title: Measurement of uterine radiation exposure from lymphoscintigraphy indicates safety of sentinel lymph node biopsy during pregnancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is an increased incidence of breast cancer occurring during pregnancy. Controversy exists as to the safety of performing lymphoscintigraphy during pregnancy and no studies have reported the measured dose of uterine radiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed an institutional review board (IRB)-approved prospective study of uterine radiation resulting from lymphoscintigraphy. Abdominal, perineal, and urinary radiation was measured in 14 breast cancer patients and total uterine dose was calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average dose of 99m-Tc sulfur colloid was 39 +/- 20 MBq (1.04 +/- 0.53 mCi). Measured abdominal and pelvic radiation exposure demonstrated no correlation with patient age or body mass index. The average abdominal radiation exposure was 1.17 +/- 0.87 microGy. The average perineal radiation exposure was 0.23 +/- 0.17 microGy. The average dose to the uterus from bladder radioactivity determined from voided urine was 0.44 +/- 0.44 microGy. The average radiation dose to the uterus (average of abdominal and perineal doses plus contribution from bladder dose) was 1.14 +/- 0.76 microGy. One patient was 16 weeks pregnant at the time of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and total calculated uterine dose was 1.67 microGy, suggesting that pregnancy does not significantly alter measured uterine radiation. These data were compared with the average background radiation, which is 3,000 microGy per year or 8.2 microGy per day.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The measured uterine dose of radiation from lymphoscintigraphy for SLNB was significantly less than the average daily background radiation. We conclude that lymphoscintigraphy does not expose the fetus to significant radiation and concern of radiation exposure should not preclude the use of SLNB during pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
authors.forename: Philip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Spanheimer
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Sonia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Sugg
authors.forename: Carol E H
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Scott-Conner
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Weigel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging / Q000379:methods; D012449:Safety; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D014599:Uterus