title: Association of criminal convictions between family members: effects of siblings, fathers and mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Crime runs in families. Previous research has shown the existence of intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to investigate the extent to which variation in criminal convictions may be explained by the criminality of siblings and by the intergenerational transmission of criminal behaviour.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the Dutch Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS) were used to analyse cross-tabulations and to conduct multi-level logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results indicate that criminal convictions of other family members are indeed correlated with individual conviction risk. The criminal history of siblings is most strongly correlated with the convictions of focal respondents. Results furthermore show that parental convictions only account modestly for the association of criminal convictions between siblings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that a direct influence between siblings is plausible, providing support for learning or imitation theories.
authors.affiliation: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Department of Sociology/ICS, The Netherlands. m.vanderakt@maw.ru.nl
authors.forename: Marieke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van de Rakt
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nieuwbeerta
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Apel
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003415:Crime / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005220:Fathers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015995:Prevalence; D011329:Prisoners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D035781:Siblings / Q000523:psychology*