title: Impact of breed and sex on porcine endocrine transcriptome: a bayesian biometrical analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcriptome variability is due to genetic and environmental causes, much like any other complex phenotype. Ascertaining the transcriptome differences between individuals is an important step to understand how selection and genetic drift may affect gene expression. To that end, extant divergent livestock breeds offer an ideal genetic material.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have analyzed with microarrays five tissues from the endocrine axis (hypothalamus, adenohypophysis, thyroid gland, gonads and fat tissue) of 16 pigs from both sexes pertaining to four extreme breeds (Duroc, Large White, Iberian and a cross with SinoEuropean hybrid line). Using a Bayesian linear model approach, we observed that the largest breed variability corresponded to the male gonads, and was larger than at the remaining tissues, including ovaries. Measurement of sex hormones in peripheral blood at slaughter did not detect any breed-related differences. Not unexpectedly, the gonads were the tissue with the largest number of sex biased genes. There was a strong correlation between sex and breed bias expression, although the most breed biased genes were not the most sex biased genes. A combined analysis of connectivity and differential expression suggested three biological processes as being primarily different between breeds: spermatogenesis, muscle differentiation and several metabolic processes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that differences across breeds in gene expression of the male gonads are larger than in other endocrine tissues in the pig. Nevertheless, the strong presence of breed biased genes in the male gonads cannot be explained solely by changes in spermatogenesis nor by differences in the reproductive tract development.
authors.affiliation: Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain. miguel.perez@uab.es
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Enciso
authors.forename: André L J
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Ferraz
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ojeda
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: López-Béjar
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D001947:Breeding; D004703:Endocrine System / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000097:blood; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000378:metabolism; D012737:Sex Factors; D013552:Swine / Q000235:genetics*; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones