title: Efficacy and release rate of reservoir pheromone dispensers for simultaneous mating disruption of codling moth and oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae).
abstract: Five formulations of controlled release, polyethylene tube dispensers of pheromone were evaluated during three field seasons for disruption of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Evaluations were conducted in replicated 4-ha plots of commercial apple in Michigan. Disruption of both C. pomonella and G. molesta male orientation to pheromone traps in plots treated with a dual-species formulation (Isomate CM/OFM TT), simultaneously releasing the pheromone components of both C. pomonella and G. molesta, was equivalent to that obtained by treating plots with separate formulations for each species (Isomate C Plus or Isomate C TT for C. pomonella and Isomate M Rosso for G. molesta) through mid-season. However, disruption efficacy of the dual-species formulation was significantly lower near the end of the season for G. molesta compared with the Isomate M Rosso formulation because of depletion of active ingredients and coincided with a slight increase in fruit injury. Effective disruption of C. pomonella and G. molesta also was obtained with a multispecies formulation (Isomate CM/OFM/LR) that releases the main pheromone components of C. pomonella, G. molesta, and several leafroller species. Each formulation type releasing (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol (codlemone) also was found to release the E,Z- and Z,E-isomers of codlemone. Our data provide further evidence that simultaneous disruption of C. pomonella and G. molesta with dispensers releasing both species' pheromone components is possible; however, the controlled release formulations tested here require modification or postponed deployment coupled with early season control by other means to achieve season-long efficacy. Simultaneous disruption of several species with a single formulation will be economically advantageous in regions where control of multiple pests is needed given the need for hand application of this technology.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA. stelinski@ufl.edu
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Stelinski
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Il'ichev
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Gut
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D008297:Male; D027845:Malus / Q000469:parasitology; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects*; D010572:Pest Control, Biological / Q000379:methods*; D010675:Pheromones / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000032:analysis; D012726:Sexual Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones; C010411:insect attractants