title: The angiopoietin/Tie2 axis mediates malignant pleural effusion formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiopoietins and their receptor, Tie2, participate in angiogenesis, regulation of vascular permeability, and inflammation, all central to the pathogenesis of malignant pleural effusions (MPEs). In the present study, we aimed to examine the role of the angiopoietin/Tie2 axis in MPE pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  MPE was induced by intrapleural injection of murine adenocarcinoma cells in C57BL/6 mice. Animals were given twice-weekly intraperitoneal injections of 40 mg/kg MuTekdeltaFc or vehicle. MuTekdeltaFc is a soluble Tie2 (sTie2) receptor that binds murine angiopoietins thereby disrupting their interaction with Tie2 receptors expressed on tissues. Animals were killed on day 14.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Angiopoietin/Tie2 axis blockade significantly reduced pleural fluid volume and pleural tumor foci. The mean +/- SEM pleural fluid volumes were 617 +/- 48 microl and 316 +/- 62 microl for the control and treated groups, respectively (P = .001), whereas the mean +/- SEM tumor foci were 7.3 +/- 1.0 and 3.0 +/- 0.52 for the control and treated groups, respectively (P = .001). In addition, tumor-associated cachexia, tumor angiogenesis, pleural vascular permeability, recruitment of inflammatory cells to the pleural cavity, and local elaboration of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 6 were also downregulated, and tumor cell apoptosis was induced in animals treated with the inhibitor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that the angiopoietin/Tie2 axis is an important component of MPE pathogenesis. Further studies are required to determine whether therapeutic interventions targeting this pathway could be beneficial for patients with MPE.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biomedical Research & Training Center Marianthi Simou, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Charalampos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Moschos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Psallidas
authors.forename: Androniki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kollintza
authors.forename: Sophia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karabela
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papapetropoulos
authors.forename: Spyros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Papiris
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Light
authors.forename: Charis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roussos
authors.forename: Georgios T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Stathopoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kalomenidis
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000150:complications; D042682:Angiopoietins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010994:Pleura / Q000473:pathology; D016066:Pleural Effusion, Malignant / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D042682:Angiopoietins; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2