title: Skull base and maxillofacial fractures: two centre study with correlation of clinical findings with a comprehensive craniofacial classification system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A comprehensive classification based on high resolution computed tomography (CT) of the whole craniofacial region was correlated with clinical findings of combined skull base and maxillofacial fractures.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a study of two clinical centres, 70 patients with such injuries were admitted at the Universities of Basel (n=29) and Uppsala (n=41). Clinical signs (rhinorrhoea, periorbital haematoma and pneumencephalus) and surgical versus conservative treatment were correlated with a cranio-maxillofacial injury severity score (CMF-ISS) calculated from the classification system. Fracture classifications were decided in consensus on the basis of CT and semiautomatic classification software. The classification system defined 3 fracture types (A, B, C), 3 groups (A1, A2, A3), and 3 subgroups (A1.1, A1.2, A1.3) with increasing severity from A1.1 (lowest) to C3.3 (highest).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 70 patients, 43 were operated upon and 27 conservatively treated. The operated patients had significantly higher severity scores than non-operated. Patients with or without periorbital haematoma do not differ significantly in the severity score. The severity of the CMF-ISS score was significantly associated (two sample T-test P<0.01) with the occurrence of pneumencephalus, rhinorrhoea and treatment approach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on our present results, this system seems to be clinical useful for operative decisions and interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland. hbaechli@uhbs.ch
authors.forename: Heidi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bächli
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Leiggener
authors.forename: Petter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gawelin
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Audigé
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Enblad
authors.forename: Hans-Florian
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hirsch
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Buitrago-Téllez
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006406:Hematoma / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D009916:Orbital Diseases / Q000473:pathology; D011007:Pneumocephalus / Q000473:pathology; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D012984:Software; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult