title: Apoptotic functions of PDCD10/CCM3, the gene mutated in cerebral cavernous malformation 3.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Mutations in the Programmed Cell Death 10 (PDCD10) gene cause autosomal dominant familial cerebral cavernous malformations (CCM3). To date, little is known about the function of this gene and its role in disease pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the effects of overexpression of wild-type and 2 human disease-causing variants of PDCD10 on cell death using 3 different methods (TUNEL and MTT assays and caspase-3 activation). We analyzed expression of CCM3, activated caspase-3, and p38 in endothelial cell lines using the serum deprivation model of apoptosis induction. Finally, we assayed the effects of siRNA-mediated inhibition of endogenous PDCD10 expression on cell death in endothelial cell cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overexpression of wild-type CCM3, but not disease-linked mutant forms, induced apoptosis as confirmed by TUNEL and increased levels of activated caspase-3. Serum starvation of endothelial cells, an inducer of apoptosis, led to increased expression of CCM3 and activation of p38 and ultimately activated caspase-3. siRNA-mediated inhibition of CCM3 expression resulted in decreased levels of p38 and activated caspase-3, and decreased cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CCM3 is both necessary and sufficient to induce apoptosis in vitro in well-defined cell culture systems. Even though it is currently unclear whether this effect on apoptosis is direct or indirect through modulation of cell cycle, these results led to the novel hypothesis that CCM lesions may form as a consequence of aberrant apoptosis, potentially altering the balance between the endothelium and neural cells within the neurovascular unit.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn 06510, USA.
authors.forename: Leiling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gamze
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tanriover
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Friedlander
authors.forename: Angeliki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Louvi
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gunel
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016543:Central Nervous System Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006367:HeLa Cells; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D014162:Transfection; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C495390:PDCD10 protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3