title: Reduced prefrontal cortical gray matter volume in young adults exposed to harsh corporal punishment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Harsh corporal punishment (HCP) during childhood is a chronic, developmental stressor associated with depression, aggression and addictive behaviors. Exposure to traumatic stressors, such as sexual abuse, is associated with alteration in brain structure, but nothing is known about the potential neurobiological consequences of HCP. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HCP was associated with discernible alterations in gray matter volume (GMV) using voxel-based morphometry (VBM).
  
  
  METHODS
  1455 young adults (18-25 years) were screened to identify 23 with exposure to HCP (minimum 3 years duration, 12 episodes per year, frequently involving objects) and 22 healthy controls. High-resolution T1-weighted MRI datasets were obtained using Siemens 3 T trio scanner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GMV was reduced by 19.1% in the right medial frontal gyrus (medial prefrontal cortex; MPFC, BA10) (P=0.037, corrected cluster level), by 14.5% in the left medial frontal gyrus (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; DLPFC, BA9) (P=0.015, uncorrected cluster level) and by 16.9% in the right anterior cingulate gyrus (BA24) (P<0.001, uncorrected cluster level) of HCP subjects. There were significant correlations between GMV in these identified regions and performance IQ on the WAIS-III.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposing children to harsh HCP may have detrimental effects on trajectories of brain development. However, it is also conceivable that differences in prefrontal cortical development may increase risk of exposure to HCP.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. tomo@kumamoto-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akemi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomoda
authors.forename: Hanako
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Keren
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rabi
authors.forename: Yi-Shin
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Sheu
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Polcari
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Teicher
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002649:Child Abuse; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology*; D011678:Punishment; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055815:Young Adult