title: New understanding of mechanisms of action of bipolar medications.
abstract: The classical models of mood disorder pathophysiology and mechanism of antidepressant or mood stabilizing drug action focused on neurochemical deficits and the ability of medications to correct these deficits. Recent studies suggest alterations in neuroplasticity and cellular resiliency may be more closely related to the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disorders, as well as the mechanism of action related to effective treatments. Patients with mood disorders have been found to exhibit evidence of neuroplastic changes, such as reductions in hippocampal and cortical volume, glial and neuronal cell density, and levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor; chronic stress, a major precipitator of depression, has been shown to cause many of the same neuroplastic changes to occur in animal models. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating neuroplasticity and their relationship to the pathophysiology of depression may provide insights into how current treatments work and point to novel targets for more efficacious treatments for patients with mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: Yale Depression Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA. gerard.sanacora@yale.edu
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sanacora
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D017774:Long-Term Potentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D018692:Antimanic Agents; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D017981:Receptors, Neurotransmitter; D012701:Serotonin; D009638:Norepinephrine