title: Hippocampal sclerosis in refractory temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with gluten sensitivity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have associated coeliac disease (CD) and gluten sensitivity (defined as the presence of anti-gliadin antibodies and positive immunogenetics) with cerebellar degeneration and epilepsy with occipital calcifications. Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a potentially progressive disorder with unknown aetiology; however, autoimmunity has been implicated as one of the possible mechanisms leading to HS. The purpose of this study is to analyze CD-associated antibodies and gluten sensitivity in a well-characterised group of patients with refractory focal epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured anti-gliadin, anti-tissue-transglutaminase and anti-endomysium antibodies, and coeliac-type human leukocyte antigen (DQ2 and DQ8), in 48 consecutive patients with therapy-resistant, localisation-related epilepsy. The patients were categorised into the following three groups on the basis of ictal electro-clinical characteristics and the findings of high resolution MRI: TLE with HS (n = 16), TLE without HS (n = 16) and extratemporal epilepsy (n = 16). Patients with suspected CD or gluten sensitivity underwent duodenal biopsies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven patients in total were gluten sensitive; all of these patients fell in the TLE with HS group. On the other hand, none of the TLE without HS patients or those with extratemporal epilepsy were gluten sensitive (p<0.0002). The results of duodenal biopsies showed that three of the seven gluten-sensitive patients had histological evidence of CD and four had inflammatory changes consistent with early CD without villous atrophy. Four of the patients with gluten sensitivity had evidence of dual pathology (HS+another brain lesion), whereas none of the remaining patients did (p<0.0002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrates a previously unrecognised link between gluten sensitivity and TLE with HS. This association was very robust in this well-characterised group of patients; thus gluten sensitivity should be added to the list of potential mechanisms leading to intractable epilepsy and HS.
authors.affiliation: Medical school, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Peltola
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaukinen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dastidar
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Haimila
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Partanen
authors.forename: A-M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Haapala
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keränen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peltola
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001284:Atrophy; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D001706:Biopsy; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D002446:Celiac Disease / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D005983:Glutens / Q000276:immunology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012598:Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005983:Glutens