title: Expression of proteinase-activated receptor-2 in the intervertebral disc.
abstract: METHODS
  Immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses of proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in rat and human intervertebral discs (IVDs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the expression and function of PAR-2 in rat IVD cells, and to determine if PAR-2 is expressed in human IVDs.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  PAR-2 is a G protein-coupled receptor that contributes to the regulation of inflammatory reactions and the pathophysiology of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis. The expression of PAR-2 in the IVD has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  PAR-2 expression by rat IVD cells and tissues was examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot. Rat anulus fibrosus cells in monolayer culture were used to examine the biologic role of PAR-2 in vitro. The effect of PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR-2AP) on the catabolic cascade was assessed by western blot and real-time PCR. The expression of PAR-2 by human IVD tissues at different stages of degeneration was determined by immunohistochemical analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PAR-2 was expressed by rat IVD cells and in both anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues, PAR-2 expression was up-regulated by interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). PAR-2AP significantly increased the release of IL-1beta into the medium. Although PAR-2AP had no direct effect on matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-13 mRNA levels, treatment with PAR-2AP significantly up-regulated the mRNA levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-4. The simultaneous administration of PAR-2AP and IL-1beta synergistically up-regulated the mRNA levels of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-4, MMP-3, and MMP-13. The expression of PAR-2 was identified in human IVD tissues. The number of PAR-2-expressing cells was significantly elevated in advanced stages of IVD degeneration compared with those in early stages of degeneration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results demonstrate for the first time that IVD cells express PAR-2. The expression of PAR-2 is regulated by IL-1beta stimulation. PAR-2 activation accelerates the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. PAR-2 may play an important role in the cytokine-mediated catabolic cascade and consequently may be involved in IVD degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryu
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Akeda
authors.forename: Yuichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kasai
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Masuda
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Morimoto
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sakakibara
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Atsumasa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uchida
mesh_terms: D051722:ADAM Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008660:Metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000494:pharmacology; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C487404:2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009842:Oligopeptides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044464:Receptor, PAR-2; D051722:ADAM Proteins; D011348:Procollagen N-Endopeptidase; D000071121:ADAMTS4 Protein