title: Multiprobe spectroscopic investigation of molecular-level behavior within aqueous 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate.
abstract: In this work, an array of molecular-level solvent features--including solute--solvent/solvent--solvent interactions, dipolarity, heterogeneity, dynamics, probe accessibility, and diffusion--were investigated across the entire composition of ambient mixtures containing the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [bmim][BF4], and pH 7.0 phosphate buffer, based on results assembled for nine different molecular probes utilized in a range of spectroscopic modes. These studies uncovered interesting and unusual solvatochromic probe behavior within this benchmark mixture. Solvatochromic absorbance probes--a water-soluble betaine dye (betaine dye 33), N,N-diethyl-4-nitroaniline, and 4-nitroaniline--were employed to determine ET (a blend of dipolarity/polarizability and hydrogen bond donor contributions) and the Kamlet-Taft indices pi* (dipolarity/polarizability), alpha (hydrogen bond donor acidity), and beta (hydrogen bond acceptor basicity) characterizing the [bmim][BF4] + phosphate buffer system. These parameters each showed a marked deviation from ideality, suggesting selective solvation of the individual probe solutes by [bmim][BF4]. Similar conclusions were derived from the responses of the fluorescent polarity-sensitive probes pyrene and pyrene-1-carboxaldehyde. Importantly, the fluorescent microfluidity probe 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane senses a microviscosity within the mixture that significantly exceeds expectations derived from simple interpolation of the behavior in the neat solvents. On the basis of results from this probe, a correlation between microviscosity and bulk viscosity was established; pronounced solvent-solvent hydrogen-bonding interactions were implicit in this behavior. The greatest deviation from ideal additive behavior for the probes studied herein was consistently observed to occur in the buffer-rich regime. Nitromethane-based fluorescence quenching of pyrene within the [bmim][BF4] + phosphate buffer system showed unusual compliance with a "sphere-of-action" quenching model, a further manifestation of the microheterogeneity of the system. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopic results for both small (BODIPY FL) and macromolecular (Texas Red-10 kDa dextran conjugate) diffusional probes provide additional evidence in support of microphase segregation inherent to aqueous [bmim] [BF4].
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016, India.
authors.forename: Abhra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Maroof
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Gary A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Sergey Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Tetin
authors.forename: Qiaoqiao
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Siddharth
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pandey
mesh_terms: D001622:Betaine / Q000737:chemistry; D002021:Buffers; D002627:Chemistry, Physical / Q000379:methods; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000737:chemistry*; D008697:Methane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009595:Nitroparaffins / Q000737:chemistry; D010710:Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C419324:1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate; D002021:Buffers; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007093:Imidazoles; D009595:Nitroparaffins; D010710:Phosphates; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D001622:Betaine; D008697:Methane; C008640:nitromethane