title: The D4Z4 macrosatellite repeat acts as a CTCF and A-type lamins-dependent insulator in facio-scapulo-humeral dystrophy.
abstract: Both genetic and epigenetic alterations contribute to Facio-Scapulo-Humeral Dystrophy (FSHD), which is linked to the shortening of the array of D4Z4 repeats at the 4q35 locus. The consequence of this rearrangement remains enigmatic, but deletion of this 3.3-kb macrosatellite element might affect the expression of the FSHD-associated gene(s) through position effect mechanisms. We investigated this hypothesis by creating a large collection of constructs carrying 1 to >11 D4Z4 repeats integrated into the human genome, either at random sites or proximal to a telomere, mimicking thereby the organization of the 4q35 locus. We show that D4Z4 acts as an insulator that interferes with enhancer-promoter communication and protects transgenes from position effect. This last property depends on both CTCF and A-type Lamins. We further demonstrate that both anti-silencing activity of D4Z4 and CTCF binding are lost upon multimerization of the repeat in cells from FSHD patients compared to control myoblasts from healthy individuals, suggesting that FSHD corresponds to a gain-of-function of CTCF at the residual D4Z4 repeats. We propose that contraction of the D4Z4 array contributes to FSHD physio-pathology by acting as a CTCF-dependent insulator in patients.
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire de la Cellule, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 5239, UCBL1, IFR128, Lyon, France.
authors.forename: Alexandre
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ottaviani
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rival-Gervier
authors.forename: Amina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boussouar
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Foerster
authors.forename: Delphine
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rondier
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sacconi
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Desnuelle
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilson
authors.forename: Frédérique
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Magdinier
mesh_terms: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; D002460:Cell Line; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4 / Q000235:genetics; D004276:DNA, Satellite; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D038101:Insulator Elements; D034904:Lamin Type A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020391:Muscular Dystrophy, Facioscapulohumeral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000076246:CCCTC-Binding Factor; C000619697:CTCF protein, human; D004276:DNA, Satellite; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D034904:Lamin Type A; D012097:Repressor Proteins