title: Extreme tolerance to ammonia fumes in African naked mole-rats: animals that naturally lack neuropeptides from trigeminal chemosensory nerve fibers.
abstract: Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) naturally lack neuropeptides associated with the signaling of chemical irritants from C type trigeminal nerve fibers. The goal of the present study was to assess behavioral responses of these animals to stimulation of the trigeminal chemosensory system, and to determine if stimulation would increase post-synaptic activity in the trigeminal nucleus, as seen in laboratory mice and rats. The results show that naked mole-rats are behaviorally insensitive to capsaicin solution applied to the nostrils and to ammonia fumes in a behavioral avoidance test. Centrally, the number of c Fos labeled cells in the spinal trigeminal nucleus increased from exposure to ammonia although the magnitude of the increase was less than for rats. The increase observed in naked mole-rats likely reflects activity from glutamate release, which appears insufficient to drive pain and aversion behaviors. The results support the idea that neuropeptides in the C fibers of the trigeminal system may be required to signal the aversive quality of specific chemical irritants. The natural lack of neuropeptides in naked mole-rats may be an adaptation to living in a challenging subterranean environment with extremely high levels of ammonia and carbon dioxide, stimuli known to excite trigeminal chemosensory C fibers.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Chicago, Biological Sciences, 840 W Taylor St, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Pamela Colleen
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: LaVinka
authors.forename: Antje
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Victoria J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wirtshafter
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D002211:Capsaicin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000737:chemistry; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D007509:Irritants / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019577:Mole Rats / Q000502:physiology*; D036421:Nerve Fibers, Unmyelinated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D009479:Neuropeptides; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009619:Nociceptors / Q000187:drug effects*; D009812:Odorants; D009847:Olivary Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000032:analysis; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D017552:Solitary Nucleus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*; D013045:Species Specificity; D014279:Trigeminal Nucleus, Spinal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D007509:Irritants; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D009479:Neuropeptides; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D009538:Nicotine; D000641:Ammonia; D002211:Capsaicin