title: Influence of etched microgrooves of uniform dimension on in vitro responses of human gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of titanium (Ti) substrata with etched surface microgrooves on in vitro responses of human gingival fibroblasts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Commercially pure Ti discs with surface microgrooves 15, 30, and 60 microm in width were fabricated using photolithography. Microgrooves 15 microm in widths were designed to be 3.5 microm in depth, whereas microgrooves 30 and 60 microm in width varied between 5 and 10 microm in depth. The entire surface of the microgrooved Ti substrata was further acid etched and used as the five experimental groups in this study (E15/3.5, E30/5, E30/10, E60/5, and E60/10), whereas the smooth and acid-etched Ti discs were both used as the control (NE0 and E0). Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured on all groups of substrata on successive timelines. Fibroblast adhesion and morphology was analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cell adhesion and proliferation were analyzed and compared using crystal violet staining and sulforhodamine B protein staining assays, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In CLSM, the cells in E30/10 and E60/10 were observed to be able to readily descend into and form focal adhesions inside the microgrooves, whereas the cells in E15/3.5 were mostly found on the ridge tops. Cell adhesion was significantly increased in E60/10 compared with that in NE0 or E0 at 4-h incubation. Cell proliferation was significantly increased in E60/10 and E15/3.5 compared with NE0 or E0 after 72 and 96 h of culture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that Ti substrata with etched microgrooves 60 microm in width and 10 microm in depth significantly enhance human gingival fibroblast adhesion and proliferation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomaterials & Prosthodontics, Dental Hospital, Kyung Hee University, East-West Neo Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Suk-Won
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Su-Yeon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Myung-Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Keun-Woo
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Leesungbok
authors.forename: Namsik
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000502:physiology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D045662:Dental Etching; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D014025:Titanium