title: Organizational justice and sleeping problems: The Whitehall II study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that organizational injustice contributes to sleeping problems. Poor sleep quality can be a marker of prolonged emotional stress and has been shown to have serious effects on the immune system and metabolism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from the prospective Whitehall II study of white-collar British civil servants (3143 women and 6895 men, aged 35-55 years at baseline). Age, employment grade, health behaviors, and depressive symptoms were measured at Phase 1 (1985-1988) and baseline sleeping problems were assessed at Phase 2 (1989-1990). Organizational justice was assessed twice, at Phases 1 and 2. The outcome was mean of sleeping problems during Phases 5 (1997-1999) and 7 (2003-2004).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In men, low organizational justice at Phase 1 and Phase 2 were associated with overall sleeping problems, sleep maintenance problems, sleep onset problems, and nonrefreshing sleep at Phases 5 and 7. In women, a significant association was observed between low organizational justice and overall sleeping problems and sleep onset problems. These associations were robust to adjustments for age, employment grade, health behaviors, job strain, depressive symptoms, and sleeping problems at baseline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that perceived unfair treatment at workplace is associated with increased risk of poor sleep quality in men and women, one potential mechanism through which justice at work may affect health.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, UCL Medical School, London, England, UK. marko.elovainio@stakes.fi
authors.forename: Marko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elovainio
authors.forename: Jane E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Ferrie
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gimeno
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Vogli
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Brunner
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kumari
authors.forename: Jussi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimäki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015279:Organizational Culture; D011584:Psychology; D017150:Public Sector; D012307:Risk Factors; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012935:Social Justice; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology*