title: What is the cost of maintaining a kidney in upper-tract transitional-cell carcinoma? An objective analysis of cost and survival.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For many years, the gold standard in upper urinary tract transitional-cell carcinoma (UT-TCC) management has been nephroureterectomy with excision of the bladder cuff. Advances in endourologic instrumentation have allowed urologists to manage this malignancy. The feasibility and success of conservative measures for UT-TCC have been widely published, but there has not been an objective cost analysis performed to date. Our goal was to examine the direct costs of renal-sparing conservative measures v nephroureterectomy and subsequent chronic kidney disease (CKD) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Secondary analysis includes a discussion of survival and quality-of-life issues for both treatment cohorts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of a cohort of patients treated at our institution with renal-sparing ureteroscopic management of UT-TCC who were followed for a minimum of 2 years. The costs per case were based on equipment, anesthesia, surgeon fees, pathologic evaluation fees, and hospital stay. ESRD and CKD costs were estimated based on published reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 1996 to 2006, 254 patients were evaluated and treated for UT-TCC at our institution. A cohort of 57 patients was examined who had a minimum follow-up period of 2 years. Renal preservation in our series approached 81%, with cancer-specific survival of 94.7%. Assuming a worst-case scenario of a solitary kidney with recurrences at each follow-up for 5 years v nephroureterectomy and dialysis for the same period, an estimated $252,272 U.S. dollars would be saved. This savings would cover the expenses of five cadaveric renal transplantations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Conservative endoscopic management of UT-TCC in our experience should be the gold standard management for low-grade and superficial-stage disease. From a cost perspective, renal-sparing UT-TCC management is effective in reducing ESRD health care expenses.
authors.affiliation: Thomas Jefferson University Hospital , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA. pakman08@gmail.com
authors.forename: Raymond W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Pak
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Moskowitz
authors.forename: Demetrius H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Bagley
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000473:pathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000601:surgery; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000191:economics* / Q000601:surgery; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000191:economics; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000191:economics