Measuring performance to drive improvement: development of a clinical indicator set for general medicine.
BACKGROUND
There are delays in implementing evidence about effective therapy into clinical practice. Clinical indicators may support implementation of guideline recommendations.


OBJECTIVE
To develop and evaluate the short-term impact of a clinical indicator set for general medicine.


METHODS
A set of clinical process indicators was developed using a structured process. The indicator set was implemented between January 2006 and December 2006, using strategies based on evidence about effectiveness and local contextual factors. Evaluation included a structured survey of general medical staff to assess awareness and attitudes towards the programme and qualitative assessment of barriers to implementation. Impact on documentation of adherence to clinical indicators was assessed by auditing a random sample of medical records before (2003-2005) and after (2006) implementation.


RESULTS
Clinical indicators were developed for the following areas: venous thromboembolism, cognition, chronic heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, low trauma fracture, patient written care plans. The programme was well supported and incurred little burden to staff. Implementation occurred largely as planned; however, documentation of adherence to clinical indicators was variable. There was a generally positive trend over time, but for most indicators this was independent of the implementation process and may have been influenced by other system improvement activities. Failure to demonstrate a significant impact during the pilot phase is likely to have been influenced by administrative factors, especially lack of an integrative data documentation and collection process.


CONCLUSIONS
Successful implementation in phase two is likely to depend upon an effective data collection system integrated into usual care.
Brand
C
C
Clinical Epidemiology and Health Service Evaluation Unit, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia. caroline.brand@mh.org.au
Lam
S K L
SK
Roberts
C
C
Gorelik
A
A
Amatya
B
B
Smallwood
D
D
Russell
D
D
D002983:Clinical Competence / Q000592:standards*; D004650:Employee Performance Appraisal / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends