title: Scintigraphy can be used to compare delivery of sore throat formulations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sore throat (pharyngitis) is commonly treated with over-the-counter lozenges, tablets, sprays and gargles. While the efficacy of the active ingredients has been examined, less is known about the comparative efficacy of the different delivery formats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A pilot study was initially performed, followed by an open-label, four-way crossover study in healthy volunteers to quantitatively assess the delivery efficacy of a lozenge, tablet, spray and gargle, using technetium-99m and scintigraphy as a marker of deposition and clearance of the active ingredients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Initial deposition in the mouth and throat combined was significantly greater for the solid dose forms (lozenge and tablet) than for the spray or gargle. Rates of clearance were initially similar for the tablet and lozenge with low levels of radioactivity present at up to 2 h. At 10 and 20 min, significantly more of the dose remained for the lozenge than for the tablet. The mouth appeared to act as a reservoir for continued clearance to the throat.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Scintigraphy is an effective means of quantifying the delivery efficiency, and hence availability, of sore throat medications. The results presented here suggest that both lozenges and tablets offer considerable advantages over sprays or gargles, both in terms of proportion of the dose delivered to the mouth and throat, combined, and clearance from these regions. These delivery formats provide fast, effective and prolonged delivery of active ingredients, highlighting their potential benefits for sore throat medication.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Profiles Ltd, Ruddington, Nottingham, UK. marie.limb@pharmprofiles.co.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limb
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Connor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pickford
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Church
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mamman
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reader
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shephard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aspley
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Goulder
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000336:Aerosols / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D006801:Humans; D009067:Mouthwashes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000188:drug therapy; D010614:Pharynx / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013607:Tablets / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D000336:Aerosols; D009067:Mouthwashes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D013607:Tablets; D016284:Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate