title: Effect of dietary fatty acid composition on Th1/Th2 polarization in lymphocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It has become increasingly clear that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have immunomodulatory effects. However, the intake of these fatty acids used in animal studies often greatly exceeds dietary human intake. Whether differences in the composition of fatty acids that are consumed in amounts consistent with normal dietary intake can influence immune function remains uncertain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We manufactured 3 types of liquid diet, related to modified fatty acid composition (omega-6/omega-3 = 0.25, 2.27 and 42.9), but excluding eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, based upon a liquid diet used clinically in humans. We assessed CD3-stimulated cytokine production of splenocytes in female BALB/c mice (n = 4 per group) fed 1 of 3 liquid diets for 4 weeks. We also measured the cytokine production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin in humans at the end of a 4-week period of consumption of 2 different liquid diets (omega-6/omega-3 = 3 and 44).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the ratio of interfero omega-gamma (IFN-gamma) / interleukin-4 (IL-4) was significantly higher in mice fed the omega-3 rich diet than in others. In humans, IFN-gamma / IL-4 was significantly higher after the omega-3 versus the omega-6 enhanced diet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the composition of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs induces a shift in the Th1/Th2 balance in both mouse and human lymphocytes, even when ingested in normal dietary amounts. An omega-3 rich diet containing alpha-linolenic acid modulates immune function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mizota
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fujita-Kambara
authors.forename: Nemu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matsuya
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamasaki
authors.forename: Takayasu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukudome
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Goto
authors.forename: Shunya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakane
authors.forename: Takayuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008875:Middle Aged; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D018417:Th1 Cells; D018418:Th2 Cells
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated; D015847:Interleukin-4; D007371:Interferon-gamma