title: Valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, diminishes lymphoproliferation in the Fas -deficient MRL/lpr(-/-) murine model of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) is a disorder of apoptosis, often presenting in childhood. Similarly, MRL/lpr(-/-) mice homozygous for Fas mutations develop an ALPS-like disease with autoimmunity, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and expansion of double-negative T cells. Currently, there are no proven therapies with adequate safety margins for sustained abolition of the lymphoproliferation associated with ALPS. We sought to test the ability of valproic acid (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor, to induce apoptosis and inhibit lymphoproliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with ALPS and normal controls were tested in vitro to determine the efficacy of VPA at inducing cell death. VPA was used in vivo to control lymphoproliferation in MRL/lpr(-/-) mice, a model for ALPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VPA induced cell death in vitro, and was partially inhibited by the pan caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK. MRL/lpr(-/-) mice treated with VPA for 8 weeks showed significant reductions in spleen and lymph node weights and cellularity compared to controls. A concomitant decrease in double-negative T cells was observed in the spleen, lymph nodes, and peripheral blood. Serum levels of VPA peaked 1 hour after injection, and a 2.5-fold increase in histone acetylation was observed in the spleen at 4 hours after injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our data, VPA is effective at reducing lymphoproliferation in mice, and is currently being studied in a clinical trial as a lympholytic agent in patients with ALPS.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1888, USA. kdowdell@niaid.nih.gov
authors.forename: Kennichi C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Dowdell
authors.forename: Lesley
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pesnicak
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Steadman
authors.forename: Alan T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Remaley
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Straus
authors.forename: V Koneti
authors.initials: VK
authors.lastname: Rao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008232:Lymphoproliferative Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D012015:Reference Standards; D013577:Syndrome; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D014635:Valproic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019014:fas Receptor / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C491899:Fas protein, mouse; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D019014:fas Receptor; D014635:Valproic Acid