Mental health of children of low-income depressed mothers: influences of parenting, family environment, and raters.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined the association of maternal depression with the emotional and behavioral problems and adaptive skills of four- to ten-year-old children as rated by their mothers, fathers, and teachers.


METHODS
Eighty-four mothers had major depressive disorder, and 49 did not. They were predominantly African American or Latino and lived in low-income, urban communities. Mothers, fathers, and teachers reported on children's emotional and behavioral problems and adaptive functioning. Parenting behavior and family stress were examined as potential mediators, and generalized estimating equations were used to test mediation and to account for discrepancies in reports by different raters.


RESULTS
According to the combined reports, children of mothers with depression had significantly poorer adaptive skills than children of sociodemographically similar mothers without depression; according to the reports of mothers and fathers, these children also had more emotional and behavioral problems. The quality of mothers' parenting mediated these associations, but measured family stressors did not.


CONCLUSIONS
This study contributes to the scientific literature by demonstrating the effects of raters and testing mediators of maternal depression in low-income African-American and Latino families. It demonstrated that mothers, fathers, and teachers observed worse functioning among children of mothers with depression than without depression, although reporters' perspectives varied somewhat. The impact of maternal depression over and above that of poverty suggests the importance of developing and funding services to address the needs of affected families.
Riley
Anne W
AW
Department of Population,Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. ariley@jhsph.edu
Coiro
Mary Jo
MJ
Broitman
Marina
M
Colantuoni
Elizabeth
E
Hurley
Kristen M
KM
Bandeen-Roche
Karen
K
Miranda
Jeanne
J
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D016241:Child of Impaired Parents / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008603:Mental Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015588:Observer Variation; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology*; D011203:Poverty / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data