title: Maternal psychopathology influences infant heart rate variability: Generation R Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the determinants of heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) in children. The autonomic nervous system as measured by HR and HRV is considered a biological marker of psychopathology in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined the relationship of maternal psychopathology with infant HR and HRV. HR was recorded at 14 months in 528 infants. The high-frequency component of HRV was used as an indicator of cardiac vagal modulation. The presence of a lifetime maternal psychiatric diagnosis was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Presence of maternal psychiatric symptoms during pregnancy and 2 months after birth was assessed, using the Brief Symptom Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A maternal history of a psychiatric disorder was associated with a 0.24-standard deviation (SD) higher mean HR in the infant (beta = 0.24, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.03, 0.4, p = .025) and a 0.14-SD lower high-frequency power (beta = -0.14, 95% CI = -0.6, -0.03, p = .003). Likewise, postnatal maternal anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with infant mean HR. A 1-point increase in the mean anxiety symptom score was associated with 0.14-SD higher mean HR in the infant (beta = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.2, p = .004), and a 1-point increase in mean depression score with a 0.11-SD increase (beta = 0.11, 95% CI = 0.01, 0.2, p = .025). No significant associations of prenatal maternal affective symptoms with infants autonomic functioning were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal lifetime psychiatric diagnosis and postnatal psychiatric symptoms are associated with infant autonomic functioning, namely, higher mean HR and lower vagal modulation.
authors.affiliation: Generation R Study Group, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam 3000 CB, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Bram
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Dierckx
authors.forename: Joke H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Tulen
authors.forename: Mijke P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: van den Berg
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tharner
authors.forename: Vincent W
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
authors.forename: Henriette A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: Frank C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Verhulst
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tiemeier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007229:Infant Welfare; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D014944:World Health Organization