title: Proton pump inhibitor failure--what are the therapeutic options?
abstract: Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) failure is very common and may affect up to one-third of the PPI consumers. Identifying the underlying mechanisms for PPI failure in each individual patient is essential for treatment success. For residual acid reflux, increasing the PPI dose to twice daily; switching to another PPI, or adding an histamine 2 receptor antagonist could be a successful therapeutic strategy. In patients with duodenogastroesophageal reflux, weak acidic/alkaline reflux and hypersensitivity to acid reflux, therapeutic modalities that reduce transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation or visceral pain could be entertained. Treatment of PPI failure due to delayed gastric emptying should be focused on improving gastric motor activity. Psychological management may supplement any medical or surgical approach toward PPI failure.
authors.affiliation: The Neuro-Enteric Clinical Research Group, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85723-0001, USA. Ronnie.Fass@va.gov
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fass
mesh_terms: D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010349:Patient Compliance; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D006635:Histamine H2 Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors