title: The analysis of a group of acidic pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine, and potential endocrine disrupting compounds in wastewater irrigated soils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: The analysis of pharmaceuticals and potential endocrine disruptors in the environment has rightly concentrated on their presence in wastewaters and possible contamination of receiving bodies, such as groundwaters. However, wastewater is increasingly being reused for irrigation and in order to fully understand the environmental fate of these compounds, reliable methods for their analysis in soil are required, of which there are relatively few available. This article reports a method for a range of acidic pharmaceuticals, carbamazepine, and endocrine disrupting compounds in soils with final analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Two soil types (Phaeozom and Leptosol) and three fortification levels were used to validate the method. Recoveries of acidic pharmaceuticals varied between 62 and 102%, carbamazepine from 75 to 118%, and potential endocrine disruptors between 54 and 109%; most recoveries were between 75 and 95% and relative standard deviations were generally less than 10%. Detection limits were between 0.25 and 2.5 ng/g except for phthalates and 4-nonylphenols (25 ng/g). The method was used to analyze soils where untreated wastewaters have been used to irrigate crops for approximately 90 years. Concentrations of acidic pharmaceuticals in the soil were <1 ng/g and potential endocrine disruptors varied from below the limit of detection (estrone, 17beta-estradiol, and 17alpha-ethinylestradiol) to 2079 ng/L (bis-diethylhexyl phthalate). This data indicated that despite the continuous application of the contaminants over many years, concentrations were generally lower than those expected to be contributed by a single irrigation event. Only carbamazepine, at concentrations of 6.48 ng/g (in Phaeozem) and 5.14 ng/g (in Leptosol), showed any evidence of persistence in the soils analyzed.
authors.affiliation: Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Durán-Alvarez
authors.forename: Elías
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Becerril-Bravo
authors.forename: Vanessa Silva
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Blanca
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jiménez
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gibson
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000032:analysis; D002220:Carbamazepine / Q000032:analysis*; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000592:standards; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014873:Water Pollutants
chemical_list: D000143:Acids; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012987:Soil; D012989:Soil Pollutants; D014873:Water Pollutants; D002220:Carbamazepine