title: An ecological analysis of the herbivory-elicited JA burst and its metabolism: plant memory processes and predictions of the moving target model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapid herbivore-induced jasmonic acid (JA) accumulation is known to mediate many induced defense responses in vascular plants, but little is known about how JA bursts are metabolized and modified in response to repeated elicitations, are propagated throughout elicited leaves, or how they directly influence herbivores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found the JA burst in a native population of Nicotiana attenuata to be highly robust despite environmental variation and we examined the JA bursts produced by repeated elicitations with Manduca sexta oral secretions (OS) at whole- and within-leaf spatial scales. Surprisingly, a 2(nd) OS-elicitation suppressed an expected JA burst at both spatial scales, but subsequent elicitations caused more rapid JA accumulation in elicited tissue. The baseline of induced JA/JA-Ile increased with number of elicitations in discrete intervals. Large veins constrained the spatial spread of JA bursts, leading to heterogeneity within elicited leaves. 1(st)-instar M. sexta larvae were repelled by elicitations and changed feeding sites. JA conjugated with isoleucine (JA-Ile) translates elicitations into defense production (e.g., TPIs), but conjugation efficiency varied among sectors and depended on NaWRKY3/6 transcription factors. Elicited TPI activity correlated strongly with the heterogeneity of JA/JA-Ile accumulations after a single elicitation, but not repeated elicitations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ecologically informed scaling of leaf elicitation reveals the contribution of repeated herbivory events to the formation of plant memory of herbivory and the causes and importance of heterogeneity in induced defense responses. Leaf vasculature, in addition to transmitting long-distance damage cues, creates heterogeneity in JA bursts within attacked leaves that may be difficult for an attacking herbivore to predict. Such unpredictability is a central tenet of the Moving Target Model of defense, which posits that variability in itself is defensive.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Beutenberg Campus, Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stork
authors.forename: Celia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Diezel
authors.forename: Rayko
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halitschke
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gális
authors.forename: Ian T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Baldwin
mesh_terms: D000220:Adaptation, Biological / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001826:Body Fluids; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004435:Eating; D004463:Ecology; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007814:Larva; D018402:Manduca / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000378:metabolism; D011677:Punctures; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D003517:Cyclopentanes; D054883:Oxylipins; C011006:jasmonic acid