title: Role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in the staging of synovial, epithelioid, and clear cell sarcomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Soft tissue sarcomas generally have a </=5% risk of lymph node metastasis, but synovial, epithelioid, and clear cell subtypes reportedly have a much higher risk. The utility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for patients with these sarcoma subtypes is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  29 patients with nonmetastatic synovial, epithelioid, and clear cell sarcomas who underwent SLNB were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median age was 35 years (range 11-73 years), and 69% were male. Tumors were located in the lower extremity in 17 patients and the upper extremity in 12. The histological subtypes were synovial sarcoma in 16 patients, epithelioid sarcoma in 10, and clear cell sarcoma in 3. All patients had a staging chest computed tomography (CT) scan, none of which were suspicious, and 20 patients had staging positron emission tomography (PET) scans (16 negative, 3 indeterminate, and 1 suspicious). All patients had resection of their primary tumor. At least one sentinel node was found in 28 patients (97%), and the median number of sentinel nodes identified was 2 (range 1-4). One patient had a positive sentinel node on routine hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and developed lung metastases. Two patients had positive sentinel nodes following immunohistochemical staining, and both remain disease free despite not undergoing completion lymphadenectomy. One patient developed a lymph node metastasis after a negative SLNB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For patients with these sarcoma subtypes without radiological evidence of nodal or distant metastases, the incidence of occult lymph node metastasis is relatively low. Determining utility of SLNB may require a multicenter trial.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Ugwuji N
authors.initials: UN
authors.lastname: Maduekwe
authors.forename: Francis J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Hornicek
authors.forename: Dempsey S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Springfield
authors.forename: Kevin A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Raskin
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Harmon
authors.forename: Edwin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Choy
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: G Petur
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: DeLaney
authors.forename: Yen-Lin
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ott
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Yoon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D005121:Extremities; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012509:Sarcoma / Q000473:pathology*; D018227:Sarcoma, Clear Cell / Q000473:pathology*; D013584:Sarcoma, Synovial / Q000473:pathology*; D021701:Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy; D055815:Young Adult