title: A new endpoint definition improved clinical relevance and statistical power in a vaccine trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endpoints used for the evaluation of immunogenicity in vaccine trials are often the proportion of individuals with immune response or geometric means of antibody concentrations for each serotype. When a vaccine includes several types of the same species, we illustrate how an endpoint combining all responses may improve clinical relevance and statistical power.
  
  
  METHODS
  The motivating example was the ANRS 114 Pneumovac trial where the effect of two vaccine strategies against Streptococcus pneumoniae was assessed in adults infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The power associated with several endpoints was calculated in the example and in simulations. A new endpoint based on four ordered levels is formulated and analyzed by using a proportional odds model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The analysis of this new endpoint led to an odds ratio allowing detection of improvement and detriment. In the simulation study, this endpoint was associated with the largest statistical power by increasing the amount of information used as compared with usual endpoints. We recommend this new endpoint formulation in the formal development of a new vaccination regimen, whenever applicable.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U897 & CIC-EC7, Bordeaux 33076, France.
authors.forename: Gaëlle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pédrono
authors.forename: Rodolphe
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thiébaut
authors.forename: Ahmadou
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alioum
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lesprit
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Fritzell
authors.forename: Yves
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Lévy
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chêne
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000328:Adult; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial / Q000096:biosynthesis; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000517:prevention & control*; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D012107:Research Design; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: C414006:23-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine; D000907:Antibodies, Bacterial; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines