title: Unique signatures of natural background radiation on human Y chromosomes from Kerala, India.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most frequently observed major consequences of ionizing radiation are chromosomal lesions and cancers, although the entire genome may be affected. Owing to its haploid status and absence of recombination, the human Y chromosome is an ideal candidate to be assessed for possible genetic alterations induced by ionizing radiation. We studied the human Y chromosome in 390 males from the South Indian state of Kerala, where the level of natural background radiation (NBR) is ten-fold higher than the worldwide average, and that from 790 unexposed males as control.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed random microdeletions in the Azoospermia factor (AZF) a, b and c regions in >90%, and tandem duplication and copy number polymorphism (CNP) of 11 different Y-linked genes in about 80% of males exposed to NBR. The autosomal homologues of Y-linked CDY genes largely remained unaffected. Multiple polymorphic copies of the Y-linked genes showing single Y-specific signals suggested their tandem duplication. Some exposed males showed unilocus duplication of DAZ genes resulting in six copies. Notably, in the AZFa region, approximately 25% of exposed males showed deletion of the DBY gene, whereas flanking genes USP9Y and UTY remained unaffected. All these alterations were detected in blood samples but not in the germline (sperm) samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to high levels of NBR correlated with several interstitial polymorphisms of the human Y chromosome. CNPs and enhanced transcription of the SRY gene after duplication are envisaged to compensate for the loss of Y chromosome in some cells. The aforesaid changes, confined to peripheral blood lymphocytes, suggest a possible innate mechanism protecting the germline DNA from the NBR. Genome analysis of a larger population focusing on greater numbers of genes may provide new insights into the mechanisms and risks of the resultant genetic damages. The present work demonstrates unique signatures of NBR on human Y chromosomes from Kerala, India.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Premi
authors.forename: Jyoti
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Sebastian Padinjarel
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Chandy
authors.forename: Sher
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ali
mesh_terms: D001417:Background Radiation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001773:Blood Cells; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D050173:Genes, Y-Linked / Q000235:genetics / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005854:Germ Cells; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D009154:Mutation; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing