title: Noninvasive measurement of cardiac output during exercise by inert gas rebreathing technique.
abstract: Reduced exercise tolerance and dyspnea during exercise are hallmarks of heart failure syndrome. Exercise capacity and various parameters of cardiopulmonary response to exercise are of important prognostic value. All the available parameters only indirectly reflect left ventricular dysfunction and hemodynamic adaptation to an increased demand. Noninvasive assessment of cardiac output, especially during an incremental exercise stress test, would allow the direct measure of cardiac reserve and may become the gold standard for prognostic evaluation in the future.
authors.affiliation: Università di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Gaia
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cattadori
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Piergiuseppe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agostoni
mesh_terms: D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005080:Exercise Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D005741:Noble Gases; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011379:Prognosis; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005741:Noble Gases; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen