title: Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) prefer to cooperate when petted: Integrating proximate and ultimate explanations II.
abstract: Cooperation poses theoretical problems because the behaviors of individuals can benefit others. Evolutionary and game-theory explanations that focus on maximizing one's own material outcomes are usually supported by experimental models with isolated and anonymous subjects. Cooperation in the natural world, however, is often a social act whereby familiar individuals coordinate behaviors for shared outcomes. Social cooperation is also associated with a cooperation bias expressed as a preference for cooperation even when noncooperation is immediately more beneficial. The authors report on evidence for such a bias in a captive group of bottlenose dolphins that voluntarily preferred to receive petting from human guides by using a pairwise coordinated approach, even though this was more difficult, and total petting amount was thereby reduced. To explain why this bias occurs, the authors propose an integrated behavioral-evolutionary approach whereby performance is determined by two kinds of immediate outcomes: material gains and intrinsic affective states associated with cooperating. The latter can provide reinforcement when immediate material gains are reduced, delayed, or absent. Over a lifetime, this proximate mechanism can lead to cooperative relationships whose long-term ultimate consequences can be adaptive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Israel. aperelbe@cc.huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Perelberg
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schuster
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000818:Animals; D050681:Bottle-Nosed Dolphin / Q000523:psychology*; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D005260:Female; D001841:Human-Animal Bond; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D012054:Reinforcement, Psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D014110:Touch