title: Genomic distribution of CHD7 on chromatin tracks H3K4 methylation patterns.
abstract: CHD7 is a member of the chromodomain helicase DNA binding domain family of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes. De novo mutation of the CHD7 gene is a major cause of CHARGE syndrome, a genetic disease characterized by a complex constellation of birth defects (Coloboma of the eye, Heart defects, Atresia of the choanae, severe Retardation of growth and development, Genital abnormalities, and Ear abnormalities). To gain insight into the function of CHD7, we mapped the distribution of the CHD7 protein on chromatin using the approach of chromatin immunoprecipitation on tiled microarrays (ChIP-chip). These studies were performed in human colorectal carcinoma cells, human neuroblastoma cells, and mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells before and after differentiation into neural precursor cells. The results indicate that CHD7 localizes to discrete locations along chromatin that are specific to each cell type, and that the cell-specific binding of CHD7 correlates with a subset of histone H3 methylated at lysine 4 (H3K4me). The CHD7 sites change concomitantly with H3K4me patterns during ES cell differentiation, suggesting that H3K4me is part of the epigenetic signature that defines lineage-specific association of CHD7 with specific sites on chromatin. Furthermore, the CHD7 sites are predominantly located distal to transcription start sites, most often contained within DNase hypersensitive sites, frequently conserved, and near genes expressed at relatively high levels. These features are similar to those of gene enhancer elements, raising the possibility that CHD7 functions in enhancer mediated transcription, and that the congenital anomalies in CHARGE syndrome are due to alterations in transcription of tissue-specific genes normally regulated by CHD7 during development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Schnetz
authors.forename: Cynthia F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Bartels
authors.forename: Kuntal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Shastri
authors.forename: Dheepa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Balasubramanian
authors.forename: Gabriel E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Zentner
authors.forename: Ravishankar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balaji
authors.forename: Xiaodong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lingyun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Zhenghe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Laframboise
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Scacheri
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000235:genetics*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D004265:DNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019175:DNA Methylation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004742:Enhancer Elements, Genetic; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D024363:Transcription Initiation Site; D014158:Transcription, Genetic
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D008156:Luciferases; D004265:DNA Helicases; C491434:CHD7 protein, human; D008239:Lysine