title: Activation of peripheral delta2 opioid receptors increases cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury Involvement of protein kinase C, NO-synthase, KATP channels and the autonomic nervous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the role of peripheral delta(2) opioid receptors in cardiac tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury and to examine the contribution of PKC, TK, K(ATP) channels and the autonomic nervous system in delta(2) cardioprotection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Deltorphin II and various inhibitors were administered in vivo prior to coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion in a rat model. The animals were monitored for the development of arrhythmias, infarct development and the effects of selected inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pretreatment with peripheral and delta(2) specific opioid receptor (OR) antagonists completely abolished the cardioprotective effects of deltorphin II. In contrast, the selective delta(1) OR antagonist 7-benzylidenenaltrexone (BNTX) had no effect. The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor chelerythrine and the NO-synthase inhibitor L-NAME (N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) also reversed both deltorphin II effects. The nonselective ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channel inhibitor glibenclamide and the selective mitochondrial K(ATP) channel inhibitor 5-hydroxydecanoic acid only abolished the infarct-sparing effect of deltorphin II. Inhibition of tyrosine kinase (TK) with genistein, the ganglion blocker hexamethonium and the depletion of endogenous catecholamine storage with guanethidine reversed the antiarrhythmic action of deltorphin II but did not change its infarct-sparing action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cardioprotective mechanism of deltorphin II is mediated via stimulation of peripheral delta(2) opioid receptors. PKC and NOS are involved in both its infarct-sparing and antiarrhythmic effects. Infarct-sparing is dependent upon mitochondrial K(ATP) channel activation while the antiarrhythmic effect is dependent upon TK activation. Endogenous catecholamine depletion reduced antiarrhythmic effects but did not alter the infarct-sparing effect of deltorphin II.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Research Institute of Cardiology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia. :maslov@cardio.tsu.ru
authors.forename: Leonid N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Maslov
authors.forename: Yury B
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Lishmanov
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Oeltgen
authors.forename: Eva I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Barzakh
authors.forename: Andrey V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Krylatov
authors.forename: Meera
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Govindaswami
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D053119:Benzophenanthridines / Q000378:metabolism; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005905:Glyburide / Q000378:metabolism; D006880:Hydroxy Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D054086:KATP Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism*; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase / Q000378:metabolism*; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D053119:Benzophenanthridines; D002316:Cardiotonic Agents; D003652:Decanoic Acids; D006880:Hydroxy Acids; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054086:KATP Channels; D009842:Oligopeptides; D017465:Receptors, Opioid, delta; C060209:deltorphin II, Ala(2)-; C052853:5-hydroxydecanoic acid; C016299:chelerythrine; D019001:Nitric Oxide Synthase; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D005905:Glyburide