title: Immaturity, perinatal inflammation, and retinopathy of prematurity: a multi-hit hypothesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship among markers of infection/inflammation in their association with retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied clinical characteristics and 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms in infection/inflammation-associated genes in a group of 73 children with a gestational age<32 weeks. Forty-four children (60%) had ROP, of whom 13 (30% of those with ROP) progressed to stage 3 ROP. No child had grade 4 or 5 ROP. We employed both descriptive and analytic statistical methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Clinical variables of infection/inflammation were consistently associated with an increased risk of ROP. Among infants with ROP, they were also associated with progression to ROP grade 3. Genetic markers were not associated with ROP occurrence, but with progression to high grade disease. In tri-variable analyses exploring the effects of gestational age <29 weeks, clinical chorioamnionitis (CAM) and neonatal systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) on ROP occurrence, low gestational age was the most important antecedent, while additional individual or joint exposure to SIRS and CAM add appreciably to this risk of progression to high grade disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both antenatal and neonatal exposure to inflammation appear to contribute to the increased ROP risk in preterm infants.
authors.affiliation: Division of Newborn Medicine, Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA. odammann@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dammann
authors.forename: Maria-Jantje
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Brinkhaus
authors.forename: Dorothee B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dördelmann
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dressler
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kerk
authors.forename: Thilo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dörk
authors.forename: Christiane E L
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Dammann
mesh_terms: D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007249:Inflammation / Q000150:complications* / Q000151:congenital / Q000235:genetics*; D016015:Logistic Models; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D012178:Retinopathy of Prematurity / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D018570:Risk Assessment