title: Temporal gene expression and probiotic attributes of Lactobacillus acidophilus during growth in milk.
abstract: Lactic acid bacteria have been used as starter strains in the production of fermented dairy products for centuries. Lactobacillus acidophilus is a widely recognized probiotic bacteria commonly added to yogurt and used in dietary supplements. In this study, a whole genome microarray was employed to monitor gene expression of L. acidophilus NCFM cells propagated in 11% skim milk during early, mid and late logarithmic phase, and stationary phase. Approximately 21% of 1,864 open reading frames were differentially expressed at least in one time point. Genes differentially expressed in skim milk included several members of the proteolytic enzyme system. Expression of prtP (proteinase precursor) and prtM (maturase) increased over time as well as several peptidases and transport systems. Expression of Opp1 (oligopeptide transport system 1) was highest at 4 h, whereas gene expression of Opp2 increased over time reaching its highest level at 12 h, suggesting that the 2 systems have different specificities. Expression of a 2-component regulatory system, previously shown to regulate acid tolerance and proteolytic activity, also increased during the early log and early stationary phases of growth. Expression of the genes involved in lactose utilization increased immediately (5 min) upon exposure to milk. The acidification activity, survival under storage conditions, and adhesion to mucin and Caco-2 tissue culture cells of selected mutants containing insertionally inactivated genes differentially expressed in the wild-type strain during growth in milk were examined for any potential links between probiotic properties and bacterial growth and survival in milk. Some of the most interesting genes found to be expressed in milk were correlated with signaling (autoinducer-2) and adherence to mucin and intestinal epithelial cells, in vitro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, and Southeast Dairy Foods Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Azcarate-Peril
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tallon
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Klaenhammer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007779:Lactobacillus acidophilus / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics*; D019936:Probiotics; D053038:Quorum Sensing / Q000235:genetics; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009077:Mucins; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases