title: [Indications and prerequisites for operative vaginal delivery: when, how and where?].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the indications and prerequisites for operative vaginal delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles were searched using PubMed and Cochrane library.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Indications for operative vaginal delivery are non-reassuring fetal status (NP4), no progress from 30minutes of adequate active pushing, maternal exhaustion (NP5), or medical indications to avoid Valsalva (NP5). Operative vaginal delivery (Thierry's spatulas, forceps, and vacuum delivery) before that cervix is fully dilated and fetal head is fully engaged is not recommended (NP4). Obstetricians have to know patient medical record and the fetal head position before performing operative vaginal delivery (NP5). The reliability of transvaginal examination to determine the fetal engagement and intrapartum fetal head position is 88% and 80% respectively (NP2). Transabdominal ultrasound assessment is recommended in cases of doubts about the fetal head position (NP5). Available data are not sufficient to fully contraindicated midpelvic operative delivery. Each case should be considered individually and depending on the skill of the obstetrician (NP5). Obstetricians should be aware that they may wrongly consider the fetus engaged in the midpelvis in 6% of cases, whereas it is not really engaged. Moreover, the presence of factors predictive of failed operative vaginal delivery must contraindicated midpelvic operative vaginal delivery and indicated a cesarean delivery (NP5). In general, midpelvic operative vaginal delivery is not recommended. Routine instrumental delivery in theatre and episiotomy for operative vaginal delivery are not recommended (NP3 and NP4, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recommendations for operative vaginal delivery should be respected to minimize both fetal and maternal trauma. Obstetricians should anticipate the complications that may occurred following operative vaginal delivery.
authors.affiliation: CHU d'Angers, service de gynécologie obstétrique, 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers cedex 01, France. loicsentilhes@hotmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sentilhes
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gillard
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Descamps
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fournié
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical; D000075202:Contraindications; D004841:Episiotomy; D005113:Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D005316:Fetal Distress / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D007746:Labor Presentation; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000628:therapy; D009772:Obstetrical Forceps / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D014620:Vacuum Extraction, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data