title: Plasma protein S contains zinc essential for efficient activated protein C-independent anticoagulant activity and binding to factor Xa, but not for efficient binding to tissue factor pathway inhibitor.
abstract: Protein S (PS) is a cofactor for activated protein C (APC), which inactivates coagulation factors (F) Va and VIIIa. Deficiency of protein C or PS is associated with risk of thrombosis. We found that PS also has APC-independent anticoagulant activity (PS-direct) and directly inhibits thrombin generated by FXa/FVa (prothrombinase complex). Here we report that PS contains Zn(2+) that is required for PS-direct and that is lost during certain purification procedures. Immunoaffinity-purified PS contained 1.4 +/- 0.6 Zn(2+)/mol, whereas MonoQ-purified and commercial PS contained 0.15 +/- 0.15 Zn(2+)/mol. This may explain the controversy regarding the validity of PS-direct. Zn(2+) content correlated positively with PS-direct in prothrombinase assays and clotting assays, but APC-cofactor activity of PS was independent of Zn(2+) content. PS-direct and Zn(2+) were restored to inactive PS under mildly denaturing conditions. Conversely, o-phenanthroline reversibly impaired the PS-direct of active PS. Zn(2+)-containing PS bound FXa more efficiently (K(d)(app)=9.3 nM) than Zn(2+)-deficient PS (K(d)(app)=110 nM). PS bound TFPI efficiently, independently of Zn(2+) content (K(d)(app)=21 nM). Antibodies that block PS-direct preferentially recognized Zn(2+)-containing PS, suggesting conformation differences at or near the interface of 2 laminin G-like domains near the PS C terminus. Thus, Zn(2+) is required for PS-direct and efficient FXa binding and may play a role in stabilizing PS conformation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, MEM276, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA. heeb@scripps.edu
authors.forename: Mary J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Heeb
authors.forename: Duane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Prashun
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Bonno N
authors.initials: BN
authors.lastname: Bouma
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001780:Blood Coagulation Tests; D015951:Factor Xa / Q000378:metabolism*; D008074:Lipoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding; D011486:Protein C / Q000378:metabolism*; D011487:Protein Conformation; D017293:Protein S / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D008074:Lipoproteins; D011486:Protein C; D017293:Protein S; C051928:lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor; D015951:Factor Xa; D015032:Zinc