title: Nurr1 expression and its modulation in microglia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nurr1, a transcription factor essential for the differentiation and maturation of central dopaminergic cells, is primarily expressed in neurons of the central nervous system. In this study, we intend to determine the expression and modulation of Nurr1 in cultured microglia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nurr1 expression in cultured primary mouse microglia was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunofluorescent staining. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to activate microglia. Specific inhibitors were used to investigate whether the mitogen- activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK/Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), P38 MAPK and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathways were involved in the modulation of Nurr1 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurr1 was found to be located at both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the microglia. After LPS stimulation, the expression of Nurr1 was significantly increased, which could be partially blocked by inhibitors of ERK, JNK and PI3K/Akt, but not by the P38 MAPK inhibitor; the ERK inhibitor can partially block the translocation of Nurr1 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurr1 is found to be expressed in cultured mouse microglia. The expression of Nurr1 is increased and the protein is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus after activation by LPS, which could be modulated by the ERK, JNK and PI3K/Akt pathways.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Xiaolan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Guangrui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ming
authors.forename: Pu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pu
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Dehua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Weidong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Le
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C539883:Nr4a2 protein, mouse; D057126:Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2; D014157:Transcription Factors; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt