title: Tear film and ocular surface changes in diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Diabetes mellitus and its clinical association with dry eye and ocular surface are becoming a frequent and sometimes complicate problem in Ophthalmology. Epidemiological data show that an increase in the number of patients with this association is expected following the trend to rise of the disease. The present work reviews the clinical and functional aspects of this problem. The observations indicate that metabolic, neuropathic and vascular tissue damages lead to an inflammatory process and functional degeneration. The physiopathological mechanism include hyperglycemia, advanced glycated end product accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Potential treatments enlightened by those findings would include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, secretagogues and/or anabolic agents that would mimic insulin effects.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil.
authors.forename: Mônica de Cássia
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: José Barreto
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Carvalheira
authors.forename: Carolina Maria
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Módulo
authors.forename: Eduardo Melani
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rocha
mesh_terms: D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000378:metabolism*; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B