title: MRI of the spinal cord in neuromyelitis optica and recurrent longitudinal extensive myelitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a severe inflammatory and necrotizing disease that clinically affects the optic nerves and spinal cord in a relapsing course. We assessed the baseline and follow-up MRI characteristics of cord attacks in NMO and recurrent longitudinal extensive myelitis (RLEM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed MRI data of 20 Afro-Caribbean patients diagnosed with either NMO or RLEM. MRI data from 51 cord or mixed attacks were evaluated, and 65 follow-up MRI studies were available for 30 baseline acute examinations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cervical cord was involved in 63% of cases. Four attacks were limited to the brainstem. MRI of the spinal cord revealed longitudinal extensive signal abnormalities extending over three vertebral segments, associated with cord swelling in 67% of the 51 relapses. Gadolinium enhancement was observed, preferentially surrounding edema, in 69% of attacks. In the axial plane, signal abnormalities typically involved central areas of the cord. Cavitation was observed in 16% of attacks. Cord attacks recurred in the same or contiguous areas in 67% of cases. Follow-up MRI revealed a gradual decrease in cord swelling and T2 signal hyperintensity, with fragmentation of signal abnormalities in some cases. Cord atrophy was evident in 57% of the follow-up MRI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given the poor prognosis of NMO and RLEM, radiologists need to be aware of the MRI pattern to prevent further attacks with the use of aggressive treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Saint-André Hospital, Bordeaux, France. cassinotto@gmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cassinotto
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Deramond
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Olindo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aveillan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smadja
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cabre
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009471:Neuromyelitis Optica / Q000473:pathology*; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA