title: [Emission limits and standards regarding endoilluminators].
abstract: Endoillumination systems have to follow international standards and guidelines to protect both patient and operator safety. These standards classify the illumination systems according to their hazard potential and name fundamental requirements and test methods for optical radiation safety. Due to technical developments these standards have been updated recently or are in draft. This article discusses the requirements of and changes to these standards regarding light sources and accessories for endoillumination.
authors.affiliation: Geuder AG, Hertzstrasse 4, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany. dmittnacht@geuder.de
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mittnacht
mesh_terms: D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology*; D008027:Light / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008029:Lighting / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000209:etiology*; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D012160:Retina / Q000528:radiation effects* / Q000601:surgery*; D012307:Risk Factors; D013057:Spectrum Analysis