title: Sex differences in caspase activation after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Over the past 5 years, experimental data have emerged that ischemia-induced cell death pathways may differ in males and females. Cell death in males is triggered by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor. We have previously shown that interference with this pathway benefits males but not females after an experimental stroke. In contrast, caspase activation may be the major pathway activated after ischemic injury in females. The aim of this study is to examine whether sex differences exist in caspase activation in adult mice after stroke and to determine if interference with stroke-induced caspase activation preferentially protects females.
  
  
  METHODS
  Focal stroke was induced by reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (90 minutes) in young and aging C57BL/6 mice of both sexes. The pan-caspase inhibitor, quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy was administered at reperfusion. Histological outcomes were assessed 48 hours after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Separate cohorts were used for protein analysis of key cell death proteins, including caspase-3, caspase-8, cytochrome C, and apoptosis-inducing factor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug-treated female mice had significantly decreased infarct volumes and improved neurological deficits after stroke compared to vehicle-treated mice. Quinoline-Val-Asp(Ome)-CH2-O-phenoxy administration had no effect in male mice. The expression of cytochrome C and nuclear caspase-8 levels were increased in females after stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Female mice had an early release of cytochrome C and enhanced caspase activation after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Caspase inhibition benefited females but not males. Sex differences exist in both the response to ischemic injury and the efficacy of neuroprotective agents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Fudong
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Rongwen
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Louise D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: McCullough
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D015153:Blotting, Western; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020521:Stroke / Q000201:enzymology*; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000201:enzymology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D061945:Caspase Inhibitors; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D011804:Quinolines; C468548:quinoline-val-asp(OMe)-CH2-OPH; D004958:Estradiol; D020169:Caspases