title: Proscriptive versus prescriptive morality: two faces of moral regulation.
abstract: A distinction is made between two forms of morality on the basis of approach-avoidance differences in self-regulation. Prescriptive morality is sensitive to positive outcomes, activation-based, and focused on what we should do. Proscriptive morality is sensitive to negative outcomes, inhibition-based, and focused on what we should not do. Seven studies profile these two faces of morality, support their distinct motivational underpinnings, and provide evidence of moral asymmetry. Both are well-represented in individuals' moral repertoire and equivalent in terms of moral weight, but proscriptive morality is condemnatory and strict, whereas prescriptive morality is commendatory and not strict. More specifically, in these studies proscriptive morality was perceived as concrete, mandatory, and duty-based, whereas prescriptive morality was perceived as more abstract, discretionary, and based in duty or desire; proscriptive immorality resulted in greater blame, whereas prescriptive morality resulted in greater moral credit. Implications for broader social regulation, including cross-cultural differences and political orientation, are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA,USA. janbul@psych.umass.edu
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janoff-Bulman
authors.forename: Sana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheikh
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hepp
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003463:Cues; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007600:Judgment / Q000502:physiology; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D028681:Moral Obligations; D009014:Morals; D009042:Motivation; D010465:Perception / Q000502:physiology; D011057:Politics; D012201:Reward; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires