title: Pain on injection with microemulsion propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence and severity of injection pain caused by microemulsion propofol and lipid emulsion propofol in relation to plasma bradykinin generation and aqueous free propofol concentrations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Injection pain was evaluated in 147 patients. Aqueous free propofol concentrations in each formulation, and in formulation mixtures containing agents that reduce propofol-induced pain, were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Plasma bradykinin concentrations in both formulations and in their components mixed with blood sampled from six volunteers were measured by radioimmunoassays. Injection pain caused by 8% polyethylene glycol 660 hydroxystearate (PEG660 HS) was evaluated in another 10 volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of injection pain [visual analogue scale (VAS) >30 mm] caused by microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol was 69.7 and 42.3% (P < 0.001), respectively. The median VAS scores for microemulsion and lipid emulsion propofol were 59 and 24 mm, respectively (95% confidence interval for the difference 12.5, 40.0). The aqueous free propofol concentration of microemulsion propofol was seven times higher than that of lipid emulsion propofol. Agents that reduce injection pain did not affect aqueous free propofol concentrations. Microemulsion propofol and 8% PEG660 HS enhanced plasma bradykinin generation, whereas lipid emulsion propofol and lipid solvent did not. PEG660 HS did not cause injection pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher aqueous free propofol concentrations of microemulsion propofol produce more frequent and severe pain. The plasma kallikrein-kinin system may not be involved, and the agents that reduce injection pain may not act by decreasing aqueous free propofol concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Asan Medical Centre, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Ji-Yeon
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Soo-Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Do-Yang
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Jin-Ah
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Kyoung-Ho
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ki
authors.forename: Dong-Ho
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Gyu-Jeong
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Noh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001920:Bradykinin / Q000097:blood; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004655:Emulsions / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004655:Emulsions; D001920:Bradykinin; D015742:Propofol