title: Violence during pregnancy in Jordan: its prevalence and associated risk and protective factors.
abstract: This study estimates the lifetime prevalence of physical violence during pregnancy and examines risk and protective factors among women (N = 390) attending reproductive health clinics in Jordan. Approximately 15% reported physical violence during pregnancy. The husband was the sole perpetrator in 83% of the cases. A high frequency of quarreling, the husband's use of alcohol, attitudes supportive of a woman's duty to obey her husband, infrequent communication between the respondent and her family, and exposure to violence as a child increased the risk of violence. Consanguinity (marriage to a blood relative) and higher education levels were protective against violence during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: University of Minnesota School of Medicine, MN, USA.
authors.forename: Cari Jo
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Khelda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jabbar
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005191:Family Characteristics / Q000208:ethnology*; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D007597:Jordan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology*; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012945:Social Values / Q000208:ethnology; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult