title: M.A.I.D.: a prognostic score estimating probability of healing in chronic lower extremity wounds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a wound-based prognostic score for chronic lower extremity wounds suitable for daily routine use capable of predicting long-term healing.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The main obstacle in the treatment of chronic wounds is to estimate long-term clinical outcome. For diabetic foot ulcers, several ulcer, and nonulcer-related risk factors associated with impaired healing have been described in the past.
  
  
  METHODS
  A new chronic lower extremity ulcer score (M.A.I.D.) was created out of 4 clinically defined parameters, namely palpable pedal pulses (I), wound area (A), ulcer duration (D), and presence of multiple ulcerations (M). Palpable pedal pulses were categorized by the absence (scored as 1) or presence (scored as 0) of pedal pulses, while wounds >4 cm were scored as 1 and wounds < or = 4 cm as 0. Ulcers lasting more than 130 days were categorized as 1 and wounds with a duration of <130 days as 0. Patients with multiple ulcerations were graded as 1 (=1) compared with those with single ulcers (=0). M.A.I.D. was calculated by adding these separate scores to a theoretical maximum of 4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two thousand nineteen consecutive patients with 4004 wounds were included. When patients were divided into subgroups with the same M.A.I.D., we showed a decreasing probability of healing for ulcers with higher M.A.I.D. scores. An increase in the M.A.I.D. by 1 score-point reduced the chance for healing by 37%. Similarly, the higher the ulcer score, the larger the initial wound area, the longer the wound history, and the more likely the occurrence of soft-tissue infection during follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This new chronic lower extremity ulcer score is capable of anticipating long-term probability of healing by combining 4 clinically assessable parameters. However, adequate and standardized wound care is an indispensable prerequisite for M.A.I.D. to be a valid diagnostic tool in daily clinical routine.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Transplant Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. stefan.beckert@med.uni-tuebingen.de
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Beckert
authors.forename: Anne Mirja
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Pietsch
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Küper
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wicke
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Witte
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Königsrainer
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Coerper
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D002908:Chronic Disease; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D035002:Lower Extremity; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult