title: Systemic propranolol acts centrally to reduce conditioned fear in rats without impairing extinction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous work has implicated noradrenergic beta-receptors in the consolidation and reconsolidation of conditioned fear. Less is known, however, about their role in fear expression and extinction. The beta-receptor blocker propranolol has been used clinically to reduce anxiety. With an auditory fear conditioning task in rats, we assessed the effects of systemic propranolol on the expression and extinction of two measures of conditioned fear: freezing and suppression of bar-pressing.
  
  
  METHODS
  One day after receiving auditory fear conditioning, rats were injected with saline, propranolol, or peripheral beta-receptor blocker sotalol (both 10 mg/kg, IP). Twenty minutes after injection, rats were given either 6 or 12 extinction trials and were tested for extinction retention the following day. The effect of propranolol on the firing rate of neurons in prelimbic (PL) prefrontal cortex was also assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Propranolol reduced freezing by more than 50%, an effect that was evident from the first extinction trial. Suppression was also significantly reduced. Despite this, propranolol had no effect on the acquisition or retention of extinction. Unlike propranolol, sotalol did not affect fear expression, although both drugs significantly reduced heart rate. This suggests that propranolol acts centrally to reduce fear. Consistent with this, propranolol reduced the firing rate of PL neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Propranolol reduced the expression of conditioned fear, without interfering with extinction learning. Reduced fear with intact extinction suggests a possible use for propranolol in reducing anxiety during extinction-based exposure therapies, without interfering with long-term clinical response.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology Undergraduate Program, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Romaguera
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sotres-Bayon
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Quirk
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects*; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000187:drug effects*; D004597:Electroshock; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects*; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D011433:Propranolol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013015:Sotalol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D011433:Propranolol; D013015:Sotalol