title: Corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor activation mediates nicotine withdrawal-induced deficit in brain reward function and stress-induced relapse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tobacco addiction is a chronic brain disorder that is characterized by a negative affective state upon smoking cessation and relapse after periods of abstinence. Previous research has shown that blockade of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors with a nonspecific CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist prevents the deficit in brain reward function associated with nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking in rats. The aim of these studies was to investigate the role of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in the deficit in brain reward function associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking.
  
  
  METHODS
  The intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) procedure was used to assess the negative affective state of nicotine withdrawal. Elevations in brain reward thresholds are indicative of a deficit in brain reward function. Stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking was investigated in animals in which responding for intravenously infused nicotine was extinguished by substituting saline for nicotine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ICSS experiments, the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine elevated the brain reward thresholds of the nicotine-dependent rats but not those of the control rats. The CRF1 receptor antagonist R278995/CRA0450 but not the CRF2 receptor antagonist astressin-2B prevented the elevations in brain reward thresholds associated with precipitated nicotine withdrawal. Furthermore, R278995/CRA0450 but not astressin-2B prevented stress-induced reinstatement of extinguished nicotine-seeking. Neither R278995/CRA0450 nor astressin-2B affected operant responding for chocolate-flavored food pellets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies indicate that CRF(1) receptors but not CRF(2) receptors play an important role in the anhedonic-state associated with acute nicotine withdrawal and stress-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA. awbruijn@ufl.edu
authors.forename: Adrie W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Bruijnzeel
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prado
authors.forename: Shani
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Isaac
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000494:pharmacology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000187:drug effects; D005502:Food; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012201:Reward; D012653:Self Stimulation; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1
chemical_list: C491550:1-(8-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methylquinolin-4-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-4-carboxamide benzenesulfonate; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011804:Quinolines; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; C104416:astressin; D000099052:CRF Receptor, Type 1; D009538:Nicotine; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone