title: Radiographic parameters of segmental instability in lumbar spine using kinetic MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effectiveness of radiographic parameters on segmental instability in the lumbar spine using Kinetic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Segmental motion, defined as excessive (more than 3 mm) translational motion from flexion to extension, was investigated in 309 subjects (927 segments) using Kinetic MRI. Radiographic parameters which can help indicate segmental instability include disc degeneration (DD), facet joint osteoarthritis (FJO), and ligament flavum hypertrophy (LFH). These three radiographic parameters were simultaneously evaluated, and the combinations corresponding to significant segmental instability at each level were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of segmental instability was 10.5% at L3-L4, 16.5% at L4-L5, and 7.3% at L5-S1. DD and LFH at L3-L4 and FJO and LFH at L4-L5 were individually associated with segmental instability (p<0.05). At L4-L5, the following combinations had a higher incidence of segmental instability (p<0.05) when compared to other segments : (1) Grade IV DD with grade 3 FJO, (2) Grade 2 or 3 FJO with the presence of LFH, and (3) Grade IV DD with the presence of LFH. At L5-S1, the group with Grade III disc and Grade 3 FJO had a higher incidence of segmental instability than the group with Grade I or II DD and Grade 1 FJO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the presences of either Grade IV DD or grade 3 FJO with LFH at L4-L5 were good indicators for segmental instability. Therefore, using these parameters simultaneously in patients with segmental instability would be useful for determining candidacy for surgical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Seoul Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Se Youn
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Jang
authors.forename: Min Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Henry J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hymanson
authors.forename: Tae Kyung
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Kwan Young
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Jeffrey C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wang