title: Psychosocial functioning and sleep patterns in children and adolescents with cleft lip and palate (CLP) compared with healthy controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was twofold: to assess psychological functioning, interactional competencies, and sleep patterns in children and adolescents with cleft lip and palate (CLP), and to compare these results with those from age- and gender-matched controls. It was hypothesized that participants with CLP would exhibit greater difficulties in psychological functioning, more interactional difficulties, and poorer sleep patterns than those without CLP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two children and adolescents with CLP and 34 controls were recruited. Ages ranged from 6 to 16 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  For psychosocial assessment, the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and a questionnaire on interactional competencies (PIELCQ) were completed; for sleep assessment, a sleep log was completed for seven consecutive nights.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants with and without CLP did not differ with respect to emotional problems, conduct problems, or hyperactivity. With respect to interactional competencies, participants with CLP were six times more likely to report difficulties. Unfavorable sleep patterns were associated with psychosocial strain but not with the presence of CLP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RESULTS indicate that children and adolescents with CLP may report that they have sleep irregularities as often as those without CLP. In adolescence, the presence of CLP may be associated with increased difficulties. Consequently, skill training to improve context-related social competencies may be appropriate.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric University Clinics, Sleep Medicine and Neurophysiology, Basel, Switzerland. serge.brand@upkbs.ch
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blechschmidt
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sader
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schwenzer-Zimmerer
authors.forename: Hans-Florian
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Zeilhofer
authors.forename: Edith
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Holsboer-Trachsler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002971:Cleft Lip / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D002972:Cleft Palate / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D003142:Communication; D004644:Emotions; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D012649:Self Concept; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000503:physiopathology; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology