Innate and adaptive immunity for the pathobiology of Parkinson's disease.
Innate and adaptive immunity affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, activation of microglia influences degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Cell-to-cell interactions and immune regulation critical for neuronal homeostasis also influence immune responses. The links between T cell immunity and nigrostriatal degeneration are supported by laboratory, animal model, and human pathologic investigations. Immune-associated biomarkers in spinal fluids and brain tissue of patients with idiopathic or familial forms of PD provide means to improve diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring. Relationships between oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune-mediated cell death pathways are examined in this review as they are linked to PD pathogenesis. Harnessing the immune system by drugs or by vaccination remain promising future therapeutic options.
Stone
David K
DK
Center for Neurovirology and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-5880, USA.
Reynolds
Ashley D
AD
Mosley
R Lee
RL
Gendelman
Howard E
HE
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000276:immunology*; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000473:pathology