title: High levels of grass pollen inside European dairy farms: a role for the allergy-protective effects of environment?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence of an allergy protective effect in children raised on farm. It has been assumed that microbial exposure may confer this protection. However in farm, little attention has been given to the pollen level and to concomitant microbiological exposure, and indoor pollen concentrations have never been precisely quantified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The kinetics of pollen in dairy farms have been studied in a pilot study (n = 9), and exposure in a sub-sample of the ongoing European birth cohort PASTURE (n = 106). Measurements of viable microorganisms and pollen were performed in air samples. To identify factors that modulate the pollen concentration multivariate regression analyses were run.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indoor pollen (95% of Poaceae fragments and grains) were significantly higher in winter than in summer (P = 0.001) and ranged between 858 to 11 265 counts/m(3) during feeding in winter, thus exceeding typical outdoor levels during the pollen season. Geometric mean in French farms was significantly higher than in German and Swiss farms (7 534, 992 and 1 079 count/m(3), respectively). The presence of a ventilation system and loose housing systems significantly reduced indoor pollen levels. This pollen concentration rise after feeding was accompanied by an increase in fungal and actinomycetal levels, whereas the concentration of bacteria was not associated with feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Farmers and their children who attend cowsheds during the feeding sessions are exposed perennially to high pollen concentrations. It might be speculated that the combined permanent exposure to microbes from livestock and grass pollen may initiate tolerance in children living on a farm.
authors.affiliation: CNRS-Université de Franche-Comté/UMR 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, Parasitology-Mycology departement, University Hospital of Besançon, France.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sudre
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vacheyrou
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Braun-Fahrländer
authors.forename: A-C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Normand
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Waser
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Reboux
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruffaldi
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: von Mutius
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Piarroux
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000276:immunology*; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000032:analysis*; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D001419:Bacteria / Q000276:immunology; D003612:Dairying; D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011058:Pollen / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D000485:Allergens