title: Mechanisms of neural response to gastrointestinal nutritive stimuli: the gut-brain axis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The gut-brain axis, which transmits nutrient information from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain, is important for the detection of dietary nutrients. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging of the rat forebrain to investigate how this pathway conveys nutrient information from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the contribution of the vagus nerve by comparing changes of blood oxygenation level-dependent signals between 24 control rats and 22 rats that had undergone subdiaphragmatic vagotomy. Functional data were collected under alpha-chloralose anesthesia continuously 30 minutes before and 60 minutes after the start of intragastric infusion of L-glutamate or glucose. Plasma insulin, L-glutamate, and blood glucose levels were measured and compared with blood oxygenation level-dependent signals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intragastric administration of L-glutamate or glucose induced activation in distinct forebrain regions, including the cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic areas, at different time points. Vagotomy strongly suppressed L-glutamate-induced activation in most parts of the forebrain. In contrast, vagotomy did not significantly affect brain activation induced by glucose. Instead, blood oxygenation level-dependent signals in the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, in response to gastrointestinal glucose, varied along with fluctuations of plasma insulin levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that the vagus nerve and insulin are important for signaling the presence of gastrointestinal nutrients to the rat forebrain. These signal pathways depend on the ingested nutrients.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Life Sciences, Ajinomoto Co, Inc, Kawasaki, Japan.
authors.forename: Tomokazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsurugizawa
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uematsu
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hasumura
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hirota
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kondoh
authors.forename: Hisayuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Uneyama
authors.forename: Kunio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Torii
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D017615:Enteric Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D005746:Gastric Emptying; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000294:innervation* / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction; D012970:Sodium Glutamate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors; D014628:Vagotomy; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007328:Insulin; D005947:Glucose; D012970:Sodium Glutamate