title: Management of severely bleeding ethmoidal arteries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ethmoidal arteries (EAs) can be responsible for severe bleeding. Clinical features of EA bleeding are rather extensive because it can occur within the nasal cavity or in orbital spaces. Furthermore, surgical management of EA bleeding is challenging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective evaluation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five clinical patients with severe bleeding from EAs and/or epistaxis refractory to sphenopalatine artery closure were included in this work. Careful anatomic dissection of the orbitoethmoidal region was performed in 3 fresh injected heads.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ethmoidal artery management is not uniform because it depends on the rapidity and severity of the bleeding and the chambers within which it happens. Trauma-related bleeding usually requires a lateral canthotomy, whereas in intraoperative bleeding, efforts should be made to directly coagulate the bleeding vessel, even within the orbital fat. Spontaneous epistaxis refractory to sphenopalatine artery closure is to be addressed externally, preferably under endoscopic vision.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethmoidal artery management differs according to the clinical situation. Elective surgery is advisable for spontaneous epistaxis, whereas emergency treatment, ranging from intraorbital coagulation of the bleeding vessel to lateral canthotomy (when the patient is in a sight-threatening condition), is necessary when the bleeding occurs within orbital spaces. A treatment management algorithm is useful in cases of severe and refractory EA bleeding.
authors.affiliation: ENT Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy. iacopodallan@tiscali.it
authors.forename: Iacopo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dallan
authors.forename: Manfred
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tschabitscher
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castelnuovo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bignami
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Muscatello
authors.forename: Riccardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lenzi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Battaglia
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sellari-Franceschini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001158:Arteries; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical; D002102:Cadaver; D004210:Dissection; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004564:Electrocoagulation; D004630:Emergencies; D004724:Endoscopy; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000601:surgery; D005004:Ethmoid Bone / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery*; D006488:Hemostasis, Surgical; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries; D009915:Orbit / Q000098:blood supply / Q000293:injuries; D010159:Palate / Q000098:blood supply; D019315:Retrobulbar Hemorrhage / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000098:blood supply