title: Lymphedema and quality of life in Chinese women after treatment for breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the magnitude of arm symptom-associated distress and quality of life in patients suffering from lymphedema after axillary dissection for breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and two breast cancer patients were interviewed, including 101 lymphedema cases and 101 controls who were matched in terms of surgery date, axillary radiotherapy and cancer stage. The FACT-B+4 quality-of-life instrument was used to assess breast, emotional, functional, physical, and social well-being. A self-devised Arm Symptom Distress scale was used to collect information about arm morbidities including swelling, pain, numbness or tingling, limitation of movement, infection; and their interference on daily life. Arm circumference at different levels was measured to determine the presence and severity of lymphedema. The association between lymphedema and quality of life was evaluated, controlling for patient demographics and clinical factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with controls, individuals with lymphedema had a significantly worse score on FACT-B+4 and the Arm Symptom Distress scale. The score was significantly lower in five of the six domains of FACT-B+4, and significantly higher in both subscales of the Arm Symptom Distress scale. Patients with severe lymphedema had a significantly worse Symptom Severity sub-score on the Arm Symptom Distress scale than those with mild lymphedema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among women who have undergone axillary dissection for breast cancer, lymphedema was associated with an inferior quality of life and a higher level of arm symptom-associated distress. Patients with severe lymphedema had more arm symptom-associated distress than those with mild lymphedema.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR. s_mak@clo.cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: S S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: K F
authors.initials: KF
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: J J S
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Suen
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yeo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm; D001365:Axilla / Q000601:surgery; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008209:Lymphedema / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life; D012307:Risk Factors