Incidence trends of invasive cervical cancer in the United States by combined race and ethnicity.
OBJECTIVE
To better understand national patterns of invasive cervical cancer (ICC) incidence by race and ethnicity in order to develop appropriate ICC prevention policies.


METHODS
Age-adjusted and age-specific ICC incidence rates were calculated by combined race/ethnicity, making distinct the Hispanic/all races category from three other Non-Hispanic (White, Black and other) racial categories.


RESULTS
There was a significant downward trend in ICC incidence during both time periods for every combination of race/ethnicity (p-value <0.05) except Hispanic/all races during 1995-1999. Non-Hispanic/Black and Hispanic/all races women had significantly higher incidence rates of ICC compared to Non-Hispanic/White women. ICC incidence peaked much earlier for Non-Hispanic/White women (35-44 years of age) compared to any other racial/ethnic group. Non-Hispanic (White, Black and other) women had lower rates of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma compared to Hispanic/all races women. Non-Hispanic/Black and Hispanic/all races women were more likely to be diagnosed at late stage or unstaged at diagnosis than Non-Hispanic/White women.


CONCLUSIONS
Although ICC incidence decreased significantly over the last 10 years, Black or Hispanic US populations continue to have the highest ICC incidence compared to Non-Hispanic/Whites, highlighting the need for improved health literacy and social support to ensure their equal access to ICC screening and HPV prevention including HPV vaccination.
Barnholtz-Sloan
Jill
J
Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-5065, USA. jsb42@case.edu
Patel
Nitin
N
Rollison
Dana
D
Kortepeter
Karl
K
MacKinnon
Jill
J
Giuliano
Anna
A
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000208:ethnology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008875:Middle Aged; D018426:SEER Program; D014481:United States / Q000208:ethnology; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology*; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult