title: "Taste Strips" - a rapid, lateralized, gustatory bedside identification test based on impregnated filter papers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To elaborate normative values for a clinical psychophysical taste test ("Taste Strips").
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The "Taste Strips" are a psychophysical chemical taste test. So far, no definitive normative data had been published and only a fairly small sample size has been investigated. In light of this shortcoming for this easy, reliable and quick taste testing device, we attempted to provide normative values suitable for the clinical use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Normative value acquisition study, multicenter study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The investigation involved 537 participants reporting a normal sense of smell and taste (318 female, 219 male, mean age 44 years, age range 18-87 years). The taste test was based on spoon-shaped filter paper strips ("Taste Strips") impregnated with the four (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) taste qualities in four different concentrations. The strips were placed on the left or right side of the anterior third of the extended tongue, resulting in a total of 32 trials. With their tongue still extended, patients had to identify the taste from a list of four descriptors, i. e., sweet, sour, salty, and bitter (multiple forced-choice). To obtain an impression of overall gustatory function, the number of correctly identified tastes was summed up for a "taste score".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Taste function decreased significantly with age. Women exhibited significantly higher taste scores than men which was true for all age groups. The taste score at the 10(th) percentile was selected as a cut-off value to distinguish normogeusia from hypogeusia. Results from a small series of patients with ageusia confirmed the clinical usefulness of the proposed normative values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data provide normative values for the "Taste Strips" based on over 500 subjects tested.
authors.affiliation: Département des Neurosciences cliniques, Unité de Rhinologie-Olfactologie, Service d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Rue Micheli-du-Crest 24, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland. Basile.Landis@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Basile Nicolas
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Welge-Luessen
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brämerson
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bende
authors.forename: Christian Albert
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nordin
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010209:Paper; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000639:trends*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011601:Psychophysics / Q000379:methods; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013649:Taste / Q000502:physiology*; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult