title: Lipid-rich enteral nutrition reduces postoperative ileus in rats via activation of cholecystokinin-receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study investigates the effect of lipid-rich nutrition on the local inflammatory response and gastrointestinal hypomotility in a rat model of postoperative ileus.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Postoperative ileus is a major clinical problem, in which inflammation of the intestinal muscularis plays a key pathogenic event. Previously, administration of lipid-rich nutrition has been shown to reduce inflammation by activation of the autonomic nervous system via cholecystokinin-receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative ileus was induced by manipulation of the small intestine in rats. Peritoneal lavage fluid, plasma, and jejunal segments were collected at several time points to determine inflammatory mediators in fasted rats and rats fed a lipid-rich or control nutrition. Gastrointestinal transit was measured 24 hours after surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Administration of lipid-rich nutrition markedly reduced the manipulation-induced local inflammatory response compared to rats treated with control nutrition. The intervention with lipid-rich nutrition significantly reduced plasma levels of rat mast cell protease-II (P < 0.05) and peritoneal levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.01) and interleukin-6 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the influx of neutrophils, expressed as tissue level myeloperoxidase was significantly prevented by lipid-rich nutrition (P < 0.05). Above all administration of lipid-rich enteral nutrition resulted in a significant improvement of gastrointestinal transit compared to control nutrition (P < 0.05). Blocking of cholecystokinin-receptors prevented the anti-inflammatory and motility promoting effect of lipid-rich feeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data demonstrate that nutritional stimulation of the autonomic nervous system with enteral lipids reduces postoperative ileus by inhibition of inflammation. Clinically, lipid-rich enteral nutrition may be a new therapeutic option in the treatment of postoperative ileus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lubbers
authors.forename: Misha D P
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Luyer
authors.forename: Jacco-Juri
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: M'hamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hadfoune
authors.forename: Wim A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Buurman
authors.forename: Jan Willem M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Greve
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000187:drug effects; D007418:Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008055:Lipids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D011949:Receptors, Cholecystokinin