title: Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in traumatic brain injury patients treated with haloperidol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haloperidol, which is commonly used to treat agitation in critically ill patients, has been associated with the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). The purpose of this manuscript was to review the literature describing NMS and haloperidol use in patients sustaining a traumatic brain injury (TBI) since these patients may be at greater risk for NMS.
  
  
  METHODS
  A computerized search of MEDLINE was conducted (1966-May 2008) to identify all publications in which haloperidol was related to NMS in patients with a TBI. The references of these manuscripts were reviewed for additional literature.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine case reports describe the development of NMS in patients with TBI treated with haloperidol for agitation. Cumulative haloperidol doses before the onset of NMS ranged from 10 mg to at least 210 mg. Most of these patients received high dose (> or =30 mg) haloperidol. Four patients received haloperidol parenterally. On diagnosis, of NMS, haloperidol was discontinued in five cases, and all were given supportive care and pharmacologic treatment. Patients were discharged with improved, but diminished functional capacity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Development of NMS in TBI patients treated with haloperidol should be a concern for clinicians since these patients may be at greater risk for this adverse event; especially if the patient is receiving haloperidol at high doses parenterally. Future studies are needed to evaluate the incidence and increased risk of adverse events in patients sustaining a TBI and receiving haloperidol especially since haloperidol is being used more frequently in the critically ill patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Cassandra J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Bellamy
authors.forename: Sandra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Kane-Gill
authors.forename: Bonnie A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Falcione
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Seybert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020202:Cerebral Hemorrhage, Traumatic / Q000188:drug therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D009459:Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D006220:Haloperidol