title: Lichen recovery following heavy grazing by reindeer delayed by climate warming.
abstract: Introduced reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, overexploited lichen-rich plant communities on St. Matthew Island in the Bering Sea. A die-off of the reindeer followed, exacerbated by extreme weather in 1964, resulting in extirpation of the reindeer. A similar pattern of removal of lichens as major components of plant communities has occurred following introductions of reindeer to other islands at high latitudes. By 1985, two decades following die-off of the reindeer, total lichen biomass was only 6% of that in similar plant communities on adjacent Hall Island, not reached by the reindeer. By 2005, 41 y after the reindeer die-off, lichen regrowth on St. Matthew was only 12% of lichen biomass in the Hall Island communities. A warmer, drier climate and decreased fog in recent decades contributed to deterioration of conditions favoring lichen growth on St. Matthew Island.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA. ffdrk@uaf.edu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Martha
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shulski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018533:Biomass; D017753:Ecosystem; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005843:Geography; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D008011:Lichens / Q000254:growth & development*; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012053:Reindeer / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature