title: Amantadine inhibits platelet-activating factor induced clathrin-mediated endocytosis in human neutrophils.
abstract: Receptor signaling is integral for adhesion, emigration, phagocytosis, and reactive oxygen species production in polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Priming is an important part of PMN emigration, but it can also lead to PMN-mediated organ injury in the host. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) primes PMNs through activation of a specific G protein-coupled receptor. We hypothesize that PAF priming of PMNs requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of the PAF receptor (PAFr), and, therefore, amantadine, known to inhibit CME, significantly antagonizes PAF signaling. PMNs were isolated by standard techniques to >98% purity and tested for viability. Amantadine (1 mM) significantly inhibited the PAF-mediated changes in the cellular distribution of clathrin and the physical colocalization [fluorescence resonance energy transfer positive (FRET+)] of early endosome antigen-1 and Rab5a, known components of CME and similar to hypertonic saline, a known inhibitor of CME. Furthermore, amantadine had no effect on the PAF-induced cytosolic calcium flux; however, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK was significantly decreased. Amantadine inhibited PAF-mediated changes in PMN physiology, including priming of the NADPH oxidase and shape change with lesser inhibition of increases in CD11b surface expression and elastase release. Furthermore, rimantadine, an amantadine analog, was a more potent inhibitor of PAF priming of the N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-activated oxidase. PAF priming of PMNs requires clathrin-mediated endocytosis that is inhibited when PMNs are pretreated with either amantadine or rimantadine. Thus, amantadine and rimantadine have the potential to ameliorate PMN-mediated tissue damage in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Eckels
authors.forename: Anirban
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerjee
authors.forename: Ernest E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Nathan J D
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Gries
authors.forename: Marguerite R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Kelher
authors.forename: Kelly M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: Fabia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gamboni-Robertson
authors.forename: Samina Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Silliman
mesh_terms: D000547:Amantadine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018949:Antigens, CD1 / Q000378:metabolism; D002966:Clathrin / Q000378:metabolism*; D004705:Endocytosis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000502:physiology*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D012299:Rimantadine / Q000494:pharmacology; D015398:Signal Transduction
chemical_list: D018949:Antigens, CD1; C419394:CD1b antigen; D002966:Clathrin; D010972:Platelet Activating Factor; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C039351:platelet activating factor receptor; D012299:Rimantadine; D000547:Amantadine; D019255:NADPH Oxidases