title: Reinstatement of cocaine seeking by hypocretin (orexin) in the ventral tegmental area: independence from the local corticotropin-releasing factor network.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypocretin (Hcrt), an arousal- and feeding-associated peptide, is expressed in lateral hypothalamic neurons that project to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Intra-VTA Hcrt reinstates morphine-conditioned place preferences, and intracerebroventricular and intra-VTA corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) reinstate cocaine seeking. Each is presumed to act, at least in part, through actions local to the VTA. Here, we examined the possibility that VTA perfusion of Hcrt reinstates cocaine seeking and, if so, whether it does so through the VTA mechanism that is implicated in reinstatement by CRF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were trained to lever-press for intravenous cocaine (2 weeks) and then underwent extinction training (saline substituted for cocaine: 3 weeks). Reinstatement behavior was tested and VTA dialysates were collected and assayed for glutamate or dopamine following footshock or perfusion of Hcrt or CRF, with or without Hcrt or CRF antagonists, into the VTA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ventral tegmental area perfusion of Hcrt-1 or footshock stress reinstated cocaine seeking and caused release of VTA glutamate and dopamine. The effects of Hcrt-1 were blocked by a selective Hcrt-1 antagonist, but not a CRF antagonist, and were not mimicked by Hcrt-2. The Hcrt-1 antagonist did not block CRF-dependent footshock-induced reinstatement or glutamate or dopamine release. The behavioral and neurochemical effects of Hcrt-1 were attenuated but not blocked by kynurenic acid, an ionotropic glutamate antagonist that blocks footshock-induced reinstatement and glutamate release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While Hcrt and CRF are known to interact in some area of the brain, in the VTA proper they appear to have largely independent actions on the mesolimbic dopamine mechanisms of cocaine seeking.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhi-Bing
authors.initials: ZB
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: Roy A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wise
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003042:Cocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004597:Electroshock; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007736:Kynurenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D012646:Self Administration; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D003042:Cocaine; D004298:Dopamine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D007736:Kynurenic Acid; D009479:Neuropeptides; D064446:Orexin Receptors; D000068797:Orexins; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D018019:Receptors, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D018092:Kainic Acid Receptors; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; C542397:SB 408124