title: Diagnosis and the premotor phase of Parkinson disease.
abstract: Clinical, neuroimaging, and pathologic studies have provided data suggesting that a variety of nonmotor symptoms can precede the classic motor features of Parkinson disease (PD) by years and, perhaps, even decades. The period when these symptoms arise can be referred to as the "premotor phase" of the disease. Here, we review the evidence supporting the occurrence of olfactory dysfunction, dysautonomia, and mood and sleep disorders, in this premotor phase of PD. These symptoms are well known in established PD and when presenting early, in the premotor phase, should be potentially considered as an integral part of the disease process. Even though information on the premotor phase of PD is rapidly accumulating, the diagnosis of premotor PD remains elusive at this time. Should a safe and effective treatment with disease-modifying or neuroprotective potential in PD become available, identifying individuals in the premotor phase will become a serious priority.
authors.affiliation: Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Institut Clínic de Neurosciències, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain. etolosa@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tolosa
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gaig
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Santamaría
authors.forename: Yaroslau
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Compta
mesh_terms: D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D054969:Primary Dysautonomias / Q000503:physiopathology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology