Educational attainment and cognitive decline in old age.
BACKGROUND
Level of education is a well-established risk factor for Alzheimer disease but its relation to cognitive decline, the principal clinical manifestation of the disease, is uncertain.


METHODS
More than 6,000 older residents of a community on the south side of Chicago were interviewed at approximately 3-year intervals for up to 14 years. The interview included administration of four brief tests of cognitive function from which a previously established composite measure of global cognition was derived. We estimated the associations of education with baseline level of cognition and rate of cognitive change in a series of mixed-effects models.


RESULTS
In an initial analysis, higher level of education was related to higher level of cognition at baseline, but there was no linear association between education and rate of change in cognitive function. In a subsequent analysis with terms to allow for nonlinearity in education and its relation to cognitive decline, rate of cognitive decline at average or high levels of education was slightly increased during earlier years of follow-up but slightly decreased in later years in comparison to low levels of education. Findings were similar among black and white participants. Cognitive performance improved with repeated test administration, but there was no evidence that retest effects were related to education or attenuated education's association with cognitive change.


CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that education is robustly associated with level of cognitive function but not with rate of cognitive decline and that the former association primarily accounts for education's correlation with risk of dementia in old age.
Wilson
R S
RS
Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. rwilson@rush.edu
Hebert
L E
LE
Scherr
P A
PA
Barnes
L L
LL
Mendes de Leon
C F
CF
Evans
D A
DA
D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000208:ethnology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D002641:Chicago / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D018450:Disease Progression; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000502:physiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D044469:Racial Groups; D012307:Risk Factors