title: Prospero-related homeobox protein (Prox1) inhibits hepatitis B virus replication through repressing multiple cis regulatory elements.
abstract: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene transcription is controlled by viral promoters and enhancers, the activities of which are regulated by a number of cellular factors as well as virally encoded proteins. Negative regulation of HBV cis-element activities by cellular factors has been reported less widely than their activation. In this study, we report that nuclear factor Prospero-related homeobox protein (Prox1) represses HBV antigen expression and genome replication in cultured hepatocytes. By using reporter-gene analysis, three of the four HBV promoters, namely the enhancer II/core promoter (ENII/Cp), preS1 promoter (Sp1) and enhancer I/X promoter, were identified as targets for Prox1-mediated repression. Mechanistic analysis then revealed that, for ENII/Cp, Prox1 serves as a corepressor of liver receptor homologue 1 (LRH-1) and downregulates LRH-1-mediated activation of ENII/Cp, whereas for Sp1, Prox1 partially represses Sp1 activity by interacting directly with hepatocyte nuclear factor 1. Identification of Prox1 as an HBV repressor will help in the understanding of detailed interactions between viral cis elements and host cellular factors and may also form the basis for new anti-HBV intervention therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Jianwei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Shifang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shan
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Yumei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.|Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China.|State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PR China.
authors.forename: Youhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015967:Gene Expression Regulation, Viral / Q000502:physiology; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology*; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000378:metabolism; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050436:Regulatory Elements, Transcriptional / Q000502:physiology*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D004279:DNA, Viral; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C082631:NR5A2 protein, human; D012367:RNA, Viral; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014157:Transcription Factors; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000098551:Prospero-Related Homeobox 1 Protein; D051537:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1