title: Unsanctioned aggression in rugby union: relationships among aggressiveness, anger, athletic identity, and professionalization.
abstract: Aggressive players who intentionally cause injury to their opponents are common in many sports, particularly collision sports such as Rugby Union. Although some acts of aggression fall within the rules (sanctioned), others do not (unsanctioned), with the latter tending to be less acceptable than the former. This study attempts to identify characteristics of players who are more likely to employ unsanctioned methods in order to injure an opponent. Male Rugby Union players completed questionnaires assessing aggressiveness, anger, past aggression, professionalization, and athletic identity. Players were assigned to one of two groups based on self-reported past unsanctioned aggression. Results indicated that demographic variables (e.g., age, playing position, or level of play) were not predictive of group membership. Measures of aggressiveness and professionalization were significant predictors; high scores on both indicated a greater probability of reporting the use of unsanctioned aggressive force for the sole purpose of causing injury or pain. In addition, players who had been taught how to execute aggressive illegal plays without detection were also more likely to report using excessive force to injure an opponent. Results provide further support that highly professionalized players may be more likely to use methods outside the constitutive rules of Rugby Union in order to intentionally injure their opponents. Results are discussed within the context of the increasing win-at-all-cost attitude that is becoming more prevalent in sport and its implications for youth athletes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Human Performance, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Maxwell
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Visek
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000374:Aggression / Q000523:psychology*; D000786:Anger; D004995:Ethics, Professional; D005538:Football / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010551:Personality; D012016:Reference Values; D012649:Self Concept; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012925:Social Conformity; D012926:Social Control, Formal; D055815:Young Adult