title: DNA targets of AID evolutionary link between antibody somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination.
abstract: As part of the adaptive immune response, B cells alter their functional immunoglobulin (Ig) receptor genes through somatic hypermutation (SHM) and/or class switch recombination (CSR) via processes that are initiated by activation induced cytidine deaminase (AID). These genetic modifications are targeted at specific sequences known as Variable (V) and Switch (S) regions. Here, we analyze and review the properties and function of AID target sequences across species and compare them with non-Ig sequences, including known translocation hotspots. We describe properties of the S sequences, and discuss species and isotypic differences among S regions. Common properties of SHM and CSR target sequences suggest that evolution of S regions might involve the duplication and selection of SHM hotspots.
authors.affiliation: Genentech, Immunology Discovery Group, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
authors.forename: Jason A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hackney
authors.forename: Shahram
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Misaghi
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Senger
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Garris
authors.forename: Yonglian
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Maria N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Lorenzo
authors.forename: Ali A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zarrin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003564:Cytidine Deaminase / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005803:Genes, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D017578:Immunoglobulin Class Switching / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D027041:Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase)
chemical_list: D007136:Immunoglobulins; D000098830:AICDA (Activation-Induced Cytidine Deaminase); D003564:Cytidine Deaminase