title: Management of complications associated with partially covered biliary metal stents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partially covered metal stents (PCMS) have been increasingly used for both malignant and benign biliary indications. This study reports their complications and subsequent management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over 5 years, all patients receiving biliary PCMS were followed prospectively until stent-related dysfunction or death. Data were analyzed for the following variables: primary disease, time until revision, and type and reason for revision.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCMS were placed in 396 patients (247 with malignant biliary strictures and 149 with benign biliary disease). Complications were observed in 70 patients (18%), occurring a mean time following placement of 159 days. Duodenal migration occurred in 27 cases (6.8%), while proximal migration occurred in 9 cases (2.3%). Cholecystitis was documented in 13 cases (3.3%). There were six cases of stent occlusion due to debris or sludge (1.6%), four cases of pancreatitis (1%), four cases of tumor overgrowth (1%), three cases of benign stenosis in the uncovered portion of the PCMS (0.8%), two cases of abdominal pain (0.5%), one case of an infected biloma (0.3%), and one case of a liver abscess (0.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major complications associated with PCMS placement include migration and cholecystitis. Their management includes endoscopic revision, cholecystectomy, and gallbladder drainage. Further improvements in the structure and composition of PCMS may prevent these complications.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Health Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Box 800708, VA, 22908-0708, USA.
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Anshu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mahajan
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gosain
authors.forename: Animesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Michele E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rehan
authors.forename: Kristi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ellen
authors.forename: Vanessa M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Shami
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde / Q000379:methods*; D002763:Cholecystectomy / Q000379:methods*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible