title: Toxicology and circumstances of completed suicide by means other than overdose.
abstract: To determine the prevalence and circumstances of psychoactive substances amongst nonoverdose completed suicide, 1436 consecutive cases autopsied at the NSW Department of Forensic Medicine over the period 1/1/1997-12/31/2006 were analyzed. Substances were detected in 67.2% of cases, and illicit drugs in 20.1%. Alcohol was present in 40.6% of cases. Males were more likely to be positive for alcohol, cannabis, and psychostimulants, and females for pharmaceuticals. Illicits were associated with younger age. Alcohol was most prominent amongst toxicity cases, as were opioids, psychostimulants amongst gunshot cases, and pharmaceuticals amongst drownings. Cases in which drug and alcohol histories were noted were more likely to have a substance detected. Alcohol was more common where a suicide note was left and where relationship problems were involved. Pharmaceuticals were more common where a previous attempt was noted. Licit and illicit substances are strongly associated with suicide, even when the method does not involve drug overdose.
authors.affiliation: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Australia. s.darke@unsw.edu.au
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Darke
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Duflou
authors.forename: Michelle
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torok
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000401:mortality; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000097:blood; D002423:Cause of Death; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000097:blood*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D005555:Forensic Psychiatry; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000097:blood*; D019838:Neck Injuries / Q000401:mortality; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000097:blood*; D012737:Sex Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000401:mortality
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D000431:Ethanol