Decreased brain dopamine cell numbers in human cocaine users.
Cocaine use diminishes striatal and midbrain dopamine neuronal components in both post-mortem and in vivo human experiments. The diffuse nature of these declines suggests the possibility that cocaine use might cause a loss of dopamine neurons in humans. Previous rodent studies have not detected cocaine-induced dopamine cell damage. The present experiment involved counting midbrain dopamine neurons utilizing both melanin and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity. Well-preserved blocks ranging from +38 mm obex to +45 mm obex were examined in 10 cocaine users and 9 controls. Sections were also examined for signs of acute pathological injury by counting activated macrophages and microglia. Melanized cells at six midbrain levels were significantly reduced in cocaine users by both drug exposures. The estimated total number of melanized dopamine cells in the anterior midbrain was significantly reduced in cocaine users by 16%. Results with tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity were less conclusive because of variability in staining. Both activated macrophages and activated microglia were significantly increased among cocaine users. Cocaine exposure may have neurotoxic effects on dopamine neurons in humans. The infiltration of phagocytic cells suggests that the lower number of dopamine cells found in cocaine users was a relatively recent effect. The loss of dopamine cells could contribute to and intensify cocaine dependence, as well as anhedonic and depressive symptoms, in some cocaine users. Further efforts at clarifying the pathophysiological mechanisms involved may help explain treatment refractoriness, and identify targets for therapeutic intervention.
Little
Karley Y
KY
Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States. karleyl@bcm.edu
Ramssen
Eric
E
Welchko
Ryan
R
Volberg
Vitaly
V
Roland
Courtney J
CJ
Cassin
Bader
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D002452:Cell Count; D003042:Cocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D037121:Plant Lectins; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D014316:Tritium / Q000378:metabolism; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D037121:Plant Lectins; D014316:Tritium; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase; C067980:CD68 antigen, human; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C017707:Ricinus communis agglutinin-1; C021279:(1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester