title: Magnetic resonance imaging studies in early onset bipolar disorder: an updated review.
abstract: Over the past 5-10 years, advances in neuroimaging methods and study designs have begun to appear in the literature of early-onset bipolar disorder (onset before 18 years of age). This article contains an updated review of the literature regarding neuroimaging in youths with bipolar disorder (BPD), highlighting important new study designs and techniques. Overall, structural, functional (fMRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) report consistent abnormalities in regions of the frontal lobe and limbic structures. Functional MRI and MRS studies also frequently report striatal and thalamic abnormalities in early-onset BPD. Future neuroimaging studies in youths with BPD should include longitudinal studies incorporating multimodal neuroimaging techniques.
authors.affiliation: The Brain Institute, University of Utah, 383 Colorow Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Janine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Terry
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lopez-Larson
authors.forename: Jean A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Frazier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D005149:Facial Expression; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology