title: Analytical strategies for the screening and evaluation of chemically reactive drug metabolites.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic activation leading to formation of chemically reactive drug metabolites is a long-standing issue for drug development inasmuch as some, but not all, reactive intermediates play a role as mediators of drug-induced toxicities. The risk assessment profile/decision-making guide requires a comprehensive understanding of bioactivation mechanism(s), quantitative magnitude and cellular consequences of this principal and continued safety attrition.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate analytical methodologies with improved sensitivity, selectivity and throughput for the analysis of reactive metabolites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification and quantification of short-lived electrophilic intermediates through appropriate trapping experiments have become relatively straightforward. Minimizing the bioactivation potential of drug candidates during the discovery/lead optimization phase has been adopted as a default strategy. Together with advances of proteomics, metabolomics and toxicogenomics, an integrated multitier approach possibly provides a deeper insight into mechanistic aspects of drug-induced toxicities, and contributes to bridging the relationships between metabolic activation, drug-protein adduct formation and their toxicological consequences.
authors.affiliation: Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Roche Palo Alto, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. bo.wen@roche.com
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Fitch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods*; D019295:Computational Biology; D004341:Drug Evaluation / Q000379:methods*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations