title: Validation study of the Mini-Mental State Examination in a Malay-speaking elderly population in Malaysia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In view of the differing sensitivity and specificity of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in the non-English-speaking populations, we conducted the first validation study of the Malay version (M-MMSE) in Malaysia among 300 subjects (from the community and outpatient clinics).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three versions were used: M-MMSE-7 (serial 7), M-MMSE-3 (serial 3) and M-MMSE-S (spell 'dunia' backwards). Dementia was assessed using the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV. The optimal cutoff scores were obtained from the receiver operating characteristics curves.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three patients (24.3%) had dementia and 227 (75.7%) were controls. Three hundred patients completed the M-MMSE-7, 160 the M-MMSE-3 and 145 the M-MMSE-S. All 3 versions were valid and reliable in the diagnosis of dementia. The optimal cutoff scores varied with each version and gender. In the control group, significant gender differences were observed in the patients with the lowest educational status. Increasing educational levels significantly improved the M-MMSE performance in both genders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All 3 versions of the M-MMSE are valid and reliable as a screening tool for dementia in the Malaysian population, but at different cutoff scores. In those with the lowest educational background, gender-adjusted cutoff scores should be applied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. norlinah@mail.hukm.ukm.my
authors.forename: Norlinah M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Shamarina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shohaimi
authors.forename: Heng-Thay
authors.initials: HT
authors.lastname: Chong
authors.forename: Abdul Hamid Abdul
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rahman
authors.forename: Rosdinom
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Razali
authors.forename: Ebernezer
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Esther
authors.forename: Hamidon B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Basri
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D004493:Education; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D008296:Malaysia; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors