title: Does sodium dodecyl sulfate wash out of detergent-treated bovine pericardium at cytotoxic concentrations?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The ionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is a proposed treatment for the removal of antigenic proteins from unfixed biological scaffolds used in tissue engineering. However, questions remain about possible cytotoxic effects of SDS-treated tissues. The study aims were to: (i) develop a sensitive SDS assay for physiological solutions; (ii) measure SDS concentrations in the washing media of SDS-treated tissue; and (iii) determine cytotoxic SDS concentrations in cultured ovine vascular cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  An assay was developed to monitor SDS concentrations at microM levels, based on attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy. Bovine pericardium was treated with SDS (1.0 to 0.01%) and washed for 96 h. The SDS concentration in the washing media was measured at 24-h intervals; data were expressed as microM/g tissue. Ovine vascular cells were cultured in DME media at 37 degrees C for 48 h in various SDS concentrations (10 to 1000 microM). The cells were then counted, and the percentage live cells expressed, based on trypan blue exclusion (n=5).
  
  
  RESULTS
  SDS concentrations > or =10 microM significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the total cell number, while concentrations > or =100 microM reduced (p < 0.05) the percentage live cells of ovine vascular cell cultures. SDS was present in the washing media of SDS-treated bovine pericardium. SDS leaching from bovine pericardium was found to depend on the SDS concentration used for the treatment, and diminished with time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDS leaches from SDS-treated bovine pericardium at concentrations that are potentially cytotoxic. An understanding of the dynamics of SDS washout, based on a sensitive SDS assay, may lead to the creation of protocols for the preparation of biological scaffolds that are free from cytotoxic leaching.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Caamaño
authors.forename: Arai
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiori
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Strauss
authors.forename: E Christopher
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Orton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001705:Bioprosthesis; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D002417:Cattle; D002452:Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003902:Detergents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis; D010496:Pericardium / Q000187:drug effects*; D012756:Sheep; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D003902:Detergents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D012967:Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate