title: Effectiveness of prokinetic agents against diseases external to the gastrointestinal tract.
abstract: Prokinetic agents are effective not only for disease of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract but also for those external to the GI tract such as the central nervous system, and the respiratory, urologic, and metabolic organs. This article reviews the effectiveness of prokinetic agents against diseases external to the GI tract. Studies were identified by computerized and manual searches of the available literature. A Medline search was performed (1975-July, 2008) using the following medical subject headings: prokinetic agent, metoclopramide, domperidone, trimebutine, cisapride, itopride, mosapride, tegaserod, and human. The identified diseases for which prokinetic agents may be effective are various: bronchial asthma, chronic cough, hiccup, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, cholelithiasis, diabetes mellitus, acute migraine, Parkinson's disease, anorexia nervosa, Tourette's disorder, urologic sequelae of spinal cord injury and of radical hysterectomy for cervical cancer, laryngeal dysfunction and so on. These agents are also useful for prevention of aspiration pneumonia during anesthesia, and in tube-fed patients. Prokinetic agents should be a valuable addition to our currently limited pharmacological armamentarium not only for functional bowel disease, but also for diseases external to the GI tract.
authors.affiliation: Health Service Center, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8521, Japan. tohiyama@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Toru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hiyama
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshihara
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haruma
authors.forename: Kazuaki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chayama
mesh_terms: D000568:Amenorrhea / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D016638:Critical Illness; D004066:Digestive System Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy; D008659:Metabolic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D010038:Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D019141:Respiratory System Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012140:Respiratory Tract Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014570:Urologic Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D019141:Respiratory System Agents