title: Long-term trends in myocardial infarction incidence and case fatality in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Whereas the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors has declined over the past decades in the United States, acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rates have been steady. We hypothesized that this paradox is due partly to the advent of increasingly sensitive biomarkers for AMI diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Framingham Heart Study participants over 4 decades, we compared the incidence and survival rates of initial AMI diagnosis by ECG (AMI-ECG) regardless of biomarkers with those based exclusively on infarction biomarkers (AMI-marker). We used Poisson regression to calculate annual incidence rates of first AMI over 4 decades (1960 to 1969, 1970 to 1979, 1980 to 1989, and 1990 to 1999) and compared rates of AMI-ECG with rates of AMI-marker. Cox proportional-hazards analysis was used to compare AMI case fatality over 4 decades. In 9824 persons (54% women; follow-up, 212 539 person-years; age, 40 to 89 years), 941 AMIs occurred, including 639 AMI-ECG and 302 AMI-marker events. From 1960 to 1999, rates of AMI-ECG declined by approximately 50% and rates of AMI-marker increased approximately 2-fold. Crude 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year case fatality rates in 1960 to 1969 and 1990 to 1999 were 0.20 and 0.14, 0.24 and 0.21, and 0.45 and 0.41, respectively. Age- and sex-adjusted 30-day, 1-year, and 5-year AMI case fatality declined by 60% in 1960 to 1999 (P for trend <0.001), with parallel declines noted after AMI-ECG and AMI-marker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Over the past 40 years, rates of AMI-ECG have declined by 50%, whereas rates of AMI-marker have doubled. Our findings offer an explanation for the apparently steady national AMI rates in the face of improvements in primary prevention.
authors.affiliation: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA 01702-5803, USA.
authors.forename: Nisha I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Parikh
authors.forename: Philimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.forename: Martin G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Larson
authors.forename: Caroline S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Emelia J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Joanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Murabito
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Ramachandran S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Vasan
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Levy
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D054555:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U.S.); D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers