title: Handgrip strength as a predictor of prognosis in Japanese patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whether upper-extremity and lower-extremity muscle strength can predict a prognosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients is unclear. This study evaluated the impact of muscle strength on long-term mortality in patients with CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study of male Japanese CHF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical characteristics (age, body mass index, left ventricular ejection fraction, heart failure etiology, and medications) were obtained from hospital records of 148 male outpatients with stable CHF. Brain natriuretic peptide was determined as an index of disease severity. Peak oxygen uptake ((Equation is included in full-text article.)), handgrip, and knee extensor muscle strength were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 1331.9+/-700.3 days of follow-up, 13 cardiovascular-related deaths occurred, and the patients were divided into two groups: survival (n=135) and nonsurvival (n=13). No significant differences were found between the groups in clinical characteristics, brain natriuretic peptide levels, and knee extensor muscle strength. Peak(Equation is included in full-text article.)(P=0.011) and handgrip strength (P=0.008) were significantly lower in the nonsurvival versus survival group. Left ventricular ejection fraction, peak(Equation is included in full-text article.), and handgrip strength were found by univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis to be significant prognostic indexes of survival. Multivariate analysis, however, revealed handgrip strength to be an independent predictor of prognosis. A handgrip strength cutoff value of 32.2 kgf was determined by the analysis of receiver-operating characteristics and was assessed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves after log-rank test showed significant prognostic difference between the two groups (P=0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Handgrip strength may be useful for forecasting prognosis in patients with CHF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan. izawapk@ga2.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiro P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Izawa
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Naohiko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Osada
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasahara
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hiraki
authors.forename: Yuji
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Morio
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Koichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Kazuto
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Omiya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018737:Hand Strength / Q000502:physiology*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies