title: Differences in the tumor microenvironment between African-American and European-American breast cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  African-American breast cancer patients experience higher mortality rates than European-American patients despite having a lower incidence of the disease. We tested the hypothesis that intrinsic differences in the tumor biology may contribute to this cancer health disparity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using laser capture microdissection, we examined genome-wide mRNA expression specific to tumor epithelium and tumor stroma in 18 African-American and 17 European-American patients. Numerous genes were differentially expressed between these two patient groups and a two-gene signature in the tumor epithelium distinguished between them. To identify the biological processes in tumors that are different by race/ethnicity, Gene Ontology and disease association analyses were performed. Several biological processes were identified which may contribute to enhanced disease aggressiveness in African-American patients, including angiogenesis and chemotaxis. African-American tumors also contained a prominent interferon signature. The role of angiogenesis in the tumor biology of African-Americans was further investigated by examining the extent of vascularization and macrophage infiltration in an expanded set of 248 breast tumors. Immunohistochemistry revealed that microvessel density and macrophage infiltration is higher in tumors of African-Americans than in tumors of European-Americans. Lastly, using an in silico approach, we explored the potential of tailored treatment options for African-American patients based on their gene expression profile. This exploratory approach generated lists of therapeutics that may have specific antagonistic activity against tumors of African-American patients, e.g., sirolimus, resveratrol, and chlorpromazine in estrogen receptor-negative tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gene expression profiles of breast tumors indicate that differences in tumor biology may exist between African-American and European-American patients beyond the knowledge of current markers. Notably, pathways related to tumor angiogenesis and chemotaxis could be functionally different in these two patient groups.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center of Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
authors.forename: Damali N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Brenda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reimers
authors.forename: Tiffany M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Howe
authors.forename: Harry G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yfantis
authors.forename: Yien Che
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Erica H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Dong H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Allan M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Weissman
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ambs
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000235:genetics*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D002633:Chemotaxis / Q000235:genetics; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D023281:Genomics; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages; D008297:Male; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000032:analysis*; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012334:RNA, Neoplasm