title: Smokers' responses toward cigarette pack warning labels in predicting quit intention, stage of change, and self-efficacy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper is concerned with the effects of cigarette pack warning labels on quitting intentions. We examined whether different responses among smokers toward cigarette pack warning labels could predict quit intentions and self-efficacy in quitting. Variables studied were "noticing warning labels during last month," "reading or looking closely at warning labels," "avoiding looking at labels during last month," "thinking about health risks of smoking because of the warning labels, "more likely to quit because of the warning labels," and "stopping from having a cigarette when about to smoke one because of the labels."
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,006 adult smokers in Malaysia were surveyed in face-to-face interviews using a standardized questionnaire. Of those, 1,919 male smokers were included in the analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The responses "more likely to quit because of the warning labels" and "stopped from having a cigarette when about to smoke one" significantly predicted all stages of change and self-efficacy, independent of the other measures. In addition, thinking about the health risks and reading the warnings more often added extra predictive capacity but only in the early stages of contemplating change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less intense processing of the information may be important in initiating thoughts, but cognitions about quitting and foregoing cigarettes are the key mechanisms by which warnings stimulate quitting intentions and help smokers feel capable of succeeding. Malaysian smokers appear to respond to warnings in ways comparable with those from developed countries.
authors.affiliation: Clearing House for Tobacco Control, National Poison Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden 11800 Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. afathelrahman@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ahmed I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Fathelrahman
authors.forename: Maizurah
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Omar
authors.forename: Rahmat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Awang
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: Geoffrey T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Fong
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Zarihah
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zain
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011356:Product Labeling; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult