title: Lower limb dynamics change for children while walking with backpack loads to modulate shock transmission to the head.
abstract: Backpack load carriage increases ground reaction forces and increases the stiffness in the upper extremity that can cause transmission of higher amount of forces from the lower extremity to the head. This study investigated the effect of load carriage and placement of load on the back on the shock transmission mechanisms amongst children. Fifteen primary school boys with mean age 10.01 (+/-1.31) years, mean height 136.40 (+/-10.08)cm and mean mass 31.83 (+/-7.13)kg completed the study. Subjects carried 10%, 15% and 20% bodyweight (BW) loads on two locations on the back, namely upper and lower. Results showed a significant reduction in pelvic and trunk rotation in the transverse plane and an increase in the upper body stiffness for loads exceeding 15% of BW. The lower limb results showed a reduction in the first peak force and cadence and a significant change in the walking velocity and time to the first peak force for 20% load. No significant differences were found for the load configuration but the upper configuration showed slightly higher shock transmission. The changes in the lower limb dynamics indicated that there are locomotion mechanisms in place amongst children to modulate shock transmission to the head.
authors.affiliation: Physical Education and Sports Science, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. tarkesh@psu.edu
authors.forename: Tarkeshwar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koh
mesh_terms: D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002648:Child; D006257:Head / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing