title: Treatment of severe ankle sprain: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial comparing the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three types of mechanical ankle support with tubular bandage. The CAST trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of three methods of ankle support compared with double layer tubular compression bandage.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomised controlled trial, designed to reflect practice in UK hospital emergency departments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight emergency departments in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aged 16 or over with acute severe ankle sprain, unable to weight bear, no fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  584 participants were randomised to one of four treatment arms: tubular bandage, below knee cast, Aircast ankle brace or Bledsoe boot, all applied 2-3 days after presentation to allow swelling to resolve.
  
  
  METHODS
  Response to treatment was assessed using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score and generic measures (Functional Limitations Profile, SF-12 and EQ-5D).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When adjusted for age, sex and baseline scores, the below knee cast offered a small but statistically significant benefit at 4 weeks in terms of pain (FAOS pain difference 5.1; 95% CI 0.4-9.8), foot- and ankle-related quality of life (QoL) (FAOS QoL difference 5.9; 95% CI 0.1-11.8) and the physical component of the SF-12 (SF-12 score difference 2.2; 95% CI 0.0-4.4). Neither the Aircast brace nor the Bledsoe boot was statistically or clinically better. At 12 weeks the below knee cast was significantly better than tubular bandage in terms of pain (FAOS pain difference 5.1; 95% CI 0.3-10.0), activities of daily living (FAOS ADL difference 3.5; 95% CI 0.4-6.6), sports (FAOS sports difference 8.7; 95% CI 1.6-15.7) and QoL (FAOS QoL difference 8.7; 95% CI 2.4-15.0), and the Aircast brace was better only in terms of ankle-related QoL and mental health. The Bledsoe boot conferred no significant advantage over tubular bandage. By 9 months there were no significant differences. Based on mean direct health-care costs per participant, the Bledsoe boot was the most expensive (215 pounds) and tubular bandage the least so (1 pound 44 pence). Inclusion of indirect costs (sick leave) raised overall costs substantially and removed any significant differences between the therapies. Cost-utility analysis demonstrated that the Aircast brace [301 pounds per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY)] and below knee cast (339 pounds per QALY) were more cost-effective than the Bledsoe boot (2116 pounds per QALY). However, inclusion of indirect costs produced different rank orders, depending on the assumptions made, and results should be treated with caution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The below knee cast and the Aircast brace offered cost-effective alternatives to tubular bandage for acute severe ankle sprain, the former having the advantage in terms of overall recovery at 3 months. As there were no differences in long-term outcome, practitioners should consider likely compliance and acceptability to patients when choosing a brace.
authors.affiliation: Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK.
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakash
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jarvis
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szczepura
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Lamb
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000191:economics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D001458:Bandages / Q000191:economics*; D001915:Braces / Q000191:economics*; D002370:Casts, Surgical / Q000191:economics*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000191:economics; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D013180:Sprains and Strains / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult