title: Expediting MRI-based proof-of-concept stroke trials using an earlier imaging end point.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Before Phase III trials of acute stroke therapies, proof-of-concept MRI trials are increasingly used to gauge the likelihood of success. Given that animal models use infarct volume as the end point, Phase II trials have aimed to translate the findings using infarct growth. These trials could be expedited if subacute diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume replaced late T2-weighted lesion volume as the primary end point.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Echoplanar Imaging Thrombolytic Evaluation Trial, patients with acute ischemic stroke presenting within 3 to 6 hours were randomized to tissue plasminogen activator or placebo. We assessed correlations between acute (Day 1), subacute (Day 3 to 5) as well as late (Day 90) lesion volumes and clinical outcome (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale). We compared lesion growth between placebo- and tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 3 scans were performed in 72 of 101 patients (32 tissue plasminogen activator, 40 placebo). Median time to subacute imaging was 3 days (interquartile range, 2 to 4) and 90 days (interquartile range, 90 to 95) for the late scan. Increase in lesion volume from acute to subacute scans was smaller in the tissue plasminogen activator group compared with the placebo group (6.77 mL; interquartile range, 2.30 to 49.10; versus 30.00 mL; interquartile range, 7.19 to 85.93; P=0.03). Subsequent shrinkage did not reveal significant treatment effects. Correlation coefficient between acute and late lesion volumes was 0.81 (P<0.01). Subacute and late lesion volumes were strongly correlated (rho=0.94, P<0.01). Correlation coefficient for acute, subacute, and late lesion volume and late National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was 0.64 (P<0.01), 0.81 (P<0.01), and 0.77 (P<0.01), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that subacute imaging at Day 3 after thrombolysis is an appropriate imaging end point for proof-of-concept MRI-based stroke treatment trials and can replace later MRI measurements.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, Australia.
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebinger
authors.forename: Soren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Deidre A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: De Silva
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: Christopher R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Kenneth S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Butcher
authors.forename: Christopher F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bladin
authors.forename: P Alan
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Geoffrey A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Donnan
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Davis
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology*; D013997:Time Factors; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator