title: Glycerol: an unexpected major metabolite of energy metabolism by the human malaria parasite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria is a global health emergency, and yet our understanding of the energy metabolism of the principle causative agent of this devastating disease, Plasmodium falciparum, remains rather basic. Glucose was shown to be an essential nutritional requirement nearly 100 years ago and since this original observation, much of the current knowledge of Plasmodium energy metabolism is based on early biochemical work, performed using basic analytical techniques (e.g. paper chromatography), carried out almost exclusively on avian and rodent malaria. Data derived from malaria parasite genome and transcriptome studies suggest that the energy metabolism of the parasite may be more complex than hitherto anticipated. This study was undertaken in order to further characterize the fate of glucose catabolism in the human malaria parasite, P. falciparum.
  
  
  METHODS
  Products of glucose catabolism were determined by incubating erythrocyte-freed parasites with D-[1-13C] glucose under controlled conditions and metabolites were identified using 13C-NMR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Following a 2 h incubation of freed-P. falciparum parasites with 25 mM D-[1-13C] glucose (n = 4), the major metabolites identified included; [3-13C] lactate, [1,3-13C] glycerol, [3-13C] pyruvate, [3-13C] alanine and [3-13C] glycerol-3-phosphate. Control experiments performed with uninfected erythrocytes incubated under identical conditions did not show any metabolism of D-[1-13C] glucose to glycerol or glycerol-3-phosphate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The identification of glycerol as a major glucose metabolite confirms the view that energy metabolism in this parasite is more complex than previously proposed. It is hypothesized here that glycerol production by the malaria parasite is the result of a metabolic adaptation to growth in O2-limited (and CO2 elevated) conditions by the operation of a glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle for the re-oxidation of assimilatory NADH. Similar metabolic adaptations have been reported previously for other microaerobic/anaerobic organisms, such as yeast, rumen protozoa and human parasitic protozoa.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data highlight the need to re-evaluate the carbon and redox balance of this important human pathogen, ultimately leading to a better understanding of how the parasite is able to adapt to the variable environments encountered during parasite development and disease progression.
authors.affiliation: School of Biological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. lylian1@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lu-Yun
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lian
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Helal
authors.forename: Abd Majid
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roslaini
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: Patrick G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Bray
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Giancarlo A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Biagini
mesh_terms: D000409:Alanine / Q000378:metabolism; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D009243:NAD / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000378:metabolism*; D019289:Pyruvic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D013057:Spectrum Analysis
chemical_list: D009243:NAD; D019344:Lactic Acid; D019289:Pyruvic Acid; D005947:Glucose; D000409:Alanine; D005990:Glycerol