title: [Classification of congenital ventricular defects using echocardiography for transcatheter closure].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the anatomical variation and classification of ventricular septal defect (VSD) using echocardiography for percutaneous catheter closure in eligible cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The isolated ventricular septal defect was diagnosed with echocardiography in 240 patients , and 167 patients screened by transthoracic echocardiography were suitable for percutaneous catheter closure, but only 62 with isolated perimembranous VSD voluntarily received the procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The procedure was successful in 58 patients, with a success rate of 93.5% with Amplatzer device. The diameter of VSD ranged from 2.4 to 13.9 (mean 5.3-/+2.0) mm with echocardiography, and the size of Amplatzer device ranged from 4-18 (mean 8.3-/+2.9) mm. Perimembranous ventricular septal defect was complicated by aneurysm formation in 22 patients. Residual trivial or mild shunt was seen in seven (12%) patients at 24 h and one (1.7%) patient at 3 months. Seven (12.1%) patients developed heart block, 3 (5.2%) had intermittence and transient complete heart block, and one had transient second degree atrioventricular block disappearing in 3 to 10 days, and 3 (5.2%) patients had complete right bundle branch block lasting for one month. None of the patients developed significant aortic regurgitation (P>0.05), although 22 showed a superior margin of the defect less than 3 mm from the aortic valve. The mean distance from the aortic valve was 3.7-/+2.7 (1.0 to 10.5) mm. No significant mitral and tricuspid regurgitation occurred in these patients. Four patients had unsuccessful procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Percutaneous closure with Amplatzer device can be carried out successfully in a majority of suitable defects screened using transthoracic echocardiography. Echocardiography can exactly demonstrate the anatomical variation and classification of ventricular septal defect in adults. Attention should be given to the misdiagnosis by echocardiography of a doubly committed defect as a perimembranous outflow defect. Heart block can be an important complication of the procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan 528000, China. lyuqiong@fsyyy.com
authors.forename: Yu-qiong
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Xin-sheng
authors.initials: XS
authors.lastname: Huang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D021721:Balloon Occlusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000145:classification / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation / Q000379:methods; D055989:Septal Occluder Device; D055815:Young Adult