title: Identification of second trimester screen positive pregnancies at increased risk for congenital heart defects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether second trimester biomarkers could be used to identify screen positive pregnancies at increased risk for congenital heart defects (CHDs) and measure the effect of using different biomarker cut points on the detection of CHDs and on the performance of predictive models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were 19,402 pregnancies without chromosomal defects, which were screen positive for Down syndrome or other birth defects based on maternal serum measurements of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and unconjugated estriol (uE3). Logistic regression models were built that compared biomarkers for CHD cases compared to controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHD cases were more likely to be screen positive for trisomy-18, to have a nuchal fold (NF) >or= 5 mm, and/or to have an hCG multiple of the median (MoM) >or= 95th percentile in models that considered screen positive grouping. In models that did not consider screen positive grouping, cases were more likely to have a NF >or= 5 mm, an AFP MoM <or=10th percentile, an hCG MoM <or=25th percentile, and/or an hCG MoM >or= 75th percentile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Along with NF, second trimester maternal serum biomarkers may be useful indicators for fetal and newborn evaluation for CHDs in screen positive pregnancies without identified chromosomal defects.
authors.affiliation: Genetic Disease Screening Program, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA. Laura.Jelliffe@cdph.ca.gov
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Jelliffe-Pawlowski
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Walton-Haynes
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Currier
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood; D002887:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18; D004964:Estriol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014314:Trisomy; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins; D004964:Estriol