Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell plasticity and their application perspectives.
The aim of this review is to summarize recent developments in research on the characteristics of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell plasticity. Stem cells are uncommitted entities capable of both self-renewal and differentiation into multiple cell lineages. In general, there are certain types of stem cell populations that are identified from embryonic and postnatal tissues. Embryonic stem cells are derived from mammalian blastocytes and theoretically have the ability to generate differentiated cell types arising from the three germ layers: mesoderm, ectoderm and endoderm. In contrast, postnatal stem cells are thought to be tissue specific, committed precursors capable of developing into a restricted number of cell lineages. Bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSSCs), also known as mesenchymal stem cells, have been identified as a population of organized hierarchical postnatal stem cells with the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, cardiomyocytes, myoblasts and neural cells. Recently, studies on the plasticity of BMSSCs challenge the traditional dogma that the differentiation and commitment of postnatal stem cells are limited to cell populations resident in their local environment. Current boneregenerative techniques, such as autologous bone grafting, allografts and alloplastic materials, have limitations that hinder their use in a wider range of clinical conditions. Hence, the development of improved methods, such as BMSSC-mediated bone regeneration, is necessary for achieving future viable therapeutic alternatives.
Menabde
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Tbilisi State medical University, Department of Conservative Dentistry, Tbilisi, Georgia.
Gogilashvili
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Kakabadze
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Berishvili
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D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000502:physiology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D006801:Humans; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D023822:Tissue Engineering