title: A real-time, 3-D musculoskeletal model for dynamic simulation of arm movements.
abstract: Neuroprostheses can be used to restore movement of the upper limb in individuals with high-level spinal cord injury. Development and evaluation of command and control schemes for such devices typically require real-time, "patient-in-the-loop" experimentation. A real-time, 3-D, musculoskeletal model of the upper limb has been developed for use in a simulation environment to allow such testing to be carried out noninvasively. The model provides real-time feedback of human arm dynamics that can be displayed to the user in a virtual reality environment. The model has a 3-DOF glenohumeral joint as well as elbow flexion/extension and pronation/supination and contains 22 muscles of the shoulder and elbow divided into multiple elements. The model is able to run in real time on modest desktop hardware and demonstrates that a large-scale, 3-D model can be made to run in real time. This is a prerequisite for a real-time, whole-arm model that will form part of a dynamic arm simulator for use in the development, testing, and user training of neural prosthesis systems.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. edward.chadwick@case.edu
authors.forename: Edward K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Dimitra
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Blana
authors.forename: Antonie J Ton
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van den Bogert
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004550:Elbow / Q000502:physiology*; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology*; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D011403:Pronation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012782:Shoulder / Q000502:physiology*; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013484:Supination