title: Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency in children with early chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence of abnormal vitamin D status in children and adolescents with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an outpatient cross-sectional, retrospective study of 258 patients, mean age 12.3 +/- 5.2 years, with an average estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 106 +/- 51 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range, 0 to 220 mL/min/1.73 m2). Serum 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D], calcium, phosphorus, and parathyroid hormone levels, as well as selected anthropometric variables, were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced 25(OH)D concentrations (< 30 ng/mL) were found in 60% of the patients. In 28%, the concentration was < 20 ng/mL, indicating vitamin D deficiency. Patients with more advanced CKD were more likely to have vitamin D deficiency compared with those with incipient CKD or normal GFR (42% vs 26%; P = .03) and displayed more prominent hyperparathyroidism. Suboptimal vitamin D status was similar in males and females, but was significantly more prevalent in older (P < .01), non-Caucasian (P < .01), and overweight (P = .02) patients. Patients with early-stage CKD (eGFR > 60 mL/min/1.73 m2) and with vitamin D deficiency were significantly shorter than their counterparts with 25(OH)D levels > 20 ng/mL (P = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are very prevalent in pediatric patients across all stages of CKD, particularly in non-Caucasian and obese patients, and may contribute to growth deficits during the earliest stages of CKD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Holtz Children's Hospital, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
authors.forename: Wacharee
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Seeherunvong
authors.forename: Carolyn L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Abitbol
authors.forename: Jayanthi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chandar
authors.forename: Gaston
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zilleruelo
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freundlich
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005431:Florida; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D006962:Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary / Q000150:complications; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications; D050177:Overweight / Q000150:complications; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000097:blood; D051436:Renal Insufficiency, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D010758:Phosphorus; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D; D002118:Calcium