title: Swimming as a model of task-specific locomotor retraining after spinal cord injury in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors have shown that rats can be retrained to swim after a moderately severe thoracic spinal cord contusion. They also found that improvements in body position and hindlimb activity occurred rapidly over the first 2 weeks of training, reaching a plateau by week 4. Overground walking was not influenced by swim training, suggesting that swimming may be a task-specific model of locomotor retraining.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a quantitative description of hindlimb movements of uninjured adult rats during swimming, and then after injury and retraining.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used a novel and streamlined kinematic assessment of swimming in which each limb is described in 2 dimensions, as 3 segments and 2 angles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The kinematics of uninjured rats do not change over 4 weeks of daily swimming, suggesting that acclimatization does not involve refinements in hindlimb movement. After spinal cord injury, retraining involved increases in hindlimb excursion and improved limb position, but the velocity of the movements remained slow.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the activity pattern of swimming is hardwired in the rat spinal cord. After spinal cord injury, repetition is sufficient to bring about significant improvements in the pattern of hindlimb movement but does not improve the forces generated, leaving the animals with persistent deficits. These data support the concept that force (load) and pattern generation (recruitment) are independent and may have to be managed together with respect to postinjury rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA. dsmagn01@gwise.louisville.edu
authors.forename: David S K
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Magnuson
authors.forename: Rebecca R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Edward H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Gaby
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Enzmann
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angeli
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Quesada
authors.forename: Darlene
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Burke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013550:Swimming