title: Dosimetric evaluation of heterogeneity corrections for RTOG 0236: stereotactic body radiotherapy of inoperable stage I-II non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using a retrospective analysis of treatment plans submitted from multiple institutions accruing patients to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0236 non-small-cell stereotactic body radiotherapy protocol, the present study determined the dose prescription and critical structure constraints for future stereotactic body radiotherapy lung protocols that mandate density-corrected dose calculations.
  
  
  METHODS
  A subset of 20 patients from four institutions participating in the RTOG 0236 protocol and using superposition/convolution algorithms were compared. The RTOG 0236 protocol required a prescription dose of 60 Gy delivered in three fractions to cover 95% of the planning target volume. Additional requirements were specified for target dose heterogeneity and the dose to normal tissue/structures. The protocol required each site to plan the patient's treatment using unit density, and another plan with the same monitor units and applying density corrections was also submitted. These plans were compared to determine the dose differences. Two-sided, paired Student's t tests were used to evaluate these differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With heterogeneity corrections applied, the planning target volume receiving >/=60 Gy decreased, on average, 10.1% (standard error, 2.7%) from 95% (p = .001). The maximal dose to any point >/=2 cm away from the planning target volume increased from 35.2 Gy (standard error, 1.7) to 38.5 Gy (standard error, 2.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Statistically significant dose differences were found with the heterogeneity corrections. The information provided in the present study is being used to design future heterogeneity-corrected RTOG stereotactic body radiotherapy lung protocols to match the true dose delivered for RTOG 0236.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA. ying.xiao@jefferson.edu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiao
authors.forename: Lech
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Papiez
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paulus
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Straube
authors.forename: Walter R
authors.initials: WR
authors.lastname: Bosch
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Michalski
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Galvin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016634:Radiosurgery; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000379:methods; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D047368:Tumor Burden