title: Association between smoking and retrospectively reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a large sample of new mothers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study investigated the association between retrospectively reported attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms experienced during childhood and five cigarette smoking-related outcomes in adulthood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A large sample (N = 1,117) of new mothers participating in an ongoing longitudinal study completed retrospective reports of their childhood ADHD symptomatology, as well as concurrent and retrospective reports of their smoking behavior. Linear regression models tested the association between ADHD symptomatology and smoking outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Childhood ADHD symptomatology was predictive of the number of cigarettes smoked per day currently and during pregnancy, as well as the age at onset of smoking. We found nonlinear associations between hyperactive-impulsive symptoms and the number of cigarettes smoked per day in pregnancy, as well as between inattentive symptoms and the number of cigarettes smoked per day currently. Women who retrospectively reported intermediate levels of ADHD symptoms during their childhood reported smoking more cigarettes per day than women who reported low or high levels of ADHD symptoms during childhood. We also found multiplicative relationship between inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms, such that inattentive symptoms were predictive of an earlier age at smoking onset only when hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were low; moreover, the magnitude of this association was stronger for Black relative to White women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings demonstrate the importance of considering differential effects of ADHD symptoms and smoking outcomes as a function of sex and race. They also represent a potentially indirect means through which women who have even a moderate childhood history of ADHD symptomatology may create a set of circumstances that compromise the health and well-being of their own children.
authors.affiliation: FPG Child Development Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 8185 521, South Greensboro Street, Carrboro, NC 27510, USA. willoughby@unc.edu
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Willoughby
authors.forename: Scott H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kollins
authors.forename: F Joseph
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: McClernon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009657:North Carolina / Q000453:epidemiology; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult