title: Lupus nephritis in Puerto Rican children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lupus nephritis is associated with an unfavorable outcome. Its incidence is higher in children. It has been the impression of pediatric nephrologists and rheumatologists in Puerto Rico that the clinical manifestations in Puerto Rican children differ from what has been described in other geographic regions. The potential deleterious effects of sun exposure could suggest that Puerto Rican children living in the Island are at high risk for severe nephritis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the manifestations and identify predictors of patient and renal survival, we reviewed the medical charts of children diagnosed with lupus nephritis in Puerto Rico between 1987-2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mesangial glomerulonephritis (Type II) was the most common histopathological lesion observed. We observed a high incidence of nephritis among males, with a male: female ratio of 1:1.9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of type IV nephritis and need for acute dialysis at presentation were identified as predictors of poor clinical outcome (development of end stage renal disease or death).
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Tami O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Tiamfook
authors.forename: Ivonne
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Enid
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Del Valle
authors.forename: Juan O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Pérez-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Anarda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Melvin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonilla-Félix
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008181:Lupus Nephritis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011647:Puerto Rico; D012189:Retrospective Studies