title: Vagus nerve stimulation in children with intractable epilepsy: indications, complications and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the indication, complications and outcome of vagus nerve stimulation in intractable childhood epilepsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the data of 69 children who had insertion of vagal nerve stimulator (VNS) between June 1995 and August 2006 for medically intractable epilepsy. Outcome was based on the Engel's classification. Statistical analysis of the data was also done to see if any of the parameters significantly influenced the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-eight patients (55.08 %) had a satisfactory outcome (Engel class I, II or III), and in 31 patients (44.92 %), there was no worthwhile improvement of seizures (Engel class IV). There was no statistical significance between the type of seizure and outcome (Fisher's exact test, p = 0.351). Statistical analysis also showed that the following parameters did not significantly influence the outcome (p > 0.05): age at insertion of VNS, age of first fit, duration between first fit and insertion of VNS and the length of follow-up. Complications included infection, lead fracture, fluid collection around the stimulator, neck pain and difficulty swallowing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vagus nerve stimulation is a relatively safe and potentially effective treatment for children with medically intractable epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Sheffield Children's Hospital and Royal Hallamshire Hospital, 17 High Storrs Rise, Sheffield S11 7LA, UK. rezaulkabir@hotmail.com
authors.forename: S M R
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kabir
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rajaraman
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rittey
authors.forename: H S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Zaki
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kemeny
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: McMullan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055536:Vagus Nerve Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects