title: Vitamin D deficiency in early childhood: prevalent in the sunny South Pacific.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for vitamin D deficiency in young urban children in Auckland, New Zealand, where there is no routine vitamin D supplementation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of urban children. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <27.5 nmol/l (<11 ng/ml). Logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios and, from these, relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Auckland, New Zealand (36 degrees 52'S), where the daily vitamin D production by solar irradiation varies between summer and winter at least 10-fold.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children aged 6 to 23 months enrolled from 1999 to 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin D deficiency was present in forty-six of 353 (10%; 95% CI 7, 13%). In a multivariate model there was an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency associated with measurement in winter or spring (RR = 7.24, 95% CI 1.55, 23.58), Pacific ethnicity (RR = 7.60, 95% CI 1.80, 20.11), not receiving any infant or follow-on formula (RR = 5.69, 95% CI 2.66, 10.16), not currently receiving vitamin supplements (RR = 5.32, 95% CI 2.04, 11.85) and living in a more crowded household (RR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.04, 4.88).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in early childhood in New Zealand. Prevalence varies with season and ethnicity. Dietary factors are important determinants of vitamin D status in this age group. Vitamin D supplementation should be considered as part of New Zealand's child health policy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand. cc.grant@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Cameron C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Grant
authors.forename: Clare R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Crengle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Scragg
mesh_terms: D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012621:Seasons; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D