title: Thyroid function in early pregnancy in Japanese healthy women: relation to urinary iodine excretion, emesis, and fetal and child development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effect of constant rich iodine intake, especially during pregnancy, has not been well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to examine urinary iodine excretion and thyroid function in early pregnancy in Japanese healthy women. We also studied fetal maturation and child development in these women.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was an observational, prospective study conducted at a maternity hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 622 pregnant women who visited a maternity hospital consecutively in early gestation. Subjects with positive thyroid antibodies were excluded, and finally 514 subjects were examined. Offspring subjects were infants born to the maternal subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thyroid function, serum thyroperoxidase antibodies, and urinary concentrations of iodine were measured at the initial obstetrical visit. The fetal maturation scores estimated by the Dubowitz and Ballard methods in newly born infants were assessed. A child developmental test was performed using the Enjoji Scale up to 12 months of age.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The distribution of urinary iodine concentrations was large, and the average was extremely high. There were significant positive correlations between urinary iodine and serum TSH (r = 0.1326; P < 0.005). Serum TSH during early pregnancy in mothers had no relevance to parameters in neonates, scores of fetal maturation, or child developmental testing in their infants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iodine excess during early pregnancy seems to have no adverse effects on the fetus in healthy Japanese women. To avoid hypothyroidism, reducing excess dietary iodine intake to moderate intake may be beneficial for pregnant woman in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Palmore Hospital, Kobe 470, Japan.
authors.forename: Yoshiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Orito
authors.forename: Hisato
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Oku
authors.forename: Sumihisa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Amino
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shimogaki
authors.forename: Mitsutaka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Kazumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manki
authors.forename: Yukiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Shoko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sugino
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueta
authors.forename: Kaori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Takaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nunotani
authors.forename: Nobuya
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tatsumi
authors.forename: Kiyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ichihara
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miyauchi
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyake
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002657:Child Development; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000737:chemistry; D047109:Fetal Development; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000097:blood; D007455:Iodine / Q000652:urine*; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013960:Thyroid Function Tests; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D014284:Triiodothyronine / Q000097:blood; D014839:Vomiting / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D014284:Triiodothyronine; D013972:Thyrotropin; D007455:Iodine; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine