title: Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality among men with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee consumption has been linked to detrimental acute metabolic and hemodynamic effects. We investigated coffee consumption in relation to risk of CVDs and mortality in diabetic men.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a prospective cohort study including 3,497 diabetic men without CVD at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, smoking, and other cardiovascular risk factors, relative risks (RRs) were 0.88 (95% CI 0.50-1.57) for CVDs (P for trend = 0.29) and 0.80 (0.41-1.54) for all-cause mortality (P for trend = 0.45) for the consumption of >or=4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee compared with those for non-coffee drinkers. Stratification by smoking and duration of diabetes yielded similar results. RRs for caffeine intake for the highest compared with the lowest quintile were 1.02 (0.70-1.47; P for trend = 0.96) for CVDs and 0.96 (0.64-1.44; P for trend = 0.69) for mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that regular coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk for CVDs or mortality in diabetic men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Weili
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Garcia
authors.forename: Tricia Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Rob M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012306:Risk; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D003069:Coffee; D002110:Caffeine