title: Carbocysteine: clinical experience and new perspectives in the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Carbocysteine is a muco-active drug with free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties. It is actually approved for clinical use as adjunctive therapy of respiratory tract disorders characterized by excessive, viscous mucus, including chronic obstructive airways disease (COPD).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The intriguing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carbocysteine, beyond its known mucolytic activity, are described to explain its therapeutic efficacy and suggest new clinical uses.
  
  
  METHODS
  After reviewing physiology and preclinical studies, human studies on the use of carbocysteine in chronic inflammatory diseases, i.e., COPD and cancer cachexia, are reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carbocysteine has been recently recognized as an effective and safe treatment for the long-term management of COPD, able to reduce the incidence of exacerbations and improve patient quality of life. Moreover, carbocysteine was effective in counteracting some symptoms associated with cancer cachexia. Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of carbocysteine are more important than mucolysis itself for its therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, carbocysteine may be able to reverse the oxidative stress associated with several chronic inflammatory diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Controlled, randomized studies in humans are warranted.
authors.affiliation: Sirai Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carbonia, Italy. a.maccio@tin.it
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macciò
authors.forename: Clelia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Madeddu
authors.forename: Filomena
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panzone
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mantovani
mesh_terms: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002100:Cachexia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002233:Carbocysteine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D002233:Carbocysteine