title: Associations between work-related factors and specific disorders at the elbow: a systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the exposure-response relationships between work-related physical and psychosocial factors and lateral epicondylitis, medial epicondylitis, cubital tunnel syndrome and radial tunnel syndrome in occupational populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the associations between type of work, physical load and psychosocial aspects at work and the occurrence of specific elbow disorders. Associations between work factors and these elbow disorders were expressed in quantitative measures: odds ratio (OR) or relative risk (RR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Handling tools >1 kg (ORs of 2.1-3.0), handling loads >20 kg at least 10 times/day (OR 2.6) and repetitive movements >2 h/day (ORs of 2.8-4.7) were associated with lateral epicondylitis. Psychosocial factors associated with lateral epicondylitis were low job control (OR 2.2) and low social support (OR 1.8). Handling loads >5 kg (2 times/min at minimum of 2 h/day), handling loads >20 kg at least 10 times/day, high hand grip forces for >1 h/day, repetitive movements for >2 h/day (ORs of 2.2-3.6) and working with vibrating tools >2 h/day (OR 2.2) were associated with medial epicondylitis. The occurrence of cubital tunnel syndrome was associated with the factor 'holding a tool in position' (OR 3.53). Handling loads >1 kg (OR 9.0; 95% CI 1.4, 56.9), static work of the hand during the majority of the cycle time (OR 5.9) and full extension (0-45 degrees ) of the elbow (OR 4.9) were associated with radial tunnel syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several physical and psychosocial factors at work may result in an increased occurrence of specific disorders at the elbow.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. r.vanrijn@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: Rogier M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Rijn
authors.forename: Bionka M A
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Huisstede
authors.forename: Bart W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Koes
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Burdorf
mesh_terms: D020430:Cubital Tunnel Syndrome / Q000209:etiology; D012090:Cumulative Trauma Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D004551:Elbow Joint; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D013716:Tennis Elbow / Q000209:etiology