title: The Xenopus Bowline/Ripply family proteins negatively regulate the transcriptional activity of T-box transcription factors.
abstract: Bowline, which is a member of the Xenopus Bowline/Ripply family of proteins, represses the transcription of somitogenesis-related genes before somite segmentation, which makes Bowline indispensable for somitogenesis. Although there are three bowline/Ripply family genes in each vertebrate species, it is not known whether the Bowline/Ripply family proteins share a common role in development. To elucidate their developmental roles, we examined the expression patterns and functions of the Xenopus Bowline/Ripply family proteins Bowline, Ledgerline, and a novel member of this protein family, xRipply3. We found that the expression patterns of bowline and ledgerline overlapped in the presomitic mesoderm (PSM), whereas ledgerline was additionally expressed in the newly formed somites. In addition, we isolated xRipply3, which is expressed in the pharyngeal region. Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Ledgerline and xRipply3 interacted with T-box proteins and the transcriptional co-repressor Groucho/TLE. In luciferase assays, xRipply3 weakly suppressed the transcriptional activity of Tbx1, while Ledgerline strongly suppressed that of Tbx6. In line with the repressive role of Ledgerline, knockdown of Ledgerline resulted in enlargement of expression regions of the somitogenesis-related-genes mespb and Tbx6. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity increased the expression of mespb, as seen in the Bowline and Ledgerline knockdown experiments. These results suggest that the Groucho-HDAC complex is required for the repressive activity of Bowline/Ripply family proteins during Xenopus somitogenesis. We conclude that although the Xenopus Bowline/Ripply family proteins Bowline, Ledgerline and xRipply3 are expressed differentially, they all act as negative regulators of T-box proteins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Sciences (Biology), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hitachi
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Danno
authors.forename: Shunsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tazumi
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Aihara
authors.forename: Hideho
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uchiyama
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Okabayashi
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kondow
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Asashima
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006801:Humans; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000235:genetics*; D014981:Xenopus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012097:Repressor Proteins; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D029867:Xenopus Proteins