title: Development and psychometric testing of the Nursing Workplace Relational Environment Scale (NWRES).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Nursing Workplace Relational Environment Scale (NWRES).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A positive relational environment in the workplace is characterised by a sense of connectedness and belonging, support and cooperation among colleagues, open communication and effectively managed conflict. A poor relational environment in the workplace may contribute to job dissatisfaction and early turnover of staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quantitative survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  A three-stage process was used to design and test the NWRES. In Stage 1, an extensive literature review was conducted on professional working relationships and the nursing work environment. Three key concepts; collegiality, workplace conflict and job satisfaction were identified and defined. In Stage 2, a pool of items was developed from the dimensions of each concept and formulated into a 35-item scale which was piloted on a convenience sample of 31 nurses. In Stage 3, the newly refined 28-item scale was administered randomly to a convenience sample of 150 nurses. Psychometric testing was conducted to establish the construct validity and reliability of the scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 22-item scale. The factor analysis indicated a four-factor structure: collegial behaviours, relational atmosphere, outcomes of conflict and job satisfaction which explained 68.12% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the NWRES was 0.872 and the subscales ranged from 0.781-0.927.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study confirm the reliability and validity of the NWRES. Replication of this study with a larger sample is indicated to determine relationships among the subscales.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study have implications for health managers in terms of understanding the impact of the relational environment of the workplace on job satisfaction and retention.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. mareeduddle@shiftreload.com.au
authors.forename: Maree
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duddle
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boughton
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009741:Nursing Staff, Hospital / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D010563:Personnel Turnover / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012931:Social Environment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*