title: Satiety drinking tests: effects of caloric content, drinking rate, gender, age, and body mass index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the maximum tolerated volumes (MTVs) of drinking water and a nutrient liquid at different rates of drinking and to assess the best drinking test correlating with the symptom scores.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy volunteers were requested to drink water at a rate of 10 ml/min or a nutrient liquid drink at 100 and 20 ml/min on three separate occasions. Symptoms of bloating, nausea, and abdominal pain were assessed 30 min after the cessation of drinking using visual analogue scales.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MTV of water was 1595 +/- 405 in males and 1327 +/- 308 in females (p<0.05). In rapid nutrient drinking, the MTV was 945 +/- 376 ml in males, whereas females tolerated 760 +/- 174 ml (p<0.05). In slow nutrient drinking, the MTV was 692 +/- 184 ml in males and 594 +/- 131 ml in females (p=0.051). Multiple regression analysis showed no influence of body mass index (BMI), age, or gender in slow nutrient drinking. However, drinking capacity was significantly influenced by gender, age, and BMI in rapid water drinking and by gender in rapid nutrient drinking. When the tolerated volumes for satiety drinking tests were compared, only males showed some significant positive correlations. Symptom scores were higher after slow nutrient drinking compared to the other two drinking tests.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rate of drinking and the caloric content affect the MTVs in satiety drinking tests. Slow nutrient drinking appears to be the best choice among the different satiety drink tests, as MTV in this test was not influenced by BMI or age and was associated with higher symptom scores.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan. shahab.abid@aku.edu
authors.forename: Shahab
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abid
authors.forename: Muhammad Kashif
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Anis
authors.forename: Zahid
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Azam
authors.forename: Wasim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jafri
authors.forename: Greger
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine; D004326:Drinking / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000502:physiology*; D005772:Gastrointestinal Transit / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D020714:Maximum Tolerated Dose; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D019518:Postprandial Period; D012016:Reference Values; D012527:Satiation; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult