Lymphatic imaging in humans with near-infrared fluorescence.
While the lymphatic system is increasingly associated with diseases of prevalence, study of these diseases is difficult owing to the paucity of imaging techniques with the sensitivity and temporal resolution to discriminate lymphatic function. Herein, we review the known, pertinent features of the human lymphatic system in health and disease and set the context for a number of emerging studies that use near-infrared fluorescence imaging to non-invasively assess tumor draining lymphatic basins in cancer patients, intraoperatively guide resection of first draining lymph nodes, and to interrogate the difference between normal and aberrant lymphatic structure and function.
Rasmussen
John C
JC
Center of Molecular Imaging, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
Tan
I-Chih
IC
Marshall
Milton V
MV
Fife
Caroline E
CE
Sevick-Muraca
Eva M
EM
D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008208:Lymphatic System / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D042601:Lymphatic Vessels / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008220:Lymphography / Q000379:methods; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*