title: Role of biphosphonates and lymphatic drainage type Leduc in the complex regional pain syndrome (shoulder-hand syndrome).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a clinical entity that has been termed in numerous ways in the last years. Clinically, CRPS describes an array of painful conditions that are characterized by a continuing (spontaneous and/or evoked) regional pain that is seemingly disproportionate in time or degree to the usual course of any known trauma or other lesion. The pain is regional and usually has a distal predominance of abnormal sensory, motor, sudomotor, vasomotor, and/or trophic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case report.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Medical Center. Patients. In this report, we described the case of a 68-year-old hemiplegic female affected by cerebrovascular accident that presented a clinical case of CRPS shoulder-hand syndrome (CRPS-SHS) at the right hand after a hemorrhagic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  This report evaluated the effects of biphosphonates and lymphatic drainage type Leduc in CRPS-SHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pain level of the patients was measured with the visual analog scale. A scoring system for the clinical severity of CRPS-SHS, laboratory tests, and X-ray films were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We reported in this patient a great improvement of pain and edema of the right hand, with a significant reduction of bone demineralization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This combined treatment may be a viable alternative for this syndrome; however, further investigation is needed to determine its reproducibility in large case series.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santamato
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ranieri
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Panza
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Solfrizzi
authors.forename: Vincenza
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frisardi
authors.forename: Ida
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Stolfa
authors.forename: Marisa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Megna
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fiore
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D004164:Diphosphonates / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012019:Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D004164:Diphosphonates