title: C-reactive protein upregulates receptor for advanced glycation end products expression and alters antioxidant defenses in rat endothelial progenitor cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) may play an important role in inflammatory processes and endothelial activation, likely to accelerate the processes of atherosclerosis, especially in patients with diabetes. The factors that regulate the expression of RAGE are not completely clear. C-reactive protein (CRP) is identified as a key proinflammatory cytokine in patients with atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis also induces reduction and dysfunction of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), a main cell type for vascular repair. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that CRP can regulate RAGE expression and alter antioxidant defenses in EPCs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPCs, isolated from bone marrow, were cultured in the absence or presence of lipopolysaccharide-free CRP (5, 10, 15, 20, and 50 microg/mL). RAGE protein expression was measured by flow cytometric analysis and Western blot. RAGE messenger RNA expression was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed using the ROS assay kit. A spectrophotometer was used to assess superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and polymerase chain reaction was used to test messenger RNA expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V immunostaining. Coculturing with CRP caused a significant upregulate expression of RAGE in EPCs, increased ROS production, altered antioxidant defenses, and induced EPC apoptosis. In addition, these effects were attenuated during blocking RAGE protein expression by small interfering RNA.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRP at concentrations known to predict cardiovascular event may serve to impair EPC antioxidant defenses for upregulating the expression of RAGE and promote EPC sensitivity toward oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. These data further support a direct role of CRP in the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of PLA, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
authors.forename: Jianfei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Minbao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Shiyong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Pan
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000494:pharmacology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D017127:Glycation End Products, Advanced; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D000067759:Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products; D011971:Receptors, Immunologic; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase