title: Investigation of the role of adrenergic and non-nitrergic, non-adrenergic neurotransmission in the sheep isolated internal anal sphincter.
abstract: Nitric oxide is widely established as an important neurotransmitter in the control of anal sphincter tone; although, a number of other transmitters have also been tentatively implicated. Whilst alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists reduce anal sphincter pressure in man, the role of noradrenaline as a possible transmitter is poorly characterised. We have investigated the contribution of these transmitters to neurogenic relaxations, and evaluated the possible role of a non-nitrergic, non-adrenergic transmitter. The magnitude and duration of neurogenic responses were examined by measuring responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS) in segments of sheep internal anal sphincter following the development of spontaneous myogenic tone. Neurogenic relaxations induced by EFS were significantly reduced in the presence of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) suggesting major involvement of nitric oxide as a neurotransmitter. The duration of neurogenic relaxations was inversely related to the frequency of EFS, with contractile responses often manifest at higher frequencies. The duration of relaxations at high frequencies of EFS was increased by bretylium (adrenergic neurone blocker) and prazosin (alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist). At higher frequencies of EFS, 60% of preparations also produced a residual non-nitrergic, non-adrenergic, apamin-sensitive relaxation which was unaffected by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and inhibitors of purinergic responses [suramin, pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azophenyl 2',4' disulfonic acid (PPADS) and alpha,beta-methylene adenosine triphosphate (ATP)]. However, MRS2179 (P2Y(1) receptor antagonist) showed a modest inhibitory effect. We conclude that endogenous noradrenaline acts via postjunctional alpha(1)-adrenoceptors to antagonize neurogenic relaxations that are largely mediated by nitric oxide. Our results indicate the involvement of a non-nitrergic, non-adrenergic, apamin-sensitive transmitter which is inhibited by MRS2179, suggesting a possible role for purines.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Acheson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rayment
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Eames
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mundey
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Scholefield
authors.forename: V G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001030:Apamin / Q000494:pharmacology; D001949:Bretylium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009129:Muscle Tonus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D011224:Prazosin / Q000494:pharmacology; D012756:Sheep; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013498:Suramin / Q000494:pharmacology; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D001949:Bretylium Compounds; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C111914:N(6)-methyl-2'-deoxyadenosine 3',5'-diphosphate; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D001030:Apamin; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D013498:Suramin; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; C045166:bretylium; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; D009638:Norepinephrine; D011224:Prazosin; D004837:Epinephrine