title: Five-year incidence of visual impairment and blindness in older Icelanders: the Reykjavik Eye Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined age, sex and cause-specific 5-year incidence of visual impairment and blindness in a middle-aged and elderly Icelandic population.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study cohort consisted of a population-based, random sample of citizens aged > or = 50 years. Of 1379 eligible subjects, 1045 underwent a baseline examination in 1996; 846 of the 958 survivors (88.2%) underwent a 5-year follow-up examination in 2001. All participants underwent an extensive ophthalmological examination including best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) using a Snellen chart. We used World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, which define visual impairment as BCVA in the better eye of < 6/18 and > or = 3/60 and blindness as BCVA in the better eye of < 3/60. We also used US criteria, which consider BCVA of < 6/12 and > 6/60 in the better eye to represent visual impairment and BCVA of < or = 6/60 in the better eye to represent blindness. The causes of incident visual loss in either eye were determined. Deterioration or improvement in vision were defined as a loss or gain of > or = 2 Snellen lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  According to WHO criteria, 5-year incidence of bilateral visual impairment and blindness were 1.07% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-1.76) and 0.35% (95% CI 0.00-0.76), respectively. Using US criteria, equivalent incidence of bilateral visual impairment and blindness were 3.49% (95% CI 2.24-4.74) and 0.95% (95% CI 0.29-1.60), respectively. Age-related macular degeneration and cataract were the major causes of incident visual impairment and blindness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidences of visual impairment and blindness increased significantly with age. Age-related macular degeneration, present in 75% of affected persons, was the most common cause of 5-year incident legal blindness in this middle-aged and elderly Icelandic population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Iceland.
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gunnlaugsdottir
authors.forename: Arsaell
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arnarsson
authors.forename: Fridbert
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jonasson
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D001766:Blindness / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007055:Iceland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*