title: The effects of warning smokers on perceived risk, worry, and motivation to quit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research concerning motives for smoking cessation has focused on beliefs (cognitions) that people have, especially risk perceptions, with less attention directed to worry (negative affect) concerning one's smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We tested a manipulation to encourage smokers to think and worry more about their smoking behavior. We contrasted risk perceptions and worry as predictors of contemplation to quit smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Smokers were randomly assigned to two conditions in which they carried personal digital assistants for 2 weeks. When signaled, smokers read smoking consequence statements or daily hassle statements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After 2 weeks, experimental smokers reported greater perceived risk and worry about developing a medical condition compared to control smokers. Both perceived risk and worry independently mediated the relationship between the experimental manipulation and increased contemplation to quit smoking; however, worry was the strongest mediator in a multiple mediation model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Worry may be foremost for motivating smokers to attempt quitting.
authors.affiliation: North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA. rmagnan@unm.edu
authors.forename: Renee E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Magnan
authors.forename: Amber R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Köblitz
authors.forename: Desiree J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Zielke
authors.forename: Kevin D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: McCaul
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009042:Motivation; D010465:Perception; D012306:Risk; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology*