title: Sledding: how fast can they go?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sledding, a fun and easily accessible winter sport, can potentially generate significant speed and energy posing a risk of injury. The objective of this study was to determine the speeds and potential kinetic energy generated by sledders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study conducted of single sledders at sledding hills located in Monroe County, NY during February 2007. Participant's weight, age, and sled type were recorded. Speeds were recorded using Stalker police grade radar guns. Multiple runs by each sledder were measured. The kinetic energy for each run was calculated. Investigators recorded observations about injuries, near misses, and other safety issues.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-six participants were enrolled with ages ranging from 4 year old to adult, including 54 children (18 years) with median age 9 years (range, 4-14 years). Of the 145 runs by single riders, 54 were on inner tubes, 89 on plastic/hard foam sleds, and 2 on other. The average speed was 19 mph (range, 14-25 mph). The average kinetic energy was 1,872 J (range, 329-6,441 J). Sledders on inner tubes went faster and generated more kinetic energy than those on plastic/hard foam sleds; mean 20.3 mph (95% CI 19.5-21.0) versus 18.3 mph (95% CI 17.8-18.7), p < 0.0001 and mean 2,136 J (95% CI 1,752-2,520) versus 1,707 J (95% CI 1,478-1,936), p < 0.05, respectively. None of the sledder wore a helmet and no injuries were observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential for injury with sledding increases with weight and use of inner tubes, thus safe sledding practices and helmet use should be encouraged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine; University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. lynn_cimpello@urmc.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Lynn Babcock
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Cimpello
authors.forename: Madelyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rueckmann
authors.forename: Colleen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Markevicz
mesh_terms: D000056:Accident Prevention / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D001835:Body Weight; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006260:Head Protective Devices / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D038161:Snow Sports / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control