title: Anesthesia management for transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a case series.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to review the management of anesthesia for transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of collected data.
  
  
  METHODS
  University-affiliated heart center.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  General anesthesia followed by an established fast-track protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 100 patients with significant AS received transapical transcatheter aortic valve implantation. The patients were treated following a fast-track protocol. The mean arterial pressure was maintained above 65 mmHg by volume and/or inotropes during the procedure. The mean arterial pressure was increased above 75 mmHg to avoid hemodynamic deterioration before starting rapid ventricular pacing for the balloon valvuloplasty and the valve implantation. Transesophageal echocardiography was used to assess valve size and for hemodynamic monitoring. Eighty-one patients were treated completely off pump. There was a significant decline in mean arterial pressure from pre- to postvalvuloplasty (74.7 +/- 9.1 mmHg v 63.6 +/- 11.3 mmHg, p < 0.001) and from pre- to postimplantation (76.5 +/- 12.6 mmHg v 67.2 +/- 12.7, p < 0.001). The first 10 patients in the study intentionally were placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, and 9 patients required cardiopulmonary bypass because of hemodynamic deterioration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A well-designed anesthetic plan as well as an understanding of the surgical procedure and the hemodynamic effects of rapid ventricular pacing are required to ensure successful outcomes in this new surgical option for high-risk patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care II, University of Leipzig, Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany.
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fassl
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Heinrich Volker
authors.initials: HV
authors.lastname: Groesdonk
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kempfert
authors.forename: Michael Andrew
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borger
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Chirojit
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linke
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schuler
authors.forename: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Joerg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ender
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000379:methods*; D001024:Aortic Valve Stenosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D019468:Disease Management; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D019918:Heart Valve Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors