title: Simultaneous single neuron recording of O2 consumption, [Ca2+]i and mitochondrial membrane potential in glutamate toxicity.
abstract: In order to determine the sequence of cellular processes in glutamate toxicity, we simultaneously recorded O(2) consumption, cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), and mitochondrial membrane potential (mDeltapsi) in single cortical neurons. Oxygen consumption was measured using an amperometric self-referencing platinum electrode adjacent to neurons in which [Ca(2+)](i) and mDeltapsi were monitored with Fluo-4 and TMRE(+), respectively, using a spinning disk laser confocal microscope. Excitotoxic doses of glutamate caused an elevation of [Ca(2+)](i) followed seconds afterwards by an increase in O(2) consumption which reached a maximum level within 1-5 min. A modest increase in mDeltapsi occurred during this time period, and then, shortly before maximal O(2) consumption was reached, the mDeltapsi, as indicated by TMRE(+) fluorescence, dissipated. Maximal O(2) consumption lasted up to 5 min and then declined together with mDeltapsi and ATP levels, while [Ca(2+)](i) further increased. mDeltapsi and [Ca(2+)](i) returned to baseline levels when neurons were treated with an NMDA receptor antagonist shortly after the [Ca(2+)](i) increased. Our unprecedented spatial and time resolution revealed that this sequence of events is identical in all neurons, albeit with considerable variability in magnitude and kinetics of changes in O(2) consumption, [Ca(2+)](i), and mDeltapsi. The data obtained using this new method are consistent with a model where Ca(2+) influx causes ATP depletion, despite maximal mitochondrial respiration, minutes after glutamate receptor activation.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Biomedical Research Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gleichmann
authors.forename: Leon P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Collis
authors.forename: Peter J S
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mattson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002413:Cations, Divalent / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051336:Mitochondrial Membranes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002413:Cations, Divalent; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D002118:Calcium