title: Medial and lateral horns of the lower eyelid retractors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reveal the medial and lateral horns of the lower eyelid retractors, measure the horn width, and examine the racial differences of the horns between white and Japanese cadaver specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five lower eyelids of 3 white cadavers aged from 81 to 89 years at death and 7 lower eyelids of 5 Japanese cadavers aged from 66 to 85 years at death were studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All lower eyelid retractors in both races showed medial and lateral horns. The average width of the medial horns was 4.3 mm in whites and 4.2 mm in Japanese, and that of the lateral horns was 6.5 mm in whites and 6.2 mm in Japanese. The lateral horns were statistically larger than the medial horns irrespective of race. There were no statistical differences between the races.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lower eyelid retractors has medial and lateral horns, the latter of which is larger. They are analogous to those of the levator aponeurosis, but did not demonstrate racial differences with regard to horn width.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan. cosme@d1.dion.ne.jp
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kakizaki
authors.forename: Raman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Malhotra
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asamoto
authors.forename: Diana J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence-Watt
authors.forename: Masayoshi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwaki
authors.forename: Dinesh
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Selva
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044466:Asian People; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D044465:White People