title: Prospective evaluation of hybrid 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography in staging clinically node-negative patients with penile carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT) to detect occult metastasis in patients with clinically node-negative (cN0) penile carcinoma, as there is little information on the use of (18)F-FDG-PET/CT in penile carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 patients, scheduled to undergo dynamic sentinel-node biopsy, hybrid PET/CT was used before surgery to assess the nodal status of the cN0-groins. Six of the 24 patients were unilaterally cN0. Thus, 42 cN0-groins were evaluated for occult metastasis using PET/CT. All scans were assessed by two experienced nuclear physicians. The histopathological tumour status of the removed sentinel node was used as the standard of care to evaluate the PET/CT-results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Histopathology was tumour-positive in five of the 42 (12%) evaluated cN0-groins, two of which contained only micrometastases (<2 mm). One of the five tumour-positive cN0-groins was correctly predicted on the PET/CT-images. All false-negative PET/CT scans contained metastasis of <or=10 mm. Of the remaining 37 tumour-negative groins, 34 were correctly predicted with PET/CT (specificity 92%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The role of PET/CT in evaluating the groins of patients with cN0 penile cancer appears to be limited, due to its low sensitivity. In this series, only one of the five tumour-positive groins was identified. Surgical staging methods remain necessary at present.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute--Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Joost A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Leijte
authors.forename: Niels M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Graafland
authors.forename: Renato A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Valdés Olmos
authors.forename: Hester H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: van Boven
authors.forename: Cornelis A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hoefnagel
authors.forename: Simon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Horenblas
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006119:Groin; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards
chemical_list: D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18