title: Reduced neural integration of letters and speech sounds links phonological and reading deficits in adult dyslexia.
abstract: Developmental dyslexia is a specific reading and spelling deficit affecting 4% to 10% of the population. Advances in understanding its origin support a core deficit in phonological processing characterized by difficulties in segmenting spoken words into their minimally discernable speech segments (speech sounds, or phonemes) and underactivation of left superior temporal cortex. A suggested but unproven hypothesis is that this phonological deficit impairs the ability to map speech sounds onto their homologous visual letters, which in turn prevents the attainment of fluent reading levels. The present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the neural processing of letters and speech sounds in unisensory (visual, auditory) and multisensory (audiovisual congruent, audiovisual incongruent) conditions as a function of reading ability. Our data reveal that adult dyslexic readers underactivate superior temporal cortex for the integration of letters and speech sounds. This reduced audiovisual integration is directly associated with a more fundamental deficit in auditory processing of speech sounds, which in turn predicts performance on phonological tasks. The data provide a neurofunctional account of developmental dyslexia, in which phonological processing deficits are linked to reading failure through a deficit in neural integration of letters and speech sounds.
authors.affiliation: University of Maastricht, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. v.blau@psychology.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Vera
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Blau
authors.forename: Nienke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Atteveldt
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ekkebus
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Goebel
authors.forename: Leo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blomert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D001307:Auditory Perception; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D001921:Brain / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D032882:Comprehension; D004410:Dyslexia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D006309:Hearing / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008959:Models, Neurological