title: Dynamic analysis of the effects of upper lip pressure on the asymmetry of the facial skeleton in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our purpose was to assess quantitatively the effect of increased upper-lip pressure on asymmetry of the facial bones in patients with unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected computed tomographic images from 16 patients with unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts and classified them into two groups based on absence/presence of alveolar bone grafting. We categorized eight patients (9.6 +/- 2.0 years old) who had not been treated with alveolar bone grafting as the ABG(-) group and the other eight patients (9.3 +/- 1.6 years old) who had received alveolar bone grafting as the ABG(+) group. After producing a computer-aided design model for each patient, we applied a uniform load on the anterior aspects of the maxilla, alveolus, and teeth of the model to simulate the upper-lip pressure. Then we calculated the degree of distortion each model presented using the finite element method. We compared the distortion pattern between the ABG(-) and ABG(+) groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the ABG(-) patients, asymmetry of distortion between the cleft and noncleft sides was present in wide areas involving the orbit, nasal bone, piriform margin, and anterior wall of the maxillary sinus. In the ABG(+) patients, asymmetry of distortion was limited to rather small areas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In unilateral complete lip-alveolar-palatal clefts patients, the upper-lip pressure works to dislocate the cleft-side segment to a more posterior position than the noncleft-side segment. This finding implies that the increased lip pressure exacerbates facial asymmetry of these patients. The exacerbating effect on facial asymmetry is alleviated by alveolar bone grafting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan. nagasao@sc.itc.keio.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tomohisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nagasao
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Eri
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Konno
authors.forename: Hisao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ogata
authors.forename: Tatsuo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Yasushige
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Isshiki
mesh_terms: D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000503:physiopathology; D000543:Alveoloplasty / Q000379:methods; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery; D003198:Computer Simulation; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D008046:Lip / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology; D008443:Maxillary Sinus / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000503:physiopathology; D009915:Orbit / Q000503:physiopathology; D011312:Pressure; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014070:Tooth / Q000503:physiopathology