title: Renal gunshot wounds: clinical management and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyze our experience with renal gunshot wounds (GSW).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed our prospective trauma database for patients with renal GSW.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred one patients (206 renal units) with renal GSW were collected from our database. Preoperative imaging (1-shot intravenous pyelogram, dedicated intravenous pyelogram, or computed tomography) was performed in 68.7% (n = 140). Gross or microscopic (>5 red blood cell/high power field) hematuria was present in 88.7%. Injury to other organs was present in 96.5% (194 of 201), with >1 organ involved in 74.6% (other than kidney). The liver was the most commonly injured organ. Using the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grading system, there were 46 grade 1 (G1), 21 G2, 62 G3, 51 G4, and 26 G5 injuries. The trend to observe without renal exploration has not changed significantly during the past three decades (1978-1989 = 32.8%, 1990-1999 = 39%, 2000-2007 = 30.4%). Ninety-five renal units (excluding nephrectomy) underwent repair with associated small or large bowel injuries without any known complications, including 14 patients with mesh used during renal repair. The renal salvage rate was 85.4% (n = 176 of 206) with two delayed nephrectomy procedures for persistent bleeding after initial repair. The total number of nephrectomy procedures was 30 of 206 renal units. Postoperative imaging was obtained in 32.8% (55 of 201) patients, and there were no known cases of postinjury hypertension. Overall survival was 90.6% (182 of 201), with 2 intraoperative and 17 postoperative deaths. There were no postoperative infections related to renal reconstruction. Isolation of renal vessels was obtained in all patients before opening Gerota's fascia with no deaths secondary to urologic intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective observation and various operative techniques can yield high renal salvage rates approximating 85% after GSW.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco at San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, California 94114, USA.
authors.forename: Bryan B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Voelzke
authors.forename: Jack W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: McAninch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical / Q000379:methods; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D007668:Kidney / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009104:Multiple Trauma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality; D012187:Retroperitoneal Space; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D013526:Surgical Mesh; D015996:Survival Rate; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014567:Urography; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult