title: Focal subcortical biophysical abnormalities in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Major depressive disorder has been consistently identified in patients with type 2 diabetes. Despite its high prevalence and clinical effect, the neurobiological substrates underlying depression in patients with diabetes remain largely unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the biophysical integrity of proteins in critical white and gray matter regions in patients with type 2 diabetes and major depression to understand the pathophysiology of depression in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional magnetization transfer study using magnetic resonance imaging. Regions examined included the anterior cingulate, corpus callosum, frontal and occipital white matter, and the caudate and lenticular nuclei.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary care university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 16 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and major depression, 22 patients diagnosed with diabetes without depression (diabetic controls), and 30 controls without diabetes or major depression (healthy controls).
  
  
  METHODS
  Magnetization transfer ratios, a measure of the biophysical structure of proteins in the gray and white matter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Magnetization transfer ratios were significantly lower bilaterally in the head of the caudate nucleus in the group with diabetes and depression compared with the other 2 groups (P < .001). Diabetic controls had values between the depressed diabetic and healthy control groups. There were no significant differences in magnetization transfer ratios between groups in the other regions examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that there is an important subcortical biophysical component to depression in patients with type 2 diabetes. This finding has broad implications for the neuronal circuitry underlying mood disorders.
authors.affiliation: UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. akumar@mednet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Rakesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Olusola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ajilore
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hellemann
mesh_terms: D001703:Biophysics; D002421:Caudate Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D003337:Corpus Callosum / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin