title: Development of a high-throughput brain slice method for studying drug distribution in the central nervous system.
abstract: New, more efficient methods of estimating unbound drug concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) combine the amount of drug in whole brain tissue samples measured by conventional methods with in vitro estimates of the unbound brain volume of distribution (V(u,brain)). Although the brain slice method is the most reliable in vitro method for measuring V(u,brain), it has not previously been adapted for the needs of drug discovery research. The aim of this study was to increase the throughput and optimize the experimental conditions of this method. Equilibrium of drug between the buffer and the brain slice within the 4 to 5 h of incubation is a fundamental requirement. However, it is difficult to meet this requirement for many of the extensively binding, lipophilic compounds in drug discovery programs. In this study, the dimensions of the incubation vessel and mode of stirring influenced the equilibration time, as did the amount of brain tissue per unit of buffer volume. The use of cassette experiments for investigating V(u,brain) in a linear drug concentration range increased the throughput of the method. The V(u,brain) for the model compounds ranged from 4 to 3000 ml . g brain(-1), and the sources of variability are discussed. The optimized setup of the brain slice method allows precise, robust estimation of V(u,brain) for drugs with diverse properties, including highly lipophilic compounds. This is a critical step forward for the implementation of relevant measurements of CNS exposure in the drug discovery setting.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. markus.friden@farmbio.uu.se
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fridén
authors.forename: Frederic
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ducrozet
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Middleton
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Antonsson
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bredberg
authors.forename: Margareta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hammarlund-Udenaes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002021:Buffers; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism*; D003947:Diagnostic Techniques, Radioisotope; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008954:Models, Biological; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000378:metabolism*; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D002021:Buffers; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; C007858:glucuronyl glucosamine glycan sulfate