title: Effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in islet transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an islet substance serving as an intra-islet amplifier of glucose-induced insulin secretion similar to exendin-4. It has been reported that systemic administration of PACAP maintained beta-cell mass, delayed the onset of hyperglycemia, and protected beta cells from glucose toxicity. Moreover, PACAP increases glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we investigated the possibility of PACAP use in human islet transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human islets were cultured in the presence or absence of PACAP (10(-12) mol/L) for 48 hours. We assessed beta-cell viability using FACS, cellular composition analysis by iCys/LSC, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In vivo, islets were transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of Streptozotocin-induced diabetic immunodeficient mice. An intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) was also performed in the presence or absence of PACAP (Peptide International, Louisville, Ky, United States; 1.3 nmol/kg).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant improvements in terms of beta-cell viability and cellular composition between islets cultured with or without PACAP, respectively (P < .05). Moreover, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion significantly improved in islets cultured with PACAP compared with controls, respectively (P < .05). Treatment of recipient mice with PACAP resulted in beneficial effects on insulin secretion (PACAP vs control, 13.2 vs 1.9 mU/L), in IVGTT. However, no significant difference was observed in glucose levels between the 2 groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study indicated that PACAP significantly improved beta-cell viability and survival during culture, and increased insulin secretion in vitro and in vivo. However, blood glucose levels in vivo after an IVGTT did not significantly improve, probably due to increased glucagon secretion from alpha cells. PACAP supplementation to culture medium could be of assistance to improve clinical islet transplantation outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sakuma
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ricordi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Miki
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Damaris
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pileggi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ichii
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D005947:Glucose / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D000078790:Insulin Secretion; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016381:Islets of Langerhans Transplantation / Q000502:physiology; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D051219:Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide; D005947:Glucose