title: Effect of rifampicin on efavirenz pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected children with tuberculosis.
abstract: METHODS
  Rifampicin may reduce plasma efavirenz concentrations by inducing the expression of the cytochrome P450 2B6, which metabolizes efavirenz. However, there is no data in pediatric patient populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured plasma efavirenz concentrations in 15 children during and after rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment. They were receiving standard doses of efavirenz as part of antiretroviral treatment. Trough concentration (Cmin) was estimated by extrapolation of the log-linear concentration-time line to 24 hours after the previous dose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wide interpatient variation and marked bimodality of efavirenz concentrations were observed. Efavirenz Cmin was not significantly different during vs. after antitubercular treatment (median 0.83 mg/L interquartile range 0.59-6.57 vs. median 0.86 mg/L interquartile range 0.61-3.56; P = 0.125). Nine (60%) and 8 (53%) children had subtherapeutic Cmin (<1 mg/L) during and after antitubercular treatment, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concomitant rifampicin-based antitubercular treatment was not an important determinant of efavirenz concentrations. The substantial proportion of participants with estimated Cmin <1 mg/L could result in the rapid emergence of efavirenz-resistant mutations and treatment failure.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: James J C
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Nuttall
authors.forename: Brian S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Eley
authors.forename: Tammy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Meyers
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maartens
authors.forename: Helen M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: McIlleron
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003521:Cyclopropanes; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D012293:Rifampin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000480:Alkynes; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D000904:Antibiotics, Antitubercular; D048588:Benzoxazines; D003521:Cyclopropanes; C098320:efavirenz; D012293:Rifampin