title: Different Mechanisms for the Progression of CKD with ACE Gene Polymorphisms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is the major target of efforts to prevent the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dual blockade with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker has been reported to show additive renoprotection. However, three types of insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism have been reported, and it is unclear whether the dual blockade is effective for all the ACE genotypes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 93 CKD patients with or without dual blockade and analyzed the effects on blood pressure (BP), proteinuria, progression of CKD and the relationship to I/D ACE polymorphisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After long-term medication (average 33 +/- 2 months), BP decreased in all the genotype groups. However, urinary protein excretion decreased only in the II and DI groups (II: -27.1%, DI: -20.5%, DD: +0.8%). In the II and DI groups, amelioration of the progression of renal failure was correlated with reductions in BP and urinary protein excretion. However, the progression rate of renal failure was not correlated with proteinuria in the DD group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proteinuria and BP are key factors for the progression of CKD in II/DI patients, while controlling the BP rather than reducing the proteinuria appears to be crucial in DD patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto, Japan. ynakaya@kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yushi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Nakayama
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nonoguchi
authors.forename: Yukimasa
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kohda
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hasiyet
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Memetimin
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Izumi
authors.forename: Kimio
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012083:Renin / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012083:Renin