title: Activation of the AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways and the inhibitory effects of rapamycin on those pathways in canine malignant melanoma cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the activation of the AKT and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways and assess the inhibitory effects of rapamycin on those pathways in canine malignant melanoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  3 established primary canine melanoma cell lines generated from naturally occurring tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expressions of total and phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, and p70 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K) in canine melanoma cells that were or were not exposed to 10nM rapamycin were assessed via western blot analysis. Clonogenic assays were performed to determine the surviving fraction of melanoma cells after exposure to 0.1, 1, 10, or 100nM rapamycin.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expressions of total and phosphorylated AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K proteins were detected (ie, the AKT and mTOR pathways were activated) in all 3 cell lines. Rapamycin treatment resulted in decreases in phosphorylated mTOR expression and phosphorylated p70S6K expression but no change in phosphorylated AKT expression. Expression of total AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K persisted after rapamycin treatment. There was a significant dose-dependent decrease in surviving tumor cell fraction for each cell line following treatment with rapamycin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicated that AKT and mTOR, as well as their downstream product p70S6K, are present and active in canine melanoma cells. Activation of the mTOR pathway can be inhibited by rapamycin; treatment of melanoma cells with rapamycin decreased the surviving tumor cell fraction. Use of mTOR inhibitors as antineoplastic treatments in dogs with melanoma warrants investigation. Furthermore, these data support the use of canine melanoma cells as a molecular model for melanoma in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Kent
authors.forename: Cameron J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004285:Dogs; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus