Oculomotor performance identifies underlying cognitive deficits in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate cognitive control in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using oculomotor tests of executive function.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study of children aged 8 to 13 years with ADHD (n = 26) and controls (n = 33) used oculomotor tasks to assess sensorimotor function (visually guided saccades), resistance to peripheral distractors (fixation), response inhibition (antisaccades), and spatial working memory (memory-guided saccades).


RESULTS
All children had intact sensorimotor function and working memory. Children with ADHD showed susceptibility to peripheral distractors and deficits in response inhibition. Increased interstimulus (IS) fixation periods on the antisaccade task were associated with improved performance and decreased reaction times on correct trials for controls but not for children with ADHD. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-combined and inattentive subtypes showed different patterns of reaction time as a function of IS periods.


CONCLUSIONS
Response inhibition deficits in ADHD on oculomotor tasks are consistent with other studies. The failure of children with ADHD to use IS time to decrease response inhibition errors and reaction time suggests that IS time is not used to prepare a response. These findings highlight the importance of considering cognitive processing components affected by ADHD in addition to core behavioral symptoms, particularly in designing new treatment strategies.
Loe
Irene M
IM
Drs. Loe and Feldman are with the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Luna and Ms. Yasui are with the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Electronic address: iloe@stanfiord.edu.
Feldman
Heidi M
HM
Drs. Loe and Feldman are with the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Luna and Ms. Yasui are with the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Yasui
Enami
E
Drs. Loe and Feldman are with the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Luna and Ms. Yasui are with the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Luna
Beatriz
B
Drs. Loe and Feldman are with the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine. Dr. Luna and Ms. Yasui are with the Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015840:Oculomotor Nerve Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance