title: Improvement of age-related memory deficits by differential outcomes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The differential outcomes procedure (DOP) has proved useful to improve discrimination learning in both animals and humans. Here we adapted DOP to assess its utility to overcome the memory loss commonly associated with normal aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a delayed matching-to-sample task, subjects were exposed to a man's face, and after a delay, they were required to decide if the previously seen face was within a set of six men's faces. For half the subjects, each sample face was paired with its own outcome (differential outcomes condition); outcomes were randomly arranged for the remaining half of subjects (non-differential condition). Either short (5 second) or long (30 second) delays were interposed between the sample and the comparison stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed that relative to younger adults, older adults' performance decreased with the longer delay. However, the use of differential outcomes was able to reverse the detrimental effect of the increased delay in the elderly group, raising their performance to the level shown by younger adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate, for the first time, that DOP can help elderly people overcome their memory limitations, and they draw attention to the potential of this procedure as a therapeutic technique.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Psicología Básica y Metodología, Universidad de Murcia, Spain. ginesa.lopez.crespo@um.es
authors.forename: Ginesa
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: López-Crespo
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Plaza
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Angeles F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Estévez
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology*; D000818:Animals; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D010856:Columbidae / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*; D012055:Reinforcement Schedule; D012201:Reward; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult