title: Transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the assessment of cerebral circulation arrest: improving sensitivity by transcervical and transorbital carotid insonation and serial examinations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial Doppler (TCD) can detect the cerebral circulation arrest (CCA) in brain death. TCD is highly specific, but less sensitive because of false-negatives accounting for up to 10%. The aim of the study was to explore the diagnostic accuracy of TCD and to determine whether it can be augmented by strategies such as the insonation of the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) and sequential examinations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 184 patients, who met clinical criteria of brain death, observed from 1998 through 2006, were retrospectively reviewed. The study of cerebral arteries was performed through the transtemporal approach, suboccipital insonation of the vertebro-basilar system, transorbital insonation of the ICA and ophthalmic artery, and transcervical insonation of the extracranial ICA. Repeated exams were performed in cases of persistent diastolic flow.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The specificity of the testing was 100%, no false-positive cases were recorded. The sensitivity of conventional TCD examination was 82.1%. The insonation of the extracranial ICA increased sensitivity to 88% allowing the detection of CCA in those patients lacking temporal windows; serial examinations further increased sensitivity to 95.6%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The addition of insonation of the cervical ICA and of the siphon increased sensitivity of TCD. Nevertheless, a CCA flow patterns may appear later on those segments. Serial examinations, may be needed in those cases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98125, Messina, Italy. alfredo.conti@unime.it.
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conti
authors.forename: Domenico G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Iacopino
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spada
authors.forename: Salvatore M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Cardali
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giusa
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: La Torre
authors.forename: Alfredo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Campennì
authors.forename: Olivia
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Penna
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Baldari
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tomasello
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001926:Brain Death / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D055815:Young Adult