title: The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast that is a facultative intracellular pathogen. The interaction between macrophages and C. neoformans is critical for extrapulmonary dissemination of this pathogenic yeast. C. neoformans can either lyse macrophages or escape from within them through a process known as phagosomal extrusion. However, most studies of intracellular pathogenesis have been made with mouse cells and their relevance to human infection is uncertain. In this study we extended studies of C. neoformans-macrophage cellular interaction/s to human peripheral blood monocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study demonstrated that C. neoformans can shed polysaccharide within human monocytes, spread from cell to cell, and be extruded from them. Furthermore, human monocytes responded to ingestion of C. neoformans with cell cycle progression from G1 to S.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similarities between mouse and human cells support the suitability of mouse cells for the study of intracellular pathogenesis mechanisms. Given that these hosts diverged over 70 million years ago, the similar pathogenic strategies for C. neoformans in murine and human cells supports the hypothesis that the mechanism that underlies the mammalian intracellular pathogenesis of C. neoformans originated from interactions with a third host, possibly soil amoeboid predators, before the mammalian radiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. maalvare@aecom.yu.edu
authors.forename: Mauricio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alvarez
authors.forename: Tamika
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Burn
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Liise-anne
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Pirofski
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Casadevall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D002460:Cell Line; D003453:Cryptococcosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D003455:Cryptococcus neoformans / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D011135:Polysaccharides, Bacterial