title: The role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in adult patients with hydrocephalus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is the treatment of choice for hydrocephalus, but the outcome is dependent on the cause of this disorder, and the procedure remains principally the preserve of pediatric neurosurgeons. The role of ETV in adult patients with hydrocephalus was therefore investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ninety adult patients underwent ETV for hydrocephalus. Cases were defined as primary ETV (newly diagnosed, without a previously placed shunt) and secondary ETV (performed for shunt malfunctions due to infection or mechanical blockage). Causes of hydrocephalus included tumor, long-standing overt ventriculomegaly (LOVA), Chiari malformation Types I and II (CM-I and -II), aqueduct stenosis, spina bifida, and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). Successful ETV was defined as resolution of symptoms with shunt independence. Operative complications and ETV failure rate were investigated according to the causes of hydrocephalus and between the primary and secondary ETV groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the primary group, ETV was successful in 107 (83%) of 129 patients, including those with tumors (52 of 66), LOVA (21 of 24), CM-I (11 of 11 cases), CM-II (8 of 9), aqueduct stenosis (8 of 9), and IVH (2 of 2). In the secondary group, ETV was successful in 41 (67%) of 61 patients and was equally successful in cases of mechanical shunt malfunction (35 of 52 patients) and infected shunt malfunction (6 of 9 patients). The median time to ETV failure was 1.7 months in the primary group and 0.5 months in the secondary group. The majority of ETV failures occurred within the first 3 months, and thereafter, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves plateaued. There were no procedure-related deaths, and complications were seen in only 5.8% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The success rate of ETVs in adults is comparable, if not better, than in children. In addition to the well-defined role of ETV in the treatment of hydrocephalus caused by tumors and aqueduct stenosis, ETV may also have a role in the management of CM-I, LOVA, persistent shunt infection, and IVH resistant to other CSF diversion procedures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, The Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Liverpool, L9 7LJ, United Kingdom. michael.jenkinson@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Jenkinson
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hayhurst
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Al-Jumaily
authors.forename: Jothy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kandasamy
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Conor L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Mallucci
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001139:Arnold-Chiari Malformation / Q000150:complications; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications; D002535:Cerebral Aqueduct / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D044583:Neuroendoscopy; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D012086:Reoperation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014696:Ventriculostomy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality