title: Evaluation of the relationship between passive smoking and salivary electrolytes, protein, secretory IgA, sialic acid and amylase in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the relationship between passive smoking as determined by salivary cotinine levels and salivary electrolytes, protein, secretory IgA, sialic acid and amylase in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Saliva was collected from 90 passive smoker (PS) subjects (the study group) and 90 healthy age-matched children (the control group). The study group was divided into three subgroups according the number of cigarettes smoked. Socio-economic status, dental and dietary habits were recorded by questionnaire. Stimulated salivary calcium (Ca), phosphate (P), sodium (Na), potassium (P), total protein, amylase activity, sialic acid level, secretory IgA concentration and cotinine level were analysed. All data were analysed using SPSS, version 13.0.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Socio-economic status, dental and dietary habits were similar between the two groups. The salivary electrolytes concentrations did not reveal significant difference between the two groups (p>0.05). The mean cotinine levels of PS children were 1.58+/-4.3 ng/mL. The salivary concentrations of protein were similar between the two groups (p>0.05). The salivary secretory IgA concentration was significantly lower in the PS group than controls. The sialic acid level and amylase activity in PS group were found significantly higher compared with the controls (p<0.05). No difference was observed for all these parameters with sex (p>0.05). When saliva samples were analysed for output, the sialic acid level and amylase activity increased significantly in PS subjects (p<0.05). Further, the output of secretory IgA concentration was found significantly lower compared with the controls (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, we show that passive smoking was associated with a decrease in secretory IgA concentration, whereas with increase in amylase activity and sialic acid level of stimulated whole saliva in young children.
authors.affiliation: Ondokuz Mayis University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Paediatric Dentistry, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. aysun.avsar@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Aysun
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Avşar
authors.forename: Ozge
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Darka
authors.forename: Ebru Hazar
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Bodrumlu
authors.forename: Yüksel
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bek
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004522:Educational Status; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000032:analysis*; D005220:Fathers / Q000193:education; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000032:analysis*; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010710:Phosphates / Q000032:analysis; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides / Q000032:analysis*; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate; D012923:Social Class; D012964:Sodium / Q000032:analysis; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D014099:Toothbrushing
chemical_list: D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D004573:Electrolytes; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; D010710:Phosphates; D012471:Salivary Proteins and Peptides; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D012964:Sodium; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases; D019158:N-Acetylneuraminic Acid; D003367:Cotinine; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium