title: Sex differences in brain and plasma beta-endorphin content following testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol administration to gonadectomized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The present study aims at evaluating the effect of a 2-week treatment with testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and estradiol valerate (E(2)V) on brain and plasma beta-endorphin (beta-END) concentrations in gonadectomized rats of both sexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight groups of female and 8 groups of male Wistar rats were included. For each sex, 1 group of gonad-intact and 1 group of gonadectomized rats were employed as controls (placebo). The other groups received subcutaneous T at the doses of 10 and 100 microg/kg/day (female rats) or 1 and 5 mg/kg/day (male rats). Subcutaneous DHT was administered at the doses of 1, 10, 100 microg/kg/day (female rats) or 0.1, 1 and 5 mg/kg/day (male rats). E(2)V was administered subcutaneously at 0.05 mg/kg/day. beta-END levels were measured in different brain areas and plasma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ovariectomy (OVX) induced a significant decrease in beta-END in all brain areas analyzed as well as in plasma. Orchidectomy (OCX) reduced opioid concentration in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and neurointermediate lobe. In OVX rats, T replacement as well as E(2)V significantly increased beta-END concentration in all brain areas and in plasma. In the OCX group, T and E(2)V did not influence beta-END concentrations in different hypothalamic areas. However, they produced a significant rise in beta-END levels in the hypothalamus, neurointermediate lobe, anterior pituitary and plasma. Conversely, DHT replacement did not affect beta-END levels at any dose administered, either in males or females.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity of the endogenous opiatergic system to T administration seems to be sex-related. This effect is particularly evident in the brains of female animals where this endogenous endorphin elicits a much greater response than it does in males that have undergone gonadal steroid depletion and subsequent T replacement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development, Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. nicola.pluchino@med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pluchino
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ninni
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Casarosa
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Merlini
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cubeddu
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Luisi
authors.forename: Vito
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Cela
authors.forename: Andrea Riccardo
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Genazzani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy; D010052:Ovariectomy; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013739:Testosterone / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; D004958:Estradiol; D001615:beta-Endorphin