title: The effects of yohimbine and amphetamine on fear expression and extinction in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Psychostimulants, such as yohimbine and amphetamine, can enhance learning and memory. Extinction of conditioned fear involves new learning, so we asked whether psychostimulants could enhance this learning. Previous work suggests that yohimbine facilitates extinction, using freezing as a fear measure. However, psychostimulant-induced alterations in locomotion can confound freezing measurements. Furthermore, the effects of amphetamine on fear extinction have never been examined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effectiveness of yohimbine and amphetamine in enhancing fear extinction. In addition to freezing, we measured bar-press suppression, which is less sensitive to changes in locomotion. We asked: Do psychostimulants reduce fear during extinction training when drug is present? Does learning extinction with psychostimulants result in better extinction retention?
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received fear conditioning on day 1 followed by partial extinction training on days 2 and 3. Yohimbine (1.0, 2.0, or 5.0 mg/kg, i.p.), amphetamine (1.0 mg/kg, i.p.), or vehicle were injected prior to extinction on day 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yohimbine dose-dependently reduced freezing during extinction training on day 2, whereas bar-press suppression was reduced at the highest dose only. When tested drug-free, yohimbine-treated rats showed equivalent levels of freezing and suppression to controls. Amphetamine also decreased freezing during extinction, but did not decrease suppression. During the drug-free test, there was no difference between amphetamine-treated rats and controls in either measure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although yohimbine and amphetamine are capable of decreasing freezing, neither drug strengthened retention of fear extinction. Based on these rodent findings, psychostimulants may not be suitable adjuncts to extinction-based therapies for the treatment of anxiety disorders.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Psychiatry and Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067.
authors.forename: Devin
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Lening A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Olivera-Figueroa
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Gregory J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Quirk
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000187:drug effects; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D015016:Yohimbine; D000661:Amphetamine