title: Bispectral index monitoring in helicopter emergency medical services patients.
abstract: Background. Many critically ill patients are given sedatives and paralytics to facilitate aeromedical transport. Bispectral index (BIS) monitoring is a computer-derived electroencephalography (EEG) analog currently used to monitor the level of awareness of sedated patients. It gives a score of 1-100, with 1 representing no brain function and 100 representing a completely alert patient. Objective. To evaluate whether critically ill patients are adequately sedated during aeromedical transport. Methods. This was a prospective, observational study of a convenience sample of critically ill patients transported by helicopter. All intubated patients who received sedatives and/or paralytics to facilitate transport were eligible for enrollment by the attending clinician. Prior to liftoff, a BIS sensor was applied to the patient's forehead. Minimum, maximum, and mean BIS index scores were recorded every minute during transport. Results. Forty-seven patients (57% male) were enrolled, with a median age of 60 years (interquartile range [IQR] 18-81, range 14 to 86 years). The median duration of monitoring was 15.0- minutes (IQR 6.0-26.0, range 2 to 33). The median BIS score was 54.6 (IQR 38.6-67.3, range 28 to 89.5). Only two patients (4.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5% to 14.8%) had at least one BIS score greater than 85, the accepted threshold for recall. Conclusion. These results suggest that patients are adequately sedated during air medical transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55417, USA.
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heegaard
authors.forename: Ryan Charles
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Fringer
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Frascone
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pippert
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miner
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000379:methods*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008824:Michigan; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult