title: Viral and non-viral risk factors for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Egypt: heterogeneity by histological and immunological subtypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) are etiologically heterogeneous malignancies. In Egypt, we previously reported an association of increased NHL risk with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Our present aim is to assess the association between HCV infection and histological subtypes of NHL.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study at the National Cancer Institute of Cairo University. Cases with NHL (n = 486) were matched to controls (n = 786) who were orthopedic patients from the same referral regions. Participants provided a blood sample for HCV markers (anti-HCV, HCV RNA) and answered a questionnaire on possible risk factors. Case-control differences were assessed by odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals from logistic regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cases with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (n = 146), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 58), marginal zone lymphoma (n = 24), follicular lymphoma (n = 23), and mantle cell lymphoma (n = 16) were recruited. HCV RNA prevalence was 27% in controls and 26%-48% in the NHL subgroups: it was associated (p < 0.001) with diffuse large B cell, marginal zone, and follicular lymphomas with odds ratios of 3.2, 4.4, and 3.3, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HCV is a risk factor for diffuse large B cell, marginal zone, and follicular lymphomas in Egypt.
authors.affiliation: Lombardi Cancer Center, Georgetown University, 3800 Reservoir Rd, PO Box 571465, Washington, DC 20057-1465, USA.
authors.forename: Lenka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Goldman
authors.forename: Sameera
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ezzat
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mokhtar
authors.forename: Amany
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamid
authors.forename: Nathan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fowler
authors.forename: Iman
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gouda
authors.forename: Soheir Abdel Latif
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Eissa
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Abdel-Hamid
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Loffredo
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004534:Egypt / Q000453:epidemiology; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D018442:Lymphoma, B-Cell, Marginal Zone / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D008224:Lymphoma, Follicular / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016403:Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood*; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral