title: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes survival of dopaminergic neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced murine Parkinson's disease model.
abstract: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that has the potential for clinical application. The biological effects of GM-CSF have been well characterized, and include stimulation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis of hematopoietic cells. In contrast, the therapeutic effects of GM-CSF on the central nervous system in acute injury such as stroke and spinal cord injury have been reported only recently. To better understand the protective effect of GM-CSF on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), we investigated the effect of GM-CSF on the survival of dopamine neurons and changes in locomotor behavior in a murine PD model. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of GM-CSF in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-treated PC12 cells as well as in embryonic mouse primary mesencephalic neurons (PMNs) in vitro. To investigate the role of GM-CSF in vivo, we prepared a mouse 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) PD model, and examined the effects of GM-CSF on dopaminergic neuron survival in the substantia nigra and on locomotor behavior. Treatment with GM-CSF significantly reduced MPP+-induced dopaminergic cell death in PC12 cells and PMNs in vitro. GM-CSF modulated the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, Bcl-2 and Bax, in vitro. Furthermore, administration of GM-CSF (50 microg/kg body weight/day) in vivo for 7 days protected dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and improved locomotor behavior in a mouse MPTP model of PD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
authors.forename: Na K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Shefqat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bukhari
authors.forename: Tae-Ho
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Hyeonseon
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Hyung C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: So R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Yoon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ha
mesh_terms: D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000187:drug effects; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques / Q000379:methods; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; D016186:Receptor, Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D004298:Dopamine