title: Urethral catheter insertion forces: a comparison of experience and training.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the insertion forces utilized during simulated placement of a urethral catheter by healthcare individuals with a variety of catheter experience.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 21F urethral catheter was mounted to a metal spring. Participants were asked to press the tubing spring against a force gauge and stop when they met a level of resistance that would typically make them terminate a catheter placement. Simulated catheter insertion was repeated fives times, and peak compression forces were recorded. Healthcare professionals were divided into six groups according to their title: urology staff, non-urology staff, urology resident/ fellow, non-urology resident/ fellow, medical student, and registered nurse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of fifty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study. Urology staff (n = 6) had the lowest average insertion force for any group at 6.8 +/- 2.0 Newtons (N). Medical students (n = 10) had the least amount of experience (1 +/- 0 years) and the highest average insertion force range of 10.1 +/- 3.7 N. Health care workers with greater than 25 years experience used significantly less force during catheter insertions (4.9 +/- 1.8 N) compared to all groups (p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We propose the maximum force that should be utilized during urethral catheter insertion is 5 Newtons. This force deserves validation in a larger population and should be considered when designing urethral catheters or creating catheter simulators. Understanding urethral catheter insertion forces may also aid in establishing competency parameters for health care professionals in training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Florida, Gainsville, Florida 2610-0247, USA. benjamin.canales@urology.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Canales
authors.forename: Derek
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weiland
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reardon
authors.forename: Manoj
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Monga
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002983:Clinical Competence; D006801:Humans; D010348:Patient Care Team; D014521:Urethra / Q000473:pathology; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*