title: [Intraoperative control of pedicle screw position using three-dimensional fluoroscopy. A prospective study in thoracolumbar fractures].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Screw misplacement affects the stability of the internal fixateur and may cause neurovascular complications. However, only a computer tomographic scan can show the exact position of the screws. This study was undertaken to assess the reliability of intraoperative three-dimensional imaging (3-D) to view screw positions.
  
  
  METHODS
  The prospective study involved 34 patients with thoracolumbar spine fractures between June 2006 until July 2007 who underwent an intraoperative 3-D-imaging scan after pedicle screw placement. The positions of 136 screws were classified according to the axial view of the 3-D scan into 6 categories. Pedicle and corpus perforation of the screws were measured in 2-mm steps. The quality of the 3-D scan was classified into 3 groups. We compared the results with the screw positions in postoperative CT scans.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The computer tomography showed 122 screws in correct positions. 14 screws were misplaced. The average time of the 3-D procedure was 9.6 minutes. In axial C-arm reconstructions, 121 correct positions and 11 malpositions were classified correctly. With regard to the used classification a sensitivity of 3-D-imaging for all screws was 90.0 % and specificity was 97.6 %. The screw position was classified correctly by intraoperative scan in 97.1 % (132/136). 3 of 4 malclassified screws were in the thoracic spine segment (T 1-T 10). Absolute conformity between computer tomography and 3-D imaging classification was reached when the scan quality was good. The quality of 3-D imaging correlated significantly with pedicle diameter (p = 0.004), BMI of the patients (p = 0.001) and the spine level (p = 0.001). Wide pedicles, spine level T 11-L 5 and a low BMI lead to a good quality of scans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative imaging by 3-D fluoroscopy can predict very exactly the position of pedicle screws, especially, when a good scan quality is available and the spine section viewed is T 11-L 5. The scan offers the advantage of immediate correction of screw malposition. Thus, computer tomography to control pedicle screw position is dispensable.
authors.affiliation: Abteilung für Unfall- und Wiederherstellungschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Rostock (AöR). markus.beck@med.uni-rostock.de
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moritz
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gierer
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gradl
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Harms
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mittlmeier
mesh_terms: D001863:Bone Screws; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D038361:Neuronavigation; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed