title: Anger is an approach-related affect: evidence and implications.
abstract: The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The other implication concerns the idea that affects form a purely positive dimension and a purely negative dimension, which reflect the operation of appetitive and aversive motivational systems, respectively. The evidence reviewed does not support that view. The evidence is, however, consistent with a discrete-emotions view (which does not rely on dimensionality) and with an alternative dimensional approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0751, USA. ccarver@miami.edu
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Carver
authors.forename: Eddie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Harmon-Jones
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001070:Appetitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation