title: Update on clubfoot: etiology and treatment.
abstract: Although clubfoot is one of the most common congenital abnormalities affecting the lower limb, it remains a challenge not only to understand its genetic origins but also to provide effective long-term treatment. This review provides an update on the etiology of clubfoot as well as current treatment strategies. Understanding the exact genetic etiology of clubfoot may eventually be helpful in determining both prognosis and the selection of appropriate treatment methods in individual patients. The primary treatment goal is to provide long-term correction with a foot that is fully functional and pain-free. To achieve this, a combination of approaches that applies the strengths of several methods (Ponseti method and French method) may be needed. Avoidance of extensive soft-tissue release operations in the primary treatment should be a priority, and the use of surgery for clubfoot correction should be limited to an "a la carte" mode and only after failed conservative methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level V, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, One Children's Place, Suite 4S60, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. dobbsm@wudosis.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dobbs
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Gurnett
mesh_terms: D002370:Casts, Surgical; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013710:Tendons / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome