title: Plantago lanceolata and Plantago rugelii Extracts are Toxic to Meloidogyne incognita but not to Certain Microbes.
abstract: Extracts from the plants Plantago lanceolata and P. rugelii were evaluated for toxicity to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita, the beneficial microbes Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma virens, and the plant-pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, Phytophthora capsici, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Wild plants were collected, roots were excised from shoots, and the plant parts were dried and ground to a powder. One set of extracts (10% w/v) was prepared in water and another in methanol. Treatments included extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, and water controls. Meloidogyne incognita egg hatch was recorded after 7-day exposure to the treatments, and second-stage juvenile (J2) activity after 48 hours. All extracts were toxic to eggs and J2, with P. lanceolata shoot extract tending to have the most activity against M. incognita. Numbers of active J2 remained the same or decreased in a 24-hour water rinse following the 48-hour extract treatment, indicating that the extracts were lethal. When data from water- and methanol-extracted roots and shoots of both plant species were combined for analysis, J2 tended to be more sensitive than eggs to the toxic compounds at lower concentrations, while the higher concentrations (75% and 100%) were equally toxic to both life stages. The effective concentrations causing 50% reduction (EC(50)) in egg hatch and in J2 viability were 44.4% and 43.7%, respectively. No extract was toxic to any of the bacteria or fungi in our assays.
authors.affiliation: Nematology Laboratory, Bldg. 011A, Rm. 165B; Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory; Biometrical Consulting Service; Floral and Nursery Plants Research Unit, US National Arboretum, USDA, ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, BARC-West, Beltsville, MD
authors.forename: Susan L F
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Inga A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Zasada
authors.forename: Daniel P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Bryan T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Vinyard
authors.forename: Dilip K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Lakshman
authors.forename: Jae-Kook
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Chitwood
authors.forename: Lynn K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Carta