title: Molecular-genetic PET imaging using an HSV1-tk mutant reporter gene with enhanced specificity to acycloguanosine nucleoside analogs.
abstract: Imaging 2 different molecular-genetic events in a single subject by PET is essential in a variety of in vivo applications. Using herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase (HSV1-tk) mutants with narrower substrate specificities in combination with wild-type HSV1-tk (wtHSV1-tk) would enable differential imaging with corresponding radiotracers, namely 2'-deoxy-2'-(18)F-fluoro-5-ethyl-1-beta-d-arabinofuranosyl-uracil ((18)F-FEAU) and the acycloguanosine derivative 9-(4-(18)F-fluoro-3-[hydroxymethyl]butyl)guanine ((18)F-FHBG). In this study, we evaluated wtHSV1-tk and the A168H mutant, which has been reported to exhibit enhanced acycloguanosine substrate catalytic activity and diminished pyrimidine phosphorylating activity, as PET reporter genes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computational analysis was performed to assess the binding mode of FHBG and FEAU to wtHSV1-tk and the A168H variant. U87 cells were stably transduced with wtHSV1-tk or HSV1-tk(A168H) fused with green fluorescent protein and sorted to obtain equivalent transgene expression. In vitro uptake studies were performed to determine rates of substrate accumulation and retention. Nude mice bearing tumors expressing HSV1-tk variants were subsequently imaged using (18)F-FHBG and (18)F-FEAU.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Docking results indicate that binding of FHBG to the A168H variant is unaffected whereas the binding of FEAU is hindered because of a steric clash with the bulkier mutant residues. U87 cells expressing HSV1-tk(A168H) accumulated (18)F-FHBG in in vitro uptake studies at a 3-fold higher rate than did cells expressing wtHSV1-tk without any detectable accumulation of (3)H-FEAU. Furthermore, HSV1-tk(A168H) demonstrated no thymidine phosphorylation activity. In contrast, U87 cells expressing wtHSV1-tk preferentially accumulated (3)H-FEAU at an 18-fold higher rate than they did (18)F-FHBG. Tumors expressing wtHSV1-tk or HSV1-tk(A168H) were distinctly imaged with (18)F-FEAU or (18)F-FHBG, respectively. Hence, tumors expressing HSV1-tk(A168H) accumulated 8.4-fold more (18)F-FHBG than did tumors expressing wtHSV1-tk. In addition, wtHSV1-tk tumors, compared with HSV1-tk(A168H)-expressing tumors (which retained baseline levels of the radiotracer), preferentially accumulated (18)F-FEAU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The FEAU and FHBG substrate discrimination capacity of the wtHSV1-tk and HSV1-tk(A168H) reporter enzymes was validated in vivo by PET of mice with tumor xenografts established from U87 cells expressing these different reporters. Thus, HSV1-tk(A168H) may potentially be used as a second reporter gene in combination with wtHSV1-tk to achieve differential PET.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Amer M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Najjar
authors.forename: Ryuichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishii
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Volgin
authors.forename: Uday
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Mukhopadhyay
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Bornmann
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Mian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alauddin
authors.forename: Juri G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Gelovani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D006147:Guanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011485:Protein Binding; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000737:chemistry; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous
chemical_list: C496306:2'-deoxy-2'-18F-fluoro-5-fluoro-1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyluracil; C113308:9-(4-fluoro-3-hydroxymethylbutyl)guanine; D005462:Fluorine Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D001086:Arabinofuranosyluracil; D006147:Guanine; D013937:Thymidine Kinase; D005472:Fluorouracil