title: HOSPEX and concepts of simulation.
abstract: A conceptual three-level framework is presented for understanding the aims, scope and potential outcomes of simulation in healthcare contexts. At the first level, micro-simulation aims at honing basic technical skills of individual clinicians. At the second level, meso-simulation aims to train clinicians to work more effectively and efficiently as part of a clinical team. At the third level, macro-simulation aims toassess organisational fitness fo r purpose at large scale. We discuss HOSPEX as an exemplar macro-simulation and argue for needs- and evidence-based implementation of simulation-based training at micro, meso and macro levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biosurgery and Surgical Technology, Imperial College London, UK.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sevdalis
mesh_terms: D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D006772:Hospitals, Military / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007318:Inservice Training; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000193:education*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D014857:Warfare