title: Day-by-day variability of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity measurements: implications for their reliability in clinical and research applications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess day-by-day variability of spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) measurements, providing implications for their reliability in clinical and research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four healthy volunteers and 57 patients with previous myocardial infarction (MI) underwent an 8 + 8 min (spontaneous + paced breathing) recording of ECG and noninvasive arterial pressure on two consecutive days. BRS was computed according to the sequence method (BRS_seq), the original and modified transfer function method (BRS_TF and BRS_TF(mod)) and the alpha method (BRS_alphaLF and BRS_alphaHF). Absolute and relative reliability were assessed by the 95% limits of random variation (LoV) and by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. The sample size needed to detect a clinically relevant change was also estimated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy volunteers during spontaneous breathing, BRS_seq, BRS_TF, BRS_alphaLF and BRS_alphaHF could not be measured in 18, 3, 2 and 2% of recordings, respectively. By definition, BRS_TF(mod) could always be measured. The 95% LoV indicated that individual day-by-day changes may range from -50% to +101% for BRS_TF(mod) (best case) and from -58% to +135% for BRS_alphaHF (worst case). The ICC ranged from 0.70 (BRS_seq) to 0.76 (BRS_TF(mod)). The sample size varied from 56 (BRS_TF(mod)) to 80 (BRS_seq). In MI patients, measurability was lower whereas reliability indexes were similar. Results during paced breathing were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Day-by-day variability should be taken into account when using spontaneous BRS measurements to detect treatment effects in individual patients. The observed substantial to good relative reliability, as assessed by the ICC, indicates that spontaneous BRS measurements are suitable to detect differences between individuals, which is a prerequisite for proper diagnosis and prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology and Biomedical Engineering, S. Maugeri Foundation-IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Montescano, Montescano, Pavia, Italy. roberto.maestri@fsm.it
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Maestri
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raczak
authors.forename: Antoni
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Torunski
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sukiennik
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kozłowski
authors.forename: Maria Teresa
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: La Rovere
authors.forename: Gian Domenico
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Pinna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017704:Baroreflex / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity