title: Lipohypertrophy: does it matter in daily life? A study using a continuous glucose monitoring system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To use continuous glucose monitoring (CGMS) to compare glucose profiles in people with type 1 diabetes following injection of insulin into an area affected by lipohypertrophy vs. an area not affected by lipohypertrophy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight patients with type 1 diabetes underwent 72 h of CGMS while following a standardized diet and injecting all insulin either into an area with or without lipohypertrophy. Patients underwent two testing periods in random order, separated by 4 days. On day 1 of each test subjects were admitted for measurement of insulin and plasma glucose levels immediately prior to, and hourly for 4 h following, a standardized lunch.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin area under the curve (AUC)(0-4 h) was similar for both test periods; 656; interquartile range (IQR): 518-1755 (normal tissue) vs. 602; IQR: 382-1436 (lipohypertrophic tissue), z = 1.7, p = 0.09. There was also no difference in the median time to maximal insulin concentration (Time(max) 2 h; IQR: 2-3 h; z = 0.6; p = 0.6). There was a 37.5% increase in mean plasma glucose levels following a standardized meal; however this was not significant between sites (AUC(0-4 h)t = -1.7; p = 0.1). Moreover, there was no difference in CGMS profiles (AUC(1-72 h)t = -0.9; p = 0.4) across the 72-h monitoring period. Overall the prevalence of hypoglycaemia (CGMS readings < 4 mmol/l) was similar between injection sites (11.6 vs. 10.6%, p = 0.1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effect of injecting into lipohypertrophic tissue is small in comparison to the usual clinical variation observed with insulin injections.
authors.affiliation: Diabetes Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia. jane.overland@email.cs.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Overland
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Molyneaux
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fatouros
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Melville
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Foote
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: D K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Yue
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006984:Hypertrophy; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin