title: Naloxone combined with epinephrine decreases cerebral injury in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiopulmonary arrest is a serious disease that claims many lives every day; 30% of the patients suffer irreversible central nervous system injury after restoration of systemic circulation (ROSC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Naloxone combined with epinephrine was tested in a cardiac arrest rat model in which asphyxia was induced to determine if this drug combination could increase the resuscitation rate (survival) and decrease the cerebral damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: the group treated with 1 mL saline (SA group; n = 8), the group treated with only epinephrine 5 microg/100 g (EP group; n = 8), or the group treated with epinephrine 5 microg/100 g combined with naloxone 1 mg/kg (NA group; n = 8). Eight minutes after arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation was initiated and the different drugs were administered to the rats in their respective groups at the same time. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and neurodeficit score (NDS) were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HR in the NA group (414 +/- 45 beats/min) was faster than in the EP group (343 +/- 29 beats/min) at the 5-min time point (P < 0.01). The HR in the NA group was 392 +/- 44 beats/min and 416 +/- 19 beats/min at the 60-min and 180-min time points, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences in MAP before or after ROSC. The rates of ROSC were 2 of 8, 6 of 8, and 7 of 8 animals in the SA group, EP group, and NA group, respectively. Three days later, the rates decreased to 1, 3, and 5 in the SA group, EP group, and NA group, respectively. The average resuscitation time in the NA group was significantly shorter than in the other two groups. The NDS in the NA group was 57 +/- 13, higher than in the EP group (45 +/- 13) and SA group (38).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Naloxone combined with epinephrine significantly increased the resuscitation rate in a rat model. Furthermore, the combination of naloxone and epinephrine increased the NDS after cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Linlin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Lingxin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Meng
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001237:Asphyxia / Q000188:drug therapy; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006339:Heart Rate; D008297:Male; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009270:Naloxone; D004837:Epinephrine