title: ACE D/I polymorphism, migraine, and cardiovascular disease in women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interrelationships among the ACE deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism (rs1799752), migraine, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are biologically plausible but remain controversial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Association study among 25,000 white US women, participating in the Women's Health Study, with information on the ACE D/I polymorphism. Migraine and migraine aura status were self-reported. Incident CVD events were confirmed after medical record review. We used logistic regression to investigate the genotype-migraine association and proportional hazards models to evaluate the interrelationship among genotype, migraine, and incident CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 4,577 (18.3%) women reported history of migraine; 39.5% of the 3,226 women with active migraine indicated aura. During 11.9 years of follow-up, 625 CVD events occurred. We did not find an association of the ACE D/I polymorphism with migraine or migraine aura status. There was a lack of association between the ACE D/I polymorphism and incident major CVD, ischemic stroke, and myocardial infarction. Migraine with aura doubled the risk for CVD, but only for carriers of the DD (multivariable-adjusted relative risk [RR] = 2.10; 95% CI = 1.22-3.59; p = 0.007) and DI genotype (multivariable-adjusted RR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.52-3.51; p < 0.0001). The risk was not significant among carriers of the II genotype, a pattern we observed for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data from this large cohort of women do not suggest an association of the ACE deletion/insertion (D/I) polymorphism with migraine, migraine aura status, or cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk for CVD among migraineurs with aura was only apparent for carriers of the DD/DI genotype. Due to limited number of outcome events, however, future studies are warranted to further investigate this association.
authors.affiliation: Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 900 Commonwealth Avenue East, 3rd Fl, Boston, MA 02215-1204, USA. mschuerks@rics.bwh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schürks
authors.forename: R Y L
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurth
mesh_terms: D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008881:Migraine Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D020325:Migraine with Aura / Q000235:genetics; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional / Q000235:genetics*; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D017384:Sequence Deletion / Q000235:genetics*; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: C488034:ACE protein, human; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A