title: Vitamin C supplementation and salivary immune function following exercise-heat stress.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prolonged physical exertion and environmental heat stress may elicit postexercise depression of immune cell function, increasing upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) susceptibility. We investigated the effects of acute and short-term vitamin C (VC) compared with placebo (PL) supplementation on URTI susceptibility, salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA), and cortisol responses in healthy individuals following prolonged exercise-heat stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve participants were randomized into the VC or PL group in a double-blind design. For 12 days, participants consumed 3x500 mg tablets of VC or PL per day, with testing completed at baseline, then following acute (1 d) and short-term (8 d) supplementation. Participants performed 120.1+/-49.6 min of cycling at 54+/-6% VO2max in a hot (34.8+/-1.0 degrees C and 13+/-3% relative humidity) environment, with saliva samples collected at pre-, post-, and 72 h postexercise. Health logs specifying URTI symptoms were completed for 7 days postexercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A 2x3x3 mixed ANOVA with a post hoc Bonferroni correction factor revealed a significant linear trend in postexercise cortisol attenuation in the VC group, 21.7+/-15.1 nmol/L (mean+/-SD) at baseline, to 13.5+/-10.0 at acute, to 7.6+/-4.2 after short term (P=.032). No differences were detected in ratio of s-IgA to protein or URTI symptoms between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that vitamin C supplementation can decrease postexercise cortisol in individuals performing exercise similar to that of a half-marathon or marathon in hot conditions. However, no changes in s-IgA and URTI were evident, possibly due to previous moderate training and reduced physical and psychological stress compared with athletes participating in ultramarathons.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, School of Health and Human Performance, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
authors.forename: Andres E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Carrillo
authors.forename: René J L
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Cheung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001642:Bicycling; D001831:Body Temperature; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015444:Exercise; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007070:Immunoglobulin A / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000209:etiology; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D007070:Immunoglobulin A; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D006854:Hydrocortisone