title: Steroid hormone transforming aldo-keto reductases and cancer.
abstract: Prostate and breast cancer are hormone-dependent malignancies of the aging male and female and require the local production of androgens and estrogens to stimulate cell proliferation. Aldo-keto reductases (AKR) play key roles in this process. In the prostate, AKR1C3 (type 5 17beta-HSD) reduces Delta(4)-androstene-3,17-dione to yield testosterone while AKR1C2 (type 3 3alpha-HSD) eliminates 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5alpha-DHT), and AKR1C1 forms 3beta-androstanediol (a ligand for ERbeta). In the breast, AKR1C3 forms testosterone, which is converted to 17beta-estradiol by aromatase or reduces estrone to 17beta-estradiol directly. AKR1C3 also acts as a prostaglandin (PG) F synthase and forms PGF(2alpha) and 11beta-PGF(2alpha), which stimulate the FP receptor and prevent the activation of PPARgamma by PGJ(2) ligands. This proproliferative signaling may stimulate the growth of hormone-dependent and -independent prostate and breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6084, USA. penning@upenn.edu
authors.forename: Trevor M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Penning
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Byrns
mesh_terms: D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D000728:Androgens / Q000378:metabolism*; D001940:Breast / Q000201:enzymology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000378:metabolism; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000201:enzymology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D004967:Estrogens; D007527:Isoenzymes; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; D000074408:Aldo-Keto Reductases; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; C031051:prostaglandin-F synthase; D000449:Aldehyde Reductase