title: Bupivacaine administration and postoperative pain following anterior iliac crest bone graft for alveolar cleft repair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether placement of a bupivacaine-soaked absorbable sponge (BAS) in addition to bupivacaine infiltration at the anterior iliac crest (AIC) donor site alters postoperative pain for children undergoing alveolar bone grafting (ABG) for cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL+/-P). The comparison group received only bupivacaine infiltration (NO BAS) at the AIC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort. Medical records were abstracted by one investigator, blinded to BAS versus NO BAS use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with CL+/-P who underwent ABG between 2000 and 2006 at one large U.S. craniofacial center.
  
  
  METHODS
  BAS was used in 118 procedures and NO BAS in 89.
  
  
  METHODS
  Postoperative pain score, total and opioid pain medication requirement, length of hospital stay (LOS), and time to initial ambulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred eighty-two patients underwent 207 ABG procedures. Mean pain scores were significantly lower when BAS was used compared with NO BAS (1.3 versus 1.8; p = .01). Patients who received BAS required significantly less pain medication than NO BAS patients: opioids (0.14 versus 0.20 mg/kg; p = .01) and total (0.60 versus 0.71 mg/kg; p = .02). Relative to the NO BAS group, those who received BAS had a shorter LOS (30.9 versus 42.4 hours; p < .0001) and less time to initial ambulation following surgery (14.4 versus 20.6 hours; p < .0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Use of BAS at the AIC donor site significantly reduced postoperative pain score, pain medication requirement, LOS, and time to ambulation relative to children who did not receive BAS following ABG.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Jason E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Dashow
authors.forename: Charlotte W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hopper
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Gruss
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Egbert
mesh_terms: D000543:Alveoloplasty / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016025:Bone Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002648:Child; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000601:surgery*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005781:Gelatin Sponge, Absorbable / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007085:Ilium / Q000601:surgery; D007267:Injections; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D013997:Time Factors; D020858:Tissue and Organ Harvesting / Q000379:methods*; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009294:Narcotics; D002045:Bupivacaine