title: Simulation training in laparoscopy using a computerized physical reality simulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a new simulator, SurgicalSIM LTS, and summarize our preliminary experience with system.
  
  
  METHODS
  LTS was evaluated in 3 studies: (1) 124 participants from 3 Canadian universities: 13 students; 30 residents, fellows, attendings from surgery; 59 gynecologists; 22 urologists were classified based on laparoscopic experience as novice, intermediate, competent, or expert. All were tested on the LTS. Seventy-four were tested on the LTS and MISTELS (McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills). Participants completed a satisfaction questionnaire. (2) Twenty-five international gynecologists in-training at Kiel Gynaecologic Endoscopy Center, and 15 students from the center pretested on LTS underwent voluntary additional trials and posttesting. (3) Seventeen experienced laparoscopic surgeons from 3 specialties were recruited to perform on randomly assigned simulators involving 5 commercial, computer-based systems. The surgeons practiced repetitively for 1.5 days. Efficient, error-free performance was measured and proficiency score formulas were developed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study A: LTS showed a good correlation with level of experience (P=0.000) and MISTELS (0.79). Satisfaction: LTS vs MISTELS 79.9 vs 70.4 (P=0.012). Study B: Posttest scores were significantly better in all tasks for both groups, P<0.0001. Group mean scores with < or =5 trials were significantly better than with 2 or 3 trials (P<0.012, P<0.018). Study C: LTS had the highest effectiveness rating of the 5 simulators.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A new computerized physical reality simulator can be used to assess/train laparoscopic technical skills.
authors.affiliation: University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM. drhasson@aol.com
authors.forename: Harrith M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Hasson
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D006176:Gynecology / Q000193:education; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures / Q000193:education*; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education; D014584:User-Computer Interface