title: Reactions of peroxynitrite with uric acid: formation of reactive intermediates, alkylated products and triuret, and in vivo production of triuret under conditions of oxidative stress.
abstract: Hyperuricemia is associated with hypertension, metabolic syndrome, preeclampsia, cardio-vascular disease and renal disease, all conditions associated with oxidative stress. We hypothesized that uric acid, a known antioxidant, might become prooxidative following its reaction with oxidants; and, thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of these diseases. Uric acid and 1,3-(15)N(2)-uric acid were reacted with peroxynitrite in different buffers and in the presence of alcohols, antioxidants and in human plasma. The reaction products were identified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses. The reactions generate reactive intermediates that yielded triuret as their final product. We also found that the antioxidant, ascorbate, could partially prevent this reaction. Whereas triuret was preferentially generated by the reactions in aqueous buffers, when uric acid or 1,3-(15)N(2)-uric acid was reacted with peroxynitrite in the presence of alcohols, it yielded alkylated alcohols as the final product. By extension, this reaction can alkylate other biomolecules containing OH groups and others containing labile hydrogens. Triuret was also found to be elevated in the urine of subjects with preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific hypertensive syndrome that is associated with oxidative stress, whereas very little triuret is produced in normal healthy volunteers. We conclude that under conditions of oxidative stress, uric acid can form reactive intermediates, including potential alkylating species, by reacting with peroxynitrite. These reactive intermediates could possibly explain how uric acid contributes to the pathogenesis of diseases such as the metabolic syndrome and hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0224, USA.
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gersch
authors.forename: Sergiu P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Palii
authors.forename: Witcha
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Imaram
authors.forename: Kyung Mee
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: S Ananth
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Karumanchi
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Angerhofer
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: George N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Henderson
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D033461:Hyperuricemia / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000652:urine; D016877:Oxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D014527:Uric Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D016877:Oxidants; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D014527:Uric Acid; C017781:triuret; D014508:Urea