title: The impact of psychological factors on placebo responses in a randomized controlled trial comparing sham device to dummy pill.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore to what extent psychological factors such as expectation, depression, anxiety and belief in alternative medicine impact placebo response and differential responses to separate placebo interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data from a randomized controlled trial designed to compare the clinical response of two distinct placebo treatments (sham acupuncture device and placebo pill) in 119 participants with persistent distal upper arm pain due to repetitive stress injury. We used a multivariable linear regression model to identify potential correlates of self-reported upper extremity pain at the end of treatment in both placebo arms of the study combined. We also performed stratified analyses by placebo treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not find any of the psychological factors of interest to be associated with pain at the end of treatment in our combined analysis. We found higher baseline pain score and pain for longer than 1 year's duration to be significantly associated with higher pain scores at the end of treatment for the placebo treatments combined. In stratified analyses, for the sham acupuncture group, we found higher baseline depression score, higher baseline pain score and younger age to be independently correlated with higher pain score at the end of treatment. For the placebo pill group, only baseline pain was significantly correlated to pain score at the end of treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial, neither expectancy nor psychological states were associated with response to placebo, with the exception of baseline depression score for the sham acupuncture arm.
authors.affiliation: Division for Research and Education in Complementary and Integrative Medical Therapies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. sbertisc@caregroup.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bertisch
authors.forename: Anna R T
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Legedza
authors.forename: Russell S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Roger B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Stason
authors.forename: Rose H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Ted J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kaptchuk
mesh_terms: D026881:Acupuncture; D000328:Adult; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000628:therapy; D000529:Complementary Therapies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D059408:Pain Management; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D015990:Placebo Effect