title: Involvement of regulatory elements on corticotropin-releasing factor gene promoter in hypothalamic 4B cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in controlling the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during stressful periods. CRF is synthesized and secreted in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in response to stress, and stimulates ACTH in the pituitary corticotrophs. ACTH stimulates the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal glands, and glucocorticoids sequentially inhibit hypothalamic PVN production of CRF and pituitary production of ACTH. The effects of glucocorticoids on CRF gene regulation, however, are possibly tissue-specific since glucocorticoids stimulate CRF gene expression in the placenta and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, while they inhibit it in the hypothalamus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a hypothalamic cell line, 4B, we found that forskolin-stimulated CRF gene transcription was mediated by a functional cAMP-response element (CRE), which included -220 to -233 bp on the CRF 5'-promoter region. Protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways contributed to forskolin-induced transcriptional activity of CRF in hypothalamic 4B cells. Glucocorticoid-dependent repression of cAMP-stimulated transcriptional activity of CRF was localized to promoter sequences between -278 and -233 bp, which included a glucocorticoid regulatory element and a serum response element.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these findings indicate that the regulatory elements, including CRE, negative glucocorticoid regulatory element, and a serum response element on the promoter, contribute to the regulation of CRF gene transcription in hypothalamic 4B cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan. kkageyama@hkg.odn.ne.jp
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanada
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takayasu
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwasaki
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakihara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nigawara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Suda
mesh_terms: D000873:Anthracenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002460:Cell Line; D002867:Chromones / Q000494:pharmacology; D005576:Colforsin / Q000494:pharmacology; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D003907:Dexamethasone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D017930:Genes, Reporter / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007546:Isoquinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D009025:Morpholines / Q000494:pharmacology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D017384:Sequence Deletion; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D000873:Anthracenes; D002867:Chromones; D005419:Flavonoids; D007093:Imidazoles; D007546:Isoquinolines; D009025:Morpholines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D005576:Colforsin; C432165:pyrazolanthrone; C085911:2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one; D003907:Dexamethasone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C063509:N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one