title: Effect of dexmedetomidine added to spinal bupivacaine for urological procedures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of adding dexmedetomidine to bupivacaine for neuraxial anesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six patients were studied between April and May 2008 in the University of Jordan, Amman Jordan. They were randomly assigned into 3 groups, each receiving spinal bupivacaine 12.5mg combined with normal saline (group N) Dexmedetomidine 5 microg (group D5), or dexmedetomidine 10 microg (group D10). The onset times to reach T10 sensory and Bromage 3 motor block, and the regression times to reach S1 sensory level and Bromage 0 motor scale, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean time of sensory block to reach the T10 dermatome was 4.7 +/- 2.0 minutes in D10 group, 6.3 +/- 2.7 minutes in D5, and 9.5 +/- 3.0 minutes in group N. The mean time to reach Bromage 3 scale was 10.4 +/- 3.4 minutes in group D10, 13.0+/-3.4 minutes in D5, and 18.0 +/- 3.3 minutes in group N. The regression time to reach S1 dermatome was 338.9 +/- 44.8 minutes in group D10, 277.1 +/- 23.2 minutes in D5, and 165.5 +/- 32.9 minutes in group N. The regression to Bromage 0 was 302.9 +/- 36.7 minutes in D10, 246.4 +/- 25.7 minutes in D5, and 140.1 +/- 32.3 minutes in group N. Onset and regression of sensory and motor block were highly significant (N vesus D5, N versus D10, and D5 versus D10, p<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dexmedetomidine has a dose dependant effect on the onset and regression of sensory and motor block when used as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in spinal anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Jordan University Hospital, PO Box 13046, Amman 11942, Jordan. mahmoud_juh@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mahmoud M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Al-Mustafa
authors.forename: Sami A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Abu-Halaweh
authors.forename: Abdelkarim S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Aloweidi
authors.forename: Mujalli M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Murshidi
authors.forename: Bassam A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Ammari
authors.forename: Ziad M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Awwad
authors.forename: Ghazi M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Al-Edwan
authors.forename: Micheal A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ramsay
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D020927:Dexmedetomidine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D020927:Dexmedetomidine; D002045:Bupivacaine