title: Activation of the heterotrimeric G protein alpha-subunit GPA1 suppresses the ftsh-mediated inhibition of chloroplast development in Arabidopsis.
abstract: Heterotrimeric G protein knock-out mutants have no phenotypic defect in chloroplast development, and the connection between the G protein signaling pathway and chloroplast development has only been inferred from pharmaceutical evidence. Thus, whether G protein signaling plays a role in chloroplast development remains an open question. Here, we present genetic evidence, using the leaf-variegated mutant thylakoid formation 1 (thf1), indicating that inactivation or activation of the endogenous G protein alpha-subunit (GPA1) affects chloroplast development, as does the ectopic expression of the constitutively active Galpha-subunit (cGPA1). Molecular biological and genetic analyses showed that FtsH complexes, which are composed of type-A (FtsH1/FtsH5) and type-B (FtsH2/FtsH8) subunits, are required for cGPA1-promoted chloroplast development in thf1. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of cGPA1 rescues the leaf variegation of ftsh2. Consistent with this finding, microarray analysis shows that ectopic expression of cGPA1 partially corrects mis-regulated gene expression in thf1. This overlooked function of G proteins provides new insight into our understanding of the integrative signaling network, which dynamically regulates chloroplast development and function in response to both intracellular and extracellular signals.
authors.affiliation: National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors.forename: Lingang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Wenjuan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yuxiang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Guangzhen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Fenhong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Sakamoto
authors.forename: Jirong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D049069:ATP-Dependent Proteases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002736:Chloroplasts / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D018749:RNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D049069:ATP-Dependent Proteases; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D018749:RNA, Plant; C429765:GPA1 protein, Arabidopsis; C512069:THF1 protein, Arabidopsis; C402651:AT2G30950 protein, Arabidopsis