title: Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of DNA repair genes OGG1 and XRCC1: association with gallbladder cancer in North Indian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  DNA damage by endogenous or exogenous source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays an important role in induction and progression of various cancers. Physiologically, gallbladder is likely to be exposed to various ROS which leads to extensive DNA damage. Cells overcome the DNA damage by repair mechanisms. Genetic variants of OGG1 and XRCC1, important enzymes participating in base excision repair pathway, may confer interindividual variations in susceptibility to gallbladder cancer (GBC). This study was aimed to examine the role of OGG1 Ser326Cys (rs1052133) and XRCC1 Arg194Trp (C > T) (rs25487) and Arg399Gln (G > A) (rs1799782) polymorphisms in GBC susceptibility.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study included 173 GBC patients and 204 controls. Genotyping was done by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Differences in the frequencies were estimated by chi-square test and risk was estimated by using unconditional logistic regression after adjusting for age and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OGG1 Cys/Cys genotype frequency was significantly higher in GBC patients [odds ratio (OR) = 2.93; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-7.51]. The increased risk was more pronounced in female GBC patients (OR = 5.92; 95%CI = 1.20-29.13), patients with gallstone (OR = 5.50; 95%CI = 1.99-15.16), female gender, and late onset of disease (OR = 4.72, 95%CI = 1.43-15.53). In XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism, significant differences in frequencies of Gln/Gln and Arg/Gln genotypes conferred significantly low risk for GBC (OR = 0.62; 95%CI = 0.39-0.97 and OR = 0.37; 95%CI = 0.19-0.71 respectively). However, XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism was not associated with GBC. The carriers of Arg-Gln haplotype consisting of 194Arg and 399Gln alleles of XRCC1 were also at significant low risk for GBC (OR = 0.59, 95%CI = 0.42-0.82). Interaction of genotypes and tobacco usage did not modulate the risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest that Cys/Cys genotype of OGG1 Ser326Cys polymorphism is associated with increased risk of GBC. However, Arg399Gln polymorphism and Arg-Gln haplotype comprising XRCC1 Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln polymorphisms conferred low risk for GBC susceptibility.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, UP, India.
authors.forename: Anvesha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Kshitij
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Srivastava
authors.forename: Sachchida Nand
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Pandey
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choudhuri
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mittal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D045647:DNA Glycosylases / Q000235:genetics*; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005706:Gallbladder Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076105:X-ray Repair Cross Complementing Protein 1; C000619371:XRCC1 protein, human; D045647:DNA Glycosylases; C479058:oxoguanine glycosylase 1, human