title: Spread without known selective pressure of a vancomycin-resistant clone of Enterococcus faecium among broilers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to describe an increased occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in Swedish broilers since 2000 and to investigate the genetic relatedness of isolates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caecal content from slaughtered broilers was cultured for VRE on medium supplemented with vancomycin (16 mg/L). Species identification, antibiotic susceptibility determination, vancomycin resistance genotyping, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and characterization of Tn1546 were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of VRE-positive samples increased gradually from <1% in 2000 to slightly over 40% in 2005. Between 2005 and 2006, the proportion of VRE-positive samples decreased and between 2006 and 2007, it was stable at just below 30%. All isolates tested were Enterococcus faecium and carried the vanA gene. A majority of the isolates had similar antibiograms, the same MLST sequence type and Tn1546 transposon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proportion of VRE-positive samples from broilers has increased since 2000, and this is due to the spread of one major clone. Moreover, this has taken place in an environment without any obvious selective pressure.
authors.affiliation: National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden. oskar.nilsson@sva.se
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Greko
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Top
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D002432:Cecum / Q000382:microbiology; D002645:Chickens; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D016984:Enterococcus faecium / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005838:Genotype; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D011201:Poultry Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission*; D012641:Selection, Genetic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013548:Sweden; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; C071437:VanA ligase, Bacteria; D019729:Carbon-Oxygen Ligases