title: Memory functioning in familial bipolar I disorder patients and their relatives.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the memory function of patients with familial bipolar I disorder (BD I) who had shown psychotic features, their non-psychotic, non-bipolar first-degree relatives, and normal controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed 38 patients with a lifetime diagnosis of BD I who had experienced psychotic symptoms, 49 of their non-psychotic, non-bipolar first-degree relatives, and 44 controls. Patients and relatives were from families multiply affected with functional psychotic illness. A five-subtest short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised and three Wechsler Memory Scale subtests were administered to all participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BD I patients showed deficits in verbal memory and verbal learning but not in visual memory. Compared to controls, relatives showed worse verbal learning at a statistically significant or suggestive level and performed significantly worse in both immediate and delayed verbal memory. Similar to patients, there were no differences between the relatives and control group for visual memory.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Impaired verbal memory and learning were found in patients and their relatives. These deficits may represent candidate endophenotypic markers for bipolar disorder.
authors.affiliation: NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley Foundation NHS Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK.
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.forename: Muriel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Walshe
authors.forename: Colm
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McDonald
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Eugenia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kravariti
authors.forename: Elvira
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bramon
authors.forename: Robin G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Robin M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Murray
authors.forename: Timothea
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toulopoulou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D005190:Family; D005192:Family Health; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult