title: Methodological improvements in quantifying cognitive change in clinical trials: an example with single-dose administration of donepezil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Change in cognitive function in response to a pharmacologic challenge can be observed with greater sensitivity by employing cognitive tests with optimal psychometric properties and a statistical approach that more accurately accounts for individual variability in performance. To demonstrate this approach we examined the cognitive effects of a single acute dose administration of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, donepezil, in healthy older adults and in older adults with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Placebo-controlled crossover study with three separate testing days: baseline, placebo, and donepezil, with assessments at baseline, and 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, and 8-hrs post-dosing on each day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early phase I clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  15 healthy older adults; 14 older adults with mild Alzheimer's disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Single acute dose of 5mg donepezil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Performance on the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT), a computerized neuropsychological measure of spatial working memory and error monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single acute dose of donepezil improved GMLT performance in healthy older adults (effect size: 0.83 at 6 hrs post-dosing) and older adults with mild AD (effect size: 0.58 at 3 hrs post-dosing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GMLT detected cognitive improvement following a single, acute dose administration of donepezil in healthy older adults and older adults with mild AD. The choice of cognitive tests designed for repeated administration, as well as an analytic approach that emphasizes individual-level change in cognitive function, provides a sensitive approach to detecting central nervous system drug penetration and activity of cognitive-enhancing agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: R H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Pietrzak
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maruff
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snyder
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D007189:Indans; D010880:Piperidines; D000077265:Donepezil