title: Domestic smoke exposure is associated with alveolar macrophage particulate load.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Indoor air pollution is associated with impaired respiratory health. The pre-dominant indoor air pollutant to which two billion of the world's population is exposed is biomass fuel smoke. We tested the hypothesis that reported smoke exposure in men and women is associated with increased alveolar macrophage uptake of biomass smoke particulates.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers attending for research bronchoscopy in Malawi completed a questionnaire assessment of smoke exposure. Particulate matter visible in alveolar macrophages (AM) was quantified using digital image analysis. The geometric mean of the percentage area of the cytoplasm occupied by particulates in 50 cover-slip adherent AM was calculated and termed particulate load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 57 subjects (40 men and 17 women) there was a significant difference between the particulate load in groups divided according to pre-dominant lighting form used at home (ANOVA P = 0.0009) and type of cooking fuel (P = 0.0078).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Particulate load observed in macrophages is associated with the reported type of biomass fuel exposure. Macrophage function in relation to respiratory health should now be investigated in biomass smoke exposed subjects.
authors.affiliation: Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK. duncan.fullerton@liverpool.ac.uk
authors.forename: Duncan G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Fullerton
authors.forename: Khuzwayo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jere
authors.forename: Kondwani
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jambo
authors.forename: Neeta S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
authors.forename: Eduard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Grigg
authors.forename: Neil
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: French
authors.forename: Malcolm E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Molyneux
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gordon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018533:Biomass; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis*; D003296:Cooking / Q000379:methods; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D006361:Heating / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000032:analysis; D016676:Macrophages, Alveolar / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012120:Respiration Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke; D002244:Carbon