title: Noninvasive imaging of the functional effects of anti-VEGF therapy on tumor cell extravasation and regional blood volume in an experimental brain metastasis model.
abstract: Brain metastasis has become an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality in cancer patients as the treatment of systemic disease has improved. Brain metastases frequently are highly vascularized, a process driven primarily by VEGF. VEGF mediates numerous changes within the vasculature including endothelial cell retraction and increased permeability, vasodilation, and new vessel formation. Here we describe a xenograft brain metastasis model that mimics the critical steps of metastasis including tumor cell dissemination and vascular adhesion, tumor growth and tumor associated angiogenesis. Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used to evaluate two aspects of the functional response of brain metastasis to the anti-VEGF receptor therapeutic, AZD2171 (Cediranib, RECENTIN). MR tracking of individual cells demonstrated that cediranib did not impede tumor cell extravasation into the brain parenchyma despite evidence that anti-VEGF treatment decreases the permeability of the blood brain barrier. In a second assay, blood volume imaging using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide revealed that treatment of well-developed brain metastasis with cediranib for 7 days led to a heterogeneous response with respect to individual tumors. Overall, there was a significant average decrease in the tumor vascular bed volume. The majority of large tumors demonstrated substantially reduced central blood volumes relative to normal brain while retaining a rim of elevated blood volume at the tumor brain interface. Small tumors or occasional large tumors displayed a static response. Models and assays such as those described here will be important for designing mechanism-based approaches to the use of anti-angiogenesis therapies for the treatment of brain metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Cell and Cancer Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, CCR/NCI, NIH, 37 Convent Drive, Room 1068, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: JuanYin
authors.forename: Kirsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Luhua
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jeeva
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Munasinghe
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koretsky
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000556:secondary; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005290:Ferric Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000628:therapy; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D007211:Indoles
chemical_list: D005290:Ferric Compounds; D011799:Quinazolines; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C000499:ferric oxide; C500926:cediranib; D007211:Indoles