Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Cohort Study.
BACKGROUND
We sought to provide a contemporary picture of the presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis (IE) in a large patient cohort from multiple locations worldwide.


METHODS
Prospective cohort study of 2781 adults with definite IE who were admitted to 58 hospitals in 25 countries from June 1, 2000, through September 1, 2005.


RESULTS
The median age of the cohort was 57.9 (interquartile range, 43.2-71.8) years, and 72.1% had native valve IE. Most patients (77.0%) presented early in the disease (<30 days) with few of the classic clinical hallmarks of IE. Recent health care exposure was found in one-quarter of patients. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen (31.2%). The mitral (41.1%) and aortic (37.6%) valves were infected most commonly. The following complications were common: stroke (16.9%), embolization other than stroke (22.6%), heart failure (32.3%), and intracardiac abscess (14.4%). Surgical therapy was common (48.2%), and in-hospital mortality remained high (17.7%). Prosthetic valve involvement (odds ratio, 1.47; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-1.90), increasing age (1.30; 1.17-1.46 per 10-year interval), pulmonary edema (1.79; 1.39-2.30), S aureus infection (1.54; 1.14-2.08), coagulase-negative staphylococcal infection (1.50; 1.07-2.10), mitral valve vegetation (1.34; 1.06-1.68), and paravalvular complications (2.25; 1.64-3.09) were associated with an increased risk of in-hospital death, whereas viridans streptococcal infection (0.52; 0.33-0.81) and surgery (0.61; 0.44-0.83) were associated with a decreased risk.


CONCLUSIONS
In the early 21st century, IE is more often an acute disease, characterized by a high rate of S aureus infection. Mortality remains relatively high.
Murdoch
David R
DR
Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand. david.murdoch@cdhb.govt.nz
Corey
G Ralph
GR
Hoen
Bruno
B
Miró
José M
JM
Fowler
Vance G
VG
Bayer
Arnold S
AS
Karchmer
Adolf W
AW
Olaison
Lars
L
Pappas
Paul A
PA
Moreillon
Philippe
P
Chambers
Stephen T
ST
Chu
Vivian H
VH
Falcó
Vicenç
V
Holland
David J
DJ
Jones
Philip
P
Klein
John L
JL
Raymond
Nigel J
NJ
Read
Kerry M
KM
Tripodi
Marie Francoise
MF
Utili
Riccardo
R
Wang
Andrew
A
Woods
Christopher W
CW
Cabell
Christopher H
CH
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004696:Endocarditis / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000302:isolation & purification*