title: Associations between macronutrient intake and self-reported appetite and fasting levels of appetite hormones: results from the Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease.
abstract: The authors compared effects of macronutrients on self-reported appetite and selected fasting hormone levels. The Optimal Macronutrient Intake Trial to Prevent Heart Disease (OMNI-Heart) (2003-2005) was a randomized, 3-period, crossover feeding trial (n = 164) comparing the effects of 3 diets, each rich in a different macronutrient. Percentages of kilocalories of carbohydrate, fat, and protein were 48, 27, and 25, respectively, for the protein-rich diet; 58, 27, and 15, for the carbohydrate-rich diet; and 48, 37, and 15 for the diet rich in unsaturated fat. Food and drink were provided for each isocaloric 6-week period. Appetite was measured by visual analog scales. Pairwise differences between diets were estimated using generalized estimating equations. Compared with the protein diet, premeal appetite was 14% higher on the carbohydrate (P = 0.01) and unsaturated-fat (P = 0.003) diets. Geometric mean leptin was 8% lower on the protein diet than on the carbohydrate diet (P = 0.003). Obestatin levels were 7% and 6% lower on the protein diet than on the carbohydrate (P = 0.02) and unsaturated-fat (P = 0.004) diets, respectively. There were no between-diet differences for ghrelin. A diet rich in protein from lean meat and vegetables reduces self-reported appetite compared with diets rich in carbohydrate and unsaturated fat and can be recommended in a weight-stable setting. The observed pattern of hormone changes does not explain the inverse association between protein intake and appetite.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Studies, Group Health Cooperative, 1730 Minor Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101-1404, USA. beasley.j@ghc.org
authors.forename: Jeannette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Beasley
authors.forename: Brett A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ange
authors.forename: Cheryl A M
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Edgar R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Erlinger
authors.forename: Janet T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Holbrook
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Sacks
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Appel
mesh_terms: D001066:Appetite; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D020738:Leptin