title: Development of hepatitis C virus vaccines: challenges and progress.
abstract: Development of an effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) has long been defined as a difficult challenge due to the considerable variability of this RNA virus and the observation that convalescent humans and chimpanzees could be re-infected after re-exposure. On the other hand, progress in the understanding of antiviral immune responses in patients with viral clearance has elucidated key mechanisms playing a role in the control of viral infection. Studies investigating prophylactic vaccine approaches in chimpanzees have confirmed that the induction and maintenance of strong helper and cytotoxic T-cell immune responses against multiple viral epitopes is necessary for protection against viral clearance and chronic infection. A multispecific B-cell response, resulting in rapid induction of cross-neutralizing antibodies may assist cellular responses. Therapeutic vaccine formulations currently being evaluated in clinical trials are facing the fact that the immune system of chronic carriers is impaired and needs the restoration of T-cell functions to enhance their efficacy.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U748 et Laboratoire de Virologie des Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 3 rue Koeberlé 67000 Strasbourg, France. francoise.stoll@viro-ulp.u-strasbg.fr
authors.forename: Françoise
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stoll-Keller
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fafi-Kremer
authors.forename: Mirjam B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Zeisel
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Baumert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D002679:Pan troglodytes; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
chemical_list: D018937:Hepatitis C Antibodies; D014765:Viral Vaccines