title: Preclinical symptoms of the diabetic foot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diabetic foot is one of the main complications of diabetes mellitus, with a high risk of minor or major amputation. The preclinical foot lesions of patients without foot complaints were compared with healthy controls and analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted with 89 diabetic patients from an endocrinology clinic and 35 nondiabetic control patients. The patients were asked about the presence, types, and durations of pedal complaints; acquired and congenital foot deformities; and atrophy. Patient gaits were inspected for any swelling; skin and nail changes were also recorded. Ranges of articular motion, deformities, crepitations, and any painful perceptions were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The differences between groups were significant for sensorial defects, joint changes of the foot, nail abnormalities, and neuropathic changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every patient with an established diagnosis of diabetes can be considered a potential sufferer of diabetic foot for whom medical therapy and foot protection programs are indicated.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey. hbekler@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Halil I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Bekler
authors.forename: Aytug
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ertav
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006987:Hypesthesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult