title: Removal of heavy metals using a brewer's yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: advantages of using dead biomass.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The capacities of live and heat-killed cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 45 degrees C for the removal of copper, nickel and zinc from the solution were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Kinetic studies have shown a maximum accumulation of Ni(2+) and Zn(2+) after 10 min for both types of cells, while for Cu(2+) this was attained after 30 and 60 min for dead and live cells, respectively. Equilibrium studies have shown that inactivated biomass displayed a greater Zn(2+) and Ni(2+) accumulation than live yeasts. For Cu(2+), live and dead cells showed similar accumulation. Fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy studies have shown that no appreciable structural or molecular changes occurred in the cells during the killing process. The increased metal uptake observed in dead cells can be most likely explained by the loss of membrane integrity, which allows the exposition of further metal-binding sites present inside the cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Heat-killed cells showed a higher degree of heavy metal removal than live cells, being more suitable for further bioremediation works.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dead flocculent cells can be used in a low cost technology for detoxifying metal-bearing effluents as this approach combines an efficient metal removal with the ease of cell separation.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Department, Superior Institute of Engineering from Porto Polytechnic Institute, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janssens
authors.forename: H M V M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: E V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D018533:Biomass; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007700:Kinetics; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D019216:Metals, Heavy; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical