title: Gender differences in procedure-related adverse events in patients receiving implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women are at higher risk than men for adverse events with certain invasive cardiac procedures. Our objective was to compare rates of in-hospital adverse events in men and women receiving implantable cardioverter- defibrillator (ICD) therapy in community practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the National Cardiovascular Data Registry ICD Registry, we identified patients undergoing first-time ICD implantation between January 2006 and December 2007. Outcomes included in-hospital adverse events after ICD implantation. Multivariable analysis assessed the association between gender and in-hospital adverse events, with adjustment for demographic, clinical, procedural, physician, and hospital characteristics. Of 161,470 patients, 73% were male, and 27% were female. Women were more likely to have a history of heart failure (81% versus 77%, P<0.01), worse New York Heart Association functional status (57% versus 50% in class III and IV, P<0.01), and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (44% versus 27%, P<0.01) and were more likely to receive biventricular ICDs (39% versus 34%, P<0.01). In unadjusted analyses, women were more likely to experience any adverse event (4.4% versus 3.3%, P<0.001) and major adverse events (2.0% versus 1.1%, P<0.001). In multivariable models, women had a significantly higher risk of any adverse event (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.24 to 1.39) and major adverse events (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.57 to 1.86).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women are more likely than men to have in-hospital adverse events related to ICD implantation. Efforts are needed to understand the reasons for higher ICD implantation-related adverse event rates in women and to develop strategies to reduce the risk of these events.
authors.affiliation: Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colo. 80204, USA. Pamela.Peterson@uchsc.edu
authors.forename: Pamela N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Peterson
authors.forename: Stacie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Daugherty
authors.forename: Yongfei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Humberto J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Vidaillet
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Heidenreich
authors.forename: Jeptha P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Masoudi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics