title: Local renin-angiotensin system regulates left ventricular hypertrophy induced by swimming training independent of circulating renin: a pharmacological study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study addressed the role of the local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) induced by swimming training using pharmacological blockade.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female Wistar rats treated with enalapril maleate (60 mg.kg(-1).d( -1), n=38), losartan (20 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), n=36) or high salt diet (1% NaCl, n=38) were trained by two protocols (T1: 60-min swimming session, 5 days per week for 10 weeks and T2: the same T1 protocol until the 8(th) week, then 9(th) week they trained twice a day and 10(th) week they trained three times a day). Salt loading prevented activation of the systemic RAS. Haemodynamic parameters, soleus citrate synthase (SCS) activity and LVH (left ventricular/body weight ratio, mg/g) were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resting heart rate decreased in all trained groups. SCS activity increased 41% and 106% in T1 andT2 groups, respectively. LVH was 20% and 30% in T1 andT2 groups, respectively. Enalapril prevented 39% of the LVH in T2 group (p<0.05). Losartan prevented 41% in T1 and 50% inT2 (p<0.05) of the LVH in trained groups. Plasma renin activity (PRA) was inhibited in all salt groups and it was increased in T2 group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide evidence that the physiological LVH induced by swimming training is regulated by local RAS independent from the systemic, because the hypertrophic response was maintained even when PRA was inhibited by chronic salt loading. However, other systems can contribute to this process.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. edilamar@usp.br
authors.forename: Edilamar M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Maurício S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.forename: Marcela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cerêncio
authors.forename: Valério G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Baraúna
authors.forename: José E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Krieger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood*; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D002950:Citrate (si)-Synthase; D012083:Renin