title: Role of glutamate NMDA receptors and nitric oxide located within the periaqueductal gray on defensive behaviors in mice confronted by predator.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) is part of the brain system involved in active defense reactions to threatening stimuli. Glutamate N-methyl-D: -aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation within the dorsal column of the PAG (dPAG) leads to autonomic and behavioral responses characterized as the fear reaction. Nitric oxide (NO) has been proposed to be a mediator of the aversive action of glutamate, since the activation of NMDA receptors in the brain increases NO synthesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the effects of intra-dPAG infusions of NMDA on defensive behaviors in mice pretreated with a neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor [Nomega-propyl-L: -arginine (NPLA)], in the same midbrain site, during a confrontation with a predator in the rat exposure test (RET).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Swiss mice received intra-dPAG injections of NPLA (0.1 or 0.4 nmol/0.1 microl), and 10 min later, they were infused with NMDA (0.04 nmol/0.1 microl) into the dPAG. After 10 min, each mouse was placed in the RET.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NMDA treatment enhanced avoidance behavior from the predator and markedly increased freezing behavior. These proaversive effects of NMDA were prevented by prior injection of NPLA. Furthermore, defensive behaviors (e.g., avoidance, risk assessment, freezing) were consistently reduced by the highest dose of NPLA alone, suggesting an intrinsic effect of nitric oxide on defensive behavior in mice exposed to the RET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a potential role of glutamate NMDA receptors and NO in the dPAG in the regulation of defensive behaviors in mice during a confrontation with a predator in the RET.
authors.affiliation: Psychobiology Graduate Program, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eduardo F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Carvalho-Netto
authors.forename: Karina S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Gomes
authors.forename: Vanessa C S
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Amaral
authors.forename: Ricardo L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Nunes-de-Souza
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C109599:N(omega)-propylarginine; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; D001120:Arginine; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I