title: Pathway biomarker profiling of localized and metastatic human prostate cancer reveal metastatic and prognostic signatures.
abstract: Reverse phase protein microarray technology was used to study key signaling pathways thought to be involved in the progression of benign epithelium to the lethal phenotype of prostate cancer. Specimens of androgen-stimulated localized prostate cancer (N = 21) and androgen-deprivation therapy-recurrent local (N = 4) or metastatic (N = 11) prostate cancer were laser capture microdissected prior to analysis. The results showed significant increases in protein expression levels in malignant epithelial cells and patient-matched stromal tissue, which included higher levels of the apoptotic proteins Bax and Smac/Diablo and increased phosphorylation of Bcl2 (S70). The mitochondrial protein Smac/Diablo and the transcription regulatory protein STAT3 (Y705) correlated with Gleason sum and differed statistically in high Gleason grade (8-10) prostate cancers. Distinct metastasis-specific pathways were activated by caspase cleavage activation, ErbB2 phosphorylation, Bax total protein and Bcl-2 phosphorylation while phosphorylation of all three members of the MAPK family, ERK, p38, and SAP/JNK, were reduced significantly in metastatic lesions compared to primary cancers. This study, the most comprehensive pathway analysis ever performed for human prostate cancer, presents evidence of specific pathway biomarkers that may be useful for assessment of prognosis and stratification for therapy if validated in larger clinical study sets.
authors.affiliation: Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Grubb
authors.forename: Jianghong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deng
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: James L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mohler
authors.forename: Arul
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chinnaiyan
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: W Marston
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Linehan
authors.forename: Lance A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Liotta
authors.forename: Emanuel F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Petricoin
authors.forename: Julia D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Wulfkuhle
mesh_terms: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D042282:Microdissection; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping; D015398:Signal Transduction; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor