title: Avoiding counterproductive results: an experimental pretest of a harm reduction intervention on attitude toward party drugs among users and nonusers.
abstract: In two experimental studies, the authors tested written health education materials on the personal acceptance of party drug use. Following a harm reduction strategy, the materials provided information on minimizing potential hazards associated with drug use. Among users and nonusers, potential aversive effects of these materials were examined on measures of attitude, intention, and outcome expectancy toward party drug use. Participants were recruited in the city center of Maastricht, The Netherlands, in nightlife settings that were popular among young people. In the first experiment, a leaflet on ecstasy use was evaluated among ecstasy users and nonusers. Results showed neither health promoting effects, nor counterproductive results on the outcome measures. In the second experiment, the effects of two different formats (leaflet vs. infocard) about two different kinds of party drugs (ecstasy vs. GHB) were compared within a nonusing population. Again, results showed no positive changes on the outcome measures toward ecstasy use as a result of exposure to the ecstasy materials. However, exposure to the GHB materials resulted into a more negative attitude toward GHB use (leaflet and infocard) and lower estimates of the likelihood of positive outcomes of use (infocard). The study's limitations and implications are discussed, including the need for experimental pretesting.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht University, Faculty of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology, Maastricht, The Netherlands. jill.whittingham@umerc.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Jill R D
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Whittingham
authors.forename: Robert A C
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Ruiter
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolier
authors.forename: Lex
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lemmers
authors.forename: Ninette
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Van Hasselt
authors.forename: Gerjo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D040261:Harm Reduction; D006266:Health Education / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine; D009426:Netherlands; D010174:Pamphlets; D040242:Risk Reduction Behavior; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine