title: Impact of an informed choice invitation on uptake of screening for diabetes in primary care (DICISION): trial protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Screening invitations have traditionally been brief, providing information only about population benefits. Presenting information about the limited individual benefits and potential harms of screening to inform choice may reduce attendance, particularly in the more socially deprived. At the same time, amongst those who attend, it might increase motivation to change behavior to reduce risks. This trial assesses the impact on attendance and motivation to change behavior of an invitation that facilitates informed choices about participating in diabetes screening in general practice. Three hypotheses are tested: 1. Attendance at screening for diabetes is lower following an informed choice compared with a standard invitation. 2. There is an interaction between the type of invitation and social deprivation: attendance following an informed choice compared with a standard invitation is lower in those who are more rather than less socially deprived. 3. Amongst those who attend for screening, intentions to change behavior to reduce risks of complications in those subsequently diagnosed with diabetes are stronger following an informed choice invitation compared with a standard invitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  1500 people aged 40-69 years without known diabetes but at high risk are identified from four general practice registers in the east of England. 1200 participants are randomized by households to receive one of two invitations to attend for diabetes screening at their general practices. The intervention invitation is designed to facilitate informed choices, and comprises detailed information and a decision aid. A comparison invitation is based on those currently in use. Screening involves a finger-prick blood glucose test. The primary outcome is attendance for diabetes screening. The secondary outcome is intention to change health related behaviors in those attenders diagnosed with diabetes. A sample size of 1200 ensures 90% power to detect a 10% difference in attendance between arms, and in an estimated 780 attenders, 80% power to detect a 0.2 sd difference in intention between arms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The DICISION trial is a rigorous pragmatic denominator based clinical trial of an informed choice invitation to diabetes screening, which addresses some key limitations of previous trials.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department (at Guy's), Guy's Campus, London, SE1 9RT, UK. eleanor.mann@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Eleanor
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mann
authors.forename: A Toby
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Prevost
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kellar
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutton
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sanderson
authors.forename: Ann Louise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kinmonth
authors.forename: Theresa M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Marteau
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007258:Informed Consent; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011203:Poverty; D006113:United Kingdom