title: Inflammatory protein levels and depression screening after coronary stenting predict major adverse coronary events.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditional risk factors cannot account for the majority of future major adverse coronary events (MACE) in patients diagnosed with heart disease. We examined levels of inflammatory proteins to be possible predictors of future MACE and physiological and psychological factors that initiate temporal increases in inflammatory protein levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peripheral blood samples and depression data were collected 4 to 12 hr after elective coronary stent insertion in 490 patients. Depression screening was assessed by a single-question screening tool. Predictive modeling for future MACE was performed by using survival analysis, with time from the index event (placement of the stent) to future MACE as the dependent variable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (hsCRP) in the second and third quartiles were 3 and 2.5 times more likely to have a MACE than patients with hsCRP in the first quartile, respectively. As levels of vascular cell adhesion molecule and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 increased, so did the risk of future MACE. Patients who screened positive for depression were approximately 2 times more likely to have a MACE within 24 months after stent placement than were patients who did not screen positive.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that hsCRP, vascular cell adhesion molecule, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels, measured after coronary stent insertion in patients with coronary heart disease, are prognostic of future MACE. Furthermore, positive depression screening is an independent predictor of future MACE.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Texas Heart Institute at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Lorraine.Frazier@uth.tmc.edu
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Frazier
authors.forename: William K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Vaughn
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Willerson
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boerwinkle
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000097:blood; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000523:psychology*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D015607:Stents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1