title: Trends and seasonality in birth frequency: a comparison of Muslim and Jewish populations in southern Israel: daily time series analysis of 200 009 births, 1988-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to assess effects of natural and artificial seasonality on reproduction in a large cohort of Muslim and Jewish women, living in the same geographic area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population included all births between January 1988 and December 2005 (6613 daily records of 200 009 births) at the Soroka University Medical Center (southern Israel). A 'classical' time series technique based on generalized linear regression models was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A systematic increase in the number of births during Ramadan was observed in the Muslim (P < 0.001), but not in the Jewish, population. This 'Ramadan effect', adjusted for trend and seasonal factors, was statistically significant only in Muslim multiparae (P < 0.001), where the model explained more than 48% of the variance, compared with 7% in Jewish multiparae. Seasonal birth variations in Muslim primiparae were not associated with Ramadan and were similar to those in Jewish primiparae. There were no differences in length of gestation associated with Ramadan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest an increased conception rate following the Hajj pilgrimage, which support the hypothesis that seasonality of reproductive behavior is influenced by socio-cultural factors more than by geographic and climatic factors, and can help plan preconception interventions in Muslim populations in southern Israel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Health Services Evaluation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel. friger@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Friger
authors.forename: Ilana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shoham-Vardi
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Abu-Saad
mesh_terms: D018912:Arabs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001723:Birth Rate / Q000639:trends*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003469:Culture; D005260:Female; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D007514:Islam; D007557:Israel / Q000453:epidemiology; D007585:Jews / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011247:Pregnancy; D012621:Seasons