title: Does incidental irradiation with doses below 50 gy effectively reduce isolated nodal failures in non-small-cell lung cancer: dose-response relationship.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the dose-response relationship for a wide range of doses lower than 50 Gy delivered to the hilar and mediastinal lymph node stations from incidental irradiation in 220 patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. The endpoint was isolated nodal recurrence (INR) in stations that were initially negative.
  
  
  METHODS
  The individual responses of 2596 nodal stations were analyzed. Different fractionation schedules were used in different patients. Total prescribed tumor doses ranged from 52 Gy to 74 Gy given over 16-56 days. There were 1198 nodal stations (46%) within and 1398 stations beyond the elective nodal irradiation (ENI) volumes. The INR incidence was estimated for six dose levels ranging from 5 +/- 5 Gy to > or = 56 Gy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were a total of 25 INRs in 17 patients (8%). The incidence of INR within the electively treated volumes was 0.58%, compared with 1.28% in nodal stations beyond the ENI. Almost 80% of the INRs occurred during 10 months of follow-up. A strong dose-response relationship was seen for the lower "incidental" doses, most of which were less than 50 Gy. As the dose increased from 5 +/- 5 Gy to 40 +/- 5 Gy, the rate of freedom from INR increased from 12% to 76% (p = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of a dose-response relationship between a reduction in the rate of INR and doses lower than 50 Gy. This suggests that incidental irradiation can eradicate at least some subclinical metastases in regional lymph nodes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiotherapy, Cancer Center, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
authors.forename: Lucyna
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kepka
authors.forename: Bogusław
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maciejewski
authors.forename: Rodney H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Withers
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D008482:Mediastinum; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D016896:Treatment Outcome