title: Citalopram augmentation for subsyndromal symptoms of depression in middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Subsyndromal symptoms of depression (SSD) in older outpatients with schizophrenia are common and clinically important. While many physicians prescribe antidepressants to patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder who have SSD, evidence for their effectiveness and safety has been meager. We describe a randomized placebo-controlled trial of citalopram in 198 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this 2-site study, conducted from September 1, 2001, to August 31, 2007, were men and women with DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder who were 40 years of age or older and who met study criteria for SSD. Patients were randomly assigned to flexible-dose treatment with citalopram or placebo augmentation of their current antipsychotic medication. Analysis of covariance was used to compare improvement in scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Calgary Depression Rating Scale between treatment groups; secondary efficacy analyses compared improvement in several other dimensions of schizophrenia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Augmentation with citalopram was significantly more effective than with placebo in improving depressive (p = .002) and negative (p = .049) symptoms, mental functioning (p = .000), and quality of life (p = .046). There were no significant differences between citalopram and placebo in suicidal ideation, positive symptoms, cognition, general medical health, physical functioning, or symptoms of movement disorders. No adverse events were more frequent in participants receiving citalopram than in those receiving placebo, and only 4 participants from each treatment group terminated early because of side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subsyndromal symptoms of depression in middle aged and older patients with schizophrenia responded to treatment with citalopram with lessening of depressive symptoms and improved functioning and quality of life. It may be important for clinicians to identify and treat SSD in middle-aged and older patients with chronic schizophrenia.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00047450.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, San Diego, CA 92161, USA. szisook@ucsd.edu
authors.forename: Sidney
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zisook
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Kasckow
authors.forename: Shahrokh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Golshan
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fellows
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Solorzano
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lehman
authors.forename: Somaia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.forename: Dilip V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Jeste
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D015283:Citalopram