title: Erythropoietin inhibits the increase of intestinal labile zinc and the expression of inflammatory mediators after traumatic brain injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to determine the effect of erythropoietin (Epo) on the intestinal labile zinc and the inflammatory factor in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into nine groups: (a) normal group; (b) sham-operation group; (c, d, e, f, and g) TBI group, killed at 1 hour, 6 hour, 24 hour, and 72 hour and 7 days postinjury, respectively; (h and i) TBI + saline and TBI + Epo, killed at 24 hour or 72 hour postinjury. Parietal brain contusion was produced by a free-falling weight on the exposed dura of the right parietal lobe. Intestinal labile zinc, the tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin (IL)-8, and wet/dry weight ratio were investigated in different groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The gut contains a certain amount of labile zinc in normal animals and TBI caused obviously gradual increment of intestinal liabled zinc. The levels of inflammatory mediators and the gut wet/dry weight ratio were also found to increase in the trauma group (p < 0.05). There was a highly positive correlation between the abundance of zinc fluorescence and these proinflammation factors. Epo significantly reduced the intestinal labile zinc, the inflammatory mediators, and the gut wet/dry weight ratio compared with TBI group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epo can protect intestine from TBI-induced injury by attenuating intestinal inflammation and labile zinc accumulation in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Hao
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Zelan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chunhua
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hang
authors.forename: Jixin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000097:blood; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000293:injuries*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016209:Interleukin-8; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004921:Erythropoietin; D015032:Zinc