title: Inhibition of methanogens by bromochloromethane: effects on microbial communities and rumen fermentation using batch and continuous fermentations.
abstract: Bromochloromethane (BCM), a halogenated methane analogue, was evaluated for its anti-methanogenic activity in both batch and continuous fermentation systems. For batch fermentation, a roughage-based substrate was incubated with mixed rumen microflora for 24 h at two concentrations of BCM (5 and 10 microm). A 89-94 % reduction in methane was obtained in terms of volume and truly degraded substrate (TDS; P < 0.05). The partitioning factor (an index of efficiency of microbial protein production; expressed as mg TDS/ml net gas produced) increased from 3.55 to 3.73 (P < 0.05), while the acetate:propionate proportion decreased from 2.80 to 2.22 (P < 0.05). A complete inhibition of methanogens was associated with a 48 % decrease in Ruminococcus flavefaciens, a 68 % increase in Fibrobacter succinogenes and a 30 % increase in rumen fungi when quantified using qPCR. The continuous fermentation was carried out using the roughage-based substrate in four fermenters, two fermenters being control and the other two fed with BCM (5 microm) once in a day, for nine consecutive days. A persistent effect of BCM on methane reduction (85-90 %) was obtained throughout the study (P < 0.05) with no effect on gas production, SCFA production, acetate:propionate proportion, true degradability and efficiency of microbial mass synthesis (P>0.05). The complete inhibition of methane resulted in a significant decrease in R. flavefaciens and methanogens (P < 0.05) and an increase in fungal population (P < 0.05), while there was no effect on total bacterial and F. succinogenes populations (P>0.05). The batch fermentation confirms the anti-methanogenic activity of BCM, while the continuous fermentation indicates the persistency of this effect under in vitro conditions.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Animal Production in the Tropics and Subtropics (480b), University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunjan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goel
authors.forename: Harinder P S
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Makkar
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D003864:Depression, Chemical; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D005285:Fermentation; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008697:Methane / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D012417:Rumen / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D005740:Gases; D006846:Hydrocarbons, Halogenated; C006811:bromochloromethane; D008697:Methane