title: Massive transcriptional start site analysis of human genes in hypoxia cells.
abstract: Combining our full-length cDNA method and the massively parallel sequencing technology, we developed a simple method to collect precise positional information of transcriptional start sites (TSSs) together with digital information of the gene-expression levels in a high throughput manner. We applied this method to observe gene-expression changes in a colon cancer cell line cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. We generated more than 100 million 36-base TSS-tag sequences and revealed comprehensive features of hypoxia responsive alterations in the transcriptional landscape of the human genome. The features include presence of inducible 'hot regions' in 54 genomic regions, 220 novel hypoxia inducible promoters that may drive non-protein-coding transcripts, 191 hypoxia responsive alternative promoters and detailed views of 120 novel as well as known hypoxia responsive genes. We further analyzed hypoxic response of different cells using additional 60 million TSS-tags and found that the degree of the gene-expression changes were different among cell lines, possibly reflecting cellular robustness against hypoxia. The novel dynamic figure of the human gene transcriptome will deepen our understanding of the transcriptional program of the human genome as well as bringing new insights into the biology of cancer cells in hypoxia.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Physiology Project, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
authors.forename: Katsuya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsuchihara
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wakaguri
authors.forename: Takuma
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Irie
authors.forename: Kousuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanimoto
authors.forename: Shin-ichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hashimoto
authors.forename: Kouji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushima
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mizushima-Sugano
authors.forename: Riu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yamashita
authors.forename: Kenta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakai
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bentley
authors.forename: Hiroyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esumi
authors.forename: Sumio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugano
mesh_terms: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D015723:Gene Library; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D015894:Genome, Human; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C497442:HIF1A protein, human