title: Swine torque teno virus detection in pig commercial vaccines, enzymes for laboratory use and human drugs containing components of porcine origin.
abstract: Torque teno viruses (TTVs) are vertebrate infecting, single-stranded circular DNA viruses. Two genetically distinct TTV genogroups (TTV1 and TTV2) infect swine worldwide with high prevalence. Currently, swine TTVs are considered non-pathogenic, although TTV2 has been linked to post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, a porcine circovirus disease. On the other hand, pig materials are an important source of components used in porcine vaccine manufacturing, human drugs and commercial enzyme products. However, there is little information about the possible existence of extraneous viruses in products containing porcine-derived components. In the present study, 26 commercial swine vaccines, seven human drugs and three enzyme products from porcine origin were tested for the presence of TTV1 and TTV2 genomes by PCR. Four vaccines against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae were positive for TTV2 by PCR. Three M. hyopneumoniae, one porcine parvovirus and one porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines were PCR positive for TTV1. One human drug contained TTV1 DNA as well as a trypsin enzyme; a porcine-derived elastase product was positive for both TTV genogroups. These results show that swine TTVs are contaminants not only of swine vaccines but also of human drugs containing porcine components and enzymes for laboratory use.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Tuija
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kekarainen
authors.affiliation: Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez-Guinó
authors.affiliation: Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.|Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joaquim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Segalés
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004266:DNA Virus Infections / Q000821:virology; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004340:Drug Contamination; D004798:Enzymes; D006801:Humans; D007753:Laboratories; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D045705:Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae / Q000276:immunology; D028323:Parvovirus, Porcine / Q000276:immunology; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*; D019316:Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus / Q000276:immunology; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013552:Swine / Q000821:virology*; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000821:virology; D022783:Torque teno virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014765:Viral Vaccines
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D004798:Enzymes; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D014765:Viral Vaccines