title: Influence of ion-pairing and chemical enhancers on the transdermal delivery of meloxicam.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the influence of ion pairing and chemical enhancers on the transdermal delivery of meloxicam.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the increased permeation of meloxicam produced by ion pair formation with six organic bases, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, and N-(2'-hydroxyethanol)-piperidine, and four normal permeation enhancers, oleic acid, menthol, azone, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The cumulative permeation was markedly increased in the presence of either a counter ion or chemical enhancers. In particular, we proved the formation of a meloxicam/amine ion-pair in solution by (13)C-NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cumulative permeation was markedly increased in the presence of either a counter ion or chemical enhancers. These results suggest that the degree of enhancement possibly depends on the structure and hydrophilicity of the counter ions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University and Shenyang, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Zhe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tan
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Zhong-Gui
authors.initials: ZG
authors.lastname: He
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D000077239:Meloxicam; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013843:Thiazines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005079:Excipients; D013843:Thiazines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000077239:Meloxicam