title: The candy smell test: a new test for retronasal olfactory performance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop and validate an olfactory test kit suitable for children and adults based on retronasal smelling of aromas combined with a sweet taste. Moreover, to explore the age limit at which olfactory testing is feasible and to extend the normative database for the validated "Sniffin' Sticks" test regarding children of younger ages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized three-way crossover study in healthy children and adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  : The newly developed Candy Smell Test (CST, 23 aromatized sorbitol candies) was presented using a four-alternative, forced-choice procedure. First, 353 healthy subjects (230 children and 123 adults) were investigated in three separate sessions with the CST and the validated "Sniffin' Sticks" (composed of odor threshold, discrimination, and identification tasks). Both tests were then compared in 124 patients with olfactory disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Test-retest reliability showed good reproducibility of the data obtained with the CST on 2 days (r(287) = 0.75, P < .001). Test results correlated significantly with the "Sniffin' Sticks" score (r(366) = 0.84, P < .001), although the CST proves to be much easier. The age limit for obtaining valid data was 7 years for both tests. The cutoff limit for the CST scores to separate normosmics from dysosmics was a score of 16 or less out of 23. Anosmia (cutoff score <or=13) was detected with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 83%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CST is an easy-to-use, reliable, and fast test of retronasal olfactory performance suitable for the screening of smell function in children above the age of 6 years and adults.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany. bertold.renner@pharmakologie.med.uni-erlangen.de
authors.forename: Bertold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Renner
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Mueller
authors.forename: Juergen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dreier
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faulhaber
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rascher
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kobal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002182:Candy; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000502:physiology*; D009812:Odorants; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D055696:Olfactory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult