title: Procedure-related pulmonary hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing percutaneous ethanol injection--role of ethanol, hemolysis, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and the nitric oxide system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Local percutaneous tumor ablation with ethanol injection (PEI) under general anesthesia is an established therapy for patients with nonresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). There are reports of sudden hypotension immediately after PEI therapy, which was attributed to an acute increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The aim of our study was to objectively confirm pulmonary hypertension by right heart catheterization and to evaluate biochemical markers with relevance to the pulmonary circulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventional Gastroenterology in a tertiary care center.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 40 patients with HCC who underwent percutaneous ethanol injection under general anesthesia for the treatment of nonresectable HCC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In patients with HCC, PEI leads to a significant increase in pulmonary arterial pressure. Concomitantly, free hemoglobin and blood ethanol level significantly increased, whereas the l-arginine/asymmetric dimethylarginine ratio, a parameter of nitric oxide (NO) production capacity, and nitrite, a marker of NO synthesis, significantly decreased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procedure-related pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing PEI is multifactorial. Plasma concentrations of the NO precursor l-arginine are reduced by arginase released from lysed erythrocytes, a condition further exacerbated by the increased concentrations of symmetric dimethylarginine, which may compete with the cellular uptake of l-arginine. The result would be reduced synthesis of NO, the concentration of which would be further decreased extracellularly through free hemoglobin. Predictably, the result would be severe endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension in patients undergoing PEI. These mechanisms might also be relevant in other states of (sudden) hemolysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany. kielstein@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Jan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kielstein
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hesse
authors.forename: Matthias J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bahr
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tsikas
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Terkamp
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Martens-Lobenhoffer
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Manns
authors.forename: Hermann
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Panning
authors.forename: Stefanie M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Bode-Böger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gebel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006461:Hemolysis; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D007267:Injections; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C487735:dimethylarginine; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000431:Ethanol; D001120:Arginine