title: PGC-1alpha, SIRT1 and AMPK, an energy sensing network that controls energy expenditure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1-alpha (PGC-1alpha) has been extensively described as a master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. However, PGC-1alpha activity is not constant and can be finely tuned in response to different metabolic situations. From this point of view, PGC-1alpha could be described as a mediator of the transcriptional outputs triggered by metabolic sensors, providing the idea that these sensors, together with PGC-1alpha, might be weaving a network controlling cellular energy expenditure. In this review, we will focus on how disorders such as type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome might be related to an abnormal and improper function of this network.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two metabolic sensors, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and SIRT1 have been described to directly affect PGC-1alpha activity through phosphorylation and deacetylation, respectively. Although the physiological relevance of these modifications and their molecular consequences are still largely unknown, recent insight from different in-vivo transgenic models clearly suggests that AMPK, SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha might act as an orchestrated network to improve metabolic fitness.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Metabolic sensors such as AMPK and SIRT1, gatekeepers of the activity of the master regulator of mitochondria, PGC-1alpha, are vital links in a regulatory network for metabolic homeostasis. Together, these players explain many of the beneficial effects of physical activity and dietary interventions in our battle against type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Hence, understanding the mechanisms by which they act could guide us to identify and improve preventive and therapeutic strategies for metabolic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Carles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cantó
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Auwerx
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D056564:Sirtuin 1; D037761:Sirtuins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C486497:PPARGC1A protein, human; D000071248:Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha; D014157:Transcription Factors; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C447939:SIRT1 protein, human; D056564:Sirtuin 1; D037761:Sirtuins