title: Aetiology and treatment of symptomatic idiopathic urethral strictures in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the presentation and treatment outcomes on a series of 12 paediatric bulbar or posterior urethral strictures that were possibly congenital in origin, identified in a 9-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective case-note review of all cases of urethral strictures thought to be congenital in origin, prospectively collected into the departmental database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age at presentation had a bimodal distribution with 6/12 presenting in the first year of life of which four had antenatal hydronephrosis and 5/12 presenting after the age of 11 years. All six patients under 1-year old had a successful outcome following urethrotomy and urethral dilatation. Four of five over 11 years of age ultimately required an urethroplasty and one 3-year-old may well require an urethroplasty in the future.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This outcome, in conjunction with the bimodal age distribution at presentation, would suggest a different aetiology in older children, and we would urge caution in classifying strictures in ambulant children as genuinely congenital, as this population may represent the long-term manifestation of unrecorded bulbar urethral trauma or asymptomatic inflammation. Optical urethrotomy or dilatation is durable when treated in infancy, but older patients do not experience prolonged resolution and we would recommend treatment along adult lines for these.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Urology, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
authors.forename: F C L
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Steinbrecher
authors.forename: P S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Malone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016208:Databases, Factual; D004106:Dilatation; D006801:Humans; D006869:Hydronephrosis / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D007223:Infant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000151:congenital / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D055815:Young Adult