title: The addition of monosodium glutamate and inosine monophosphate-5 to high-protein meals: effects on satiety, and energy and macronutrient intakes.
abstract: In a fed and orally stimulated state, whether the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) (alone or in combination with inosine monophosphate-5 (IMP-5)) to a high-protein (HP) meal leads to early satiety and a difference in energy intake at a second course was investigated. Ten men and twelve women consumed, in random order, a first-course meal consisting of: (1) water (control); (2) a HP meal with 0.6% MSG and 0.25% IMP-5; (3) a HP meal with no additives; (4) a HP meal with MSG only; (5) a sham-fed meal 2 (oral-stimulation). Appetite perceptions, plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucose and insulin, and energy intake at a buffet (i.e. a second course) were measured before and after each condition. Changes in appetite, and in GLP-1, glucose and insulin, were similar for the three fed HP conditions and all were greater (post hoc all P < 0.01) than the control and sham conditions. Energy intake was not different following the HP+MSG+IMP (1.86 (SEM 0.3) MJ) as compared with the HP+MSG-only (2.24 (SEM 0.28) MJ) condition (P = 0.08), or for the HP+MSG+IMP compared with the HP no-additives condition (1.60 (SEM 0.29) MJ) (P = 0.21). Following the HP+MSG-only condition, 0.64 (SEM 0.20) MJ more energy was consumed compared with the HP no-additives condition (P = 0.005). We conclude that the addition of MSG to a HP meal does not influence perceptions of satiety and it may increase energy intake at a second course. Cephalic responses after the sham condition were of similar magnitude to the control and therefore just tasting food is not enough to influence appetite and energy intake.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands. natalie.luscombe-marsh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Natalie D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Luscombe-Marsh
authors.forename: Astrid J P G
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005503:Food Additives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007291:Inosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012527:Satiation / Q000187:drug effects*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012970:Sodium Glutamate / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004040:Dietary Carbohydrates; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005503:Food Additives; D007328:Insulin; D007291:Inosine Monophosphate; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D012970:Sodium Glutamate