title: Antifibrinolytic agents reduce tissue plasminogen activator-mediated neuronal toxicity in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Serine proteases and their inhibitors play an important role in physiological homeostasis including neuronal activity, hemostasis, and wound healing. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is involved in normal neuronal plasticity and memory formation but can also be neurotoxic. We hypothesized that the serine protease inhibitor aprotinin confers neuronal protection by inhibiting tPA activity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using cultured rat dopaminergic neuroblasts (N27 line), tPA-induced cytotoxicity was quantitated by an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay and flow cytometry using propidium iodide DNA staining. The anti-apoptotic effects of aprotinin and other protease inhibitors were also evaluated using these systems.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of cultured neuroblasts with tPA (10-20 microg/ml) caused a dose-dependent decrease in cell viability (71.3+/-2.4 at 10 microg/ml down to 52.7+/-2.5% at 20 microg/m tPA, 24-h treatment), which was potentiated in the absence of serum in the culture medium (59.5+/-6.3% at 10 microg/ml down to 47.9+/-4.7% at 20 microg/ml). Aprotinin was effective in ameliorating cell death when administered 30 min before tPA exposure as shown by increased cell viability (91.8+/-0.6% at tPA at 20 microg/ml), but this protection was significantly reduced when aprotinin was administered after tPA. The efficacy of aprotinin as a neuroprotectant was equivalent or superior to other direct tPA antagonist peptides Glu-Gly-Arg-chlormethylketone (EGRck) and Phe-Pro-Arg-chlormethylketone (FPRck) in this setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that one of the mechanisms of neuroprotection afforded by aprotinin may be inhibition of tPA-mediated neurotoxicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
authors.forename: H-Y
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Szlam
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: M E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Csete
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D051381:Rats; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator