title: Inhibitory effect of essential oils obtained from plants grown in Colombia on yellow fever virus replication in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An antiviral drug is needed for the treatment of patients suffering from yellow fever. Several compounds present in plants can inactive in vitro a wide spectrum of animal viruses.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study the inhibitory effect of essential oils of Lippia alba, Lippia origanoides, Oreganum vulgare and Artemisia vulgaris on yellow fever virus (YFV) replication was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cytotoxicity (CC(50)) on Vero cells was evaluated by the MTT reduction method. The minimum concentration of the essential oil that inhibited virus titer by more than 50% (MIC) was determined by virus yield reduction assay. YFV was incubated 24 h at 4 degrees C with essential oil before adsorption on Vero cell, and viral replication was carried out in the absence or presence of essential oil. Vero cells were exposed to essential oil 24 h at 37 degrees C before the adsorption of untreated-virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CC(50) values were less than 100 microg/mL and the MIC values were 3.7 and 11.1 microg/mL. The CC(50)/MIC ratio was of 22.9, 26.4, 26.5 and 8.8 for L. alba, L origanoides, O. vulgare and A. vulgaris, respectively. The presence of essential oil in the culture medium enhances the antiviral effect: L. origanoides oil at 11.1 microg/mL produced a 100% reduction of virus yield, and the same result was observed with L. alba, O. vulgare and A. vulgaris oils at 100 microg/mL. No reduction of virus yield was observed when Vero cells were treated with essential oil before the adsorption of untreated-virus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The essential oils evaluated in the study showed antiviral activities against YFV. The mode of action seems to be direct virus inactivation.
authors.affiliation: Centro Nacional de Investigaciones para la Agroindustrialización de Especies Vegetales Aromáticas y Medicinales Tropicales, CENIVAM, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia. rocio.meneses@gmail.com
authors.forename: Rocío
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Meneses
authors.forename: Raquel E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Ocazionez
authors.forename: Jairo R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Elena E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Stashenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019306:Artemisia / Q000737:chemistry; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003105:Colombia; D015536:Down-Regulation; D032411:Lippia / Q000737:chemistry; D019684:Magnoliopsida / Q000737:chemistry*; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014709:Vero Cells; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects*; D015005:Yellow fever virus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010938:Plant Oils