Should we test for CYP2C9 before initiating anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation?
BACKGROUND
Genetic variants of the warfarin sensitivity gene CYP2C9 have been associated with increased bleeding risk during warfarin initiation. Studies also suggest that such patients remain at risk throughout treatment.


OBJECTIVE
Would testing patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) for CYP2C9 before initiating warfarin improve outcomes?


METHODS
Markov state transition decision model.


METHODS
Ambulatory or inpatient settings necessitating new initiation of anticoagulation.


METHODS
The base case was a 69-year-old man with newly diagnosed non-valvular AF. Interventions included: (1) warfarin, (2) aspirin, or (3) no antithrombotic therapy without genetic testing; and genetic testing followed by (4) aspirin or (5) no antithrombotic therapy in those with culprit CYP2C9 alleles.


METHODS
Quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).


RESULTS
In the base case, testing and treating patients with CYP2C9*2 and/or CYP2C9*3 with aspirin rather than warfarin was best (8.97 QALYs). However, warfarin without genetic testing was a close second (8.96 QALYs), a difference of roughly 5 days. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated that genetic testing followed by aspirin was best for patients at lower risk of embolic events. Warfarin without testing was preferred if the rate of embolic events was greater than 5% per year, or the risk of major bleeding while receiving warfarin was lower.


CONCLUSIONS
For patients at average risk for ischemic stroke due to AF and at average risk for major hemorrhage, treatment based on genetic testing offers no benefit compared to warfarin initiation without testing. The gain from testing may be larger in patients at lower risk of embolic events or at greater risk of bleeding.
Eckman
Mark H
MH
Division of General Internal Medicine and Center for Clinical Effectiveness, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, University of Cincinnati (MHE), PO Box 670535, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0535, USA. mark.eckman@uc.edu
Greenberg
Steven M
SM
Rosand
Jonathan
J
D000368:Aged; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008390:Markov Chains; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years
D000925:Anticoagulants; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases