Discovering genes associated with dormancy in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.
BACKGROUND
Microscopic monogonont rotifers, including the euryhaline species Brachionus plicatilis, are typically found in water bodies where environmental factors restrict population growth to short periods lasting days or months. The survival of the population is ensured via the production of resting eggs that show a remarkable tolerance to unfavorable conditions and remain viable for decades. The aim of this study was to generate Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) for molecular characterisation of processes associated with the formation of resting eggs, their survival during dormancy and hatching.


RESULTS
Four normalized and four subtractive libraries were constructed to provide a resource for rotifer transcriptomics associated with resting-egg formation, storage and hatching. A total of 47,926 sequences were assembled into 18,000 putative transcripts and analyzed using both Blast and GO annotation. About 28-55% (depending on the library) of the clones produced significant matches against the Swissprot and Trembl databases. Genes known to be associated with desiccation tolerance during dormancy in other organisms were identified in the EST libraries. These included genes associated with antioxidant activity, low molecular weight heat shock proteins and Late Embryonic Abundant (LEA) proteins. Real-time PCR confirmed that LEA transcripts, small heat-shock proteins and some antioxidant genes were upregulated in resting eggs, therefore suggesting that desiccation tolerance is a characteristic feature of resting eggs even though they do not necessarily fully desiccate during dormancy. The role of trehalose in resting-egg formation and survival remains unclear since there was no significant difference between resting-egg producing females and amictic females in the expression of the tps-1 gene. In view of the absence of vitellogenin transcripts, matches to lipoprotein lipase proteins suggest that, similar to the situation in dipterans, these proteins may serve as the yolk proteins in rotifers.


CONCLUSIONS
The 47,926 ESTs expand significantly the current sequence resource of B. plicatilis. It describes, for the first time, genes putatively associated with resting eggs and will serve as a database for future global expression experiments, particularly for the further identification of dormancy related genes.
Denekamp
Nadav Y
NY
Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Haifa 31080, Israel. nadavd@ocean.org.il
Thorne
Michael A S
MA
Clark
Melody S
MS
Kube
Michael
M
Reinhardt
Richard
R
Lubzens
Esther
E
D000818:Animals; D020346:Aquaporins / Q000378:metabolism; D020224:Expressed Sequence Tags; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015723:Gene Library; D017238:Genes, Helminth; D008018:Life Cycle Stages / Q000235:genetics; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017510:Protein Folding; D018510:RNA, Helminth / Q000235:genetics; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000494:pharmacology; D012403:Rotifera / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014199:Trehalose / Q000378:metabolism
D020346:Aquaporins; D005227:Fatty Acids; D018510:RNA, Helminth; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014199:Trehalose