title: Evolution of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects in a single centre.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the evolution of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defects (PMVSD) using either the Amplatzer membranous or muscular occluders in a single centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of all patients referred for transcatheter PMVSD closure from December 2003 to December 2007. All patients met unit criteria for surgical closure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 27 procedures on 25 patients (11 male) with a preprocedure diagnosis of a PMVSD. Median age was 9.6 years (1.8-32.8). Median weight was 28 kg (10.2-86). Defect size on TOE ranged from 5 to 12 mm. Median Qp:Qs was 1.6:1. A muscular occluder was used in six patients. Median procedure time was 93.5 min (51-214). Implantation was ultimately successful in 23 patients (92%). Acute aortic incompetence resulting in occluder removal occurred in two cases, one requiring surgical removal. Another patient had an aborted attempt but had subsequent successful closure in another unit. Median follow-up is 19.5 months (1-42). Five patients (22%) have trivial/mild residual leak across the occluder at their latest assessment, the majority of which had an aneurysmal perimembranous septum (n = 4). Two patients (8%) developed new trivial to mild aortic incompetence. To date, none of the patients in our group have developed complete heart block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter closure of PMVSD is evolving and should be considered an acceptable alternative to surgery in selected subgroups. Avoidance of oversized occluders and use of muscular occluders in those with aneurysmal defects may help to avoid heart block and aortic regurgitation. Muscular occluders may however interfere with tricuspid valve function.
authors.affiliation: Bristol Congenital Heart Centre, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol. BS2 8BJ. United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: Gareth
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Aneeka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bajwa
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Farrow
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Caputo
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tometzki
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D020878:Device Removal; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult