title: Efficacy and safety of ginsenoside-Rd for acute ischaemic stroke: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II multicenter trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ginsenoside-Rd is a selective competitive Ca2+ receptor antagonist. A phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study was conducted to examine the efficacy and safety of ginsenoside-Rd in patients with acute ischaemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 199 patients were randomized equally to receive a 14-day infusion of placebo (group B), ginsenoside-Rd 10 mg (group A) or ginsenoside-Rd 20 mg (group C). Primary end-points were National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores at 15 days. Secondary end-points were NIHSS scores and the Barthel Index at 8 days, the Barthel Index and the modified Rankin scale at 15 days and 90 days. The safety end-points included serious and non-serious adverse events, laboratory values and vital signs. Analysis was by intention to treat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the primary study outcome, there is significant difference amongst the three groups at 15 days in NIHSS scores (P = 0.0003). Comparing group A with B and group B with C, the difference in the mean for NIHSS was significant in statistics (P = 0.0004, P = 0.0009 respectively). This is no significant difference between group A and C (P = 0.9640). For the secondary study outcome, ginsenoside-Rd did not improve neurological functioning. Incidence of serious and non-serious adverse events was similar amongst the three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ginsenoside-Rd may be of some benefit in acute ischaemic stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Millitary Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010919:Placebos; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010919:Placebos; C049863:ginsenoside Rd