title: Maxillofacial fractures sustained during baseball and softball.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographics, the type of impact, the site and the treatment of maxillofacial fractures sustained during baseball and softball to develop an effective preventive strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of 82 patients treated for baseball- and softball-related maxillofacial fractures at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University between 1982 and 2007 were retrospectively analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Injuries were found in 64 men in baseball and 16 men and two women in softball with average ages of 19.6 and 30.0 years, respectively. Fractures were caused by being hit by the ball in 61 patients followed by collision in 16 patients. Fractures of the mandible and the mid-face were found in 44 and 38 patients, respectively. The mental and angle region of the mandible and zygoma and alveolar bone of the maxilla were frequently involved. Treatment was mostly conservative. Open reduction and internal fixation were performed only in 15 patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most maxillofacial fractures in these sports were ball-related. Therefore, effective preventive means should be considered to protect against such injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan. kazuyama@naramed-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Kazuhiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Tsutomu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sugiura
authors.forename: Jun-ichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishida
authors.forename: Yuichiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.forename: Masaki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimoto
authors.forename: Tadaaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kirita
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001484:Baseball / Q000293:injuries* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008337:Mandibular Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008446:Maxillofacial Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D008875:Middle Aged; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult