title: Ambient air pollution and cardiovascular malformations in Atlanta, Georgia, 1986-2003.
abstract: Associations between ambient air pollution levels during weeks 3-7 of pregnancy and risks of cardiovascular malformations were investigated among the cohort of pregnancies reaching at least 20 weeks' gestation that were conceived during January 1, 1986-March 12, 2003, in Atlanta, Georgia. Surveillance records obtained from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, which conducts active, population-based surveillance on this cohort, were reviewed to classify cardiovascular malformations. Ambient 8-hour maximum ozone and 24-hour average carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter with an average aerodynamic diameter of <10 microm (PM(10)), and sulfur dioxide measurements were obtained from centrally located stationary monitors. Temporal associations between these pollutants and daily risks of secundum atrial septal defect, aortic coarctation, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, patent ductus arteriosus, valvar pulmonary stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, muscular ventricular septal defect, perimembranous ventricular septal defect, conotruncal defects, left ventricular outflow tract defect, and right ventricular outflow defect were modeled by using Poisson generalized linear models. A statistically significant association was observed between PM(10) and patent ductus arteriosus (for an interquartile range increase in PM(10) levels, risk ratio = 1.60, 95% confidence interval: 1.11, 2.31). Of the 60 associations examined in the primary analysis, no other significant associations were observed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA. mjstric@sph.emory.edu
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Strickland
authors.forename: Mitchel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Klein
authors.forename: Adolfo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Correa
authors.forename: Mark D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Reller
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Mahle
authors.forename: Tiffany J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Riehle-Colarusso
authors.forename: Lorenzo D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Botto
authors.forename: W Dana
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siffel
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcus
authors.forename: Paige E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Tolbert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000032:analysis* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005845:Georgia / Q000453:epidemiology; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012621:Seasons; D050497:Stillbirth / Q000453:epidemiology