title: Conformal brachytherapy planning for cervical cancer using transabdominal ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if transabdominal ultrasound (US) can be used for conformal brachytherapy in cervical cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-one patients with locoregionally advanced cervix cancer treated with chemoradiation and brachytherapy were included in this study. The protocol consisted of US-assisted tandem insertion and conformal US-based planning. Orthogonal films for applicator reconstruction were also taken. A standard plan was modified to suit the US-based volume and treatment was delivered. The patient then underwent a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan with the applicators in situ. Retrospectively, individual standard (STD), US, and MRI plans were extrapolated for five fractions and superimposed onto the two-dimensional sagittal MRI images for comparison. Doses to Point A, target volume, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) 38 bladder and rectal points, and individualized bowel points were calculated on original implant geometry on Plato for each planning method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  STD (high-dose-rate) plans reported higher doses to Point A, target volume, ICRU 38 bladder and rectal points, and individualized bowel point compared with US and MRI plans. There was a statistically significant difference between standard plans and image-based plans-STD vs. US, STD vs. MRI, and STD vs. Final-having consistent (p <or= 0.001) respectively for target volume, Point A, ICRU 38 bladder, and bowel point. US plan assessed on two-dimensional MRI image was comparable for target volume (p = 0.11), rectal point (p = 0.8), and vaginal mucosa (p = 0.19). Local control was 90%. Late bowel morbidity (G3, G4) was <2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transabdominal ultrasound offers an accurate, quick, accessible, and cost-effective method of conformal brachytherapy planning.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Therapy Services, Peter MacCallum Cancer Center, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. sylvia.vandyk@petermac.org
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van Dyk
authors.forename: Kailash
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Narayan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bernshaw
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy*