title: The risk of sodium toxicity from bed accumulation to key species in the vermifiltration wastewater treatment process.
abstract: This study was undertaken to assess the toxicological risks from sodium accumulation in a vermifiltration wastewater treatment system to the key worm species, Eisenia fetida. The study found that sodium chloride (NaCl) is the more toxic of the common sodium salts found in wastewater to the worms. The research further found that the worms have an ability to detoxify NaCl although reproduction will be impaired if the worms are exposed to moderate concentrations of NaCl for a long period of time. The actual risk from NaCl toxicity in the vermifiltration process was low however. The low risk was due to the low solid-water partitioning constant of NaCl, which led to a very low predicted environmental concentration (PEC) for NaCl.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Technology Centre, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia. Robert.Hughes@murdoch.edu.au
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nair
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ho
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000187:drug effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000633:toxicity; D013431:Sulfates / Q000633:toxicity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C012036:sodium sulfate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D012964:Sodium