title: Chondroitin sulfate increases hyaluronan production by human synoviocytes through differential regulation of hyaluronan synthases: Role of p38 and Akt.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To uncover the mechanism by which chondroitin sulfate (CS) enhances hyaluronan (HA) production by human osteoarthritic (OA) fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The production of HA was investigated by exposing human OA FLS to CS in the presence or absence of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). HA levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) for HA synthase 1 (HAS-1), HAS-2, and HAS-3 were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis. The effect of CS and IL-1beta on signaling pathways was assessed by Western blotting. Specific inhibitors were used to determine their effects on both HA production and HAS expression. The molecular size of HA was analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CS increased HA production by FLS through up-regulation of the expression of HAS1 and HAS2. This was associated with activation of ERK-1/2, p38, and Akt, although to a lesser extent. Both p38 and Akt were involved in CS-induced HA accumulation. IL-1beta increased HA production and levels of mRNA for HAS1, HAS2, and HAS3. CS enhanced the IL-1beta-induced level of HAS2 mRNA and reduced the level of HAS3 mRNA. IL-1beta-induced activation of p38 and JNK was slightly decreased by CS, whereas that of ERK-1/2 and Akt was enhanced. More high molecular weight HA was found in CS plus IL-1beta-treated FLS than in FLS treated with IL-1beta alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CS stimulates the synthesis of high molecular weight HA in OA FLS through up-regulation of HAS1 and HAS2. It reduces the IL-1beta-enhanced transcription of HAS3 and increases the production of HA of large molecular sizes. These effects may be beneficial for maintaining viscosity and antiinflammatory properties in the joint.
authors.affiliation: University of Caen, Caen, France.
authors.forename: Maha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: David-Raoudi
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Deschrevel
authors.forename: Sylvain
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leclercq
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Galéra
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boumediene
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pujol
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates; D014453:Glucuronosyltransferase; C523794:HAS1 protein, human; C101754:HAS2 protein, human; C105458:HAS3 protein, human; D000076002:Hyaluronan Synthases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases