title: Population pharmacokinetics of lopinavir predict suboptimal therapeutic concentrations in treatment-experienced human immunodeficiency virus-infected children.
abstract: In adult protease inhibitor (PI)-experienced patients, a lopinavir (LPV) phenotypic inhibitory quotient (PIQ) of >15 has been associated with a higher likelihood of viral suppression. The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PK) model of LPV in children and to estimate the probability of achieving a PIQ of >15. HIV-infected, PI-experienced children receiving LPV were intensively sampled for 12 h to measure plasma LPV. The data were fitted to candidate PK models (using MM-USCPACK software), and the final model was used to simulate 1,000 children to determine the probability of achieving an LPV PIQ of >15. In 50 patients (4 to 18 years old), the median LPV plasma 12-hour-postdose concentration was 5.9 mg/liter (range, 0.03 to 16.2 mg/liter) lower than that reported in adults. After a delay, LPV was absorbed linearly into a central compartment whose size was dependent on the weight and age of the patient. Elimination was dependent on weight. The regression line of observed versus predicted LPV had an R(2) of 0.99 and a slope of 1.0. Visual predictive checks against all available measured concentrations showed good predictive ability of the model. The probability of achieving an LPV PIQ of >15 was >90% for wild-type virus but <10% for even moderately resistant virus. The currently recommended dose of LPV/ritonavir appears to be adequate for children infected with wild-type virus but is unlikely to provide adequate inhibitory concentrations for even moderately resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). PI-experienced HIV-infected children will likely benefit from longitudinal, repeated LPV measurement in plasma to ensure that drug exposure is most often near the maximal end of the observed safe range.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Disease, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Natella
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rakhmanina
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Anker
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baghdassarian
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soldin
authors.forename: Keetra
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Michael N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Neely
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D061466:Lopinavir; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011744:Pyrimidinones / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D011744:Pyrimidinones; D061466:Lopinavir