title: Pediatric supratentorial subdural empyemas: a retrospective analysis of 65 cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intracranial subdural empyemas (SDEs), the majority of which are supratentorial in location, are common neurosurgical emergencies in developing countries, especially in the pediatric age group. They result in significant morbidity and mortality despite improvements in neuroimaging, surgical techniques and antibiotic therapy. In the present study, we retrospectively analyze our experience with operated cases of intracranial supratentorial SDEs in the pediatric age group.
  
  
  METHODS
  65 pediatric patients (age <or=18 years) with supratentorial SDEs were treated in our institute between January 1988 and May 2006, and the case records analyzed with respect to clinical, radiological, bacteriological and surgical complications and outcome data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a slight male preponderance (55%), with mean age being 9.54 +/- 6.43 years (range 3 months to 18 years). Otogenic source was the most common identifiable etiology, followed by postmeningitic and rhinogenic sources. The initial surgical intervention, burr holes (44 patients; 67.7%) and craniotomy (21 patients; 32.3%), varied with individual cases and surgeon preference. Initial craniotomy was associated with lesser repeat procedures, and slightly better clinical outcome. The majority (83.3%) of patients with significant residual requiring repeat surgery were found to have undergone burr hole evacuation initially. The mortality rate in the present series was 10.8%. Follow-up was available for 41 patients (70.7%) with an average follow-up of 10.4 months. 88% of patients showed good outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scores of 4 or 5) at the latest follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric supratentorial SDEs, although rapidly fatal if not identified promptly, can be effectively managed with early surgical drainage (preferably craniotomy), eradication of the source, and sensitive broad-spectrum antibiotics (i.v.) with good outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India. anirbandeepbanerjee@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anirban Deep
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Paritosh
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: B Indira
authors.initials: BI
authors.lastname: Devi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sampath
authors.forename: B A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Chandramouli
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003399:Craniotomy; D004322:Drainage; D013354:Empyema, Subdural / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents