title: Electrocardiographic measurements of regional atrial fibrillation cycle length.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Differences in atrial fibrillation (AF) cycle length (CL) between the left (LA) and right (RA) atrium and coronary sinus (CS) may help separate paroxysmal from persistent AF and identify patients most likely to respond to pulmonary vein isolation, but has not been measured noninvasively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We developed methods to estimate regional intraatrial AF CL from the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) in 20 patients with persistent AF and 10 patients with paroxysmal AF prior to ablation. Intraatrial AF CL was measured near the LA appendage, mid-CS, and lateral RA. In simultaneous filtered ECG, AF CL was estimated using autocorrelation. The mean of ECG-derived AF CL in leads V5, I, and aVL was used to estimate LA CL; leads aVF, II, and III for CS CL; and V1, V2, and aVR for RA CL. ECG CL estimates for the LA, CS, and RA had R(2) > 0.91 versus measured CL (all P < 0.001). Though magnitudes of left-versus-right AF CL gradients were small in this series, the ECG predicted the direction of gradients in 62% of measurements (P < 0.05). When the gradient was >10 ms, the direction was accurately predicted in eight of 11 patients. The accuracy of AF CL estimates was not adversely affected by AF type or LA dilatation (< or =40 or >40 mm). The ECG-estimated AF-CL showed high 5-minute temporal stability (P < 0.001 each chamber).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Left and right atrial AF CL, and their gradients, can be accurately determined from the ECG using autocorrelation analysis. This approach may be a helpful guide prior to ablation procedures.
authors.affiliation: University of California and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
authors.forename: Krishna C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Ravi
authors.forename: David E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Krummen
authors.forename: Ailinh J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bullinga
authors.forename: Sanjiv M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Narayan
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003936:Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010363:Pattern Recognition, Automated / Q000379:methods*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity