title: Diagnostic evaluation for patients with ischemic stroke: are there sex differences?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Differences in the management of women and men with acute coronary symptoms are well documented, but relatively little is known about practices for patients with ischemic stroke. We sought to determine whether there are sex-associated differences in the utilization of diagnostic tests for ischemic stroke patients treated at academic hospitals in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were abstracted for consecutive ischemic stroke patients admitted to 32 US academic medical centers from January through June, 2004, as part of the University HealthSystem Consortium Ischemic Stroke Benchmarking Project. We compared the utilization rates of diagnostic tests including neuroimaging (CT or MRI), electrocardiogram (ECG), ultrasound of the carotid arteries, and echocardiography (transthoracic or transesophageal) for women and men. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for sex differences with adjustment for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study included 1,256 ischemic stroke patients (611 women; 645 men; mean age 66.6 +/- 14.6 years; 56% white). There were no differences between women and men in the use of neuroimaging (odds ratio, OR = 1.37; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.58-3.24), ECG (OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.70-1.44), carotid artery ultrasound (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.72-1.21) or echocardiography (OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.70-1.22). The results were similar after covariate adjustment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women and men admitted to US academic hospitals receive comparable diagnostic evaluations, even after adjusting for sociodemographic and clinical factors.
authors.affiliation: Section of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn., USA.
authors.forename: Emi
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Norrina B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dostal
authors.forename: Danny
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sama
authors.forename: Elizabeth B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Claus
authors.forename: Larry B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Goldstein
authors.forename: Judith H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lichtman
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003955:Diagnostic Tests, Routine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014481:United States