title: Proposed criteria for metabolic syndrome in Japanese based on prospective evidence: the Hisayama study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current criteria of metabolic syndrome (MetS) are not based on evidence derived from prospective studies on cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 14-year follow-up study of 2452 community-dwelling Japanese individuals aged >or=40 years, we examined which of the MetS criteria are most predictive for the development of CVD. During the follow-up, 246 first-ever CVD events occurred.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An optimal cutoff point of waist circumference for predicting CVD was 90 cm in men (age-adjusted hazard ratio=1.81; 95% CI, 1.19 to 2.74; P=0.005) and 80 cm in women (age-adjusted hazard ratio=1.46; 95% CI, 0.99 to 2.16; P=0.05). A comparison of MetS criteria showed that the modified Japanese criteria using this cutoff point instead of the original definition were the strongest predictor of CVD events in both sexes (men: age-adjusted hazard ratio=2.58; 95% CI, 1.65 to 4.02; P<0.001; women: age-adjusted hazard ratio=2.39; 95% CI, 1.65 to 3.48; P<0.001). These observations remained robust even after adjustment for other confounding factors. According to this criteria set, only in the presence of central obesity, the hazard ratios for future CVD increased significantly as the number of MetS components increased, and a significant relationship was identified from 2 or more MetS components compared with individuals who had no MetS component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that the optimal cutoff point of waist circumference is 90 cm in men and 80 cm in women and that the modified Japanese criteria of MetS with this cutoff point as an essential component better predict CVD in the general Japanese population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. doi@intmed2.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yasufumi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Doi
authors.forename: Toshiharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ninomiya
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hata
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yonemoto
authors.forename: Hisatomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Arima
authors.forename: Michiaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Yumihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tanizaki
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwase
authors.forename: Mitsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Yutaka
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kiyohara
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000208:ethnology; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology; D055105:Waist Circumference