title: Amyloid precursor protein processing and retinal pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Retinal ganglion cell loss is considered to be a cause of visual impairment in Alzheimer;s patients. Alterations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) processing and amyloid-beta (Abeta) accumulation, key molecules associated with Alzheimer;s disease pathogenesis, may therefore contribute to retinal damage. We therefore investigated retinal APP processing and eye morphology in Alzheimer;s transgenic mouse models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eyes and brain samples of 2- to 18-month-old transgenic mice expressing human APP with the double Swedish mutation (APPswe) (APP K595N/M596L)(Tg2576) were compared with eyes and brain tissue from wild-type background C57BL6xSJL controls. In addition, 6- to 12-month-old double transgenic mice over-expressing human APPswe and mutant presenilin 1 with exon 9 deletion (APPswe/PS1-dE9) were compared with background controls of C57BL6xC3H strain. Tissue samples were fixed in formalin for immunohistochemistry, and dissected retinal and cerebellar extracts were frozen for Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Monoclonal antibodies 1E8 and WO2 were used for immunohistochemical detection of APP and Abeta, whereas Abeta 42/40 levels were assayed by ELISA. APP and processed fragments were detected biochemically by Western blotting with domain-specific antibodies, using antibody WO2 (Abeta) and rabbit antibody 369 to the C-terminal domain of APP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunocytochemistry revealed strong cytoplasmic expression of APP and possibly Abeta in retinal ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer cells, and in lens and corneal epithelia for APP transgenic mice. Retinas from the APP transgenic mouse strains contained 18 to 70 kDa APP proteolytic products that were not detected in the cerebellum. We found a higher proportion of APP alpha-secretase generated C-terminal fragments in transgenic retinal tissues than beta-secretase-generated C-terminal fragments. Very low level Abeta was detected in transgenic retinas by ELISA; retinal Abeta 42 was 75 times less than for transgenic brain. Abeta was not detected in mouse retina by Western blotting in our study, indicating much less generation of Abeta in retina than brain tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alzheimer's mouse model retinas present with different APP proteolytic products and have a significantly lower production of amyloidogenic Abeta than found in brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology and Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia. michael.dutescu@charite.de
authors.forename: R Michael
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Dutescu
authors.forename: Qiao-Xin
authors.initials: QX
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Crowston
authors.forename: Colin L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masters
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Baird
authors.forename: Janetta G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Culvenor
mesh_terms: D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases; D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides / Q000378:metabolism*; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000378:metabolism; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016229:Amyloid beta-Peptides; D016564:Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases