title: Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although research suggests that witnessed violence is linked to adverse mental health outcomes among adolescents, little is known about its prevalence or its significance in predicting psychiatric symptoms beyond the contribution of co-occurring risk factors. The purpose of this study was to identify the national prevalence of witnessed parental and community violence and to examine these life stressors as independent risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and major depressive episode (MDE) among adolescents. A secondary aim was to determine which characteristics of witnessed violence were associated with mental health outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 3,614 adolescents recruited from a 2005 US national household probability sample who completed structured telephone interviews assessing witnessed violence and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV (DSM-IV) criteria for PTSD and MDE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  National prevalence of witnessed parental violence and witnessed community violence was estimated to be 9% and 38%, respectively. Both forms of witnessed violence predicted PTSD and MDE beyond variance accounted for by age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and other traumatic event history. Perceptions of threat, repeated violence exposure, location of the violence, and relationship to the victim were associated with psychiatric diagnoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that witnessed violence represents a significant public health burden with implications for psychological assessment and prevention efforts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Clemson University, USA. hzinzow@clemson.edu
authors.forename: Heidi M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Zinzow
authors.forename: Kenneth J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Resnick
authors.forename: Rochelle
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Dean
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kilpatrick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D017579:Domestic Violence / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data