title: Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis virus (CyHV-2) infection: case studies from commercial goldfish farms.
abstract: Herpesviral haematopoietic necrosis is a disease of goldfish, Carassius auratus, caused by Cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2) infection. Quantitative PCR was carried out on tissue homogenates from healthy goldfish fingerlings, broodfish, eggs and fry directly sampled from commercial farms, from moribund fish submitted to our laboratory for disease diagnosis, and on naturally-infected CyHV-2 carriers subjected to experimental stress treatments. Healthy fish from 14 of 18 farms were positive with copy numbers ranging from tens to 10(7) copies microg(-1) DNA extracted from infected fish. Of 118 pools of broodfish tested, 42 were positive. The CyHV-2 was detected in one lot of fry produced from disinfected eggs. Testing of moribund goldfish, in which we could not detect any other pathogens, produced 12 of 30 cases with 10(6)-10(8) copies of CyHV-2 microg(-1) DNA extracted. Subjecting healthy CyHV-2 carriers to cold shock (22-10 degrees C) but not heat, ammonia or high pH, increased viral copy numbers from mean copy number (+/-SE) of 7.3 +/- 11 to 394 +/- 55 microg(-1) DNA extracted after 24 h. CyHV-2 is widespread on commercial goldfish farms and outbreaks apparently occur when healthy carriers are subjected to a sharp temperature drop followed by holding at the permissive temperature for the disease.
authors.affiliation: University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Aquaculture/Fisheries Center, Pine Bluff, AR 71601, USA. agoodwin@uaex.edu
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Goodwin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sadler
authors.forename: G E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Merry
authors.forename: E N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Marecaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005393:Fish Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000821:virology*; D005398:Fisheries; D006054:Goldfish / Q000821:virology*; D006564:Herpesviridae / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000502:physiology*; D006566:Herpesviridae Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D010063:Ovum / Q000821:virology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013312:Stress, Physiological