title: Glycaemic trend during Ramadan in fasting diabetic subjects: a study from Pakistan.
abstract: The aim of this questionnaire based survey was to assess the glycaemic control care and management of our fasting diabetic subjects. This retrospective study was carried out at Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, its affiliated centers and Memon Diabetic Centre of Karachi. Data was collected by a questionnaire including socio-demographic data, duration of diabetes, life style, diet and treatment during and preceding Ramadan of year 2004. All Known diabetic Muslim subjects except children below 10 years were included. The subjects were asked if they had observed any of the hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic symptoms. The major severity of the symptoms was assessed depending upon the assistance needed. The plasma glucose level during these episodes was recorded where it was available. During the month of Ramadan 327 out of 453 subjects (72.5%) fasted. Mean age of subjects was 50.3 +/- 12.6 years. Average duration of diabetes was 9.3 +/- 7.3 years. Majority of the subjects (96.3%) fasted with type 2 diabetes while only 3.7% fasted with type I diabetes. Subjects fasted for an average of 25 days. Overall prevalence of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia was 21.7 and 19.8%, respectively. Only 4.0% had major hypoglycemic episodes, while 8% had major hyperglycemic episodes. The present study suggests that all diabetic subjects who intend to fast should be counseled before Ramadan about change in medication timings and dose, dietary changes and pattern of physical activity and about role of self-monitoring of blood glucose especially during acute symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology, Baqai Medical University, Plot No. 1-2, II-B, Block 2, Nazimabad, Karachi-74600, Pakistan.
authors.forename: M Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ahmadani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riaz
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fawwad
authors.forename: M Z I
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Hydrie
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hakeem
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basit
mesh_terms: D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D005215:Fasting / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D007514:Islam; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology