title: Calcium-binding S100 protein expression in pterygium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pterygium is an ocular surface disease of unknown etiology associated with epithelial and fibrovascular outgrowth from the conjunctiva onto the cornea. S100 proteins are calcium-activated signaling proteins that interact with other proteins to modulate biological functions such as cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of various S100 proteins in pterygium compared to normal conjunctiva.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A11 were conducted to investigate the expression and tissue distribution. S100 protein secretions and expressions were confirmed using western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunofluorescent staining demonstrated the presence of S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A11 in both conjunctival and pterygial epithelium. No significant difference was found in the localization and expression of S100A4. In both conjunctiva and pterygium, S100A4-positive cells were found in superficial and suprabasal layers. S100A6 expression was strong in the superficial layer of pterygium epithelium but relatively weaker in the suprabasal and superficial cells of normal conjunctiva epithelium. S100A8 and S100A9 were localized in the superficial layer of both pterygium and normal conjunctiva epithelium, with higher levels in pterygium than uninvolved conjunctiva. S100A11 was expressed in the basal cells of conjunctival epithelium but in the suprabasal layers of pterygium epithelium. Western blot and RT-PCR confirmed the presence of S100A4, S100A6, S100A8, S100A9, and S100A11 in pterygium and conjunctiva tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of S100A6, S100A8, and S100A9 expressions were detected in the pterygium tissue relative to normal conjunctiva. In addition, a distinct alteration of localization of S100A11 expression was observed in pterygium epithelium compared to the conjunctiva. Therefore, these S100 proteins may be associated with the formation of pterygium.
authors.affiliation: Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore.
authors.forename: Andri K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Riau
authors.forename: Tina T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Roger W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Beuerman
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tong
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D040501:Calgranulin A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D040502:Calgranulin B / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015870:Gene Expression; D006801:Humans; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D011625:Pterygium / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000075383:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A6; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D040501:Calgranulin A; D040502:Calgranulin B; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D000075383:S100 Calcium Binding Protein A6; D009418:S100 Proteins; C055351:S100A6 protein, human; C072337:S100A11 protein, human