title: Are we adequately managing children with wheeze using the standard case management guidelines?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevalence of wheezing is increasing, bronchodilators are sub-optimally utilized and antibiotics are over-prescribed. In Thailand, current case management guidelines based on WHO guidelines, recommend two doses of rapid-acting bronchodilator for children with audible wheeze and fast breathing (FB) and/or lower chest indrawing (LCI).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To document the response of children with wheeze with FB and/or LCI to up to three doses of bronchodilator therapy and followed children whose FB and LCI disappeared for 7 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  We documented response to up to three dose of inhaled salbutamol in consecutively assessed eligible children 1-59 months of age presenting with auscultatory/audible wheeze and FB [WHO defined non-severe pneumonia (NSP)] and/or LCI [WHO defined severe pneumonia (SP)] at the outpatient department of a referral hospital. Data were collected for up to 7 days in responders to bronchodilator therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 534 children were screened from November 2001 to February 2003, 263 (49.3%) had wheeze and NSP and 271 (50.7%) had wheeze and SP Forty-eight children (9%) had audible wheeze. At screening, 224/263 (85.2%) children in the NSP group and 195/271 (72.0%) in the SP group responded to inhaled salbutamol. 86/419 (20.5%) responded to the third dose of bronchodilator Four hundred and nineteen responders were enrolled and followed up. On follow-up, 14/217 (6.5%) responders among the NSP group and 24/190 (12.6%) among the SP group showed deterioration. Age 1-11 months at screening was identified as an independent predictor of subsequent deterioration. Two seasonal peaks from December to March and from August to October were documented.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A third dose of bronchodilator therapy at screening will improve the specificity of case management guidelines and reduce antibiotic use. Physicians should use auscultation for management of wheeze.
authors.affiliation: Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Department of Medical Services, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand. sorasakl@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sorasak
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lochindarat
authors.forename: Shamim A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Qazi
authors.forename: Thanyanat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bunnag
authors.forename: Yasir Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Nisar
authors.forename: Pravit
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jatanachai
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001314:Auscultation; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010372:Pediatrics; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic / Q000592:standards*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012135:Respiratory Sounds / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013785:Thailand; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D000420:Albuterol