title: More distinct food intake patterns among women than men in northern Sweden: a population-based survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The need to promote a healthy diet to curb the current obesity epidemic has today been recognized by most countries. A prerequisite for planning and evaluating interventions on dietary intake is the existence of valid information on long-term average dietary intake in a population. Few large, population-based studies of dietary intake have been carried out in Sweden. The largest to date is the Västerbotten Intervention Program (VIP), which was initiated in 1985, with data collection still ongoing. This paper reports on the first comprehensive analyses of the dietary data and presents dietary intake patterns among over 60,000 women and men in northern Sweden during 1992-2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 2005, 71,367 inhabitants in Västerbotten county aged 30, 40, 50, and 60 years visited their local health care center as part of the VIP. Participants of VIP filled in an 84- or 64-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and provided sociodemographic information. Complete and realistic information on consumption frequency was provided by 62,531 individuals. Food intake patterns were analyzed using K-means cluster analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean daily energy intake was 6,83 (+/- 1,77) MJ among women and 8,71 (+/- 2,26) MJ among men. More than half of both women and men were classified as Low Energy Reporters (defined as individuals reporting a food intake level below the lower 95% confidence interval limit of the physical activity level). Larger variation in frequency of daily intake was seen among women than among men for most food groups. Among women, four dietary clusters were identified, labeled "Fruit and vegetables", "High fat", "Coffee and sandwich", and "Tea and ice cream". Among men, three dietary clusters were identified, labeled "Fruit and vegetables", "High fat", and "Tea, soda and cookies".
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More distinct food intake patterns were seen among women than men in this study in northern Sweden. Due to large proportions of Low Energy Reporters, our results on dietary intake may not be suitable for comparisons with recommended intake levels. However, the results on food intake patterns should still be valid and useful as a basis for targeting interventions to groups most in need.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Nutrition, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden. anna.winkvist@nutrition.gu.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winkvist
authors.forename: Agneta
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hörnell
authors.forename: Göran
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hallmans
authors.forename: Bernt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindahl
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weinehall
authors.forename: Ingegerd
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Johansson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004032:Diet / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden; D014675:Vegetables