title: Elevated CC chemokine level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid is predictive of a poor outcome of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  CC chemokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. Elevated CC chemokine levels have been observed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine whether the levels of four CC chemokines, i.e. monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha/CCL3), thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC/CCL17), and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), in BAL fluid are predictive of the prognosis of IPF patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the chemokine levels of patients alive 5 years after diagnosis and those who had died. Lung function data, CT scores, and serum markers were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 39 patients (29 males, median age, 60 years), 19 patients (48%) died within 5 years after the diagnosis. Whereas percent vital capacity was not different, percent lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide was significantly higher in the surviving patients than in the nonsurviving patients (p < 0.01). Median CCL2 levels of surviving and nonsurviving patients were 154.3 (interquartile range, IQR: 67.3-381.8) and 427.2 (IQR: 329.2-1184.1) pg/ml, respectively (p < 0.02). CCL3 levels in BAL fluid did not differ between the surviving and nonsurviving patients. CCL17 was detected in BAL fluid of 7 patients, 6 of whom died within 5 years. CCL22 was detectable in BAL fluid of 10 patients, only 1 of whom survived. Serum levels of KL-6 and lactate dehydrogenase did not differ between the surviving and nonsurviving patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated levels of CCL2, CCL17 and CCL22 in BAL fluid might be predictive of a poor outcome in patients with IPF.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Hiromi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shinoda
authors.forename: Sadatomo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tasaka
authors.forename: Seitaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fujishima
authors.forename: Wakako
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yamasawa
authors.forename: Keisuke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Yasushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakano
authors.forename: Hirofumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kamata
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hasegawa
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry*; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D054990:Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D019742:Chemokines, CC