title: Management of gene promoter mutations in molecular diagnostics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although promoter mutations are known to cause functionally important consequences for gene expression, promoter analysis is not a regular part of DNA diagnostics.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This review covers different important aspects of promoter mutation analysis and includes a proposed model procedure for studying promoter mutations. Characterization of a promoter sequence variation includes a comprehensive study of the literature and databases of human mutations and transcription factors. Phylogenetic footprinting is also used to evaluate the putative importance of the promoter region of interest. This in silico analysis is, in general, followed by in vitro functional assays, of which transient and stable transfection assays are considered the gold-standard methods. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays are used to identify trans-acting proteins that putatively interact with the promoter region of interest. Finally, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays are essential to confirm in vivo binding of these proteins to the promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although promoter mutation analysis is complex, often laborious, and difficult to perform, it is an essential part of the diagnosis of disease-causing promoter mutations and improves our understanding of the role of transcriptional regulation in human disease. We recommend that routine laboratories and research groups specialized in gene promoter research cooperate to expand general knowledge and diagnosis of gene-promoter defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Laboratory for Red Blood Cell Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. k.devooght@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Karen M K
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: de Vooght
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: van Wijk
authors.forename: Wouter W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: van Solinge
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019295:Computational Biology; D004194:Disease; D006801:Humans; D025202:Molecular Diagnostic Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA