title: The use of the repertory grid technique to examine staff beliefs about clients with dual diagnosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reports a study exploring how individual psychiatric staff construes clients with psychosis who misuse substances.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  A dual diagnosis of substance misuse is common in clients with psychosis. Previous studies have suggested that psychiatric staff feel ill-equipped to work with these clients, and hold negative views of them, affecting client care and recovery. Understanding staff attitudes can inform training and practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve psychiatric nursing staff working in an inpatient service for adults with enduring mental health difficulties in England were interviewed. Using a repertory grid technique, staff were asked to describe clients and acquaintances who did and did not misuse substances, themselves and colleagues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All staff made critical judgements of some clients, particularly clients with dual diagnosis, but were less judgemental towards acquaintances who misused substances. Staff who used fewer dimensions to construe people appeared to make a clear distinction between clients and non-clients. This distinction was not apparent for staff with more cognitively complex construct systems. Specific factors that could be implicated in the organization of individuals' construct systems included personal experience of services as a carer; these staff made less distinction between clients and non-clients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further training is needed for staff working with clients with a dual diagnosis. Training packages need to consider the personal experiences and views of staff. Reducing the boundaries between staff and clients might enable staff to better understand the actions of clients and improve client care.
authors.affiliation: Central Crisis Resolution and Home Treatment Team, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: Catriona
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ralley
authors.forename: Rory
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Allott
authors.forename: Dougal Julian
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wittkowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D015897:Comorbidity; D003469:Culture; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011584:Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*