title: Increased portion size leads to a sustained increase in energy intake over 4 d in normal-weight and overweight men and women.
abstract: Large food portions may be facilitating excess energy intake (EI) and adiposity among adults. The present study aimed to assess the extent to which EI and amounts of foods consumed are influenced by the availability of different-sized food portions. A randomised within-subject cross-over, fully residential design was used, where forty-three (twenty-one men and twenty-two women) normal-weight and overweight adults were randomly allocated to two separate 4 d periods where they were presented with either 'standard' or 'large' food portions of the same foods and beverages. The main outcome measures were the amount of food (g) and EI (MJ) consumed throughout each study period. Mean EI over 4 d was significantly higher on the large portion condition compared with the standard condition in the total group (59.1 (sd 6.6) v. 52.2 (sd 14.3) MJ; P = 0.020); men and women increased their EI by 17 % (10 (sd 6.5) MJ; P < 0.001) and 10 % (4 (sd 6.5) MJ; P = 0.005) respectively when served the large food portions relative to the standard food portions. The increased intakes were sustained over the 4 d in the large portion condition with little evidence of down-regulation of EI and food intake being made by subjects. Increased food portion size resulted in significant and sustained increases in EI in men and women over 4 d under fully residential conditions. The availability and consumption of larger portions of food may be a significant factor contributing to excess EI and adiposity.
authors.affiliation: Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine, UK.
authors.forename: Mary T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Julie M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wallace
authors.forename: Paula J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Robson
authors.forename: Kirsten L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rennie
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hannon-Fletcher
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: M B E
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Livingstone
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D001828:Body Image; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004435:Eating; D004644:Emotions; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050177:Overweight / Q000523:psychology*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012528:Satiety Response; D015430:Weight Gain