title: Post-traumatic stress in asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa: gender differences in symptomatology and coping.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Internationally, a high number of refugees are in need of help as a consequence of post-traumatic stress or acculturation problems.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study investigated the gender-specific requirements for such interventions taking clinical symptoms as well as coping strategies into account.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five psychometric instruments assessing anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress, somatic symptoms, and social adaptation were administered and semi-structured interviews with n = 150 asylum seekers and refugees from Chechnya, Afghanistan, and West Africa were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the level of total test scores, women reported significantly more somatic symptoms than men but there were no further gender differences. On the item level of the questionnaires as well as with respect to the categories obtained from the interview data, marked gender differences were found. Women, as compared to men, reported more somatic symptoms, emotional outbursts, and loss of sexual interest, while men reported detachment. For women, typical coping strategies were concentrating on their children and various indoor activities, while men preferred looking for work and socializing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social psychiatric interventions should take gender-specific symptoms and coping strategies into account. For asylum seekers and refugees, same gender client-therapist dyads and groups are highly recommended.
authors.affiliation: University of Innsbruck, Department of Psychology, Emotion, Cognition, and Interaction Unit, Innrain 52, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria. walter.renner@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salem
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000346:Afghanistan / Q000208:ethnology; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000208:ethnology; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011594:Psychometrics; D012036:Refugees / Q000523:psychology*; D012426:Russia / Q000208:ethnology; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult