title: Role for metallothioneins-I/II in isoflurane preconditioning of primary murine neuronal cultures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pretreatment with inhaled anesthetics, including isoflurane, can induce long-lasting cellular protection against ischemia-derived toxicity in multiple tissues, including brain tissue. Metal-regulatory genes, metallothioneins-I/II (MT-I/II), have been shown to protect against oxidative damage in multiple tissues. Furthermore, MT have been found to be differentially regulated in response to isoflurane and ischemic preconditioning. In this study, we assess the role of MT-I/II in mediating isoflurane preconditioning in primary neuronal-glial cultures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary mouse neuronal-glial cultures were preconditioned with isoflurane (3 h, 1.5%) 24-96 h before 3-h oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, ischemic model). After OGD, isoflurane protection and responsiveness of MT-I/II knockdown and knockout cultures to preconditioning were assessed by lactate dehydrogenase release. Immunoassays for microtubule associated protein 2 and glial fibrillary acidic protein determined neuronal-glial sensitivity to preconditioning. MT-I/II messenger RNA was assessed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cultures transfected with exogenous MT-I/II were analyzed for protection against OGD toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane preconditioning reduced OGD-mediated toxicity by 11.6 +/- 7.9% at 24 h, with protection increasing to 37.5 +/- 2.5% at 72 h after preconditioning. Immunolabeling showed that neurons were more sensitive to OGD and more responsive to isoflurane preconditioning compared to glia. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed MT-I/II messenger RNA were upregulated (approximately 2.5-fold) by isoflurane treatments. Also MT-I/II protein transfection significantly decreased OGD-mediated toxicity. Finally, knockdown and knockout of MT-I/II diminished and abolished isoflurane-mediated protection, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MT-I/II play an important role in isoflurane-mediated delayed preconditioning against OGD toxicity of neuronal and glial cells in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA. sedmands@smith.edu
authors.forename: Scott D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Edmands
authors.forename: Adam C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008668:Metallothionein; D007530:Isoflurane; D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen