title: Chronic exposure to outdoor air pollution and markers of systemic inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cohort studies suggest that long-term exposure to higher levels of outdoor air pollution increases risk of developing cardiovascular disease. One suggested mechanism is that air pollution, especially particulate matter, induces systemic inflammation, thereby increasing the risk of developing long-term pathologic changes in the cardiovascular system, We aimed to examine the association between long-term exposure to higher levels of air pollution and chronic systemic inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship between 2 markers of systemic inflammation (fibrinogen and C-reactive protein) and measures of outdoor air pollution estimated for each postcode sector of residence, using models incorporating information on pollutant emissions from multiple sources, and atmospheric dispersion and processing, in 3 representative cross-sectional studies of the English population in 1994, 1998, and 2003. These included about 25,000 adults with fibrinogen measurements and 17,000 adults with C-reactive protein measurements. We used multilevel linear regression modeling and pooled the results from the 3 surveys using meta-analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no associations between concentrations of fibrinogen or C-reactive protein and measures of outdoor air pollution (particulate matter <10 mum in diameter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone). Specifically, we found, for each 1-microg/m(3) [corrected] increase in PM(10) concentration, a change in fibrinogen concentrations of -0.08% (95% confidence interval = -0.25 to [corrected] 0.10) and in C-reactive protein concentrations of 0.14% (-1.00 to [corrected] 1.30).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings do not support the hypothesis that the association between outdoor air pollution exposure and later cardiovascular disease is mediated by chronic systemic inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's, University of London, London, UK. lforbes@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lindsay J L
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Forbes
authors.forename: Minal D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Alicja R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Rudnicka
authors.forename: Derek G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Stedman
authors.forename: Peter H
authors.initials: PH
authors.lastname: Whincup
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Strachan
authors.forename: Ross H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005340:Fibrinogen / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005340:Fibrinogen; D002097:C-Reactive Protein