(2) levels were significantly elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis (136.2 +/- 112.9 ng/ml and 277.2 +/- 187.2 ng/ml, respectively) compared to subjects with gingival health (95.9 +/- 82.9 ng/ml and 205.7 +/- 149.6 ng/ml, respectively), regardless of diabetic status (P <0.001 for both). However, serum IL-6 was elevated in subjects with BGI gingivitis compared to subjects with gingival health only among subjects with diabetes (2.9 +/- 3.2 pg/ml versus 1.5 +/- 1.4 pg/ml; P = 0.008). With the exception of serum IL-6 in subjects without diabetes, an increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators was associated with increased odds of having BGI gingivitis. The associations were stronger in the diabetic group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Type 2 diabetes may increase the host inflammatory response to oral biofilm, which, in turn, may exacerbate preconditions associated with gingivitis in susceptible individuals. Furthermore, systemic inflammation, as demonstrated by the increased level of serum IL-6, is associated with BGI gingivitis among non-smoking patients with diabetes.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7450, USA. andriank@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Andriankaja
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: F S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Panagakos
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: DeVizio
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Offenbacher
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018441:Biofilms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000150:complications; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D015232:Dinoprostone