title: Probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 suppresses allergen-induced Th2 responses in the airways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent clinical trials, epidemiological studies and animal experiments have suggested that probiotics may help suppress the development of allergic responses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the application of the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 (EcN) protects mice from developing ovalbumin (OVA)-specific T helper-2 responses in the airways.
  
  
  METHODS
  OVA-specific Th2 responses were induced by 2 intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with OVA/alum followed by 1 intranasal (i.n.) challenge with OVA. EcN was given orally during the entire sensitization and challenge period, together with OVA/alum during the i.p. sensitizations, or i.n. before or during the airway challenge with OVA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that when the bacteria were given together with OVA/alum airway eosinophilia, airway hyper-reactivity, goblet cell metaplasia and IL-5 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage and mediastinal lymph node cell cultures were reduced. This effect was associated with increased numbers of IFN-gamma producing T helper-1 cells and IFN-gamma levels in the airways and strongly increased OVA-specific IgG(2a) titers in the serum. The suppressive effect on airway eosinophilia was dependent on IFN-gamma but not TLR-4. Applying EcN i.n. or orally did not reduce the development of allergen-specific Th2 responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that EcN can inhibit the development of allergic responses when the bacteria are present at the site of Th2 cell priming and that this immunomodulatory effect is due to a shift from Th2 to Th1 response. The data support the hypothesis that probiotics may help reduce allergic responses and that EcN may also be used as adjuvant therapy to induce allergen-specific Th1 responses.
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bickert
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Trujillo-Vargas
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duechs
authors.forename: Gisela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wohlleben
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Polte
authors.forename: Gesine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Tobias A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Oelschlaeger
authors.forename: Klaus J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Erb
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000534:Alum Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D020397:Goblet Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010047:Ovalbumin / Q000276:immunology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000485:Allergens; D000534:Alum Compounds; D015848:Interleukin-5; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C041524:aluminum sulfate; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D010047:Ovalbumin