title: Intervention and prevention of hereditary hemolytic disorders in India: a case study of two ethnic communities of Sundargarh district in Orissa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was aimed at to sensitize, motivate, and screen two major vulnerable tribal communities--Bhuyan and Kharia, for hemoglobinopathies and allied hemolytic disorders, along with prospective and retrospective genetic/marriage counseling to the affected persons. For sustainability, imparting of relevant training to local paramedical staff, and to undertake periodic follow up for evaluation, intervention and clinical management through local PHCs/hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tribal people in Orissa live in clusters practicing inter-village marriages following tribal endogamy and clan exogamy. The random sampling procedure for the selection of whole village was followed. Population of each tribe was representative because incoming and outgoing married women represent other surrounding villages belonging to their community. The pre- and post-intervention knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) studies were conducted. Sensitization, motivation and education for carrier detection were carried out through IEC materials, holding interactive meetings and discussions at district, block and village levels. Standard biochemical and hematological techniques were followed for analysis of blood samples. Relevant training to local health personnel was imparted. Both prospective and retrospective intervention and genetic/marriage counseling was done through local PHC doctor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study revealed high occurrence of hemoglobinopathies in Bhuyan (9.8%) and Kharia (13.3%) tribes, including uncommon hemoglobin variants like hemoglobin D, E, beta-thalassemia, and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH). G-6-PD enzyme deficiency was high in Dhelki Kharia (30.7%) and in Dudh Kharia (19.2%), whereas, it was recorded to be 21.1%, 16.3% and 13.7% in Paraja, Paik and Paudi Bhuyan subtribes, respectively. Use of antimalarials was cautioned in these tribal communities. Due to low frequency of Rhesus (D) negative (0.2-1.2%), the Rhesus (D) incompatibility problem seemed to be absent. Impact of methodical and prudent intervention and preventive strategies was found positive and encouraging.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adoption of a biomedical anthropological approach for implementing and evolving health seeking cooperative strategy that was tribal-oriented, tribal-friendly and tribal-participatory for intervention and prevention of common hemolytic disorders was found effective. Success of this strategy was apparent with overwhelming response of tribal people towards changing the traditional mindset, improving the health and quality of life. Health must meet the needs and perception of the people.
authors.affiliation: Division of Human Genetics, Regional Medical Research Center, Indian Council of Medical Research, Opposite Kalinga Hospital, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar-751 023, Orissa.
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Balgir
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005817:Genetic Counseling; D005820:Genetic Testing / Q000379:methods; D005955:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006453:Hemoglobinopathies / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk; D012424:Rural Population; D017086:beta-Thalassemia / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*