title: Piperine inhibits eosinophil infiltration and airway hyperresponsiveness by suppressing T cell activity and Th2 cytokine production in the ovalbumin-induced asthma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the effect of piperine on airway hyperresponsiveness, pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration, various immune cell phenotypes, Th2 cytokine production, immunoglobulin E and histamine production in a murine model of asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Asthma was induced in Balb/c mice by ovalbumin sensitization and inhalation. Piperine (4.5 and 2.25 mg/kg) was orally administered 5 times a week for 8 weeks. At 1 day after the last ovalbumin exposure, airway hyperresponsiveness was determined and samples of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung cells and serum were collected for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Piperine-treated groups had suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness, and these occurred by suppression of the production of interleukin-4, interleukin-5, immunoglobulin E and histamine. Moreover, polymerase chain reaction products for thymus and activation regulated chemokine from lung cell RNA preparations were decreased in the piperine-treated group compared with control groups, although transforming growth factor-beta products were increased in the piperine-treated group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that the therapeutic mechanism by which piperine effectively treats asthma is based on a reduction of Th2 cytokines (interleukin-4, interleukin-5), eosinophil infiltration, and by marked reduction of thymus and activation regulated chemokine, eotaxin-2 and interleukin-13 mRNA expression (especially transcription of nuclear factor-kappaB dependent genes) in lung tissue, as well as reduced interleukin-4, interleukin-5 and eotaxin levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and histamine and ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin E production in serum.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Traditional Medicine and Bioscience, Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Seung-Hyung
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Young-Cheol
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D052117:Benzodioxoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000188:drug therapy; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004804:Eosinophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006632:Histamine / Q000378:metabolism; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010047:Ovalbumin; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D052117:Benzodioxoles; D016207:Cytokines; D010880:Piperidines; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D006632:Histamine; D010047:Ovalbumin; C008922:piperine