title: Working memory and individual differences in mathematics achievement: a longitudinal study from first grade to second grade.
abstract: This longitudinal study examined the relationship between working memory and individual differences in mathematics. Working memory measures, comprising the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, and the central executive, were administered at the start of first grade. Mathematics achievement was assessed 4 months later (at the middle of first grade) and 1 year later (at the start of second grade). Working memory was significantly related to mathematics achievement in both grades, showing that working memory clearly predicts later mathematics achievement. The central executive was a unique predictor of both first- and second-grade mathematics achievement. There were age-related differences with regard to the contribution of the slave systems to mathematics performance; the visuospatial sketchpad was a unique predictor of first-grade, but not second-grade, mathematics achievement, whereas the phonological loop emerged as a unique predictor of second-grade, but not first-grade, mathematics achievement.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Parenting, Child Welfare, and Disabilities, University of Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
authors.forename: Bert
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Smedt
authors.forename: Rianne
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bouwens
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Verschaffel
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boets
authors.forename: Pol
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ghesquière
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D008570:Memory, Short-Term