title: Cost-effectiveness of insulin analogues for diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insulin analogues may be associated with fewer episodes of hypoglycemia than conventional insulins. However, they are costly alternatives. We compared the cost-effectiveness of insulin analogues and conventional insulins used to treat type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cost-effectiveness evaluation of insulin analogues versus conventional insulins using the Center for Outcomes Research Diabetes Model. We compared rapid-acting analogues (insulin aspart and insulin lispro) with regular human insulin, and long-acting analogues (insulin glargine and insulin detemir) with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin. We derived clinical information for the comparisons from meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. We obtained cost and utility estimates from published sources. We performed sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of our results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For type 1 diabetes, insulin aspart was more effective and less costly than regular human insulin. Insulin lispro was associated with an incremental cost of Can$28,996 per quality-adjusted life-year. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-year was Can$87,932 for insulin glargine and Can$387,729 for insulin detemir, compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin. For type 2 diabetes, insulin aspart was associated with an incremental cost of Can$22,488 per quality-adjusted life-year compared with regular human insulin. For insulin lispro, the incremental cost was Can$130,865. Compared with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin, insulin detemir was less effective and more costly. Insulin glargine was associated with an incremental cost of Can$642,994 per quality-adjusted life-year. The model was sensitive to changes in the effect size of hemoglobin A(1c) and to decrements applied to utility scores when fear of hypoglycemia was included as a factor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cost-effectiveness of insulin analogues depends on the type of insulin analogue and whether the patient receiving the treatment has type 1 or type 2 diabetes. With the exception of rapid-acting insulin analogues in type 1 diabetes, routine use of insulin analogues, especially long-acting analogues in type 2 diabetes, is unlikely to represent an efficient use of finite health care resources.
authors.affiliation: Canadian Optimal Medication Prescribing and Utilization Service, Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, Ottawa, Ont. chrisc@cadth.ca
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Cameron
authors.forename: Heather A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Bennett
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000191:economics*; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin