title: The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of Australopithecus africanus.
abstract: The African Plio-Pleistocene hominins known as australopiths evolved a distinctive craniofacial morphology that traditionally has been viewed as a dietary adaptation for feeding on either small, hard objects or on large volumes of food. A historically influential interpretation of this morphology hypothesizes that loads applied to the premolars during feeding had a profound influence on the evolution of australopith craniofacial form. Here, we test this hypothesis using finite element analysis in conjunction with comparative, imaging, and experimental methods. We find that the facial skeleton of the Australopithecus type species, A. africanus, is well suited to withstand premolar loads. However, we suggest that the mastication of either small objects or large volumes of food is unlikely to fully explain the evolution of facial form in this species. Rather, key aspects of australopith craniofacial morphology are more likely to be related to the ingestion and initial preparation of large, mechanically protected food objects like large nuts and seeds. These foods may have broadened the diet of these hominins, possibly by being critical resources that australopiths relied on during periods when their preferred dietary items were in short supply. Our analysis reconciles apparent discrepancies between dietary reconstructions based on biomechanics, tooth morphology, and dental microwear.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY 12222, USA. dstrait@albany.edu
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Strait
authors.forename: Gerhard W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Neubauer
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chalk
authors.forename: Brian G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: Peter W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Caitlin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schrein
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Dechow
authors.forename: Callum F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Grosse
authors.forename: Barth W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Constantino
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawn
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Hylander
authors.forename: Qian
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Byron
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Slice
authors.forename: Amanda L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004032:Diet; D004463:Ecology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D005580:Fossils; D015186:Hominidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008251:Macaca; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology; D010163:Paleontology / Q000379:methods; D012984:Software