title: Analysis of adenoviral attachment to human platelets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Systemic adenoviral (Ad) vector administration is associated with thrombocytopenia. Recently, Ad interaction with mouse platelets emerged as a key player determining liver uptake and platelet clearance. However, whether Ad can activate platelets is controversial. Thus, in vitro analysis of Ad attachment to platelets is of interest.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a direct flow cytometry assay to specifically detect Ad particles adherent to human platelets. The method was pre-validated in nucleated cells. Blocking assays were employed to specifically inhibit Ad attachment to platelets. Platelet activation was analyzed using annexin v flow cytometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found in vitro that Ad binding to human platelets is synergistically enhanced by the combination of platelet activation by thrombin and MnCl2 supplementation. Of note, Ad binding could activate human platelets. Platelets bound Ad displaying an RGD ligand in the fiber knob more efficiently than unmodified Ad. In contrast to a previous report, CAR expression was not detected on human platelets. Integrins appear to mediate Ad binding to platelets, at least partially. Finally, alphaIIbbeta3-deficient platelets from a patient with Glanzmann thrombasthenia could bind Ad 5-fold more efficiently than normal platelets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The flow cytometry methodology developed herein allows the quantitative measurement of Ad attachment to platelets and may provide a useful in vitro approach to investigate Ad interaction with platelets.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel. nillys@pob.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Nilly
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shimony
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Elkin
authors.forename: Dror
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kolodkin-Gal
authors.forename: Lina
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krasny
authors.forename: Simcha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urieli-Shoval
authors.forename: Yosef S
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Haviv
mesh_terms: D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D016023:Integrins / Q000378:metabolism; D013915:Thrombasthenia / Q000503:physiopathology; D053585:Virus Attachment
chemical_list: D016023:Integrins