title: Effects of yohimbine and hydrocortisone on panic symptoms, autonomic responses, and attention to threat in healthy adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Research in rodents and non-human primates implicates the noradrenergic system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in stress, anxiety, and attention to threat. Few studies examine how these two neurochemical systems interact to influence anxiety and attention in humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this paper is to examine the effects of exogenous yohimbine and hydrocortisone, as well as their combination (Y + H), on panic symptoms and attention to social threat cues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two healthy adults underwent a pharmacological challenge in which they were blindly randomized to either yohimbine, hydrocortisone, Y + H, or placebo. Thirty minutes after drug infusion, attention to threat was measured using the dot probe task, a visual attention task that presents angry, happy, and neutral faces and measures the degree of attention allocated towards or away from the emotional faces. Panic and autonomic measures were assessed before and 30 min after drug infusion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant increase in panic symptoms in the yohimbine and Y + H groups, but not in the hydrocortisone or placebo groups. Yohimbine resulted in a greater increase in panic symptoms than Y + H. On the dot probe task, the placebo group exhibited an attention bias to angry faces, whereas this bias was absent after yohimbine. When collapsing across groups, increased panic symptoms was associated with less attention to angry faces.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exogenous hydrocortisone may attenuate noradrenergic-induced panic symptoms. The inverse relationship between panic symptoms and attention to angry faces extends prior research demonstrating attention modulation by stressful conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA. vasa@kennedykrieger.org
authors.forename: Roma A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vasa
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
authors.forename: Carrie L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Masten
authors.forename: Meena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vythilingam
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collin
authors.forename: Dennis S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Charney
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Neumeister
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mogg
authors.forename: Brendan P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: Maggie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bruck
authors.forename: Christopher S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Monk
mesh_terms: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003463:Cues; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D016584:Panic Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D015016:Yohimbine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000317:Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D015016:Yohimbine; D006854:Hydrocortisone