title: Microhardness of resin cements in the intraradicular environment: effects of water storage and softening treament.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the microhardness of four dual-cure resin cements used for cementing fiber-reinforced posts under the following conditions: after 7 days of storage in water, after additional 24h of immersion in 75% ethanol, and after 3 months of storage in water. Hardness measurements were taken at the cervical, middle and apical thirds along the cement line.
  
  
  METHODS
  Root canals of 40 bovine incisors were prepared for post space. Fibrekor glass fiber-reinforced posts (Jeneric/Pentron) of 1mm in diameter were cemented using Panavia F 2.0 (Kuraray), Variolink (Ivoclar-Vivadent), Rely X Unicem (3M ESPE) or Duolink (Bisco) (N=10). After 7 days of water storage at 37 degrees C, half the sample (N=5) was longitudinally sectioned and the initial microhardness measured along the cement line from cervical to apex. These same samples were further immersed in 75% ethanol for 24h and reassessed. The remaining half (N=5) was kept unsectioned in deionized water at 37 degrees C for 3 months, followed by sectioning and measuring. Data were analyzed by a series of two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests at alpha=5%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant differences were identified among the cements, thirds and conditions. Significant interactions were also observed between cements and thirds and between cements and conditions. Panavia F exhibited significantly higher initial microhardness than the other three cements, which showed no statistical difference among themselves. Variolink and Duolink showed significantly higher microhardness values in the cervical third, without significant difference among the thirds for the other cements. Immersion in ethanol significantly reduced the hardness values for all cements, regardless of the thirds. Storage in water for 3 months had no influence on the hardness of most of the cements, with the exception of Unicem that showed a significant increase in the hardness values after this period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results showed heterogeneity in the microhardness of the cements inside the canal. All cements presented some degree of softening after ethanol treatment, which suggests instability of the polymer. The quality of curing of resin cements in the root canal environment seems unpredictable and highly material dependent.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prosthodontics, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Ana Paula R V
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Pedreira
authors.forename: Luiz Fernando
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: Mario Fernando
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: de Góes
authors.forename: Thiago Amadei
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: Ricardo Marins
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Carvalho
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006244:Hardness; D008422:Materials Testing; D011176:Post and Core Technique / Q000295:instrumentation; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; C431350:Duo-Link; C113550:FiberKor, sculpture; C438843:Panavia-Fluoro; C483701:Rely X Unicem; D019279:Resin Cements; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; C103502:Variolink; D000431:Ethanol