Core-shell hydrogel particles harvest, concentrate and preserve labile low abundance biomarkers.
BACKGROUND
The blood proteome is thought to represent a rich source of biomarkers for early stage disease detection. Nevertheless, three major challenges have hindered biomarker discovery: a) candidate biomarkers exist at extremely low concentrations in blood; b) high abundance resident proteins such as albumin mask the rare biomarkers; c) biomarkers are rapidly degraded by endogenous and exogenous proteinases.


RESULTS
Hydrogel nanoparticles created with a N-isopropylacrylamide based core (365 nm)-shell (167 nm) and functionalized with a charged based bait (acrylic acid) were studied as a technology for addressing all these biomarker discovery problems, in one step, in solution. These harvesting core-shell nanoparticles are designed to simultaneously conduct size exclusion and affinity chromatography in solution. Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), a clinically relevant, highly labile, and very low abundance biomarker, was chosen as a model. PDGF, spiked in human serum, was completely sequestered from its carrier protein albumin, concentrated, and fully preserved, within minutes by the particles. Particle sequestered PDGF was fully protected from exogenously added tryptic degradation. When the nanoparticles were added to a 1 mL dilute solution of PDGF at non detectable levels (less than 20 picograms per mL) the concentration of the PDGF released from the polymeric matrix of the particles increased within the detection range of ELISA and mass spectrometry. Beyond PDGF, the sequestration and protection from degradation for a series of additional very low abundance and very labile cytokines were verified.


CONCLUSIONS
We envision the application of harvesting core-shell nanoparticles to whole blood for concentration and immediate preservation of low abundance and labile analytes at the time of venipuncture.
Longo
Caterina
C
Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
Patanarut
Alexis
A
George
Tony
T
Bishop
Barney
B
Zhou
Weidong
W
Fredolini
Claudia
C
Ross
Mark M
MM
Espina
Virginia
V
Pellacani
Giovanni
G
Petricoin
Emanuel F
EF
Liotta
Lance A
LA
Luchini
Alessandra
A
D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000737:chemistry; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods
D015415:Biomarkers; D001798:Blood Proteins; D016207:Cytokines; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate