title: The c-MYC-AP4-p21 cascade.
abstract: The p21 gene encodes a CDK-inhibitor, which is induced by p53 and many other anti-proliferative factors. The mechanism of transcriptional repression of p21 by c-MYC has been a subject of intensive study for several years, as it may explain how c-MYC promotes cell cycle progression. Recently, we reported a novel mechanism which allows c-MYC to repress p21: c-MYC triggers a transcriptional cascade by directly inducing the gene encoding the bHLH-LZ transcription factor AP4 (TFAP4), which binds to recognition motifs located in the vicinity of the p21 promoter and mediates transcriptional repression of p21. Thereby, AP4 interferes with induction of p21 via the DNA damage response/p53 or TGFbeta/Smad pathways and during differentiation. Intriguingly, the expression patterns of c-MYC and AP4 strictly overlap in colonic epithelium and colorectal cancer. Here we survey the recent findings and discuss the role of AP4 for c-MYC function and its potential application for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
authors.affiliation: Experimental and Molecular Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Heiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hermeking
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000628:therapy; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D051896:Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D051896:Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated; D014157:Transcription Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D051153:Wnt Proteins; C055473:enhancer-binding protein AP-4