title: Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in food handler-associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Japan.
abstract: Twelve outbreaks of food handler-associated gastroenteritis between November 2002 and March 2006 in Japan were examined for norovirus (NoV) using RT-PCR and sequence analysis. NoV was detected in 77 of 81 customers and 45 of 104 food handlers. Identical NoV sequences were detected in patients and food handlers in each outbreak.
authors.affiliation: Kagoshima Prefectural Institute for Environmental Research and Public Health, Kagoshima, Japan. shinkawa-naomi@pref.kagoshima.lg.jp
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shinkawa
authors.forename: Mamoru
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noda
authors.forename: Shima
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yoshizumi
authors.forename: Yumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tokutake
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shiraishi
authors.forename: Tomoko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arita-Nishida
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Nishio
authors.forename: Tomoichiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Grant S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Hansman
authors.forename: Naokazu
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kimura
mesh_terms: D017250:Caliciviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005243:Feces / Q000821:virology; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005511:Food Handling; D005759:Gastroenteritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D029322:Norovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000502:physiology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction