title: Synchrotron-based intra-venous K-edge digital subtraction angiography in a pig model: a feasibility study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  K-edge digital subtraction angiography (KEDSA) combined with the tunability of synchrotron beam yields an imaging technique that is highly sensitive to low concentrations of contrast agents. Thus, contrast agent can be administered intravenously, obviating the need for insertion of a guided catheter to deliver a bolus of contrast agent close to the target tissue. With the high-resolution detectors used at synchrotron facilities, images can be acquired at high spatial resolution. Thus, the KEDSA appears particularly suited for studies of neurovascular pathology in animal models, where the vascular diameters are significantly smaller than in human patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This feasibility study was designed to test the suitability of KEDSA after intravenous injection of iodine-based contrast agent for use in a pig model. Four adult male pigs were used for our experiments. Neurovascular angiographic images were acquired using KEDSA with a solid state Germanium (Ge) detector at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) in Grenoble, France.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After intravenous injection of 0.9 ml/kg iodinated contrast agent (Xenetix), the peak iodine concentrations in the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries reached 35 mg/ml. KEDSA images in radiography mode allowed the visualization of intracranial arteries of less than 1.5mm diameter.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. e.schultke@usask.ca
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schültke
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiedler
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nemoz
authors.forename: Lissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ogieglo
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Francois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Esteve
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Brochard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Renier
authors.forename: Herwig
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Requardt
authors.forename: Geraldine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Le Duc
authors.forename: Bernhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Juurlink
authors.forename: Kotoo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Meguro
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D002533:Cerebral Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005857:Germanium; D007472:Iohexol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D013552:Swine; D017356:Synchrotrons
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D005857:Germanium; C093233:iobitridol; D007472:Iohexol