title: Noninvasive technique for measurement of heartbeat regularity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zebrafish (Danio rerio), due to its optical accessibility and similarity to human, has emerged as model organism for cardiac research. Although various methods have been developed to assess cardiac functions in zebrafish embryos, there lacks a method to assess heartbeat regularity in blood vessels. Heartbeat regularity is an important parameter for cardiac function and is associated with cardiotoxicity in human being. Using stereomicroscope and digital video camera, we have developed a simple, noninvasive method to measure the heart rate and heartbeat regularity in peripheral blood vessels. Anesthetized embryos were mounted laterally in agarose on a slide and the caudal blood circulation of zebrafish embryo was video-recorded under stereomicroscope and the data was analyzed by custom-made software. The heart rate was determined by digital motion analysis and power spectral analysis through extraction of frequency characteristics of the cardiac rhythm. The heartbeat regularity, defined as the rhythmicity index, was determined by short-time Fourier Transform analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The heart rate measured by this noninvasive method in zebrafish embryos at 52 hour post-fertilization was similar to that determined by direct visual counting of ventricle beating (p > 0.05). In addition, the method was validated by a known cardiotoxic drug, terfenadine, which affects heartbeat regularity in humans and induces bradycardia and atrioventricular blockage in zebrafish. A significant decrease in heart rate was found by our method in treated embryos (p < 0.01). Moreover, there was a significant increase of the rhythmicity index (p < 0.01), which was supported by an increase in beat-to-beat interval variability (p < 0.01) of treated embryos as shown by Poincare plot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data support and validate this rapid, simple, noninvasive method, which includes video image analysis and frequency analysis. This method is capable of measuring the heart rate and heartbeat regularity simultaneously via the analysis of caudal blood flow in zebrafish embryos. With the advantages of rapid sample preparation procedures, automatic image analysis and data analysis, this method can potentially be applied to cardiotoxicity screening assay.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, HKSAR, PR China.
authors.forename: Po Kwok
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Chun Chi
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Shuk Han
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054715:Cardiotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006334:Heart Function Tests / Q000379:methods*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013057:Spectrum Analysis; D016593:Terfenadine / Q000633:toxicity; D013997:Time Factors; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000196:embryology* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054715:Cardiotoxins; D016593:Terfenadine