title: Sickle cell disease in children: differentiating osteomyelitis from vaso-occlusive crisis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify clinical and laboratory features predictive of osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease and bony pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients in the case group and participants in the control group were randomized in a 1:3 ratio.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with sickle cell disease and osteomyelitis (case patients) and patients with sickle cell disease and bony, vaso-occlusive crisis (control patients), 18 years or younger.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five characteristics (number of painful sites, white blood cell count, swelling of the affected limb[s], and duration of pain and fever before presentation) at the time of presentation to hospital.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were analyzed for 31 cases and 93 controls. Compared with controls, cases had more days of pain (5 vs 2 days; odds ratio [OR], 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-1.4 days) and fever (1 vs 0 day; 1.7; 1.2-2.4 days) before presentation. Cases were also more likely to have swelling of the affected limb(s) (71% vs 17%; OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 4.6%-30.0%) and fewer painful sites (1 vs 2; 0.7; 0.5-1.0). On laboratory evaluation, cases had higher white blood cell counts (18.6 vs 15.6/microL; OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 1.0-1.1/microL). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the significant predictors of osteomyelitis were duration of fever (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.6) and pain (1.2; 1.0-1.4) before presentation and swelling of the affected limb (8.4; 3.5-20.0). The risk of osteomyelitis was decreased if more than 1 painful site was present (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5-1.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the clinical scenario of a child with sickle cell disease presenting with bony pain and swelling affecting a single site, with prolonged fever and pain, the physician should consider closer monitoring and investigations to exclude a diagnosis of osteomyelitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Berger
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saunders
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeremy N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Friedman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000150:complications*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010019:Osteomyelitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology