title: Therapeutic effects of rectal administration of muscovite on experimental colitis in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate whether rectal administration of muscovite can ameliorate colonic inflammation in a rat model of experimental colitis, and its possible mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis were treated with rectal administration of muscovite or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) daily for 14 days. The changes in body weight, macroscopic damage and histologic scores were subsequently evaluated. Gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), mucin2 (MUC2) and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) in the colonic tissues was assessed by semiquantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) while protein levels of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta were detected by ELISA. Mucin2 expression in colonic mucosa was detected by immunohistochemistry. The capacity of muscovite to adsorb cytokines in vitro was determined by the changes in the amount of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta secreted by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated THP-1 cells and IL-8 secreted by LPS-stimulated HT-29 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rectal administration of muscovite improved the loss of body weight, macroscopic and histologic scores of TNBS-induced colitis in a dose-dependent manner. Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced expression of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was reduced by muscovite and 5-ASA treatment. Reduction of MUC2 expression in colitis rats was reversed by muscovite and 5-ASA treatment. However, the expression of TFF3 mRNA in colonic mucosa was not affected. In addition, we found muscovite inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta secreted by THP-1 and IL-8 secreted by HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study demonstrated for the first time that rectal administration of muscovite can ameliorate colonic inflammation of TNBS-induced colitis. Further confirmatory studies are needed to prove that muscovite might be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.
authors.affiliation: Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei-li
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tian-hua
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Jian-ting
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Liang-jing
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jia-Guo
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Jian-min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Si
mesh_terms: D000285:Administration, Rectal; D000538:Aluminum Silicates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D003092:Colitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019804:Mesalamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055262:Mucin-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000538:Aluminum Silicates; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; C524628:Muc2 protein, rat; D055262:Mucin-2; D009479:Neuropeptides; C099037:TFF3 protein, rat; D000071165:Trefoil Factor-3; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C517971:muscovite; D019804:Mesalamine; D014302:Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid