title: Mechanistic aspects of fatigue crack growth behavior in resin based dental restorative composites.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that a commercial microhybrid resin based composite (Filtek Z250) has superior fatigue resistance to a nanofill composite (Filtek Supreme Plus) and to determine the related micromechanisms involved in the fatigue process.
  
  
  METHODS
  After 60 days of water hydration, the fatigue crack growth resistance of two different resin composites, one microhybrid (Filtek Z250) and one nanofill (Filtek Supreme Plus), was measured in wet conditions using compact-tension, C(T), specimens at a load ratio of 0.1 and frequency of 2Hz. Cyclic fatigue behavior was quantified in terms of the fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN, as a function of the stress intensity range, DeltaK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A sigmoidal da/dN-DeltaK curve with three different fatigue crack growth regimes was identified for both composites. In general, fatigue crack growth ranged from approximately 10(-9) to 10(-5)m/cycle over DeltaK of 0.54-0.63MPa radicalm for the Z250 composite and DeltaK of 0.41-0.67MPa radicalm for the Supreme Plus composite. The Supreme Plus composite showed a lower fatigue threshold, DeltaK(th), by approximately 0.13MPa radicalm compared to the Z250 composite, while also showing a plateau in the fatigue crack growth curve that is likely related to environmental attack. SEM observations of the fatigue crack paths and fracture surfaces revealed an interparticle crack path and extrinsic toughening mechanisms of crack deflection and crack bridging. No fatigue degradation of reinforcing particles or clusters was found, but cluster-matrix debonding was evident in the Supreme Plus composite, also indicative of environmental attack due to water.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study increases the understanding of both the fatigue behavior and the micromechanisms of fatigue in resin based dental composites.
authors.affiliation: Materials Science, School of Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
authors.forename: M B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Ferracane
authors.forename: J J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kruzic
mesh_terms: D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D053761:Nanocomposites / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D055668:Photochemical Processes; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C515951:Filtek Supreme Plus; C444701:Filtek Z250; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; D014867:Water; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; C041979:2,2-bis-(4-(2-methacryloxyethoxy)phenyl)propane; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide