title: Nitrosative stress, protein tyrosine nitration, PARP activation and NAD depletion in the kidneys of rats after single dose of cyclophosphamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cyclophosphamide (CP) and its structural analogue ifosfamide are highly effective cytostatic drugs. While both cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide have severe urotoxic side effects, only ifosfamide is thought to be nephrotoxic. The nephrotoxicity of CP in generally overlooked because of normal plasma creatinine levels. Therefore, little information is available regarding the pathogenic mechanism of renal damage by CP. In the present study, we investigated the role of nitrosative stress in CP-induced renal damage.
  
  
  METHODS
  The experimental rats received a single i.p. of 150 mg/kg body weight CP in saline and were killed 6 h or 16 h later. The control rats received saline. The kidneys were used for histological and biochemical analysis. Nitrotyrosine and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were localized immunohistochemically as indicators of protein nitration and DNA damage, respectively. Nitrite, NAD and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were assayed in the kidney homogenates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The nitrite level in the kidneys of CP-treated rats was elevated twofold. The kidneys of CP-treated rats stained strongly for nitrotyrosine as well as for PARP. Significant decrease in oxidized NAD levels was also observed in the kidneys of CP-treated rats. The activity of the peroxynitrite sensitive enzyme SOD was significantly reduced in the kidneys of CP-treated rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study reveal that nitrosative stress may play an important role in CP-induced renal damage. It is suggested that protein nitration, PARP activation and NAD +/- depletion may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of cyclophosphamide induced renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, 632002, Tamil Nadu, India. premilaabraham@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Premila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abraham
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Christian Medical College, Bagayam, Vellore, 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
authors.forename: Suganthy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rabi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003520:Cyclophosphamide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004249:DNA Damage; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007274:Injections, Intraperitoneal; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D009566:Nitrates / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D009243:NAD; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D003520:Cyclophosphamide; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases