title: Disparities in long-term care: building equity into market-based reforms.
abstract: A growing body of evidence documents pervasive racial, ethnic, and class disparities in long-term care in the United States. At the same time, major quality improvement initiatives are being implemented that rely on market-based incentives, many of which may have the unintended consequence of exacerbating disparities. We review existing evidence on disparities in the use and quality of long-term care services, analyze current market-based policy initiatives in terms of their potential to ameliorate or exacerbate these disparities, and suggest policies and policy modifications that may help decrease disparities. We find that racial disparities in the use of formal long-term care have decreased over time. Disparities in quality of care are more consistently documented and appear to be related to racial and socioeconomic segregation of long-term care facilities as opposed to within-provider discrimination. Market-based incentives policies should explicitly incorporate the goal of mitigating the potential unintended consequence of increased disparities.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Studies, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC2007, Chicago, IL 60637, USA. konetzka@uchicago.edu
authors.forename: R Tamara
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Konetzka
authors.forename: Rachel M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Werner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D018166:Health Care Reform; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D008389:Marketing of Health Services; D008484:Medicaid; D009735:Nursing Homes; D011287:Prejudice; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001741:Black or African American