title: Cost-effectiveness of hormone replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the cost-effectiveness of five-year treatment of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) compared with no treatment for women with menopausal symptoms in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Markov cohort simulation model with tunnel techniques was used to assess the cost-effectiveness of HRT in women aged 50 years. For the clinical effects of HRT we used, where possible, results taken from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI). The model had a life-time horizon with cycle lengths of one year and contained the following disease states: hip fracture, vertebral fracture, wrist fracture, breast cancer, colorectal cancer, coronary heart disease, stroke and venous thromboembolic events. An intervention was modelled by its impact on the disease risks during and after stopping treatment. The model was populated with UK-specific data on risks, mortality rates, quality-of-life weights and costs. The main outcome of the model was cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained of HRT compared with no treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicated that it was cost-effective to treat women with menopausal symptoms with HRT in the UK. The severity of menopausal symptoms was the single most important determinant of cost-effectiveness, but HRT remained cost-effective even where symptoms were mild or effects on symptom relief were small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment of women with menopausal symptoms with HRT is cost-effective.
authors.affiliation: i3 Innovus, Klarabergsviadukten 90 Hus D, Stockholm, Sweden. ingrid.lekander@i3innovus.com
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lekander
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Borgström
authors.forename: Oskar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ström
authors.forename: Niklas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zethraeus
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kanis
mesh_terms: D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008390:Markov Chains; D008875:Middle Aged; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D006113:United Kingdom