title: Effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain.
abstract: Electromyographic biofeedback is a therapeutic modality used along with other interventions in the treatment of pain. This article presents a brief review of the effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback in treating musculoskeletal pain. Electromyographic biofeedback may provide pain relief for chronic musculoskeletal pain due to cumulative trauma, and may be proposed as an additional intervention to exercise in patellofemoral pain syndrome and acute sciatic pain. Electromyographic biofeedback is comparable to cognitive behavioral treatment and relaxation techniques. When added to an exercise program in patients with patellofemoral pain or acute sciatic pain, no further pain reduction is achieved. Electromyographic biofeedback promotes active participation and thus may motivate patients to adopt an active role in establishing and reaching goals in rehabilitation. Further research is required to investigate its effect on musculoskeletal pain.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Antonios G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Angoules
authors.forename: Konstantine C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Balakatounis
authors.forename: Kalomoira A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Panagiotopoulou
authors.forename: Andreas F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mavrogenis
authors.forename: Evanthia A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Mitsiokapa
authors.forename: Panayiotis J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Papagelopoulos
mesh_terms: D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015995:Prevalence; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome