title: Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Longitudinal associations between inhaled and oral corticosteroid use and 10-year incident cataract were examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Blue Mountains Eye Study examined 3654 Australians aged 49 years or older (1992-1994); 2335 were re-examined after 5 years and 1952 were re-examined after 10 years (75.1%, 75.6% of survivors, respectively).
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were used to assess inhaled and oral corticosteroid use at baseline. Past users were participants who had used these medications for at least 1 month in the past but were not using them at baseline. Current users were those who were using these medications at baseline and had been doing so for at least 1 month. Ever users combined past and current users.
  
  
  METHODS
  Lens photographs were obtained at each examination and graded for nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular (PSC) cataracts following the Wisconsin Cataract Grading System. Participants without a specific subtype of cataract in either eye at baseline were considered to be at risk of that type of cataract developing over the 10-year follow-up. Incidence of each cataract subtype in this report refers to person-specific, first-eye incidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 103 participants were current and 120 past users of inhaled corticosteroids, and 31 were current and 147 were past users of oral corticosteroids. Current users had a greater risk of developing PSC cataract after adjustment for age and gender (inhaled: odds ratio [OR] 2.50, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.33-4.69; oral: OR 4.11; 95% CI 1.67-10.08) and nuclear cataract (inhaled: OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.21-3.43; oral: OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.26-9.43) but not cortical cataract. Interaction between inhaled and oral corticosteroid use was significant for PSC (P = 0.01) and nuclear (P = 0.02) cataract incidence. In subgroup analyses, only individuals who used both inhaled and oral steroids were at increased risk of PSC cataract (after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and education levels; OR 4.76, 95% CI 2.59-8.74), comparing ever users of both with users of neither.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High long-term risks of PSC and nuclear cataract development were found for users of combined inhaled and oral corticosteroids.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. jiejin_wang@wmi.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Jie Jin
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rochtchina
authors.forename: Ava Grace
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Cumming
authors.forename: Stephen R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Leeder
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mitchell
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000284:Administration, Oral; D001168:Arthritis / Q000188:drug therapy; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy; D002386:Cataract / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007903:Lens Capsule, Crystalline / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009517:New South Wales / Q000453:epidemiology; D010781:Photography; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids