title: Impact of delirium and recall on the level of distress in patients with advanced cancer and their family caregivers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Delirium has been the most frequent neuropsychiatric complication in patients with advanced cancer. This exploratory study aimed to determine the proportion of patients who were able to recall their experience of delirium and the level of distress experienced by patients, family caregivers, and healthcare professionals.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Patients with advanced cancer who had completely recovered from an acute delirium episode, had Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale score <13, and had a family caregiver present during the delirium were studied. Patients were given the Delirium Experience Questionnaire. Patients' and family caregivers' demographics, and the frequency and distress associated with different delirium symptoms were also collected. Bedside nurses and palliative care specialists reported the frequency of recalled delirium symptoms and their distress score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : A total of 99 patient/family caregiver dyads participated in the study. The main identified causes for delirium were opioids, infection, brain metastases, hypercalcemia, and dehydration. There were 73 patients (74%) who remembered the episode of being delirious, with 59 of 73 patients (81%) reporting the experience as distressing (median distress level of 3). The median overall delirium distress score was higher in family caregivers (median, 3; 25%-75% quartile, 2-4) than in patients (median, 2; 25%-75% quartile, 0-3) (P = .0004). Bedside nurses and palliative care specialists expressed low median overall delirium distress scores (median, 0; 25%-75% quartile 0-1).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : The majority of patients with advanced cancer recalled their experience of delirium, causing moderate to severe distress in both patients and family caregivers. Appropriate interventions to reduce this distress are needed. Cancer 2009. (c) 2009 American Cancer Society.
authors.affiliation: Department of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA. ebruera@mdanderson.org
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bruera
authors.forename: Shirley H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Willey
authors.forename: Timotheos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paraskevopoulos
authors.forename: Zhijun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J Lynn
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Palmer
authors.forename: Marlene Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Debra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sivesind
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Elsayem
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003693:Delirium / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology*; D010166:Palliative Care; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*