title: Pediatric parapneumonic pleural effusions: experience in a university central hospital.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pleural effusions can complicate pneumonias in children and adolescents and are usually associated with a long hospital stay and increased morbidity.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To characterise a population of patients with parapneumonic pleural effusion and to establish possible prognostic factors on admission based on clinical, imaging and analytical data. To correlate treatment options with the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case review of patients under 18 years old with parapneumonic pleural effusion, admitted between July 1997 - June 2004 (7 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  118 patients were included, 60% male, with mean age 7 years. The incidence of pleural effusion increased throughout the period of the study. The admissions occurred predominantly in autumn and winter. On admission 60% of patients had respiratory distress and 39% chest pain. In 40% loculations were found on admission and were associated with longer hospital stay, longer course of antibiotic therapy and more frequent need for surgery. Thoracentesis was performed in 72% of patients (mean pH pleural fluid 7.24). The aetiologic agent was identified in 17% of cases: Streptococcus pneumoniae (five), Staphylococcus aureus (four) and Streptococcus pyogenes (four). In our study, 52% of patients underwent pleural drainage and 18% surgery. Median length of hospital stay was 15 days with mean 16.4 days (2 - 51).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Factors associated with worse prognosis were respiratory distress, loculations, empyema, low pH in pleural fluid, glucose or proteins in pleural fluid, high lactic dehydrogenase level in pleural fluid and high serum C-reactive protein. Pleural drainage and/or surgery can shorten hospital stay and improve outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Complicated parapneumonic pleural effusions are managed successfully in centres with experience in the different types of procedure that might be necessary.
authors.affiliation: Interno Complementar de Pediatria / Resident, Paediatrics. paulojosoares@sapo.pt
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soares
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barreira
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pissarra
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nunes
authors.forename: Inês
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Luísa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vaz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D010996:Pleural Effusion / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D011379:Prognosis