title: Endoscopic management of brainstem injury due to ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We report a patient who suffered from brainstem injury following ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement in the fourth ventricle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 20-year-old man with complex hydrocephalus and trapped fourth ventricle underwent a suboccipital placement of a VP shunt. Postprocedure patient developed double vision. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the catheter was penetrating the dorsal brainstem at the level of the pontomedullary junction. Patient was referred to our Neuroendoscopic Clinic. Physical exam demonstrated pure right VI cranial nerve palsy. Patient underwent flexible endoscopic exploration of the ventricular system. Some of the endoscopic findings were severe aqueductal stenosis and brainstem injury from the catheter. Aqueductoplasty, transaqueductal approach into the fourth ventricle, and endoscopic repositioning of the catheter were some of the procedures performed. Patient recovered full neurological function. The combination of endoscopic exploration and shunt is a good alternative for patients with complex hydrocephalus. A transaqueductal approach to the fourth ventricle with flexible scope is an alternative for fourth ventricle pathology.
authors.affiliation: Neuroendoscopic Clinic, Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Potosino de Neurociencias, San Luis Potosi, Mexico.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Torrez-Corzo
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Della Vecchia
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Chalita-Williams
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rangel-Castilla
mesh_terms: D001933:Brain Stem / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D003389:Cranial Nerve Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000209:etiology*; D004172:Diplopia / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D020546:Fourth Ventricle / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D044583:Neuroendoscopy / Q000379:methods; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult