title: Benjamin Franklin's risk factors for gout and stones: from genes and diet to possible lead poisoning.
abstract: Benjamin Franklin's medical history shows that he suffered from repeated attacks of gout and a large bladder stone. These conditions caused him considerable pain, markedly decreased his mobility, and likely contributed in indirect ways to his decline and eventual death from a pulmonary disorder. This article examines Franklin's risk factors for gout and stones, both as Franklin understood them and as we know them today. Significantly, both of these disorders are associated with high blood levels of uric acid, a metabolic by-product. Franklin's risk factors included his gender, genetics, diet, drinking, advanced age, psoriasis, and exposure to lead. Although it is impossible to assign a weight to each of these factors, it can be shown that a number of factors, each capable of raising uric acid levels, converged and conspired against him.
authors.affiliation: Washington University in St. Louis, USA. sfinger@wustl.edu
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Finger
authors.forename: Ian S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Hagemann
mesh_terms: D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000266:history; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000266:history; D005197:Famous Persons; D006073:Gout / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*; D049671:History, 18th Century; D006801:Humans; D007855:Lead Poisoning / Q000150:complications / Q000266:history*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States; D001744:Urinary Bladder Calculi / Q000209:etiology / Q000266:history*