title: Frequent amplifications and deletions of G1/S-phase transition genes, CCND1 and MYC in early breast cancers: a potential role in G1/S escape.
abstract: Uncontrolled growth of cancer cells can be related to dysfunctional cell cycle control, including entry into S-phase, initiating cell division. Cyclin CCND3 and CCNE1 along with CDK2 and CDK6 regulate this checkpoint, and genetic changes, detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization, are hypothesized to increase the aggressiveness of breast cancer, thereby influencing patient survival. Genomic change was investigated in 106 primary breast cancer samples, where the combined gene copy number changes in one of these four cell cycle regulatory factors was observed in 22% of the 98 tumors of successful analysis, distributed with 15 deletions and 7 amplifications. A trend towards decreased survival was observed with the aberrations, suggesting a prognostic potential of this set of markers, which was supported by an association with tumor grade. For validation of the new set of FISH probes for the G1/S-phase cell cycle factors, two additional markers, frequently amplified in breast cancers, were included in this study: The G1/S phase control gene CCND1 and the proliferation marker MYC. Both markers were amplified in 14% and deleted in 5% of the cases. This is the first report of genomic deletions of MYC in breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Endocrine Cancer Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: J M S
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Witton
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirkegaard
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: K V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics*; D016196:S Phase; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D015996:Survival Rate; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: C530104:CCND1 protein, human; C489427:MYC protein, human; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D019938:Cyclin D1