title: Downregulation of Grb2 contributes to the insulin-sensitizing effect of calorie restriction.
abstract: Calorie restriction (CR) alleviates insulin resistance and has a beneficial effect on numerous metabolic disorders, yet the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In the present study, we found that CR of mice (60% of the diet consumption compared with ad libitum mice) reduces the expression levels of Grb2 in skeletal muscle, an insulin target tissue that accounts for 85% of insulin-stimulated blood glucose clearance. To determine whether Grb2 downregulation contributes to increased insulin sensitivity in the regulation of glucose metabolism, we generated C(2)C(12) cell lines in which the expression of Grb2 is suppressed by RNA interference. Suppressing Grb2 expression in C(2)C(12) myoblasts enhances insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, tyrosine phosphorylation, and Akt phosphorylation, which is associated with decreased IRS-1 serine phosphorylation at residues 307, 612, and 636/639. In addition, reducing Grb2 expression levels increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in C(2)C(12) myotubes. Reduced IRS-1 serine phosphorylation is also found in Grb2(+/-) heterozygous knockout mice, which is associated with enhanced insulin signaling and resistance to high-fat diet-induced glucose and insulin intolerance. All together, our results suggested that reducing the expression levels of Grb2 provides a mechanism by which CR increases insulin sensitivity in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
authors.forename: Xianling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Meilian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Fresnida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ramos
authors.forename: Holly
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Van Remmen
authors.forename: Arlan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Fu-You
authors.initials: FY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Lily Q
authors.initials: LQ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D019870:1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D015536:Down-Regulation; D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051380:GRB2 Adaptor Protein; C495949:Grb2 protein, mouse; D007328:Insulin; D055504:Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins; C526295:Irs1 protein, mouse; D014443:Tyrosine; D019870:1-Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt