title: Coherent scatter computed tomography for structural and compositional stone analysis: a prospective comparison with infrared spectroscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) is a standard method of stone analysis that yields relative proportions of stone materials within a sample. IRS is destructive, as it analyzes only powdered samples, with only a fraction of the stone being analyzed. This leads to sampling bias with components over- or underestimated or even missed entirely. IRS fails to provide structural composition such as that at the stone core. Coherent scatter computed tomography (CSCT) uses diagnostic X-rays to provide detailed structural and compositional analysis of intact specimens, including detailed imaging of the stone core.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing surgical treatment for stone disease were recruited for the study. Stones or fragments collected during surgery were subjected to both CSCT and IRS. The two methods were compared with respect to overall bulk composition of the stone and the ability to identify the material at the core.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CSCT and IRS agreed on the primary component in the majority (84.8%) of samples. CSCT detected additional components in 88.8% of stones identified as uniform by IRS. CSCT also identified a distinct stone core in 78.8% of samples, while IRS failed to detect the core component in 21.2% of these stones. In 30.3% of the stones with a core component, IRS did not identify the core mineral as the primary component.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSCT provides superior quantitative stone analysis and is not prone to issues such as sampling error as the entire specimen is analyzed. CSCT offers excellent structural imaging of stone samples, including detailed analysis of core composition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario , London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Geoffrey R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Wignall
authors.forename: Ian A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Cunningham
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Denstedt
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008903:Minerals; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012542:Scattering, Radiation; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D014545:Urinary Calculi / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals