title: A non-foodborne norovirus outbreak among school children during a skiing holiday, Austria, 2007.
abstract: Norovirus is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of outbreaks of foodborne disease. We report on an outbreak in Austria that reached a total of 176 cases, affecting pupils and teachers from four schools on a skiing holiday in a youth hostel in the province of Salzburg in December 2007. A questionnaire was sent to the four schools in order to obtain data from persons attending the school trip on disease status, clinical onset, duration of illness and hospitalization. A cohort study was undertaken to identify the sources of infection. The school trip attendees were interviewed by questionnaire or face-to-face on their exposure to food items from the menu provided by the hostel owner. Of the 284 school holiday-makers, 176 fitted the definition of an outbreak case (attack rate 61.9%). A total of 264 persons on the ski holiday participated in the cohort study (response rate 93%). The day-by-day food-specific analyses did not find any food items served on any of five days (December 8-12) of the holiday to be associated with infection risk. The day-specific risk analyses revealed Monday December 10 (RR: 9.04; 95% CI: 6.02-13.6; P < 0.001) and Tuesday December 11 (RR: 3.37; 95% CI: 2.56-4.43; P < 0.001) as the two most risky days for having being exposed to norovirus. According to the epidemiological investigation, airborne transmission of norovirus originating from the first vomiting case most probably initiated this outbreak; foodborne genesis was excluded. During recent years, norovirus has become increasingly established as the most important causative agent of epidemic gastroenteritis in holiday-makers all over Europe. Tourism is one of the primary industries in Austria. Timely involvement of the relevant public health authorities is essential in any outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis, irrespective of its genesis.
authors.affiliation: Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Hung-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Anna-Margaretha
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pichler
authors.forename: Heidelinde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: König
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Martin
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Allerberger
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001317:Austria; D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D002648:Child; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016358:Contact Tracing; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006693:Holidays; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D029322:Norovirus; D012865:Skiing; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014195:Travel