title: Apolipoprotein E modifies neurological outcome by affecting cerebral edema but not hematoma size after intracerebral hemorrhage in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To address the mechanisms by which apoE polymorphism affects functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage in humans, we tested the hypothesis that the presence of the APOE4 allele results in amplified inflammatory responses and increased cerebral edema.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively enrolled and collected data on 21 adult patients consecutively admitted to Duke University Hospital with supratentorial intracerebral hematoma including hemorrhage volume, midline shift, modified Rankin Score, Glasgow Outcome Score, and APOE genotype. Hemorrhage size (cm(3)) and midline shift (mm), at the level of the thalamus, were measured by computed tomography within 36 hours of admission. Rankin and Glasgow Scores were determined at discharge. Student's t-test was used to analyze hemorrhage size, midline shift, and Glasgow Outcome Score and logistical regression were used to measure allele affect on modified Rankin Score. When analyzing modified Rankin Score, patients were grouped by favorable outcome (0-2) or unfavorable (3-6).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 21 patients, 11 possessed at least 1 APOE4 allele (APOE4+). There was no difference in hemorrhage volume (25.8 v 38.3 mm for APOE4- v APOE4+, respectively) between the groups, but there was a significant difference in midline shift (P = .04, 0.7 v 4 mm). Functional outcomes were worse for the patients possessing at least 1 APOE4 allele (P = .04)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of APOE4 is associated with poor functional outcomes in humans after intracerebral hemorrhage. Our data suggest that the mechanism for this may be increased cerebral edema and not larger hematoma volume.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. james040@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: James
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blessing
authors.forename: Ellen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bennett
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Laskowitz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011379:Prognosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4; D001057:Apolipoproteins E