title: Hypoplastic left heart syndrome links to chromosomes 10q and 6q and is genetically related to bicuspid aortic valve.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was designed to identify disease loci for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and evaluate the genetic relationship between HLHS and bicuspid aortic valve (BAV).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previously, we identified that HLHS and BAV exhibit complex inheritance, and both HLHS and BAV kindreds are enriched for BAV. However, the genetic basis of HLHS and its relationship to BAV remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Family-based nonparametric genome-wide linkage analysis was performed in kindreds ascertained by either an HLHS or BAV proband. Echocardiograms were performed on 1,013 participants using a sequential sampling strategy (33 HLHS kindreds, 102 BAV kindreds).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The recurrence risk ratio of BAV in HLHS families (8.05) was nearly identical to that in BAV families (8.77). Linkage to chromosomal regions 10q22 and 6q23 with maximum logarithm of odds scores of 3.2 and 3.1, respectively, was identified in HLHS kindreds. In addition, 5 suggestive loci were identified (7q31, 11q22, 12q13, 14q23, and 20q11). We previously identified loci at chromosomes 18q22, 13q34, and 5q21 in BAV kindreds. The relationship between these loci was examined in the combined HLHS and BAV cohort and associations between loci were demonstrated (5q21, 13q34, and 14q23; 6q23 and 10q22; 7q31 and 20q11). Subsequent subsets linkage analysis showed a significant improvement in the logarithm of odds score at 14q23 only (4.1, p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These studies demonstrate linkage to multiple loci identifying HLHS as genetically heterogeneous. Subsets linkage analyses and recurrence risk ratios in a combined cohort provide evidence that some HLHS and BAV are genetically related.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Hinton
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Smitha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rame-Gowda
authors.forename: Meredith E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Tabangin
authors.forename: Linda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Cripe
authors.forename: D Woodrow
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Benson
mesh_terms: D001021:Aortic Valve / Q000002:abnormalities*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002879:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 / Q000235:genetics*; D002896:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6 / Q000235:genetics*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D018740:Genetic Heterogeneity; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D040582:Inheritance Patterns; D008126:Lod Score; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010375:Pedigree; D010641:Phenotype; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric