Anti-inflammatory mechanism of ginseng saponins in activated microglia.
In the present study, we investigated the effect of ginseng extract (KRG) and total saponins (GTS) on microglial activation. KRG and GTS inhibited LPS-induced expression of iNOS, MMP-9 and proinflammatory cytokines in microglial cells. Suppression of microglial activation by ginseng was also observed in the mouse brain inflamed by LPS. Furthermore, KRG and GTS significantly suppressed NF-kappaB and MAP kinase activities, which are upstream signaling molecules in inflammation. Among the individual ginsenosides tested, Rh2, Rh3 and compound K significantly inhibited LPS-induced iNOS and cytokine expressions. Therefore, the inhibition of microglial activation by ginseng saponins may a good potential therapeutic modality for neurodegenerative diseases.
Park
Jin-Sun
JS
Department of Neuroscience and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Park
Eun-Mi
EM
Kim
Dong-Hyun
DH
Jung
Kangsik
K
Jung
Ji-Sun
JS
Lee
Eun-Jung
EJ
Hyun
Jin-Won
JW
Kang
Jihee Lee
JL
Kim
Hee-Sun
HS
D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005911:Gliosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012503:Saponins / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D036145:Ginsenosides; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D012503:Saponins; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9