title: Review of the gastrointestinal tract: from macro to micro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the normal anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, the malignant transformations in GI cancers, and the rationale for targeted therapy for these cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published articles, book chapters and web sources.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses require an understanding of normal GI anatomy and physiology, along with an understanding of malignant transformations at the cellular and molecular level, to effectively educate and care for the patient with a diagnosis of a GI cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Challenges for the oncology nurse include continuing education related to GI cancer, the development of effective patient education skills, ensuring safe administration of oral agents and remaining current regarding GI clinical trial opportunities. Education of nursing colleagues, development of an area of expertise through specialization, and development of leadership skills are opportunities associated with practicing in the dynamic environment of oncology nursing.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Scientific Operations, Novartis Pharmaceutical Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA.
authors.forename: Kathleen K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wickham
mesh_terms: D005770:Gastrointestinal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000451:nursing / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans