title: The "safe zone" in medial percutaneous calcaneal pin placement.
abstract: Percutaneous pin insertion into the medial calcaneus places a number of structures at risk. Evidence suggests that the greatest risk is to the medial calcaneal nerve (MCN). The medial calcaneal region of 24 cadavers was dissected to determine the major structures at risk. By using four palpable anatomical landmarks, the inferior tip of the medial malleolus (point A), the posterior superior portion of the calcaneal tuberosity (point B), the navicular tuberosity (point C), and the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity (point D), we attempted to define the safe zone taking into account all possible variables in our dissections including ankle position, side, gender, and possible anatomical variations of the MCN. The commonest arrangement of the MCN was two MCNs that arose independently, one arising before the bifurcation of the tibial nerve and the other arising from the medial plantar nerve. A zone could be defined posterior to 75% of the distance along the lines AB, CD, AD, and CB which would avoid most structures. The posterior branches of the MCN, however, would still be at risk and placing the pin too far posteriorly risks an avulsion fracture. This is the first study to employ four palpable anatomical landmarks to identify a zone to minimize damage to neurovascular structures. It may not be possible, however, to avoid injury of the MCN and consequent sensory loss to the sole of the foot.
authors.affiliation: Academic Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS1 3EX, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Zakareya
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Gamie
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Donnelly
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsiridis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001858:Bone Nails / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D016267:External Fixators / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D020196:Trauma, Nervous System / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology