title: Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis.
abstract: One of the greatest mysteries for most of the twentieth century was the fate of the Romanov family, the last Russian monarchy. Following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, he and his wife, Alexandra, and their five children were eventually exiled to the city of Yekaterinburg. The family, along with four loyal members of their staff, was held captive by members of the Ural Soviet. According to historical reports, in the early morning hours of July 17, 1918 the entire family along with four loyal members of their staff was executed by a firing squad. After a failed attempt to dispose of the remains in an abandoned mine shaft, the bodies were transported to an open field only a few kilometers from the mine shaft. Nine members of the group were buried in one mass grave while two of the children were buried in a separate grave. With the official discovery of the larger mass grave in 1991, and subsequent DNA testing to confirm the identities of the Tsar, the Tsarina, and three of their daughters--doubt persisted that these remains were in fact those of the Romanov family. In the summer of 2007, a group of amateur archeologists discovered a collection of remains from the second grave approximately 70 meters from the larger grave. We report forensic DNA testing on the remains discovered in 2007 using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), autosomal STR, and Y-STR testing. Combined with additional DNA testing of material from the 1991 grave, we have virtually irrefutable evidence that the two individuals recovered from the 2007 grave are the two missing children of the Romanov family: the Tsarevich Alexei and one of his sisters.
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America. mike.coble@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.forename: Odile M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Loreille
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wadhams
authors.forename: Suni M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Edson
authors.forename: Kerry
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maynard
authors.forename: Carna E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niederstätter
authors.forename: Cordula
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Falsetti
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Walther
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Parson
authors.forename: Louis N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Finelli
mesh_terms: D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004247:DNA / Q000266:history* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005197:Famous Persons; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology / Q000379:methods*; D053803:Forensic Genetics / Q000379:methods*; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012426:Russia; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004247:DNA