title: Neurologic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A.
abstract: This article reviews the current and most neurologic uses of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A), beginning with relevant historical data, neurochemical mechanism at the neuromuscular junction. Current commercial preparations of BoNT-A are reviewed, as are immunologic issues relating to secondary failure of BoNT-A therapy. Clinical uses are summarized with an emphasis on controlled clinical trials (as appropriate), including facial movement disorders, focal neck and limb dystonias, spasticity, hypersecretory syndromes, and pain.
authors.affiliation: Madigan Army Medical Center, Neurology Service, Tacoma, WA, USA.
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Ney
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Joseph