title: Primary health care in New Zealand: the impact of organisational factors on teamwork.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although teamwork is known to optimise good health care, organisational arrangements and funding models can foster, discourage, or preclude functional teamworking. Despite a new, enhanced population-based funding system for primary care in New Zealand, bringing new opportunities for more collaborative practice, fully implemented healthcare teamwork remains elusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore perceptions of interprofessional relationships, teamwork, and collaborative patient care in New Zealand primary care practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen nurses and doctors working in primary care, Wellington, New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were collected using in-depth interviews with individual nurses and doctors working in primary care settings. Perceptions of, and attitudes about, interprofessional relationships, teamwork, and collaborative patient care were explored, using an interactive process of content analysis and principles of naturalistic enquiry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nurses and doctors working in New Zealand primary care perceive funding models that include fee-for-service, task-based components as strongly discouraging collaborative patient care. In contrast, teamwork was seen to be promoted when health services, not individual practitioners, were bulk-funded for capitated healthcare provision. In well-organised practices, where priority was placed on uninterrupted time for meetings, open communication, and interprofessional respect, good teamwork was more often observed. Salaried practices, where doctors and nurses alike were employees, were considered by some interviewees to be particularly supportive of good teamwork. Few interviewees had received, or knew of, any training to work in teams.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Health system, funding, and organisational factors still act as significant barriers to the successful implementation of, and training for, effective teamwork in New Zealand primary care settings, despite new opportunities for more collaborative ways of working.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand. sue.pullon@otago.ac.nz
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pullon
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McKinlay
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Dew
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D008503:Medical Staff / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009520:New Zealand; D009740:Nursing Staff / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*