title: Hallux rigidus: etiology, biomechanics, and nonoperative treatment.
abstract: Hallux rigidus is a degenerative osteoarthritic process characterized by progressive loss of metatarsophalangeal joint range of motion and notable dorsal or periarticular osteophyte formation. Documented factors associated with hallux rigidus are a flat or chevron-shaped joint, hallux valgus interphalangeus, metatarsus adductus, bilaterality in persons with a positive family history, trauma history in unilateral cases, and female gender. Elevation of the first ray noted radiographically is thought to be a sign of worsening metatarsophalangeal joint function. Nonoperative care is aimed at improving comfort of the toe and foot with roomy shoes, selective joint injections, taping, and selective use of orthotics.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Surgery, Columbia Orthopaedic Group, 1 South Keene Street, Columbia, MO 65201, USA. pjshurnas@juno.com
authors.forename: Paul S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Shurnas
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D020859:Hallux Rigidus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology