title: Homocysteine levels in chronic gastritis and other conditions: relations to incident cardiovascular disease and dementia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Homocysteine levels in circulation are determined by several factors and hyperhomocysteinemia is reportedly associated with cardiovascular diseases and dementia. The aim of this study is to determine the relation of chronic gastritis and other conditions to homocysteine levels and their relation to incident cardiovascular diseases and dementia.
  
  
  METHODS
  An adult population-based cohort (N = 488) was screened for H. pylori infection, gastro-duodenitis (endoscopic biopsies), disease history, and lifestyle factors. Blood samples were analyzed for pepsinogen I and II (gastric function), vitamin B12, folate, homocysteine, and cystatin C (renal function). The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T polymorphism reportedly associated with hyperhomocysteinemia was analyzed by pyrosequencing. Incident cardiovascular diseases and dementia were monitored during a median follow-up interval of 10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline, there was a positive relation of S-homocysteine to male gender, age, S-cystatin C, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677TT genotype and atrophic gastritis. During follow-up, cardiovascular diseases occurred in 101/438 and dementia in 25/488 participants, respectively. Logistic regression analysis (adjusting for gender, age at baseline, follow-up interval, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, NSAID use, P-cholesterol, and P-triglycerides) showed an association of S-homocysteine higher than 14.5 mumol/l to cardiovascular diseases (OR 2.05 [95% c.i. 1.14-3.70]), but not to dementia overall.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender, age, vitamin B12, folate, renal function, atrophic gastritis and the methylenetetrahydrofolate 677TT genotype were significant determinants of homocysteine levels, which were positively related to incident cardiovascular diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Linköping 581 85, Sweden.
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Redéen
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ryberg
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petersson
authors.forename: Olle
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nägga
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Borch
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003704:Dementia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005756:Gastritis / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D006710:Homocysteine