The epidemiology of adult chronic kidney disease in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence and associated risk factors.
BACKGROUND
The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) varies greatly between countries. In a community-based study, our aims were to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of adult CKD in Iran.


METHODS
A total of 17,240 persons of either sex over 14 years old from 30 counties of Iran enrolled in the study. Data on demographic characteristics and medical history were recorded. Participant were asked to provide a midstream sample of urine, and a blood sample was drawn for measuring serum creatinine and glucose. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated (eGFR) using the simplified Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation. The CKD stages were those provided by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative.


RESULTS
Of studied participants, 9,812 (60.0%), 5,184 (31.7%), 1,276 (7.8%), 49 (0.3%) and 33 (0.2%) had estimated GFR categories of >or=90, 60-89, 30-59, 15-29 and <15 ml/min per 1.73 m2, respectively. By CKD stages, 359 (2.2%) had stage 1, 351 (2.1%) had stage 2, 1,276 (7.8%) had stage 3, 49 (0.3%) had stage 4, and 33 (0.2%) had stage 5 CKD. In total, 2,068 (12.6%) (95% confidence interval, 10.2%-14.2%) of the studied population had CKD. Diabetes, glomerulonephritis and hypertension were the most common primary renal diseases.


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows considerable disparities among counties of Iran. Early intervention strategies to reduce the burden of CKD are essential. Further studies are warranted to better determine the causes and prevalence of CKD in different regions and countries.
Safarinejad
Mohammad Reza
MR
Urology and Nephrology Research Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (MC), Tehran, Iran. safarinejad@urologist.md
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult
D001786:Blood Glucose; D003404:Creatinine