title: Tear ferning in contact lens wearers.
abstract: Tear ferning (TF) has shown good sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of dry eye, but is a relatively uncommon test, especially in contact lens wearers. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between TF, ocular comfort and tear film stability amongst contact lens (CL) wearers and non-contact lens (NCL) wearers. Subjects (36 NCL, 24 CL; mean age 23.2 +/- 4.8 years) underwent assessment of non-invasive tear break up time (NIBUT), fluorescein tear break up time (FBUT) and completed the Ocular Comfort Index (OCI) questionnaire. Non-stimulated tears were collected from the inferior tear meniscus with a glass capillary. Samples of 1.5 microL were air dried, observed by light microscopy and the TF pattern quantified according to Rolando's grading scale. Significantly higher grades of TF pattern and discomfort (higher OCI scores) were observed in CL wearers compared to NCL wearers (Mann-Whitney U-test; p < 0.005 and p < 0.05 respectively). Differences in tear film stability were not significant between groups. Even when asymptomatic (low OCI scores) CL and NCL subjects were compared, TF remained significantly different (p < 0.005). In both CL and NCL subjects, TF displayed poor correlation with tear film stability tests and OCI scores. Higher TF grades in CL wearers, even if asymptomatic, indicate an unfavourable ratio of salt to macromolecule concentration within the tear film of such subjects. The lack of significant difference in TF between symptomatic CL and NCL wearers could suggest similar aetiology (tear film hyperosmolarity) in each cohort. The TF technique demonstrates limited sensitivity and specificity for the prediction of ocular surface comfort in both CL and NCL wearers.
authors.affiliation: Contact Lens and Anterior Eye Research (CLAER) Unit, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: Katharine S E
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Rachel V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: North
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Purslow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003261:Contact Lenses / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003941:Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult