title: Diabetes management for intense exercise.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with type 1 diabetes want to enjoy the benefits of sport and exercise, but management of diabetes in this context is complex. An understanding of the physiology of exercise in health, and particularly the control of fuel mobilization and metabolism, gives an idea of problems that may arise in managing diabetes for sport and exercise.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exercise is complicated both by hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in particular circumstances. Recent data demonstrate both early and late hypoglycaemia associated with endurance exercise and also give new insights into fuel use during exercise in diabetes. These data also provide potential explanations for the reduction in maximal exercise capacity sometimes observed in people with diabetes, although it should be noted that this observation is by no means universal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Advances in the understanding of exercise physiology allow the development of management strategies that aim to help athletes with diabetes achieve appropriate metabolic control during exercise. These metabolic strategies, coupled with observations from each athlete's own experience, give a basis for individualized advice that will help athletes with diabetes to fulfil their full potential.
authors.affiliation: Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: Alistair N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Lumb
authors.forename: Ian W
authors.initials: IW
authors.lastname: Gallen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000502:physiology; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*