title: Procedural sedation in children in the emergency department: a PREDICT study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate current procedural sedation practice and compare clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for procedural sedation at Paediatric Research in Emergency Departments International Collaborative (PREDICT) sites. This will determine areas for improvement and provide baseline data for future multicentre studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  A questionnaire of specialist emergency physicians regarding demographics, general procedural sedation practice and specific sedation agents given to children. CPG for general sedation and sedation agents were obtained for each site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-five (71%) useable surveys returned from 105 potential respondents. Most commonly used agents were nitrous oxide (N(2)O) (75, 100%), ketamine (total 72, 96%; i.v. 59, 83% and i.m. 22, 31%) and midazolam (total 68, 91%; i.v. 52, 81%, oral 47, 73%, intranasal 26, 41% and i.m. 6, 9%). Sedation was used for therapeutic and diagnostic procedures. Forty-three (57%) used formal sedation records and sedation checklists and thirty-one (41%) respondents reported auditing sedations. Four sites ran staff education and competency programmes. Nine sites had general sedation CPG, eight for ketamine, nine for N(2)O, eight for midazolam (four parenteral, five oral and six intranasal) and three for fentanyl. No site had a guideline for propofol administration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Procedural sedation in this research network commonly uses N(2)O, ketamine and midazolam for a wide range of procedures. Areas of improvement are the lack of guidelines for certain agents, documentation, staff competency training and auditing processes. Multicentre research could close gaps in terms of age cut-offs, fasting times and optimal indications for various agents.
authors.affiliation: Princess Margaret Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. meredith.borland@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Meredith
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borland
authors.forename: Amanda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esson
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Babl
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Krieser
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D000771:Anesthesia, Intravenous; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001315:Australia; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000458:organization & administration; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004635:Emergency Medicine / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007255:Information Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009520:New Zealand; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General; D007649:Ketamine; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D008874:Midazolam