title: Visfatin-induced expression of inflammatory mediators in human endothelial cells through the NF-kappaB pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Visfatin is an adipokine that is highly expressed in visceral fat. Plasma levels of visfatin have been reported to be higher in subjects with obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the role of visfatin in endothelial dysfunction has been largely unexplored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the possible pathogenic role of visfatin in endothelial dysfunction, particularly focusing on its effect on inflammatory mediators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated with visfatin (1, 10 and 50 ng ml(-1)) were used to study the relationship between visfatin and endothelium dysfunction. Expressions of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) and cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8) affected by visfatin were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and real-time PCR. Activity of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB was examined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At a visfatin concentration of 50 ng ml(-1), significant increases in IL-6, IL-8, ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin gene expression along with increased IL-6, IL-8 and sE-selectin protein levels in the conditioned medium were detected. Flow cytometry showed that the addition of visfatin significantly increased ICAM-1 expression and VCAM-1 expression (10 and 50 ng ml(-1), respectively). Electrophoretic mobility shift assay confirmed that visfatin increased the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB. In addition, pretreatment with visfatin (10 and 50 ng ml(-1)) increased human monocyte cell line THP-1 adhesion to HUVECs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that visfatin causes endothelial dysfunction by increasing inflammatory and adhesion molecule expression at least partly through the upregulation of NF-kappaB activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: W-J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C-S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: I-T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: C-M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: J-J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: M-M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: W H-H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Sheu
mesh_terms: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019040:E-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D019040:E-Selectin; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D054409:Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase