title: Long-term effects of intermittent androgen suppression on testosterone recovery and bone mineral density: results of a 33-month observational study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis, over 3 years of intermittent androgen-suppression therapy (IAST).
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a Phase II individual cohort study of 72 patients with prostate cancer without metastatic bone disease, enrolled between 1999 and 2002. Patients had 9 months flutamide (250 mg, three times daily) and leuprolide (22.5 mg, 3-monthly depot) after which, patients ceased therapy providing that their PSA levels were <4 ng/mL. AST re-commenced when the PSA level exceeded the pretreatment level or was >20 ng/mL. BMD for hip and spine was the primary endpoint; assessed at baseline; completion of initial treatment period; and at 1 and 2 years after initial treatment (POST period).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Osteoporosis increased from 7% at baseline to 10% at 3 years. The BMD declined after 9 months treatment, at -1.9% and -3.3% at hip and spine, respectively (P < 0.001). Subsequent BMD decline in the POST period was attenuated; at 1 years and 2 years later, hip -0.6% (not significant), and -0.8% (P < 0.014), and spine +1.0% and +0.2% (not significant). The BMD change in those remaining 'off' therapy for 2 years (n = 20) was strongly associated with the level of testosterone recovery; a peak testosterone level of <5 nmol/L associated with a greater then normal physiological loss. Testosterone recovery was less likely in older men.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The attenuation of spine and hip BMD decline after 3-year IAST compared with those reported for continuous AST appears to be due to testosterone driven BMD recovery in the POST period. Failure of testosterone recovery was associated with worse final BMD. By reducing the potential risk for adverse bone complications, intermittent therapy may become an important consideration when the therapeutic ratio is narrow.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia. Nigel.Spry@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Nigel A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Spry
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Galvão
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: La Bianca
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005485:Flutamide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006615:Hip; D006801:Humans; D016729:Leuprolide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D013131:Spine; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D013739:Testosterone; D005485:Flutamide; D016729:Leuprolide