title: Main and interaction effects of iron, zinc, lead, and parenting on children's cognitive outcomes.
abstract: This study examined relations of blood lead < 10 microg/dL, iron, zinc, and parenting to Head Start children's (N = 112) scores on Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III) and McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA). Venous whole blood and plasma samples were analyzed for lead and zinc by ICP-MS and iron status was assessed by serum transferrin receptors. Hierarchical regressions revealed significant effects of lead on MSCA perceptual scores and iron on PPVT-III and MSCA verbal scores. Children with lead > 2.5 microg/dL had significantly lower MSCA perceptual scores than children < 2.5 microg/dL. Permissive parenting significantly exacerbated negative effects of higher lead or lower iron on children's perceptual or verbal scores, respectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development and Family Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078-6122, USA. laura.hubbs@okstate.edu
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hubbs-Tait
authors.forename: Afework
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mulugeta
authors.forename: Alemtsehay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bogale
authors.forename: Tay S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Eric R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Stoecker
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D002657:Child Development / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D007854:Lead / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D011990:Receptors, Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D011990:Receptors, Transferrin; D007854:Lead; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D007501:Iron; D015032:Zinc