title: Torasemide significantly reduces thiazide-induced potassium and magnesium loss despite supra-additive natriuresis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to high-dose loop diuretics can be overcome either by co-administration with thiazides or by treatment with medium-dose loop diuretics combined with thiazides. Combination therapy has been proven to be superior to high-dose loop diuretic monotherapy for cardiac and renal edema. However, such a strongly efficacious short-term regimen is often complicated by undesired effects, including circulatory collapse and electrolyte disturbances. The question of whether the loop diuretic/thiazide combinations are efficacious and safe when conventional doses are combined has not yet been answered.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and torasemide (TO) given alone on the excretion of Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ were compared with the effects of combined administration of the diuretics in 12 healthy volunteers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The co-administration of HCT (25 mg) with TO (5 or 10 mg) strongly increased Na+ excretion. However, the combination significantly reduced K+ and Mg2+ excretion. The K+-sparing effect of the HCT/TO combination was shown to be due to a significant reduction in the HCT-induced increase in fractional K+ excretion by the loop diuretic. Total excretion of Ca2+ relative to Na+ excretion was less with the HCT/TO combination than with TO given alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The enhancement of desired NaCl excretion by the HCT/TO combination with significant reduction of undesired loss of K+ and Mg2+ meets clinical requirements but has to be validated in long-term clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine 1, St. Bernward-Krankenhaus, Hildesheim 31134, Germany. heinrich.knauf@t-online.de
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Knauf
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mutschler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Velazquez
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giebisch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004232:Diuretics / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008274:Magnesium / Q000652:urine; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009318:Natriuresis / Q000187:drug effects*; D011188:Potassium / Q000652:urine; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D049971:Thiazides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077786:Torsemide
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D013449:Sulfonamides; D049971:Thiazides; D006852:Hydrochlorothiazide; D008274:Magnesium; D011188:Potassium; D000077786:Torsemide