title: Biomechanical analysis of functional electrical stimulation on trunk musculature during wheelchair propulsion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to examine how surface electrical stimulation of trunk musculature influences the kinematic, kinetic, and metabolic characteristics, as well as shoulder muscle activity, during wheelchair propulsion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven participants with spinal cord injury propelled their own wheelchairs on a dynamometer at a speed of 1.3 m/s for three 5-minute trials. During a propulsion trial, 1 of 3 stimulation levels (HIGH, LOW, and OFF) was randomly applied to the participant's abdominal and back muscle groups with a surface functional electrical stimulation device. Propulsion kinetics, trunk kinematics, metabolic responses, and surface electromyographic (EMG) activity of 6 shoulder muscles were collected synchronously. Kinetic, kinematic, and EMG variables were recorded during 3 time intervals (30 seconds each) within a 5-minute trial. Metabolic variables were recorded through the entire 5-minute trial.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with HIGH stimulation increased their gross mechanical efficiency (P=.05) during wheelchair propulsion. No differences were found in shoulder EMG activity, energy expenditure, and trunk motion between stimulation levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Functional electrical stimulation on the trunk musculature has potential advantages in helping manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury improve propulsion efficiency without placing additional demands on shoulder musculature.
authors.affiliation: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA.
authors.forename: Yu-Sheng
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Alicia M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Koontz
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Triolo
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Boninger
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D013909:Thorax; D014910:Wheelchairs