title: Severe mitral stenosis with atypical presentation: hemorrhagic pleural effusion--a case report and literature review.
abstract: Mitral stenosis is a well-described valvular heart disease. We report a 68-year-old patient with an unusual presentation of mitral stenosis. He presented with recurrent episodes of hemorrhagic pleural effusion. Afterwards, an extensive atrial thrombosis complicated his course of illness. We will discuss how the clinical presentation of mitral stenosis is mainly dictated by the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. Also, the need for anticoagulation in the setting of mitral stenosis is often linked to the presence of atrial fibrillation. We will discuss the independent risk factors for thromboembolism in the setting of mitral stenosis. Finally, a review of the current recommendation for anticoagulation is conferred.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
authors.forename: Kais A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Albalbissi
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Burress
authors.forename: Israel D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Said B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Iskandar
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008946:Mitral Valve Stenosis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014463:Ultrasonography