title: Incisor inclination--risk factor for palatally-impacted canines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the torque of upper incisors and the maxillary size in sagittal direction in patients with impacted canines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Panoramic radiographs, cephalograms and pretreatment study models were evaluated in 199 patients (12.7 +/- 3.6 years) with impacted canines. The prevalence of malocclusions, inclination of the canine to the occlusal plane, incisors' inclination and maxillary size were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  45% of the patients showed symptoms of Class II, Division 2 malocclusion: at 18.5 degrees, the inclination of upper incisors (angle U1/NA) was lower and at 81.3 degrees the SNA angle higher than in patients with neutral conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no guidance for the erupting canine through the labial root torque of the upper incisors like in patients with missing lateral incisors. Patients with symptoms of Class II, Division 2 malocclusion should be regarded as a risk group for canine impaction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lüdicke
authors.forename: Winfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harzer
authors.forename: Eve
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tausche
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D003481:Cuspid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008297:Male; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011862:Radiography, Panoramic; D012307:Risk Factors; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014095:Tooth, Impacted / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019415:Torque