title: Topographical evaluation of the major apical foramen in permanent human teeth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the distance from the anatomical root apex to the major apical foramen and the position of the major foramen on the root apex.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crowns of 926 human teeth were sectioned at the cementum-enamel junction. Specimens were mounted on microscope slides for measurement parallel to the long axis of the teeth. The major foramen was identified as the largest-diameter opening at the root apex. A total of 1331 root specimens were evaluated using an optical stereomicroscope to an accuracy of 0.01 mm at 40 x (+/-10) magnification. The distance from the anatomical apex to the most apical point of the major foramen was measured, and its location (central, buccal, lingual, mesial and distal) was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean distance between the major foramen and the anatomical root apex was 0.69 mm; the mean distance was larger in posterior teeth (0.82 mm) and smaller in anterior teeth (0.39 mm). A wide range of anatomical apex to major foramen distances were observed in all tooth groups: the greatest distance was in maxillary molars (0.95 mm) followed by mandibular pre-molars (0.87 mm) and mandibular molars (0.80 mm). The major foramen was at the tip of the root in 40% of teeth. The most frequent deviations of the foramen were to the buccal (20%) and distal (14%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of teeth without apical resorption the distance between the major foramen and the anatomical root apex was always <1 mm. Deviation of the major foramen from the anatomic apex varied widely amongst tooth groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Semiology and Clinics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. josue.sul@terra.com.br
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martos
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ferrer-Luque
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: González-Rodríguez
authors.forename: L A S
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D019229:Dentition, Permanent; D006801:Humans; D009811:Odontometry; D012016:Reference Values; D019227:Tooth Apex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*