title: Development and characterization of oral lipid-based amphotericin B formulations with enhanced drug solubility, stability and antifungal activity in rats infected with Aspergillus fumigatus or Candida albicans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an oral formulation of Amphotericin B (AmpB) with: (A) medium chain triglycerides, fatty acids and nonionic surfactants as a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS); or (B) glyceryl mono-oleate (Peceol) with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-phospholipids.
  
  
  METHODS
  SEDDS formulations were prepared by simple mixing at 40 degrees C. Peceol/DSPE-PEG-lipid formulations were prepared by solvent evaporation. Parameters evaluated included: miscibility, solubility and emulsion droplet size after incubation in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) or simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) via dynamic light scattering. The stability of AmpB in Peceol/DSPE-PEG was evaluated in SGF and SIF. Phase stability of AmpB in Peceol+/-DSPE-PEG following thermal cycling was evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Aspergillus fumigatus (2.9-3.45 x 10(7) colony forming units per mL [CFU]) or Candida albicans (3-3.65 x 10(6) CFU per mL) were injected via the jugular vein; 48 h later male albino Sprague-Dawley rats (350-400 g) were administered either a single oral gavage of a Peceol-DSPE/PEG2000-based AmpB (10 mg AmpB/kg and 5 mg AmpB/kg for the Candida albicans study only) twice daily for 2 consecutive days, a single intravenous (i.v.) dose of Abelcet (5mg AmpB/kg), or physiologic saline (non-treated controls; n=9) once daily for 2 consecutive days. Antifungal activity was assessed by organ CFU concentrations and plasma galactomannan levels in the case of A. fumigatus and organ CFU concentrations in the case of Candida albicans. Plasma samples were taken from each animal prior to infection, 48 h after initiation of infection but prior to drug treatment and at the end of the study for plasma creatinine determinations as a measure of renal toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean diameter of SEDDS after 30 min in 150 mM NaCl at 37 degrees C was 200-400 nm. However, the Peceol/DSPE-PEG, where PEG MW was 350, 550, 750 or 2000, showed a greater solubilization of AmpB (5 mg/mL) compared to SEDDS formulations (100-500 microg/mL). Upon dispersion in SIF, Peceol/DSPE-PEG formulations generated submicron emulsion particle sizes varying slightly with PEG MW. Stability of the AmpB in Peceol/DSPE-PEG formulations in SGF or SIF was >80% after 2 h, and best for formulations containing DSPE-PEG 750 or 2000 compared to 350, 550 or Peceol only. Monoglyceride-Peceol-DSPE/PEG2000-based oral AmpB treatment significantly decreased total fungal CFU concentrations recovered in all the organs added together by >80% compared to non-treated controls without significant changes in plasma creatinine levels in the A. fumigatus infected rats. In addition, this formulation significantly decreased kidney fungal CFU concentrations by >75% at the 5 mg/kg dose and by >95% at the 10 mg/kg dose compared to non-treated controls without significant changes in the plasma creatinine levels in the Candida albicans-infected rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Novel lipid-based AmpB oral formulations were prepared that provide excellent drug solubilization, drug stability in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids and antifungal activity without renal toxicity in rats infected with A. fumigatus and C. albicans.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, British Columbia Institute of Technology, 3700 Willingdon Avenue, Burnaby, BC, Canada. kwasan@interchange.ubc.ca
authors.forename: Ellen K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Wasan
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bartlett
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gershkovich
authors.forename: Olena
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sivak
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Banno
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gagnon
authors.forename: Byron
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gates
authors.forename: Carlos G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Leon
authors.forename: Kishor M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Wasan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus; D002176:Candida albicans; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D004355:Drug Stability; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; C068538:liposomal amphotericin B; D000666:Amphotericin B