title: The effects of whole mushrooms during inflammation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Consumption of edible mushrooms has been suggested to improve health. A number of isolated mushroom constituents have been shown to modulate immunity. Five commonly consumed edible mushrooms were tested to determine whether whole mushrooms stimulate the immune system in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The white button (WB) extracts readily stimulated macrophage production of TNF-alpha. The crimini, maitake, oyster and shiitake extracts also stimulated TNF-alpha production in macrophage but the levels were lower than from WB stimulation. Primary cultures of murine macrophage and ovalbumin (OVA) specific T cells showed that whole mushroom extracts alone had no effect on cytokine production but co-stimulation with either lipopolysaccharide or OVA (respectively) induced TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1beta while decreasing IL-10. Feeding mice diets that contained 2% WB mushrooms for 4 weeks had no effect on the ex vivo immune responsiveness or associated toxicity (changes in weight or pathology of liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tract). Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) stimulation of mice that were fed 1% WB mushrooms were protected from DSS induced weight loss. In addition, 2% WB feeding protected the mice from transient DSS induced colonic injury. The TNF-alpha response in the colon and serum of the DSS challenged and 2% WB fed mice was higher than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support a model whereby edible mushrooms regulate immunity in vitro. The in vivo effects of edible mushrooms required a challenge with DSS to detect small changes in TNF-alpha and transient protection from colonic injury. There are modest effects of in vivo consumption of edible mushrooms on induced inflammatory responses. The result is not surprising since it would certainly be harmful to strongly induce or suppress immune function following ingestion of a commonly consumed food.
authors.affiliation: Center for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. suy120@psu.edu
authors.forename: Sanhong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Veronika
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Margherita T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Cantorna
mesh_terms: D000363:Agaricales / Q000276:immunology*; D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D002460:Cell Line; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; D005502:Food; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D014020:Tissue Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D014020:Tissue Extracts; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016264:Dextran Sulfate