title: Inhibiting effects of Streptococcus salivarius on competence-stimulating peptide-dependent biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of Streptococcus salivarius on the competence-stimulating peptide (CSP)-dependent biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans were investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biofilms were grown on 96-well microtiter plates coated with salivary components in tryptic soy broth without dextrose supplemented with 0.25% sucrose. Biofilm formations were stained using safranin and quantification of stained biofilms was performed by measuring absorbance at 492 nm.
  
  
  RESULTS
  S. mutans formed substantial biofilms, whereas biofilms of S. salivarius were formed poorly in the medium conditions used. Furthermore, in combination cultures, S. salivarius strongly inhibited biofilm formation when cultured with S. mutans. This inhibition occurred in the early phase of biofilm formation and was dependent on inactivation of the CSP of S. mutans, which is associated with competence, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial activity of the bacterium, and is induced by expression of the comC gene. Comparisons between the S. mutans clinical strains FSC-3 and FSC-3DeltaglrA in separate dual-species cultures with S. salivarius indicated that the presence of the bacitracin transport ATP-binding protein gene glrA caused susceptibility to inhibition of S. mutans biofilm formation by S. salivarius, and was also associated with the regulation of CSP production by com gene-dependent quorum sensing systems.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is considered that regulation of CSP by glrA in S. mutans and CSP inactivation by S. salivarius are important functions for cell-to-cell communication between biofilm bacteria and oral streptococci such as S. salivarius. Our results provide useful information for understanding the ecosystem of oral streptococcal biofilms, as well as the competition between and coexistence of multiple species in the oral cavity.
authors.affiliation: Dentistry for Persons with Disabilities, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamura
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yonezawa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Motegi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoneda
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamazaki
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Senpuku
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000898:Antibiosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005798:Genes, Bacterial / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D053038:Quorum Sensing; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012463:Saliva / Q000382:microbiology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000502:physiology*; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000502:physiology*; D014169:Transformation, Bacterial
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001430:Bacteriocins; C423628:competence factor, Streptococcus