title: A combined approach of chemical enhancers and sonophoresis for the transdermal delivery of tizanidine hydrochloride.
abstract: The effects of chemical enhancers and sonophoresis on the transdermal permeation of tizanidine hydrochloride (TIZ) across mouse skin were investigated. Parameters including drug solubility, apparent partition coefficient (APC), drug permeation, and degradation in skin were determined. Low frequency ultrasound was also applied in the presence and absence of chemical enhancers to assess whether drug permeation improved. APC values indicated that TIZ preferentially partitions into intercellular spaces and does not form a reservoir, with the drug also exhibiting good enzymatic stability in skin. Most of the enhancers studied significantly increased the permeation rate of TIZ through full thickness mouse skin in comparison with TIZ formulated in phosphate buffer. Maximum enhancement was observed for TIZ formulated as a suspension in 50% v/v aqueous ethanol containing 5% v/v citral. Sonophoresis significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cumulative amount of TIZ permeating through the skin at 15 and 30 min in comparison to passive diffusion. A synergistic effect was noted when sonophoresis was applied in the presence of chemical enhancers. The results suggest that the formulation of TIZ with an appropriate penetration enhancer may be useful in the development of a therapeutic system to deliver TIZ across the skin for a prolonged period, i.e. 24 hr. The application of ultrasound in association with chemical enhancers, such as the combination of 5% v/v citral in 50% v/v aqueous ethanol, could further serve as a non-oral and non-invasive drug delivery modality for the immediate therapeutic effect of muscle relaxants such as TIZ.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. s.mutalik@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: Srinivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mutalik
authors.forename: Harendra S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Parekh
authors.forename: Nigel M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Nayanabhirama
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Udupa
mesh_terms: D020003:1-Octanol / Q000737:chemistry; D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D002021:Buffers; D003000:Clonidine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000494:pharmacology; D053138:Cyclohexenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077591:Eucalyptol; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D000077222:Limonene; D051379:Mice; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000737:chemistry; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D009226:Myristates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012995:Solubility; D013729:Terpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D014465:Ultrasonics
chemical_list: D000080462:Acyclic Monoterpenes; D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D002021:Buffers; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D053138:Cyclohexenes; D039821:Monoterpenes; D009226:Myristates; D013729:Terpenes; C008205:isopropyl myristate; D019301:Oleic Acid; D000431:Ethanol; C023754:tizanidine; D008899:Mineral Oil; D000077222:Limonene; D003000:Clonidine; D020003:1-Octanol; D000077591:Eucalyptol; C007076:citral