title: Availability, affordability, and prescribing pattern of medicines in Sudan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate availability, affordability and prescribing pattern of medicines in both public and private health sectors of Sudan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Availability, affordability, and rational use of medicines were evaluated in primary health care centers in six states of Sudan.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey followed the WHO guidelines for monitoring and assessing the pharmaceutical situation in countries. For this survey, a total of 36 public health facilities selected from the six geographic areas were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  The survey confirmed the good availability and acceptable affordability of essential medicines in the public health centers and private pharmacies. Despite acceptable stocking of the medicines in these facilities, storage quality of medicines was low.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On average, 82% of the core medicines monitored were available in the centers and 85% of the medicines prescribed by the physician were dispensed to the patients. The average score for quality of storage in store room and dispensing were 56% and 65%, respectively. On average, a complete course of treatment of malaria in public centers costs 0.62 and for treatment of pneumonia in adults and children costs 3.13 and 0.57 days of the lowest government salary, respectively. The average number of medicines per prescription was 2.3. On average, the number of prescriptions containing at least one antibiotic was 66% and 27% of the prescriptions containing an injectable medicine. Adherence of prescribers to standard treatment guidelines for treating uncomplicated diarrhea and diarrhea was 45% and 64%, respectively. The acceptable medicine labeling criteria were met only in 50% of the prescriptions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overall availability of essential medicines in the public health centers and private pharmacies of Sudan was acceptable. Although affordability of medicines for some common diseases such as malaria and child pneumonia could be considered acceptable, it was much higher for some other conditions including adult pneumonia. Prescription of antibiotics was high and adherence to standard treatment guidelines for managing common and widely spread diseases such as diarrhea and malaria was low.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Baqiyatallah Medical Science University, 19945 Tehran, Iran. m.cheraghali@bmsu.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abdol Majid
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Cheraghali
authors.forename: Amjad Mohammed
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Idries
mesh_terms: D003157:Community Pharmacy Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019983:Guideline Adherence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017149:Private Sector / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015980:Public Health Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013397:Sudan; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs