title: HIV-1 infection in infants severely impairs the immune response induced by Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Worldwide, most infants born to mothers infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receive bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. Tuberculosis is a major cause of death among infants infected with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, and it should be prevented. However, BCG may itself cause disease (known as "BCGosis") in these infants. Information regarding the immunogenicity of BCG is imperative for the risk/benefit assessment of BCG vaccination in HIV-infected infants; however, no such data exist.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared BCG-induced CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, as assessed by flow cytometry, in HIV-infected (n=20), HIV-exposed but uninfected (n=25), and HIV-unexposed (n=23) infants, during their first year of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BCG vaccination of the 2 HIV-uninfected groups induced a robust response, which was characterized by CD4 T cells expressing interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and/or interleukin (IL)-2. In contrast, HIV-infected infants demonstrated a markedly lower response throughout the first year of life. These infants also had significantly reduced numbers of polyfunctional CD4 T cells coexpressing IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2, a finding that is thought to indicate T cell quality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Infection with HIV severely impairs the BCG-specific T cell response during the first year of life. BCG may therefore provide little, if any, vaccine-induced benefit in HIV-infected infants. Considering the significant risk of BCGosis, these data strongly support not giving BCG to HIV-infected infants.
authors.affiliation: South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine and School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Nazma
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mansoor
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Scriba
authors.forename: Marwou
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Kock
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tameris
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: Alana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Keyser
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Little
authors.forename: Andreia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gelderbloem
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mlenjeni
authors.forename: Lea
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Denation
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hawkridge
authors.forename: W Henry
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Boom
authors.forename: Gilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Gregory D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Hussey
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Hanekom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000635:transmission; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D011247:Pregnancy
chemical_list: D001500:BCG Vaccine