title: The psychosocial context of pregnancy smoking and quitting in the Millennium Cohort Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although pregnancy is a time when women have increased motivation to quit smoking, approximately half of female smokers persist in smoking throughout their pregnancies. Persistent pregnancy smokers are known to be more nicotine dependent and to have greater sociodemographic disadvantage. Less is known about the psychosocial context of persistent pregnancy smokers and factors that distinguish them from pregnancy quitters.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted within the UK Millennium Cohort Study. Participants were 18 225 women, including 13.3% quitters, 12% light smokers and 8% heavy smokers. Data were collected when the infants were 9 months old. Maternal psychosocial problems were assessed in three domains: interpersonal, adaptive functioning and health-related behaviours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In general, psychosocial problems in all domains increased across the pregnancy smoking continuum (non-smoker, quitter, light smoker, heavy smoker). All three psychosocial domains added incremental utility to prediction of pregnancy smoking status, after adjustment for sociodemographic risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Problems in multiple psychosocial domains systematically distinguish women along a pregnancy smoking gradient, with heavy smokers having the most problematic psychosocial context. This subgroup of pregnant smokers is unlikely to be able to benefit from usual-care antenatal cessation interventions, which rely on women's capacity for self-initiation, self-control and social resources. Consideration should be given to tiered interventions that provide more intensive and targeted interventions to pregnant women unable to quit with usual care.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK. kp6@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Pickett
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Wilkinson
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Wakschlag
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005195:Family Relations; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D011247:Pregnancy; D037841:Pregnant People / Q000523:psychology*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology