title: Toxicity and immune system effects of dietary deltamethrin exposure in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum).
abstract: One theory proposed to explain the global declines in amphibian populations involves contaminant-induced immune alteration and subsequent increased susceptibility to infectious disease. The goal of this study was twofold, to (1) study acute oral toxicity of deltamethrin (cyclopropanecarboxylic acid, 3-(2,2-dibromoethenyl)-2,2-dimethyl cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester) in tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum), and (2) evaluate whether the insecticide deltamethrin produces immunosuppression in these animals. In the acute toxicity study, tiger salamanders receiving single doses of deltamethrin ranging from 1 to 35 mg/kg displayed intention tremors, hypersalivation, ataxia, choreoathetosis (writhing), severe depression (immobility with minimal response to stimuli), and death. For acute effects, based on clinical signs, the median lethal dose (LD(50)) and lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) were estimated to be 5 to 10 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg, respectively. The LOAEL in animals dosed 3 times per week for 4 wk was 400 microg/kg/d. The endpoints for the immunotoxicity study included lymphoid organ mass and histopathology, hematological variables, and functional assays of phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and lymphoblastic transformation. Tiger salamanders in 4 treatment groups (0, 4, 40, or 400 microg/kg/d) were dosed with deltamethrin via the diet 3 times per week for 4 wk. Deltamethrin exposure resulted in increased liver mass, packed cell volume, and total plasma protein concentration, but these effects were not dose dependent. The relative mass of kidney and spleen, plasma albumin and globulin concentrations, and circulating leukocyte numbers were not affected by deltamethrin exposure, nor were phagocytosis, oxidative burst, and lymphoblastic transformation. This study shows that at moderate levels of exposure, deltamethrin may be neurotoxic to tiger salamanders. However, based on the immune assays considered in this study there was no evidence of immunosuppression from dietary exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of deltamethrin. In light of these findings, it is unlikely that exposure to environmental concentrations of deltamethrin has produced immunosuppression and contributed to the emergence of iridovirus outbreaks in tiger salamander populations.
authors.affiliation: Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Jennifer.Froese@ec.gc.ca
authors.forename: Jennifer M W
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Froese
authors.forename: Judit E G
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Forsyth
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Wickstrom
mesh_terms: D000557:Ambystoma; D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008934:Mitogens; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000473:pathology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000633:toxicity*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D016897:Respiratory Burst / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D008934:Mitogens; D009570:Nitriles; D011722:Pyrethrins; C017180:decamethrin