title: Excessive daytime sleepiness is an independent risk indicator for cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling elderly: the three city study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Excessive daytime sleepiness, one of the most frequent sleep complaints in the elderly, may affect survival, but inconsistent results have been observed in that population so far. We therefore estimated the risk of mortality for excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) in community-dwelling elderly participating in the Three City Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Three City Study is a French population-based multicenter prospective study including 9294 subjects (60% women) aged >or=65 years at recruitment between 1999 to 2001. At baseline, 8269 subjects rated EDS and nocturnal sleep complaints as never, rare, regular, and frequent in response to an administered questionnaire and provided information on medication use for sleep or anxiety. Hazard ratios (HR) of EDS (regular or frequent) for mortality over 6 years were estimated by a Cox proportional hazard model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 18.7% of the study participants had regular or frequent EDS. After 6 years of follow-up, 762 subjects had died including 260 from cancer and 196 from cardiovascular disease. EDS was associated with a significant 33% increased risk of mortality (95% CI: 1.13 to 1.61) after adjustment for age, gender, study center, body mass index, previous cardiovascular disease, Mini Mental State Examination score, and cardiovascular risk factors. Further adjustment for current use of medication for sleep and for depressive symptoms slightly diminished the HRs. EDS was equally predictive of mortality in those who snored loudly and in those who did not. EDS was related to cardiovascular mortality but not to mortality attributable to cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EDS might be independently associated with total and cardiovascular mortality in community-dwelling elderly.
authors.affiliation: INSERM U909, Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Sudden Death, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif cedex, France. jean-philippe.empana@inserm.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Empana
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Dauvilliers
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Jerome
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gariepy
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Jouven
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tzourio
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Amouyel
authors.forename: Alain
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Besset
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ducimetiere
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000401:mortality*; D003704:Dementia / Q000401:mortality*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005602:France / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*