title: The cognitive and affective structure of paranoid delusions: a transdiagnostic investigation of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paranoid delusions are a common symptom of a range of psychotic disorders. A variety of psychological mechanisms have been implicated in their cause, including a tendency to jump to conclusions, an impairment in the ability to understand the mental states of other people (theory of mind), an abnormal anticipation of threat, and an abnormal explanatory style coupled with low self-esteem.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the structure of the relationships among psychological mechanisms contributing to paranoia in a transdiagnostic sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional design, with relationships between predictor variables and paranoia examined by structural equation models with latent variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Publicly funded psychiatric services in London and the North West of England.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred seventy-three patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders, major depression, or late-onset schizophrenia-like psychosis, subdivided according to whether they were currently experiencing paranoid delusions. Sixty-four healthy control participants matched for appropriate demographic variables were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessments of theory of mind, jumping to conclusions bias, and general intellectual functioning, with measures of threat anticipation, emotion, self-esteem, and explanatory style.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The best fitting (chi(2)(96) = 131.69, P = .01; comparative fit index = 0.95; Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.96; root-mean-square error of approximation = 0.04) and most parsimonious model of the data indicated that paranoid delusions are associated with a combination of pessimistic thinking style (low self-esteem, pessimistic explanatory style, and negative emotion) and impaired cognitive performance (executive functioning, tendency to jump to conclusions, and ability to reason about the mental states of others). Pessimistic thinking correlated highly with paranoia even when controlling for cognitive performance (r = 0.65, P < .001), and cognitive performance correlated with paranoia when controlling for pessimism (r = -0.34, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both cognitive and emotion-related processes are involved in paranoid delusions. Treatment for paranoid patients should address both types of processes.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Adeilad Brigantia Bldg, Penrallt Road, Gwynedd, Wales. richard.bentall@bangor.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Bentall
authors.forename: Georgina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rowse
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shryane
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kinderman
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Nigel
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blackwood
authors.forename: Rosie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Rhiannon
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corcoran
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003657:Decision Making; D003702:Delusions / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012563:Schizophrenia, Paranoid / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult