title: Indirect measurement of dysfunctional attitudes in bipolar affective disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study uses an indirect measure to explore whether dysfunctional attitudes are characteristic of all phases of bipolar disorder. Previous studies with bipolar patients using indirect measurements have uncovered depression-like responses that were otherwise undetected.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study design was adopted to explore the presence of dysfunctional attitudes within each phase of the illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manic patients, depressed bipolar patients, remitted bipolar patients, and healthy controls were compared on a sentence stem completion task designed to implicitly assess dysfunctional attitudes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The manic, depressed, and remitted patients all exceeded the controls on implicit measures of dysfunctional attitudes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that all phases of bipolar disorder are associated with depressogenic dysfunctional attitudes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Natural Science and Public Health, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Justin.thomas@zu.ac.ae
authors.forename: Justin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001290:Attitude; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D011932:Reading; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis