title: [Systematic evaluation of the proximal cardiac veins for echocardiographic diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) is a rare congenital cardiovascular malformation that is characterized by an absent connection of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. Echocardiographic differentiation of TAPVC and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) can be a great diagnostic challenge. The aim of our study was the assessment of a systematic echocardiographic approach to evaluate the feasibility and reliability of noninvasive diagnosis of TAPVC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1995 and January 2005, 15 consecutive patients with isolated TAPVC were diagnosed in our institution. 5 patients had supracardiac type, 5 cardiac type, 3 infracardiac and 2 had mixed type of TAPVC. Since 2001 preoperative diagnosis was performed exclusively by echocardiography (8/15 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  TAPVC could be diagnosed correctly in all cases using a systematic echocardiographic approach with careful investigation of the proximal cardiac veins. Infracardiac type ofTAPVC was diagnosed using systematic evaluation of the liver with visualization of a pathological vessel with venous flow directed away from the heart. In all cases the echocardiographic findings were confirmed during surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Echocardiography with Doppler and color Doppler sonography is an effective method for noninvasive diagnosis of TAPVC. The presented systematic echocardiographic approach permits reliable noninvasive differentiation of TAPVC and PPHN.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology, University Childrens Hospital, Tübingen. christian.apitz@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apitz
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kaulitz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sieverding
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eberhard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ziemer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hofbeck
mesh_terms: D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D016122:Brachiocephalic Trunk / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004452:Echocardiography; D006801:Humans; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color / Q000379:methods; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D014683:Vena Cava, Superior / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging