title: Assessment of personality dimensions in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder using the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We compared temperament and character traits in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder (BP) and healthy control (HC) subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty nine subjects (38 BP and 31 HC), 8-17 years old, were assessed with the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia-Present and Lifetime. Temperament and character traits were measured with parent and child versions of the Junior Temperament and Character Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BP subjects scored higher on novelty seeking, harm avoidance, and fantasy subscales, and lower on reward dependence, persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness compared to HC (all p < 0.007), by child and parent reports. These findings were consistent in both children and adolescents. Higher parent-rated novelty seeking, lower self-directedness, and lower cooperativeness were associated with co-morbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Lower parent-rated reward dependence was associated with co-morbid conduct disorder, and higher child-rated persistence was associated with co-morbid anxiety.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support previous reports of differences in temperament in BP children and adolescents and may assist in a greater understating of BP children and adolescents beyond mood symptomatology.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo School of Medicine, Sao Paulo, Brazil. olverar@UTHSCSA.edu
authors.forename: Rene L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Olvera
authors.forename: Manoela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Sheila C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Caetano
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hatch
authors.forename: Kristina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Pliszka
authors.forename: C Robert
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Cloninger
authors.forename: Jair C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Soares
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D002605:Character; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011594:Psychometrics; D013694:Temperament