title: Browlifting as an alternative procedure for apraxia of eyelid opening.
abstract: Essential blepharospasm is an idiopathic disorder that consists of spontaneous, spasmodic, and involuntary eyelid closure in the absence of ocular disease. Some patients develop an inability to open their eyelids in the absence of orbicularis spasms. These patients have essential blepharospasm combined with apraxia of eyelid opening. Botulinum toxin injections are the treatment of choice for blepharospasm but results may be insufficient, especially in cases associated with apraxia. Apraxia can be treated surgically by levator aponeurosis advancement, frontalis suspension, and upper myectomy. The authors report the first browlift using polypropylene suture to manage eyelid apraxia associated with blepharospasm as an alternative and minimally invasive procedure.
authors.affiliation: Ophthalmology Department, Oculoplastic Sector, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. agbnicoletti@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: André G B
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nicoletti
authors.forename: Ivana C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: Suzana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matayoshi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001072:Apraxias / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D019882:Blepharoplasty; D001764:Blepharospasm / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005138:Eyebrows; D005143:Eyelids / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005546:Forehead / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D011126:Polypropylenes; D013536:Suture Techniques; D013537:Sutures
chemical_list: D011126:Polypropylenes