title: Refined food addiction: a classic substance use disorder.
abstract: Overeating in industrial societies is a significant problem, linked to an increasing incidence of overweight and obesity, and the resultant adverse health consequences. We advance the hypothesis that a possible explanation for overeating is that processed foods with high concentrations of sugar and other refined sweeteners, refined carbohydrates, fat, salt, and caffeine are addictive substances. Therefore, many people lose control over their ability to regulate their consumption of such foods. The loss of control over these foods could account for the global epidemic of obesity and other metabolic disorders. We assert that overeating can be described as an addiction to refined foods that conforms to the DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. To examine the hypothesis, we relied on experience with self-identified refined foods addicts, as well as critical reading of the literature on obesity, eating behavior, and drug addiction. Reports by self-identified food addicts illustrate behaviors that conform to the 7 DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders. The literature also supports use of the DSM-IV criteria to describe overeating as a substance use disorder. The observational and empirical data strengthen the hypothesis that certain refined food consumption behaviors meet the criteria for substance use disorders, not unlike tobacco and alcohol. This hypothesis could lead to a new diagnostic category, as well as therapeutic approaches to changing overeating behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Refined Food Addiction Research Foundation, 5355 Memorial Drive, F-814, Houston, TX 77007, United States. joan@refinedfoodaddiction.org
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Ifland
authors.forename: H G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Preuss
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Rourke
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Burau
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kadish
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Manso
mesh_terms: D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders; D005502:Food; D006801:Humans; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders