title: Barx2 controls myoblast fusion and promotes MyoD-mediated activation of the smooth muscle alpha-actin gene.
abstract: Remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton is a critical early step in skeletal muscle differentiation. Smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) is one of the earliest markers of myoblast differentiation and is important for the migration and cell shape changes that precede fusion. We have found that satellite cell-derived primary myoblasts from mice lacking the Barx2 homeobox gene show altered patterns of actin remodeling, reduced cell migration, and delayed differentiation. Consistent with the role of SMA in these processes, Barx2(-)(/)(-) myoblasts also show reduced expression of SMA mRNA and protein. The proximal SMA promoter contains binding sites for muscle regulatory factors and serum response factor as well as a conserved homeodomain binding site (HBS). We found that Barx2 binds to the HBS element and potentiates up-regulation of SMA promoter activity by MyoD. We also show that Barx2, MyoD, and serum response factor simultaneously occupy the SMA promoter in cells and that Barx2 interacts with MyoD. Overall these data indicate that Barx2 cooperates with other muscle-expressed transcription factors to regulate the early cytoskeletal remodeling events that underlie efficient myoblast differentiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology and Core Microscopy Facility, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Helen P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Makarenkova
authors.forename: Katie N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Kiosses
authors.forename: Robyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meech
mesh_terms: D008841:Actin Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002459:Cell Fusion; D002465:Cell Movement; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D008957:Models, Genetic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D017570:MyoD Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D032446:Myoblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009928:Organ Specificity / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D021381:Protein Transport; D026362:Serum Response Factor / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; C105160:Barx2 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D017570:MyoD Protein; D026362:Serum Response Factor