title: The costs and prognostic characteristics of ischaemic neurological deficit due to subarachnoid haemorrhage in the United Kingdom. Evidence from the MRC International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed ischaemic neurological deficit (DID) following subarachnoid haemorrhage from aneurysm rupture (aSAH) is a serious complication and a major cause of mortality and morbidity. No empirical estimates of resource use and costs of patients with delayed ischaemic deficit compared to those without have been reported to date.
  
  
  METHODS
  A detailed cost analysis of the UK National Health Service health care costs of DID was performed using resource use data from the International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial (ISAT) over the 24 months following haemorrhage. Resource use categories included direct health care and employment-related costs. A prognostic model of baseline predictors of DID and overall total health care costs was also constructed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (standard deviation) total health care costs at 24 months follow-up were estimated to be pound sterling 28175 (pound sterling 26773) in the DID group and pound sterling 18805 (pound sterling 17287) in the no DID group, a significant difference (95 % confidence interval) of pound sterling 9370 (pound sterling 6880 to pound sterling 12516). This cost difference was driven by statistically significant differences on imaging and investigations, longer length of stay and higher cost of complications and adverse events experienced by patients with DID. Patients with DID also spent on average 62 days less in paid employment than patients without this complication. The prognostic model found CT Fisher grading, WFNS grade, aneurysm location and time from aSAH to intervention statistically significant baseline predictors of delayed ischaemic deficit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients who developed DID incurred substantially higher costs and a significantly slower resumption of employment than patients without at 24 months follow-up after aSAH.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Research Centre, Dept. of Public Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rivero-Arias
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolstenholme
authors.forename: Alastair
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: Richard S C
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Julia A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Yarnold
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sneade
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D006113:United Kingdom