title: Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses arachidonic acid-induced proliferation of LS-174T human colon carcinoma cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the impact of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and their combination on colon cancer cell growth.
  
  
  METHODS
  The LS-174T colon cancer cell line was used to study the role of the prostaglandin precursor AA and the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid DHA on cell growth. Cell viability was assessed in XTT assays. For analysis of cell cycle and cell death, flow cytometry and DAPI staining were applied. Expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p21 and bcl-2 in cells incubated with AA or DHA was examined by real-time RT-PCR. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) generation in the presence of AA and DHA was measured using a PGE(2)-ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AA increased cell growth, whereas DHA reduced viability of LS 174T cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DHA down- regulated mRNA of bcl-2 and up-regulated p21. Interestingly, DHA was able to suppress AA-induced cell proliferation and significantly lowered AA-derived PGE(2) formation. DHA also down-regulated COX-2 expression. In addition to the effect on PGE(2) formation, DHA directly reduced PGE(2)-induced cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that DHA can inhibit the pro-proliferative effect of abundant AA or PGE(2).
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Habbel
authors.forename: Karsten H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Weylandt
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lichopoj
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Purschke
authors.forename: Jing-Dong
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Cheng-Wei
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Daniel C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Baumgart
authors.forename: Jing X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Kang
mesh_terms: D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone