title: New directions for induction immunosuppression strategy in solid organ transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Solid organ transplant centers are increasingly using induction immunosuppression strategies. Induction immunosuppression involves the use of intense therapy at the time of transplantation with the goal of preventing acute rejection and ultimately inducing a tolerogenic state. The objective of this review is to examine specialized induction agents currently in clinical use and highlight novel therapeutics on the horizon for induction immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search using the PubMed and MEDLINE databases identified salient basic science and clinical research articles on induction immunosuppression for solid organ transplantation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While current induction immunosuppression agents have reduced the incidence of acute rejection, the goal of transplant tolerance has not been realized. Furthermore, the long-term allograft survival rate is not clearly influenced by the practice of induction immunosuppression. New approaches to tolerance induction, such as costimulatory-based therapy, mixed chimerism, and adoptive cellular transfer, hold promise for more effective induction immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
authors.forename: Jason S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Hawksworth
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leeser
authors.forename: Rahul M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Jindal
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Falta
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tadaki
authors.forename: Eric A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Elster
mesh_terms: D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000276:immunology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000639:trends; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents