title: Characterization of phosphogypsum wastes associated with phosphoric acid and fertilizers production.
abstract: The present work is directed to characterize the phosphogypsum (PG) wastes associated with phosphoric acid produced by the wet process in industrial facility for the production of fertilizers and chemicals in Egypt. The PG waste samples were characterized in terms of spectroscopic analysis (X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, IR spectra) and radiometric analysis (gamma- and alpha-measurements). The gamma-ray measurements showed that the average activity concentrations are 140+/-12.6, 459+/-36.7, 323+/-28.4, 8.3+/-0.76 and 64.3+/-4.1 Bq/kg for U-238, Ra-226, Pb-210, Th-232 and K-40, respectively. The alpha-particle measurements of uranium isotopes showed that the average activity concentrations of U-238, U-235 and U-234 were 153+/-9.8, 7+/-0.38, 152+/-10.4 Bq/kg, respectively. The average radiochemical recovery (%) of the destructive alpha-particle measurements is approximately 70% with a resolution (FWHM) of approximately 30 keV. Activity ratios of U-238/Ra-226 and U-238/Pb-210 were less than unity (i.e., <1) and equal to 0.31+/-0.02 and 0.47+/-0.16, respectively. The isotopic ratios of U-238/U-235 and U-238/U-234 (in PG and PR samples) were close to the normal values of approximately 21.7 and approximately 1, respectively and are not affected by the wet processing of phosphate rock (PR). The obtained results of PG waste samples were compared with phosphate rock (PR) samples. The radiation hazard indices are namely, radium activity index (Ra-Eq>370 Bq/kg), total absorbed gamma dose rate (D(gamma r)>5 nGy/h) and radon emanation fraction (Rn-EF>20%). Uncertainty of the sample counting was 95% confidence level of sigma. The results indicated the necessity to find suitable routes to decrease and/or redistribute the radionuclide of environmental interest (i.e., Ra-226) in PG wastes, consequently to reduce its radiation impacts in the surrounding environment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Analytical and Environmental Control, Hot Laboratories and Waste Management Center (HLWMC), Atomic Energy Authority, Post Office No. 13759, Abu Zabaal, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: El Afifi
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hilal
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Attallah
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: El-Reefy
mesh_terms: D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000032:analysis*; D004534:Egypt; D005308:Fertilizers / Q000032:analysis*; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis*; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D005308:Fertilizers; D010756:Phosphoric Acids; D014866:Waste Products; C077769:phosphogypsum; D010758:Phosphorus; C030242:phosphoric acid; D002133:Calcium Sulfate