title: Use of a closed system device to reduce occupational contamination and exposure to antineoplastic drugs in the hospital work environment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the preset study was to evaluate the applicability of a closed system device to protect against occupational contamination and exposure to antineoplastic drugs in the work environment of a hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the contamination by and exposure to cyclophosphamide (CPA) between a conventional mixing method and a mixing method using a closed system device. Wipe samples in the preparation room, gloves samples and 24-h urine samples of pharmacists preparing antineoplastic drugs were collected. Working surfaces inside the biological safety cabinet (BSC), front side of the air grilles of the BSC, stainless steel trays, working table and floor were wiped. At first, sample collection was done on 5 days over an interval of 2 weeks using the conventional mixing method. After 2 weeks training for using the closed system device, sample collection was done 5 days over an interval of 2 weeks using the closed system device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When pharmacists prepared antineoplastic drugs by the conventional method, CPA was detected from all wipe samples, and the mean and median concentrations of CPA were 1.0 and 0.16 ng cm(-2), respectively (range was from 0.0095 to 27 ng cm(-2)). When pharmacists prepared antineoplastic drugs with a closed system device, CPA was detected from 75% of the wipe samples at mean and median concentrations of 0.18 and 0.0013 ng cm(-2), respectively (the range was from lower than detection limit to 4.4 ng cm(-2)). Using the closed system device significantly reduced the surface contamination of CPA for all wipe sampling points in the preparation room (Mann-Whitney's U-test). The range of CPA of glove samples used in the conventional method and closed system device ranged from lower than detection limit to 3200 ng per glove-pair and from lower than detection limit to 740 ng per glove-pair, respectively. Using the closed system device significantly reduced the gloves contamination of CPA (Mann-Whitney's U-test). The range of urinary CPA of six pharmacists preparing the antineoplastic drugs with the conventional method and closed system device ranged from lower than detection limit to 170 ng day(-1) and from lower than detection limit to 15 ng day(-1), respectively. Using the closed system device significantly reduced the amount of urinary CPA in pharmacists preparing the antineoplastic drugs (Wilcoxon's signed ranks test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that a closed system device can reduce occupational contamination and exposure to antineoplastic drugs in the hospital work environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-3-69, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka 537-0025, Japan. jnyosida@iph.pref.osaka.jp
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.forename: Genshin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tei
authors.forename: Chie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Yoshie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Masu
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koda
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumagai
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000652:urine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000652:urine; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D004865:Equipment and Supplies, Hospital; D006801:Humans; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010595:Pharmacists; D011481:Protective Clothing; D011482:Protective Devices
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003520:Cyclophosphamide