title: Betaine supplementation attenuates atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Betaine serves as a methyl donor in a reaction converting homocysteine to methionine. It is commonly used for the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia in humans, which indicates it may be associated with reduced risk of atherosclerosis. However, there have been few data regarding its vascular effect.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of betaine supplementation on atherosclerotic lesion in apolipoprotein (apo) E-deficient mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four groups of apoE-deficient mice were fed AIN-93G diets supplemented with 0, 1, 2, or 4 g betaine/100 g diet (no, 1, 2, and 4% betaine, respectively). Wild-type C57BL/6 J mice were fed AIN-93G diet (wild-type). Mice were sacrificed after 0, 7, or 14 weeks of the experimental diets. Atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic sinus, levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in aorta and serum, serum lipids, and methylation status of TNF-alpha promoter in aorta were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Linear regression analysis showed that the higher dose of betaine was related to smaller atherosclerotic lesion area (beta = -11.834, P < 0.001). Compared with no-betaine mice after 14 weeks, mice receiving 1%, 2%, or 4% betaine had 10.8, 41, and 37% smaller lesion area, respectively. Betaine supplementation also reduced aortic expression of TNF-alpha in a dose-dependent way in four groups of apoE-deficient mice, and Pearson correlation revealed that atherosclerotic lesion area was positively associated with aortic TNF-alpha level (r = 0.777, P < 0.001). Although serum TNF-alpha levels were lower in betaine-supplemented mice than in no-betaine mice after fourteen weeks of treatment (P < 0.001), we did not observe a significant dosage effect (P = 0.11). However, methylation level of TNF-alpha promoter did not differ among groups at any time. In this study, apoE-deficient mice receiving betaine supplementation for 14 weeks had higher concentrations of serum total cholesterol (P < 0.01), LDL cholesterol (P < 0.05), and lower body weight (P < 0.05) than no-betaine mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that despite exacerbating hyperlipidemia in apoE-deficient mice, betaine may exert its anti-atherogenic effect by inhibiting aortic inflammatory response mediated by TNF-alpha.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th Zhongshan Road II, 510080, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Shiwei
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: Ruixin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Yanping
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Mengjun
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Wenhua
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Huilian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001011:Aorta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D001622:Betaine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016014:Linear Models; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D011897:Random Allocation; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008055:Lipids; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D001622:Betaine