title: Evaluation of a photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system for the removal of pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds from water.
abstract: A photocatalytic reactor membrane pilot system, employing UV/TiO(2) photocatalysis, was evaluated for its ability to remove thirty-two pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupting compounds, and estrogenic activity from water. Concentrations of all compounds decreased following treatment, and removal followed pseudo-first-order kinetics as a function of the amount of treatment. Twenty-nine of the targeted compounds in addition to total estrogenic activity were greater than 70% removed while only three compounds were less than 50% removed following the highest level of treatment (4.24 kW h/m(3)). No estrogenically active transformation products were formed during treatment. Additionally, the unit was operated in photolytic mode (UV only) and photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode (UV/H(2)O(2)) to determine the relative amount of energy required. Based on the electrical energy per order (EEO), the unit achieved the greatest efficiency when operated in photolytic plus H(2)O(2) mode for the conditions tested.
authors.affiliation: Southern Nevada Water Authority, P.O. Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193-9954, United States. mark.benotti@snwa.com
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Benotti
authors.forename: Benjamin D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Stanford
authors.forename: Eric C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Wert
authors.forename: Shane A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D019149:Bioreactors; D002384:Catalysis; D004967:Estrogens / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007700:Kinetics; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D010782:Photolysis; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018508:Water Purification / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D004967:Estrogens; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide