title: Upregulation of SOX9 inhibits the growth of human and mouse melanomas and restores their sensitivity to retinoic acid.
abstract: Treatments for primary and metastatic melanomas are rarely effective. Even therapeutics such as retinoic acid (RA) that are successfully used to treat several other forms of cancer are ineffective. Recent evidence indicates that the antiproliferative effects of RA are mediated by the transcription factor SOX9 in human cancer cell lines. As we have previously shown that SOX9 is expressed in normal melanocytes, here we investigated SOX9 expression and function in human melanomas. Although SOX9 was expressed in normal human skin, it was increasingly downregulated as melanocytes progressed to the premalignant and then the malignant and metastatic states. Overexpression of SOX9 in both human and mouse melanoma cell lines induced cell cycle arrest by increasing p21 transcription and restored sensitivity to RA by downregulating expression of PRAME, a melanoma antigen. Furthermore, SOX9 overexpression in melanoma cell lines inhibited tumorigenicity both in mice and in a human ex vivo model of melanoma. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with PGD2 increased SOX9 expression and restored sensitivity to RA. Thus, combined treatment with PGD2 and RA substantially decreased tumor growth in human ex vivo and mouse in vivo models of melanoma. The results of our experiments targeting SOX9 provide insight into the pathophysiology of melanoma. Further, the effects of SOX9 on melanoma cell proliferation and RA sensitivity suggest the encouraging possibility of a noncytotoxic approach to the treatment of melanoma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Thierry
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Passeron
authors.forename: Julio C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Valencia
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Namiki
authors.forename: Wilfred D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Vieira
authors.forename: Hélène
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Passeron
authors.forename: Yoshinori
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamura
authors.forename: Vincent J
authors.initials: VJ
authors.lastname: Hearing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000235:genetics; D015536:Down-Regulation; D006801:Humans; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008819:Mice, Nude; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics; D009506:Nevus / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D015230:Prostaglandin D2 / Q000494:pharmacology; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: C493956:CDKN1A protein, human; C493957:Cdkn1a protein, mouse; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; C497234:MITF protein, human; D051739:Microphthalmia-Associated Transcription Factor; C497235:Mitf protein, mouse; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; C527932:SOX9 protein, human; C527933:Sox9 protein, mouse; D014212:Tretinoin; D015230:Prostaglandin D2