title: Potential role of TBC1D4 in enhanced post-exercise insulin action in human skeletal muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  TBC1 domain family, member 4 (TBC1D4; also known as AS160) is a cellular signalling intermediate to glucose transport regulated by insulin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity is increased after acute exercise by an unknown mechanism that does not involve modulation at proximal insulin signalling intermediates. We hypothesised that signalling through TBC1D4 is involved in this effect of exercise as it is a common signalling element for insulin and exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Insulin-regulated glucose metabolism was evaluated in 12 healthy moderately trained young men 4 h after one-legged exercise at basal and during a euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Vastus lateralis biopsies were taken before and immediately after the clamp.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Insulin stimulation increased glucose uptake in both legs, with greater effects (approximately 80%, p < 0.01) in the previously exercised leg. TBC1D4 phosphorylation, assessed using the phospho-AKT (protein kinase B)substrate antibody and phospho- and site-specific antibodies targeting six phosphorylation sites on TBC1D4, increased at similar degrees to insulin stimulation in the previously exercised and rested legs (p < 0.01). However, TBC1D4 phosphorylation on Ser-318, Ser-341, Ser-588 and Ser-751 was higher in the previously exercised leg, both in the absence and in the presence of insulin (p < 0.01; Ser-588, p = 0.09; observed power = 0.39). 14-3-3 binding capacity for TBC1D4 increased equally (p < 0.01) in both legs during insulin stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We provide evidence for site-specific phosphorylation of TBC1D4 in human skeletal muscle in response to physiological hyperinsulinaemia. The data support the idea that TBC1D4 is a nexus for insulin- and exercise-responsive signals that may mediate increased insulin action after exercise.
authors.affiliation: Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Treebak
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frøsig
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pehmøller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Maarbjerg
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Brandt
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: MacKintosh
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Zierath
authors.forename: D G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Hardie
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kiens
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pilegaard
authors.forename: J F P
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wojtaszewski
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000209:etiology; D007328:Insulin / Q000502:physiology*; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D010766:Phosphorylation; D012146:Rest; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016683:Supine Position; D016526:Workload; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D017931:DNA Primers; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D007328:Insulin; C526441:TBC1D1 protein, human; C518767:TBC1D4 protein, human