title: BTG3 tumor suppressor gene promoter demethylation, histone modification and cell cycle arrest by genistein in renal cancer.
abstract: BTG3/ANA/APRO4 has been reported to be a tumor suppressor gene in some malignancies. It constitutes important negative regulatory mechanism for Src-mediated signaling, a negative regulator of the cell cycle and inhibits transcription factor E2F1. We report that BTG3 is downregulated in renal cancer and that the mechanism of inactivation is through promoter hypermethylation. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed that BTG3 was downregulated in cancer tissues and cells. Genistein and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5Aza-C) induced BTG3 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in A498, ACHN and HEK-293 renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell lines. Bisulfite-modified PCR and DNA sequencing results showed complete methylation of BTG3 promoter in tumor samples and cancer cell lines. Genistein and 5Aza-C treatment significantly decreased promoter methylation, reactivating BTG3 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that genistein and 5Aza-C increased levels of acetylated histones 3, 4, 2H3K4, 3H3K4 and RNA polymerase II at the BTG3 promoter indicative of active histone modifications. Enzymatic assays showed genistein and 5Aza-C decreased DNA Methyltransferase, methyl-CpG-binding domain 2 activity and increased HAT activity. Cell cycle and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide cell proliferation assays showed that genistein has antiproliferative effect on cancer cell growth through induction of cell cycle arrest. This is the first report to show that BTG3 is epigenetically silenced in RCC and can be reactivated by genistein-induced promoter demethylation and active histone modification. Genistein had similar effects to that of 5Aza-C, which is a potent demethylating agent with high toxicity and instability. Genistein being a natural, non-toxic, dietary isoflavone is effective in retarding the growth of RCC cells, making it a promising candidate for epigenetic therapy in renal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA.
authors.forename: Shahana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Majid
authors.forename: Altaf A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: Ardalan E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Ahmad
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirata
authors.forename: Kazumori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakami
authors.forename: Varahram
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shahryari
authors.forename: Sharanjot
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saini
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Angela V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Dahiya
authors.forename: Gaurav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Khatri
authors.forename: Rajvir
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
mesh_terms: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000077209:Decitabine; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; C424522:BTG3 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D006657:Histones; C115368:MBD2 protein; D011506:Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000077209:Decitabine; D019833:Genistein; D015254:DNA Modification Methylases; D001374:Azacitidine