title: Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of two predominant Nordic group I (proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum type B clusters.
abstract: Comparative genomic hybridization analysis of 32 Nordic group I Clostridium botulinum type B strains isolated from various sources revealed two homogeneous clusters, clusters BI and BII. The type B strains differed from reference strain ATCC 3502 by 413 coding sequence (CDS) probes, sharing 88% of all the ATCC 3502 genes represented on the microarray. The two Nordic type B clusters differed from each other by their response to 145 CDS probes related mainly to transport and binding, adaptive mechanisms, fatty acid biosynthesis, the cell membranes, bacteriophages, and transposon-related elements. The most prominent differences between the two clusters were related to resistance to toxic compounds frequently found in the environment, such as arsenic and cadmium, reflecting different adaptive responses in the evolution of the two clusters. Other relatively variable CDS groups were related to surface structures and the gram-positive cell wall, suggesting that the two clusters possess different antigenic properties. All the type B strains carried CDSs putatively related to capsule formation, which may play a role in adaptation to different environmental and clinical niches. Sequencing showed that representative strains of the two type B clusters both carried subtype B2 neurotoxin genes. As many of the type B strains studied have been isolated from foods or associated with botulism, it is expected that the two group I C. botulinum type B clusters present a public health hazard in Nordic countries. Knowing the genetic and physiological markers of these clusters will assist in targeting control measures against these pathogens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 66, 00014 Helsinki University, Finland. miia.lindstrom@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Miia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hinderink
authors.forename: Panu
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Somervuo
authors.forename: Katri
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kiviniemi
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nevas
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Petri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Auvinen
authors.forename: Andrew T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Michael W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Peck
authors.forename: Hannu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Korkeala
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000235:genetics; D047014:Clostridium botulinum type B / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D055028:Comparative Genomic Hybridization; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D005838:Genotype; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D009498:Neurotoxins