title: NGAL decreases E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and increases cell motility and invasion through Rac1 in colon carcinoma cells.
abstract: Expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)/lipocalin2, a recently recognized iron regulatory protein that binds to matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9), is increased in a spectrum of cancers, including those of the colorectum. Using colon carcinoma cell lines stably transfected with NGAL or antisense NGAL, we showed that NGAL overexpression altered subcellular localization of E-cadherin and catenins, decreased E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion, enhanced cell-matrix attachment, and increased cell motility and in vitro invasion. Conversely, a decrease in NGAL enhanced more aggregated growth pattern and decreased in vitro invasion. We further showed that NGAL exerted these effects through the alteration of the subcellular localization of Rac1 in an extracellular matrix-dependent, but MMP9-independent, manner. Furthermore, we observed that the NGAL-overexpressing cells tolerated increased iron levels in the culture environment, whereas the NGAL-underexpressing cells showed significant cell death after prolonged incubation in high-iron condition. Thus, overexpressing NGAL in colon carcinomas is an important regulatory molecule that integrates extracellular environment cues, iron metabolism, and intracellular small GTPase signaling in cancer migration and invasion. NGAL may therefore be a new target for therapeutic intervention in colorectal carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Limei
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hittelman
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arlinghaus
authors.forename: Ilya
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Shmulevich
authors.forename: Stanley R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015820:Cadherins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism*; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002450:Cell Communication; D016923:Cell Death; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015820:Cadherins; C489506:LCN2 protein, human; D000071068:Lipocalin-2; D054834:Lipocalins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D007501:Iron; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein