title: Fractal analysis of two-dimensional vascularity in primary prostate cancer and surrounding non-tumoral parenchyma.
abstract: Prostate cancer is the fifth most frequent cancer in the world. However, none of the actual prognostic factors provide a valid index for predicting patient outcome. Here, we evaluate the two-dimensional vascularity in primary prostate tumors and surrounding non-tumoral parenchyma by means of fractal geometry, and assess any correlations between the results and some clinical and pathological parameters of prostate carcinoma. Prostate sections from 27 carcinoma patients were treated with CD34 antibodies. Two >10mm(2) areas of tumoral and surrounding non-tumoral parenchyma were digitized using an image analysis system that automatically quantified the fractal dimension of the vascular surface. Data were correlated with patient's age, PSA level, clinical and pathological stage, Gleason score, tumor volume, vascular invasion, surgical margins, and biochemical relapse. Two groups of patients were distinguished on the basis of whether the fractal dimension of their tumoral vascular surface was higher (group 1) or lower (group 2) than that of the surrounding non-tumoral parenchyma. Statistically significant between-group differences were found in terms of serum PSA levels (p=0.0061), tumor volume (p=0.0017), and biochemical relapse (p=0.031). The patients in group 2 had a poorer outcome. Our findings suggest a group of prostate cancer patients with a poor outcome, and the vascular surface fractal dimension as a helpful geometrical index in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gianluigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Taverna
authors.forename: Piergiuseppe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grizzi
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Franceschini
authors.forename: Giorgia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ceva-Grimaldi
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Seveso
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giusti
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piccinelli
authors.forename: Pierpaolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Graziotti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018952:Antigens, CD34 / Q000032:analysis*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D017709:Fractals; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000276:immunology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011468:Prostatectomy; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018952:Antigens, CD34; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen