title: Tooth-to-implant connection: a systematic review of the literature and a case report utilizing a new connection design.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the treatment of partially edentulous patients, implants have often been connected to natural teeth. Numerous studies have reported significant complications and problems, while others have demonstrated favorable outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this article was to systematically review the literature regarding the splinting of implants and teeth. The difference in the biomechanical behavior between osseointegrated implants and teeth and the efficacy of the different modes of connection that have been employed are explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  A MEDLINE search between 1966 and October 2006 was performed to retrieve relevant articles. A further manual search from the bibliographies of the former articles was performed to include as many references as possible. Prospective and retrospective clinical studies, as well as laboratory and computer-generated research, were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A pronounced difference in the biomechanics of teeth and implants has been revealed in theoretical models. This disparity has also been supported by the majority of the experimental work published. As a result, principal complications, such as intrusion of teeth and higher risk of overload and greater marginal bone loss around the implants have been reported. Among the several types of connections utilized, the rigid connection showed fewer complications but unfortunately did not eliminate them.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Totally implant-supported prostheses should be the treatment of choice. However, there are cases where combining teeth and implants is inevitable. The authors propose a rationale design of connecting implants and teeth. This design minimizes the biologic and technical complications.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA90089-0641, USA. wchee@usc.edu
authors.forename: Winston W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Chee
authors.forename: Nikitas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mordohai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000009:adverse effects; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D017268:Dental Prosthesis Retention / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported / Q000009:adverse effects; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003830:Denture, Partial, Fixed; D006801:Humans; D007576:Jaw, Edentulous, Partially / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D014070:Tooth / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014084:Tooth Avulsion / Q000209:etiology; D014086:Tooth Mobility / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants