title: Exploring the genetic link between RLS and ADHD.
abstract: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood onset. Clinical and biological evidence points to shared common central nervous system (CNS) pathology of ADHD and restless legs syndrome (RLS). It was hypothesized that variants previously found to be associated with RLS in two large genome-wide association studies (GWA), will also be associated with ADHD. SNPs located in MEIS1 (rs2300478), BTBD9 (rs9296249, rs3923809, rs6923737), and MAP2K5 (rs12593813, rs4489954) as well as three SNPs tagging the identified haplotype in MEIS1 (rs6710341, rs12469063, rs4544423) were genotyped in a well characterized German sample of 224 families comprising one or more affected sibs (386 children) and both parents. We found no evidence for preferential transmission of the hypothesized variants to ADHD. Subsequent analyses elicited nominal significant association with haplotypes consisting of the three SNPs in BTBD9 (chi2 = 14.8, df = 7, nominal p = 0.039). According to exploratory post hoc analyses, the major contribution to this finding came from the A-A-A-haplotype with a haplotype-wise nominal p-value of 0.009. However, this result did not withstand correction for multiple testing. In view of our results, RLS risk alleles may have a lower effect on ADHD than on RLS or may not be involved in ADHD. The negative findings may additionally result from genetic heterogeneity of ADHD, i.e. risk alleles for RLS may only be relevant for certain subtypes of ADHD. Genes relevant to RLS remain interesting candidates for ADHD; particularly BTBD9 needs further study, as it has been related to iron storage, a potential pathophysiological link between RLS and certain subtypes of ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, LVR Klinikun Essen, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Germany. bschimme@aol.com
authors.forename: B G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Schimmelmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Friedel
authors.forename: T T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauer
authors.forename: C I
authors.initials: CI
authors.lastname: Ganz Vogel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Konrad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wilhelm
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sinzig
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Romanos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Palmason
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dempfle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Walitza
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Freitag
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linder
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schäfer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warnke
authors.forename: K P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Lesch
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Herpertz-Dahlman
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hinney
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hebebrand
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D048671:MAP Kinase Kinase 5 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D000075064:Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D012148:Restless Legs Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C522207:BTBD9 protein, human; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C000616391:MEIS1 protein, human; D000075064:Myeloid Ecotropic Viral Integration Site 1 Protein; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D048671:MAP Kinase Kinase 5; C482563:MAP2K5 protein, human