title: Sex differences in calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation in patients with intermittent claudication.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypotheses that women have greater impairment in calf muscle hemoglobin oxygen saturation (StO(2)) in response to exercise than men, and that the sex-related difference in calf muscle StO(2) would partially explain the shorter claudication distances of women.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 27 men and 24 women with peripheral arterial disease limited by intermittent claudication. Patients were characterized on calf muscle StO(2) before, during, and after a graded treadmill test, as well as on demographic and cardiovascular risk factors, ankle-brachial index (ABI), ischemic window, initial claudication distance (ICD), and absolute claudication distance (ACD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women had a 45% lower ACD than men (296 +/- 268 m vs 539 +/- 288 m; P = .001) during the treadmill test. Calf muscle StO(2) declined more rapidly during exercise in women than in men; the time to reach minimum StO(2) occurred 54% sooner in women (226 +/- 241 vs 491 +/- 426 seconds; P = .010). The recovery time for calf muscle StO(2) to reach the resting value after treadmill exercise was prolonged in women (383 +/- 365 vs 201 +/- 206 seconds; P = .036). Predictors of ACD included the time from start of exercise to minimum calf muscle StO(2), the average rate of decline in StO(2) from rest to minimum StO(2) value, the recovery half-time of StO(2), and ABI (R(2) = 0.70; P < .001). The ACD of women remained lower after adjusting for ABI (mean difference, 209 m; P = .003), but was no longer significantly lower (mean difference, 72 m; P = .132) after further adjustment for the StO(2) variables for the three calf muscles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In patients limited by intermittent claudication, women have lower ACD and greater impairment in calf muscle StO(2) during and after exercise than men, the exercise-mediated changes in calf muscle StO(2) are predictive of ACD, and women have similar ACD as men after adjusting for calf StO(2) and ABI measures.
authors.affiliation: CMRI Diabetes and Metabolic Research Program, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73117, USA. andrew-gardner@ouhsc.edu
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Polly S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Steve M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Blevins
authors.forename: Raha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nael
authors.forename: Azhar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afaq
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007383:Intermittent Claudication / Q000378:metabolism*; D007866:Leg; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D010100:Oxygen