title: Can new pulmonary gas exchange parameters contribute to evaluation of pulmonary congestion in left-sided heart failure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assessment of pulmonary congestion in left-sided heart failure is necessary for guiding anticongestive therapy. Clinical examination and chest x-ray are semiquantitative methods with poor diagnostic accuracy and reproducibility.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To establish reference values, describe reproducibility, and investigate the diagnostic and monitoring properties in relation to pulmonary congestion of new pulmonary gas exchange parameters describing ventilation/perfusion mismatch (variable fraction of ventilation [fA2] or the drop in oxygen pressure from the mixed alveolar air of the two ventilated compartments to the nonshunted end-capillary blood [DeltaPO(2)]) and pulmonary shunt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty healthy volunteers and 69 patients requiring an acute chest x-ray in a cardiac care unit were included. The gas exchange parameters were estimated by analyzing standard bedside respiratory and circulatory measurements obtained during short-term exposure to different levels of inspired oxygen. Nine patients were classified as having pulmonary congestion using a reference diagnosis and were followed during 30 days of anticongestive therapy. Diagnostic and monitoring properties were compared with chest x-ray, N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), spirometry values, arterial oxygen tension, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference and venous admixture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 95% reference intervals for healthy subjects were narrow (ie, fA2 [0.75 to 0.90], DeltaPO(2) [0.0 kPa to 0.5 kPa] and pulmonary shunt [0.0% to 8.2%]). Reproducibility was relatively good with small within subject coefficients of variation (ie, fA2 [0.05], DeltaPO(2) [0.4 kPa] and pulmonary shunt [2.0%]). fA2, DeltaPO(2) and NT-proBNP had significantly better diagnostic properties, with high sensitivities (100%) but low specificities (30% to 40%). During successful anticongestive therapy, fA2, DeltaPO(2), NT-proBNP and spirometry values showed significant improvements.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The gas exchange parameter for ventilation/perfusion mismatch but not pulmonary shunt can have a possible role in rejecting the diagnosis of pulmonary congestion and in monitoring anticongestive therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Jutland, Denmark. jmoesgaard@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moesgaard
authors.forename: J Hedegaard
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malczynski
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holst-Hansen
authors.forename: S Edward
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Rees
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murley
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andreassen
authors.forename: J Brondum
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Frokjaer
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toft
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011654:Pulmonary Edema / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011659:Pulmonary Gas Exchange / Q000502:physiology*; D012372:ROC Curve; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013147:Spirometry; D014692:Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult