title: Embryo toxicity of pesticides and heavy metals to the ramshorn snail, Marisa cornuarietis (Prosobranchia).
abstract: An invertebrate embryo toxicity test with the ampullariid snail, Marisacornuarietis, to assess the toxicity of pesticides and heavy metals recently was established. Snail embryos were treated with atrazine (100, 1000, 10000, and 30000 microg/L), imidacloprid (10000, 25000, and 50000 microg/L), Ni(2+) (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 microg/L) or Zn(2+) (100, 200, 500, 1000, 2000, and 5000 microg/L). The effect of these substances was examined by monitoring the following endpoints: mortality, formation of tentacles and eyes, heart rate, hatching, and weight after hatching. Effects in term of a significant delay on the formation of both tentacles and eyes were found after treatment with 100 microg/L Ni(2+) or 200 microg/L Zn(2+). The heart rate was shown to significantly decrease at 25000 microg/L imidacloprid or 1000 microg/L Zn(2+). At 100 microg/L atrazine, 10 microg/L Ni(2+), or 1000 microg/L Zn(2+) a significant delay in hatching became visible. No significant mortality was observed for the tested concentrations of atrazine, imidacloprid, or Ni(2+), while 5000 microg/L Zn(2+) resulted in 100% mortality after 10d. The weight of freshly hatched individuals remained unaffected in all treatments. On the basis of the lowest observed effect concentrations (LOECs) recorded, we could show the M.cornuarietis embryo toxicity test (MariETT) to react up to three orders of magnitude more sensitive (for metals) and at least one order of magnitude more sensitive (for the tested organics) than the established Danio rerio embryo test.
authors.affiliation: Animal Physiological Ecology, University of Tübingen, Konrad-Adenauer-Strasse 20, D-72072 Tübingen, Germany. banthitas@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Banthita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sawasdee
authors.forename: Heinz-R
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Köhler
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000196:embryology / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity*; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000633:toxicity*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009532:Nickel / Q000633:toxicity; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000633:toxicity*; D018675:Toxicity Tests; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D015032:Zinc / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C082359:imidacloprid; D009532:Nickel; D015032:Zinc; D001280:Atrazine