title: Transcranial sonography in movement disorders.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transcranial sonography (TCS) in the B-mode has the ability to image, infratentorial and supratentorial brain structures. For this reason, it has potential use in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of various intracranial pathologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors reviewed the contribution of TCS to the differentiation of a number of neurodegenerative diseases: in parkinsonian syndromes, TCS can evaluate echogenicity changes in specific structures such as the hyperechogenic area of the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease and the hyperechogenic caudate nucleus in Huntington's disease as well as the hyperechogenic lentiform nucleus (LN) in dystonia and Wilson's disease. In parkinson-plus syndromes, TCS may detect changes in width of the third ventricle and of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricle. The hyperechogenic SN can also be used in healthy populations as a marker of subclinical injury to the nigrostriatal system.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCS is a quick, safe and non-invasive method. It could be helpful in differentiation between several movement disorders together with clinical examination and other neuroimaging methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Ostrava, Czech Republic. petrabartova@seznam.cz
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bartova
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Skoloudik
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bar
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ressner
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hlustik
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanovsky
mesh_terms: D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004453:Echoencephalography; D006801:Humans; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging