title: Congenital tracheal stenosis: the prognostic significance of associated cardiovascular anomalies and the optimal timing of surgical treatment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cardiovascular anomalies (CA) are frequently associated with congenital tracheal stenosis (CTS), but their prognostic impact on CTS and the optimal timing of surgical treatment remain uncertain. The aim of this study was to explore the prognostic factors and the optimal timing of surgical treatment in CTS patients with CA.
  
  
  METHODS
  After obtaining institutional review board approval, a retrospective review of 42 patients who underwent surgical repair of CTS between 1996 and 2006 was conducted. The patients were divided into 3 groups: CTS without CA (n = 10, group A), CTS with CA repaired simultaneously (n = 27, group B), and CTS with CA repaired in stages (n = 5, group C). Seven clinical characteristics, including gestational week and weight at birth, the age and body weight at operation, the length of tracheal stenosis (%), the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) during surgery, and operation time were compared among the groups using analysis of variance, Fisher's Exact test, and Student's t test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although no operative mortalities occurred in groups A and C, there were 3 early deaths and 1 late death in group B. The deaths occurred in cases with associated complex CA (critical pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot with an absent pulmonary valve, right ventricular outflow block, and cor triatrium). The duration of CPB was significantly different between groups A and B (P = .017), and furthermore, CPB time was significantly longer in early death cases than in surviving cases in group B (318.3 +/- .71.1 vs 204.0 +/- 67.8 minutes; P = .012).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complex CA and long CPB duration would be prognostic factors for the outcome of surgical management for CTS and CA. Simultaneous reconstruction of CTS and simple CA appears to be a reasonable method of surgical intervention, but patients with long segment CTS with complex CA may still be difficult to cure using this strategy, and staged correction may be considered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Surgery, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nishijima
authors.forename: Ayako
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maruo
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yokoi
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takamizawa
authors.forename: Shiiki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satoh
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oshima
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000601:surgery*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014135:Tracheal Stenosis / Q000151:congenital* / Q000601:surgery*