title: Development of field test kits for determination of microencapsulated iron in double-fortified salt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efficacy studies have shown that salt double-fortified with iodine and iron can significantly reduce the incidence rates of iron-deficiency anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Double-fortified salt can be prepared by mixing microencapsulated iron compounds into conventionally iodated salt. Effective implementation of a double fortification program requires field-based analytical methods to ensure iron levels in double-fortified salt.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To develop semiquantitative and qualitative field test kits by adopting standard analytical methods for iron determination to the analysis of iron in double-fortified salt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thermal, mechanical, and chemical strategies were assessed to enable contact between analytical reagents and the encapsulated iron compounds during the analysis. A chemical approach using nonpolar solvents was adopted in semiquantitative and qualitative field tests. The fat coating of the iron premix was removed by solvents, releasing the iron for subsequent colorimetric determination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both semiquantitative and qualitative field tests were based on initial removal of the microencapsulant, followed by iron quantitation. Solvent dissolution of the coating layer was most useful for rapid release of iron. A semiquantitative field test kit was developed using a mixture of 5% heptane and 95% tetrachloroethylene to free the iron, which was then determined by the 1,10-phenanthroline method. The field test had a useful detection range of 0 to 2,000 ppm of iron. Statistical analyses revealed that the results obtained with the kit correlated well with those obtained by standard laboratory methods (p < .001). A qualitative field test kit was developed to identify the presence of iron. Microencapsulated iron was freed with the use of tetrachloroethylene and then reacted with phenanthroline to form a visually observable coloration on the salt sample.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Semiquantitative and qualitative field test kits for iron determination in double-fortified salt have been developed and tested. These kits could be useful in quality control of double fortification of salt in small salt-production facilities and in the field, particularly in developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Jessica S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Yao O
authors.initials: YO
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Judy W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Ue
authors.forename: Annie S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Wesley
authors.forename: Levente L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Diosady
mesh_terms: D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003124:Colorimetry; D003906:Developing Countries; D004339:Drug Compounding; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006042:Goiter / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007455:Iodine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*; D007501:Iron / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood; D000090463:Iron Deficiencies; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary; C034024:iodized salt; D007455:Iodine; D007501:Iron