title: In vitro and in vivo interaction of macrophages from vaccinated and non-vaccinated channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) to Edwardsiella ictaluri.
abstract: Macrophages from catfish vaccinated with an Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine and macrophages from non-vaccinated catfish were used in in vitro and in vivo studies with red-fluorescent E. ictaluri to assess phagocytic ability, reactive oxygen and nitric oxide production and bactericidal activity. In the in vitro experiment, macrophages were harvested from vaccinated and non-vaccinated fish and then exposed to red-fluorescent E. ictaluri. Results of this study showed that E. ictaluri can survive and replicate in macrophages from non-vaccinated catfish (relative percent killing, RPK, from 0.011 to 0.620 and from -0.904 to 0.042 with macrophage:bacteria ratios of 1:20 and 1:100, respectively) even in the presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen products. Macrophages from vaccinated fish were significantly (p < 0.05) more efficient in killing E. ictaluri (RPK from 0.656 to 0.978 and from 0.011 to 0.620 with macrophage:bacteria ratios of 1:20 and 1:100, respectively) and produced significantly (p < 0.05) higher amounts of ROS (10-fold increase) and nitrogen oxide (about 10-fold increase) than macrophages from non-vaccinated fish. In the in vivo experiment, vaccinated and non-vaccinated catfish were injected with red-fluorescent E. ictaluri to allow the interaction between macrophages and other components of the immune system. After 6h, macrophages were harvested from the fish and seeded in glass chamber slides and bactericidal activity was measured in vitro. Results showed in vivo interaction of other components of the immune system enhanced bactericidal activity of macrophages from vaccinated fish. In another set of experiments, catfish were intraperitoneally injected with fluorescent bacteria opsonized with immune serum or non-opsonized and necropsied in the first 48 h after bacterial challenge to observe localization of E. ictaluri between vaccinated and non-vaccinated catfish. Vaccinated fish were able to control the dispersion of E. ictaluri in the body and red-fluorescent bacteria were observed only in the spleen, anterior and trunk kidney. In non-vaccinated fish E. ictaluri was able to replicate and invade all organs with the exception of the brain. We further determined that macrophages seeded with E. ictaluri could cause infection in non-vaccinated fish upon reinoculation with in vitro infected-macrophages. Overall, the results indicated that macrophages from vaccinated fish are activated and responsible for rapid clearance of infection upon re-exposure to virulent E. ictaluri.
authors.affiliation: Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 990 Wire Road, Auburn, AL 36832, USA. ric.russo@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Craig A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Shoemaker
authors.forename: Victor S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Panangala
authors.forename: Phillip H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Klesius
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D020610:Edwardsiella ictaluri / Q000502:physiology*; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007059:Ictaluridae / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010587:Phagocytosis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D009569:Nitric Oxide