title: Overexpression of RRM2 decreases thrombspondin-1 and increases VEGF production in human cancer cells in vitro and in vivo: implication of RRM2 in angiogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In addition to its essential role in ribonucleotide reduction, ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) small subunit, RRM2, has been known to play a critical role in determining tumor malignancy. Overexpression of RRM2 significantly enhances the invasive and metastatic potential of tumor. Angiogenesis is critical to tumor malignancy; it plays an essential role in tumor growth and metastasis. It is important to investigate whether the angiogenic potential of tumor is affected by RRM2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the expression of antiangiogenic thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) and proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in two RRM2-overexpressing KB cells: KB-M2-D and KB-HURs. We found that TSP-1 was significantly decreased in both KB-M2-D and KB-HURs cells compared to the parental KB and mock transfected KB-V. Simultaneously, RRM2-overexpressing KB cells showed increased production of VEGF mRNA and protein. In contrast, attenuating RRM2 expression via siRNA resulted in a significant increased TSP-1 expression in both KB and LNCaP cells; while the expression of VEGF by the two cells was significantly decreased under both normoxia and hypoxia. In comparison with KB-V, overexpression of RRM2 had no significant effect on proliferation in vitro, but it dramatically accelerated in vivo subcutaneous growth of KB-M2-D. KB-M2-D possessed more angiogenic potential than KB-V, as shown in vitro by its increased chemotaxis for endothelial cells and in vivo by the generation of more vascularized tumor xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest a positive role of RRM2 in tumor angiogenesis and growth through regulation of the expression of TSP-1 and VEGF.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical & Molecular Pharmacology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. kzhang@coh.org
authors.forename: Keqiang
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shuya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Linling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jianming
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xiaochen
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xiyong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Bingsen
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000378:metabolism*; D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism; D012262:Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase / Q000378:metabolism*; D019700:Thrombospondin 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000378:metabolism*; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D019408:Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019700:Thrombospondin 1; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C093713:ribonucleotide reductase M2; D012262:Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase