title: Combined effect of health behaviours and risk of first ever stroke in 20,040 men and women over 11 years' follow-up in Norfolk cohort of European Prospective Investigation of Cancer (EPIC Norfolk): prospective population study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the potential combined impact of four health behaviours on incidence of stroke in men and women living in the general community.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population based prospective study (EPIC-Norfolk).
  
  
  METHODS
  Norfolk, United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  20,040 men and women aged 40-79 with no known stroke or myocardial infarction at baseline survey in 1993-7, living in the general community, and followed up to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants scored one point for each health behaviour: current non-smoking, physically not inactive, moderate alcohol intake (1-14 units a week), and plasma concentration of vitamin C >or=50 micromol/l, indicating fruit and vegetable intake of at least five servings a day, for a total score ranging from 0 to 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 599 incident strokes over 229,993 person years of follow-up; the average follow-up was 11.5 years. After adjustment for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure, cholesterol concentration, history of diabetes and aspirin use, and social class, compared with people with the four health behaviours the relative risks for stroke for men and women were 1.15 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 1.49) for three health behaviours, 1.58 (1.22 to 2.05) for two, 2.18 (1.63 to 2.92) for one, and 2.31 (1.33 to 4.02) for none (P<0.001 for trend). The relations were consistent in subgroups stratified by sex, age, body mass index, and social class, and after exclusion of deaths within two years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Four health behaviours combined predict more than a twofold difference in incidence of stroke in men and women.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ. phyo.k.myint@uea.ac.uk
authors.forename: Phyo K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Myint
authors.forename: Robert N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Luben
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
authors.initials: KT
authors.lastname: Khaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin