title: Long-term safety and durability of percutaneous septal sinus shortening (The PS(3) System) in an ovine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic implants of the PS(3) system were conducted in an ovine model to assess durability and safety at up to 1 year follow-up.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The long-term durability and safety of emerging percutaneous devices for functional mitral regurgitation remain largely unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PS(3) system (consisting of interatrial septal and great cardiac vein devices connected by an adjustable suture bridge) was placed in eight healthy adult sheep. The mitral annular septal-lateral dimension in systole (SLS) was acutely reduced by 15-20%. Animals were sacrificed at up to 12 months postimplant and characterized by intracardiac echocardiography, cardiac computed tomography (CT), and histopathology. In vivo forces exerted on the PS(3) bridge were measured by means of a novel load cell catheter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 3, 6, and 12 months after implantation, intracardiac echocardiographic and CT showed the PS(3) systems to be intact without erosion and with overall sustained reductions in the SLS. Histopathologic assessment revealed each component correctly deployed in its respective target site without evidence of erosion, thrombus, or device fracture. The SLS was 26.5 +/- 1.7 mm preimplant, 22.0 +/- 1.4 mm post-PS(3) (17.0% reduction), and 22.0 +/- 2.1 mm at latest follow-up. Mean forces exerted on the bridge in vivo ranged from 1.16 N to 1.87 N.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PS(3) System demonstrated excellent biocompatibility without evidence of erosion, thrombosis, or perforation at up to one-year follow-up in this chronic healthy ovine model. Forces exerted in the PS(3) system were relatively modest and should contribute to the durability of the device.
authors.affiliation: University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA. jason.rogers@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
authors.forename: Jason H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rogers
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Rahdert
authors.forename: Gary R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Igor F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Palacios
authors.forename: Fermin O
authors.initials: FO
authors.lastname: Tio
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Reginald I
authors.initials: RI
authors.lastname: Low
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation*; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D004867:Equipment Design; D006346:Heart Septum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D012756:Sheep; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional