title: Optimal management of chronic heart failure in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease and chronic heart failure are closely interlinked; an abnormality in one system adversely impacts upon the function of the other. Despite the wealth of evidence available for beneficial treatment strategies in chronic heart failure, the prognosis remains poor and optimum therapy under-utilised. The applicability of proven therapies to patients with co-morbidity remains a particular challenge, especially since marked renal impairment has often been an exclusion criteria in major studies. In this article we discuss the epidemiology and pathophysiology of the two conditions and then focus on the aspects of treatment most pertinent to those patients with heart failure patients and concomitant chronic kidney disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK. donahez@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Donah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zachariah
authors.forename: Philip A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kalra
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002317:Cardiovascular Agents; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists