title: Mass spectrometric analysis of biomarkers and dilution markers in exhaled breath condensate reveals elevated purines in asthma and cystic fibrosis.
abstract: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) analyses promise simple and noninvasive methods to measure airway biomarkers but pose considerable methodological challenges. We utilized mass spectrometry to measure EBC purine biomarkers adenosine and AMP plus urea to control for dilutional variability in two studies: 1) a cross-sectional analysis of 28 healthy, 40 cystic fibrosis (CF), and 11 asthmatic children; and 2) a longitudinal analysis of 26 CF children before and after treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation. EBC adenosine, AMP, and urea were readily detected and quantified by mass spectrometry, and analysis suggested significant dilutional variability. Using biomarker-to-urea ratios to control for dilution, the EBC AMP-to-urea ratio was elevated in CF [median 1.3, interquartile range (IQR) 0.7-2.3] vs. control (median 0.75, IQR 0.3-1.4; P < 0.05), and the adenosine-to-urea ratio was elevated in asthma (median 1.5, IQR 0.9-2.9) vs. control (median 0.4, IQR 0.2-1.6; P < 0.05). Changes in EBC purine-to-urea ratios correlated with changes in percent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) (r = -0.53 AMP/urea, r = -0.55 adenosine/urea; P < 0.01 for both) after CF exacerbation treatment. Similar results were observed using dilution factors calculated from serum-to-EBC urea ratios or EBC electrolytes, and the comparable ratios of EBC electrolytes to urea in CF and control (median 3.2, IQR 1.6-6.0 CF; median 5.5, IQR 1.4-7.7 control) validated use of airway urea as an EBC dilution marker. These results show that mass spectrometric analyses can be applied to measurement of purines in EBC and demonstrate that EBC adenosine-to-urea and AMP-to-urea ratios are potential noninvasive biomarkers of airways disease.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. charles_esther@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Esther
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Boysen
authors.forename: Bonnie M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Leonard B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Ghio
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Swenberg
authors.forename: Richard C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Boucher
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine / Q000378:metabolism*; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D000249:Adenosine Monophosphate; D014508:Urea; D000241:Adenosine