title: Antiretroviral therapy adherence, virologic and immunologic outcomes in adolescents compared with adults in southern Africa.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine adherence to and effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in adolescents vs. adults in southern Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aid for AIDS, a private sector disease management program in southern Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adolescents (age 11-19 years; n = 154) and adults (n = 7622) initiating ART between 1999 and 2006 and having a viral load measurement within 1 year after ART initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary: virologic suppression (HIV viral load < or = 400 copies/mL), viral rebound, and CD4 T-cell count at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after ART initiation. Secondary: adherence assessed by pharmacy refills at 6, 12, and 24 months. Multivariate analyses: loglinear regression and Cox proportional hazards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly smaller proportion of adolescents achieved 100% adherence at each time point (adolescents: 20.7% at 6 months, 14.3% at 12 months, and 6.6% at 24 months; adults: 40.5%, 27.9%, and 20.6% at each time point, respectively; P < 0.01). Patients achieving 100% 12-month adherence were significantly more likely to exhibit virologic suppression at 12 months, regardless of age. However, adolescents achieving virologic suppression had significantly shorter time to viral rebound (adjusted hazard ratio 2.03; 95% confidence interval: 1.31 to 3.13; P < 0.003). Adolescents were less likely to experience long-term immunologic recovery despite initial CD4 T-cell counts comparable to adults.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with adults, adolescents in southern Africa are less adherent to ART and have lower rates of virologic suppression and immunologic recovery and a higher rate of virologic rebound after initial suppression. Studies must determine specific barriers to adherence in this population and develop appropriate interventions.
authors.affiliation: Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. jnachega@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Jean B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Nachega
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hislop
authors.forename: Hoang
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Dowdy
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Chaisson
authors.forename: Leon
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Regensberg
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cotton
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maartens
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000353:Africa, Southern; D000367:Age Factors; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents