title: The association of adherence to antiretroviral therapy with healthcare utilization and costs for medical care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association between antiretroviral adherence, healthcare utilization and medical costs has not been well studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship of adherence to antiretroviral medications to healthcare utilization and healthcare costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from 325 previously antiretroviral medication-naive HIV-infected individuals initiating first antiretroviral therapy from 1997 through 2003. The setting was an inner-city safety net hospital and HIV clinic in the US. Adherence was assessed using pharmacy refill data. The average wholesale price was used for prescription costs. Healthcare utilization data and medical costs were obtained from the hospital billing database, and differences according to quartile of adherence were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess predictors of higher annual medical costs. Sensitivity analyses were used to examine alternative antiretroviral pricing schemes. The perspective was that of the healthcare provider, and costs were in year 2005 values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 325 patients followed for a mean (+/- SD) 3.2 (1.9) years, better adherence was associated with lower healthcare utilization but higher total medical costs. Annual non-antiretroviral medical costs were $US 7,612 in the highest adherence quartile versus $US 10,190 in the lowest adherence quartile. However, antiretroviral costs were significantly higher in the highest adherence quartile ($US 17,513 vs $US 8,690), and therefore the total annual medical costs were also significantly higher in the highest versus lowest adherence quartile ($US 25,125 vs $US 18,880). In multivariate analysis, for every 10% increase in adherence, the odds of having annual medical costs in the highest versus lowest quartile increased by 87% (odds ratio 1.87; 95% CI 1.45, 2.40). In sensitivity analyses, very low antiretroviral prices (as seen in resource-limited settings) inverted this relationship - excellent adherence was cost saving.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Better adherence to antiretroviral medication was associated with decreased healthcare utilization and associated costs; however, because of the high cost of antiretroviral therapy, total medical costs were increased. Combination antiretroviral therapy is known to be cost effective; lower antiretroviral costs may make it cost saving as well.
authors.affiliation: Denver Public Health, Denver, Colorado, USA. edward.gardner@dhha.org
authors.forename: Edward M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Moises E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Maravi
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rietmeijer
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Burman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017046:Cost Savings; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents