title: Effect of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibacterials on the risk of ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac arrest: an observational study in Italy using case-control, case-crossover and case-time-control designs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the effect of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibacterials on the onset of ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac arrest using three different observational designs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A population-based case-control study was performed by linking automated databases from the Varese Province of Italy. Cases were all subjects who experienced ventricular arrhythmia or cardiac arrest from July 1998 to December 2003. For each case, up to ten controls were randomly selected after matching for sex, age, practitioner and date of arrhythmia onset. The use of macrolides and fluoroquinolones during two time windows denoted as recent and referent intervals was ascertained. Odds ratios were estimated using case-control, case-crossover and case-time-control approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1275 cases and 9189 controls met the inclusion criteria. Adjusted odds ratios (and corresponding 95% CIs) associated with recent exposure to macrolides were 2.13 (1.34, 3.39), 1.70 (0.88, 3.26) and 1.62 (0.78, 3.34) by using case-control, case-crossover and case-time-control designs, respectively. The corresponding estimates for fluoroquinolones were 3.58 (2.51, 5.12), 1.98 (1.19, 3.29) and 1.59 (0.88, 2.87), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Three observational study designs each using entirely different sets of controls consistently showed that recent use of macrolide and fluoroquinolone antibacterials may be associated with increased risk of ventricular arrhythmia and cardiac arrest.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Statistics, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. antonella.zambon@unimib.it
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zambon
authors.forename: Hernan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Polo Friz
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Contiero
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Corrao
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011153:Population; D012107:Research Design; D012306:Risk; D018754:Ventricular Dysfunction / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D018942:Macrolides