title: The association between primary dysmenorrhea and hyperemesis gravidarum.
abstract: Primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) are two diseases that the overall etiologies are both unknown. There are several contributing factors that lead to both PD and HG. We chose to focus on an increase in prostaglandin and hormone levels due to an observation of several patients with HG that reported PD after menarche. After review of several studies, we hypothesize that there is a positive correlation between PD and HG. Further, larger studies will be needed to make a more accurate assessment in the connection of patients with PD being more prone to HG in their first pregnancy as well as subsequent pregnancies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Ave, Box 24, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
authors.forename: Arquita S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: Ozgul
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Muneyyirci-Delale
mesh_terms: D004412:Dysmenorrhea / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006939:Hyperemesis Gravidarum / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D011247:Pregnancy; D011453:Prostaglandins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D011453:Prostaglandins