title: A common variant in PNPLA3, which encodes adiponutrin, is associated with liver fat content in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has recently been suggested that the rs738409 G allele in PNPLA3, which encodes adiponutrin, is strongly associated with increased liver fat content in three different ethnic groups. The aims of the present study were as follows: (1) to try to replicate these findings in European individuals with quantitative measures of hepatic fat content; (2) to study whether the polymorphism influences hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity; and (3) to investigate whether PNPLA3 expression is altered in the human fatty liver.
  
  
  METHODS
  We genotyped 291 Finnish individuals in whom liver fat had been measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Hepatic PNPLA3 expression was measured in 32 participants. Hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivities were measured using a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic (insulin infusion 0.3 mU kg(-1) min(-1)) clamp technique combined with infusion of [3-(3)H]glucose in 109 participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rs738409 G allele in PNPLA3 was associated with increased quantitative measures of liver fat content (p = 0.011) and serum aspartate aminotransferase concentrations (p = 0.002) independently of age, sex and BMI. Fasting serum insulin and hepatic and adipose tissue insulin sensitivity were related to liver fat content independently of genotype status. PNPLA3 mRNA expression in the liver was positively related to obesity (r = 0.62, p < 0.0001) and to liver fat content (r = 0.58, p = 0.025) in participants who were not morbidly obese (BMI < 40 kg/m(2)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A common variant in PNPLA3 increases the risk of hepatic steatosis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. anna.kotronen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotronen
authors.forename: L E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Johansson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Westerbacka
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamsten
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bergholm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arkkila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arola
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiviluoto
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ehrenborg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Orho-Melander
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ridderstråle
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006801:Humans; D008049:Lipase / Q000235:genetics*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent
chemical_list: D008049:Lipase; D008565:Membrane Proteins; C533682:PNPLA3 protein, human; D000217:Acyltransferases; D054512:Phospholipases A2, Calcium-Independent