title: Screening Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Clostridium perfringens as indicator organisms in evaluating pathogen-reducing capacity in biogas plants.
abstract: This study was conducted to identify an indicator organism(s) in evaluating the pathogen-reducing capacity of biogas plants. Fresh cow manure containing 10(4) to 10(5) colony forming unit (CFU) per milliliter of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis along with an inoculated Clostridium perfringens strain were exposed to 37 degrees C for 15 days, 55 degrees C for 48 h, and 70 degrees C for 24 h. C. perfringens was the most heat-resistant organism followed by E. faecalis, while E. coli was the most heat-sensitive organism. E. coli was reduced below detection limit at all temperatures with log(10) reductions of 4.94 (10 s), 4.37 (40 min), and 2.6 (5 days) at 70 degrees C, 55 degrees C, and 37 degrees C, respectively. Maximum log(10) reductions for E. faecalis were 1.77 at 70 degrees C (1 day), 1.7 at 55 degrees C (2 days) and 3.13 at 37 degrees C (15 days). For C. perfringens, maximum log(10) reduction at 37 degrees C was 1.35 log(10) units (15 days) compared to less than 1 unit at 55 and 70 degrees C. Modeling results showed that E. faecalis and C. perfringens had higher amount of heat-resistant fraction than E. coli. Thus, E. faecalis and C. perfringens can be used as indicator organisms to evaluate pathogen-reducing capacity in biogas plants at high temperatures of 55 degrees C and 70 degrees C while at 37 degrees C E. coli could also be included as indicator organism.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
authors.forename: Montira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Watcharasukarn
authors.forename: Prasad
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaparaju
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Steyer
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Krogfelt
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Angelidaki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D003016:Clostridium perfringens / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008372:Manure / Q000032:analysis / Q000382:microbiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D008372:Manure