title: Prevalence and predictors of postoperative pain after ear, nose, and throat surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine postoperative pain in different types of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgery and their psychological preoperative predictors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 217 patients undergoing ENT surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ENT, neck, and salivary gland surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative pain and predictors for postoperative pain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty percent of the patients undergoing surgery on the oral, pharyngeal, and laryngeal region and on the neck and salivary gland region had a visual analog scale score higher than 40 mm on day 1. In the patients who underwent oropharyngeal region operations the VAS score remained high on all 4 days. A VAS pain score higher than 40 mm was found in less than 30% of patients after endoscopic procedures and less than 20% after ear and nose surgery. After bivariate analysis, 6 variables--age, sex, preoperative pain, expected pain, short-term fear, and pain catastrophizing--had a predictive value. Multivariate analysis showed only preoperative pain, pain catastrophizing, and anatomical site of operation as independent predictors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences exist in the prevalence of unacceptable postoperative pain between ENT operations performed on different anatomical sites. A limited set of variables can be used to predict the occurrence of unacceptable postoperative pain after ENT surgery.
authors.affiliation: University Hospital Maastricht, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Treatment, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands. mso@sane.azm.nl
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: José W J M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Geurts
authors.forename: Bjorn
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Stessel
authors.forename: Alfons G H
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Kessels
authors.forename: Madelon L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patijn
authors.forename: Maarten
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Kleef
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kremer
authors.forename: Marco A E
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Marcus
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies