title: Severe molecular defects of a novel FOXC1 W152G mutation result in aniridia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  FOXC1 mutations result in Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, a disorder characterized by a broad spectrum of malformations of the anterior segment of the eye and an elevated risk for glaucoma. A novel FOXC1 W152G mutation was identified in a patient with aniridia. Molecular analysis was conducted to determine the functional consequences of the FOXC1 W152G mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce the W152G mutation into the FOXC1 complementary DNA. The levels of W152G protein expression and the functional abilities of the mutant protein were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After screening for mutations in PAX6, CYP1B1, and FOXC1, a novel FOXC1 W152G mutation was identified in a newborn boy with aniridia and congenital glaucoma. Molecular analysis of the W152G mutation revealed that the mutant protein has severe molecular consequences in FOXC1, including defects in phosphorylation, protein folding, DNA-binding ability, inability to transactivate a reporter gene, and nuclear localization. Although W152G has molecular defects similar to those of the previously studied FOXC1 L130F mutation, W152G causes a more severe phenotype than L130F. Both the W152G and the L130F mutations result in the formation of protein aggregates in the cytoplasm. However, unlike the L130F aggregates, the W152G aggregates do not form microtubule-dependent inclusion bodies, known as aggresomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Severe molecular consequences, including the inability of the W152G protein aggregates to form protective aggresomes, may underlie the aniridia phenotype that results from the FOXC1 W152G mutation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: Yoko A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Tim K
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Footz
authors.forename: Fred B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Farideh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mirzayans
authors.forename: May
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Arif O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Walter
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015783:Aniridia / Q000235:genetics*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D019556:COS Cells; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003315:Cornea / Q000002:abnormalities; D003318:Corneal Opacity / Q000235:genetics; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005136:Eye Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D015870:Gene Expression; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000151:congenital; D006367:HeLa Cells; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D016297:Mutagenesis, Site-Directed; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005136:Eye Proteins; C112743:FOXC1 protein, human; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D000071841:PAX6 Transcription Factor; C000605730:PAX6 protein, human; D051761:Paired Box Transcription Factors; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; C585496:CYP1B1 protein, human; D065633:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1B1