title: Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is a new and sensitive marker of kidney function in chronic kidney disease patients and renal allograft recipients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Few biomarkers exist to monitor chronic kidney disease (CKD). Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a member of lipocalin family, has recently been proven useful to quantitate CKD. The aim of the study was to assess whether NGAL could represent a novel, sensitive marker of kidney function in adult patients with CKD and in kidney transplant recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied possible relations between serum NGAL, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in 80 nondiabetic patients with CKD stages 2 to 4; 80 nondiabetic kidney transplant recipients on a calcineurin inhibitor mycophenolate mofetil, or azathioprine as well as prednisone and in healthy volunteers (n = 32, mean age 50 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum NGAL and creatinine values were significantly higher and eGFR significantly lower in kidney allograft recipients and patients with CKD compared with controls. NGAL rose gradually, reaching the higher value in stage 4 CKD. In univariate analysis serum NGAL was related to serum creatinine, hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocyte count, and eGFR. Predictors of serum NGAL were creatinine and eGFR among patients with CKD. On univariate analysis serum NGAL was related to serum creatinine, urea, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cell count, calcineurin concentration, eGFR, and albumin in kidney transplant recipients. On multiple regression analysis, predictors of NGAL were creatinine, calcineurin concentration, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. In healthy volunteers, serum NGAL correlated with age, serum creatinine, eGFR, and leukocyte count.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NGAL should be investigated as a potential early, sensitive marker of kidney impairment/injury, which might provide an additional accurate measure of kidney impairment in CKD and among transplant recipients, particularly at advanced stages.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Transplantology, Medical University, Bialystok, Poland. jolmal@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malyszko
authors.forename: J S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Malyszko
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bachorzewska-Gajewska
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Poniatowski
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dobrzycki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mysliwiec
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology; D007677:Kidney Function Tests; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D014508:Urea / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D014508:Urea; D003404:Creatinine