title: Bacillus subtilis and B. mojavensis strains connected to food poisoning produce the heat stable toxin amylosin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To screen and characterize toxic, heat-stable substances produced by food borne strains from Bacillus subtilis group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the boar sperm motility inhibition assay, six isolates from two outbreaks, out of the 94 isolates from 26 foods, were found to produce ethanol-soluble heat-stable substances that were toxic to sperm cells by depleting the mitochondrial membrane potentials. The toxic isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis and B mojavensis. Colon carcinoma cells (Caco-2) were used to model the contact with the human digestive tract. The extract of B. subtilis F 2564/96 depolarized the mitochondria in intact Caco-2 cells similarly as in sperm cells. The substance responsible for these effects was purified using HPLC and identified by electron spray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry analysis as amylosin. The temperature requirement for amylosin production was 21-37 degrees C for B. subtilis and 11-21 degrees C for B. mojavensis. Both species produced amylosin in air as well as in 7-8% CO(2) with 8-9% O(2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Food borne illness related strains of B. subtilis and B. mojavensis, produced the heat-stable toxin amylosin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report that suggests a role for the heat-stable, ion-channel forming toxin amylosin, as a virulence factor in food borne Bacillus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. camelia.constantin@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Apetroaie-Constantin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mikkola
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Teplova
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Suominen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salkinoja-Salonen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001407:Bacillus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D001412:Bacillus subtilis / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D018938:Caco-2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000633:toxicity; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk / Q000382:microbiology*; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects; D013552:Swine; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C099484:CspA protein, Bacillus; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004768:Enterotoxins; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D016601:RNA-Binding Proteins; C545909:amylosin, Bacillus