title: Twenty-four hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children were not influenced by observations of school meals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether school-meal observations influenced children's 24-hour dietary recalls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over three school years, 555 randomly selected fourth-grade children were interviewed to obtain a 24-hour dietary recall; before being interviewed, 374 children were observed eating two school meals (breakfast, lunch), and 181 children were not observed. Within observation-status groups (observed, unobserved), children were randomized within sex to one of six combinations from two target periods (prior 24 hours, previous day) crossed with three interview times (morning, afternoon, evening).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For each of the five variables (interview length, meals/snacks, meal components, items, kilocalories), naïve and adjusted equivalence tests rejected that observation-status groups were different, indicating that school-meal observations did not influence children's 24-hour dietary recalls. There was a target-period effect on length (P<0.0001) (longer for prior-24-hour recalls), a school year effect on length (P=0.0002) (longer for third year), and a target period-interview time interaction on items (P=0.0110) and kilocalories (P=0.0047) (both smaller for previous-day recalls in the afternoon than prior-24-hour recalls in the afternoon and previous-day recalls in the evening), indicating that variables were sufficiently sensitive and psychometrically reliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conclusions about 24-hour dietary recalls by fourth-grade children observed eating school meals in validation studies are generalizable to 24-hour dietary recalls by comparable but unobserved children in nonvalidation studies.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Families in Society, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. sbaxter@mailbox.sc.edu
authors.forename: Suzanne Domel
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Baxter
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Albert F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Royer
authors.forename: Caroline H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Guinn
authors.forename: Alyssa J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Mackelprang
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002664:Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D004032:Diet / Q000523:psychology*; D015930:Diet Records; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005522:Food Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011939:Mental Recall; D011594:Psychometrics; D012574:Schools; D012650:Self Disclosure; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology