title: Tamoxifen inhibits transforming growth factor-alpha gene expression in human breast carcinoma samples treated with triiodothyronine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of triiodothyronine (T3), 17beta-estradiol (E2), and tamoxifen (TAM) on transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha gene expression in primary breast cancer cell cultures and interactions between the different treatments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients included in the study (no.=12) had been newly diagnosed with breast cancer. Fresh human breast carcinoma tissue was cut into 0.3- mm slices. These slices were placed in six 35-mm dishes on 2-ml organ culture medium. Dishes received the following treatments: dish 1: ethanol; dish 2: T3; dish 3: T3+TAM; dish 4: TAM; dish 5: E2; dish 6: E2+TAM. TGF-alpha mRNA content was normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels. All tissues included in this study were positive for estrogen receptor (ER) and thyroid hormone receptor expression. Treatment with T3 for 48 h significantly increased TGF-alpha mRNA levels compared to controls (15-fold), and concomitant treatment with TAM reduced expression to 3.4-fold compared to controls. When only TAM was added to the culture medium, TGF-alpha mRNA expression increased 5.3-fold, significantly higher than with all other treatment modalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrate that TGF-alpha mRNA expression is more efficiently upregulated by T3 than E2. Concomitant treatment with TAM had a mitigating effect on the T3 effect, while E2 induced TGF-alpha upregulation. Our findings show some similarities between primary culture and breast cancer cell lines, but also some important differences: a) induction of TGF-alpha, a mitogenic protein, by TAM; b) a differential effect of TAM that may depend on relative expression of ER alpha and beta; and c) supraphysiological doses of T3 may induce mitogenic signals in breast cancer tissue under conditions of low circulating E2.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Clinic, UNESP, Botucatu, Brazil.
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Conde
authors.forename: R A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Luvizotto
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Síbio
authors.forename: M L H
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Katayama
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Brentani
authors.forename: C R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Nogueira
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D016211:Transforming Growth Factor alpha; D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013629:Tamoxifen; D004958:Estradiol