title: Diverse and high prevalence of human papillomavirus associated with a significant high rate of cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women in Johannesburg, South Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the epidemiology of the human papillomavirus (HPV) type and correlate it with the Papanicolaou smears in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive women in Johannesburg, South Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a cohort of 148 women, HPV DNA testing was performed with the Roche HPV genotyping test (Branchburg, New Jersey, U.S.A). Papanicolaou smears were performed by standard cytology utilizing 2001 Bethesda reporting guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average age and CD4 count of the participants was 35 years and 255 cells per mm3, respectively. Fifty-four percent had abnormal Papanicolaou smears; 66% of the abnormal cytology was low grade changes, with 33% assessed as having high grade changes. HPV DNA was found in 95% of the 148 subjects assessed, with 83% having 1 or more HPV oncogenic types. Common oncogenic types were 16, 35, 53 and 18. When HPV results were stratified by CD4, there was a significant risk of an oncogenic HPV type in women with CD4 <200. Significant odds ratios for high grade lesions were seen in HPV types 16, 35, 51, 66, 69 and 73.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of HPV typing illustrate the diverse range of oncogenic HPV and high prevalence of oncogenic type. These results highlight the need for improved access to Papanicolaou smear screening for this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. cfirnhaber@witshealth.co.za
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Firnhaber
authors.forename: Khumbuzile
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zungu
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Levin
authors.forename: Pam
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Michelow
authors.forename: Luis J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Montaner
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: McPhail
authors.forename: Anna-Lise
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Charlie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Van der Horst
authors.forename: Allen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rinas
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D065006:Papanicolaou Test; D027383:Papillomaviridae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D002578:Uterine Cervical Dysplasia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014626:Vaginal Smears; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral