title: Pre- and postintervention differences in acculturation, knowledge, beliefs, and stages of readiness for mammograms among Korean American women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess differences in acculturation, knowledge, beliefs, and stages of readiness for mammograms from pre- to postintervention among Korean American women aged 40 years or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, repeated measures, quasi-experimental.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Korean American senior center in the midwestern United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  300 Korean American women aged 40 years or older with no breast cancer diagnoses and who were non-adherent with mammography screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following completion of the preintervention questionnaire, the women attended a 45-minute interactive breast cancer early screening education session (GO EARLY) organized according to stages of readiness for mammography use (i.e., not thinking about having one, thinking about having one, and had one in the past). Postintervention data were collected six weeks following the educational session.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acculturation, knowledge, beliefs (perceived risk, pros, cons, fear, self-efficacy, modesty, fatalism), and stages of readiness for mammography use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At preintervention stages of readiness, women thinking about having a mammogram (contemplators) had significantly lower knowledge scores and higher cons to mammography use than women who had mammograms in the past (relapsers). Women not thinking about having a mammogram (precontemplators) had significantly lower self-efficacy for having a mammogram and higher cons than relapsers. The GO EARLY session was most effective in increasing knowledge, decreasing perceived cons, and increasing perceived self-efficacy. No statistically significant intervention effect was noted on upward shift in stage of readiness for mammography use postintervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GO EARLY intervention, the first study to assess stages of readiness for mammography use among Korean American women, was feasible and culturally sensitive and can be replicated in various Korean American communities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culturally appropriate educational programs can serve to change women's perceptions and knowledge, and such changes may lead to changes in health behavior.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA. jinhkim@uic.edu
authors.forename: Jin Hee
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Usha
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001213:Asian / Q000193:education / Q000208:ethnology; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D054521:Cultural Competency; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007723:Korea / Q000208:ethnology; D008327:Mammography / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D015146:Midwestern United States; D016294:Models, Nursing; D008960:Models, Psychological; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires