title: Assessment of levels of organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites in the hair of a Greek rural human population.
abstract: We present the assessment of chronic exposure of the rural population of Helia Peloponnesus, Greece to banned organochlorine pesticides, hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT), using hair analysis. A total of 222 head hair samples were collected and analyzed for the presence of those organochlorine pesticides and their metabolites or isomers. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to measure the levels of the pollutants. The median concentrations of alpha-HCH, hexachlorobenzene, lindane, ortho para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (opDDE), para para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (ppDDE), ortho para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (opDDD), para para 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethane (ppDDD) + ortho para 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane, and para para 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-ethane were determined at 40.4, 19.7, 124.2, 6.2, 7.8, 73.1, 8.0, and 5.7 pg/mg. The median concentration of total HCHs and DDTs were 117.8 pg/mg and 9.4 pg/mg, respectively. The levels of total HCHs were much higher than the levels of DDTs in the hair samples of the studied population. This may be attributed to the presence of lindane, a pesticide officially banned in 2002. It is interesting to see that DDTs are still traced in samples despite their use being banned for more than three decades. There was no difference in the levels of the detected pesticides in hair sampled from men or women. The concentration of HCHs remains high and relatively stable across the age groups, suggesting constant exposure until very recently. The concentration of the total DDTs and the parent compound, pp-DDT presents a statistically significant decreasing trend across the age groups.
authors.affiliation: Division of Morphology, Medical School, University of Crete, Voutes, Heraklion, 71003, Crete, Greece. aris@med.uoc.gr
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tsatsakis
authors.forename: M N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Tzatzarakis
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tutudaki
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Babatsikou
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Alegakis
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Koutis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001711:Biotransformation; D003634:DDT / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006115:Greece; D006197:Hair / Q000737:chemistry*; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D012423:Rural Health
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides; D001556:Hexachlorocyclohexane; D003634:DDT