title: Unilateral strength training increases voluntary activation of the opposite untrained limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated whether an increase in neural drive from the motor cortex contributes to the cross-limb transfer of strength that can occur after unilateral strength training.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twitch interpolation was performed with transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess changes in strength and cortical voluntary activation in the untrained left wrist, before and after 4 weeks of unilateral strength-training involving maximal voluntary isometric wrist extension contractions (MVCs) for the right wrist (n=10, control group=10).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wrist extension MVC force increased in both the trained (31.5+/-18%, mean+/-SD, p<0.001) and untrained wrist (8.2+/-9.7%, p=0.02), whereas wrist abduction MVC did not change significantly. The amplitude of the superimposed twitches evoked during extension MVCs decreased by 35% (+/-20%, p<0.01), which contributed to a significant increase in voluntary activation (2.9+/-3.5%, p<0.01). Electromyographic responses to cortical and peripheral stimulation were unchanged by training. There were no significant changes for the control group which did not train.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Unilateral strength training increased the capacity of the motor cortex to drive the homologous untrained muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data show for the first time that an increase in cortical drive contributes to the contralateral strength training effect.
authors.affiliation: Health and Exercise Science, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Simon C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Gandevia
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Carroll
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004576:Electromyography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology*; D005121:Extremities / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time; D055070:Resistance Training / Q000379:methods*; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014891:Weight Lifting / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult