Attitudes toward hepatitis B and liver cancer prevention among Chinese Americans in the San Francisco Bay Area, California.
BACKGROUND
Chronic hepatitis B and associated liver cancer constitute important health threats with disparity among Asian/Pacific Islander Americans (APIs). However, many APIs are unaware of and unprotected against these diseases.


METHODS
To inform the development of community-based programs to increase hepatitis B and liver cancer awareness and prevention among APIs, we conducted a series of qualitative focus groups in 2007 to identify motivations and deterrents related to hepatitis B education, testing, and vaccination among San Francisco Bay Area Chinese Americans. Six focus groups were held in Cantonese, English, or Mandarin for women or men, respectively. Recorded transcripts were transcribed, translated, and then coded by consensus.


RESULTS
Factors that motivated individuals to be tested for hepatitis B included peace of mind, prevention of transmission to others, informed decision-making ability, convenience, and pre-vaccination screening. Primary motivations for hepatitis B vaccination were protection of future health and avoidance of hepatitis B. However, factors that discouraged people from testing or vaccination included costs, lack of health insurance, fear of side effects, worries about reliability or efficacy, poor patient-doctor communication, reliance on professional opinion, apparent good health, inconvenience, and personal preference. Individuals were generally in favor of informing relatives and friends about hepatitis B testing and vaccination, and offered several reasons for and against educating others about these activities.


CONCLUSIONS
In summary, our study identifies common attitudes and influences regarding the decision to take preventive action against hepatitis B and liver cancer. These findings can be applied toward the design of more effective educational and outreach materials and programs for Chinese Americans and possibly other APIs.
Chang
Ellen T
ET
Northern California Cancer Center, Fremont, Walnut Avenue, Suite 300, Fremont, CA 94538, USA. ellen@nccc.org
Nguyen
Bang H
BH
So
Samuel K S
SK
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D015438:Health Behavior / Q000208:ethnology*; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D019694:Hepatitis B, Chronic / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014505:Urban Population; D014611:Vaccination / Q000639:trends; D055815:Young Adult
D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines