title: Protein transduction method for cerebrovascular disorders.
abstract: Many studies have shown that a motif of 11 consecutive arginines (11R) is one of the most effective protein transduction domains (PTD) for introducing proteins into the cell membrane. By conjugating this "11R", all sorts of proteins can effectively and harmlessly be transferred into any kind of cell. We therefore examined the transduction efficiency of 11R in cerebral arteries and obtained results showing that 11R fused enhanced green fluorescent protein (11R-EGFP) immediately and effectively penetrated all layers of the rat basilar artery (BA), especially the tunica media. This method provides a revolutionary approach to cerebral arteries and ours is the first study to demonstrate the successful transductionof a PTD fused protein into the cerebral arteries. In this review, we present an outline of our studies and other key studies related to cerebral vasospasm and 11R, problems to be overcome, and predictions regarding future use of the 11R protein transduction method for cerebral vasospasm (CV).
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. tomoyuki_ogawa510202@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Tomoyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ogawa
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Tomotsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ichikawa
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Arimitsu
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Onoda
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tokunaga
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sugiu
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomizawa
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsui
authors.forename: Isao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Date
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001120:Arginine; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D015316:Genetic Therapy; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D021381:Protein Transport; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D010446:Peptide Fragments; C485184:enhanced green fluorescent protein; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D001120:Arginine