title: Periodontal conditions of individuals with Sjögren's syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) is a systemic autoimmune disease that might lead to hyposalivation and negatively affect the oral environment. The evidence with regard to the periodontal conditions in this group of subjects is still controversial. This study aimed to evaluate the periodontal clinical conditions and inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SjS [P]) or secondary Sjögren's syndrome (SjS [S]) compared to a control group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen individuals with SjS (11 SjS [P] and eight SjS [S]) and 19 controls, matched for gender, age, and tobacco exposure, were selected from two private clinics and a hospital. The groups were compared for stimulated whole saliva (SWS) flow rate, plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP), clinical attachment level (CAL), and total amount of interleukin (IL)-1beta and total elastase activity in the GCF. Generalized estimating equations were used for data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with SjS had a significantly lower SWS flow rate and higher mean PI, GI, PD, CAL, and BOP than controls. After adjustment for plaque, GI remained significantly higher in patients with SjS. Patients with SjS (S) had significantly higher mean CAL and PD than patients with SjS (P), and CAL and BOP remained significantly higher in this subgroup after adjustment. No differences were observed with regard to the GCF inflammatory markers. After adjusting for PD, subjects with SjS (P) showed lower levels of IL-1beta compared to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SjS seemed to negatively affect the periodontal condition because gingival inflammation was more evident in the individuals with SjS, particularly those with SjS (S).
authors.affiliation: Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Brazilian Lutheran University, Canoas, RS, Brazil. raquelantoniazzi@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Raquel Pippi
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Antoniazzi
authors.forename: Letícia Algarves
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Fabricio Batistin
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Zanatta
authors.forename: Alexandre Garcia
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Islabão
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gustafsson
authors.forename: Geraldo Augusto
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Chiapinotto
authors.forename: Rui Vicente
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Oppermann
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000276:immunology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003774:Dental Plaque Index; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D005884:Gingival Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase / Q000032:analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D012636:Secretory Rate / Q000502:physiology; D012859:Sjogren's Syndrome / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology; D012907:Smoking
chemical_list: D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D010196:Pancreatic Elastase