title: Glutamate receptors on myelinated spinal cord axons: II. AMPA and GluR5 receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Glutamate receptors, which play a major role in the physiology and pathology of central nervous system gray matter, are also involved in the pathophysiology of white matter. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for excitotoxic damage to white matter elements are not fully understood. We explored the roles of AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors in axonal Ca(2+) deregulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dorsal column axons were loaded with a Ca(2+) indicator and imaged in vitro using confocal microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both AMPA and a GluR5 kainate receptor agonist increased intraaxonal Ca(2+) in myelinated rat dorsal column fibers. These responses were inhibited by selective antagonists of these receptors. The GluR5-mediated Ca(2+) increase was mediated by both canonical (ie, ionotropic) and noncanonical (metabotropic) signaling, dependent on a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein/phospholipase C-dependent pathway, promoting Ca(2+) release from inositol triphosphate-dependent stores. In addition, the GluR5 response was reduced by intraaxonal NO scavengers. In contrast, GluR4 AMPA receptors operated via Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release, dependent on ryanodine receptors, and unaffected by NO scavengers. Neither pathway depended on L-type Ca(2+) channels, in contrast with GluR6 kainate receptor action.1 Immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of GluR4 and GluR5 clustered at the surface of myelinated axons; GluR5 coimmunoprecipitated with nNOS and often colocalized with neuronal nitric oxide synthase clusters on the internodal axon.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Central myelinated axons express functional AMPA and GluR5 kainate receptors, and can directly respond to glutamate receptor agonists. These glutamate receptor-dependent signaling pathways promote an increase in intraaxonal Ca(2+) levels potentially contributing to axonal degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Ottawa Health Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ouardouz
authors.forename: Elaine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Coderre
authors.forename: Gerald W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Zamponi
authors.forename: Shameed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: Xinghua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Bruce D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Trapp
authors.forename: Peter K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Stys
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D004533:Egtazic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D016253:Microscopy, Immunoelectron / Q000379:methods; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000378:metabolism*; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000378:metabolism*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000166:cytology*; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004533:Egtazic Acid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D018350:alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid; C070379:1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester