title: Randomized trials assessing calcium supplementation in healthy children: relationship between industry sponsorship and study outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the relationship between industry sponsorship of Ca supplementation studies in healthy children and study outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search for published randomized controlled trials (RCT) was conducted. We collected data on study design features aimed at reducing bias, statistical significance of results, authors' conclusions and financial sponsorship of study. We used Fischer's exact test to examine associations between sponsorship and study results and conclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy children between the ages of 9 and 18 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nineteen trials met our inclusion criteria. Seventeen out of nineteen studies reported a statistically significant improvement of supplementation on bone mineral density. Subjects in eight of the seventeen studies had a baseline daily Ca intake of 800-1300 mg. There was no significant association between study design features and the results or conclusions of the studies. Three studies received government funding, two of which (66.7%) concluded in favour of additional supplementation. Sixteen studies were either industry-funded or had mixed industry funding, thirteen (81.3%) of which had a conclusion supporting Ca supplementation in children. There was no significant association between study sponsorship and authors' conclusions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of RCT assessing the effects of Ca supplementation in healthy children are industry-funded and support Ca supplementation. The clinical significance of the outcomes measured in Ca supplementation studies should be considered when examining associations between study design and results. Further non-industry funded research is needed to thoroughly assess the impact of funding on authors' conclusions in nutrition research.
authors.affiliation: University of California-San Francisco, 155 North Fresno Street Suite 224, Fresno, CA 93701, USA.
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nkansah
authors.forename: Thao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Hoda
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iraninezhad
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bero
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000191:economics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002648:Child; D016265:Conflict of Interest / Q000191:economics*; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000191:economics*; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000191:economics*; D005380:Financing, Government; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017712:Peer Review, Research; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic / Q000191:economics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012109:Research Support as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium