title: Hypoxia-induced autophagy is mediated through hypoxia-inducible factor induction of BNIP3 and BNIP3L via their BH3 domains.
abstract: While hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a major actor in the cell survival response to hypoxia, HIF also is associated with cell death. Several studies implicate the HIF-induced putative BH3-only proapoptotic genes bnip3 and bnip3l in hypoxia-mediated cell death. We, like others, do not support this assertion. Here, we clearly demonstrate that the hypoxic microenvironment contributes to survival rather than cell death by inducing autophagy. The ablation of Beclin1, a major actor of autophagy, enhances cell death under hypoxic conditions. In addition, the ablation of BNIP3 and/or BNIP3L triggers cell death, and BNIP3 and BNIP3L are crucial for hypoxia-induced autophagy. First, while the small interfering RNA-mediated ablation of either BNIP3 or BNIP3L has little effect on autophagy, the combined silencing of these two HIF targets suppresses hypoxia-mediated autophagy. Second, the ectopic expression of both BNIP3 and BNIP3L in normoxia activates autophagy. Third, 20-mer BH3 peptides of BNIP3 or BNIP3L are sufficient in initiating autophagy in normoxia. Herein, we propose a model in which the atypical BH3 domains of hypoxia-induced BNIP3/BNIP3L have been designed to induce autophagy by disrupting the Bcl-2-Beclin1 complex without inducing cell death. Hypoxia-induced autophagy via BNIP3 and BNIP3L is clearly a survival mechanism that promotes tumor progression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, University of Nice, CNRS-UMR 6543, Lacassagne, 33 Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice, France.
authors.forename: Grégory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bellot
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Garcia-Medina
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gounon
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chiche
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roux
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pouysségur
authors.forename: Nathalie M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Mazure
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D000071186:Beclin-1; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000099162:Endothelial PAS Domain-Containing Protein 1; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; C090121:BNIP3 protein, human; C116838:BNIP3L protein, human; C474007:Bax protein (53-86); C497443:Hif1a protein, mouse