title: Effect of ion exchange on strength and slow crack growth of a dental porcelain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of ion exchange on slow crack growth (SCG) parameters (n, stress corrosion susceptibility coefficient, and sigma(f0), scaling parameter) and Weibull parameters (m, Weibull modulus, and sigma(0), characteristic strength) of a dental porcelain.
  
  
  METHODS
  160 porcelain discs were fabricated according to manufacturer's instructions, polished through 1 microm and divided into two groups: GC (control) and GI (submitted to an ion exchange procedure using a KNO3 paste at 470 degrees C for 15 min). SCG parameters were determined by biaxial flexural strength test in artificial saliva at 37 degrees C using five constant stress rates (n=10). 20 specimens of each group were tested at 1 MPa/s to determine Weibull parameters. The SPT diagram was constructed using the least-squares fit of the strength data versus probability of failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean values of m and sigma(0) (95% confidence interval), n and sigma(f0) (standard deviation) were, respectively: 13.8 (10.1-18.8) and 60.4 (58.5-62.2), 24.1 (2.5) and 58.1 (0.01) for GC and 7.4 (5.3-10.0) and 136.8 (129.1-144.7), 36.7 (7.3) and 127.9 (0.01) for GI. Fracture stresses (MPa) calculated using the SPT diagram for lifetimes of 1 day, 1 year and 10 years (at a 5% failure probability) were, respectively, 31.8, 24.9 and 22.7 for GC and 71.2, 60.6 and 56.9 for GI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the porcelain tested, the ion exchange process improved strength and resistance to SCG, however, the material's reliability decreased. The predicted fracture stress at 5% failure probability for a lifetime of 10 years was also higher for the ion treated group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Vinicius
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Rosa
authors.forename: Humberto N
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Marcelo M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Catia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fredericci
authors.forename: Paulo F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Cesar
mesh_terms: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D003343:Corrosion; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D007474:Ion Exchange; D016018:Least-Squares Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D018583:Pliability; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C016447:feldspar; C078519:leucite