title: Impact of arteriogenesis in plastic surgery: choke vessel growth proceeds via arteriogenic mechanisms in the rat dorsal island skin flap.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined the molecular mediators of postoperative choke-vessel growth. Our focus was the possible overlap between choke-vessel growth and arteriogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A rat perforator flap model, encompassing four vascular territories, was used. Flaps were surgically elevated, re-inset, and allowed to survive for one, three, five, or seven days. Tissue samples for Western and histological analyses were collected from the choke zone along the dorsal midline. Tissue from territories linked by the choke zone was analyzed to distinguish between global and local effects. The proteins examined included CD11b, ICAM-1, and MMP-2, three markers associated with arteriogenesis, as well as Hsp70 and vascular endothelial growth factor, markers of physiological stress and hypoxia/ischemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arteriogenesis markers, as shown by Western analysis, increased at three and five days after flap elevation, and the increase was localized by immunohistochemistry to the growing arteries and veins. The marker of physiological stress increased at Days 5 and 7. The hypoxia-ischemia marker did not increase in the choke zone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The growth of choke arteries and veins proceeds in an inflammatory environment that resembles arteriogenesis. Ischemia did not appear to play a role in choke-vessel changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Blair A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: R William
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Currie
authors.forename: Steven F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Morris
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001158:Arteries / Q000254:growth & development*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D000860:Hypoxia; D007249:Inflammation; D007511:Ischemia; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D051381:Rats; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers