title: Barriers to best outcomes in breastfeeding for Māori: mothers' perceptions, whānau perceptions, and services.
abstract: This research explores the perceptions of New Zealand Māori women and their whānau (customary Māori extended family) toward barriers to achieving best outcomes in infant feeding: exclusively breastfed infants at 6 months. Interviews are undertaken with 59 Māori women who have given birth in the previous 3 years and 27 whānau members. Although mothers and whānau members feel positively toward breastfeeding and generally expect to breastfeed exclusively, these expectations are unmet in many cases because of lack of support when establishing breastfeeding; lack of support when life circumstances change; lack of timely, culturally relevant, and comprehensible information; confusion about smoking while breastfeeding; uncertainty about the safety of bed-sharing, and perceived lack of acceptability of breastfeeding in public. The relatively high rates of tobacco use by Māori create a tension for breastfeeding mothers, cited by some as a reason for ending breastfeeding prematurely.
authors.affiliation: Auckland Tobacco Control Research Centre, Social & Community Health, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. m.glover@auckland.ac.nz
authors.forename: Marewa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Glover
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Waldon
authors.forename: Harangi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Manaena-Biddle
authors.forename: Maureen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Holdaway
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology*; D009520:New Zealand; D010465:Perception; D044382:Population Groups; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology; D012944:Social Support