title: Flat-footedness is not a disadvantage for athletic performance in children aged 11 to 15 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because the controversy about the relation of foot morphology and foot function is still present, we find it surprising that there are no studies published dealing with motor skills and athletic performance in flat-footed school children. Our aim in this study was to determine if there is an association between the degree of foot flatness and several motor skills that are necessary for sport performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The feet of 218 children aged 11 to 15 years were scanned, and the arch index was determined. The value of the arch index was corrected for the influence of age, and then the entire sample was categorized into 4 groups according to the flatness of their feet. The children were tested for eccentric-concentric contraction and hopping on a Kistler force platform, speed-coordination polygon (Newtest system), balance (3 tests), toe flexion (textile crunching), tiptoe standing angle, and repetitive leg movements. Altogether, 17 measures of athletic performance were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant correlations between the arch height and 17 motor skills were found. Categorizing the sample into 4 groups did not reveal any differences between the groups in athletic performance. Also, several multivariate analysis of variance sets of multiple independent variables referring to a particular motor ability were not found to be significant. The differences were not found even after comparing only the 2 extreme groups, meaning children with very low and children with very high arches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  No disadvantages in sport performance originating from flat-footedness were confirmed. Children with flat and children with "normal" feet were equally successful at accomplishing all motor tests; thus, we suggest that there is no need for treatment of flexible flat feet with the sole purpose of improving athletic performance, as traditionally advised by many.
authors.affiliation: University of Zagreb, School of Kinesiology, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia. lana.ruzic@kif.hr.
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tudor
authors.forename: Lana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruzic
authors.forename: Branko
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sestan
authors.forename: Luka
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sirola
authors.forename: Tomislav
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Prpic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D017523:Croatia; D005260:Female; D005413:Flatfoot / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005528:Foot / Q000503:physiopathology; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*