title: Methemoglobinemia related to local anesthetics: a summary of 242 episodes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this article is to summarize all episodes of local anesthetic-related methemoglobinemia found in the medical literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  I performed a search of the American National Library of Medicine's PubMed with the following key words: "local anesthetic" and "methemoglobinemia."
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two-hundred-forty-two episodes (40.1% published in year 2000 or after) were found. Chocolate-colored blood suggests methemoglobinemia but other colors may be found. A discrepancy between the pulse oximeter saturation (< or = 90%) and the arterial oxygen partial pressure (> or = 70 mm Hg) was present in 91.8% of the episodes. The difference between oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry and co-oximetry varied from -6.2% to 44.7%. Plain prilocaine may induce clinically symptomatic methemoglobinemia in children older than 6 mo at doses exceeding 2.5 mg/kg. In adults, the dose of prilocaine should be kept lower than 5.0 mg/kg, which is reduced to 3.2 mg/kg in the presence of renal insufficiency and to 1.3 mg/kg if other oxidizing drugs are used concurrently. A single spray of benzocaine may induce methemoglobinemia. Clinical symptoms may be observed at relatively low methemoglobin values, including coma at 32.2 and 29.1% in children and adults, respectively. Rebound methemoglobinemia (benzocaine on mucous membranes) with methemoglobin values as high as 59.9% may occur up to 18 h after methylene blue administration. Complications of methemoglobinemia include hypoxic encephalopathy, myocardial infarction, and death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Benzocaine should no longer be used. Prilocaine should not be used in children younger than 6-mo-old, in pregnant women, or in patients taking other oxidizing drugs. The dose should be limited to 2.5 mg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, 5415 L'Assomption Boulevard, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H1T 2M4. joanne.guay@umontreal.ca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guay
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001566:Benzocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003042:Cocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008708:Methemoglobinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011318:Prilocaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D013748:Tetracaine / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011318:Prilocaine; D013748:Tetracaine; D008012:Lidocaine; D003042:Cocaine; D001566:Benzocaine