title: Effect of oblique X-ray incidence in flat-panel computed tomography of the breast.
abstract: We quantify the variation in resolution due to anisotropy caused by oblique X-ray incidence in indirect flat-panel detectors for computed tomography breast imaging systems. We consider a geometry and detector type utilized in breast computed tomography (CT) systems currently being developed. Our methods rely on mantis, a combined X-ray, electron, and optical Monte Carlo transport open source code. The physics models are the most accurate available in general-purpose Monte Carlo packages in the diagnostic energy range. We consider maximum-obliquity angles of 10 ( degrees ) and 13 ( degrees ) at the centers of the 30 and 40 cm detector edges, respectively, and 16 ( degrees ) at the corner of the detector. Our results indicate that blur is asymmetric and that the resolution properties vary significantly with the angle (or location) of incidence. Our results suggest that the asymmetry can be as high as a factor of 2.6 between orthogonal directions. Anisotropy maps predicted by mantis provide an understanding of the effect that such variations have on the imaging system and allow more accurate modeling and optimization of breast CT systems. These maps of anisotropy across the detector could lead to improved reconstruction and help motivate physics-based strategies for computer detection of breast lesions.
authors.affiliation: NIBIB/CDRH Laboratory for the Assessment of Medical Imaging Systems, Division of Imaging and Applied Mathematics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993 USA. aldo.badano@fda.hhs.gov
authors.forename: Aldo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Badano
authors.forename: Iacovos S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Kyprianou
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Freed
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Jennings
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sempau
mesh_terms: D016880:Anisotropy; D002586:Cesium; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007454:Iodides; D008327:Mammography / Q000379:methods*; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D016011:Normal Distribution; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D007454:Iodides; D002586:Cesium; C040050:cesium iodide