title: Global analysis of nuclear receptor expression and dysregulation in human osteoarthritic articular cartilage: reduced LXR signaling contributes to catabolic metabolism typical of osteoarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Compare the expression and regulation of nuclear receptors (NRs) in osteoarthritic and normal human articular cartilage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The transcriptional levels of 48 NRs and additional related proteins were measured in mRNA from human articular cartilage from subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) and compared to samples from subjects without OA, using microarrays, individual quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assays, and a custom human NR TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA). The functional effect of liver X receptor (LXR) activity in cartilage was studied by measuring proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and degradation in articular cartilage explant cultures following treatment with the synthetic LXR agonist T0901317.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-one of 48 NRs analyzed by TLDA were found to be measurably expressed in human articular cartilage; 23 of these 31 NRs showed significantly altered expression in OA vs unaffected cartilage. Among these, LXRalpha and LXRbeta, and their heterodimeric partners retinoid X receptor (RXR)alpha and RXRbeta were all expressed at significantly lower levels in OA cartilage, as were LXR target genes ABCG1 and apolipoproteins D and E. Addition of LXR agonist to human OA articular chondrocytes and to cartilage explant cultures resulted in activation of LXR-mediated transcription and significant reduction of both basal and interleukin (IL)-1-mediated PG degradation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Articular cartilage expresses a substantial number of NRs, and a large proportion of the expressed NRs are dysregulated in OA. In particular, LXR signaling in OA articular cartilage is impaired, and stimulation of LXR transcriptional activity can counteract the catabolic effects of IL-1. We conclude that LXR agonism may be a possible therapeutic option for OA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Technologies, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA.
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Collins-Racie
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Majumdar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nagpal
authors.forename: W M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mounts
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dorner
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: E R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: LaVallie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated / Q000494:pharmacology; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D008875:Middle Aged; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000378:metabolism*; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006845:Hydrocarbons, Fluorinated; D000071518:Liver X Receptors; D057093:Orphan Nuclear Receptors; D011509:Proteoglycans; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D047488:Retinoid X Receptors; D013449:Sulfonamides; C000605213:NR1H3 protein, human; C423915:T0901317; D005466:Fluorocarbons; D000096926:Benzenesulfonamides