title: Oncolytic adenoviral mutants with E1B19K gene deletions enhance gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cells and anti-tumor efficacy in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is a rapidly progressive malignancy that is highly resistant to current chemotherapeutic modalities and almost uniformly fatal. We show that a novel targeting strategy combining oncolytic adenoviral mutants with the standard cytotoxic treatment, gemcitabine, can markedly improve the anticancer potency.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adenoviral mutants with the E1B19K gene deleted with and without E3B gene expression (AdDeltaE1B19K and dl337 mutants, respectively) were assessed for synergistic interactions in combination with gemcitabine. Cell viability, mechanism of cell death, and antitumor efficacy in vivo were determined in the pancreatic carcinoma cells PT45 and Suit2, normal human bronchial epithelial cells, and in PT45 xenografts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The DeltaE1B19K-deleted mutants synergized with gemcitabine to selectively kill cultured pancreatic cancer cells and xenografts in vivo with no effect in normal cells. The corresponding wild-type virus (Ad5) stimulated drug-induced cell killing to a lesser degree. Gemcitabine blocked replication of all viruses despite the enhanced cell killing activity due to gemcitabine-induced delay in G1/S-cell cycle progression, with repression of cyclin E and cdc25A, which was not abrogated by viral E1A-expression. Synergistic cell death occurred through enhancement of gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in the presence of both AdDeltaE1B19K and dl337 mutants, shown by increased cell membrane fragmentation, caspase-3 activation, and mitochondrial dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that oncolytic mutants lacking the antiapoptotic E1B19K gene can improve efficacy of DNA-damaging drugs such as gemcitabine through convergence on cellular apoptosis pathways. These findings imply that less toxic doses than currently practiced in the clinic could efficiently target pancreatic adenocarcinomas when combined with adenoviral mutants.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Molecular Oncology and Imaging, Institute of Cancer, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK.
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leitner
authors.forename: Katrina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Oberg
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Nick R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Lemoine
authors.forename: Gunnel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Halldén
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000256:Adenoviridae / Q000235:genetics*; D017501:Adenovirus E1B Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003841:Deoxycytidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004357:Drug Synergism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D017353:Gene Deletion; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D050504:Oncolytic Viruses / Q000502:physiology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D014779:Virus Replication; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays; D000093542:Gemcitabine
chemical_list: D017501:Adenovirus E1B Proteins; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D003841:Deoxycytidine; D000093542:Gemcitabine