title: A decision tool to support appropriate referral for deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has been proven to be an effective treatment for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), it may be difficult for general neurologists to identify appropriate candidates for this procedure. We developed an electronic decision tool that can assist neurologists in deciding which PD patients should be referred for DBS consideration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method, an international expert panel assessed the appropriateness of referral for 972 theoretical patient profiles. Panel results were embedded in an electronic decision support tool which displays the panel statement on referral (appropriate, inappropriate and uncertain) after completion of the patient profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Referral was considered appropriate for 33% of the theoretical profiles. Logistic regression showed excellent internal consistency of the ratings (predictive value 92%). Symptom severity (OFF-symptoms, dyskinesias, refractory tremor) and PD duration were positively associated with the panel judgment that referral is appropriate. Presence of levodopa-resistant axial symptoms, age >or= 70 years and presence of cognitive impairment showed the strongest negative impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RAND/UCLA method proved to be useful in determining the appropriate criteria for DBS referral. Validity and applicability of the decision tool (accessible via http://test.stimulus-dbs.org) in clinical practice need to be further determined.
authors.affiliation: Movement Disorders Center, University of Toronto, UHN, Toronto Western Hospital, 399 Bathurst Street, 7MCL 7-402, Toronto ON M5T 2S8, Canada. elena.moro@uhn.on.ca
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Niels
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Allert
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eleopra
authors.forename: Jean-Luc
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Houeto
authors.forename: Tra-Mi
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Phan
authors.forename: Herman
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stoevelaar
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012017:Referral and Consultation
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa