title: Topical application of antifibrinolytic drugs for on-pump cardiac surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This systematic review aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical application of antifibrinolytic drugs to reduce postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE and SCI-EXPANDED for all randomized controlled trials on the topic. Trial inclusion, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed independently by two authors. Standard meta-analytic techniques were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight trials (n = 622 patients) met our inclusion criteria. The medication/placebo was applied into the pericardial cavity and/or mediastinum at the end of cardiac surgery. Seven trials compared antifibrinolytic agents (aprotinin or tranexamic acid) versus placebo. They showed that, on average, topical use of antifibrinolytic agents reduced the amount of 24-h postoperative chest tube (blood) loss by 220 ml (95% confidence interval: -318 to -126, P < 0.00001, I (2) = 93%) and resulted in a saving of 1 unit of allogeneic red blood cells per patient (95% confidence interval: -1.54 to -0.53, P < 0.0001, I (2) = 55%). The incidence of blood transfusion was not significantly changed following topical application of the medications. One study comparing topical versus intravenous administration of aprotinin found comparable results between the two methods of administration for the above-mentioned outcomes. No adverse effects were reported following topical use of the medications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This review suggests that topical application of antifibrinolytics can reduce postoperative bleeding and transfusion requirements in patients undergoing on-pump cardiac surgery. These promising findings need to be confirmed by more trials with large sample size using patient-related outcomes and more assessments regarding the systemic absorption of the medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 2-434 McLaughlin Wing, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5T 2S8.
authors.forename: Amir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abrishami
authors.forename: Frances
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000368:Aged; D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007611:Aprotinin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000517:prevention & control; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D001026:Coronary Artery Bypass; D005260:Female; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D014148:Tranexamic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000933:Antifibrinolytic Agents; D006490:Hemostatics; D014148:Tranexamic Acid; D007611:Aprotinin