title: Mild cognitive impairment: loss of linguistic task-induced changes in motor cortex excitability.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), functional neuronal connectivity may be altered, as suggested by quantitative EEG and neuroimaging data. In young healthy humans, the execution of linguistic tasks modifies the excitability of the hand area of the dominant primary motor cortex (M1(hand)), as tested by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We used TMS to investigate functional connectivity between language-related cortical areas and M1(hand) in aMCI.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten elderly women with aMCI and 10 age-matched women were recruited. All participants were right handed and underwent a neuropsychological evaluation. In the first TMS experiment, participants performed three different tasks: reading aloud, viewing of non-letter strings (baseline), and nonverbal oral movements. The second experiment included the baseline condition and three visual searching/matching tasks using letters, geometric shapes, or digits as target stimuli.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In controls, motor evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by suprathreshold TMS of the left M1(hand) were significantly larger during reading aloud (170% baseline) than during nonverbal oral movements, whereas no difference was seen for right M1(hand) stimulation. Similarly, MEP elicited by left M1(hand) stimulation during letter and shape searching/matching tasks were significantly larger compared to digit task. In contrast, linguistic task performance did not produce any significant MEP modulation in patients with aMCI, although neuropsychological evaluation showed normal language abilities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that functional connectivity between the language-related brain regions and the dominant M1(hand) may be altered in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Follow-up studies will reveal whether transcranial magnetic stimulation application during linguistic tasks may contribute to characterize the risk of conversion to Alzheimer disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence, Florence Health Authority, Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bracco
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Giovannelli
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bessi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Borgheresi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Tullio
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorbi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zaccara
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cincotta
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004569:Electroencephalography; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005556:Form Perception / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011932:Reading; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation