title: Imagining value, imagining users: academic technology transfer for health innovation.
abstract: Governments have invested heavily in the clinical and economic promise of health innovation and express increasing concern with the efficacy and efficiency of the health innovation system. In considering strategies for 'better' health innovation, policy makers and researchers have taken a particular interest in the work of universities and related public research organizations: How do these organizations identify and transfer promising innovations to market, and do these efforts make best use of public sector investments? We conducted an ethnographic study of technology transfer offices (TTOs) in Ontario and British Columbia, Canada, to consider the place of health and health system imperatives in judgments of value in early-stage health innovation. Our analysis suggests that the valuation process is poorly specified as a set of task-specific judgments. Instead, we argue that technology transfer professionals are active participants in the construction of the innovation and assign value by 'imagining' the end product in its 'context of use'. Oriented as they are to the commercialization of health technology, TTOs understand users primarily as market players. The immediate users of TTOs' efforts are commercial partners (i.e., licensees, investors) who are capable of translating current discoveries into future commodities. The ultimate end users - patients, clinicians, health systems - are the future consumers of the products to be sold. Attention to these proximate and more distal users in the valuation process is a complex and constitutive feature of the work of health technology transfer. At the same time, judgements about individual technologies are made in relation to a broader imperative through which TTOs seek to imagine and construct sustainable innovation systems. Judgments of value are rendered sensible in relation to the logic of valuation for systems of innovation that, in turn, configure users of health innovation in systemic ways.
authors.affiliation: Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3M6. fiona.miller@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Fiona Alice
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Carrie B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehoux
mesh_terms: D001955:British Columbia; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D006801:Humans; D009864:Ontario; D018581:Technology Transfer; D014495:Universities