title: Current trends in drug abuse associated fatalities - Jordan, 2000-2004.
abstract: This study is the first study that addresses drug abuse associated fatalities in Jordan. It is aimed to give a close picture to the demography, toxicological data, manner, cause of death and other associated findings in such cases. Postmortem forensic pathology reports for all autopsies examined in the National Institute of Forensic Medicine were reviewed over a 5-year period and drug abuse associated deaths were selected. The study revealed that 44 cases (0.76%) out of the 5789 total autopsies were attributed to drug abuse associated deaths. The age range was from 20 to 60 years (mean+/-S.D.=32.7+/-7.2). More than 80% of cases were Jordanian males. The reported abuse substances as single drug or in combination were alcohol in 56.8%, morphine 36.4%, heroin 15.9%, benzodiazepines in 11.4% and cocaine in one body packer case. Surprisingly, neither a case with amphetamine or amphetamine analogue, nor with marijuana or methadone was recorded. In 75% of cases the death was accidental and only one case was reported to be suicidal, while in 18.2% and 4.5% death was due to sudden death and road traffic accidents, respectively. Regarding the cause of death, it was related to drug overdose in 50% of cases and in 34.1%, 11.4% and 4.5% of cases it was attributed to drug related medical complications, non-drug related complications, and trauma, respectively. Alcohol was mainly associated with accidental death; morphine and heroin were associated with drug overdose and abused through intravenous route. Injection marks were reported in 56.8% of cases and in 52.3% death occurred at home. This study confirmed the variation in the incidence and type of abused substances in Jordan compared with different countries.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Health, Amman, Jordan. khadidi@ju.edu.jo
authors.forename: Mu'men S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Hadidi
authors.forename: Mudhaffar I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Imad M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Abdallat
authors.forename: Kamal A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Hadidi
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000401:mortality; D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality; D000328:Adult; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology; D062787:Drug Overdose / Q000401:mortality; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D003932:Heroin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000401:mortality*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D009294:Narcotics; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol; D003932:Heroin; D009020:Morphine; D003042:Cocaine