title: Drug resistance mutations for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug-resistance: 2009 update.
abstract: Programs that monitor local, national, and regional levels of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance inform treatment guidelines and provide feedback on the success of HIV-1 treatment and prevention programs. To accurately compare transmitted drug resistance rates across geographic regions and times, the World Health Organization has recommended the adoption of a consensus genotypic definition of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance. In January 2007, we outlined criteria for developing a list of mutations for drug-resistance surveillance and compiled a list of 80 RT and protease mutations meeting these criteria (surveillance drug resistance mutations; SDRMs). Since January 2007, several new drugs have been approved and several new drug-resistance mutations have been identified. In this paper, we follow the same procedures described previously to develop an updated list of SDRMs that are likely to be useful for ongoing and future studies of transmitted drug resistance. The updated SDRM list has 93 mutations including 34 NRTI-resistance mutations at 15 RT positions, 19 NNRTI-resistance mutations at 10 RT positions, and 40 PI-resistance mutations at 18 protease positions.
authors.affiliation: World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Diane E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Ricardo J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Camacho
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Otelea
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Kuritzkes
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fleury
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiuchi
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heneine
authors.forename: Rami
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kantor
authors.forename: Michael R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schapiro
authors.forename: Anne-Mieke
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vandamme
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sandstrom
authors.forename: Charles A B
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Boucher
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: van de Vijver
authors.forename: Soo-Yon
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Tommy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Deenan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pillay
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Shafer
mesh_terms: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D016333:HIV Protease / Q000235:genetics; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D014944:World Health Organization
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012194:RNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D016333:HIV Protease