title: Use of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire in estimation of long-term productivity costs in patients with recent-onset rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the utility of the Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) in the estimation of loss of productivity due to early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to develop a simple model for analysis of the cost-benefit of therapies.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Finnish Rheumatoid Arthritis Combination Therapy (FIN-RACo) trial, 162 patients with recent-onset RA who were available for the workforce were randomized to receive either a combination of three disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) or a single DMARD for 2 years and were followed up for 5 years. No biological drugs were used. Data on sick leave and RA-related disability pensions came from official register records. Loss of productivity was computed by both the human capital approach (HCA) and the friction cost approach (FCA). Functional capacity was assessed by the HAQ at baseline and at 6 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over 5 years, mean loss of productivity per year was EUR 8344 by the HCA and EUR 1928 by the FCA. The level of the HAQ index at 6 months, but not the change in HAQ from baseline, determined productivity costs. With the HCA, a monotonous association between annual loss of productivity and the 6-month HAQ was found: EUR 2087 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1340-2903] per one step (0.13) on the HAQ scale from 0 to 1.88. With the FCA, the increase in loss of productivity was cut at the HAQ level of 0.5 to 0.75 (EUR 17 740 in 5 years).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The HAQ index at 6 months may serve as a determinant of long-term RA-related indirect costs in economic analyses in early RA.
authors.affiliation: Lappeenranta Central Hospital, Lappeenranta, Finland. kari.puolakka@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Puolakka
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kautiainen
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mottonen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hannonen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Korpela
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hakala
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luukkainen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Vuori
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Blåfield
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Leirisalo-Repo
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D017281:Cost of Illness; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017598:Efficiency, Organizational / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004651:Employment / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010415:Pensions; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018582:Sick Leave; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents