title: Chronic exposure to high levels of atrazine alters expression of genes that regulate immune and growth-related functions in developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles.
abstract: Atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide in ground and surface waters, with seasonal spikes that often exceed the Environmental Protection Agency's "Recommended Water Quality Criterion" of 350 parts per billion (ppb). Although numerous studies have shown atrazine produces adverse effects on growth, development, immune and endocrine system functions in a wide range of species, few describe gene expression changes concurrent with atrazine-induced changes in phenotype during development. In this report, developing Xenopus laevis tadpoles were chronically exposed to 400 ppb atrazine, an environmentally relevant concentration. Affymetrix microarrays and Taqman qRT-PCR were used to define gene expression changes that underlie atrazine-induced phenotypic alterations. Atrazine significantly reduced survival and growth (weight, length and fat body size) in male and female tadpoles. Microarray analysis showed atrazine altered expression of 44 genes in male tadpoles (18 upregulated, 26 downregulated) and 77 genes in female tadpoles (23 upregulated, 54 downregulated). Classification of the genes into functional groups showed the majority of genes were associated with the following biological functions: growth and metabolism, proteolysis, fibrinogen complex formation and immune regulation. Seven genes associated with immune system function, specifically defense molecules present in the skin (e.g. magainin II, levitide A, preprocarulein, skin granule protein), were significantly downregulated in female tadpoles. These results support the idea that environmental contaminants such as atrazine compromise important gene pathways during frog development that may, ultimately, be relevant to global amphibian decline.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Institute, Western Michigan University, 1903 West Michigan Avenue, Room 3924 Wood Hall, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, USA. jelasolangerveld@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anna Jelaso
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Langerveld
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Celestine
authors.forename: Renee
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zaya
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mihalko
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Ide
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001280:Atrazine / Q000633:toxicity*; D001483:Base Sequence; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects; D006540:Herbicides / Q000633:toxicity*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D011897:Random Allocation; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006540:Herbicides; D012313:RNA; D001280:Atrazine