The diversity of costimulatory and inhibitory receptor pathways and the regulation of antiviral T cell responses.
T cell responses are regulated by integrating positive and negative signals from costimulatory and inhibitory receptors. While the function of specific T cell costimulatory molecules during infections has been appreciated for some time, recent observations have now revealed a crucial role for inhibitory receptors in regulating T cell responses to pathogens, especially during chronic infections. A key emerging principle is that there is considerable diversity in the number and type of inhibitory receptors that can be expressed by T cells during both acute and chronic infections. These distinct inhibitory pathways appear to cooperate in regulating T cell function, could have distinct mechanisms of action, and are likely to provide novel therapeutic targets during persisting infections and other diseases.
Crawford
Alison
A
Immunology Program, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Wherry
E John
EJ
D000818:Animals; D018106:CD28 Antigens / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology*; D018448:Models, Immunological; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000276:immunology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7 / Q000276:immunology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000276:immunology
D018106:CD28 Antigens; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D018127:Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7