title: Refeeding syndrome--awareness, prevention and management.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Refeeding syndrome is an important, yet commonly overlooked condition affecting patients. It occurs when feeding is commenced after a period of starvation. Head and neck cancer patients are at particular risk owing to prolonged periods of poor nutritional intake. This may be from general effects such as cancer anorexia or from more specific problems of dysphagia associated with this group of patients. Awareness of the condition is crucial in identifying patients at risk and taking measures to prevent its occurrence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this review are to: 1) Highlight the condition and stress the importance of its consideration when admitting head and neck cancer patients. 2) Discuss the pathophysiology behind refeeding syndrome. 3) Review the literature for the best available evidence and guidelines. 4) Highlight the need for further high quality research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Refeeding syndrome is potentially fatal, yet is preventable. Awareness and identification of at-risk patients is crucial to improving management. Refeeding syndrome is caused by rapid refeeding after a period of under-nutrition, characterised by hypophosphataemia, electrolyte shifts and has metabolic and clinical complications. High risk patients include the chronically under-nourished and those with little intake for greater than 10 days. Patients with dysphagia are at particular risk. Refeeding should commence at 10 kcal/kg per day in patients at risk, and increased slowly. Thiamine, vitamin B complex and multi-vitamin supplements should be started with refeeding. New NICE guidelines state that pre-feeding correction of electrolyte and fluid deficits is unnecessary, but should be done concurrently with re-feeding. More research in this field is needed as the evidence base is lacking.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Head and Neck Studies and Education (InHANSE), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire, Coventry, UK. hishammehanna@aol.com
authors.forename: Hisham
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Mehanna
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Nankivell
authors.forename: Jamil
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moledina
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Travis
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D005215:Fasting; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008274:Magnesium / Q000378:metabolism; D008903:Minerals / Q000378:metabolism; D015596:Nutrition Assessment; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000378:metabolism; D055677:Refeeding Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D010758:Phosphorus; D008274:Magnesium