title: The use of harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and geographic information system (GIS) methods to characterize distribution and locate spatial clusters of Borrelia burgdorferi and its vector Ixodes scapularis in Indiana.
abstract: Ixodes scapularis (Say) is the vector for Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) the causative agent of Lyme disease (LD). The increased number and presence of ticks in the environment pose a significant health risk to people and many domestic animals including dogs, cats, and horses. This study characterized the distribution and expansion of I. scapularis and Bb and identified areas of increased risk of LD transmission in Indiana using geographical information systems (GIS) and spatial analysis. A cross-sectional sampling was performed for 3 consecutive years (2005-2007). A total of 3,412 harvested white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were searched for ticks at Department of Natural Resources manned deer check-in stations. Hunters were asked for verbal permission to search the deer and to indicate on a road atlas where the deer was killed. All deer points were digitized into a GIS database. Identification of clustering in space and time for these organisms was performed using geostatistical software. Multiple spatial clusters of I. scapularis-infested deer were identified in western Indiana. B. burgdorferi was isolated from tick pools in 11 counties. In addition to the I. scapularis clusters, one spatial cluster of Bb-infected ticks was identified. Our current survey results and cluster analysis indicate that the western geographic regions of Indiana should be considered by the healthcare community to be at increased risk of LD compared with the rest of Indiana.
authors.affiliation: Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Keefe
authors.forename: Manuel H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Moro
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vinasco
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hill
authors.forename: Ching C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Eran A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Raizman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D025065:Borrelia burgdorferi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D030561:Databases, Nucleic Acid; D003670:Deer / Q000469:parasitology*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D005843:Geography; D007196:Indiana; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D018884:Ixodes / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000382:microbiology*; D008074:Lipoproteins; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D000954:Antigens, Surface; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001428:Bacterial Vaccines; D008074:Lipoproteins; C072045:OspA protein