title: Cytosolic phospholipase A2: targeting cancer through the tumor vasculature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In vascular endothelial cells, low doses of ionizing radiation trigger the immediate activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2). This event initiates prosurvival signaling that could be responsible for radioresistance of tumor vasculature. Thus, the development of radiosensitizers targeting these survival pathways may enhance tumor response to radiation therapy. Arachidonyltrifluoromethyl Ketone (AACOCF3), a specific cPLA2 inhibitor, was studied as a potential radiosensitizer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vascular endothelial cells (3B11 and MPMEC) and lung tumor cells (LLC and H460) were treated with 1 micromol/L AACOCF3 for 30 minutes prior to irradiation. Treatment response was evaluated by clonogenic survival, activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), tubule formation, and migration assays. For in vivo experiments, mice with LLC or H460 tumors in the hind limbs were treated for 5 consecutive days with 10 mg/kg AACOCF3 administered daily 30 minutes prior to irradiation. Treatment response was assessed by tumor growth delay, Power Doppler Sonography, and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In cell culture experiments, inhibition of cPLA2 with AACOCF3 prevented radiation-induced activation of ERK1/2 and decreased clonogenic survival of irradiated vascular endothelial cells but not the lung tumor cells. Treatment with AACOCF3 also attenuated tubule formation and migration in irradiated vascular endothelial cells. In both tumor mouse models, treatment with AACOCF3 prior to irradiation significantly suppressed tumor growth and decreased overall tumor blood flow and vascularity. Increased apoptosis in both tumor cells and tumor vascular endothelium was determined as a possible mechanism of the observed effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings identify cPLA2 as a novel molecular target for tumor sensitization to radiation therapy through the tumor vasculature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-5671, USA.
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Linkous
authors.forename: Ling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Andrej
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lyshchik
authors.forename: Dennis E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Hallahan
authors.forename: Eugenia M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Yazlovitskaya
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D015153:Blotting, Western; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D018827:Carcinoma, Lewis Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000528:radiation effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D054510:Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D014410:Tumor Stem Cell Assay
chemical_list: D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C081565:arachidonyltrifluoromethane; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D054510:Phospholipases A2, Cytosolic