title: Evaluation of the risk of endocarditis and other cardiovascular events on the basis of the severity of periodontal disease in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that increased severity of periodontal disease in dogs is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular-related events, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, as well as markers of inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical cohort observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  59,296 dogs with a history of periodontal disease (periodontal cohort), of which 23,043 had stage 1 disease, 20,732 had stage 2 disease, and 15,521 had stage 3 disease; and an age-matched comparison group of 59,296 dogs with no history of periodontal disease (nonperiodontal cohort).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate the risk of cardiovascular-related diagnoses and examination findings in dogs as a function of the stage of periodontal disease (1, 2, or 3 or no periodontal disease) over time while controlling for the effect of potential confounding factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant associations were detected between the severity of periodontal disease and the subsequent risk of cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy, but not between the severity of periodontal disease and the risk of a variety of other common noncardiovascular-related conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings of this observational study, similar to epidemiologic studies in humans, suggested that periodontal disease was associated with cardiovascular-related conditions, such as endocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Chronic inflammation is probably an important mechanism connecting bacterial flora in the oral cavity of dogs with systemic disease. Canine health may be improved if veterinarians and pet owners place a higher priority on routine dental care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Lawrence T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: Nita W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: George E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Gary S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Hugh B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Lewis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003729:Dental Care / Q000662:veterinary*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004285:Dogs; D004697:Endocarditis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index