title: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in resected epileptic dysplastic neocortex.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nitric oxide has been associated with epileptogenesis. Previous studies have shown increased expression of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subunit NR2B receptors in epileptic dysplastic human neocortex. The expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and its relation to this subunit NR2B in epileptic dysplastic tissue has never been addressed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with medically intractable epilepsy caused by focal cortical dysplasia (CD), and 2 patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (control group) underwent pre- and/or intraoperative invasive monitoring evaluations. Cortical samples from epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic areas were collected from each patient intraoperatively. Samples were processed for cresyl violet staining, immunocytochemical tests with nNOS, NeuN, and NR2B, and immunofluorescence analyses to evaluate colocalized immunoreactivity between nNOS and NR2B.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All samples obtained in the patients with epilepsy revealed CD in various degrees. In the nonepileptic sample group, cresyl violet staining revealed normal cortical architecture in 9 samples, but a mild degree of CD in 3. The density and intensity of nNOS-stained neurons was remarkably increased in the epileptic tissue compared with nonepileptic samples (p < 0.05). Two types of nNOS-stained neurons were identified: Type I, expressing strong nNOS immunoreactivity in larger neurons; and Type II, expressing weak nNOS immunoreactivity in slightly smaller neurons. Different from Type I neurons, Type II nNOS-stained neurons revealed immunoreactivity colocalized with NR2B antibody.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overexpression of nNOS in the epileptic samples and the immunoreactivity colocalization between nNOS and NR2B may suggest a possible role of nNOS and NO in the pathophysiological mechanisms related to in situ epileptogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. gonzalj1@ccf.org
authors.forename: Jorge A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: González-Martínez
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Möddel
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Prayson
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Bingaman
authors.forename: Imad M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Najm
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004828:Epilepsies, Partial / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008875:Middle Aged; D019579:Neocortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000032:analysis*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000032:analysis*; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000032:analysis*; D012598:Sclerosis; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; C496320:NOS1 protein, human; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II