title: The diet board: welfare impacts of a novel method of dietary restriction in laboratory rats.
abstract: Laboratory rats are commonly fed ad libitum (AL). Moderate dietary restriction (DR) decreases mortality and morbidity when compared with AL feeding, but there are several obstacles to the implementation of DR. Traditional methods of restricted feeding disrupt normal diurnal eating rhythms and are not compatible with group housing. We have designed a novel method, the diet board, to restrict the feeding of group-housed rats. Animals fed from the diet board had 15% lower body weight than the AL-fed animals at the age of 17 weeks. The welfare effects of diet board feeding were assessed by comparing the stress physiology of diet board fed animals with that of AL-fed animals. Diet board feeding was associated with higher serum corticosterone levels and lower faecal secretion of IgA, suggesting the diet board causes a stress reaction. However, the AL-fed group had larger adrenal glands with higher adrenaline and noradrenaline content than the diet board animals. No gastric ulcers were found in any of the animals at necropsy. The diet board thus appears to cause a stress reaction when compared with AL-fed rats, but no apparent pathology was associated with this reaction. The diet board could help to solve the health problems associated with AL feeding, while allowing the rats to be group-housed and to maintain their normal diurnal eating rhythms. The diet board can also be seen as a functional cage furniture item, dividing the cage into compartments and thus increasing the structural complexity of the environment. In conclusion, the diet board appears to possess refinement potential compared with traditional methods of DR.
authors.affiliation: National Laboratory Animal Center, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. Iiris.Kasanen@uku.fi
authors.forename: I H E
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Kasanen
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Inhilä
authors.forename: O M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Vainio
authors.forename: V V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Kiviniemi
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hau
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheinin
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Mering
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Nevalainen
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000473:pathology; D000821:Animal Feed; D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D003345:Corticosterone / Q000097:blood; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry; D005508:Food Deprivation / Q000502:physiology*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood; D009929:Organ Size; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D003345:Corticosterone; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine