title: Severely symptomatic craniovertebral junction abnormalities in children: long-term reliability of aggressive management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of symptomatic cranio-vertebral junction (CVJ) instability in children affected by CVJ abnormalities is a challenge. A series of severely symptomatic children has been reviewed to understand the controversial long-term effectiveness of the aggressive management of CVJ abnormalities, in terms of clinical improvement, spinal stability and growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three Down syndrome patients, 1 with mucopolysaccharidosis and 1 with os odontoideum (range 3-6 years old) with a CVJ instability determining spinal cord compression with severe neurological deficits (the patients presented at admission a Ranawat III A/III B neurological condition), were consecutively treated at our institution. Medical records, imaging studies, adopted surgical techniques and long-term results were reviewed. Details of the presenting symptoms, clinical and radiological signs were compared to the signs and symptoms at follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The perioperative use of an halo-orthosis, the operative techniques and the timing of rehabilitation were always tailored to the patient's anatomical features. All the patients showed remarkable neurological improvements, along with construct stability and bone fusion without abnormalities of the developing spine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the effective long-term results, we recommend, even in severely symptomatic children with CVJ abnormalities, a multidisciplinary aggressive tailored treatment of instability with rigid internal fixation.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery Section, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Technology, Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. carlo.giussani@libero.it
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giussani
authors.forename: Franck-Emmanuel
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Guerra
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pirillo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Citerio
authors.forename: Erik P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Sganzerla
mesh_terms: D001268:Atlanto-Axial Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009085:Mucopolysaccharidosis IV / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000592:standards; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed