Analysis of nerve conduction block induced by direct current.
The mechanisms of nerve conduction block induced by direct current (DC) were investigated using a lumped circuit model of the myelinated axon based on Frankenhaeuser-Huxley (FH) model. Four types of nerve conduction block were observed including anodal DC block, cathodal DC block, virtual anodal DC block, and virtual cathodal DC block. The concept of activating function was used to explain the blocking locations and relation between these different types of nerve block. Anodal/cathodal DC blocks occurred at the axonal nodes under the block electrode, while virtual anodal/cathodal DC blocks occurred at the nodes several millimeters away from the block electrode. Anodal or virtual anodal DC block was caused by hyperpolarization of the axon membrane resulting in the failure of activating sodium channels by the arriving action potential. Cathodal or virtual cathodal DC block was caused by depolarization of the axon membrane resulting in inactivation of the sodium channel. The threshold of cathodal DC block was lower than anodal DC block in most conditions. The threshold of virtual anodal/cathodal blocks was about three to five times higher than the threshold of anodal/cathodal blocks. The blocking threshold was decreased with an increase of axonal diameter, a decrease of electrode distance to axon, or an increase of temperature. This simulation study, which revealed four possible mechanisms of nerve conduction block in myelinated axons induced by DC current, can guide future animal experiments as well as optimize the design of electrodes to block nerve conduction in neuroprosthetic applications.
Tai
Changfeng
C
Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, W1354 Biomedical Science Tower, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. cftai@pitt.edu
Roppolo
James R
JR
de Groat
William C
WC
D000200:Action Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000502:physiology; D048429:Cell Size; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D004560:Electricity; D004566:Electrodes / Q000592:standards; D004582:Electronics, Medical / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D004867:Equipment Design / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D009431:Neural Conduction / Q000502:physiology*; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology*; D019736:Prostheses and Implants / Q000592:standards; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature
D015222:Sodium Channels