title: AICAR activates the pluripotency transcriptional network in embryonic stem cells and induces KLF4 and KLF2 expression in fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pluripotency, the property of a cell to differentiate into all cellular types of a given organism, is central to the development of stem cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. Stem cell pluripotency is the result of the orchestrated activation of a complex transcriptional network characterized by the expression of a set of transcription factors including the master regulators of pluripotency Nanog and Oct4. Recently, it has been shown that pluripotency can be induced in somatic cells by viral-mediated expression of the transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-b-riboside (AICAR) is able to activate the molecular circuitry of pluripotency in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) and maintain Nanog and Oct4 expression in mESC exposed to the differentiating agent retinoic acid. We also show that AICAR is able to induce Klf4, Klf2 and Myc expression in both mESC and murine fibroblasts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  AICAR is able to activate the molecular circuitry of pluripotency in mESC and to induce the expression of several key regulators of pluripotency in somatic cells. AICAR is therefore a useful pharmacological entity for studying small molecule mediated induction of pluripotency.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Laboratory for Systems Biology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. ladamo@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adamo
authors.forename: Yuzhi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guillermo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: García-Cardeña
mesh_terms: D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008815:Mice, Inbred Strains; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012263:Ribonucleosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C498314:Klf2 protein, mouse; C000715468:Klf4 protein, mouse; D000090062:Kruppel-Like Factor 4; D051741:Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors; C489428:Myc protein, mouse; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012263:Ribonucleosides; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; C011651:acadesine; D014212:Tretinoin