title: Uric acid is a danger signal activating NALP3 inflammasome in lung injury inflammation and fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lung injury leads to pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis through myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) and the IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1) signaling pathway. The molecular mechanisms by which lung injury triggers IL-1beta production, inflammation, and fibrosis remain poorly understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if lung injury depends on the NALP3 inflammasome and if bleomycin (BLM)-induced lung injury triggers local production of uric acid, thereby activating the NALP3 inflammasome in the lung.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammation upon BLM administration was evaluated in vivo in inflammasome-deficient mice. Pulmonary uric acid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis were analyzed in mice treated with the inhibitor of uric acid synthesis or with uricase, which degrades uric acid.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lung injury depends on the NALP3 inflammasome, which is triggered by uric acid locally produced in the lung upon BLM-induced DNA damage and degradation. Reduction of uric acid levels using the inhibitor of uric acid synthesis allopurinol or uricase leads to a decrease in BLM-induced IL-1beta production, lung inflammation, repair, and fibrosis. Local administration of exogenous uric acid crystals recapitulates lung inflammation and repair, which depend on the NALP3 inflammasome, MyD88, and IL-1R1 pathways and Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and TLR4 for optimal inflammation but are independent of the IL-18 receptor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uric acid released from injured cells constitutes a major endogenous danger signal that activates the NALP3 inflammasome, leading to IL-1beta production. Reducing uric acid tissue levels represents a novel therapeutic approach to control IL-1beta production and chronic inflammatory lung pathology.
authors.affiliation: University of Orleans and CNRS, Orleans, France.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gasse
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Riteau
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Girre
authors.forename: Lizette
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: Virginie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pétrilli
authors.forename: Jürg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tschopp
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lagente
authors.forename: Valérie F J
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Quesniaux
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ryffel
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Couillin
mesh_terms: D000493:Allopurinol / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001761:Bleomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000276:immunology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000276:immunology; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88 / Q000276:immunology; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011658:Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C507780:Myd88 protein, mouse; D053594:Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88; D000071199:NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein; C492716:Nlrp3 protein, mouse; D001761:Bleomycin; D014527:Uric Acid; D000493:Allopurinol