title: Effect of type of semen, time of insemination relative to ovulation and embryo transfer on early equine embryonic vesicle growth as determined by ultrasound.
abstract: Embryonic vesicle growth in the mare is easily monitored by ultrasound. Apart from pregnancy diagnosis, assessment of the embryonic vesicle in practice is also useful to evaluate its viability. Although subject to individual variation, embryo growth rate follows a constant pattern in the early stages of development in relation to embryonic age. Previous studies have shown a significant effect of some factors routinely used in practice, such as post-ovulation insemination and embryo transfer, on embryonic growth and the time in which the vesicle is first detected. This study attempts to confirm previous results in different settings and characterise the causes for this delay in growth. A total of 159 pregnancies from different mating protocols: (1) pre-ovulation natural mating, (2) pre-ovulation natural mating and transfer into recipient mares, (3) post-ovulation natural mating, and (4) post-ovulation AI with frozen/thaw spermatozoa were evaluated ultrasonographically from day 12 to 19 of pregnancy and vesicle diameters recorded. Regression analysis between embryonic vesicle diameters and embryonic ages was performed for each group and mean vesicle diameter at different age periods among groups were tested for statistical difference with a general linear model of variance. There was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (P=0.73) or between groups 3 and 4 (P=0.71). However both pre-ovulation groups (1 and 2) had larger vesicle diameters (P<0.000) at any embryonic age analysed than either of the post-ovulation groups (3 and 4). In conclusion, post-ovulation inseminations produced pregnancies with smaller vesicle diameters equivalent to approximately 1 day's growth.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Clinical Science, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, AL9 7TA Hatfield, UK. copicuervo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuervo-Arango
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Newcombe
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D022162:Cytoplasmic Vesicles / Q000502:physiology; D004624:Embryo Transfer / Q000379:methods; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses / Q000196:embryology*; D007315:Insemination, Artificial / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D010060:Ovulation / Q000502:physiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012661:Semen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D055101:Semen Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography