title: Perioperative problems and treatment of a teenager with a juvenile angiofibroma refusing blood transfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Juvenile angiofibroma is a benign, non-encapsulated neoplasm, consisting of vascular and connective tissue. Its main feature is a local malignancy. In its clinical course it destroys adjoining structures, without metastasizing. It appears rarely, and is mainly found in boys at puberty. Among theories about the aetiology of juvenile angiofibroma, we must consider a haematoma-like lesion, an angioma with an extended fibrous component, or type of inflammatory allergic polyp. In the development of the lesion the participation of hormonal disorders on the pituitary gland-gonad axis is also suggested. According to the latest research, juvenile angiofibroma is regarded as a developmental defect, affecting the embryonic vascular network surrounding the sphenoid bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  If the patient or his/her parents refuse blood transfusion and use of blood products, it is necessary to apply modifications in the routine perioperative treatment. In the case of the patient refusing blood and blood products transfusion because of their beliefs, it is possible to get consent to use different, highly processed products like albumins or a cryoprecipitate, as well as applying some blood-saving techniques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Removal of juvenile angiofibroma with minimal bleeding is possible. 2. Applying erythropoietin and iron preparations prior to surgery increases erythropoiesis and reduces the risks in transfusion. 3. Applying intraoperative normovolaemic haemodilution is a safe method and allows avoidance of transfusion of blood-derived products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. l.p.chmielik@chmielik.pl
authors.forename: Lechoslaw Pawel
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Chmielik
authors.forename: Magdalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Frackiewicz
authors.forename: Romuald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krajewski
authors.forename: Bogumila
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Woloszczuk-Gebicka
authors.forename: Mieczyslaw
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chmielik
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018322:Angiofibroma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D005260:Female; D006066:Gonads / Q000503:physiopathology; D006438:Hemodilution; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009296:Nasal Cavity; D009372:Neoplasms, Connective Tissue / Q000601:surgery*; D009669:Nose Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000503:physiopathology; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011300:Preoperative Care; D016312:Treatment Refusal; D019043:Vascular Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*