title: Riluzole protects Huntington disease patients from brain glucose hypometabolism and grey matter volume loss and increases production of neurotrophins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Huntington disease (HD) mutation increases gain-of-toxic functions contributing to glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. Riluzole interferes with glutamatergic neurotransmission, thereby reducing excitotoxicity, enhancing neurite formation in damaged motoneurons and increasing serum concentrations of BDNF, a brain cortex neurotrophin protecting striatal neurons from degeneration.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated metabolic and volumetric differences in distinct brain areas between 11 riluzole-treated and 12 placebo-treated patients by MRI and (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) PET scanning, according to fully automated protocols. We also investigated the influence of riluzole on peripheral growth factor blood levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Placebo-treated patients showed significantly greater proportional volume loss of grey matter and decrease in metabolic FDG uptake than patients treated with riluzole in all cortical areas (p<0.05). The decreased rate of metabolic FDG uptake correlated with worsening clinical scores in placebo-treated patients, compared to those who were treated with riluzole. The progressive decrease in metabolic FDG uptake observed in the frontal, parietal and occipital cortex correlated linearly with the severity of motor scores calculated by Unified Huntington Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS-I) in placebo-treated patients. Similarly, the rate of metabolic changes in the frontal and temporal areas of the brain cortex correlated linearly with worsening behavioural scores calculated by UHDRS-III in the placebo-treated patients. Finally, BDNF and transforming growth factor beta-1 serum levels were significantly higher in patients treated with riluzole.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The linear correlation between decreased metabolic FDG uptake and worsening clinical scores in the placebo-treated patients suggests that FDG-PET may be a valuable procedure to assess brain markers of HD.
authors.affiliation: Neurogenetics Unit & Centre for Rare Disease, IRCCS Neuromed, Località Camerelle, 86077, Pozzilli, Italy. squitieri@neuromed.it
authors.forename: Ferdinando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Squitieri
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Orobello
authors.forename: Milena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cannella
authors.forename: Tiziana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Martino
authors.forename: Pantaleo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Romanelli
authors.forename: Giampiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giovacchini
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frati
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mansi
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciarmiello
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001921:Brain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000097:blood; D010919:Placebos; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D019782:Riluzole / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D010919:Placebos; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D019782:Riluzole; D005947:Glucose