title: Genotoxicity of 3,6-dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene, a novel mutagen in ambient air and surface soil, in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.
abstract: 3,6-Dinitrobenzo[e]pyrene (3,6-DNBeP), newly identified in airborne particles and surface soil, is a potent mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium. The present study investigated the genotoxic potency of 3,6-DNBeP in vitro and in vivo using mammalian cell strains (Chinese hamster CHL/IU and human HepG2) and ICR mice, respectively. In the hprt gene mutation assay using HepG2 cells, the spontaneous mutant frequency was 61.1 per 10(5) clonable cells, which increased to 229 per 10(5) clonable cells after treatment with 1.0 microg/ml (3 microM) 3,6-DNBeP. Notably, in HepG2 cells with increased N-acetyltransferase 2 activity, the mutant frequency increased to 648 per 10(5) clonable cells by treatment of 1.0 microg/ml (3 microM) 3,6-DNBeP. The sister chromatid exchange frequency increased approximately three times the control level in HepG2 cells treated with 3,6-DNBeP at a concentration of 1.0 microg/ml (3 microM). In HepG2 and CHL/IU cells, the frequency of the cells with micronuclei was 0.9 and 1.2%, and the frequencies increased to 2.3 and 7.6% after 1.0 microg/ml (3 microM) 3,6-DNBeP-treatment, respectively. The H2AX phosphorylation level increased 8-fold compared with the background level with 1.0 microg/ml (3 microM) 3,6-DNBeP-treatment in HepG2 cells. Moreover, the comet assay showed that 3,6-DNBeP produced DNA damage in the cells of liver, kidney, lung and bone marrow in ICR mice 3 h after intraperitoneal injection at 40 mg/kg (0.12 mmol/kg) body weight. These data indicate that 3,6-DNBeP is genotoxic to mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Genetics Laboratory, Frontier Science Innovation Center and Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho Naka-ku, Sakai, Japan.
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawanishi
authors.forename: Tetsushi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Soichiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagio
authors.forename: Sayaka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ogo
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Shimohara
authors.forename: Rika
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jouchi
authors.forename: Saori
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takayama
authors.forename: Tomohiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hasei
authors.forename: Teruhisa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Yoshimitsu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Oda
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yagi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020552:Comet Assay; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009154:Mutation / Q000187:drug effects*; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; C068923:3,6-dinitrobenzopyrene; D001564:Benzo(a)pyrene