title: Human immunodeficiency disease: how should it affect surgical decision making?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ever-increasing prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the continued improvement in clinical management has increased the likelihood of surgery being performed on patients with this infection. The aim of the review was to assess current literature on the influence of HIV status on surgical decision-making.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was performed using MEDLINE articles addressing "human immunodeficiency virus," "HIV," "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome," "AIDS," "HIV and surgery." We also manually searched relevant surgical journals and completed the bibliographic compilation by collecting cross references from published papers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results of surgery between noninfected and HIV-infected individuals and between HIV-infected and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients are variable in terms of morbidity, mortality, and hospital stay. The risk of major surgery is not unlike that for other immunocompromised or malnourished patients. The multiple co-morbidities associated with HIV infection and the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy must be considered when assessing and optimizing the patient for surgery. The clinical stage of the patient's disease should be evaluated with a focus on the overall organ system function. For patients with advanced HIV disease, palliative surgery offers relief of acute problems with improvement in the quality of life. When indicated, diagnostic surgery assists with further decision-making in the medical management of these patients and hence should not be withheld.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV infection should not be considered a significant independent factor for major surgical procedures. Appropriate surgery should be offered as in normal surgical patients without fear of an unfavorable outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag 7 Congella, 4013 Durban, South Africa. madiba@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Madiba
authors.forename: D J J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muckart
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Thomson
mesh_terms: D000349:Africa / Q000453:epidemiology; D000465:Algorithms; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015897:Comorbidity; D003657:Decision Making; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents