title: Haplotype frequencies in a sub-region of chromosome 19q13.3, related to risk and prognosis of cancer, differ dramatically between ethnic groups.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A small region of about 70 kb on human chromosome 19q13.3 encompasses 4 genes of which 3, ERCC1, ERCC2, and PPP1R13L (aka RAI) are related to DNA repair and cell survival, and one, CD3EAP, aka ASE1, may be related to cell proliferation. The whole region seems related to the cellular response to external damaging agents and markers in it are associated with risk of several cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We downloaded the genotypes of all markers typed in the 19q13.3 region in the HapMap populations of European, Asian and African descent and inferred haplotypes. We combined the European HapMap individuals with a Danish breast cancer case-control data set and inferred the association between HapMap haplotypes and disease risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the susceptibility haplotype in our European sample had increased from 2 to 50 percent very recently in the European population, and to almost the same extent in the Asian population. The cause of this increase is unknown. The maximal proportion of overall genetic variation due to differences between groups for Europeans versus Africans and Europeans versus Asians (the Fst value) closely matched the putative location of the susceptibility variant as judged from haplotype-based association mapping.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined observation that a common haplotype causing an increased risk of cancer in Europeans and a high differentiation between human populations is highly unusual and suggests a causal relationship with a recent increase in Europeans caused either by genetic drift overruling selection against the susceptibility variant or a positive selection for the same haplotype. The data does not allow us to distinguish between these two scenarios. The analysis suggests that the region is not involved in cancer risk in Africans and that the susceptibility variants may be more finely mapped in Asian populations.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. mheide@daimi.au.dk
authors.forename: Mikkel H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Schierup
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mailund
authors.forename: Heng
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Ulla
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bolund
authors.forename: Bjørn A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Nexø
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D044383:Black People; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002888:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D005819:Genetic Markers