title: Paced breathing in roller-ski skating: effects on metabolic rate and poling forces.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed (1) to determine whether paced breathing (synchronization of the expiration phase with poling time) would reduce the metabolic rate and dictate a lower rate of perceived exertion (RPE) than does spontaneous breathing and (2) to analyze the effects of paced breathing on poling forces and stride-mechanics organization during roller-ski skating exercises.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen well-trained cross-country skiers performed 8 submaximal roller-skiing exercises on a motorized driven treadmill with 4 modes of skiing (2 skating techniques, V2 and V2A, at 2 exercise intensities) by using 2 patterns of breathing (unconscious vs conscious). Poling forces and stride-mechanics organization were measured with a transducer mounted in ski poles. Oxygen uptake (VO2) was continuously collected. After each bout of exercise RPE was assessed by the subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No difference was observed for VO2 between spontaneous and paced breathing conditions, although RPE was lower with paced breathing (P < .05). Upper-limb cycle time and recovery time were significantly (P < .05) increased by paced breathing during V2A regardless of the exercise intensity, but no changes for poling time were observed. A slight trend of increased peak force with paced breathing was observed (P = .055).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lack of a marked effect of paced breathing on VO2 and some biomechanical variables could be explained by the extensive experience of our subjects in cross-country skiing.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Sport Sciences, Besancon Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fabre
authors.forename: Stephane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Perrey
authors.forename: Loic
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Arbez
authors.forename: Jean-Denis
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rouillon
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D010465:Perception; D005082:Physical Exertion; D012119:Respiration; D012865:Skiing / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors