title: mTOR inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) has antiangiogenic/vascular properties distinct from a VEGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Comparison of the antiangiogenic/vascular properties of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor RAD001 (everolimus) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitor vatalanib (PTK/ZK).
  
  
  METHODS
  Antiproliferative activity against various tumor histotypes and downstream effects on the mTOR pathway were measured in vitro. In vivo, antitumor activity, plasma, and tumor RAD001 levels were measured. Activity in several different angiogenic/vascular assays in vitro and in vivo was assessed and compared with PTK/ZK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RAD001 inhibited proliferation in vitro (IC50 values<1 nmol/L to >1 micromol/L), and in sensitive and insensitive tumor cells, pS6 kinase and 4E-BP1 were inhibited. Activity in vitro did not correlate with activity in vivo and significant responses were seen in tumors with IC50 values>10-fold higher than tumor RAD001 concentrations. In vitro, RAD001 inhibited the proliferation of VEGF-stimulated and fibroblast growth factor-stimulated human endothelial cells but not dermal fibroblasts and impaired VEGF release from both sensitive and insensitive tumor cells but did not inhibit migration of human endothelial cells. In vivo, in tumor models derived from either sensitive or insensitive cells, RAD001 reduced Tie-2 levels, the amount of mature and immature vessels, total plasma, and tumor VEGF. RAD001 did not affect blood vessel leakiness in normal vasculature acutely exposed to VEGF nor did it affect tumor vascular permeability (Ktrans) as measured by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. However, the pan-VEGFR inhibitor PTK/ZK inhibited endothelial cell migration and vascular permeability but had less effect on mature vessels compared with RAD001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  VEGFR and mTOR inhibitors show similar but also distinct effects on tumor vascular biology, which has implications for their clinical activity alone or in combination.
authors.affiliation: Oncology Research, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Heidi A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Jeanette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Paul M J
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: McSheehy
authors.forename: Peter R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Allegrini
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Boulay
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brueggen
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Littlewood-Evans
authors.forename: Sauveur-Michel
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Maira
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Martiny-Baron
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: Patrizia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sini
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Reilly
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D000068338:Everolimus; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009374:Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010793:Phthalazines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D011725:Pyridines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011920:Rats, Inbred WF; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D010793:Phthalazines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C404768:vatalanib; D000068338:Everolimus; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D042787:Receptor, TIE-2; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus