title: Distribution of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (ace-1R) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Burkina Faso (West Africa).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate through countrywide sampling at 20 localities across the three different agro-climatic zones of Burkina Faso, the distribution of the acetylcholinesterase insensitive mutation ace-1(R), which confers resistance to organophosphates (OP) and carbamates (CM) insecticides in An. gambiae s.l.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult mosquitoes were collected by indoor aerosol spraying from August to October 2006. Specimens were identified to species by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and characterized for the ace-1(R) mutation using a PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism diagnostic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collected mosquitoes were a mixture of An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis across the Sudan (98.3%vs. 1.7%), Sudan-sahelian (78.6%vs. 21.4%) and the Sahel (91.5%vs. 8.5%) ecotypes. The An. gambiae S-form predominated in the Sudan sites from the West (69%vs. 31% for the M form) but was not found in the Sahel (100% M form). The ace-1(R) mutation was dispersed throughout the Sudan and Sudan-sahelian localities at moderate frequency (<50%) but was absent in the Sahel. It was far more prevalent in S form than M form mosquitoes (0.32 for the S form vs. 0.036 for the M form). No An. arabiensis was detected carrying the mutation. The geographic distribution of ace-1(R) in the Sudan and Sudan-sahelian correlated with the cotton growing areas dispersed throughout the two climatic zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results have special significance as OP and CM insecticides have been proposed as alternatives or additions to pyrethroids which are currently used exclusively in many vector control programmes.
authors.affiliation: Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé/Centre Muraz, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. dabire_roch@hotmail.com
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Dabiré
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diabaté
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Namontougou
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Djogbenou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kengne
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Simard
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bass
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baldet
mesh_terms: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D002050:Burkina Faso; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics*; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D017354:Point Mutation / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
chemical_list: D000110:Acetylcholinesterase