title: Impaired immune function in Gulf War Illness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gulf War Illness (GWI) remains a serious health consequence for at least 11,000 veterans of the first Gulf War in the early 1990s. Our understanding of the health consequences that resulted remains inadequate, and this is of great concern with another deployment to the same theater of operations occurring now. Chronic immune cell dysfunction and activation have been demonstrated in patients with GWI, although the literature is not uniform. We exposed GWI patients and matched controls to an exercise challenge to explore differences in immune cell function measured by classic immune assays and gene expression profiling.
  
  
  METHODS
  This pilot study enrolled 9 GWI cases identified from the Department of Veterans Affairs GWI registry, and 11 sedentary control veterans who had not been deployed to the Persian Gulf and were matched to cases by sex, body mass index (BMI) and age. We measured peripheral blood cell numbers, NK cytotoxicity, cytokines and expression levels of 20,000 genes immediately before, immediately after and 4 hours following a standard bicycle ergometer exercise challenge.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences for three NK cell subsets and NK cytotoxicity between cases and controls (p < 0.05). Linear regression analysis correlating NK cell numbers to the gene expression profiles showed high correlation of genes associated with NK cell function, serving as a biologic validation of both the in vitro assays and the microarray platform. Intracellular perforin levels in NK and CD8 T-cells trended lower and showed a flatter profile in GWI cases than controls, as did the expression levels of the perforin gene PRF1. Genes distinguishing cases from controls were associated with the glucocorticoid signaling pathway.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GWI patients demonstrated impaired immune function as demonstrated by decreased NK cytotoxicity and altered gene expression associated with NK cell function. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, T-cell ratios, and dysregulated mediators of the stress response (including salivary cortisol) were also altered in GWI cases compared to control subjects. An interesting and potentially important observation was that the exercise challenge augments these differences, with the most significant effects observed immediately after the stressor, possibly implicating some block in the NK and CD8 T-cells ability to respond to "stress-mediated activation". This has positive implications for the development of laboratory diagnostic tests for this syndrome and provides a paradigm for exploration of the immuno-physiological mechanisms that are operating in GWI, and similar complex syndromes. Our results do not necessarily elucidate the cause of GWI, but they do reveal a role for immune cell dysfunction in sustaining illness.
authors.affiliation: Chronic Viral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. taw6@cdc.gov
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Whistler
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fletcher
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Lonergan
authors.forename: Xiao-R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Jin-Mann
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laperriere
authors.forename: Suzanne D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Vernon
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Klimas