title: Intranasal lidocaine plus naphazoline nitrate improves surgical conditions and perioperative analgesia in septorhinoplasty surgery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Septorhinoplasty is a traumatic procedure that is associated with epistaxis and postoperative pain. The primary objective of this randomized double-blind controlled trial was to determine whether intranasal 5% lidocaine plus naphazoline decreases postoperative pain and lessens the use of rescue analgesics.
  
  
  METHODS
  After induction of general anesthesia and laryngeal topical anesthesia with 5% lidocaine, 28 adult patients, scheduled to undergo septorhinoplasty, were randomly assigned to one of two groups, either topical intranasal saline 20 ml (control group) or intranasal 5% lidocaine plus naphazoline solution 0.2 mg ml(-1) (lidocaine group). The perioperative dose of sufentanil, the mean end-tidal concentration of isoflurane, and surgeon satisfaction with the operative field were recorded. In the lidocaine group, plasma lidocaine concentrations were sampled 15, 20, 25, 35, 45, and 55 min after induction of anesthesia. Visual analogue scale pain scores were recorded 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after the patients arrived in the postanesthesia care unit and 24 h after surgery. Consumption of morphine rescue analgesia and the occurrence of any side effects were recorded at the end of the 24-h study period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The intranasal lidocaine-naphazoline application decreased isoflurane requirements [median values: 0.8% (0.7-1.5) vs. 1.2% (0.9-1.8), respectively; P = 0.04] and enhanced surgical conditions. Patients in the lidocaine group experienced less postoperative pain than the control group [1 h after surgery: median values of visual analogue scale: 0 (0-20) vs. 50 (30-80), respectively; P = 0.001], and they required fewer doses of subcutaneous morphine. Total plasma concentrations of lidocaine remained below 4 microg ml(-1) throughout the study period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal lidocaine plus naphazoline is a simple and efficient technique for decreasing intra- and postoperative pain and for lessening rescue analgesic requirements in the postoperative period after septorhinoplasty. Toxic plasma concentrations of lidocaine were not reached.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue du Doyen G Giraud, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granier
authors.forename: Christophe
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dadure
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bringuier
authors.forename: Marie-Caroline
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bonnet-Boyer
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ryckwaert
authors.forename: Estelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Loriaux
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Capdevila
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009278:Naphazoline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D014663:Nasal Decongestants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009300:Nasal Septum / Q000601:surgery; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019990:Perioperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012225:Rhinoplasty / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D014663:Nasal Decongestants; D009020:Morphine; D008012:Lidocaine; D009278:Naphazoline