title: Galactose-grafted chylomicron-mimicking emulsion: evaluation of specificity against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A chylomicron-mimicking lipid emulsion was prepared and loaded with paclitaxel (paclitaxel-CM) and was further grafted with galactose (paclitaxel-GCM) using palmitoyl-galactosamine, which was synthesized by reacting galactosamine hydrochloride with N-hydroxy succinimide ester of palmitic acid. Palmitoyl-galactosamine was used as a ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  The uptake characteristics of the emulsions were evaluated in HepG-2 cells (human hepatocarcinaoma), which express asialoglycoprotein receptors, and MCF-7 (breast cancer) cells, which are devoid of these receptors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incorporation efficiency of paclitaxel-CM was 68.05 +/- 4.80% and that of paclitaxel-GCM was 72.10 +/- 3.93% when the emulsion was prepared with 7.5% (w/w) paclitaxel/lipid phase. The globule size of paclitaxel-GCM and paclitaxel-CM was 124 +/- 8.67 and 96.45 +/- 5.78 nm, respectively. The release of paclitaxel from both of the formulations was fairly sustained: 50 +/- 3.2% of paclitaxel in 24 h. The cytotoxicity and uptake of paclitaxel-GCM were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in HepG-2 cells than MCF-7 cells, while for paclitaxel-CM cytotoxicity and uptake were similar in the two cell lines. This study clearly demonstrates that upon surface modification palmitoyl-galactosamine remains an integral part of the formulation. Paclitaxel solubility can be improved using optimum paclitaxel/lipid phase ratios. The paclitaxel-GCM formulation recognizes asialoglycoprotein receptors overexpressed on HepG-2 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under our experimental conditions, the proposed paclitaxel-GCM formulation is an ideal delivery vehicle for specific targeting to liver cancer cells, which is anticipated to result in improved efficacy and reduced toxicity to normal cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Vikas
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Banashree
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Girish K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Parag P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Maqsood A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siddiqui
authors.forename: Aditya B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Pant
authors.forename: Prabhat R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D037263:Asialoglycoprotein Receptor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002914:Chylomicrons / Q000737:chemistry; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004655:Emulsions; D005260:Female; D005688:Galactosamine / Q000737:chemistry; D005690:Galactose / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019308:Palmitic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D037263:Asialoglycoprotein Receptor; D002914:Chylomicrons; D004655:Emulsions; D019308:Palmitic Acid; D005688:Galactosamine; D017239:Paclitaxel; D005690:Galactose