title: Comparison between optical readable and open-ended weighed food records.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A simplified optically readable food record (ORFR) was developed and compared with an open-ended weighed record (WR).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare intake of nutrients and foods using a seven-day ORFR with intake estimated using a seven-day WR. The results from each method were validated against 24-h urinary nitrogen excretion and energy intake (EI)/estimated basal metabolic rate (BMR) cut-off values.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study comprised 73 free-living, healthy 70-year-old Swedish men. Dietary data were collected during seven consecutive days, starting either with WR or ORFR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average intakes of energy and several nutrients were significantly lower when estimated using ORFR than when using WR. However, when adjusted for nutrient density, only a few nutrients were still lower with ORFR. Spearman correlation coefficients between the two methods regarding intakes of energy and energy-yielding nutrients were moderate to high, i.e. 0.4-0.6, while figures for most micro-nutrients were in the range 0.3-0.5. A large proportion of subjects under-reported their EIs, a higher proportion doing so when using ORFR. Protein intake obtained using ORFR was 31% lower than the values calculated from the 24-h urine nitrogen excretion, and 22% lower than those obtained from WR. Average intakes of milk, cheese and other milk products as well as coffee, tea and alcohol were significantly higher when estimated using ORFR than when using WR, while intakes of vegetables, meat and meat products, fish, bread and cereal products as well as number of sweet foods were significantly lower with ORFR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results, adjustments of some portion sizes in ORFR are suggested. In view of the advantages of ORFR with respect to lower response burden and rapid processing of data, such adjustments would make ORFR a suitable dietary assessment tool for use in dietary surveys, including larger resource-demanding epidemiological investigations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Margaretha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nydahl
authors.forename: Inga-Britt
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Rawya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mohsen
authors.forename: Wulf
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Becker