title: [Secondary superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: report of three cases].
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Superficial siderosis (SS) is an under-recognized entity. It is due to repeated microhemorrhages in the subarachnoid spaces resulting in a deposit of hemosiderin at the surface of the central nervous system and/or the cranial nerves. The origin of microhemorrhages remains unknown in almost one third of cases and therefore no treatment can be recommended. Through a literature review and new observations, our goal is to detail the outcome of patients with a recognized etiology of SS and treated surgically.
  
  
  METHODS
  Series of three cases and review of the literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We present three patients with symptomatic SS for whom the origin of microhemorrhages was found. The first two patients complained of longstanding ataxia and neurosensory deafness while the third patient presented with urinary retention, vertigo, diplopia and facial paresis. Neuroradiological explorations revealed a left temporoparietal cavernoma, a fronto-orbital arterio-venous malformation and a cauda equina myxopapillary ependymoma respectively. Surgical resection of the source of hemorrhage was performed in all cases. All outcomes were good with improvement of their SS-related symptoms. These cases are discussed and the current literature is reviewed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is important to recognize SS since the treatment of the bleeding source may prevent further deterioration and may even in some cases improve the clinical condition.
authors.affiliation: Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Notre-Dame, CHUM, 1560, rue Sherbrooke-Est, Montréal, Qc, H2L 4M1, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lévêque
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mc Laughlin
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bojanowski
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001259:Ataxia / Q000209:etiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002493:Central Nervous System Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006319:Hearing Loss, Sensorineural / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D011128:Polyradiculopathy / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery; D012806:Siderosis / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult