title: Upregulated INHBA expression may promote cell proliferation and is associated with poor survival in lung adenocarcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The expression, mechanisms of regulation, and functional impact of INHBA (activin A) in lung adenocarcinoma (AD) have not been fully elucidated.
  
  
  METHODS
  INHBA expression was examined in 96 lung samples (86 ADs, 10 normal lung) using oligonucleotide microarrays and 187 lung samples (164 ADs, 6 bronchioalveolar carcinomas, and 17 normal lung) using immunohistochemistry. The proliferation of AD cell lines H460 and SKLU1 was examined with WST-1 assays after treatment with recombinant activin A, follistatin, and INHBA-targeting small-interfering RNA. Cells were also treated with 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine and trichostatin A to investigate the role of epigenetic regulation in INHBA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary ADs expressed 3.1 times more INHBA mRNA than normal lung. In stage I AD patients, high levels of primary tumor INHBA transcripts were associated with worse prognosis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed higher inhibin betaA protein expression in ADs (78.7%) and bronchioalveolar carcinomas (66.7%) compared with normal lung (11.8%). H460 and SKLU1 demonstrated increased proliferation when treated with exogenous activin A and reduced proliferation when treated with follistatin or INHBA-targeting small-interfering RNA. INHBA mRNA expression in H460 cells was upregulated after treatment with trichostatin A and 5-aza-2' deoxycytidine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  INHBA is overexpressed in AD relative to controls. Inhibin betaA may promote cell proliferation, and its overexpression is associated with worse survival in stage I AD patients. In addition, overexpression of INHBA may be affected by promoter methylation and histone acetylation in a subset of lung ADs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Seder
authors.forename: Wibisono
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hartojo
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Amy L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Silvers
authors.forename: Zhuwen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Dafydd G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Giordano
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Mark B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Orringer
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Beer
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis; D014162:Transfection; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D006657:Histones; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; C103008:inhibin beta A subunit; D028322:Inhibin-beta Subunits; D006655:Histone Deacetylases