title: Multimodality Treatment With Helical Tomotherapy Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy, Capecitabine, and Photodynamic Therapy is Feasible and Well Tolerated in Patients With Hilar Cholangiocarcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unresectable cholangiocarcinoma is an intractable disease marked by recurrent bouts of biliary obstruction and infection. Traditional treatment methods provide only symptomatic relief and no proven survival advantage. We assessed the tolerability of helical tomotherapy intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with concurrent capecitabine and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with unresectable hilar cholangiocarcinoma were treated with helical tomotherapy IMRT. An accelerated dose of 50 Gy in 20 fractions (2.5 Gy/fraction) was used. Planning target volume (PTV) consisted of a 1.5 cm radial expansion and a 2 cm craniocaudal expansion of the magnetic resonance imaging and/or contrast enhanced computed tomography-defined gross target volume. PTV ranged from 123 cc to 693 cc (mean 349 cc). Concurrent chronomodulated capecitabine was administered on days of irradiation. Six patients received PDT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients developed side effects, including grade 2 nausea, and 9 of 10 experienced mild fatigue. Patients lost 3% of their body weight on average. Three patients required brief hospital admission and stent revision for cholangitis during chemoradiotherapy. Capecitabine was discontinued in one patient and decreased in dose for another due to increasing liver enzymes. Median overall survival was 13 months, and median disease-free survival was 10 to 11 months. One patient underwent successful cadaveric liver transplant after chemoradiotherapy and remains disease free 2 years later.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with helical tomotherapy IMRT and capecitabine in conjunction with PDT is well tolerated in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia Health System Charlottesville, VA.
authors.forename: Joseph M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Baisden
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
authors.forename: Geoffrey R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Hilary
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sanfey
authors.forename: Christopher A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Moskaluk
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yeaton
authors.forename: Eduard E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: de Lange
authors.forename: Tyvin A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Rich