title: Early and late markers for the detection of early-onset neonatal sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In this study we tested how a combination of early and late paraclinic markers could predict early onset neonatal sepsis (EONS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The first 24 hours after the suspicion of EONS, we measured interleukine (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interferon gamma (INF-gamma), procalcitonin (PCT) and C-reactive protein (CRP) at 8-hour intervals on 123 neonates clinically suspected for EONS. The neonates were divided into two groups. The sepsis group: 1A with blood culture verified bacteraemia and 1B strongly suspected sepsis (29 patients). The no sepsis group: 2A treated with antibiotics (37 patients) and 2B not treated with antibiotics (57 patients).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Combined evaluation of each of the early markers with PCT > 25 ng/ml for prediction of EONS at time 0, gave the following sensitivities and specificities: IL-6 > 250 pg/ml: 71% and 88%; IL-8 > 900 pg/ml: 50% and 88%; IL-10 > 40 pg/ml: 43% and 87%; and immature/total (I/T) ratio > 0.35: 59% and 88%. The results of IL-18, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma did not predict EONS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-6 combined with PCT values is a fair way to evaluate EONS at the time of suspicion of infection. The "old" early marker, I/T ratio, is almost as efficient as IL-6. By combining an early and a late marker it may be possible to reduce the diagnostic "non-conclusive" period of paraclinic values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Aalborg Hospital, University of Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark. labe@rn.dk
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bender
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thaarup
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Varming
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Krarup
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ellermann-Eriksen
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ebbesen
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000382:microbiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002116:Calcitonin / Q000097:blood; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D004927:Escherichia coli Infections / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D020382:Interleukin-18 / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000473:pathology; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000097:blood; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000097:blood; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000097:blood; D013292:Streptococcus agalactiae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; C000606589:CALCA protein, human; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D020382:Interleukin-18; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011498:Protein Precursors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D002116:Calcitonin; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide