title: Treatment of diabetic hypertension.
abstract: Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia combine to make hypertension more prevalent in the type 2 diabetic patient. Blood pressure goals below those for the non-diabetic subject have been shown to be more effective in lowering mortality and cardiovascular events in the diabetic patient. To achieve these goals in most cases, three to five antihypertensives from different therapeutic groups need to be utilized. Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers or a renin inhibitor should be the primary therapy. A second goal should be suppression of the sympathetic nervous system utilizing a beta-blocker that does not increase insulin resistance. The addition of a diuretic, calcium channel blocker or a vasodilator to suppressors of the RAS and sympathetic nervous system aid in achieving hypertensive goals in the diabetic patient. Achieving hypertensive goals with suppression of the RAS and sympathetic nervous system should result in a decrease in mortality and cardiovascular events in the diabetic hypertensive patient. In this review article, the benefits and disadvantages of the different antihypertensive therapies in the diabetic patient are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama Medical School and Southside Endocrinology, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA. dshbell@yahoo.com
authors.forename: David S H
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004232:Diuretics; D014665:Vasodilator Agents