title: Low-level smoking among Spanish-speaking Latino smokers: relationships with demographics, tobacco dependence, withdrawal, and cessation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although recent research indicates that many Latino smokers are nondaily smokers or daily smokers who smoke at a low level (<or =5 cigarettes/day), almost no research has investigated the characteristics of low-level smokers because such individuals are typically excluded from clinical trial research.
  
  
  METHODS
  The present study examined the associations of daily smoking level and demographics, tobacco dependence, withdrawal, and abstinence during a specific quit attempt among 280 Spanish-speaking Latino smokers (54% male) who participated in a clinical trial of a telephone counseling intervention. Daily smokers were classified as low-level (1-5 cigarettes/day; n = 81), light (6-10 cigarettes/day; n = 99), or moderate/heavy smokers (> or =11 cigarettes/day; n = 100). Data were collected prior to the quit attempt and at 5 and 12 weeks postquit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results yielded three key findings. First, smoking level was positively associated with the total score and 12 of 13 subscale scores on a comprehensive, multidimensional measure of tobacco dependence. Low-level smokers consistently reported the least dependence, and moderate/heavy smokers reported the most dependence on tobacco. Second, low-level smokers reported the least craving in pre- to postcessation longitudinal analyses. Third, despite significant differences on dependence and craving, low-level smoking was not associated with abstinence. Smoking level was not associated with demographic variables.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is a preliminary step in understanding factors influencing tobacco dependence and smoking cessation among low-level Spanish-speaking Latino smokers, a subgroup with high prevalence in the Latino population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Disparities Research, The University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77230-1402, USA. lrreitzel@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Lorraine R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Reitzel
authors.forename: Tracy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Carlos A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mazas
authors.forename: Jennifer I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Vidrine
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Businelle
authors.forename: Darla E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Kendzor
authors.forename: Yisheng
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ludmila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cofta-Woerpel
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Wetter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology