title: The use of Virtual Reality for needle-related procedural pain and distress in children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is essential to minimize pain and distress during painful procedures in children. This study examined the effect of using non-immersive Virtual Reality (VR) during a needle-related procedure on reported pain or distress of children and adolescents in a paediatric oncology unit and surveyed their response to the use of VR-equipment during the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one children and adolescents were included in an intervention group with non-immersive VR and another 21 children and adolescents in a control group where they underwent either venous punctures or subcutaneous venous port devices. Self-reported pain and distress, heart rate and observational pain scores were collected before, during and after the procedures. Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted in conjunction with the completed intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-reported and observed pain and distress scores were low and few significant differences of quantitative data between the groups were found. Two themes emerged in the analysis of the interviews; the VR game should correspond to the child and the medical procedure and children enjoyed the VR game and found that it did distract them during the procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The interviews showed that non-immersive VR is a positive experience for children undergoing a minor procedure such as venous puncture or a subcutaneous venous port access.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, The Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41685 Göteborg, Sweden. stefan.r.nilsson@vgregion.se
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: Berit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Finnström
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kokinsky
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Enskär
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001007:Anxiety / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D009339:Needles; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011677:Punctures; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014584:User-Computer Interface