title: Admixture of ephedrine to offset side effects of propofol: a randomized, controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether adding ephedrine to propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine at reducing injection pain, and its effects on hemodynamics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, double-blinded, controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  District general hospital in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  156 adult, ASA physical status I, II, and III patients undergoing elective or emergency general anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were randomized to one of three groups to receive one mL of 1% lidocaine per 20 mL of 1% propofol (Group L), 15 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E15), or 30 mg of ephedrine per 20 mL of propofol (Group E30).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain on injection, heart rate, and blood pressure at one-minute intervals for ten minutes were recorded. There was no significant difference in injection pain among groups. Group E30 had the least amount of hemodynamic change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adding 30 mg of ephedrine to 20 mL of 1% propofol is as effective as adding lidocaine in preventing injection pain, and it results in a more stable hemodynamic profile.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, United Kingdom. drjamesaustin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Austin
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Parke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004809:Ephedrine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006769:Hospitals, General; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D015742:Propofol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D008012:Lidocaine; D004809:Ephedrine; D015742:Propofol