title: Select comorbid personality disorders and the treatment of chronic depression with nefazodone, targeted psychotherapy, or their combination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Individuals with chronic depression respond poorly to both medication and psychotherapy. The reasons for the poorer response, however, remain unclear. One potential factor is the presence of comorbid Axis II personality disorders (PDs), which occur at high rates among these patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study examines the moderating influence of co-occurring PDs, primarily in cluster C, among 681 chronically depressed adult outpatients who were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of treatment with nefazodone, a specialized psychotherapy for chronic depression, or their combination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, 50.4% (n=343) of patients met criteria for one or more Axis II disorders. Following 12 weeks of treatment, patients with comorbid PDs had statistically lower depression scores (M=12.2, SD=+9.2) than patients without comorbid PDs (M=13.5, SD=+8.7). There was no differential impact of a comorbid PD on responsiveness to medication versus psychotherapy. The results did not change when the data were analyzed using an intent-to-treat sample or when individual personality disorders were examined separately.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with severe borderline, antisocial, and schizotypal PDs were excluded from study entry; therefore, these data primarily apply to patients with cluster C PDs and may not generalize to other Axis II conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Comorbid Axis II disorders did not negatively affect treatment outcome and did not differentially affect response to psychotherapy versus medication. Treatment formulations for chronically depressed patients with certain PDs may not need to differ from treatment formulations of chronically depressed patients without co-occurring PDs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Rachel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Maddux
authors.forename: Lawrence P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Riso
authors.forename: Daniel N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Markowitz
authors.forename: Barbara O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Rothbaum
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Arnow
authors.forename: Rachel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Manber
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Blalock
authors.forename: Gabor I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Keitner
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Thase
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D015897:Comorbidity; D003469:Culture; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D019263:Dysthymic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D010879:Piperazines; D011340:Problem Solving; D012008:Recurrence; D014230:Triazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D018687:Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation; D010879:Piperazines; D014230:Triazoles; C051752:nefazodone