title: Racial and ethnic differences in end-of-life costs: why do minorities cost more than whites?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial and ethnic minorities generally receive fewer medical interventions than whites, but racial and ethnic patterns in Medicare expenditures and interventions may be quite different at life's end.
  
  
  METHODS
  Based on a random, stratified sample of Medicare decedents (N = 158 780) in 2001, we used regression to relate differences in age, sex, cause of death, total morbidity burden, geography, life-sustaining interventions (eg, ventilators), and hospice to racial and ethnic differences in Medicare expenditures in the last 6 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the final 6 months of life, costs for whites average $20,166; blacks, $26,704 (32% more); and Hispanics, $31,702 (57% more). Similar differences exist within sexes, age groups, all causes of death, all sites of death, and within similar geographic areas. Differences in age, sex, cause of death, total morbidity burden, geography, socioeconomic status, and hospice use account for 53% and 63% of the higher costs for blacks and Hispanics, respectively. While whites use hospice most frequently (whites, 26%; blacks, 20%; and Hispanics, 23%), racial and ethnic differences in end-of-life expenditures are affected only minimally. However, fully 85% of the observed higher costs for nonwhites are accounted for after additionally modeling their greater end-of-life use of the intensive care unit and various intensive procedures (such as, gastrostomies, used by 10.5% of blacks, 9.1% of Hispanics, and 4.1% of whites).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At life's end, black and Hispanic decedents have substantially higher costs than whites. More than half of these cost differences are related to geographic, sociodemographic, and morbidity differences. Strikingly greater use of life-sustaining interventions accounts for most of the rest.
authors.affiliation: Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Amresh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hanchate
authors.forename: Andrea C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Kronman
authors.forename: Yinong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Young-Xu
authors.forename: Arlene S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Ash
authors.forename: Ezekiel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Emanuel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000191:economics*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare; D008913:Minority Groups; D013727:Terminal Care / Q000191:economics; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American