title: Factors influencing clopidogrel efficacy in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention: statin's advantage and the smoking "paradox".
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to identify factors that influence the efficacy of 600 mg of clopidogrel pretreatment in patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a laboratory substudy of the PRAGUE-8 trial, the influences of nonmodifiable (age and sex) and modifiable (body mass index and tobacco smoke) factors, comorbidity (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, and renal insufficiency) and cotherapy (statin, aspirin, and heparin), on the course of clopidogrel efficacy were investigated in 105 patients pretreated with clopidogrel >or=6 hours before coronary angiography +/- percutaneous coronary intervention. Flow cytometric analysis of the vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation state was used. Independent predictors that influenced clopidogrel action were identified using linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no correlation between baseline platelet reactivity index (PRI) and severity of coronary atherosclerosis; mean index of platelet reactivity for a nonsignificant lesion was 72% +/- 5.98% and for a significant lesion 70.08% +/- 8.43%. The highest proportion of low responders was patients with diabetes (50% at 28 hours). Among tobacco smokers, the response to clopidogrel occurred quickly and 80% of smokers had effective inhibition of PRI, 12 hours after drug use. After adjustments, tobacco smoking was an independent predictor for the most robust drop of PRI 12 hours after clopidogrel (P = 0.027). The magnitude of total decrease of PRI at 28 hours was not significantly influenced by cigarette smoking (P = 0.12). Linear regression showed that patients on statin therapy had a better response to clopidogrel than those without statins-the mean decrease of PRI at 28 hours was significantly higher (P = 0.02) among these patients (40.0 vs. 27.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In stable coronary artery disease, no correlation exists between baseline PRI and the severity and extent of coronary atherosclerosis. A high loading dose of clopidogrel does not satisfactorily suppress enhanced PRI in patients with diabetes. Cigarette smoking is independently associated with a prompt antiplatelet response to clopidogrel. Ongoing statin therapy is an independent determinant of more effective clopidogrel-mediated inhibition of platelet reactivity.
authors.affiliation: Third Medical Faculty, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic. zuzana.motovska@iex.cz
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Motovska
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Widimsky
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Petr
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bilkova
authors.forename: Iuri
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Marinov
authors.forename: Stanislav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simek
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kala
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015906:Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006493:Heparin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D013988:Ticlopidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D000098662:Vasodilator-Stimulated Phosphoprotein; D006493:Heparin; D000077144:Clopidogrel; D013988:Ticlopidine; D001241:Aspirin