title: Brachytherapy and local excision for sphincter preservation in T1 and T2 rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report long-term results of brachytherapy after local excision (LE) in the treatment of T1 and T2 rectal cancer at risk of recurrence due to residual subclinical disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1989 and 2007, 32 patients undergoing LE and brachytherapy were followed prospectively for a mean of 6.2 years. Estimates of local recurrence (LR), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS) were generated. Treatment-related toxicity and the effect of known prognostic factors were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 8 LR (3 T1, 5 T2), of which 5 were salvaged surgically. Median time to the 8 LR was 14 months, and the 5-year rate of local control was 76%. Although there have been 9 deaths to date, only 5 were from disease. Five-year DSS and OS rates were 85% and 78%, respectively. There were 4 cases of Grade 2-3 radionecrosis and 1 case of mild stool incontinence. The sphincter was preserved in 27 of 32 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local excision and adjuvant brachytherapy for T1 and T2 rectal cancer is an appealing treatment alternative to immediate radical resection, particularly in the frail and elderly who are unable to undergo major surgery, as well as for patients wanting to avoid a permanent colostomy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Radiation Oncology, The Ottawa Hospital, The University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. lgrimard@ottawahospital.on.ca
authors.forename: Laval
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grimard
authors.forename: Hartley
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Johanna N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Spaans
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001003:Anal Canal; D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000517:prevention & control; D018365:Neoplasm, Residual; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D016879:Salvage Therapy