title: Colon, rectal, and anal cancers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the incidence, risk factors, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of colon, rectal, and anal cancers, as well as nursing care associated with managing patients diagnosed with these malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published research reports, epidemiologic data, published patient management guidelines, and institution-based clinical tools.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant advances in the management of colon, rectal, and anal cancers in the past decade have extended patient survival. Further clinical research will refine current therapeutic strategies and treatment decision-making aids while minimizing symptoms of disease and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses need to be familiar with risk factors, disease course, and current and emerging therapies to assist patients with treatment decision-making, and to anticipate and intervene in managing disease and treatment-induced problems. Early identification and management of distressing symptoms can help to avoid life-threatening effects and promote patient adherence to prescribed therapies; timely patient/family education may minimize anxiety and promote self-management.
authors.affiliation: Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA. Gail.wilkes@comcast.net
authors.forename: Gail
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilkes
authors.forename: Kevan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hartshorn
mesh_terms: D001005:Anus Neoplasms; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms; D006801:Humans; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms; D012307:Risk Factors