title: The glutathione S-transferase inhibitor 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol overcomes the MDR1-P-glycoprotein and MRP1-mediated multidrug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There has been an ever growing interest in the search for new anti-tumor compounds that do not interact with MDR1-Pgp and MRP1 drug transporters and so circumvent the effect of these proteins conferring multidrug resistance (MDR) and poor prognosis in AML patients. We have investigated the cytotoxic activity of the strong glutathione S-transferase (GST) inhibitor 6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol (NBDHEX) on AML (HL60) cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Functional drug efflux studies and cell proliferation assays were performed on both sensitive and MDR AML (HL60) cells after incubation with NBDHEX. Moreover, the mode of cell death (apoptosis vs. necrosis) as well as the correlation between NBDHEX susceptibility and GST activity or Bcl-2 expression was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NBDHEX is not a substrate of either MDR1-Pgp or MRP1 efflux pumps; in fact, it is not only cytotoxic toward the parental HL60 cell line, but also overcomes the MDR phenotype of its HL60/DNR and HL60/ADR variants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data herein reported show that NBDHEX mediates efficient killing of both MDR1-Pgp and MRP1 over-expressing AML cells. Therefore, this drug can potentially be used as an effective agent for treating MDR in AML patients.
authors.affiliation: Section of Pharmacogenetics, Drug Resistance and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ascione
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cianfriglia
authors.forename: Maria Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dupuis
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mallano
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sau
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellizzari Tregno
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pezzola
authors.forename: Anna Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Caccuri
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D018432:Drug Resistance, Multiple / Q000187:drug effects*; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D015470:Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009336:Necrosis; D010069:Oxadiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D005978:Glutathione; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D010069:Oxadiazoles; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; C528479:6-(7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-ylthio)hexanol; C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; C421109:multidrug resistance-associated protein 1