title: Long-term follow-up of arterial switch operation with an emphasis on function and dimensions of left ventricle and aorta.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze size and function of aortic root and left ventricle as well as quality of life in patients 20 years after arterial switch procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients who underwent arterial switch operation between 1977 and 1989 were examined. Perioperative and follow-up data were analyzed. Evaluation included clinical assessment, ECG, echocardiography and quality of life questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients had simple transposition (24), transposition with ventricle septal defect (7), Taussig-Bing anomaly (4) or transposition with ventricle septal defect and aortic arch obstruction (4). Mean age at evaluation was 19.9+/-2.6 years. Seven patients required reintervention for pulmonary stenosis (4), coarctation (2) and subaortic stenosis, followed by valve replacement 10 years later (1). Arrhythmia occurred in four patients. Patients were in New York Heart Association functional class I (38) or II (1). Quality of life scores were comparable to normal controls except for the lower score in the domains of vitality, aggressive and depressive mood. Diameters of aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva and sinotubular junction were 26.5+/-4.1, 36.5+/-5.6 and 29.2+/-6.6mm respectively. Sixty-five percent of sinus of Valsalva and 38% of sinotubular junction indexed to body surface area fall outside the 95% confidence interval. Aortic regurgitation was absent in 72%, mild in 13% and moderate in 15%. No patient had severe regurgitation. Patients without regurgitation had smaller diameters of annulus (p=0.005) and sinus of Valsalva (p=0.01). Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic diameters were 51+/-7mm and 34+/-6mm respectively. Fractional shortening was 34+/-5%; no regional wall motion abnormalities were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical outcome is good 20 years after arterial switch operation and aortic valve function remains preserved in most patients. However, aortic root dilatation is present in two thirds of patients emphasizing the need for careful follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kristof D H M
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Vandekerckhove
authors.forename: Nico A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Blom
authors.forename: Shirin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lalezari
authors.forename: Dave R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Koolbergen
authors.forename: Marry E B
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rijlaarsdam
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hazekamp
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000473:pathology*; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011788:Quality of Life; D012086:Reoperation; D012850:Sinus of Valsalva / Q000473:pathology; D014188:Transposition of Great Vessels / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult