title: Direct and indirect drift assessment means. Part 2: wind tunnel experiments.
abstract: Wind tunnel measurements, performed in Silsoe Research Institute (SRI), were used to measure airborne and fallout spray volumes under directly comparable and repeatable conditions for single and static nozzles. Based on these measurements, drift potential reduction percentages (DPRP), expressing the percentage reduction of the drift potential compared with the reference spraying, were calculated following three approaches. The first approach was based on the calculation of the first moment of the airborne spray profile (DPRPv1). In the second and third approach, the surface under the measured airborne (DPRPv2) and fallout (DPRP(H)) deposit curve were used. These DPRP values express the percentage reduction of the drift potential compared with the reference spraying. Ten different spray nozzles were tested. The results showed the expected fallout profiles with the highest deposits closest to the nozzle and a systematic decrease with distance from the nozzle. For the airborne deposit profiles, the highest deposits were found at the Lowest collectors with an important systematic decrease with increasing heights. For the same nozzle size and spray pressure, DPRP values are generally higher for the air inclusion nozzles followed by the low-drift nozzles and the standard flat fan nozzles and the effect of nozzle type is most important for smaller nozzle sizes. In general, the bigger the ISO nozzle size, the higher the DPRP values. Comparing results from the three different approaches namely, DPRPv1, DPRPv2 and DPRP(H), some interesting conclusions can be drawn. For the standard flat fan nozzles, DPRPv1, values were the highest followed by DPRPv2 and DPRP(H) while for the low-drift nozzles opposite results were found. For the air inclusion nozzles, there was a relatively good agreement between DPRPv1, DPRPv1 and DPRP(H) values. All of this is important in the interpretation of wind tunnel data for different nozzle types and sampling methodologies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO) Technology and Food Agricultural Engineering. david.nuyttens@ilvo.vlaanderen.be
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nuyttens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: De Schampheleire
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Baetens
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sonck
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010316:Particle Size; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014919:Wind
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D010575:Pesticides