title: Interleaved balanced SSFP imaging: artifact reduction using gradient waveform grouping.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze steady-state signal distortions in interleaved balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) caused by slightly unbalanced eddy-current fields and develop a general strategy for mitigating these artifacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered bSSFP sequences in which two gradient waveforms are interleaved in a "groupwise" fashion, ie, each waveform is executed consecutively two or more times before switching to the other waveform (we let "N" count the number of times each waveform is executed consecutively). The steady-state signal profile over the bSSFP passband was calculated using numerical Bloch simulations and measured experimentally in a uniform phantom. The proposed "grouped" interleaved bSSFP strategy was applied to cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase-contrast imaging with N=2 and N=6 in one healthy volunteer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simulation and phantom measurements show that signal distortions are systematically reduced with increasing grouping number N. For most tissues, significant suppression was achieved with N=4, and increasing N beyond this value produced only marginal gains. However, signal distortions for blood remain relatively high even for N>4. In vivo cardiac velocity mapping using interleaved phase-contrast imaging with N=6 demonstrated reduced image artifact levels compared to the N=2 acquisition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gradient waveform "grouping" offers a simple and general strategy for mitigating steady-state eddy-current distortions in bSSFP sequences that interleave two different gradients. Blood exhibits significant distortion even with "grouping," which is a major obstacle for cardiovascular bSSFP approaches that interleave multiple gradient waveforms. The grouping concept may also benefit applications that acquire images during the transient approach to steady state.
authors.affiliation: Magnetic Resonance Engineering Laboratory, Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-2564, USA. jfnielse@usc.edu
authors.forename: Jon-Fredrik
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Krishna S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Nayak
mesh_terms: D016477:Artifacts; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006321:Heart / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011673:Pulsatile Flow; D012016:Reference Values; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013997:Time Factors