title: Ultrasound-guided paravertebral puncture and placement of catheters in human cadavers: an imaging study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During paravertebral block, the anterolateral limit of the paravertebral space, which consists of the pleura, should preferably not be perforated. Also it is possible that, during the block, the constant superior costotransverse ligament can be missed in the loss-of-resistance technique. We therefore aimed to develop a new technique for an ultrasound-guided puncture of the paravertebral space.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed 20 punctures and catheter placements in 10 human cadavers. A sonographic view showing the pleura and the superior costotransverse ligament was obtained with a slightly oblique scan using a curved array transducer. After inline approach, injection of 10 ml normal saline confirmed the correct position of the needle tip, distended the space, and enabled catheter insertion. The spread of contrast dye injected through the catheters was assessed by CT scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The superior costotransverse ligament and the paravertebral space were easy to identify. The needle tip reached the paravertebral space without problems under visualization. In contrast, the introduction of the catheter was difficult. The CT scan revealed a correct paravertebral spread of contrast in 11 cases. Out of the remaining, one catheter was found in the pleural space, in six cases there was an epidural, and in two cases there was a prevertebral spread of contrast dye.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We successfully developed a technique for an accurate ultrasound-guided puncture of the paravertebral space. We also showed that when a catheter is introduced through the needle with the tip lying in the paravertebral space, there is a high probability of catheter misplacement into the epidural, mediastinal, or pleural spaces.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Therapy, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, and University of Bern, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luyet
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eichenberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Greif
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Szücs Farkas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Moriggl
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D010994:Pleura / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media