title: Warfarin thromboprophylaxis in cancer patients with central venous catheters (WARP): an open-label randomised trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role and dose of anticoagulants in thromboprophylaxis for patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy through central venous catheters (CVCs) is controversial. We therefore assessed whether warfarin reduces catheter-related thrombosis compared with no warfarin and whether the dose of warfarin determines the thromboprophylactic effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 68 clinical centres in the UK, we randomly assigned 1590 patients aged at least 16 years with cancer who were receiving chemotherapy through CVCs to no warfarin, fixed-dose warfarin 1 mg per day, or dose-adjusted warfarin per day to maintain an international normalised ratio between 1.5 and 2.0. Clinicians who were certain of the benefit of warfarin randomly assigned patients to fixed-dose or dose-adjusted warfarin groups. The primary outcome was the rate of radiologically proven, symptomatic catheter-related thrombosis. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered as an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial, number ISRCTN 50312145.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with no warfarin (n=404), warfarin (n=408; 324 [79%] on fixed-dose and 84 [21%] on dose-adjusted) did not reduce the rate of catheter-related thromboses (24 [6%] vs 24 [6%]; relative risk 0.99, 95% CI 0.57-1.72, p=0.98). However, compared with fixed-dose warfarin (n=471), dose-adjusted warfarin (n=473) was superior in the prevention of catheter-related thromboses (13 [3%] vs 34 [7%]; 0.38, 0.20-0.71, p=0.002). Major bleeding events were rare; an excess was noted with warfarin compared with no warfarin (7 vs 1, p=0.07) and with dose-adjusted warfarin compared with fixed-dose warfarin (16 vs 7, p=0.09). A combined endpoint of thromboses and major bleeding showed no difference between comparisons. We did not note a survival benefit in either comparison.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings show that prophylactic warfarin compared with no warfarin is not associated with a reduction in symptomatic catheter-related or other thromboses in patients with cancer and therefore we should consider newer treatments.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Medical Research Council and Cancer Research UK.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. a.young@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Annie M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Lucinda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Billingham
authors.forename: Gulnaz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Begum
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Kerr
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Daniel W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wheatley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014859:Warfarin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D014859:Warfarin