title: Micronutrient concentrations in respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus in Yemeni children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute respiratory infections (ARI) cause significant childhood mortality. Nutritional homeostasis, particularly micronutrient levels, is important in modulating response to infection. More information is required regarding micronutrient levels in ARI viral infections, especially newly identified viruses such as human metapneumovirus (HMPV).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe zinc, copper, selenium and vitamins A and E concentrations in children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and/or HMPV in relation to levels of C-reactive protein (CRP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The presence of RSV/HMPV in nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA) was identified in 246 children using RTPCR. Zinc, copper, selenium and vitamins A and E concentrations were measured using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  183 children had RSV, 39 had HMPV and 24 were co-infected. Zinc concentrations were lower in children with HMPV than in children with RSV or RSV/HMPV co-infection. Copper concentrations were lower in children with RSV than in children with RSV/HMPV or HMPV and zinc/copper ratios were lower in children with HMPV/RSV or RSV than in children with HMPV alone. Retinol and a alpha-tocopherol were lower in children with RSV than in children with HMPV. Most children had low selenium concentrations. Children with RSV and raised CRP (>5 mg/L) had higher copper and lower zinc/copper ratios than those with low CRP (< or =5 mg/L). Children with HMPV and raised CRP had higher copper and lower zinc concentrations than children with low CRP. Children with RSV/HMPV and raised CRP had higher copper concentrations. Children with RSV/HMPV and raised CRP had higher a alpha-tocopherol concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The profiles of micronutrients differ in children with RSV and HMPV and are confounded by CRP. These results may guide strategies for micronutrient supplementation in ARI.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Sonboli
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Al-Aghbari
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Al-Aryani
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Atef
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Brabin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shenkin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Cuevas
mesh_terms: D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D029121:Metapneumovirus; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood*; D018184:Paramyxoviridae Infections / Q000097:blood*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018357:Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections / Q000097:blood*; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood; D015006:Yemen; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D018977:Micronutrients; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D003300:Copper; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D012643:Selenium; D015032:Zinc