title: Pre-axial mirror polydactyly associated with tibial deficiency: a study of the patterns of skeletal anomalies of the foot and leg.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study was undertaken to identify the patterns and spectrum of aberrant development of the skeletal elements of the leg and foot in children with pre-axial mirror polydactyly of the foot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case records and radiographs of eight children (ten feet) with pre-axial mirror polydactyly were studied. Four feet were seen in association with fibular dimelia, three feet with dysplastic trapezoid shaped tibia, two with tibial aplasia and one with tibial hypoplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distinct patterns of anomalies of the hindfoot, midfoot and forefoot were noted, with different patterns of leg malformation. Fibular dimelia was associated with duplication of the calcaneum, cuboid and the lateral cuneiform. Talar duplication occurred in children with a trapezoidal tibia. No duplication of tarsal bones was seen in association with tibial aplasia or hypoplasia. The first metatarsal was hypoplastic wherever the tibia failed to develop. Mere resection of the supernumerary rays resulted in a near normal looking foot in feet without calcaneal duplication. The cosmetic appearance of the foot was poorest in children with fibular dimelia.
authors.affiliation: Paediatric Orthopaedic Service, Department of Orthopaedics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, 576 104, Karnataka, India.
authors.forename: Renjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verghese
authors.forename: Hitesh
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Gleeson
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rebello
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joseph