title: Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.
abstract: The human brain is often considered to be the most cognitively capable among mammalian brains and to be much larger than expected for a mammal of our body size. Although the number of neurons is generally assumed to be a determinant of computational power, and despite the widespread quotes that the human brain contains 100 billion neurons and ten times more glial cells, the absolute number of neurons and glial cells in the human brain remains unknown. Here we determine these numbers by using the isotropic fractionator and compare them with the expected values for a human-sized primate. We find that the adult male human brain contains on average 86.1 +/- 8.1 billion NeuN-positive cells ("neurons") and 84.6 +/- 9.8 billion NeuN-negative ("nonneuronal") cells. With only 19% of all neurons located in the cerebral cortex, greater cortical size (representing 82% of total brain mass) in humans compared with other primates does not reflect an increased relative number of cortical neurons. The ratios between glial cells and neurons in the human brain structures are similar to those found in other primates, and their numbers of cells match those expected for a primate of human proportions. These findings challenge the common view that humans stand out from other primates in their brain composition and indicate that, with regard to numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells, the human brain is an isometrically scaled-up primate brain.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Frederico A C
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Ludmila R B
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Lea T
authors.initials: LT
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.forename: José Marcelo
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Farfel
authors.forename: Renata E L
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ferretti
authors.forename: Renata E P
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Leite
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jacob Filho
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lent
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Herculano-Houzel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000378:metabolism*; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; C506808:neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN, human