title: Alcohol-branded merchandise and its association with drinking attitudes and outcomes in US adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) and its association with attitudinal susceptibility, initiation of alcohol use, and binge drinking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-wave longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confidential telephone survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Representative US sample of 6522 adolescents aged 10 to 14 years at baseline survey (4309 of whom were never-drinkers at 8 months); subjects were resurveyed at 16 and/or 24 months. Main Exposures Ownership of ABM (first assessed at the 8-month survey) and attitudinal susceptibility to alcohol use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initiation of alcohol use that parents did not know about and binge drinking (> or =5 drinks in a row).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of ABM ownership ranged from 11% of adolescents (at 8 months) to 20% (at 24 months), which extrapolates to 2.1 to 3.1 million US adolescents, respectively. Clothing and headwear comprised 88% of ABM. Beer brands accounted for 75% of items; 45% of items bore the Budweiser label. Merchandise was obtained primarily from friends and/or family (71%) but was also purchased by the adolescents themselves (24%) at stores. Among never-drinkers, ABM ownership and susceptibility were reciprocally related, each significantly predicting the other during an 8-month period. In turn, we found that ABM ownership and susceptibility predicted both initiation of alcohol use and binge drinking, while controlling for a broad range of covariates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol-branded merchandise is widely distributed among US adolescents, who obtain the items one-quarter of the time through direct purchase at retail outlets. Among never-drinkers, ABM ownership is independently associated with susceptibility to as well as with initiation of drinking and binge drinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA. auden@hitchcock.org
authors.forename: Auden C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: McClure
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stoolmiller
authors.forename: Susanne E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Tanski
authors.forename: Keilah A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Worth
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Sargent
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000329:Advertising; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D001290:Attitude; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D003020:Clothing; D000431:Ethanol / Q000506:poisoning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012931:Social Environment; D040241:Social Marketing; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol