title: Reduced colonic apoptosis in mice overexpressing bovine growth hormone occurs through changes in several kinase pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Growth hormone (GH) has antiapoptotic effects in several cell lines, including human colonic adenocarcinoma cells. In addition, it has been reported that patients with acromegaly have reduced apoptosis in colonic mucosa. The aim of the study was to investigate colonic apoptosis and underlying molecular mechanisms in transgenic mice overexpressing bovine GH (Acro) aged 3 months (young) or 9 months (elder).
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptosis in colonic epithelial cells was evaluated by TUNEL and Annexin V; expression of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins was assessed by Western blot. GH action was blocked treating Acro with a selective GH receptor antagonist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Young and elder Acro had lower colonic apoptosis [driven by GH through p38, p44/42 and PI3 kinase pathways], than littermate controls; changes were abolished by treating Acro with a selective GH receptor antagonist. The effects of GH were consistent with an anti-apoptotic phenotype (reduced cytosolic cytochrome-c, Bad and Bax and increased Bcl-2, and Bcl-XL level) leading to lower activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Changes in apoptotic proteins reversed after treatment with a GH receptor antagonist, suggesting a direct effect of GH. In addition, antiapoptotic phenotype of Acro had a protective role against doxorubicin-induced apoptosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that GH leads to increased and reduced levels of anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, respectively, lowering apoptosis in either young or elder transgenic animals through activation of several kinase pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale Cisanello, Pisa, Italy. f.bogazzi@endoc.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bogazzi
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ultimieri
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raggi
authors.forename: Dania
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lombardi
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cosci
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brogioni
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gasperi
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bartalena
authors.forename: Enio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martino
mesh_terms: D000172:Acromegaly / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D003106:Colon / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010770:Phosphotransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C073294:growth hormone, bovine; D013006:Growth Hormone; D010770:Phosphotransferases; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9