title: Flowering phenology influences seed production and outcrossing rate in populations of an alpine snowbed shrub, Phyllodoce aleutica: effects of pollinators and self-incompatibility.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because of differences in snowmelt time, the reproductive phenologies of alpine plants are highly variable among local populations, and there is large variation in seed set across populations. Temporal variation in pollinator availability during the season may be a major factor affecting not only seed production but also outcrossing rate of alpine plants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Among local populations of Phyllodoce aleutica that experience different snowmelt regimes, flowering phenology, pollinator availability, seed-set rate, and outcrossing rate were compared with reference to the mating system (self-compatibility or heterospecific compatibility with a co-occurring congeneric species).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flowering occurred sequentially among populations reflecting snowmelt time from mid-July to late August. The visit frequency of bumble-bees increased substantially in late July when workers appeared. Both seed set and outcrossing rate increased as flowering season progressed. Although flowers were self-compatible and heterospecific compatible, the mixed-pollination experiment revealed that fertilization with conspecific, outcrossing pollen took priority over selfing and hybridization, indicating a cryptic self-incompatibility. In early snowmelt populations, seed production was pollen-limited and autogamous selfing was common. However, genetic analyses revealed that selfed progenies did not contribute to the maintenance of populations due to late-acting inbreeding depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Large variations in seed-set and outcrossing rates among populations were caused by the timing of pollinator availability during the season and the cryptic self-incompatibility of this species. Despite the intensive pollen limitation in part of the early season, reproductive assurance by autogamous selfing was not evident. Under fluctuating conditions of pollinator availability and flowering structures, P. aleutica maintained the genetic composition by conspecific outcrossing.
authors.affiliation: Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiaki
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kameyama
authors.forename: Gaku
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kudo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000502:physiology*; D001947:Breeding; D003433:Crosses, Genetic; D029791:Ericaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D035264:Flowers / Q000502:physiology*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development*; D012914:Snow; D013997:Time Factors