title: Human toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic.
abstract: A pilot study was conducted to determine the applicability of toenails as a biomarker of exposure to elevated environmental arsenic (As) levels. A total of 17 individuals were recruited for the pilot study: 8 residents living near to a former As mine, Devon, UK, forming the exposed group, plus 9 residents from Nottinghamshire, UK, with no anticipated As exposure who were used for comparison as a control group. All toenail samples were thoroughly washed prior to analysis and the wash solutions retained for As determination via ICP-MS to provide an indication of the background environmental As levels for each group. Total As was determined in washed toenail samples via ICP-MS following microwave assisted acid digestion. Concentrations of total As in the toenails of the exposed group were elevated, ranging from 858 to 25 981 microg kg(-1) (geometric mean = 5406 microg kg(-1)), compared to the control group whose toenail As concentrations ranged from 73 to 273 microg kg(-1) (geometric mean = 122 microg kg(-1)). Higher levels of exogenous As contamination were present on the toenails of the exposed group (geometric mean = 506 microg kg(-1)) compared to the control group (geometric mean = 4.0 microg kg(-1)) providing evidence of higher environmental As levels in the exposed group. Total As concentrations in toenail samples were positively correlated to environmental As levels (r = 0.60, p < 0.001). HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of aqueous toenail extracts revealed inorganic arsenite (As(III)) to be the dominant species extracted ( approximately 83%) with lesser amounts of inorganic arsenate (As(V)) and organic dimethylarsinate (DMA(V)) at approximately 13% and approximately 8.5%, respectively. Arsenic speciation in analysed toenail extracts from the two groups was comparable. The only notable difference between groups was the presence of small amounts (<1%) of organic methylarsonate (MA(V)) in two toenail samples from the exposed group. Toenails are presented as a viable biomarker of exposure at sites with elevated environmental As, such as the former mining sites found throughout Devon and Cornwall, UK.
authors.affiliation: British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK. mbutton@bgs.ac.uk
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Button
authors.forename: Gawen R T
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Jenkin
authors.forename: Chris F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Harrington
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Watts
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001151:Arsenic / Q000737:chemistry*; D015415:Biomarkers; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008906:Mining; D009262:Nails / Q000737:chemistry*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D006113:United Kingdom; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic