title: A self-agency bias in preschoolers' causal inferences.
abstract: Preschoolers' causal learning from intentional actions--causal interventions--is subject to a self-agency bias. The authors propose that this bias is evidence-based, in other words, that it is responsive to causal uncertainty. In the current studies, two causes (one child controlled, one experimenter controlled) were associated with one or two effects, first independently, then simultaneously. When initial independent effects were probabilistic, and thus subsequent simultaneous actions were causally ambiguous, children showed a self-agency bias. Children showed no bias when initial effects were deterministic. Further controls established that children's self-agency bias is not a wholesale preference but rather is influenced by uncertainty in causal evidence. These results demonstrate that children's own experience of action influences their causal learning, and the findings suggest possible benefits in uncertain and ambiguous everyday learning contexts.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. tk397@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kushnir
authors.forename: Henry M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Gelman
mesh_terms: D001245:Association Learning; D001288:Attention; D001307:Auditory Perception; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003210:Concept Formation; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007088:Illusions; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D033182:Intention; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D009949:Orientation; D011337:Probability Learning; D011340:Problem Solving; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D035501:Uncertainty; D014796:Visual Perception