title: Profile of adults seeking voluntary HIV testing and counseling in rural Central India: results from a hospital-based study.
abstract: Rural India has an undetected load of HIV-positive individuals. Few rural adults present for HIV testing and counseling due to stigma, discrimination, and fear of social ostracization. In this rural hospital clinic-based study, we document profiles of rural adults seeking voluntary testing and counseling, and analyze correlates of HIV seropositivity. This cross-sectional study was conducted in 450 participants presenting to the outpatient clinics of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Central India. After informed consent, pre- and post-test counseling, HIV testing, and face-to-face interviews were conducted. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. The median age of the 450 study participants was 34 years (range 18-88 years); the majority (74%) was married. The overall proportion of HIV seropositivity was 32% [95% CI 28%, 37%]. The proportions of HIV seropositivity in married women, married men, and single men were 41%, 37%, 18%, respectively. No single woman was found seropositive in the study. Very few married women were aware of their husbands' HIV status. In a multivariate analysis, correlates of HIV seropositivity in men were: age 30-39 years, being married, having sex with multiple partners, use of alcohol before sex, and testing positive for HIV in the past. In married women, the only predictor of seropositivity was being married. Although limited by the non-random nature of the sampling method, this pilot study is unique in that it is the first from this rural region of Central India. It provides baseline data on marginalized, largely unstudied populations that may aid in designing probabilistic community-based surveys in this neglected population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Service, Montreal Chest Institute, Montreal, Canada. nitika.pai@muhc.mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Nitika Pant
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Rajnish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Erica E M
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moodie
authors.forename: Bharati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Taksande
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Kalantri
authors.forename: Madhukar
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pai
authors.forename: Jacqueline P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Tulsky
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reingold
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012423:Rural Health; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult