title: Influence of bevacizumab, sunitinib and sorafenib as single agents or in combination on the inhibitory effects of VEGF on human dendritic cell differentiation from monocytes.
abstract: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibits differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (DC), suggesting a potential immunosuppressive role for this proangiogenic factor. Bevacizumab, sorafenib and sunitinib target VEGF-mediated angiogenesis and are active against several types of cancer, but their effects on the immune system are poorly understood. In this study, VEGF and supernatants of renal carcinoma cell lines cultured under hypoxia were found to alter the differentiation of human monocytes to DC. Resulting DC showed impaired activity, as assessed by the alloreactive mixed T-lymphocyte reaction. Bevacizumab and sorafenib, but not sunitinib, reversed the inhibitory effects of VEGF, but not of those mediated by tumour supernatants. Dendritic cells matured under the influence of VEGF expressed less human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and CD86, and this effect was restored by bevacizumab and sorafenib. Finally, tumour-cell supernatants decreased interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by mature DC, and such inhibition was not restored by any of the tested drugs, delivered either as single agents or in combination. The deleterious effects of tumour-cell supernatants were mainly mediated by thermostable molecules distinct from VEGF. These results indicate that inhibition of the differentiation of monocytes to DC is a multifactorial effect, and that they support the development of combinations of angiogenesis inhibitors with immunological modulators.
authors.affiliation: Gene Therapy and Hepatology Division, CIMA, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alfaro
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Suarez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Solano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dubrot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palazon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hervas-Stubbs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gurpide
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lopez-Picazo
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Grande-Pulido
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Melero
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Perez-Gracia
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D009000:Monocytes / Q000166:cytology*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D011758:Pyrroles; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D018664:Interleukin-12; D009536:Niacinamide; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib