title: Molecular alterations in exocrine neoplasms of the pancreas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage when the disease is beyond surgical intervention. Molecular studies during the past decade have contributed greatly to our understanding of this disease. Various germ-line and somatic mutations associated with pancreatic cancers have been characterized, along with abnormal variations in the gene expression patterns. A thorough characterization of molecular alterations such as genetic and epigenetic changes, alterations in the expression of genes and changes in proteins, and posttranslational modifications in pancreatic cancer could lead to a better understanding of its pathogenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an overview of the various molecular alterations in pancreatic cancer and the methodologies used to catalog such alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published studies about various molecular alterations at the genomic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels in pancreatic cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The available data from pancreatic cancer suggests that there are a large number of molecular alterations at genomic, epigenetic, transcriptomic, and proteomic levels. It is now possible to initiate a systems approach to studying pancreatic cancer especially in light of newer initiatives to dissect the pancreatic cancer genome.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India.
authors.forename: Prathibha
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ranganathan
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Harsha
authors.forename: Akhilesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology