title: Profile of HIV type 1 infection and genotypic resistance mutations to antiretroviral drugs in treatment-naive HIV type 1-infected individuals in Hai Phong, Viet Nam.
abstract: We evaluated the prevalence and profile of antiretroviral treatment (ART)-associated resistance mutations among HIV-1 strains in northern Vietnam by genotypically analyzing strains isolated from ART-naive individuals in Hai Phong, a city in which HIV-1 is highly prevalent. Plasma samples were collected from injecting drug users (IDU, n = 760), female sex workers (FSW, n = 91), seafarers (n = 94), pregnant women (n = 200), and blood donors (n = 210), and screened for HIV-1 antibodies. Plasma viral RNA was extracted from HIV-1-positive samples, amplified by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR of protease and RT genes, and analyzed for genotypes and ART-associated resistance mutations. HIV-1 prevalence among IDU, FSW, seafarers, pregnant women, and blood donors was 35.9%, 23.1%, 0%, 0.5%, and 2.9%, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype was CRF01_AE (98.3%), similar to strains prevalent in southern China. Four (1.4%) subtype B strains and one (0.3%) unique recombinant between subtypes B and C were also identified. We found protease inhibitor-associated major resistance mutations in one of the 294 cases analyzed (0.3%; mutation M46I). We found RT inhibitor-associated major resistance mutations in 7/273 cases (2.6%; one occurrence each of L74I, M184I, and K219E; three cases of K103N; and two cases of G190E). One CRF01_AE strain harboring a protease codon 35 insertion was first identified in Vietnam. Thus, monitoring of drug-resistant HIV-1 and establishment of a database are required for the proper selection of ART in Vietnam.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Azumi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaki
authors.forename: Nguyen Hung
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Cuong
authors.forename: Pham Van
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Thuc
authors.forename: Nguyen Vu
authors.initials: NV
authors.lastname: Trung
authors.forename: Kiyofumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Saijoh
authors.forename: Seiji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ishigaki
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tanuma
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichimura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D014744:Vietnam / Q000453:epidemiology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral; D014764:Viral Proteins; D054303:HIV Reverse Transcriptase; D016333:HIV Protease