title: Estimated effect of epoetin dosage on survival among elderly hemodialysis patients in the United States.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The common finding that low achieved hemoglobin in observational studies and high target hemoglobin in randomized trials each were associated with increased mortality and high epoetin dosage has suggested the possibility that high epoetin dosage might explain the increased mortality risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We considered data from 18,454 patients who were >or=65 yr, were in the US Renal Data System, started hemodialysis in 2003, and survived 3 mo on dialysis. We estimated the association between cumulative average epoetin dosage and survival through the subsequent 9 mo by using inverse probability weighting to adjust for time-dependent confounding by indication.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Survival was similar throughout the entire follow-up period for the three hypothetical treatment regimens selected: Low dosage 15,000 U/wk, medium dosage 30,000 U/wk, and high dosage 45,000 U/wk. Compared with a cumulative average dosage of 20,000 to 30,000 U/wk, the estimated hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence interval [CI]) was 0.90 (0.52 to 1.54) for <10,000, 0.84 (0.67 to 1.05) for 10,000 to <20,000 U/wk, 0.96 (0.76 to 1.21) for 20,000 to <40,000 U/wk, and 0.91 (0.67 to 1.22) for >40,000 U/wk. In contrast, conventional unweighted models, which do not adequately adjust for time-dependent confounding by indication, indicated an association between high cumulative average epoetin dosage and increased mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that, on average, epoetin dosages >30,000 U/wk do not confer additional harm or benefit in elderly hemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical Technology and Practice Patterns Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mae
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thamer
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hernán
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D018798:Anemia, Iron-Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000401:mortality*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006397:Hematinics; D006454:Hemoglobins; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa