title: Protamine ratio and the level of histone retention in sperm selected from a density gradient preparation.
abstract: Fertile males express two forms of sperm nuclear proteins, protamine 1 (P1) and protamine 2 (P2), in roughly equal quantities, whereas some infertile men have been shown to have a reduction in protamine content and an increase in the level of histones retained in mature sperm. In this study, we assessed histone and protamine levels in spermatozoa isolated from different layers of a density gradient centrifugation column to evaluate the nuclear protein content of the sperm population selected. Protamine levels were measured using acid gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence, and the percentage of cells retaining histones was evaluated using aniline staining and immunofluorescence. Our data suggests that there is an inverse correlation between P1/P2 ratio and the level of histone expression in the different layers of the density gradient. Paradoxically, the 90% layer had a lower P1/P2 ratio, which corresponded with an increase in histone expression. It is concluded that although the sperm population selected in the 90% layer of the density gradient columns had a lower P1/P2 ratio, it was yet similar to the P1/P2 ratio observed in previously screened fertile donors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, 84108, USA.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hammoud
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: D T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Carrell
mesh_terms: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D002469:Cell Separation / Q000379:methods; D002499:Centrifugation, Density Gradient; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007248:Infertility, Male / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D011479:Protamines / Q000032:analysis*; D013081:Sperm Motility; D053625:Sperm Retrieval; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013194:Staining and Labeling
chemical_list: D000814:Aniline Compounds; D006657:Histones; C082073:PRM1 protein, human; D011479:Protamines; C068621:protamine 2; C023650:aniline