Clinical correlates of the worsening or emergence of suicidal ideation during SSRI treatment of depression: an examination of citalopram in the STAR*D study.
BACKGROUND
Untreated major depressive disorder (MDD) is a major risk factor for suicide, but some data suggest antidepressants may be associated with increased suicidal ideation (SI) in some depressed patients. The purpose of this study was to determine whether, and in whom, treatment of MDD is associated with increased or emergent SI.


METHODS
Patients were treated with Citalopram, 10-60 mg/day for 12-14 weeks. A score >0 on Item 12 of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology - Self-Report indicated the presence of SI. Worsening was defined by a >or=1 point increase. Emergent SI was defined by an increase from 0 at baseline to >or=1 during treatment.


RESULTS
Of the 1909 participants with baseline SI, 57% experienced improvement in SI by their first post-baseline visit and 5% worsened. By the final visit, 74% experienced improvement and 4% worsened. Of 1721 participants without baseline SI, 7% experienced emergence by the first postbaseline visit. Of these, 63% had no SI at their final visit. Major risk factors for treatment-emergent SI at the first treatment visit were drug abuse, severe depression and melancholic features.


CONCLUSIONS
Main limitations are lack of a comparison group to help pinpoint whether citalopram treatment added risk or protection, a placebo group to determine whether changes in SI were related to illness factors, medication effects or other factors, and more detailed and validated measures of SI.


CONCLUSIONS
SI and behaviors, core features of MDD, wax and wane in intensity before, during, and perhaps after treatment. It is clinically important to understand risk factors, maintain careful surveillance and treat as vigorously as necessary to attain remission.
Zisook
Sidney
S
Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego VA Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA. szisook@ucsd.edu
Trivedi
Madhukar H
MH
Warden
Diane
D
Lebowitz
Barry
B
Thase
Michael E
ME
Stewart
Jonathan W
JW
Moutier
Christine
C
Fava
Maurizio
M
Wisniewski
Stephen R
SR
Luther
James
J
Rush
A John
AJ
D000328:Adult; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012650:Self Disclosure; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors