title: Distribution and function of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 in the rat, monkey and human bladder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the distribution of cannabinoid receptor subtypes 1 and 2 in the detrusor of different species and studied the effects of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 agonists on bladder function.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 expression was studied with Western blot and immunohistochemistry in rat, monkey and human detrusors. Co-staining was done for markers of sensory nerves using calcitonin gene-related peptide (Euro-Diagnostica, Malmö, Sweden) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1, and for cholinergic nerves using VAChT (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, California). Actions of the endogenous cannabinoid receptor-1 and 2 agonist anandamide (Sigma(R)), and the cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 agonist CP55,940 (Sigma) on isolated detrusor and during cystometry in conscious rats were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher expression of cannabinoid receptor 2 but not cannabinoid receptor 1 was noted in the mucosa than in the detrusor. Compared to the detrusor larger amounts of cannabinoid receptor 2 containing nerves that also expressed transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 or calcitonin gene-related peptide were observed in the suburothelium. Nerve fibers containing cannabinoid receptor 2 and VAChT were located in the detrusor. Neither anandamide nor CP55,940 affected isolated detrusor carbachol (Sigma) contractions. Nerve contractions were enhanced by 10 muM anandamide and decreased by 10 muM CP55,940 (p<0.05). In vivo CP55,940 increased the micturition interval by 46% and threshold pressure by 124% (p <0.05). Anandamide increased threshold pressure by 26% and decreased the micturition interval by 19% (p <0.05 and <0.01, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distribution of cannabinoid receptor 2 on sensory nerves and in the urothelium, and effects by CP55940 on the micturition interval and threshold pressure suggest a role for cannabinoid receptor 2 in bladder afferent signals. Co-expression of VAChT and cannabinoid receptor 2, and effects by CP55940 on nerve contractions suggest a cannabinoid receptor 2 mediated modulatory effect on cholinergic nerve activity. Anandamide may not be a good tool for cannabinoid receptor studies due to its activity at other receptors.
authors.affiliation: Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gratzke
authors.forename: Tomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Streng
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Christ
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Stief
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hedlund
authors.forename: Karl-Erik
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Andersson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000032:analysis* / Q000502:physiology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2