title: Ethanol embolization of arteriovenous malformations of the mandible.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Absolute ethanol was reported as an effective embolization of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), but its use to treat AVMs in the mandible is not yet well established. Here, we present our clinical experience on treatment of mandibular AVMs with absolute ethanol.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight consecutive patients with symptomatic AVMs of the mandible between August 2007 and September 2008 were enrolled in this study group. Among them, 6 patients underwent direct puncture embolization with absolute ethanol combined with coils, 1 patient underwent direct puncture embolization with absolute ethanol only, and the last patient had transarterial embolization with absolute ethanol alone. The use of coils decreased the flow and volume of the nidus, and then absolute ethanol embolization was directed against and obliterated the nidus completely. The procedure was performed with the patients under general anesthesia with nasal intubation, and the vital signs of the patients were constantly monitored during the injection of absolute ethanol. The total amount of absolute ethanol used per session was less than 1 mL/kg of body weight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 11 ethanol embolizations were performed on 8 patients, including 3 sessions with transarterial microcatheterization and 8 with direct puncture embolization. A venogram and control arteriogram performed immediately after the procedure were both obtained, which documented a significant thrombosis of the lesion in all patients. Follow-up examinations revealed that oral bleeding was controlled, the expansion of the external jugular vein in 5 cases was obliterated, and satisfactory shrinkage of the facial swelling was achieved. Follow-up angiography (mean, 4.2 months) was available in 4 patients, and there was no angiographic recurrence of the lesions. There were 3 cases with minor complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our experience, treatment of AVMs in the mandible with absolute ethanol is a feasible, safe, and highly effective method.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P R China.
authors.forename: X D
authors.initials: XD
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: L X
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: J W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: L Z
authors.initials: LZ
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Z Y
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001165:Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000628:therapy*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000187:drug effects; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol