title: [Central nervous system abnormalities related to congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We undertook this study to describe central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities associated with congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders (CCDD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective, observational, transversal and descriptive study including patients with congenital fibrotic strabismus. We analyzed clinical files of patients from 2001 to 2006. Neurological lesions were reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Restrictive strabismus was demonstrated in all cases. Sixteen patients were included: nine males and seven females. Different neurological lesions were reported: corpus callosum anomalies, severe cortipathy, epilepsy, cavum vergae, nystagmus, occipital subarachnoid cyst, and hydrocephalus. Mental retardation was reported in 56% of patients. Different malformations were reported: genital malformations, trigonocephalus, camptodactyly, mild facial hypoplasia, low set ears, and agenesis of left ear. Blepharoptosis was present in 81% of patients. The most frequent form of strabismus was exotropia (56%), hypotropia in 37.5%, hypertropia 18.7%, "A" pattern 18.7%, and esotropia in 6.25%. Affection was cranial nerve III, 93.75%; cranial nerve VI, 6.25%; cranial nerve VII, 6.25%; and lesion to cranial nerve II in eight cases (50%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have suggested that failure in early stages of embryology of the CNS can lead to the development of paralytic strabismus and generate secondary fibrotic changes, not only in muscle structures but also in other orbital tissues. That is the reason why we have used the term "congenital fibrotic strabismus" to report cases included in CCDD. We have demonstrated the strong association of mental retardation and neurological alterations. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation is relevant for these patients.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Estrabismo, Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Mexico, D.F., Mexico. smoguel@prodigy.net.mx
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moguel-Ancheita
authors.forename: Wendolyn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Garcidueñas
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003391:Cranial Nerves / Q000002:abnormalities*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis / Q000151:congenital; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013285:Strabismus / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult