title: Diagnostic clues for identification of nonorganic vs organic causes of food refusal and poor feeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Food refusal, poor feeding, and somatic symptoms such as vomiting, gagging, irritability and failure to thrive (FTT) are commonly found in both infantile feeding disorders (IFD) and common treatable medical conditions. Present diagnostic classifications for diagnosing IFD are complex and difficult to apply in daily practice, leading to underdiagnosis and delay in diagnosis of IFD. We attempted to identify parental and infantile behaviour patterns or symptoms that could help distinguish between organic or behavioural causes for these symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened 226 children with poor feeding. After exclusion criteria, we divided the remaining 151 into 2 groups. The nonorganic group (n=83) included patients with onset of symptoms before age 2, persistent food aversion longer than 1 month, and a response to behavioural intervention. The second group consisted of children (n=68) presenting with similar characteristics, who responded to medical or nutritional therapy in which a final diagnosis of gastro-esophageal reflux disease, milk allergy, or idiopathic or nutritional FTT was made.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Poor intake, poor weight gain, or vomiting did not discriminate between organic and nonorganic causes. Factors indicating the presence of a behavioural cause included food refusal, food fixation, abnormal parental feeding practices, onset after a specific trigger, and presence of anticipatory gagging (P<0.0001 for all).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Integration of a few structured questions regarding infant behaviour, parental feeding practices, infant symptoms, and triggers for the onset of symptoms may help clinicians distinguish between organic and nonorganic causes for food refusal or low intake FTT.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit and Feeding Disorder Clinic, Wolfson Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Anat
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Tsili
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zangen
authors.forename: Lia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kornfeld
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dalal
authors.forename: Eli
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boaz
authors.forename: Nophar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ben David
authors.forename: Marguerite
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunitz
authors.forename: Arie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001526:Behavioral Symptoms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D002149:Energy Intake; D005183:Failure to Thrive / Q000209:etiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D019959:Feeding and Eating Disorders of Childhood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005512:Food Hypersensitivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D010290:Parents; D014839:Vomiting; D015430:Weight Gain