title: Short-term effects and long-term use of a hybrid orthosis for neuromuscular electrical stimulation of the upper extremity in patients after chronic stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To associate the short-term effects of the Handmaster orthosis on disabling symptoms of the affected upper extremity with long-term Handmaster orthosis use after stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historic cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with chronic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Modified Ashworth Scale (0-5) for wrist (primary outcome) and elbow flexor hypertonia, visual analogue scale (0-10) for pain, oedema score (0-3), and passive range of wrist flexion and extension (pROM, degrees) were assessed prior to Handmaster orthosis prescription (T0), after 6 weeks try-out (T1) and a subsequent 4 weeks withhold period (T2). Long-term use was evaluated using a questionnaire. Non-parametric analyses and predictive values were used for statistical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 110 included patients 78.2% were long-term Handmaster orthosis users. Long-term users showed significant short-term (T0-T1) improvements on all impairment scores and a significant relapse of wrist and elbow Modified Ashworth Scale (T1-T2). Non-users showed significant short-term effects on elbow Modified Ashworth Scale and visual analogue scale only. Positive predictive values of short-term effects for long-term use varied between 75% and 100%, with 85% (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.72-0.93) for wrist Modified Ashworth Scale. Negative predictive values were low (11-27%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Short-term Handmaster orthosis effects were generally beneficial for hypertonia, pain, oedema, and pROM, especially in long-term users. Short-term beneficial effects were highly predictive for long-term use, but not for non-use.
authors.affiliation: Rehabilitation Centre Tolbrug/Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, s-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. j.w.g.meijer@umcutrecht.nl
authors.forename: Jan-Willem G
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Gerlienke E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Voerman
authors.forename: Kim M L W
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Santegoets
authors.forename: Alexander C H
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Geurts
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000503:physiopathology*