title: Mood is associated with snoring in preschool-aged children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study emotional and behavioral problems and sleep and cognitive performance in snoring and nonsnoring 3- to 6-year-old children.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of an epidemiological study of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) in preschool-aged children, 43 snorers and 46 nonsnorers participated in a clinical study. Their parents completed the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). The children were assessed with Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Revised and subtests of the Developmental Neuropsychological Assessment (NEPSY-A) representing aspects of attention, language skills, sensorimotor functions, memory, and learning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On the CBCL snoring children had significantly more parent reported internalizing symptoms (p < .05) than the nonsnoring children, especially symptoms of anxious/depressed mood (p < .01) and emotional reactivity (p < .05). More children from the snoring group than from the nonsnoring group (22 vs 11%) scored in the subclinical or clinical range on the internalizing scale. Interestingly, no significant difference between the groups was found in the amount of externalizing symptoms. The amount of sleep problems other than snoring was higher in the snoring than in the nonsnoring group (p < .01). On tests measuring auditory attention (p < .01) and language skills (verbal IQ, p < .05), the snoring group performed worse than the nonsnoring group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results support the view that SDB should be considered a possible risk factor for mood disorder symptoms and impaired cognitive performance in children.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Neuroscience Unit of the Helsinki Brain Research Center, Helsinki, Finland. eeva.aronen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Eeva T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Aronen
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Liukkonen
authors.forename: Petteri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simola
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Virkkula
authors.forename: Anu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Uschakoff
authors.forename: Marit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korkman
authors.forename: Turkka
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirjavainen
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pitkäranta
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001007:Anxiety; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000150:complications; D003863:Depression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000150:complications; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000150:complications; D012913:Snoring / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires