title: Aspirin in cardiology--benefits and risks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current knowledge of the benefits and risks of long-term aspirin therapy for the prevention of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles published in English between 1996 and 2006 were obtained from the Current Contents Science Edition, EMBASE and MEDLINE databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Secondary aspirin prophylaxis is effective in reducing the risk of ischaemic events in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, its utility in reducing primary ischaemic events is more controversial; it appears to reduce the incidence of ischaemic stroke, but increase the incidence of haemorrhagic stroke. Aspirin therapy can also lead to an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulcers, upper gastrointestinal bleeding and other haemorrhagic complications. Lower doses of aspirin are associated with a reduced risk of gastrointestinal side effects and are equally effective in reducing cardiovascular risk. Co-therapy with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, clopidogrel or warfarin increases the risk of gastrointestinal side effects, while co-therapy with proton pump inhibitors reduces it.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the benefits and risks need to be considered carefully when prescribing aspirin, particularly in primary prevention. Patients should be prescribed lower doses rather than higher doses of aspirin in line with prescribing guidelines. Co-prescription of a proton pump inhibitors may be necessary in patients at high risk for upper gastrointestinal complications.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacy Program, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Björklund
authors.forename: M-A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wallander
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lesén
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008875:Middle Aged; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011322:Primary Prevention; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012307:Risk Factors; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin