title: Effects of environmental enrichment on the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model.
abstract: The manner in which an animal's environment is furnished may have significant implications for animal welfare as well as research outcomes. We evaluated four different housing conditions to determine the effects of what has been considered standard rodent enrichment and the exercise opportunities those environments allow on disease progression in the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis mouse model. Forty-eight copper/zinc superoxide dismutase mice (strain: B6SJL-TgN [SOD1-G931]1Gur) (SOD1) and 48 control (C) (strain: B6SJL-TgN[SOD1]2Gur) male mice were randomly assigned to four different conditions where 12 SOD1 and 12 C animals were allotted to each condition (n = 96). Conditions tested the effects of standard housing, a forced exercise regime, access to a mouse house and opportunity for ad libitum exercise on a running wheel. In addition to the daily all-occurrence behavioural sampling, mice were weighed and tested twice per week on gait and Rotor-Rod performance until the mice reached the age of 150 days (C) or met the criteria for our humane endpoint (SOD1). The SOD1 mice exposed to the forced exercise regime and wheel access did better in average lifespan and Rotor-Rod performance, than SOD1 mice exposed to the standard cage and mouse house conditions. In SOD1 mice, stride length remained longest throughout the progression of the disease in mice exposed to the forced exercise regime compared with other SOD1 conditions. Within the control group, mice in the standard cage and forced exercise regime conditions performed significantly less than the mice with the mouse house and wheels on the Rotor-Rod. Alpha motor neuron counts were highest in mice with wheels and in mice exposed to forced exercise regime in both mouse strains. All SOD1 mice had significantly lower alpha neuron counts than controls (P < 0.05). These data show that different enrichment strategies affect behaviour and disease progression in a transgenic mouse model, and may have implications for the effects of these strategies on experimental outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory Animal Resource Center, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Box 0564, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA. autumn.sorrells@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sorrells
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Corcoran-Gomez
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Eckert
authors.forename: A G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Fahey
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hoots
authors.forename: L B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Charleston
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Charleston
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Markowitz
mesh_terms: D000690:Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006799:Housing, Animal; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000473:pathology