title: Towards the development of an effective technology transfer model of wheelchairs to developing countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  And estimated 20-100 million wheelchairs are needed in developing countries. Efforts to provide wheelchairs either through donations or by starting small-scale workshops have been made for decades, but estimates suggest that less than 1 million wheelchairs have been provided. We undertook this study to better understand why these efforts have not met the need, and to investigate if other technology transfer models may be successful for wheelchair provision.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review, discussed our own experiences with wheelchair technology transfer, and used our expertise to develop a model for wheelchair technology transfer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Previous efforts have not met the need because: (1) donated wheelchairs were typically inappropriate for the user, and (2) small-scale workshops are not easily scalable for the large-scale production needed. Three additional technology transfer models exist-manufacturing, globalization, and multi-modal-that have not been widely demonstrated or discussed in the literature. Our experience with the manufacturing model suggests that it could potentially provide the large volumes of appropriate wheelchairs needed in certain regions. Lastly, we present a framework comparing the important characteristics of each model: required input, sustainability, appropriateness, and the potential impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While most efforts to provide wheelchairs to developing countries are helpful, we show that expansion of the manufacturing and globalization model to provide wheelchairs may be necessary if the supply will meet the demand.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Science & Technology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearlman
authors.forename: Rory A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Emily
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zipfel
authors.forename: Rosemarie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCartney
mesh_terms: D003906:Developing Countries; D004867:Equipment Design; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D018581:Technology Transfer; D014910:Wheelchairs