title: Determination of urinary stone composition based on stone morphology: a prospective study of 325 consecutive patients in an emerging country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Urolithiasis is a common disease that is increasing throughout the world. This study aimed at determining the composition of urinary stones in patients with renal lithiasis in an emerging country.
  
  
  METHODS
  A morphological analysis was performed on 340 urinary stones from 325 consecutive patients from Brazil with lithiasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the 340 stones analyzed, 34.7% were pure. The most frequent stone was calcium oxalate (CaOx) (59.3%), followed by uric acid (23.7%). CaOx was more frequently seen in women (p=0.024), while uric acid was more common in men (p<0.001). Among the mixed stones, CaOx (67.1%) was the most frequent major component, followed by carbapatite (11.2%) and struvite (7.9%). CaOx (p<0.001) and uric acid (p=0.014) were more frequently the major components in men, while carbapatite (p<0.001) and struvite (p=0.011) were more frequent in women. The major component of both pure and mixed stones was CaOx (65.1%), followed by uric acid (10.9%), carbapatite (10%), struvite (6.7%), ammonium urate (5.1%), cystine (1.8%) and protein (0.4%). These findings may be related to regional factors, such as weather and nutritional habits.
authors.affiliation: Center for Research in Hepatic and Renal Diseases, Federal University of Ceará-UFC, and Division of Nephrology, Hospital Universitário Walter Cantídio, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil. silviafernandes@unifor.br
authors.forename: Silvia F R
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Sônia L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Daher
authors.forename: Geraldo B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Silva Junior
authors.forename: Rosa M S
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Carlos Antônio
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Bruno da Silva
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003906:Developing Countries; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult