title: Transglutaminase-2 regulation by arecoline in gingival fibroblasts.
abstract: Transglutaminase-2 (TGM-2) stabilizes extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins by cross-linking and has been implicated in several fibrotic disorders. Arecoline present in betel quid has been proposed as one of the causative factors for oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Hence, we hypothesize that arecoline may regulate TGM-2 and may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSMF. The expression of TGM-2 was studied in OSMF tissues by real-time RT-PCR analysis, and significant overexpression was observed in most OSMF tissues (P=0.0112) compared with normal tissues. Arecoline induced TGM-2 mRNA and protein expression as well as TGM-2 activity in human gingival fibroblast cells. The addition of methocramine hemihydrate (M-2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor selective antagonist) or 8'-bromo-cAMP abolished arecoline-mediated TGM-2 induction, suggesting a role for M-2 muscarinic acid receptor and a repressor role for cAMP. Our study provides evidence for TGM-2 overexpression in OSMF and its regulation by arecoline in oral fibroblasts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Reproduction Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India.
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Thangjam
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwal
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: U P
authors.initials: UP
authors.lastname: Verma
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Balapure
authors.forename: S G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kondaiah
mesh_terms: D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000494:pharmacology; D001115:Arecoline / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000201:enzymology; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology*; D006801:Humans; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology*; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D043585:Receptor, Muscarinic M2; D015124:8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate; D001115:Arecoline; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins