title: Bad targets the permeability transition pore independent of Bax or Bak to switch between Ca2+-dependent cell survival and death.
abstract: Calcium oscillations exert physiological control on mitochondrial energy metabolism and can also lead to mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and cell death. The outcome of the mitochondrial calcium signaling is altered by stress factors such as ceramide or staurosporine. However, the mechanism of this proapoptotic switch remains unclear. Using genetic, biochemical, pharmacological, and functional approaches, we here show that ceramide and staurosporine target PP2A and protein kinases A and C, respectively, in a mitochondria-associated signaling complex to induce dephosphorylation of the BH3-only protein Bad. Dephosphorylated Bad sensitizes the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP) to Ca2+ through a Bcl-xL-sensitive and VDAC-mediated process. Furthermore, the Bad-induced sensitization of the PTP to Ca2+ does not require Bax or Bak. Thus, phospho-regulatory mechanisms converge on Bad to switch between the survival and apoptotic functions of mitochondrial calcium signaling by activating a mechanism whereby a BH3-only protein bypasses Bax/Bak and engages the PTP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
authors.forename: Soumya Sinha
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Muniswamy
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Madesh
authors.forename: Erika
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Antonsson
authors.forename: Nika
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Danial
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hajnóczky
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D014162:Transfection; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D033681:Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; D000083162:Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D045304:Cytochromes c; D002118:Calcium