title: Contrasting effects of steroids and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in a mouse model of dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is associated with progressive cardiomyopathy. Oral corticosteroids are the gold standard for the treatment of skeletal muscle weakness; however, the effects of steroids on cardiac function have not been prospectively studied. In addition, the early role of ACE-inhibitors (ACE-I) is controversial. We aimed to determine the effects of steroids and ACE-I on development of left ventricular dysfunction in the mdx mouse, a model for dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Orally administered captopril or prednisolone was given for 8 weeks to 16-week-old, male mdx mice. In vivo pressure-volume loops, fibrosis, in vivo myocyte sarcolemmal injury, and cytokine expression were assessed in treated and untreated mdx mice and age-matched controls. Untreated mdx mice showed compensated cardiomyopathy with reduced myocardial contractility, patchy myocardial fibrosis but preserved stroke volume. Captopril treatment resulted in indirect myocardial effects of reduced afterload and direct effects of increased contractility. Prednisolone caused acute sarcolemmal injury, increased expression of myocardial TNF alpha and fibrosis, resulting in left ventricular dilatation and diastolic dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a mouse model of dystrophin-deficient cardiomyopathy, ACE-I produced haemodynamic benefit, whereas steroids accelerated progression of cardiomyopathy. Although mouse models may not entirely replicate the human condition, comprehensive monitoring of cardiac function with these therapies is essential.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Center for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Straub
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blain
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bushby
authors.forename: Guy A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: MacGowan
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D002216:Captopril / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009202:Cardiomyopathies / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D003971:Diastole; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D016189:Dystrophin / Q000172:deficiency*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011239:Prednisolone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D012313:RNA / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012508:Sarcolemma / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D016189:Dystrophin; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D012313:RNA; D002216:Captopril; D011239:Prednisolone