title: Prescription patterns of antimicrobials in veterinary practices in Switzerland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to analyse antimicrobial prescriptions by veterinarians and to evaluate the appropriateness of use compared with prudent use guidelines. PRACTICES AND METHODS: Computerized records of prescriptions and treatments from eight mixed veterinary practices were analysed over a period of 2 years. A total of 61 212 antimicrobial treatments were recorded. Treatments were classified according to animal species treated, indication for treatment, route of administration and antimicrobial class used. For each treatment and antimicrobial substance, the prescribed dose was calculated. Dosage, antimicrobial classes and combinations of different classes used for different indications were compared with published recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From the total amount of 1590 kg of active antimicrobial substance, sulphonamides (594 kg), tetracyclines (335 kg), and penicillins and cephalosporins (290 kg) were the classes of which the largest quantity was prescribed. Penicillins and cephalosporins were most frequently prescribed (37% of treatments), followed by aminoglycosides (18%), tetracyclines (14%) and sulphonamides (11%). Sixty-one per cent of the amount of antimicrobials prescribed was used for the treatment of groups of animals via feed or water. Antimicrobial classes classified as highest priority for human medicine by an international group of experts were used in 9% of the prescriptions. The dosage corresponded to the manufacturer's recommendation in 45% of the analysed prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most prescriptions corresponded well to guidelines on prudent use of antimicrobials. Nevertheless, the large variation of prescriptions among different veterinarians indicates that the usage of critical antimicrobial substances and the amount of antimicrobials used for group medication without a specific indication could be further reduced.
authors.affiliation: Federal Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstr. 155, 3003 Bern, Switzerland. gertraud.schuepbach@bvet.admin.ch
authors.forename: Gertraud
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Regula
authors.forename: Kay
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torriani
authors.forename: Beat
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gassner
authors.forename: Flurina
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stucki
authors.forename: Cedric R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Müntener
mesh_terms: D000820:Animal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006302:Health Services Research; D013557:Switzerland; D014730:Veterinary Medicine / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents