title: Duloxetine in acute major depression: review of comparisons to placebo and standard antidepressants using dissimilar methods.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of duloxetine (DLX), an inhibitor of both norepinephrine and serotonin transporters (SNRI), have tested its efficacy in acute major depressive disorder (MDD) versus placebo (PBO) or standard serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) and require review, comparing analytical methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized searching to identify reports of RCTs of DLX in adult, acute MDD patients permitted meta-analytic pooling to estimate overall response and remission rates, to compare mixed-model, repeated measures (MMRM) versus last-observations-carried-forward (LOCF) analytical methods, and to assess relations of DLX dose to efficacy and adverse outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 17 RCTs involving 22 comparisons (DLX versus PBO [n = 17) and DLX versus an SRI [n = 16]), based on MMRM and LOCF methods that allowed estimates of response (>or=50% improvement of depression scores) or remission (final depression score <or=7). There was a large overall DLX/PBO contrast (LOCF, RR = 1.42 [CI: 1.31-1.53], p < 0.0001, with a success rate of 65% [11/17]), and somewhat larger effects with MMRM in both response (MMRM: RR = 1.48 [95%CI: 1.31-1.66] versus LOCF: RR = 1.41 [CI: 1.28-1.56]; NNT 4.8 versus 6.5) and remission (MMRM: RR = 1.61 [CI: 1.41-1.85] versus LOCF: RR = 1.44 [CI: 1.27-1.63]; NNT = 5.9 versus 8.9). Based on LOCF methods, dropout rates were similar with DLX and PBO (RR = 1.04 [CI: 0.94-1.15]); DLX response was dose-dependent (r = +0.72, p = 0.001), and RCT-dropout rates were inversely related to DLX dose, but possibly artifactually.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RCTs involving DLX are limited, with few direct comparisons to standard antidepressants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DLX has good evidence of efficacy in acute, adult MDD, especially at doses of 80-120 mg/day, but remains inadequately tested against standard alternatives. MMRM analyses yielded slightly superior FLX/PBO contrasts than older LOCF methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Girardi
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pompili
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Innamorati
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mancini
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Serafini
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mazzarini
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Del Casale
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tatarelli
authors.forename: Ross J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Baldessarini
mesh_terms: D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D013876:Thiophenes; D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride