title: Construction of health preferences: a comparison of direct value assessment and personal narratives.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most terminally ill patients prefer to die at home rather than at an institution. However, patients are often insufficiently aware of the downsides of staying at home, which signals a need for effective decision aids.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The main purpose of the present study was to compare indirect methods of value elicitation (personal narratives["stories"] in text or video) with a direct method (assessment of the subjective importance of each attribute).
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors asked 183 participants to evaluate 3 possible places to die: home, hospice, and nursing home. The participants received 1 of 3 value elicitation methods. The main dependent variable was participants' evaluations of the choice options before and after value elicitation, measured on a 100-point scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A shift occurred between pre- and posttest, F(4, 342) = 4.11, P = 0.003, only with the indirect methods. When text and videos were used, participants became more positive about a hospice (text: 41.9 to 49.1; video: 52.9 to 60.3). In the video condition, participants also became more positive about a nursing home (from 20.9 to 24.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stories have more impact in shaping people's preferences than merely asking for an assessment of attribute importance. The most straightforward explanation for this effect is that stories, particularly when presented in video, provide a better image of potential consequences.
authors.affiliation: Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands. jose.kerstholt@tno.nl
authors.forename: José H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kerstholt
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: van der Zwaard
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bart
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cremers
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000739:Anecdotes as Topic; D001293:Attitude to Death; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003658:Decision Making, Computer-Assisted; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011788:Quality of Life; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000592:standards; D013997:Time Factors; D035501:Uncertainty