title: 6-Gingerol inhibits ROS and iNOS through the suppression of PKC-alpha and NF-kappaB pathways in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophages.
abstract: Inflammation is involved in numerous diseases, including chronic inflammatory diseases and the development of cancer. Many plants possess a variety of biological activities, including antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, our understanding of the anti-inflammatory effects of 6-gingerol is very limited. We used lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages as a model of inflammation to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of 6-gingerol, which contains phenolic structure. We found that 6-gingerol exhibited an anti-inflammatory effect. 6-Gingerol could decrease inducible nitric oxide synthase and TNF-alpha expression through suppression of I-kappaB alpha phosphorylation, NF-kappaB nuclear activation and PKC-alpha translocation, which in turn inhibits Ca(2+) mobilization and disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Here, we demonstrate that 6-gingerol acts as an anti-inflammatory agent by blocking NF-kappaB and PKC signaling, and may be developed as a useful agent for the chemoprevention of cancer or inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wen-Hwa 1st Road, Kwei-Shan Tao-Yuan 333, Taiwan. joyamen@mail.cgu.edu.tw
authors.forename: Tzung-Yan
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ko-Chen
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Shih-Yuan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hen-Hong
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002396:Catechols; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C007845:gingerol; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496317:Nos2 protein, mouse; D051571:Protein Kinase C-alpha