title: Surgery and sacral nerve stimulation for constipation and fecal incontinence.
abstract: Fecal continence is a complex bodily function, which requires the interplay of sensation, rectal capacity, and anal neuromuscular function. Fecal incontinence affects approximately 2% of the population and has a prevalence of 15% in elderly patients. Constipation is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. The variety of symptoms and risk factors suggest a multifactorial origin. Before any invasive intervention, the surgeon should have a thorough understanding of the etiology of these conditions. Appropriate medical management can improve symptoms in the majority of patients. Surgery is indicated when all medical possibilities are exhausted. This review discusses the most used surgical procedures emphasizing the latest experiences. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a promising option for patients with fecal incontinence and constipation. The procedure affords patients improved continence and quality of life. The mechanism of action is still poorly understood. This treatment has been used before in other more invasive surgical procedures or even after their failure to improve patients' symptoms and avoid a definitive stoma. Before any invasive intervention, the surgeon should have a thorough understanding of the etiology of these conditions. Appropriate medical management can improve symptoms in the majority of patients. Surgery is indicated when all medical possibilities are exhausted. This review discusses the most used surgical procedures emphasizing the latest experiences. Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is a promising option for patients with fecal incontinence and constipation. The procedure affords patients improved continence and quality of life. The mechanism of action is still poorly understood. This treatment has been used before in other more invasive surgical procedures or even after their failure to improve patients' symptoms and avoid a definitive stoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 2950 Cleveland Clinic Boulevard, Weston, FL 33331, USA.
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Dana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Sands
mesh_terms: D001003:Anal Canal / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003082:Colectomy; D003248:Constipation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008160:Lumbosacral Plexus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012445:Sacrococcygeal Region / Q000294:innervation*