title: A porcine model of massive, totally occlusive, pulmonary embolism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A reliable, animal model of massive, totally occlusive, pulmonary embolism (PE) is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To design an animal model of totally occlusive PE and to challenge the model by a plasminogen activator.
  
  
  METHODS
  In eight anaesthetized pigs (approximately 90 kg) a massive preformed autologous thrombus was injected into the caval vein. One animal was autopsied to assess the extent of injected clot, whereas in the other animals extracorporeal life support (ECLS) was initiated and continued for three hours. These animals received 100 mg rt-PA. Blood gases, coagulation tests, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), end-tidal CO2, systemic and pulmonary artery blood pressures and flow were registered.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All animals went into circulatory arrest within 2 minutes after injection of the thrombus. In the animal where ECLS was not started, autopsy relieved a totally occlusive embolus of the pulmonary artery. The ECLS maintained a systemic blood flow of 6-8 L/min with adequate oxygenation and CO2-removal. However, lactate increased and base-excess became negative. Ddimer increased, fibrinogen decreased, and CK and LDH increased. All seven animals were weaned from ECLS. Despite the rt-PA treatment, the animals had at that time low end tidal CO2/PaCO2 ratio and increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure, suggesting a significant amount of embolic material remaining in the pulmonary artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This model of massive, totally occlusive, pulmonary embolism mimics well fatal PE seen in the clinic, and has the potential for use in testing of new therapeutic interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark. benedict@dadlnet.dk
authors.forename: Benedict
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kjaergaard
authors.forename: Søren Risom
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: Mads
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Risom
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Larsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000378:metabolism; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D034421:Sus scrofa; D013990:Tidal Volume; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005340:Fibrinogen; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D003402:Creatine Kinase; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D010100:Oxygen