title: Assessment of potential drug interactions in patients with epilepsy: impact of age and sex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To understand and quantify the exposure to concomitant medications other than antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) within an age-diverse group of men and women with epilepsy and explore the likelihood of relevant drug interactions as a result.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PharMetrics medical and pharmaceutical claims database was used to extract data for commercially insured adult patients with a diagnosis of epilepsy and treated with any AED during the period from July 1, 2001, to December 31, 2004. Data were analyzed for concomitant non-AEDs used after initiating AEDs in six age groups, spanning the ages 18 to 85+ years, in both men and women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of concomitant medications occurred in every age group and increased with age for both men and women (mean number of non-AEDs ranging from 2.41 to 7.67 in males aged 18-34 and 85+ years and from 4.04 to 7.05 in females aged 18-34 and 85+ years; p < 0.001 for age trend). beta-Hydroxy-beta-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), calcium channel blockers (CCBs), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were the most commonly used non-AED medications with the potential for adverse drug interactions. SSRIs use was substantial in all age groups and greater than for statins or CCBs in patients aged 18-54 years. Use of antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and warfarin was also noted in more than 10% of patients across different age groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Polypharmacy with non-antiepileptic drug (AED) medications is common in both men and women, and is not a situation unique to only elderly patients with epilepsy. In particular, use of potentially interacting, enzyme inducing AEDs was common. These findings suggest that clinicians must be mindful of potential AED-non-AED drug interactions, in patients of all age groups.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy and Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA. begidal@pharmacy.wisc.edu
authors.forename: Barry E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Gidal
authors.forename: Jacqueline A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grossman
authors.forename: Gwénaël
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Le Teuff
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019338:Polypharmacy; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012737:Sex Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors