title: Occupational exposure measurements of static and pulsed gradient magnetic fields in the vicinity of MRI scanners.
abstract: Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have increased occupational exposure to magnetic fields. In this study, we examined the assessment of occupational exposure to gradient magnetic fields and time-varying magnetic fields generated by motion in non-homogeneous static magnetic fields of MRI scanners. These magnetic field components can be measured simultaneously with an induction coil setup that detects the time rate of change of magnetic flux density (dB/dt). The setup developed was used to measure the field components around two MRI units (1 T open and 3 T conventional). The measured values can be compared with dB/dt reference levels derived from magnetic flux density reference levels given by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The measured motion-induced dB/dt values were above the dB/dt reference levels for both MRI units. The measured values for the gradient fields (echo planar imaging (EPI) and fast field echo (FFE) sequences) also exceeded the dB/dt reference levels in positions where the medical staff may have access during interventional procedures. The highest motion-induced dB/dt values were 0.7 T s(-1) for the 1 T scanner and 3 T s(-1) for the 3 T scanner when only the static field was present. Even higher values (6.5 T s(-1)) were measured for simultaneous exposure to motion-induced and gradient fields in the vicinity of the 3 T scanner.
authors.affiliation: STUK-Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority, 00881 Helsinki, Finland. sami.kannala@stuk.fi
authors.forename: Sami
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kännälä
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toivo
authors.forename: Tommi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Alanko
authors.forename: Kari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jokela
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008280:Magnetics; D009068:Movement; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D013997:Time Factors