title: Risk stratification of non-traumatic headache in the emergency department.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy of an algorithm structured in four clinical scenarios to discriminate benign primary headaches from serious secondary non-traumatic headaches (NTH) in the emergency department (ED).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NTH is usually a benign symptom but can occasionally result in serious outcome making the disposition of patients with NTH difficult in the ED.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive adults patients referring to 8 EDs of the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy for NTH as the chief complaint were recruited in the study for a 30-day period. ED physicians attributed to each patient one of the four clinical scenarios (1, 2 and 3 identifying serious secondary headaches and scenario 4 identifying benign primary headaches) or an undetermined scenario when none of the four scenarios applied. Reference standards of the study were the head CT scan and a follow-up telephone interview after three months by the ED admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The test was administered to 256 out of 302 (85%) eligible patients. The analysis (scenario 1,2,3 vs scenario 4) was based on 180 patients who completed the follow-up showing a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval, 81% to 100%) and a specificity of 64% (56% to 71%). The likelihood ratio for a positive test was 2.67 (2.15 to 3.31) and the likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.04 (0.003 to 0.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An algorithm based on four clinical scenarios can be administered to the majority of patients presenting to the ED with the chief complaint of NTH. The algorithm showed a good accuracy in identifying patients with non-life threatening causes of headache and could be used as a risk stratification tool to improve clinical decision- making. Further studies are required to validate this diagnostic algorithm.
authors.affiliation: Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche, Via Ugo Foscolo, 7, 40123 Bologna, Italy. daniela.grimaldi@unibo.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Nonino
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cevoli
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vandelli
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Amico
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cortelli
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006261:Headache / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed