title: Is brachial artery flow-mediated dilation associated with negative affect?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trait negative affect has been implicated as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease, but the mechanisms underlying this association are uncertain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to examine associations between trait measures of anger, hostility, depression, and anxiety with endothelial dysfunction via brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD), an early indicator of cardiovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  FMD was examined in 332 healthy older adults. Measures included Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventories, Cook-Medley Hostility Scale, and Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Anger In, Anger Out, and Trait Anger).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean age was 60.5 +/- 4.8 years; 83% of participants were Caucasian and 49% were female. FMD was greater in women compared to men (6.17% vs. 4.07%, p < 0.001). Women reported significantly greater Anxiety (p < 0.001), and men reported greater Hostility (p = 0.004). In separate multivariable linear regression models controlling for cardiovascular risk factors, plus current hormone therapy for women, smaller FMD was associated with higher Anger In for women (beta = -0.222, p = 0.04) and showed a trend with higher Hostility for men (beta = -0.082, p = 0.09).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endothelial dysfunction, as indicated by less vasodilatation of the brachial artery, is positively associated with measures of hostility and anger suppression in healthy older adults. Thus, associations between negative affect and cardiovascular health may be apparent early in the disease process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 130 DeSoto Street, A546 Crabtree Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. schottll@upmc.edu
authors.forename: Laura L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Schott
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kamarck
authors.forename: Karen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Matthews
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Brockwell
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sutton-Tyrrell
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology*; D000368:Aged; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006791:Hostility; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D013694:Temperament; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000502:physiology*