title: From molecules to systems: the importance of looking both ways.
abstract: Although molecular biology has meant different things at different times, the term is often associated with a tendency to view cellular causation as conforming to simple linear schemas in which macro-scale effects are specified by micro-scale structures. The early achievements of molecular biologists were important for the formation of such an outlook, one to which the discovery of recombinant DNA techniques, and a number of other findings, gave new life even after the complexity of genotype-phenotype relations had become apparent. Against this background we outline how a range of scientific developments and conceptual considerations can be regarded as enabling and perhaps necessitating contemporary systems approaches. We suggest that philosophical ideas have a valuable part to play in making sense of complex scientific and disciplinary issues.
authors.affiliation: ESRC Centre for Genomics in Society, University of Exeter, Byrne House, St German's Road, Exeter, Devon EX4 4PJ, UK. ap269@exeter.ac.uk
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dupré
mesh_terms: D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049673:History, 20th Century; D008967:Molecular Biology / Q000266:history*; D010684:Philosophy / Q000266:history*; D049490:Systems Biology / Q000266:history*