title: Hypertension and diabetes as predictors of early death after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previous investigators have suggested that a high mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and an elevated plasma glucose level at admission are associated with a poor outcome after hemorrhagic stroke. It remains unclear, however, whether hypertension and diabetes are responsible for this effect. High admission MABP and plasma glucose levels may also be markers of other factors such as stroke severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors retrospectively investigated the role of a high admission MABP and plasma glucose level together with other predictors of early death among 379 nonsurgical patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) who were admitted to the stroke unit of Oulu University Hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 3-month mortality rate was 28%. The patients who died within 3 months of ICH had significantly higher plasma glucose levels and MABPs at admission (p < 0.001). After adjustments for patient sex, age, size and location of hematoma, Glasgow Coma Scale score at admission, presence of intraventricular hemorrhage, history of cardiac disease, and previous use of warfarin, history of diabetes (relative risk 1.61, 95% CI 1.03-2.53, p < 0.05) and high MABP at admission (relative risk 1.01 per mm Hg, 95% CI 1.00-1.02, p < 0.05) remained independent predictors of death 3 months after ICH. A high admission plasma glucose level and history of hypertension were not independent predictors of death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high MABP at admission was found to be an independent predictor of early death in patients with ICH. History of hypertension was not responsible for the effect. Admission hyperglycemia appeared to be a stress response to the severity of the bleeding, whereas diabetes predicted early death.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Neurosurgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. sami.tetri@ppshp.fi
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tetri
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Juvela
authors.forename: Pertti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Saloheimo
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pyhtinen
authors.forename: Matti
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hillbom
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000401:mortality*; D048909:Diabetes Complications; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000150:complications*; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose