title: Cerebral effects of three resuscitation protocols in uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock: a randomised controlled experimental study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To compare haemodynamic and cerebral variables during aggressive fluid resuscitation vs. administration of a hypertonic starch solution (HS) combined with either noradrenaline [norepinephrine] or arginine vasopressin in an animal model of uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock.
  
  
  METHODS
  After Animal Investigational Committee approval, 24 anaesthetised pigs underwent a liver trauma. At haemodynamic decompensation, animals were randomly assigned to receive fluid resuscitation (6% HES 130/0.4, 20 mL/kg, and Ringer, 40 mL/kg; FR group, n=8), or noradrenaline (bolus 20 microg/kg, continuously 1 microg/kg/min) combined with HS (7.2% NaCl/6% HES 200/0.5; 4 mL/kg) (n=8; NA/HS group), or vasopressin (bolus 0.2U/kg, continuously 0.04 U/kg/min) combined with HS (4 mL/kg) (n=8; AVP/HS group), respectively. Thirty minutes after drug administration, bleeding was controlled manually.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), and brain tissue oxygen pressure (P(bt)O(2)) decreased significantly with haemorrhage in all groups (p<0.05). AVP/HS resulted in a faster and higher increase of MAP and CPP compared to both NA/HS and FR (p<0.001 vs. FR; p<0.01 vs. NA/HS). Compared to FR, P(bt)O(2) increased faster with AVP/HS and NA/HS (p<0.05) after therapy, and ICP was lower at the end of the study period (p<0.05). All animals (8/8) of the AVP/HS group survived, compared to 4/8 and 4/8 in the NA/HS and FR group, respectively (p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following uncontrolled haemorrhagic shock in this animal model, combination of HS with arginine vasopressin increased CPP and cerebral oxygenation faster than aggressive fluid resuscitation, without re-increasing ICP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. e.cavus@t-online.de
authors.forename: Erol
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cavus
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Meybohm
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Doerges
authors.forename: Hans-Hermann
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Hugo
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steinfath
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nordstroem
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholz
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy / Q000379:methods; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods; D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000187:drug effects; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011897:Random Allocation; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000628:therapy*; D013552:Swine; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D006895:Hydroxyethyl Starch Derivatives; D006982:Hypertonic Solutions; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D014662:Vasoconstrictor Agents; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D009638:Norepinephrine