title: p66ShcA modulates oxidative stress and survival of endothelial progenitor cells in response to high glucose.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A close relationship exists between hyperglycaemia, oxidative stress, and diabetic complications. In fact, high glucose (HG) determines the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by the mitochondria. p66ShcA is a gene that regulates the apoptotic responses to oxidative stress. Indeed, p66ShcA knockout (ko) mice display decreased ROS production and increased resistance to ROS-induced cell death in a variety of pathophysiological settings. Reduced endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) number, differentiation, and function are relevant components of the angiogenesis impairment observed in diabetic patients. We examined the role of p66ShcA in the EPC deficit induced by HG.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mouse bone marrow-derived c-kit+ cells differentiate in endothelial-like cells when plated on fibronectin (BM-derived EPCs). We found that cell culture in the presence of HG up-regulated p66ShcA protein expression and that HG exposure markedly decreased the number of BM-derived EPCs. Conversely, p66ShcA ko BM-derived EPCs were not sensitive to HG inhibition. Indeed, the resistance of p66ShcA ko BM-derived EPCs to HG was associated with reduced levels of both apoptosis and oxidative stress. To functionally link the HG response to ROS production, p66ShcA ko BM-derived EPCs were reconstituted either with p66ShcA wild-type (wt) or with a p66ShcA allele (p66ShcA qq) that was devoid of its ROS-generating function. We found that only p66ShcA wt and not the qq mutant rescued p66ShcA ko cell sensitivity to HG. One major feature of oxidative stress is its ability to reduce the bio-availability of nitric oxide (NO) that, in turn, plays a crucial role in endothelial differentiation and function. We found that the p66ShcA deletion prevented the HG-induced increase of nitrotyrosine, and that the resistance to HG of p66ShcA ko BM-derived EPCs was prevented by NO synthase inhibition. With a reciprocal approach, the treatment of p66ShcA wt cells with a NO donor prevented the HG-induced deficit. Finally, using a Matrigel plug angiogenesis assay, we demonstrated that p66ShcA ko prevented diabetic impairment of angiogenesis in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  p66ShcA deletion rescues the BM-derived EPCs defect induced by HG, indicating p66ShcA as a potential therapeutic target in diabetic vasculopathy.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio di Cardiologia Molecolare, IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Di Stefano
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cencioni
authors.forename: Germana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaccagnini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Magenta
authors.forename: Maurizio C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Capogrossi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit / Q000378:metabolism; D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D055765:Shc Signaling Adaptor Proteins; C528034:Shc1 protein, mouse; D000071425:Src Homology 2 Domain-Containing, Transforming Protein 1; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019009:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit; D005947:Glucose