title: Intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography in oral and maxillofacial surgery using a C-arm prototype: first clinical experiences after treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the first clinical applications of intraoperative cone-beam computed tomography with an integrated flat-panel detector in oral and maxillofacial surgery after surgical treatment of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine cone-beam computed tomography datasets of patients with zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures were intraoperatively acquired using a mobile isocentric C-arm (PowerMobil; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), including a flat-panel detector. Datasets based on 400, 200, and 100 fluoroscopic images were performed with different tube currents (4.6 mA, 3.3 mA, 2.3 mA, 1.2 mA, and 0.5 mA) and a current tube voltage of 100 kV. Postprocessing resulted in 15 different datasets available for comparison with corresponding preoperative computed tomography datasets. Four oral and maxillofacial surgeons and 2 experienced radiologists evaluated each dataset regarding noise, transition, and the delimitation of landmarks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All examinations were successfully performed. Reconstructed datasets showed high-resolution images of all midfacial osseous structures in near-computed tomography quality. Regarding high-contrast structures, detailed analyses of datasets acquired in this study suggest that the parameters 400 projections, 1.2 mA, and 100 kV are sufficient. In terms of soft-tissue visualization, a higher level of mA seems preferable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tested prototype predicts a new era in cone-beam computed tomography imaging. The integration of a flat-panel detector will overcome the limitations of current available systems. The size of the field of view is increased allowing regularly the visualization of the whole facial skeleton. Particularly in cases of open reduction of unilateral fractures, the assessment of symmetry is of clinical value.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. ppohlenz@uke.uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pohlenz
authors.forename: Felix
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Blake
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blessmann
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Habermann
authors.forename: Philipp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Begemann
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmelzle
authors.forename: Max
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heiland
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005260:Female; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008297:Male; D008440:Maxillary Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D019647:Oral Surgical Procedures; D014963:X-Ray Intensifying Screens; D055815:Young Adult; D015051:Zygomatic Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery