title: Intracranial hemorrhage after carotid endarterectomy and carotid stenting in the United States in 2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) following carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid artery stenting (CAS) is a rare but potentially devastating complication. The effect of more intense dual antiplatelet therapy required for CAS on the frequency of ICH has not been established. This study was undertaken to evaluate the nationwide occurrence of ICH associated with CAS vs CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was used to identify patients discharged after CAS and CEA during 2005. The type of revascularization and major adverse events, ie, in-hospital ICH, postprocedural stroke, and death rates, were determined by cross-tabulating specific procedural codes for CAS and CEA and diagnostic codes for carotid stenosis. Risk stratification was performed using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the association between type of revascularization, comorbidities, ICH, and risk-adjusted mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 2005, the estimated number of carotid revascularizations was 135,903. The vast majority of patients underwent CEA (90.4%), whereas CAS was performed in 13,093 (9.6%) patients. Most patients (92.2%) underwent treatment for asymptomatic carotid stenosis. CAS patients had higher postoperative stroke rates (2.1% vs 1.1%; P < .001) and in-hospital mortality (1.1% vs 0.6%; P < .001) than CEA patients. ICH occurred in 19 patients (0.15%) after CAS and in 20 patients (0.016%) after CEA (P < .001). CAS was identified as an independent predictor for postoperative stroke (odds ratio [OR], 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-2.0; P < .001), in-hospital mortality (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8; P < .001) and ICH (OR, 5.9; 95% CI, 3.1-11.1; P < .001) after adjusting for age, gender, symptomatic status, comorbidities, admission, and hospital type using logistic regression. In-hospital mortality was 12.5% among patients developing ICH (OR, 23.2; 95% CI, 9.1-54.4; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the United States, patients undergoing CAS have not only significantly increased postoperative stroke and death rates compared with those undergoing CEA, but also a sixfold increased risk of ICH. Although ICH after CAS is extremely rare, its devastating nature and high mortality warrant further investigation to define specific risk factors, prevention, and treatment strategies.
authors.affiliation: Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9157, USA. carlos.timaran@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Carlos H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Timaran
authors.forename: Frank J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Veith
authors.forename: Eric B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Rosero
authors.forename: J Gregory
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Modrall
authors.forename: R James
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: G Patrick
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Clagett
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology