title: Risk maps of Lassa fever in West Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lassa fever is caused by a viral haemorrhagic arenavirus that affects two to three million people in West Africa, causing a mortality of between 5,000 and 10,000 each year. The natural reservoir of Lassa virus is the multi-mammate rat Mastomys natalensis, which lives in houses and surrounding fields. With the aim of gaining more information to control this disease, we here carry out a spatial analysis of Lassa fever data from human cases and infected rodent hosts covering the period 1965-2007. Information on contemporary environmental conditions (temperature, rainfall, vegetation) was derived from NASA Terra MODIS satellite sensor data and other sources and for elevation from the GTOPO30 surface for the region from Senegal to the Congo. All multi-temporal data were analysed using temporal Fourier techniques to generate images of means, amplitudes and phases which were used as the predictor variables in the models. In addition, meteorological rainfall data collected between 1951 and 1989 were used to generate a synoptic rainfall surface for the same region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three different analyses (models) are presented, one superimposing Lassa fever outbreaks on the mean rainfall surface (Model 1) and the other two using non-linear discriminant analytical techniques. Model 2 selected variables in a step-wise inclusive fashion, and Model 3 used an information-theoretic approach in which many different random combinations of 10 variables were fitted to the Lassa fever data. Three combinations of absenceratiopresence clusters were used in each of Models 2 and 3, the 2 absenceratio1 presence cluster combination giving what appeared to be the best result. Model 1 showed that the recorded outbreaks of Lassa fever in human populations occurred in zones receiving between 1,500 and 3,000 mm rainfall annually. Rainfall, and to a much lesser extent temperature variables, were most strongly selected in both Models 2 and 3, and neither vegetation nor altitude seemed particularly important. Both Models 2 and 3 produced mean kappa values in excess of 0.91 (Model 2) or 0.86 (Model 3), making them 'Excellent'.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Lassa fever areas predicted by the models cover approximately 80% of each of Sierra Leone and Liberia, 50% of Guinea, 40% of Nigeria, 30% of each of Côte d'Ivoire, Togo and Benin, and 10% of Ghana.
authors.affiliation: Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium. ecalvet@club-internet.fr
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Fichet-Calvet
authors.forename: David John
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rogers
mesh_terms: D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004197:Disease Reservoirs / Q000821:virology*; D005583:Fourier Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007835:Lassa Fever / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission; D007836:Lassa virus; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D051189:Murinae / Q000821:virology*; D011891:Rain; D012307:Risk Factors