title: Principle, calibration, and application of the in situ alkali chloride monitor.
abstract: The extended use of biomass for heat and power production has caused increased operational problems with fouling and high-temperature corrosion in boilers. These problems are mainly related to the presence of alkali chlorides (KCl and NaCl) at high concentrations in the flue gas. The in situ alkali chloride monitor (IACM) was developed by Vattenfall Research and Development AB for measuring the alkali chloride concentration in hot flue gases (less than or approximately 650 degrees C). The measurement technique is based on molecular differential absorption spectroscopy in the UV range. Simultaneous measurement of SO(2) concentration is also possible. The measuring range is 1-50 ppm for the sum of KCl and NaCl concentrations and 4-750 ppm for SO(2). This paper describes the principle of the IACM as well as its calibration. Furthermore, an example of its application in an industrial boiler is given.
authors.affiliation: Vattenfall AB Nordic Heat, S-162 87 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: Christer
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Forsberg
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Broström
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Backman
authors.forename: Elin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Edvardsson
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Badiei
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berg
authors.forename: Håkan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kassman
mesh_terms: D000468:Alkalies / Q000032:analysis; D002138:Calibration; D002712:Chlorides / Q000032:analysis; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D005740:Gases / Q000032:analysis*; D006361:Heating / Q000295:instrumentation; D008832:Microchemistry / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D011189:Potassium Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000032:analysis*; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000592:standards; D013548:Sweden; D014159:Transducers
chemical_list: D000468:Alkalies; D002712:Chlorides; D005740:Gases; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011189:Potassium Chloride