title: A prospective study of cardiorespiratory fitness and breast cancer mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Physical activity may protect against breast cancer. Few prospective studies have evaluated breast cancer mortality in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), an objective marker of physiologic response to physical activity habits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the association between CRF and risk of death from breast cancer in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study. Women (N = 14,811), aged 20 to 83 yr with no prior breast cancer history, received a preventive medical examination at the Cooper Clinic in Dallas, Texas, between 1970 and 2001. Mortality surveillance was completed through December 31, 2003. CRF was quantified as maximal treadmill exercise test duration and was categorized for analysis as low (lowest 20% of exercise duration), moderate (middle 40%), and high (upper 40%). At baseline, all participants were able to complete the exercise test to at least 85% of their age-predicted maximal heart rate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 68 breast cancer deaths occurred during follow-up (mean = 16 yr). Age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates per 10,000 woman-years were 4.4, 3.2, and 1.8 for low, moderate, and high CRF groups, respectively (trend P = 0.008). After further controlling for body mass index, smoking, drinking, chronic conditions, abnormal exercise ECG responses, family history of breast cancer, oral contraceptive use, and estrogen use, hazard ratios (95% CI) for breast cancer mortality across incremental CRF categories were 1.00 (referent), 0.67 (0.35-1.26), and 0.45 (0.22-0.95) (trend P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that CRF is associated with a reduced risk of dying from breast cancer in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
authors.forename: J Brent
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Peel
authors.forename: Xuemei
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sui
authors.forename: Swann A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hébert
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hardin
authors.forename: Steven N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Blair
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality*; D002319:Cardiovascular System; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity; D010809:Physical Fitness / Q000502:physiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012137:Respiratory System; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult