title: Nuclear factor-{kappa}B activation contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction via oxidative stress in overweight/obese middle-aged and older humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We tested the hypothesis that nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity contributes to vascular endothelial dysfunction with aging and obesity in humans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study in 14 nondiabetic overweight or obese (body mass index > or =25 kg/m(2)) middle-aged and older (age 52 to 68 years) adults. Salsalate (nonacetylated salicylate, 4500 mg/d), a compound that inhibits NF-kappaB activity, or placebo was administered for 4-day periods. Plasma salicylate concentrations reached the midtherapeutic range (21.8+/-1.1 mg/100 mL, P< or =0.0001 versus placebo) by day 4 of salsalate treatment. Salsalate increased expression of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB and reduced total and nuclear expression of NF-kappaB in endothelial cells obtained from the subjects (all P<0.05). Salsalate increased brachial artery flow-mediated dilation by 74% (from 4.0+/-0.4% to 6.6+/-0.5%, P<0.001) but did not affect endothelium-independent dilation (P=0.83). The change in brachial artery flow-mediated dilation with salsalate was inversely related to baseline flow-mediated dilation (r=-0.77, P<0.01). Infusion of vitamin C increased brachial artery flow-mediated dilation during placebo (P<0.001) but not after salsalate (P=0.23). Salsalate reduced nitrotyrosine (P=0.06) and expression of NADPH oxidase p47(phox) (P<0.05) in endothelial cells obtained from the subjects but did not influence circulating or endothelial cell inflammatory proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings provide the first direct evidence that NF-kappaB, in part via stimulation of oxidative stress, plays an important role in mediating vascular endothelial dysfunction in overweight and obese middle-aged and older humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, 80309, USA. gpierce@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Pierce
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Lesniewski
authors.forename: Brooke R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Lawson
authors.forename: Stacy D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Beske
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Seals
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000378:metabolism; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D009765:Obesity / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D050177:Overweight / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012459:Salicylates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D016207:Cytokines; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D012459:Salicylates; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C060505:neutrophil cytosolic factor 1; C014182:salicylsalicylic acid