title: Sonography of the shoulder in hemiplegic patients undergoing rehabilitation after a recent stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the hemiplegic shoulders for soft-tissue injury by musculoskeletal sonography and to determine the relationship between the motor functions of the upper extremity and these injuries, which play an important role in hemiplegic shoulder pain and may impede rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The following characteristics of 34 acute stroke patients were recorded: age, gender, height, body weight, side of hemiplegia, type and duration of stroke, Brunnstrom stage, subluxation, and degree of spasticity of the upper extremity. On the basis of the Brunnstrom stage, the patients were divided into 2 groups. Patients with stages I, II, or III were categorized under the lower Brunnstrom stage (LBS) group (n = 21), and those with stages IV, V, or VI were allocated to the higher Brunnstrom stage (HBS) group (n = 13). Both shoulders of each patient were examined by musculoskeletal sonography with a 5-10-MHz linear transducer on 2 separate occasions (i.e., at admission and 2 weeks after rehabilitation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With the exception of age, there were no significant differences in the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients in the 2 groups. Shoulder musculoskeletal sonography revealed soft-tissue injury in 7 patients (33%) and 15 patients (71%) in the LBS group at admission and 2 weeks after rehabilitation, respectively (p < 0.05), and in 4 patients (31%) in the HBS group both at admission and 2 weeks after rehabilitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute stroke patients with poor upper limb motor functions are more prone to soft-tissue injury of the shoulder during rehabilitation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Niao Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung County, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ya-Ping
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Pong
authors.forename: Lin-Yi
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chau-Peng
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Yu-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yu-Kuang
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D000071939:Stroke Rehabilitation; D013624:Taiwan; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler