title: Carotid artery stenting is safe and associated with comparable outcomes in men and women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Historically, large randomized controlled studies looking at carotid endarterectomy (CEA) have indicated an increased perioperative risk for women when gender subgroup analysis was performed. However, the outcomes of carotid stenting in women as compared to men have not been adequately investigated. We sought to compare the safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) when performed in women as compared to men.
  
  
  METHODS
  Procedures, complications, demographics, co-morbidities, and follow-up data from carotid stenting procedures performed in a bi-campus division were entered into a prospective database and then retrospectively supplemented with stored angiographic image data and reviewed. Arterial anatomic characteristics evaluated using angiographic images were: common carotid/internal carotid lesion length ratio, common carotid/internal carotid diameter, index lesion length, common carotid/internal carotid artery tortuosity, and lesion and aortic arch calcification. Outcomes compared included groin complications, postoperative pressor requirements, length of stay, restenosis, stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2003 and 2008, 228 patients underwent 238 procedures. Cerebral protection devices and self-expanding stents were placed in all patients. A total of 97 percutaneous interventions performed in 93 women were compared with 141 interventions in 135 men. Mean age in women was 71.8 +/- 9.2 years, in men was 72.2 +/- 9.1 years (P > .99); 44.3% of women and 34.7% of men had symptomatic disease (P = .14). Preoperative demographics and co-morbidities did not differ significantly between genders, with the exception of hypertension (83.0% of males vs 96.7% of females, P = .001), and history of coronary artery bypass grafting (31.8% of males vs 16.1% of females, P = .01). There were no significant differences seen in anatomic arterial characteristics, though there was a trend towards women having larger internal carotid to common carotid diameter ratios (0.65 vs 0.62) and more plaques isolated to the common carotid segment (9.5% vs 6.9%). There were no significant differences seen in overall 30-day peri-procedural stroke rate (2.1% in women and 4.2% in men, P = .48), death rate (0 % vs 0.7%, P > .99), or cardiac events (3.2% vs 0.7%, P = .3). The combined 30-day stroke, death, and MI rate was 5.7% for males compared to 5.4% for females (P > .99). There were no differences observed in the long-term survival, stroke-free survival, or restenosis between genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite previous concerns over adverse outcomes in women undergoing carotid endarterectomy, from our data, carotid stenting appears to be a safe modality in women with equivalent outcomes when compared to men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Lee J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Habib U
authors.initials: HU
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Elliot B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Sambol
authors.forename: K Craig
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Faries
authors.forename: Ageliki G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Vouyouka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000800:Angioplasty, Balloon / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D011859:Radiography; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012737:Sex Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016387:Women's Health