title: Diagnosis and management of sialolithiasis with a semirigid endoscope.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to evaluate a semirigid endoscopic technique for diagnosis and management of sialolithiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnostic and interventional sialendoscopic procedures were performed in 90 patients with sialoliths (78 submandibular glands and 12 parotid glands).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Owing to its extreme flexibility and rigidity, the endoscope can be introduced easily into the ductal system. Sialoliths with a round or irregular shape were detected by endoscopy in all cases, including 84 radiopaque and 6 radiolucent stone cases. Of the 78 cases with sialoliths in the submandibular (Wharton's) duct, 14 were present in the hilum of the main duct, 34 in the premolar region of the duct, 24 in the molar region of the duct, and 6 in both the premolar and the molar regions of the duct. Among these cases, we could remove the stones intraductally in 44 cases by endoscopy alone. Additionally, 6 cases were treated with basket retrieval and endoscopic-assisted surgery, and the remaining 27 were treated with endoscopic-assisted surgery. Of the 12 cases of sialoliths in the parotid (Stensen's) duct, 9 were treated with basket retrieval and 1 with basket-capturing and open surgery via a buccal incision. In total, 87 of 90 cases were successfully treated, with (n = 34) or without (n = 53) endoscopic-assisted surgery. These patients were stone free at their last follow-up (3 to 30 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The semirigid endoscope permits a better visualization of sialoliths and coexisting obstructive pathologies. With minimally invasive procedures, most stones in the main duct of the salivary gland can be removed using either an intraductal or an extraductal approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Radiology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China. kqldg@bjmu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Deng-gao
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zu-yan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Ye
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Lei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Guang-yan
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Yu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D019723:Endoscopes; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010305:Parotid Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D018583:Pliability; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012465:Salivary Duct Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000601:surgery; D012796:Sialography; D013364:Submandibular Gland Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult