title: Loss of surface N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor proteins in mouse cortical neurones during anaesthesia induced by chloral hydrate in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Anaesthetics may target ionotropic glutamate receptors in brain cells to produce their biological actions. Membrane-bound ionotropic glutamate receptors undergo dynamic trafficking between the surface membrane and intracellular organelles. Their subcellular distribution is subject to modulation by changing synaptic inputs and determines the efficacy and strength of excitatory synapses. It has not been explored whether anaesthesia has any impact on surface glutamate receptor expression. In this study, the effect of general anaesthesia on expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the surface and intracellular pools of cortical neurones was investigated in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  General anaesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal injection of chloral hydrate in adult male mice. Surface protein cross-linking assays were performed to detect changes in distribution of NMDA receptor subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) in the surface and intracellular compartments of cerebral cortical neurones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chloral hydrate did not alter the total amounts of NR1, NR2A, and NR2B proteins in cortical neurones. However, the drug reduced NR1 proteins in the surface pool of these neurones, and induced a proportional increase in NR1 in the intracellular pool. Similar redistribution of NR2B subunits was observed between the two distinct pools. The changes in NR1 and NR2B were rapid and remained throughout the duration of anaesthesia. NR2A proteins were not altered in the surface or intracellular pool in response to chloral hydrate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that subcellular expression of NR1 and NR2B in cortical neurones is sensitive to anaesthesia. Chloral hydrate reduces surface-expressed NMDA receptors (specifically NR2B-containing NMDA receptors) in these neurones in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, USA.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: LacKamp
authors.forename: G-C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: L-M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Mao
authors.forename: E E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Fibuch
authors.forename: J Q
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002697:Chloral Hydrate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; C121001:NR2B NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; D002697:Chloral Hydrate