title: Opioid prescriptions in canadian workers' compensation claimants: prescription trends and associations between early prescription and future recovery.
abstract: METHODS
  Historical cohort study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the prescription of opioids in injured Canadian workers to determine recent trends in use and the association between early prescription and future recovery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Opioid analgesia is effective for reducing chronic nonmalignant pain, and opioid prescriptions for musculoskeletal pain seem to have increased over the past years. However, recent evidence indicates early opioid use may be associated with delayed recovery in patients with back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were extracted from the Alberta Workers' Compensation Board administrative database, and information was obtained on all time loss claims for sprains, strains, fractures, dislocations, amputations, or burns between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2005. Information on all narcotic prescriptions was obtained along with demographic data and duration of time loss benefits. Injury severity was controlled for via nature of injury coding. Analysis included multivariable logistic and Cox regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained for 137,175 subjects. The majority were males ( approximately 70%) with back sprains (approximately 35%), and a mean age of 37 years. Between the years 2000 and 2005, all opioid prescriptions within the first year of claim decreased from 11.4% of claimants to 8.3%. Older males with fractures, dislocations, or amputations were more likely to receive narcotics. Claimants receiving early opioid prescriptions experienced delayed suspension of benefits. However, this association was also seen in claimants prescribed early non-narcotic analgesics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prescriptions for opioid analgesia appear to be decreasing within workers' compensation claimants in Alberta, Canada. As expected, claimants with more severe injuries were more likely to receive opioids. An association was observed between early opioid prescription and delayed recovery, however, this is likely explained by pain severity or other unmeasured confounders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, University of Alberta, Canada. dgross@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Douglas P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stephens
authors.forename: Yagesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bhambhani
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haykowsky
authors.forename: Geoff P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Bostick
authors.forename: Saifudin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rashiq
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000416:Alberta / Q000453:epidemiology; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D020127:Recovery of Function; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid