title: Evaluation of a surveillance programme for women with a family history of breast cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To establish health related costs and benefits of clinical services for women at increased familial risk of breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of costs and outcomes for one UK regional service, supplemented with data from a multinational collaborative study. Main outcome measures were aggregate costs for regular clinical examination, mammographic screening and further investigations; breast cancer incidence; proportion of cancers detected at "early" or "late" stage, compared with corresponding data for unscreened women of comparable age; survival in relation to stage at diagnosis; itemised and aggregate costs of management for "early" and "late" stage breast cancer; hence direct health care costs per quality adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The surveillance programme costs pound1500 (euro1600, US$2100) per woman (over 15 years). Breast cancer incidence is close to 6 per thousand examinations; 75% of tumours are detected through screening and 77% are "early" (path stage 1 or 2). Corresponding figures for unscreened women (including relatives of those attending the breast cancer family clinic) indicate that surveillance achieves a beneficial "stage shift", with reduction in treatment costs and improvement in survival, in about 22% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current clinical service for women at familial risk of breast cancer costs about pound4800 (euro5200, US$6800) per QALY gained. That figure is sensitive to the rate of detection of breast cancer and the degree of beneficial stage shift achieved. Within the realistic range of estimates for these two parameters, the cost per QALY may be as high as pound14,000 (euro15,300, US$20,000) or as low as pound1000 (euro1100, US$1400).
authors.affiliation: Tayside Cancer Family Clinical Service, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK.
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Reis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tavakoli
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dewar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Goudie
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: McLeish
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kenyon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Steel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D024682:BRCA2 Protein / Q000235:genetics; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis / Q000379:methods; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; D024682:BRCA2 Protein