title: Defining refractory migraine: results of the RHSIS Survey of American Headache Society members.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To gauge consensus regarding a proposed definition for refractory migraine proposed by Refractory Headache Special Interest Section, and where its use would be most appropriate.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Headache experts have long recognized that a subgroup of headache sufferers remains refractory to treatment. Although different groups have proposed criteria to define refractory migraine, the definition remains controversial. The Refractory Headache Special Interest Section of the American Headache Society developed a definition through a consensus process, assisted by a literature review and initial membership survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 12-item questionnaire was distributed at the American Headache Society meeting in 2007 during a platform session and at the Refractory Headache Special Interest Section symposium. The same questionnaire was subsequently sent to all American Headache Society members via e-mail. A total of 151 responses from AHS members form the basis of this report. The survey instrument was designed using Survey Monkey. Frequencies and percentages of the survey were used to describe survey responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  American Headache Society members agreed that a definition for refractory migraine is needed (91%) that it should be added to the International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 (86%), and that refractory forms of non-migraine headache disorders should be defined (87%). Responders believed a refractory migraine definition would be of greatest value in selecting patients for clinical drug trials. The current refractory migraine definition requires a diagnosis of migraine, interference with function or quality of life despite modification of lifestyle factors, and adequate trials of acute and preventive medicines with established efficacy. The proposed criteria for the refractory migraine definition require failing 2 preventive medications to meet the threshold for failure. Although 42% of respondents agreed with the working definition of refractory migraine, 43% favored increasing the number to 3 (50%) or 4 (26%) preventive treatment failures. When respondents were asked if they felt that the proposed definition was appropriate to select patients for invasive procedures (patent foramen ovale repair or stimulators) only 44% agreed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a consensus for a need for a definition for refractory migraine and that it should be added to the International Classification of Headache Disorder-2. There was also general agreement by the responders that refractory forms of non-migraine headache disorders should be defined.
authors.affiliation: Lankenau Hospital and Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA 19096, USA.
authors.forename: Elliott A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Schulman
authors.forename: B Lee
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Peterlin
authors.forename: Alvin E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lake
authors.forename: Richard B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Lipton
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanlon
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Goadsby
authors.forename: Herbert G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Markley
mesh_terms: D000569:Americas / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000145:classification* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D012955:Societies, Medical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome