title: Blood cultures for community-acquired pneumonia: are they worthy of two quality measures? A systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obtaining blood cultures (BCs) for patients hospitalized with community-acquired-pneumonia (CAP) has been recommended by experts and used as a measure of quality of care. However, BCs are infrequently positive in these patients and their effect on clinical management has been questioned.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We performed a systematic review of the literature to determine the impact of BCs on clinical management in CAP requiring hospitalization and thus its appropriateness as a quality measure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Process, and the Cochrane databases for English-language studies that reported the effect of BCs on management of adults hospitalized with CAP. We also searched the reference lists of included studies and background articles and asked experts to review our list for completeness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were chosen if they included adults admitted to the hospital with CAP, BCs were obtained at admission, and BC-directed management changes were reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  We abstracted study design, BC positivity, and frequency of BC-directed management changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen studies, all with observational cohort design, were identified and reviewed. Two included only patients with BCs positive for pneumococcus, yielding 13 studies for the primary analysis. BCs were true-positive in 0% to 14% of cases. They led to antibiotic narrowing in 0% to 3% of patients and to antibiotic broadening ultimately associated with a resistant organism in 0% to 1% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BCs have very limited utility in immunocompetent patients hospitalized with CAP. Pneumonia quality measures that include BCs should be reassessed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0131, USA. niafshar@medicine.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tabas
authors.forename: Kia
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Afshar
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silbergleit
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006403:Hematologic Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006761:Hospitals / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D010343:Patient Admission; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents