title: Minimally invasive surgical training: challenges and solutions.
abstract: Treatment options for urological malignancies continue to increase and include endoscopic, laparoscopic, robotic, and image-guided percutaneous techniques. This ever expanding array of technically demanding management options coupled with a static training paradigm introduces challenges to training the urological oncologist of the future. Minimally invasive learning opportunities continue to evolve, and include an intensive experience during residency, postgraduate short courses or mini-apprenticeships, and full time fellowship programs. Incorporation of large animal surgery and surgical simulators may help shorten the necessary learning curve. Ultimately, programs must provide an intense hands-on experience to trainees in all minimally invasive surgical aspects for optimal training.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
authors.forename: Phillip M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Pierorazio
authors.forename: Mohamad E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Allaf
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate; D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008495:Medical Oncology / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*; D008611:Mentors; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; D014572:Urology / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods*