title: Longitudinal cognitive decline in subcortical ischemic vascular disease--the LADIS Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cross-sectional studies have indicated that subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIVD), as defined according to imaging criteria, is associated with a specific clinical and cognitive profile. Much less is known about the long-term cognitive consequences of SIVD. The aim of the study was to investigate the longitudinal cognitive performance and incident dementia in subjects with and without SIVD in a sample of older adults with white matter lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the Leukoaraiosis and Disability (LADIS) study, 639 participants were examined with annual clinical and neuropsychological evaluations for 3 years. The subjects meeting the MRI criteria of SIVD at baseline were compared to the other subjects of the sample with linear mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall level of cognitive performance over the follow-up period was inferior in multiple cognitive domains in SIVD subjects as compared to the reference group. The subjects with SIVD presented significantly steeper decline of performance in the Stroop test (parts I and II), Trail Making A test, Verbal fluency test, and Mini-Mental State Examination. They also had a threefold risk of developing dementia during follow-up independently of age, sex, education and medial temporal lobe atrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SIVD, as a manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease, is related to progressive cognitive impairment and a considerable risk of developing dementia. SIVD seems to specifically contribute to the deterioration of psychomotor speed, executive control, and global cognitive function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. hanna.jokinen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jokinen
authors.forename: Hely
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kalska
authors.forename: Raija
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ylikoski
authors.forename: Sofia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Madureira
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Verdelho
authors.forename: Wiesje M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: van der Flier
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Scheltens
authors.forename: Frederik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Barkhof
authors.forename: Marieke C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Visser
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fazekas
authors.forename: Reinhold
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Gunhild
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Waldemar
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wallin
authors.forename: Hugues
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chabriat
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pantoni
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inzitari
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Erkinjuntti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology*; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015140:Dementia, Vascular / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D012307:Risk Factors