title: Vocal tract in female registers--a dynamic real-time MRI study.
abstract: The area of vocal registers is still unclarified. In a previous investigation, dynamic real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is able to produce up to 10 frames per second, was successfully applied for examinations of vocal tract modifications in register transitions in male singers. In the present study, the same MRI technique was used to study vocal tract shapes during four professional young sopranos' lower and upper register transitions. The subjects were asked to sing a scale on the vowel /a/ across their transitions. The transitions were acoustically identified by four raters. In neither of these transitions, clear vocal tract changes could be ascertained. However, substantial changes, that is, widening of the lips, opening of the jaw, elevation of the tongue dorsum, and continuous widening of the pharynx, were observed when the singers reached fundamental frequencies that were close to the frequency of the first formant of the vowel sung. These findings suggest that in these subjects register transition was not primarily the result of modifications of the vocal tract.
authors.affiliation: Department of Musicians' Medicine, Freiburg University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany. matthias.echternach@uniklinik-freiburg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Echternach
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sundberg
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arndt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007568:Jaw / Q000502:physiology; D008046:Lip / Q000502:physiology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009055:Mouth / Q000502:physiology*; D009146:Music; D010614:Pharynx / Q000502:physiology*; D010699:Phonation / Q000502:physiology*; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013061:Speech Acoustics; D014831:Voice / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult