Organizational justice and sleeping problems: The Whitehall II study.
OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that organizational injustice contributes to sleeping problems. Poor sleep quality can be a marker of prolonged emotional stress and has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system and metabolism.


METHODS
Data were from the prospective Whitehall II study of white-collar British civil servants (3143 women and 6895 men, aged 35-55 years at baseline). Age, employment grade, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms were measured at Phase 1 (1985-1988) and baseline sleeping problems were assessed at Phase 2 (1989-1990). Organizational justice was assessed twice, at Phases 1 and 2. The outcome was mean of sleeping problems during Phases 5 (1997-1999) and 7 (2003-2004).


RESULTS
In men, low organizational justice at Phase 1 and Phase 2 were associated with overall sleeping problems, sleep maintenance problems, sleep onset problems, and nonrefreshing sleep at Phases 5 and 7. In women, a significant association was observed between low organizational justice and overall sleeping problems and sleep onset problems. These associations were robust to adjustments for age, employment grade, health behaviors, job strain, depressive symptoms, and sleeping problems at baseline.


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that perceived unfair treatment at workplace is associated with increased risk of poor sleep quality in men and women, one potential mechanism through which justice at work may affect health.
Elovainio
Marko
M
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL Medical School, London, England, UK. marko.elovainio@stakes.fi
Ferrie
Jane E
JE
Gimeno
David
D
De Vogli
Roberto
R
Shipley
Martin
M
Brunner
Eric J
EJ
Kumari
Meena
M
Vahtera
Jussi
J
Marmot
Michael G
MG
Kivimäki
Mika
M
D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011584:Psychology; D017150:Public Sector; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012935:Social Justice; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*