title: Efficacy of selective alpha1D-blocker naftopidil as medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Naftopidil is a specific alpha1D-adrenergic receptor antagonist. We performed the current randomized, controlled study to determine the expulsive role of naftopidil for distal ureteral stones.
  
  
  METHODS
  From March 2006 to January 2007, 60 patients with distal ureteral stones were randomly divided into groups 1 and 2. Group 1 served as the control and underwent watchful waiting, while group 2 received 50 mg naftopidil daily in the morning. All patients were instructed to drink a minimum of 2 l water daily. The stone expulsion rate and time, potential side effects of naftopidil, number of pain episodes and requirements for pain medication were documented during the 14-day followup.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients in groups 1 and 2 completed the study. There was no difference between the groups in patient age, sex and stone size. The stone expulsion rate was significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 (90.0% vs 26.7%, p <0.01). No significant difference in expulsion time was noted between the groups. No patients experienced obvious naftopidil side effects or ureteral colic. Multivariate analysis using a Cox proportional hazards model indicated that the probability of expulsion was increased 5.263 times (95% CI 2.304-12.024) in group 2 compared with that in group 1 (p <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The selective alpha1D-blocker naftopidil can significantly facilitate spontaneous passage of distal ureteral stones with few side effects, providing a new choice for medical expulsive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Urology and Pharmacy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Xizhao
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Weihong
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ge
authors.forename: Jianlin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lv
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D009281:Naphthalenes; D010879:Piperazines; C064357:naftopidil