title: Development and biopharmaceutical evaluation of extended release formulation of tramadol hydrochloride based on osmotic technology.
abstract: Extended release formulation of tramadol hydrochloride (TRH) based on osmotic technology was developed and evaluated. Target release profile was selected and different variables were optimized to achieve it. Formulation variables such as the level of swellable polymer, plasticizer and the coat thickness of semipermeable membrane (SPM) were found to markedly affect drug release. TRH release was directly proportional to the levels of plasticizer but inversely proportional to the levels of swellable polymer and coat thickness of SPM. Drug release from developed formulations was independent of pH and agitation intensity but dependent on osmotic pressure of the release media. In vivo study was also performed on six healthy human volunteers and various pharmacokinetic parameters (cmax, tmax, AUC0-24, MRT) and relative bioavailability were calculated. The in vitro and in vivo results were compared with the performance of two commercial TRH tablets. The developed formulation provided more prolonged and controlled TRH release compared to the marketed formulation. In vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) was analyzed according to the Wagner-Nelson method. The optimized formulation (batch IVB) exhibited good IVIV correlation (R = 0.9750). The manufacturing procedure was found to be reproducible and formulations were stable over 6 months of accelerated stability testing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, U.P. India. pramod_79kumar@rediffmail.com
authors.forename: Pramod
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Brahmeshwar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005079:Excipients / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008297:Male; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010968:Plasticizers / Q000737:chemistry; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D013607:Tablets; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D005079:Excipients; D010968:Plasticizers; D011108:Polymers; D013607:Tablets; D014147:Tramadol