title: Effect of calorie restriction on subjective ratings of appetite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Energy or calorie restriction (CR) has consistently been shown to produce weight loss and have beneficial health effects in numerous species, including primates and humans. Most individuals, however, are unable to sustain weight losses induced through reductions in energy intake, potentially due to increased hunger levels. The effects that prolonged CR has on subjective aspects of appetite have not been well studied. Thus, the present study tested the effect of 6 months of caloric restriction on appetite in healthy, overweight men and women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-eight overweight men and women with a body mass index (BMI; kg m(-2)) between 25-29.9 took part in a 6-month study and were randomised into one of four groups: healthy diet (control); 25% CR; 12.5% CR plus exercise (12.5% increased energy expenditure; CR + EX); low-calorie diet [LCD; 3724 kJ day(-1) (890 kcal day(-1)) until 15% of initial body weight was lost, then maintenance]. Appetite markers (i.e. hunger, fullness, desire to eat, etc.) were assessed weekly during a fasting state.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Body weight was significantly reduced in all three energy-restricted groups (CR = -10.4 +/- 0.9%; CR + EX = -10.0 +/- 0.8%; and LCD = -13.9 +/-0.7%), indicating that participants were adherent to their energy restriction regimen, whereas the healthy diet control group remained weight stable (control = -1.0 +/- 1.1%). Despite these significant weight losses, appetite ratings of participants in the three energy-restricted groups at month 6 were similar to the weight stable control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CR regimens with low fat diets producing significant weight losses have similar effects on appetite markers over a 6-month time period compared to a weight stable control group.
authors.affiliation: Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA. santon@aging.ufl.edu
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Anton
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: York
authors.forename: C K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Williamson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001066:Appetite; D031204:Caloric Restriction / Q000523:psychology*; D018752:Diet, Fat-Restricted; D004038:Diet, Reducing / Q000523:psychology; D002149:Energy Intake; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000523:psychology; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012527:Satiation; D015431:Weight Loss