title: Cloud-point extraction and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the determination of carbamate insecticide residues in fruits.
abstract: A cloud-point extraction (CPE) method using Triton X-114 non-ionic surfactant was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of carbamate insecticide residues (i.e., methomyl, propoxur, carbofuran, carbaryl, isoprocarb, and promecarb) in fruit samples. The optimum conditions of CPE were 1.5% (w/v) Triton X-114, 7.0% (w/v) NaCl and 20 min equilibrated at 45 degrees C. The surfactant-rich phase was then analyzed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection at 270 nm, under gradient separation using methanol and 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid. Under the study conditions, six carbamate insecticides were successfully separated within 27 min. Good reproducibility was obtained with the relative standard deviation of <3% for retention time and <9% for peak area. Limits of detection in the studied fruit samples were in the range of 0.1-1.0 mg kg(-1). No carbamate insecticides were detected in the studied fruit samples. The high recoveries of the spiked fruit samples were obtained in the range 80.0-107%. The CPE method has been shown to be a potential useful methodology for the preconcentration of the target analytes, with a preconcentration factor of 14. Moreover, the method is simple, has high sensitivity, consumes much less solvent than traditional methods, and is environmental friendly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
authors.forename: Apichai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santalad
authors.forename: Supalax
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Srijaranai
authors.forename: Rodjana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Burakham
authors.forename: Jeremy D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Glennon
authors.forename: Richard L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Deming
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002219:Carbamates / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D002498:Centrifugation; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D007306:Insecticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D012492:Salts; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002219:Carbamates; D007306:Insecticides; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D012492:Salts; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols