title: Maternal methadone use in pregnancy: factors associated with the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome and implications for healthcare resources.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to investigate factors associated with the development of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) and to assess the implications for healthcare resources of infants born to drug-misusing women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study from 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inner-city maternity hospital providing dedicated multidisciplinary care to drug-misusing women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and fifty singleton pregnancies of drug-misusing women prescribed substitute methadone in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case note review.
  
  
  METHODS
  Development of NAS and duration of infant hospital stay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  45.5% of infants developed NAS requiring pharmacological treatment. The odds ratio of the infant developing NAS was independently related to prescribed maternal methadone dose rather than associated polydrug misuse. Breastfeeding was associated with reduced odds of requiring treatment for NAS (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-0.88). Preterm birth did not influence the odds of the infant receiving treatment for NAS. 48.4% infants were admitted to the neonatal unit (NNU) 40% of these primarily for treatment of NAS. The median total hospital stay for all infants was 10 days (interquartile range 7-17 days). Infants born to methadone-prescribed drug-misusing mothers represented 2.9% of hospital births, but used 18.2% of NNU cot days.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher maternal methadone dose is associated with a higher incidence of NAS. Pregnant drug-misusing women should be encouraged and supported to breastfeed. Their infants are extremely vulnerable and draw heavily on healthcare resources.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Unit, Princess Royal Maternity, Glasgow, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dryden
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hepburn
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mactier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D055030:Drug Users; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal; D007902:Length of Stay; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009294:Narcotics / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009357:Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome / Q000209:etiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009294:Narcotics; D008691:Methadone