title: Mortality impact of hypothermia after cavitary explorations in trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Admission hypothermia (core temperature<or=35 degrees C) is an independent risk factor for mortality after trauma. The predictive value of perioperative core temperatures during acute trauma surgery, however, although widely employed as a criterion for initiating damage control, is unknown. We hypothesized that for trauma patients undergoing laparotomy or thoracotomy, early postoperative hypothermia is a predictor of mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  After institutional review board (IRB) approval, all critically ill trauma patients undergoing cavitary surgery (laparotomy or thoracotomy) at a level 1 trauma center from 01/1998 to 07/2006 were identified from the trauma registry. Immediate postoperative core temperature (Tc) was used to classify patients as hypothermic (Tc<or=35 degrees C) or normothermic (Tc>35 degrees C). The profoundly hypothermic subgroup of patients with a Tc<33 degrees C was also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 2,489 patients required cavitary surgery, 1,252 of whom (50%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). On arrival in the ICU 15% of the patients had a Tc<or=35 degrees C and were more likely to be >or=55 years old (12% versus 7%; p=0.04); in addition, they were hypotensive on admission (25% versus 13%; p<0.001), had a lower admission Glasgow Coma Score (GCS; 11+/-5 versus 14+/-3; p<0.001), a higher Injury Severity Score (ISS; 29+/-15 versus 22+/-12; p<0.001), higher head and chest Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS), and greater intraoperative blood loss (2.6+/-2.4 l versus 1.7+/-1.8 l; p<0.001). When compared to patients who were normothermic at the end of their operation, hypothermic patients had a significantly higher mortality (35% versus 8%; p<0.001). With decreasing Tc, there was a stepwise increase in mortality. Compared to patients with a Tc>35 degrees C, the relative risk of death for patients with a Tc between 35 degrees C and 33 degrees C was 4.0, and that for patients with a Tc<or=33 degrees C it was 7.1. After adjusting for multiple differences between groups, postoperative hypothermia remained an independent predictor of mortality (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.9-5.3; p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative hypothermia is common in critically injured patients requiring cavitary surgery and is an independent predictor of mortality. The impact of measures to maintain or restore normothermia in the operating room warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Trauma Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, USC+LAC Medical Center, University of Southern California, 1200 North State Street, IPT, C5L100, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. kinaba@surgery.usc.edu
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inaba
authors.forename: Pedro G R
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Teixeira
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Salim
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DuBose
authors.forename: Linda S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Demetrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Demetriades
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D001831:Body Temperature; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D007035:Hypothermia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007813:Laparotomy; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013898:Thoracic Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D013908:Thoracotomy; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000601:surgery*; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000601:surgery