Characteristics and emission factors of PCDD/Fs in various industrial wastes in South Korea.
Since South Korea ratified Stockholm Convention in January 2007, there is an obligation to survey the national emission of PCDD/Fs through environmental routes other than the air for taking actions to reduce and/or eliminate the release of PCDD/Fs. In this study, PCDD/F-containing wastes from various industrial emission sources in Korea (n=388) except from incinerators were investigated to elucidate the emission characteristics and their emission factors of PCDD/Fs in each industry. The concentrations of PCDD/Fs in waste samples ranged ND-96,200 ng I-TEQ kg(-1) (or 66,600 ng WHO-TEQ kg(-1)) for solid phase samples and ND-11,100 pg I-TEQL(-1) (or 6800 ng WHO-TEQ L) for liquid samples, respectively. Elevated levels of PCDD/F concentrations and emission factors were found in the wastes from productions of Cu, Al, Zn, Iron/steel, Pb, EDC/VCM/PVC and from waste landfill sites. The wastes from productions of cement (kilns) and acetylene (carbide method) showed elevated levels of PCDD/F emission factors only. The dominant congeners were OCDD, OCDF, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF and 1,2,3,4,5,7,8-HpCDD. The PCDF ratios in samples from thermal processes and solid phase samples were 69% and 70%, respectively. The ratio of OCDD congener (about 23.5%) was higher than that of other congeners in both solid and liquid phase wastes. These results can be used as a useful reference for the establishment of the PCDD/F inventory and their management plans.
Jin
Guang-Zhu
GZ
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, POSTECH, San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea.
Lee
Se-Jin
SJ
Park
Hyokeun
H
Lee
Ji-Eun
JE
Shin
Sun-Kyoung
SK
Chang
Yoon-Seok
YS
D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D007220:Industrial Waste; D007723:Korea; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid / Q000379:methods*
D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D007220:Industrial Waste; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins