title: Modification of azo dyes by lactic acid bacteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ability of Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus paracasei to modify the azo dye, tartrazine, was recently documented as the result of the investigation on red coloured spoilage in acidified cucumbers. Fourteen other lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were screened for their capability to modify the food colouring tartrazine and other azo dyes of relevance for the textile industry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most LAB modified tartrazine under anaerobic conditions, but not under aerobic conditions in modified chemically defined media. Microbial growth was not affected by the presence of the azo dyes in the culture medium. The product of the tartrazine modification by LAB was identified as a molecule 111 daltons larger than its precursor by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. This product had a purple colour under aerobic conditions and was colourless under anaerobic conditions. It absorbed light at 361 and 553 nm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAB are capable of anabolizing azo dyes only under anaerobic conditions. IMPACT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Although micro-organisms capable of reducing the azo bond on multiple dyes have been known for decades, this is the first report of anabolism of azo dyes by food related micro-organisms, such as LAB.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, SAA Food Science Research Unit, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA. ilenys.pérez-díaz@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: I M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Pérez-Díaz
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: McFeeters
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D005505:Food Coloring Agents / Q000378:metabolism*; D007777:Lactobacillaceae / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D007778:Lactobacillus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D017045:Lactococcus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D007934:Leuconostoc / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D008970:Molecular Weight; D010376:Pediococcus / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D013645:Tartrazine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001391:Azo Compounds; D005505:Food Coloring Agents; D013645:Tartrazine