title: The minute hand phenomenon in the Clock Test of patients with early Alzheimer disease.
abstract: Common scoring systems for the Clock Test do not sufficiently emphasize the correct time representation by the clock hands. We compared Clock Drawing, Clock Setting, and Clock Reading in healthy control persons, patients with mild cognitive impairment, early Alzheimer disease and progressed Alzheimer disease particularly analyzing clock time representation. We found that healthy control persons and participants with mild cognitive impairment did not show any impairment in Clock Test performance. Patients with early Alzheimer disease could be discriminated from healthy control persons and participants with mild cognitive impairment solely by misplacement of the minute hand in Clock Drawing and Clock Setting. The progressed Alzheimer disease group showed significantly more impairments in all Clock Test variants. It is assumed that early stage Alzheimer disease patient deficits in Clock Tests are mainly determined by a reduced access to semantic memory about the appearance and functionality of a clock.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. thomas.leyhe@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Leyhe
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Milian
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Gerhard W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Eschweiler
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Saur
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011594:Psychometrics; D012660:Semantics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors