title: Phobic anxiety is associated with higher serum concentrations of adipokines and cytokines in women with diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Phobic anxiety has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We aimed to determine whether associations of phobic anxiety with several known markers of CVD might be contributors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a 16-point validated index (Crown-Crisp) measured in 1988 to categorize 984 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses' Health Study as having low, moderate, or high phobic anxiety. Groups were then compared for differences in adipokines (adiponectin and leptin), inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha receptor II), and markers of endothelial function (sE-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule [sICAM]-1) measured on blood samples provided between 1989 and 1990.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher levels of phobic anxiety were associated with higher BMI and lower education. Higher levels of phobic anxiety were also associated with higher leptin and soluble TNF-alpha receptor II in both crude analyses and after adjustment for potential confounders. sICAM and sE-selectin were higher in the highest tertile compared with the middle tertile, but there was no significant trend across tertiles. We found no association between phobic anxiety and adiponectin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High levels of phobic anxiety are associated with increased levels of leptin and inflammatory markers, which may in part explain the previously observed relationship between anxiety and other psychosocial disorders with CVD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Aoife M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Jessica L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Fargnoli
authors.forename: Catherine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Tricia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Willett
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kawachi
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Christos S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Mantzoros
mesh_terms: D054392:Adipokines / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D010698:Phobic Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D054392:Adipokines; D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines