title: Precise detection of pH inside large unilamellar vesicles using membrane-impermeable dendritic porphyrin-based nanoprobes.
abstract: Accurate real-time measurements of proton concentration gradients are pivotal to mechanistic studies of proton translocation by membrane-bound enzymes. Here we report a detailed characterization of the pH-sensitive fluorescent nanoprobe Glu(3), which is well suited for pH measurements in microcompartmentalized biological systems. The probe is a polyglutamic porphyrin dendrimer in which multiple carboxylate termini ensure its high water solubility and prevent its diffusion across phospholipid membranes. The probe's pK is in the physiological pH range, and its protonation can be followed ratiometrically by absorbance or fluorescence in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region. The usefulness of the probe was enhanced by using a semiautomatic titration system coupled to a charge-coupled device (CCD) spectrometer, enabling fast and accurate titrations and full spectral coverage of the system at millisecond time resolution. The probe's pK was measured in bulk solutions as well as inside large unilamellar vesicles in the presence of physiologically relevant ions. Glu(3) was found to be completely membrane impermeable, and its distinct spectroscopic features permit pH measurements inside closed membrane vesicles, enabling quantitative mechanistic studies of membrane-spanning proteins. Performance of the probe was demonstrated by monitoring the rate of proton leakage through the phospholipid bilayer in large vesicles with and without the uncoupler gramicidin present. Overall, as a probe for biological proton translocation measurements, Glu(3) was found to be superior to the commercially available pH indicators.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Center for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leiding
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Górecki
authors.forename: Tomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kjellman
authors.forename: Sergei A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Vinogradov
authors.forename: Cecilia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hägerhäll
authors.forename: Sindra Peterson
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Arsköld
mesh_terms: D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015335:Molecular Probes; D015394:Molecular Structure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D011166:Porphyrins / Q000737:chemistry*; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D053835:Unilamellar Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D015335:Molecular Probes; D011166:Porphyrins; D053835:Unilamellar Liposomes; D011099:Polyglutamic Acid