title: A pilot study to examine the effects of smoking cessation on serum markers of inflammation in women at risk for cardiovascular disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The links among smoking, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are well established. Several studies have demonstrated that quitting smoking reverses the risk of coronary heart disease within 5 to 10 years. However, the immediate effects of quitting smoking on inflammatory biomarkers associated with CVD risk have not been well described.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this pilot study, we examined a panel of circulating inflammatory biomarkers associated with CVD in "at-risk" women during the smoking cessation program. Forty-six women enrolled in a smoking cessation program consented to attend four study visits over 6 to 7 weeks. Health/medical information and blood were collected at each visit. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-6, soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR)-I, sTNFR-II, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)-1 were measured, and changes between baseline levels (visit 1, while smoking) and visits 2 through 4 were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in circulating levels of TNF, sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and sVCAM-1 were observed among participants over the course of the smoking cessation program. Serum levels of both IL-6 and CRP declined during the smoking cessation program; the changes were not statistically significant, however.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest there are rapid consequences of smoking cessation on inflammatory biomarkers in women at risk for CVD. Additional, larger studies including diverse smokers desiring to quit are required to confirm changes in "measurable milestones" that could serve as motivating factors to assist smokers to quit.
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reichert
authors.affiliation: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Xiangying
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bartscherer
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fardellone
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Folan
authors.affiliation: The Biostatistics Unit, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Nina
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kohn
authors.affiliation: Center for Tobacco Control, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY.
authors.forename: Arunabh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Talwar
authors.affiliation: The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, The North Shore-LIJ Health System, Manhasset, NY. Electronic address: cmetz@nshs.edu.
authors.forename: Christine N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Metz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein