title: Quaternary IPM (integrated pest management)--concept for the control of powdery mildew in sugar beets.
abstract: Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe betae (Vanha) Weltzien, may be assumed as an important leaf disease in sugar beet growing areas of central Europe. Although the causal agent is mainly adapted to arid climatic zones, the disease is appearing every year, where the extent of infection is mainly dependent on weather conditions and susceptibility of cultivar. The losses caused by powdery mildew seldom exceed 10% of sugar yield; moreover, losses are likely only under the condition that the epidemic onset occurs before end-August. Nevertheless, the epidemic onset varies in a wide range, as there are years with high incidence followed by growing periods without severe infection. Therefore, in order to have a flexible control of the disease, where the use of fungicides could be minimised to an essential amount, a quaternary IPM (Integrated Pest Management) -concept was developed. The development is based on epidemiological field studies (Germany, 1993-2004, n = 76) of sugar beet leaf diseases under variation of year, site and cultivar. Efficacy of fungicide treatment timing was assessed in relation to the epidemic development. Comparison of treatments comprised fungicide sprays carried out from disease initiation till later stages of the epidemic. Additionally, the assessments were performed in relation to an untreated and a healthy control--the latter was three times treated according to a treatment regime with three to four week intervals. The effect of different application timings was measured by the potential of disease and yield loss control. The quaternary concept combines the advantages of four elements in order to compensate the constraints of the single tools: The period without disease risk is determined by a so-called negative-prognosis (i). First symptoms appear in the period from mid-July till the beginning of September. If disease initiation cannot be excluded, field observations by a sample of 100 leaves are advised. The disease scores enable the appliance of action thresholds (ii). The latter are defined as early stages of the epidemic in order to optimize the efficiency of fungicide treatments. For an initial treatment a threshold of 5% infected leaves is defined. However, incidence in the height of action thresholds is not affecting an instant damage. The stage when a sugar beet is damaged effectively is rather defined by the economic damage threshold (iii). As a consequence, because exceeding of action threshold doesn't implicate immediate yield risk, loss prediction (iv) is required. The loss prediction assesses the likelihood of disease progress will exceed the economic damage threshold at harvest time. Loss risk is existent in case of action threshold exceeding till mid-August if cultivar susceptibility is low respectively end-August if susceptibility is high.
authors.affiliation: Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Faculty Agricultural Sciences Department of Phytopathology, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 9, DE-24118 Kiel, Germany.
authors.forename: P F J
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verreet
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D027461:Beta vulgaris / Q000382:microbiology*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010571:Pest Control / Q000379:methods*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000382:microbiology; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial