title: Optimization of a novel nylon mesh container for human embryo ultrarapid vitrification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a nylon mesh container in vitrification of human embryos and to determine the optimal osmotic pressure of the initial thawing solution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Infertile patients undergoing either in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection in our hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Embryos, at the cleavage stage, were cryopreserved using the vitrification method in either a plastic straw or a nylon mesh container. The embryos were thawed using an initial osmotic pressure of either 0.5 M or 1.0 M sucrose with subsequent step-wise dilution. After thawing, the embryos were transferred to the uterus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Survival rate of blastomeres, embryo survival rate, implantation, and pregnancy rates, cancellation rate because of embryo damage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of nylon mesh and the 1.0 M sucrose thawing solution significantly improved blastomere survival rate (98.0 +/- 1.0%, mean +/- SEM), pregnancy rate (41.0%) and implantation rate (32.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitrification using a nylon mesh container and subsequent thawing in a 1.0 M sucrose solution is an easy and inexpensive method that improves the reliability of embryo cryopreservation of embryos without adverse effects on clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Perinatal and Maternal Care, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan. nakashima_akira@kurume-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakashima
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ino
authors.forename: Maki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kusumi
authors.forename: Shirei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ohgi
authors.forename: Megumu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
authors.forename: Takakazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamura
authors.forename: Hidekazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002138:Calibration; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D010064:Embryo Implantation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005260:Female; D005328:Fetal Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009757:Nylons / Q000494:pharmacology; D010969:Plastics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011247:Pregnancy; D018873:Pregnancy Rate; D019064:Product Packaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D009757:Nylons; D010969:Plastics