title: Evaluating the role of serotonin in hot flashes after breast cancer using acute tryptophan depletion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Among women with breast cancer, hot flashes are frequent, severe, and bothersome symptoms that can negatively impact quality of life and compromise compliance with life-saving medications (eg, tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors). Clinicians' abilities to treat hot flashes are limited due to inadequate understanding of physiological mechanisms involved in hot flashes. Using an acute tryptophan depletion paradigm, we tested whether alterations in central serotonin levels were involved in the induction of hot flashes in women with breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a within-participant, double-blind, controlled, balanced, crossover study. Twenty-seven women completed two 9-hour test days. On one test day, women ingested a concentrated amino acid drink and encapsulated amino acids (no tryptophan) according to published procedures that have been shown to have specific effects on serotonin within 4.5 to 7 hours. On the other test day, women ingested a control drink. Serial venous blood sampling and objective hot flash monitoring were used to evaluate response to each condition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Response to acute tryptophan depletion was variable and unexplained by use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, antiestrogens, breast cancer disease and treatment variables, or genetic polymorphisms in serotonin receptor and transporter genes. Contrary to our hypothesis, hot flashes were not worsened with acute tryptophan depletion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Physiologically documented and self-reported hot flashes were not exacerbated by tryptophan depletion. Additional mechanistic research is needed to better understand the etiology of hot flashes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46220, USA. carpentj@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Janet S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Carpenter
authors.forename: Menggang
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Jingwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Von Ah
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milata
authors.forename: Julie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Otte
authors.forename: Shelley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Johns
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Storniolo
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salomon
authors.forename: Zeuresenay
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Desta
authors.forename: Donghua
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Santosh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Philips
authors.forename: Todd C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Skaar
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D012701:Serotonin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000172:deficiency*
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000596:Amino Acids; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D020847:Estrogen Receptor Modulators; D012701:Serotonin; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D014364:Tryptophan