title: Hemodialysis modality, percentage of body fat, and patient survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A number of studies have reported lower mortality of overweight hemodialysis patients. This post hoc analysis of an observational prospective single-center study was aimed at elucidating whether both being overweight and surviving longer could result from changes in the hemodialysis modality.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included a cohort of 242 patients who were gradually switched from cuprophane membrane and acetate dialysis to polysulfone (including high-flux) membranes and bicarbonate dialysis. The analysis involved 12 months of baseline data obtained during the first calendar year after the patients entered the study (1994-2001) and repeated measurements for up to 132 months of follow-up (until 2004). Anthropometric measurements were made during the winter season and the percentage of body fat (%fat) was calculated from triceps, biceps, subscapular, and suprailiac skinfolds (K/DOQI guidelines).Kt/V, normalized protein catabolic rate, and cardiovascular comorbidity were also determined and laboratory analyses undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant correlations were found between %fat and bicarbonate dialysate as well as polysulfone membrane and high-flux membrane. The linear mixed model showed dependence of %fat on polysulfone and high-flux membrane (p<0.01) Multivariate Cox regression (time-dependent covariates) found %fat to be an independent factor for longer survival, in addition to polysulfone and high-flux membranes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Changes in hemodialysis modality were followed by both higher body fat percentage and patient survival. The reverse epidemiology of overweight patients might be at least partially the result of the influence of nonnutritional factors, such as a change in hemodialysis modality (introducing biocompatible high-flux and low-flux membranes and bicarbonate dialysis).
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, University Clinical Center, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia. milanst@eunet.rs
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stosovic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stanojevic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Radovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simic-Ogrizovic
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lezaic
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Naumovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jovanovic
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ristic
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djukanovic
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Marinkovic
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates; D050154:Adiposity; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001639:Bicarbonates; D002482:Cellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015314:Dialysis Solutions / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D050177:Overweight / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D011108:Polymers; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013450:Sulfones; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D001639:Bicarbonates; D015314:Dialysis Solutions; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D011108:Polymers; D013450:Sulfones; C017662:polysulfone P 1700; D002482:Cellulose; C009865:cuprammonium cellulose