title: Contextual effects of built and social environments of urban neighborhoods on exercise: a multilevel study in Chicago.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Examine the contextual effects of neighborhood built and social environments on exercise.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional, multilevel study.
  
  
  METHODS
  City of Chicago.
  
  
  METHODS
  A probability sample of Chicago adult residents (response rate = 55%).
  
  
  METHODS
  The exercise measures were based on two questions: "How often a week on average do you work out or exercise?" (N = 3530) and, "Did you exercise regularly in the last year?" (N = 907). Neighborhood social environment was measured by socioeconomic and social capital indicators. Neighborhood built environment was captured by pedestrian injury rate, residential density, distance to subway or parks, land use mix, and access to neighborhood amenities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Random effects logit and multinomial models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For weekly workout/exercise, individuals with access to restaurants and bars were more likely to report one to three times of weekly exercise (OR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.99, 1.19) and four times or more weekly exercise (OR = 1.14; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.26) compared with those who reported no weekly exercise. For regular exercise in the past year, access to restaurants and bars (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.46) and neighborhood social environment (OR = 1.37; 95% CI: 1.11, 1.69) were significant. The social environment effects were stronger for women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neighborhood social and built environments are both important for exercise independent of an individual's background.
authors.affiliation: Department of Sociology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA. ming.wen@soc.utah.edu
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Xingyou
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002641:Chicago; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult