title: Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sorafenib in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction: CALGB 60301.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK) and determine a tolerable dose of oral sorafenib in patients with hepatic or renal dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were assigned to one of nine cohorts: cohort 1, bilirubin < or = upper limit of normal (ULN) and AST < or = ULN and creatinine clearance (CC) > or = 60 mL/min; cohort 2, bilirubin more than ULN but < or = 1.5x ULN and/or AST more than ULN; cohort 3, CC between 40 and 59 mL/min; cohort 4, bilirubin more than 1.5x ULN to < or = 3x ULN (any AST); cohort 5, CC between 20 and 39 mL/min; cohort 6, bilirubin more than 3x ULN to 10x ULN (any AST); cohort 7, CC less than 20 mL/min; cohort 8, albumin less than 2.5 mg/dL (any bilirubin/AST); and cohort 9, hemodialysis. Sorafenib was administered as a 400-mg dose on day 1 for PK, and continuous daily dosing started on day 8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 150 registered patients, 138 patients were treated. With the exception of cohorts 6 and 7, at least 12 patients per cohort were assessable, and the dose level with prospectively defined dose-limiting toxicity in less than one third of patients by day 29 was considered tolerable. No significant associations between the sorafenib PK and cohort were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We recommend the following empiric sorafenib starting doses by cohort: cohort 1, 400 mg twice a day; cohort 2, 400 mg twice a day; cohort 3, 400 mg twice a day; cohort 4, 200 mg twice a day; cohort 5, 200 mg twice a day; cohort 6, not even 200 mg every third day tolerable; cohort 7, not defined; cohort 8, 200 mg each day; and cohort 9, 200 mg each day.
authors.affiliation: Comprehensive Cancer Center of Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA. aamiller@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Antonius A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Daryl J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Murry
authors.forename: Kouros
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Owzar
authors.forename: Donna R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hollis
authors.forename: Erin B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Ghassan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Abou-Alfa
authors.forename: Apurva
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desai
authors.forename: Jimmy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villalona-Calero
authors.forename: E Claire
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Dees
authors.forename: Lionel D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Marwan G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fakih
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Millard
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Frank
authors.forename: Raymond J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Hohl
authors.forename: Mark J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ratain
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D005260:Female; D048550:Hepatic Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D051437:Renal Insufficiency / Q000150:complications*; D000077157:Sorafenib; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib