title: Four years' follow up at a smoking cessation clinic.
abstract: Smoking is an important cause of pulmonary pathology and this addiction can be regarded as a chronic, recurrent disease. The benefits of smoking cessation are unquestionable and all physicians should become more active and assertive in recommending it.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise the population seeking medical support for smoking cessation and understand why some successfully stop smoking and others do not.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of medical records of outpatients in follow-up between January 2003 and June 2006. Age, gender, age at smoking initiation, smoking burden (number of pack-years), associated diseases, degree of dependence (Fagerström test for nicotine addiction), prior attempts at and motivation for smoking cessation, need for cognitive/behavioural support and success and abandonment rates were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred and twenty six patients were studied, 50% male with an average age of 45.5+/-11.4 years. Almost half (43.1 %; n=227) of the patients started smoking before the age of 15. Average smoking burden was 35.8+/-20 pack-years although 21.4% (n=113) smoked more than 50 pack-years. Respiratory disease was present in 52.1% (COPD, 39.9% and others, 12.2%) and cardiovascular disease in 14.6% of the patients. In 46% of patients (n=242) a relevant psychiatric disorder was identified; depression (21.4%), anxiety disorder (19.4%), other dependencies (2.1%) bipolar disorder (1.5%) and schizophrenia (0.6%). The evaluation of degree of addiction revealed maximum level in 69.7% of the patients (n=380). Many patients (72.2%; n=380) reported prior attempts to quit smoking. The strongest reasons for giving up smoking were concern over health (83.5%), financial issues (8.2%) and search for better quality of life (5.7%). Most patients (81.7%; n=430) had undergone nicotine replacement therapy; skin patches (53.3%), chewing gum (1.1%) or both (45.6%). Psychopharmacological treatment included administration of sedative-hypnotics (86.5%), bupropion hydrochloride (2.3%) and antidepressants (0.6%). Seventy six patients (14%) benefited from cognitive/ behavioural support. Two hundred and twenty three patients (42.4%) were successful in giving up smoking while 219 (41.6%) abandoned follow up, the majority after the first appointment. Most patients that abandoned follow up reported lack of motivation and the price of therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The population under study had a high rate of psychiatric disorders and a high level of dependence and lack of motivation that might justify the drop-out rate. Successful treatment was associated with close follow up, behavioural support and pharmacological therapy.
authors.affiliation: Interna do Complementar de Pneumologia / Resident, Pulmonology. m_aguiar@netcabo.pt
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Todo-Bom
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Felizardo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Macedo
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caeiro
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sotto-Mayor
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bugalho de Almeida
mesh_terms: D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000628:therapy*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013997:Time Factors