title: Simulating henipavirus multicycle replication in a screening assay leads to identification of a promising candidate for therapy.
abstract: Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses are emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses that cause encephalitis in humans, with fatality rates of up to 75%. We designed a new high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for inhibitors of infection based on envelope glycoprotein pseudotypes. The assay simulates multicycle replication and thus identifies inhibitors that target several stages of the viral life cycle, but it still can be carried out under biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) conditions. These features permit a screen for antivirals for emerging viruses and select agents that otherwise would require BSL-4 HTS facilities. The screening of a small compound library identified several effective molecules, including the well-known compound chloroquine, as highly active inhibitors of pseudotyped virus infection. Chloroquine inhibited infection with live HeV and NiV at a concentration of 1 microM in vitro (50% inhibitory concentration, 2 microM), which is less than the plasma concentrations present in humans receiving chloroquine treatment for malaria. The mechanism for chloroquine's antiviral action likely is the inhibition of cathepsin L, a cellular enzyme that is essential for the processing of the viral fusion glycoprotein and the maturation of newly budding virions. Without this processing step, virions are not infectious. The identification of a compound that inhibits a known cellular target that is important for viral maturation but that had not previously been shown to have antiviral activity for henipaviruses highlights the validity of this new screening assay. Given the established safety profile and broad experience with chloroquine in humans, the results described here provide an option for treating individuals infected by these deadly viruses.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 515 East 71st St., New York, NY 10021, USA.
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porotto
authors.forename: Gianmarco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orefice
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Yokoyama
authors.forename: Bruce A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Mungall
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Realubit
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Sganga
authors.forename: Mohamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aljofan
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Whitt
authors.forename: Fraser
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Glickman
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moscona
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055808:Drug Discovery / Q000379:methods*; D045404:Hendra Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D045464:Henipavirus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D045405:Nipah Virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D014709:Vero Cells; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; D002738:Chloroquine