title: Using cell fate attractors to uncover transcriptional regulation of HL60 neutrophil differentiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The process of cellular differentiation is governed by complex dynamical biomolecular networks consisting of a multitude of genes and their products acting in concert to determine a particular cell fate. Thus, a systems level view is necessary for understanding how a cell coordinates this process and for developing effective therapeutic strategies to treat diseases, such as cancer, in which differentiation plays a significant role. Theoretical considerations and recent experimental evidence support the view that cell fates are high dimensional attractor states of the underlying molecular networks. The temporal behavior of the network states progressing toward different cell fate attractors has the potential to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms governing differentiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using the HL60 multipotent promyelocytic leukemia cell line, we performed experiments that ultimately led to two different cell fate attractors by two treatments of varying dosage and duration of the differentiation agent all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). The dosage and duration combinations of the two treatments were chosen by means of flow cytometric measurements of CD11b, a well-known early differentiation marker, such that they generated two intermediate populations that were poised at the apparently same stage of differentiation. However, the population of one treatment proceeded toward the terminally differentiated neutrophil attractor while that of the other treatment reverted back toward the undifferentiated promyelocytic attractor. We monitored the gene expression changes in the two populations after their respective treatments over a period of five days and identified a set of genes that diverged in their expression, a subset of which promotes neutrophil differentiation while the other represses cell cycle progression. By employing promoter based transcription factor binding site analysis, we found enrichment in the set of divergent genes, of transcription factors functionally linked to tumor progression, cell cycle, and development.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Since many of the transcription factors identified by this approach are also known to be implicated in hematopoietic differentiation and leukemia, this study points to the utility of incorporating a dynamical systems level view into a computational analysis framework for elucidating transcriptional mechanisms regulating differentiation.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Seattle, USA. achuang@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Albert C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Kauffman
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shmulevich
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D046228:Microarray Analysis; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D039481:CD11b Antigen; D014212:Tretinoin