title: Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (SICH) in children is relatively less common as compared to adults, and there are limited studies addressing this issue in children. In this study, we analyze the etiology, clinical features, treatment options and outcome assessment in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty consecutive patients of spontaneous intracerebral bleed, aged 18 years and below, were retrospectively analyzed based on medical records and radiographic images. Status of the patient at the final follow-up after discharge was considered as the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Age of patients ranged from 2 months to 17 years with higher predilection in males (M:F = 3:2). Presenting features were symptoms of raised intracranial pressure (70.0%), deterioration in sensorium (50.0%), limb weakness (36.0%) and seizures (28%). Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) was the most common cause of hemorrhage, and was found in 22 patients (44%), followed by cerebral aneurysm in 17 cases (34%), moyamoya disease in 3 cases (6%), and intracranial tumor, hematological disorders and unknown cause (possible vasculitis) were each found in 2 patients (4%). Treatment modalities consisted of: excision of AVM, aneurysm clipping, embolization, superficial temporal artery to middle cerebral artery bypass, tumor excision, hematoma evacuation and conservative management. Thirty-five patients (74%) had good outcome and 13 patients had poor outcome (26%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Aneurysm is an important cause of SICH, alongside AVM, which is the leading cause. Thorough investigation is necessary to elucidate the cause of bleed, which may otherwise be missed. Cerebellar bleed and late presentation were found to be associated with poor outcome. Age was not found to be associated with outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India. rajkumar@sgpgi.ac.in
authors.forename: Raj
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Shukla
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Mahapatra
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017668:Age of Onset; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed