Analyses of associations with asthma in four asthma population samples from Canada and Australia.
Asthma, atopy, and related phenotypes are heterogeneous complex traits, with both genetic and environmental risk factors. Extensive research has been conducted and over hundred genes have been associated with asthma and atopy phenotypes, but many of these findings have failed to replicate in subsequent studies. To separate true associations from false positives, candidate genes need to be examined in large well-characterized samples, using standardized designs (genotyping, phenotyping and analysis). In an attempt to replicate previous associations we amalgamated the power and resources of four studies and genotyped 5,565 individuals to conduct a genetic association study of 93 previously associated candidate genes for asthma and related phenotypes using the same set of 861 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), a common genotyping platform, and relatively harmonized phenotypes. We tested for association between SNPs and the dichotomous outcomes of asthma, atopy, atopic asthma, and airway hyperresponsiveness using a general allelic likelihood ratio test. No SNP in any gene reached significance levels that survived correction for all tested SNPs, phenotypes, and genes. Even after relaxing the usual stringent multiple testing corrections by performing a gene-based analysis (one gene at a time as if no other genes were typed) and by stratifying SNPs based on their prior evidence of association, no genes gave strong evidence of replication. There was weak evidence to implicate the following: IL13, IFNGR2, EDN1, and VDR in asthma; IL18, TBXA2R, IFNGR2, and VDR in atopy; TLR9, TBXA2R, VDR, NOD2, and STAT6 in airway hyperresponsiveness; TLR10, IFNGR2, STAT6, VDR, and NPSR1 in atopic asthma. Additionally we found an excess of SNPs with small effect sizes (OR < 1.4). The low rate of replication may be due to small effect size, differences in phenotypic definition, differential environmental effects, and/or genetic heterogeneity. To aid in future replication studies of asthma genes a comprehensive database was compiled and is available to the scientific community at http://genapha.icapture.ubc.ca/.
Daley
Denise
D
James Hogg iCAPTURE Center, University of British Columbia (UBC), 1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.
Lemire
Mathieu
M
Akhabir
Loubna
L
Chan-Yeung
Moira
M
He
Jian Qing
JQ
McDonald
Treena
T
Sandford
Andrew
A
Stefanowicz
Dorota
D
Tripp
Ben
B
Zamar
David
D
Bosse
Yohan
Y
Ferretti
Vincent
V
Montpetit
Alexandre
A
Tessier
Marie-Catherine
MC
Becker
Allan
A
Kozyrskyj
Anita L
AL
Beilby
John
J
McCaskie
Pamela A
PA
Musk
Bill
B
Warrington
Nicole
N
James
Alan
A
Laprise
Catherine
C
Palmer
Lyle J
LJ
Paré
Peter D
PD
Hudson
Thomas J
TJ
D000483:Alleles; D001249:Asthma / Q000235:genetics*; D001315:Australia; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000235:genetics; D002170:Canada; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005828:Genetics, Population; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006969:Hypersensitivity, Immediate / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D010641:Phenotype; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide