title: Longitudinal change in HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes: comparison of short-acting, biphasic and basal insulin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the annual change in HbA1c values among patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care practices comparing different insulin regimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal data from 666 nationwide general and internal medicine practices in Germany (Disease Analyser, IMS HEALTH) from 7/2004 to 6/2006 were analysed, including 348 patients (mean age+/-SD: 61+/-11 years) with continuous short-acting (regular insulin or analogues), 1 906 with biphasic (72+/-9 years), 439 with basal-bolus (68+/-10 years), and 1 719 with basal insulin therapy (65+/-10 years). The mean of the individual relative changes in HbA1c (level in 2006 divided by level in 2005) were compared between insulin groups, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, diabetes duration, oral antidiabetics, comorbidity, health insurance, visits, hospitalisations, and practice type using general linear models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was only a small difference in baseline HbA1c values (range 7.3-7.5%) between the four insulin groups (p=0.008). Substantial group differences were observed for age, diabetes duration, and additional prescriptions of oral antidiabetics (p<0.0001). After adjusting for potential confounders, the relative annual increase in HbA1c was highest for biphasic insulin (1.021; 95%CI 1.016-1.025), followed by basal-bolus therapy (1.017; 1.012-1.022), and basal insulin (monotherapy) (1.012; 1.002-1.021). No significant change in HbA1c was found for short-acting insulin (1.006; 0.996-1.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although many options for insulin therapy are now available, a progression of glycemia still occurs in the majority of insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients in primary care.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 65, Düsseldorf, Germany. rathmann@ddz.uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strassburger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kostev
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schröder-Bernhardi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Happich
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin