title: Critical care physician cognitive task analysis: an exploratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For better or worse, the imposition of work-hour limitations on house-staff has imperiled continuity and/or improved decision-making. Regardless, the workflow of every physician team in every academic medical centre has been irrevocably altered. We explored the use of cognitive task analysis (CTA) techniques, most commonly used in other high-stress and time-sensitive environments, to analyse key cognitive activities in critical care medicine. The study objective was to assess the usefulness of CTA as an analytical tool in order that physician cognitive tasks may be understood and redistributed within the work-hour limited medical decision-making teams.
  
  
  METHODS
  After approval from each Institutional Review Board, two intensive care units (ICUs) within major university teaching hospitals served as data collection sites for CTA observations and interviews of critical care providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five broad categories of cognitive activities were identified: pattern recognition; uncertainty management; strategic vs. tactical thinking; team coordination and maintenance of common ground; and creation and transfer of meaning through stories.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CTA within the framework of Naturalistic Decision Making is a useful tool to understand the critical care process of decision-making and communication. The separation of strategic and tactical thinking has implications for workflow redesign. Given the global push for work-hour limitations, such workflow redesign is occurring. Further work with CTA techniques will provide important insights toward rational, rather than random, workflow changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. fackler@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: James C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fackler
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watts
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grome
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Crandall
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pronovost
mesh_terms: D003071:Cognition; D003422:Critical Care; D003657:Decision Making; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D010820:Physicians / Q000523:psychology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D014940:Work Schedule Tolerance