title: Complex shoulder disorders: evaluation and treatment.
abstract: Evaluation of patients with shoulder disorders often presents challenges. Among the most troublesome are revision surgery in patients with massive rotator cuff tear, atraumatic shoulder instability, revision arthroscopic stabilization surgery, adhesive capsulitis, and bicipital and subscapularis injuries. Determining functional status is critical before considering surgical options in the patient with massive rotator cuff tear. When nonsurgical treatment of atraumatic shoulder stability is not effective, inferior capsular shift is the treatment of choice. Arthroscopic revision of failed arthroscopic shoulder stabilization procedures may be undertaken when bone and tissue quality are good. Arthroscopic release is indicated when idiopathic adhesive capsulitis does not respond to nonsurgical treatment; however, results of both nonsurgical and surgical treatment of posttraumatic and postoperative adhesive capsulitis are often disappointing. Patients not motivated to perform the necessary postoperative therapy following subscapularis repair are best treated with arthroscopic débridement and biceps tenotomy.
authors.affiliation: Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
authors.forename: Pietro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Tonino
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gerber
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Itoi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Porcellini
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sonnabend
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Walch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods; D002062:Bursitis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D003646:Debridement / Q000379:methods; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods; D017006:Rotator Cuff / Q000601:surgery; D000070636:Rotator Cuff Injuries; D012783:Shoulder Dislocation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000601:surgery*; D013165:Splints; D013708:Tendon Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery; D016896:Treatment Outcome