title: Cyclosporine A, but not tacrolimus, is associated with impaired proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblast-like cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The prevention of graft rejection after liver transplant with cyclosporine A (CyA) and tacrolimus has been associated to decreased bone mineral density. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of increasing concentrations of CyA and tacrolimus on human osteoblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human osteoblast-like cells obtained by the outgrowth of cells from bone chips were exposed to tacrolimus (10-1000 ng/mL) or CyA (1000-50,000 ng/mL). Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was determined on days 2, 4, 6, and 8, and cell proliferation was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and cell counting on days 2, 4, 6, and 8. Cell death was investigated by flow cytometry with propidium iodine, and apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry with fluorescently conjugated annexin V.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No effects of tacrolimus were detected with respect to ALP activity or cell proliferation. In CyA-treated cultures, concentrations greater than 10 000 ng/mL were associated with decreased ALP activity after 8 days (P<0.05). In addition, a dose-dependent reduction in cell proliferation was detected after 6 days (P<0.05). This decreased cell proliferation was associated with increased apoptosis in response to 50 000 ng/mL CyA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that CyA reduced, in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, the number of metabolically active cells via a decrease in proliferation and an increase in cell death, and induced impairment of osteoblast differentiation. These negative effects of CyA on human osteoblast-like cells might contribute to the bone loss reported in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. rom_br@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Rodrigo Oliveira
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Leandro Souza
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Thiago
authors.forename: Felipe Leite
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Balduino
authors.forename: Radovan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Borojevic
authors.forename: Maria Eugenia Leite
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Duarte
authors.forename: Maria Lucia Fleiuss
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Farias
mesh_terms: D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000378:metabolism; D017302:Annexins / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D017302:Annexins; D016572:Cyclosporine; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D016559:Tacrolimus