title: Calcium and cyclic nucleotides affect TNF-alpha-induced stem cell migration.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to study the effect of calcium, cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) on embryonic stem cell (ESC) motility during TNF-alpha-induced chemotaxis. ESCs were monitored using a chemotaxis chamber, with different concentrations of calcium or cAMP or cGMP added to the medium. Changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) were measured with the fluorescent dye fura-2/AM. We combined migratory parameters in a mathematical model and described it as "mobility". After adding calcium, a dose-dependant increase in cell speed was found. Cyclic AMP increased mobility as well as the [Ca(2+)](i). In contrast, adding dbcGMP resulted in a significant decrease in the mobility of the ESCs. During migration ESCs showed an increase in [Ca(2+)](i). Furthermore, TNF-alpha dramatically increased the movement as well as the directionality of ESCs. These results demonstrate that ESCs are highly motile and respond to different concentrations of calcium in a dose-related manner.
authors.affiliation: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. E.Kaplan@cardio.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Emel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Jiang-Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Qingen
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niethammer
authors.forename: Jamal S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Sohail
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Malek
authors.forename: Freek W A
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Verheugt
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Morgan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects*; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP; D002118:Calcium