title: Evolutionary history and dynamics of dog rabies virus in western and central Africa.
abstract: The burden of rabies in Africa is estimated at 24,000 human deaths year(-1), almost all of which result from infection with dog rabies viruses (RABV). To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of RABV in western and central Africa, 92 isolates sampled from 27 African countries over 29 years were collected and sequenced. This revealed that RABV currently circulating in dogs in this region fell into a single lineage designated 'Africa 2'. A detailed analysis of the phylogeographical structure of this Africa 2 lineage revealed strong population subdivision at the country level, with only limited movement of virus among localities, including a possible east-to-west spread across Africa. In addition, Bayesian coalescent analysis suggested that the Africa 2 lineage was introduced into this region of Africa only recently (probably <200 years ago), in accordance with the timescale of expanding European colonial influence and urbanization, and then spread relatively slowly, perhaps occupying the entire region in a 100 year period.
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, UPRE Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: Chiraz
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Talbi
authors.affiliation: Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
authors.forename: Edward C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Benedictis
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Laboratoire Arbovirologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Faye
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Laboratoire des Arbovirus et Fièvres Hémorragiques Virales, BP 923, Bangui, Central African Republic.
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakouné
authors.affiliation: Direction des Laboratoires Vétérinaires, Niamey, Niger.
authors.forename: Djibo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gamatié
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, km 8 route de Koulikoro, BP 2295, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Abass
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diarra
authors.affiliation: Centre National d'Elevage et de Recherche Vétérinaires, Nouakchott, Mauritania.
authors.forename: Bezeid Ould
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Elmamy
authors.affiliation: Virology Department, Laboratoire National d'Elevage, BP 7026, Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso.
authors.forename: Adama
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sow
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Côte d'Ivoire, Unité des Virus du Système Nerveux, Département des Virus Epidémiques, 01 BP 490 Abidjan 01, Ivory Coast.
authors.forename: Edgard Valery
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Adjogoua
authors.affiliation: Laboratoire Central Vétérinaire, km 8 route de Koulikoro, BP 2295, Bamako, Mali.
authors.forename: Oumou
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Sangare
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Dundon
authors.affiliation: Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Research and Development Department, Rabies Unit, Viale dell'Università 10, Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
authors.forename: Ilaria
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Capua
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Laboratoire Arbovirologie, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Senegal.
authors.forename: Amadou A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Sall
authors.affiliation: Institut Pasteur, UPRE Lyssavirus Dynamics and Host Adaptation, National Reference Centre for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Rabies, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bourhy
mesh_terms: D000350:Africa, Central / Q000453:epidemiology; D000354:Africa, Western / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D004285:Dogs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000235:genetics; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010802:Phylogeny; D011818:Rabies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D011820:Rabies virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013997:Time Factors; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D006023:Glycoproteins; D019590:Nucleocapsid Proteins; D014759:Viral Envelope Proteins; C064951:glycoprotein G, Rabies virus; C099601:nucleocapsid protein, Rabies virus