title: Proximal humeral fracture as a risk factor for subsequent hip fractures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the aging of the world's population, the social and economic implications of osteoporotic fractures are at epidemic proportions. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that a proximal humeral fracture is an independent risk factor for a subsequent hip fracture and that the risk of the subsequent hip fracture is highest within the first five years after the humeral fracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cohort of 8049 older white women with no history of a hip or humeral fracture who were enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures was followed for a mean of 9.8 years. The risk of hip fracture after an incident humeral fracture was estimated with use of age-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression analysis with time-varying variables; women without a humeral fracture were the reference group. Cox regression analysis was used to evaluate the timing between the proximal humeral and subsequent hip fracture. Risk factors were determined on the basis of a review of the current literature, and we chose the variables that were most predictive and easily ascertained in a clinical setting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred and twenty-one women sustained a proximal humeral fracture, and forty-four of them sustained a subsequent hip fracture. After adjustment for age and bone mineral density, the hazard ratio for hip fracture for subjects with a proximal humeral fracture relative to those without a proximal humeral fracture was 1.83 (95% confidence interval = 1.32 to 2.53). After multivariate adjustment, this risk appeared attenuated but was still significant (hazard ratio = 1.57; 95% confidence interval = 1.12 to 2.19). The risk of a subsequent hip fracture after a proximal humeral fracture was highest within one year after the proximal humeral fracture, with a hazard ratio of 5.68 (95% confidence interval = 3.70 to 8.73). This association between humeral and hip fracture was not significant after the first year, with hazard ratios of 0.87 (95% confidence interval = 0.48 to 1.59) between one and five years after the humeral fracture and 0.58 (95% confidence interval = 0.22 to 1.56) after five years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this cohort of older white women, a proximal humeral fracture independently increased the risk of a subsequent hip fracture more than five times in the first year after the humeral fracture but was not associated with a significant increase in the hip fracture risk in subsequent years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
authors.forename: Jeremiah
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clinton
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franta
authors.forename: Nayak L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Polissar
authors.forename: Blazej
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Neradilek
authors.forename: Doug
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mounce
authors.forename: Howard A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Fink
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Schousboe
authors.forename: Frederick A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Matsen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density; D015986:Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic; D005260:Female; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000453:epidemiology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology*; D013997:Time Factors