title: Localization of age-related macular degeneration-associated ARMS2 in cytosol, not mitochondria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the relationship between ARMS2 and HTRA1 in the association with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in an independent case-control dataset and to investigate the subcellular localization of the ARMS2 protein in an in vitro system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two SNPs in ARMS2 and HTRA1 were genotyped in 685 cases and 269 controls by a genotyping assay. Allelic association was tested by a chi(2) test. A likelihood ratio test (LRT) of full versus reduced models was used to analyze the interaction between ARMS2 and smoking and HTRA1 and smoking, after adjustment for CFH and age. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot were applied to localize ARMS2 in retinal epithelial ARPE-19 cells and COS7 cell transfected by ARMS2 constructs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both significantly associated SNP rs10490924 and rs11200638 (P < 0.0001) are in strong linkage disequilibrium (LD; D' = 0.97, r(2) = 0.93) that generates virtually identical association test and odds ratios. In separate logistic regression models, the interaction effect for both smoking with ARMS2 and with HTRA1 was not statistically significant. Immunofluorescence and immunoblot show that both endogenous and exogenous ARMS2 are mainly distributed in the cytosol, not the mitochondria. Compared with the wild-type, ARMS2 A69S is more likely to be associated with the cytoskeleton in COS7 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The significant associations in ARMS2 and HTRA1 are with polymorphisms in strong LD that confer virtually identical risks, preventing differentiation at the statistical level. ARMS2 was mainly distributed in the cytosol, not in the mitochondrial outer membrane as previously reported, suggesting that ARMS2 may not confer risk to AMD through the mitochondrial pathway.
authors.affiliation: Miami Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA. gwang@med.miami.edu
authors.forename: Gaofeng
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kylee L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Court
authors.forename: Lana M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Jonathan L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Haines
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pericak-Vance
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019556:COS Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003600:Cytosol / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D005838:Genotype; D000074289:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D010957:Plasmids; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011817:Rabbits; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000378:metabolism*; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C514392:ARMS2 protein, human; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011506:Proteins; D000074289:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 1; C474012:HTRA1 protein, human; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases