title: Adolescent patellofemoral pain: implicating the medial patellofemoral ligament as the main pain generator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to define the clinical presentation of adolescent patellofemoral pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review was completed of all patients with patellofemoral pain at a children's hospital sports clinic over a 3-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and one patients (91 female) with 136 symptomatic knees were identified. Mean age was 14.4 years. Knee pain was localized to the anteromedial or anterior region of the knee in 96% of patients and was typically produced with running (94%), jumping (92%) and stair use (69%). On physical examination there was usually a non antalgic gait (99%), no patellofemoral crepitation (98%), normal lower extremity angular (84%) and rotational alignment (94%), with no foot malalignment (>97%). The medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) was the most palpably tender area of the knee in 98% of patients. During "lateral apprehension" testing, 89% had pain at the MPFL, but not true apprehension. A "J-sign" was present at terminal knee extension in 65%. Mean Q-angle was 18.7 degrees . Means of all radiographic measures were within normal ranges.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prototypical patient had anterior/anteromedial knee pain of insidious onset during running and jumping. The most consistent physical findings were focal tenderness at the MPFL, positive terminal J-sign, and an elevated Q-angle. Most patients required only nonsurgical treatments, but 18% underwent surgical interventions for persistent pain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shriner's Hospital for Children, St Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8233, St Louis, 63110, MO, USA, scrogginsn@wudosis.wustl.edu.
authors.forename: Scott J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Luhmann
authors.forename: Perry L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Schoenecker
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Dobbs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eric Gordon