Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa.
The burden of rabies in Africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RABV in western and central Africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 African countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. This revealed that RABV currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'Africa 2'. A detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of this Africa 2 lineage revealed strong population subdivision at the country level, with only limited movement of virus among localities, including a possible east-to-west spread across Africa. In addition, Bayesian coalescent analysis suggested that the Africa 2 lineage was introduced into this region of Africa only recently (probably <200 years ago), in accordance with the timescale of expanding European colonial influence and urbanization, and then spread relatively slowly, perhaps occupying the entire region in a 100 year period.
Talbi
Chiraz
C
Institut Pasteur, UPRE Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
Holmes
Edward C
EC
Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
de Benedictis
Paola
P
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
Faye
Ousmane
O
Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Laboratoire Arbovirologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
Nakouné
Emmanuel
E
Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des Arbovirus et Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
Gamatié
Djibo
D
Direction des Laboratoires Vétérinaires, Niamey, Niger.
Diarra
Abass
A
Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, km 8 route de Koulikoro, BP 2295, Bamako, Mali.
Elmamy
Bezeid Ould
BO
Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaires, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
Sow
Adama
A
Virology Department, Laboratoire National d'Elevage, BP 7026, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
Adjogoua
Edgard Valery
EV
Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Unité des Virus du Système Nerveux, Département des Virus Epidémiques, 01 BP 490 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast.
Sangare
Oumou
O
Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, km 8 route de Koulikoro, BP 2295, Bamako, Mali.
Dundon
William G
WG
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
Capua
Ilaria
I
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
Sall
Amadou A
AA
Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Laboratoire Arbovirologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
Bourhy
Hervé
H
Institut Pasteur, UPRE Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
D000350:Africa, Central / Q000453:epidemiology; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D000956:Antigens, Viral; D006023:Glycoproteins; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C064951:glycoprotein G, Rabies virus; C099601:nucleocapsid protein, Rabies virus