title: Management of dysphonia in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dysphonia is common in children, but practice varies considerably regarding what, if any, investigations are performed and how the condition is managed. Although childhood dysphonia is mostly due to non-serious causes such as voice misuse, very serious pathology such as papillomatosis or malignancy needs occasionally to be excluded, and treatable congenital anomalies such as webs and cysts can be missed. Voice clinics and voice therapy services are now well established in most adult health services in the developed world, but equivalent services for children are less common, at least in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of all children presenting to our large children's hospital with a primary complaint of dysphonia between January 2001 and October 2007, in order to determine their management, investigations and final diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 142 children. Case records were found for 137 (97 per cent). Eight-three children were male (61 per cent) and 54 female (39 per cent). Ages ranged from two months to 15 years (median 5.3 years). In 10 children (7 per cent), hoarseness was congenital, presenting as a hoarse, weak cry at birth. In 15 children (11 per cent), onset of hoarseness was related to a specific surgical procedure. The larynx was visualised by mirror alone in 23 children (17 per cent), by awake fibre-optic laryngoscopy in 27 (20 per cent) and by microlaryngoscopy-bronchoscopy under anaesthesia in 42 (31 per cent). Forty children (29 per cent) did not undergo laryngeal visualisation at any time and were diagnosed based on history alone. A further five (4 per cent) were scheduled for direct laryngoscopy but this was not performed due to resolution of symptoms. Voice abuse accounted for 62 (45 per cent) of all diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Childhood dysphonia accounts for a large number of referrals. There is considerable variation in how these children are managed. A more structured approach to diagnosis and investigation would be beneficial, perhaps within the setting of a dedicated paediatric voice clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Connelly
authors.forename: W A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Clement
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubba
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D055154:Dysphonia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014834:Voice Training