title: Trivalent manganese as an environmentally friendly oxidizing reagent for microwave- and ultrasound-assisted chemical oxygen demand determination.
abstract: In the present work manganese(III) has been used as oxidant and microwave radiation and ultrasound energy have been assessed to speed up and to improve the efficiency of digestion step for the determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD). Microwave (MW) and ultrasound-assisted COD determination methods have been optimized by means of experimental design and the optimum conditions are: 40psi pressure, 855W power and 1min irradiation time; and 90% of maximum nominal power (180W), 0.9s (s(-1)) cycles and 1min irradiation time for microwaves and ultrasound, respectively. Chloride ion interference is removed as hydrochloric acid gas from acidified sample solutions at 150 degrees C in a closed reaction tube and captured by bismuth-based adsorbent suspended above the heated solution. Under optimum conditions, the evaluated assisted digestion methods have been successfully applied, with the exception of pyridine, to several pure organic compounds and two reference materials. COD recoveries obtained with MW and ultrasound-assisted digestion for five real wastewater samples were ranged between 86-97% and 68-91%, respectively, of the values obtained with the classical method (open reflux) used as reference, with relative standard deviation lower than 4% in most cases. Thus, the Mn(III) microwave-assisted digestion method seems to be an interesting and promising alternative to conventional COD digestion methods since it is faster and more environmentally friendly than the ones used for the same purpose.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Além 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
authors.forename: Claudia E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Domini
authors.forename: Lorena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vidal
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Canals
mesh_terms: D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry; D017895:Manganese Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D008872:Microwaves; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D017895:Manganese Compounds; D010100:Oxygen