title: Treatment of focal degenerative cartilage defects with polymer-based autologous chondrocyte grafts: four-year clinical results.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation with scaffolds stabilizing the grafts is a clinically effective procedure for cartilage repair. In this ongoing prospective observational case report study, we evaluated the effectiveness of BioSeed-C, a cell-based cartilage graft based on autologous chondrocytes embedded in fibrin and a stable resorbable polymer scaffold, for the treatment of clinical symptomatic focal degenerative defects of the knee.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcome after 4-year clinical follow-up was assessed in 19 patients with preoperatively radiologically confirmed osteoarthritis and a Kellgren-Lawrence score of 2 or more. Clinical scoring was performed before implantation of the graft and 6, 12, and 48 months after implantation using the Lysholm score, the Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score. Cartilage regeneration and articular resurfacing were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) 4 years after implantation of the autologous cartilage graft.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvement (P < 0.05) of the Lysholm and ICRS scores was observed as early as 6 months after implantation of BioSeed-C and remained stable during follow-up. The IKDC score showed significant improvement compared with the preoperative situation at 12 and 48 months (P < 0.05). The KOOS showed significant improvement in the subclasses pain, activities of daily living, and knee-related quality of life 6 months as well as 1 and 4 years after implantation of BioSeed-C in osteoarthritic defects (P < 0.05). MRI analysis showed moderate to complete defect filling with a normal to incidentally hyperintense signal in 16 out of 19 patients treated with BioSeed-C. Two patients without improvement in the clinical and MRI scores received a total knee endoprosthesis after 4 years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the good clinical outcome achieved 1 year after implantation of BioSeed-C remains stable over the course of a period of 4 years and suggest that implanting BioSeed-C is a promising treatment option for the repair of focal degenerative defects of the knee.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Rechts der Isar of the Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany. kreuz@ortho.med.tum.de.
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kreuz
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ossendorf
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kaps
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erggelet
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000637:transplantation; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000637:transplantation*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000601:surgery*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014182:Transplantation, Autologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials