title: Health and use of health services: a comparison between Gypsies and Travellers and other ethnic groups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the health status of adults from black and minority ethnic groups and from a socio-economically mixed White population, all resident in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional questionnaire survey using validated standardised health measures of a sample of Gypsies and Travellers, Pakistani Muslims, African Caribbean, and White adults living in five geographical locations. Health outcomes included general health, health in the past year, limiting long-term illness, anxiety, depression, respiratory symptoms and angina.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 520 recruited age-sex matched sample (260 Gypsies and Travellers matched with 260 Pakistani Muslims, African Caribbean, and White residents), 516 were included in this analysis (173 men, 343 women). There were no differences by age between the four groups but men were approximately four years older than women. There were significant statistical differences in smoking status and educational attendance with more Gypsies and Travellers being current smokers (58% (95% confidence interval (CI) 52, 64) versus 25% (14, 38) or lower in the other groups) and having poorer regular educational attendance (61% (54, 68) versus 89% (77, 96) or higher in the other groups). For all health outcomes examined, Gypsies and Travellers had significantly poorer outcomes (after adjustment for age, sex and smoking status) compared with the White population. The health status of the Pakistani Muslims and African Caribbeans was similar to that of the Gypsies and Travellers for health in the past year, asthma, and depression, but other outcomes (cough, sputum) were significantly less prevalent. There were also significant differences in specific outcomes between African Caribbean and Pakistani Muslim populations. Consultations with various health professionals and use of health services varied between the groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Being a Gypsy or Traveller is associated with even poorer health outcomes than those seen in two other ethnic minority groups resident in England, Pakistani Muslim and African Caribbean, and they in turn have poorer health outcomes than the White residents. More remains to be done to address the health and health service needs of such black and minority ethnic groups.
authors.affiliation: University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK. j.peters@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Glenys D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Parry
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Cleemput
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Cindy L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Walters
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004739:England; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D006178:Romani People; D055815:Young Adult