title: The sweet taste quality is linked to a cluster of taste fibers in primates: lactisole diminishes preference and responses to sweet in S fibers (sweet best) chorda tympani fibers of M. fascicularis monkey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychophysically, sweet and bitter have long been considered separate taste qualities, evident already to the newborn human. The identification of different receptors for sweet and bitter located on separate cells of the taste buds substantiated this separation. However, this finding leads to the next question: is bitter and sweet also kept separated in the next link from the taste buds, the fibers of the taste nerves? Previous studies in non-human primates, P. troglodytes, C. aethiops, M. mulatta, M. fascicularis and C. jacchus, suggest that the sweet and bitter taste qualities are linked to specific groups of fibers called S and Q fibers. In this study we apply a new sweet taste modifier, lactisole, commercially available as a suppressor of the sweetness of sugars on the human tongue, to test our hypothesis that sweet taste is conveyed in S fibers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We first ascertained that lactisole exerted similar suppression of sweetness in M. fascicularis, as reported in humans, by recording their preference of sweeteners and non- sweeteners with and without lactisole in two-bottle tests. The addition of lactisole significantly diminished the preference for all sweeteners but had no effect on the intake of non-sweet compounds or the intake of water. We then recorded the response to the same taste stimuli in 40 single chorda tympani nerve fibers. Comparison between single fiber nerve responses to stimuli with and without lactisole showed that lactisole only suppressed the responses to sweeteners in S fibers. It had no effect on the responses to any other stimuli in all other taste fibers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In M. fascicularis, lactisole diminishes the attractiveness of compounds, which taste sweet to humans. This behavior is linked to activity of fibers in the S-cluster. Assuming that lactisole blocks the T1R3 monomer of the sweet taste receptor T1R2/R3, these results present further support for the hypothesis that S fibers convey taste from T1R2/R3 receptors, while the impulse activity in non-S fibers originates from other kinds of receptors. The absence of the effect of lactisole on the faint responses in some S fibers to other stimuli as well as the responses to sweet and non-sweet stimuli in non-S fibers suggest that these responses originate from other taste receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Minnesota-Duluth, 1035 University Dr, Duluth, MN 55812, USA. yiwenwang@gmail.com
authors.forename: Yiwen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Vicktoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Danilova
authors.forename: Tiffany
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cragin
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Alexey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koposov
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hellekant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001555:Benzene Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002814:Chorda Tympani Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D004327:Drinking Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000187:drug effects*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D012970:Sodium Glutamate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013045:Species Specificity; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013649:Taste / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013650:Taste Buds / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001555:Benzene Derivatives; D006023:Glycoproteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D013549:Sweetening Agents; C008533:miraculin protein, Synsepalum dulcificum; D019343:Citric Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012970:Sodium Glutamate; C495512:lactisole