title: Gold markers for tumor localization and target volume delineation in radiotherapy for rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy is indicated. To improve target volume definition for radiotherapy planning, the potential of implanted gold markers in the tumor region was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  In nine consecutive patients, two to three gold markers were implanted in the tumor region during rigid rectoscopy. Computed tomography scans were performed during treatment planning. All electronic portal imaging devices (EPIDs) recorded during treatment series were analyzed. All patients underwent complete tumor resection with meticulous histopathologic examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gold markers could easily be implanted into the mesorectal tissue at the caudal tumor border without any complications. They were helpful in identifying the inferior border of the planning target volume in order to spare normal tissue (in particular anal structures). No significant shift of the markers was found during the course of therapy. Marker matching of the EPIDs did not improve patient positioning in comparison to bone structure matching. The former position of at least one marker could be identified in all patients during histopathologic examination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of gold marker enables a more precise definition of the target volume for radiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer. This could eventually allow a better protection of anal structures of patients with a tumor localization > or = 5 cm cranial of the anal sphincter. The implantation of the gold markers improved communication between the surgeon, the radiooncologist and the pathologist resulting in intensified exchange of relevant informations.
authors.affiliation: Radiotherapy and Radiooncology, University Hospital Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. h.vorwerk@med.uni-goettingen.de
authors.forename: Hilke
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Vorwerk
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liersch
authors.forename: Hilka
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rothe
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghadimi
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Clemens Friedrich
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Hess
authors.forename: Robert Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006046:Gold