title: Association of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin prevent cardiovascular disease and several prior studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs also decrease prostate inflammation and prostate cancer risk. We investigated the association between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, prostate specific antigen and prostate volume, hypothesizing that there would be lower prostate specific antigen and prostate volume with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Nashville Men's Health Study uses a multicenter, rapid recruitment protocol to collect clinical, biological, behavioral and body measurement data on 1,277 men older than 40 years who are scheduled for diagnostic prostate biopsy. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use was ascertained by survey and clinical interview. Medical charts were reviewed to ascertain current prostate specific antigen, prostate volume and clinical diagnoses following biopsy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 46% of patients reported receiving nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, primarily aspirin (37%). After adjusting for age, race and other factors prostate volume was similar between aspirin users and nonusers (47.6 vs 46.0 ml, p = 0.16). In contrast, prostate specific antigen was significantly lower in aspirin users (7.3 vs 8.0 ng/ml, p = 0.01). The association between prostate specific antigen and aspirin was significant in men with latent prostate cancer (6.1 vs 7.3 ng/ml, p <0.01), marginal in patients with high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (5.0 vs 5.9 ng/ml, p = 0.09) and nonsignificant in those with a negative biopsy (5.6 vs 5.7 ng/ml, p = 0.64). The strongest prostate specific antigen-aspirin association was in men with cancer and a prostate volume of 60 ml or more (7.3 vs 12.7 ng/ml, p <0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prostate specific antigen was significantly lower in aspirin users with latent cancer. Prostate volume was not associated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use. Results suggest that aspirin may affect prostate cancer detection, suggesting a potential detection bias to address in future studies of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and prostate cancer prevention.
authors.affiliation: Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37203-1738, USA. jay.fowke@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Jay H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Fowke
authors.forename: Saundra S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Motley
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Cookson
authors.forename: Raoul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.forename: Sam S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Byerly
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011336:Probability; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood / Q000187:drug effects*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D012016:Reference Values; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; D001241:Aspirin