title: A new 2D-based method for myocardial velocity strain and strain rate quantification in a normal adult and paediatric population: assessment of reference values.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent advances in technology have provided the opportunity for off-line analysis of digital video-clips of two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiographic images. Commercially available software that follows the motion of cardiac structures during cardiac cycle computes both regional and global velocity, strain, and strain rate (SR). The present study aims to evaluate the clinical applicability of the software based on the tracking algorithm feature (studied for cardiology purposes) and to derive the reference values for longitudinal and circumferential strain and SR of the left ventricle in a normal population of children and young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 healthy volunteers (30 adults: 19 male, 11 female, mean age 37 +/- 6 years; 15 children: 8 male, 7 female, mean age 8 +/- 2 years) underwent transthoracic echocardiographic examination; 2D cine-loops recordings of apical 4-four 4-chamber (4C) and 2-chamber (2C) views and short axis views were stored for off-line analysis. Computer analyses were performed using specific software relying on the algorithm of optical flow analysis, specifically designed to track the endocardial border, installed on a Windows based computer workstation. Inter and intra-observer variability was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The feasibility of measurements obtained with tissue tracking system was higher in apical view (100% for systolic events; 64% for diastolic events) than in short axis view (70% for systolic events; 52% for diastolic events). Longitudinal systolic velocity decreased from base to apex in all subjects (5.22 +/- 1.01 vs. 1.20 +/- 0.88; p < 0.0001). Longitudinal strain and SR significantly increased from base to apex in all subjects (-12.95 +/- 6.79 vs. -14.87 +/- 6.78; p = 0.002; -0.72 +/- 0.39 vs. -0.94 +/- 0.48, p = 0.0001, respectively). Similarly, circumferential strain and SR increased from base to apex (-21.32 +/- 5.15 vs. -27.02 +/- 5.88, p = 0.002; -1.51 +/- 0.37 vs. -1.95 +/- 0.57, p = 0.003, respectively). Values of global systolic SR, both longitudinal and circumferential, were significantly higher in children than in adults (-1.3 +/- 0.2, vs. -1.11 +/- 0.2, p = 0.006; -1.9 +/- 0.6 vs. -1.6 +/- 0.5, p = 0.0265, respectively). No significant differences in longitudinal and circumferential systolic velocities were identified for any segment when comparing adults with children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This 2D based tissue tracking system used for computation is reliable and applicable in adults and children particularly for systolic events. Measured with this technology, we have established reference values for myocardial velocity, Strain and SR for both young adults and children.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Cardiology and Adult with Congenital Heart Disease Department, IRCCS San Donato Hospital, Milan, Italy. claudiomaria.bussadori@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bussadori
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Donato
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Chiara
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Negura
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dall'Aglio
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lobiati
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chessa
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arcidiacono
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Dua
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mauri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carminati
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000465:Algorithms; D002648:Child; D003971:Diastole; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D012984:Software; D013599:Systole