title: Do list size and remuneration affect GPs' decisions about how they provide consultations?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Doctors' professional behaviour is influenced by the way they are paid. When GPs are paid per item, i.e., on a fee-for-service basis (FFS), there is a clear relationship between workload and income: more work means more money. In the case of capitation based payment, workload is not directly linked to income since the fees per patient are fixed. In this study list size was considered as an indicator for workload and we investigated how list size and remuneration affect GP decisions about how they provide consultations. The main objectives of this study were to investigate a) how list size is related to consultation length, waiting time to get an appointment, and the likelihood that GPs conduct home visits and b) to what extent the relationships between list size and these three variables are affected by remuneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  List size was used because this is an important determinant of objective workload. List size was corrected for number of older patients and patients who lived in deprived areas. We focussed on three dependent variables that we expected to be related to remuneration and list size: consultation length; waiting time to get an appointment; and home visits. Data were derived from the second Dutch National Survey of General Practice (DNSGP-2), carried out between 2000 and 2002. The data were collected using electronic medical records, videotaped consultations and postal surveys. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to assess the hypothesized relationships.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results indicate that list size is negatively related to consultation length, especially among GPs with relatively large lists. A correlation between list size and waiting time to get an appointment, and a correlation between list size and the likelihood of a home visit were only found for GPs with small practices. These correlations are modified by the proportion of patients for whom GPs receive capitation fees. Waiting times to get an appointment tend to become shorter with increasing patient lists when there is a larger capitation percentage. The likelihood that GPs will conduct home visit rises with increasing patient lists when the capitation percentage is small.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Remuneration appears to affect GPs' decisions about how they provide consultations, especially among GPs with relatively small patient lists. This role is, however, small compared to other factors such as patient characteristics.
authors.affiliation: NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands. m.vandenberg@nivel.nl.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Dinny H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: de Bakker
authors.forename: Gert P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Westert
authors.forename: Jouke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van der Zee
authors.forename: Peter P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Groenewegen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009313:National Health Programs; D009426:Netherlands; D010821:Physicians, Family / Q000191:economics*; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014850:Waiting Lists