title: Contribution of dopamine receptors to periaqueductal gray-mediated antinociception.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Morphine relieves pain, in part, by acting on neurons within the periaqueductal gray (PAG). Given that the PAG contains a subpopulation of dopamine neurons, dopamine may contribute to the antinociceptive effects mediated by the PAG.
  
  
  METHODS
  This hypothesis was tested by measuring the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of administering dopamine agonists and antagonists into the ventrolateral PAG (vPAG). An initial histological experiment verified the existence of dopamine neurons within the vPAG using dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies visualized with confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microinjection of cumulative doses of morphine into the vPAG caused antinociception that was dose-dependently inhibited by the dopamine receptor antagonist alpha-flupenthixol. alpha-Flupenthixol had no effect on nociception when administered alone. Injection of the dopamine receptor agonist (-) apomorphine into the vPAG caused a robust antinociception that was inhibited by the D2 antagonist eticlopride but not the D1 antagonist SCH-23390. The effects of dopamine on GABA(A)-mediated evoked inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (eIPSCs) were measured in PAG slices. Administration of met-enkephalin inhibited peak eIPSCs by 20-50%. Dopamine inhibited eIPSCs by approximately 20-25%. Administration of alpha-flupenthixol (20 muM) attenuated eIPSC inhibition by dopamine but had no effect on met-enkephalin-induced inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that PAG dopamine has a direct antinociceptive effect in addition to modulating the antinociceptive effect of morphine. The lack of an effect of alpha-flupenthixol on opioid-inhibition of eIPSCs indicates that this modulation occurs in parallel or subsequent to inhibition of GABA release.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA. paulmey@umich.edu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Laura B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Kozell
authors.forename: Susan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Ingram
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001058:Apomorphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology; D018491:Dopamine Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D005475:Flupenthixol / Q000494:pharmacology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008845:Microinjections; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009020:Morphine / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010487:Periaqueductal Gray / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine / Q000187:drug effects*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018491:Dopamine Agonists; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D011954:Receptors, Dopamine; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D009020:Morphine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D005475:Flupenthixol; D001058:Apomorphine; D004298:Dopamine