title: 10-year outcome of children born with anorectal malformation, treated by posterior sagittal anorectoplasty, assessed according to the Krickenbeck classification.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anorectal malformations (ARMs) affect 1 in 4000 to 5000 births. The Krickenbeck conference developed a classification based on anatomical and functional criteria to better compare treatment outcome.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional outcome in patients 10 years following standardized surgical treatment of ARM related to the Krickenbeck classification. .
  
  
  METHODS
  Anatomical anomalies were classified as above. Children and carers were followed closely in a multidisciplinary clinic. Data were collected using a functional outcome questionnaire for a minimum of 10 years after surgical reconstruction. Outcome measurements were related to the Krickenbeck classification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 53 children in the study group (29 male, 24 female). Krickenbeck anatomy: perineal fistula, 36%; vestibular fistula, 26%; rectourethral fistula, 36%; rectovesical fistula, 2%. All children were treated by posterior sagittal anorectoplasty. In children with perineal fistula, continence was achieved in 90%. Grade 2 constipation was noted in 21%. One child had a Malone antegrade continence enema (MACE) procedure. In children with vestibular fistula, continence was achieved in 57%. Grade 3 constipation was noted in 28%. One child had grade 1, and one child had grade 2 soiling. Two children had a MACE procedure. In children with rectourethral fistula, continence was achieved in 58%. One child had grade 3 soiling. Grade 3 constipation was found in 42% of children and grade 2 constipation in 1 child. A MACE procedure was performed in 36%. The only child with a bladder neck fistula had a MACE procedure for intractable soiling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The outcome for patients with ARM is related to the severity of the anomaly. The uniform application of the Krickenbeck classification should allow rational comparison of treatment outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Surgery, St George's Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: Sinead
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hassett
authors.forename: Stella
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Snell
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hughes-Thomas
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000145:classification / Q000601:surgery*; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D013505:Digestive System Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012007:Rectum / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000601:surgery*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome