title: Coffee consumption and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among women with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Coffee has been linked to both beneficial and harmful health effects, but data on its relationship with cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes are sparse.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective cohort study including 7,170 women with diagnosed type 2 diabetes but free of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline. Coffee consumption was assessed in 1980 and then every 2-4 years using validated questionnaires. A total of 658 incident cardiovascular events (434 coronary heart disease and 224 stroke) and 734 deaths from all causes were documented between 1980 and 2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age, smoking and other cardiovascular risk factors, the relative risks were 0.76 (95% CI 0.50-1.14) for cardiovascular diseases (p trend = 0.09) and 0.80 (95% CI 0.55-1.14) for all-cause mortality (p trend = 0.05) for the consumption of >or=4 cups/day of caffeinated coffee compared with non-drinkers. Similarly, multivariable RRs were 0.96 (95% CI 0.66-1.38) for cardiovascular diseases (p trend = 0.84) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.54-1.07) for all-cause mortality (p trend = 0.08) for the consumption of >or=2 cups/day of decaffeinated coffee compared with non-drinkers. Higher decaffeinated coffee consumption was associated with lower concentrations of HbA(1c) (6.2% for >or=2 cups/day versus 6.7% for <1 cup/month; p trend = 0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that habitual coffee consumption is not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases or premature mortality among diabetic women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA. weilizhang@sglab.org
authors.forename: W L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lopez-Garcia
authors.forename: T Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: F B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: R M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: van Dam
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000009:adverse effects; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D003069:Coffee / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D004041:Dietary Fats; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006937:Hypercholesterolemia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009726:Nurses; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine; D003069:Coffee; D004041:Dietary Fats; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin