title: Local thrombolysis: a newer approach to treating inflammatory bowel disease-related thromboembolism.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the experience with a relatively novel treatment, local thrombolysis, in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related thromboembolism (TE).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  TE is an extraintestinal complication of IBD for which there are no clear treatment guidelines. Systemic treatment with anticoagulants or thrombolytics often raises fear of hemorrhagic complications, particularly hematochezia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cases of IBD-related and non-IBD-related TE treated with local thrombolysis were searched for in PubMed, reviewed, and grouped into anatomic areas. Outcomes in each anatomic area were compared between IBD and non-IBD patients. Due to the small number of IBD-related TE cases, a descriptive, not statistical, analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 17 cases of IBD-related TE treated with local thrombolysis grouped as follows: 7 of cerebral venous thrombosis, 3 of lower extremity arterial TE, 1 of deep vein thrombosis, 1 of upper extremity deep vein thrombosis, 3 of abdominal vein thrombosis, and 2 of inferior vena cava TE. Mean age was 32 (range, 14 to 50) years, and 13 of 17 patients were female. Twelve had ulcerative colitis, 3 had Crohn's disease, and 1 was indeterminate. Four of the 7 patients with active IBD had pretreatment hematochezia, 2 of whom had worsening of hematochezia secondary to treatment. The rates of radiologic resolution, clinical resolution, and hemorrhagic complications in the IBD patients were favorable in all the anatomic areas and were very similar to non-IBD patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local thrombolysis may be considered a viable therapeutic option for IBD-related TE. As more cases of local thrombolysis for IBD-related TE accumulate, further recommendations can be made as to the indications for its use.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases, Los Angeles, CA, USA. jhtabib@ucla.edu
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tabibian
authors.forename: Bennett E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001157:Arterial Occlusive Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D005121:Extremities / Q000098:blood supply; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D020767:Intracranial Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents