title: Fatal acute Chagas disease in a chimpanzee.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chagas disease (CD) or American trypanosomiasis is caused by a hemoflagellate protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi. This organism has been isolated from more than 100 mammalian species and several insect vectors demonstrating a wide host distribution and low host specificity.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 23-year-old male chimpanzee died acutely and a complete necropsy was performed to evaluate gross and microscopic pathologic changes. After observation of trypanosomal amastigotes in the myocardium, PCR and immunohistochemistry was employed to confirm the diagnosis of T. cruzi.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross findings were consistent with mild congestive heart failure. Microscopic findings included multifocal myocardial necrosis associated with severe lymphocytic to mixed inflammatory infiltrates, edema, and mild chronic interstitial fibrosis. Multifocal intracytoplasmic amastigotes morphologically consistent with T. cruzi were observed in cardiac myofibers. Trypanosoma cruzi was confirmed by PCR and immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report, to the best of our knowledge, the first fatal spontaneous case of T. cruzi infection in a chimpanzee.
authors.affiliation: Southwest National Primate Research Center at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, TX 78245-0549, USA.
authors.forename: Yugendar R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Bommineni
authors.forename: Edward J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Dick
authors.forename: J Scot
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Estep
authors.forename: John L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Van de Berg
authors.forename: Gene B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Hubbard
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000818:Animals; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012698:Serologic Tests; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi