title: Development of a simulated earthworm gut for determining bioaccessible arsenic, copper, and zinc from soil.
abstract: Soil physicochemical characteristics and contamination levels alter the bioavailability of metals to terrestrial invertebrates. Current laboratory-derived benchmark concentrations used to estimate risk do not take into account site-specific conditions, such as contaminant sequestration, and site-specific risk assessment requires a battery of time-consuming and costly toxicity tests. The development of an in vitro simulator for earthworm bioaccessibility would significantly shorten analytical time and enable site managers to focus on areas of greatest concern. The simulated earthworm gut (SEG) was developed to measure the bioaccessibility of metals in soil to earthworms by mimicking the gastrointestinal fluid composition of earthworms. Three formulations of the SEG (enzymes, microbial culture, enzymes and microbial culture) were developed and used to digest field soils from a former industrial site with varying physicochemical characteristics and contamination levels. Formulations containing enzymes released between two to 10 times more arsenic, copper, and zinc from contaminated soils compared with control and 0.01 M CaCl2 extractions. Metal concentrations in extracts from SEG formulation with microbial culture alone were not different from values for chemical extractions. The mechanism for greater bioaccessible metal concentrations from enzyme-treated soils is uncertain, but it is postulated that enzymatic digestion of soil organic matter might release sequestered metal. The relevance of these SEG results will need validation through further comparison and correlation with bioaccumulation tests, alternative chemical extraction tests, and a battery of chronic toxicity tests with invertebrates and plants.
authors.affiliation: Department of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N5A8, Canada.
authors.forename: Wai K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Ben A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gladys L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Stephenson
authors.forename: Steven D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Siciliano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D003300:Copper / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism*; D007422:Intestines / Q000201:enzymology / Q000382:microbiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015032:Zinc / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc; D001151:Arsenic