title: Use of anti-depressants and the risk of fracture of the hip or femur.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-depressants are used largely, but have serious side effects. We show that both selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and tricyclic anti-depressants (TCAs) increase the risk of hip/femur fracture and that this risk is time related and depends on the degree of serotonin transporter inhibition. This should be considered when prescribing anti-depressants to patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Anti-depressants are known to have serious side effects. We examined the association between the use of anti-depressants and the risk of hip/femur fractures with a special focus on the relation with the degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine transporter (5-HTT) inhibition and the duration of use.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case-control study was conducted within the Dutch PHARMO-RLS database. Cases (n = 6,763) were adult patients with a first hip/femur fracture during the study period. For each case, four controls (n = 26341) were matched by age, gender and geographic region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of hip/femur fracture increased with current use of SSRIs (adjusted odds ratio (OR(adj)) 2.35 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.94-2.84]) and TCAs (ORadj 1.76 [95% CI 1.45-2.15]). The risk of hip/femur fracture declined rapidly after discontinuation of use. The risk of hip/femur fracture increased as the degree of 5-HTT inhibition of all anti-depressants increased from OR(adj) 1.64 [95% CI 1.14-2.35] for drugs with low 5-HTT inhibition to OR(adj) 2.31 [95% CI 1.94-2.76] for those with high 5-HTT inhibiting properties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current use of both SSRIs and TCAs increase hip/femur fracture risk. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanistic pathways and the relation with the underlying pathophysiology. Until then, the elevated fracture risk should be considered when prescribing anti-depressants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geriatric Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands. mwm.vandenbrand@wanadoo.nl
authors.forename: M W M
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: van den Brand
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pouwels
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Samson
authors.forename: T P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: van Staa
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thio
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: H G M
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Leufkens
authors.forename: A C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: H J J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Verhaar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: de Vries
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors