title: Induction of IL-6 and inhibition of IL-8 secretion in the human airway cell line Calu-3 by urban particulate matter collected with a modified method of PM sampling.
abstract: Exposure to particulate matter (PM) induces inflammatory cytokines. In the present study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by an airway cell line exposed to PM with a mean aerodynamic size equal to or less than 10 or 2.5 microm (PM10 and PM2.5, respectively) collected in Mexico City, using a modified high-volume sampling method avoiding the use of solvents or introducing membrane components into the samples. PM was collected on cellulose-nitrate (CN) membranes modified for collection on high-volume samplers. Composition of the particles was evaluated by particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) and scanning electron microscopy. The particles (10-160 microg/cm2) were tested on Calu-3 cells. Control cultures were exposed to LPS (10 ng/mL to 100 microg/mL) or silica (10-160 microg/cm2). IL-6 and IL-8 secretions were evaluated by ELISA. An average of 10 mg of PM was recovered form each cellulose-nitrate filter. No evidence of contamination from the filter was found. Cells exposed to PM10 presented an increase in the secretion of IL-6 (up to 400%), while IL-8 decreased (from 40% to levels below the detection limit). A similar but weaker effect was observed with PM2.5. In conclusion, our modified sampling method provides a large amount of urban PM free of membrane contamination. The urban particles induce a decrease in IL-8 secretion that contrasts with the LPS and silica effects. These results suggest that the regulation of IL-8 expression is different for urban particles (complex mixture containing combustion-related particles, soil and biologic components) than for biogenic compounds or pure mineral particles.
authors.affiliation: Lung Toxicology Unit, Pneumology Section, K.U. Leuven, Belgium. ealfaro.incan@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ernesto
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alfaro-Moreno
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miranda
authors.forename: Leticia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Cuellar
authors.forename: Tim S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Nawrot
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vanaudenaerde
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoet
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramírez-López
authors.forename: Irma
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rosas
authors.forename: Benoit
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nemery
authors.forename: Alvaro Román
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Osornio-Vargas
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000633:toxicity*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010316:Particle Size; D014132:Trachea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016209:Interleukin-8