title: Exposure to Agent Orange is a significant predictor of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based recurrence and a rapid PSA doubling time after radical prostatectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate and report the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with prostate cancer and previous exposure to Agent Orange (AO), particularly in relationship to race.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1495 veterans who had undergone RP the clinicopathological characteristics, biochemical progression rates, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (DT) after recurrence between AO-exposed and unexposed men were compared using logistic and linear regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses, and stratified by race.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 206 (14%) men with AO exposure were more likely to be black (P = 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), treated more recently (P < 0.001), have a higher body mass index (P = 0.001), have clinical stage T1 disease (P < 0.001), and have lower preoperative PSA levels (P = 0.001). After adjusting for several clinical characteristics, AO exposure was not significantly related to adverse pathological features but was significantly associated with biochemical progression risk (relative risk 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.09, P = 0.004) and shorter PSADT (P < 0.001) after recurrence (8.2 vs 18.6 months). When stratified by race, these associations were present and similar in both races, with no significant interaction between race and AO exposure for predicting biochemical recurrence or mean adjusted PSADT (P interaction >0.20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with AO exposure and treated with RP were more likely to be black, present with lower risk features, have an increased risk of biochemical progression, and shorter PSADT after recurrence. When stratified by race, the association between AO exposure and poor outcomes was present in both races. These findings suggest that among selected men who choose RP, AO exposure might be associated with more aggressive prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Augusta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia, USA.
authors.forename: Sagar R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Freedland
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Aronson
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: Christopher L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Amling
authors.forename: Martha K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Terris
mesh_terms: D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D000075182:Agent Orange; D044383:Black People; D003678:Defoliants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D011379:Prognosis; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000378:metabolism*; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors; D014728:Veterans; D047829:Vietnam Conflict
chemical_list: D003678:Defoliants, Chemical; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D000075182:Agent Orange; D015085:2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen