title: Wnt inhibitory factor 1 is epigenetically silenced in human osteosarcoma, and targeted disruption accelerates osteosarcomagenesis in mice.
abstract: Wnt signaling increases bone mass by stimulating osteoblast lineage commitment and expansion and forms the basis for novel anabolic therapeutic strategies being developed for osteoporosis. These strategies include derepression of Wnt signaling by targeting secreted Wnt pathway antagonists, such as sclerostin. However, such therapies are associated with safety concerns regarding an increased risk of osteosarcoma, the most common primary malignancy of bone. Here, we analyzed 5 human osteosarcoma cell lines in a high-throughput screen for epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes and identified Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), which encodes an endogenous secreted Wnt pathway antagonist, as a candidate tumor suppressor gene. In vitro, WIF1 suppressed beta-catenin levels in human osteosarcoma cell lines, induced differentiation of human and mouse primary osteoblasts, and suppressed the growth of mouse and human osteosarcoma cell lines. Wif1 was highly expressed in the developing and mature mouse skeleton, and, although it was dispensable for normal development, targeted deletion of mouse Wif1 accelerated development of radiation-induced osteosarcomas in vivo. In primary human osteosarcomas, silencing of WIF1 by promoter hypermethylation was associated with loss of differentiation, increased beta-catenin levels, and increased proliferation. These data lead us to suggest that derepression of Wnt signaling by targeting secreted Wnt antagonists in osteoblasts may increase susceptibility to osteosarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Ian Potter Foundation Centre for Cancer Genetics and Preventative Medicine, and Sir Donald and Lady Trescowthick Laboratories, Peter MacCallumCancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Maya
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kansara
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kodjabachian
authors.forename: Natalie A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Sims
authors.forename: Melanie K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Trivett
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ehrich
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrovic
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Slavin
authors.forename: Peter F M
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Choong
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Igor B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Dawid
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D019175:DNA Methylation; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D020868:Gene Silencing; D016147:Genes, Tumor Suppressor; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000235:genetics; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D015398:Signal Transduction; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C485569:WIF1 protein, human; C118544:Wif1 protein, mouse; D051153:Wnt Proteins