title: Inhibition of transmitter release from rat sympathetic neurons via presynaptic M(1) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  M(2), M(3) and/or M(4) muscarinic acetylcholine receptors have been reported to mediate presynaptic inhibition in sympathetic neurons. M(1) receptors mediate an inhibition of K(v)7, Ca(V)1 and Ca(V)2.2 channels. These effects cause increases and decreases in transmitter release, respectively, but presynaptic M(1) receptors are generally considered facilitatory. Here, we searched for inhibitory presynaptic M(1) receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In primary cultures of rat superior cervical ganglion neurons, Ca(2+) currents were recorded via the perforated patch-clamp technique, and the release of [(3)H]-noradrenaline was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine M (OxoM) transiently enhanced (3)H outflow and reduced electrically evoked release, once the stimulant effect had faded. The stimulant effect was enhanced by pertussis toxin (PTX) and was abolished by blocking M(1) receptors, by opening K(v)7 channels and by preventing action potential propagation. The inhibitory effect was not altered by preventing action potentials or by opening K(v)7 channels, but was reduced by PTX and omega-conotoxin GVIA. The inhibition remaining after PTX treatment was abolished by blockage of M(1) receptors or inhibition of phospholipase C. When [(3)H]-noradrenaline release was triggered independently of voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels (VACCs), OxoM failed to cause any inhibition. The inhibition of Ca(2+) currents by OxoM was also reduced by omega-conotoxin and PTX and was abolished by M(1) antagonism in PTX-treated neurons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that M(1), in addition to M(2), M(3) and M(4), receptors mediate presynaptic inhibition in sympathetic neurons using phospholipase C to close VACCs.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Biomolecular Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kubista
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kosenburger
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mahlknecht
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Drobny
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Boehm
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000200:Action Potentials; D000320:Adrenergic Fibers / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D020013:Calcium Signaling; D002219:Carbamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003959:Diamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000187:drug effects; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010095:Oxotremorine / Q000494:pharmacology; D037342:Pertussis Toxin / Q000494:pharmacology; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000494:pharmacology; D010890:Pirenzepine / Q000494:pharmacology; D017729:Presynaptic Terminals / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D017783:Superior Cervical Ganglion / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; D002219:Carbamates; D003959:Diamines; D051656:KCNQ Potassium Channels; D018721:Muscarinic Agonists; D018727:Muscarinic Antagonists; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D043643:Receptor, Muscarinic M1; D017661:Receptors, Presynaptic; C101866:ezogabine; D010890:Pirenzepine; D010095:Oxotremorine; D020866:omega-Conotoxin GVIA; D037342:Pertussis Toxin; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D000109:Acetylcholine; C054938:methoctramine; D009638:Norepinephrine