title: Further efforts needed to achieve measles elimination in Germany: results of an outbreak investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine morbidity and costs related to a large measles outbreak in Germany and to identify ways to improve the country's national measles elimination strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated a large outbreak of measles in the federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) that occurred in 2006 after 2 years of low measles incidence (< 1 case per 100,000). WHO's clinical case definition was used, and surveillance data from 2006 and 2001 were compared. All cases notified in Duisburg, the most severely affected city, were contacted and interviewed or sent a questionnaire. Health-care provider costs were calculated using information on complications, hospitalization and physician consultations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In NRW, 1749 cases were notified over a 48-week period. Compared with 2001, the distribution of cases shifted to older age groups (especially the 10-14 year group). Most cases (n = 614) occurred in Duisburg. Of these, 81% were interviewed; 15% were hospitalized and two died. Of the 464 for whom information was available, 80% were reported as unvaccinated. Common reasons for non-vaccination were parents either forgetting (36%) or rejecting (28%) vaccination. The average cost per measles case was estimated at 373 euros.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An accumulation of non-immune individuals led to this outbreak. The shift in age distribution has implications for the effectiveness of measles control and the elimination strategy in place. Immediate nationwide school-based catch-up vaccination campaigns targeting older age groups are needed to close critical immunity gaps. Otherwise, the elimination of measles in Germany and thus in Europe by 2010 will not be feasible.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. owichmann@pdvi.org
authors.forename: Ole
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Siedler
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sagebiel
authors.forename: Wiebke
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hellenbrand
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Santibanez
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mankertz
authors.forename: Georg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vogt
authors.forename: Ulrich van
authors.initials: Uv
authors.lastname: Treeck
authors.forename: Gérard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Krause
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006285:Health Planning; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008457:Measles / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008458:Measles Vaccine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D008458:Measles Vaccine