title: Inequalities in maternal health: national cohort study of ethnic variation in severe maternal morbidities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe on a national basis ethnic differences in severe maternal morbidity in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  National cohort study using the UK Obstetric Surveillance System (UKOSS).
  
  
  METHODS
  All hospitals with consultant led maternity units in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  686 women with severe maternal morbidity between February 2005 and February 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates, risk ratios, and odds ratios of severe maternal morbidity in different ethnic groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  686 cases of severe maternal morbidity were reported in an estimated 775 186 maternities, representing an estimated incidence of 89 (95% confidence interval 82 to 95) cases per 100 000 maternities. 74% of women were white, and 26% were non-white. The estimated risk of severe maternal morbidity in white women was 80 cases per 100 000 maternities, and that in non-white women was 126 cases per 100,000 (risk difference 46 (27 to 66) cases per 100 000; risk ratio 1.58, 95% confidence interval 1.33 to 1.87). Black African women (risk difference 108 (18 to 197) cases per 100,000 maternities; risk ratio 2.35, 1.45 to 3.81) and black Caribbean women (risk difference 116 (59 to 172) cases per 100 000 maternities; risk ratio 2.45, 1.81 to 3.31) had the highest risk compared with white women. The risk in non-white women remained high after adjustment for differences in age, socioeconomic and smoking status, body mass index, and parity (odds ratio 1.50, 1.15 to 1.96).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe maternal morbidity is significantly more common among non-white women than among white women in the UK, particularly in black African and Caribbean ethnic groups. This pattern is very similar to reported ethnic differences in maternal death rates. These differences may be due to the presence of pre-existing maternal medical factors or to factors related to care during pregnancy, labour, and birth; they are unlikely to be due to differences in age, socioeconomic or smoking status, body mass index, or parity. This highlights to clinicians and policy makers the importance of tailored maternity services and improved access to care for women from ethnic minorities. National information on the ethnicity of women giving birth in the UK is needed to enable ongoing accurate study of these inequalities.
authors.affiliation: National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford. marian.knight@npeu.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knight
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kurinczuk
authors.forename: Patsy
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spark
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Brocklehurst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000349:Africa / Q000208:ethnology; D001208:Asia / Q000208:ethnology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008429:Maternal Welfare / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000208:ethnology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014900:West Indies / Q000208:ethnology; D055815:Young Adult