title: Redundancy of myostatin and growth/differentiation factor 11 function.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myostatin (Mstn) and growth/differentiation factor 11 (Gdf11) are highly related transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) family members that play important roles in regulating embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Despite their high degree of sequence identity, targeted mutations in these genes result in non-overlapping phenotypes affecting distinct biological processes. Loss of Mstn in mice causes a doubling of skeletal muscle mass while loss of Gdf11 in mice causes dramatic anterior homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton, kidney agenesis, and an increase in progenitor cell number in several tissues. In order to investigate the possible functional redundancy of myostatin and Gdf11, we analyzed the effect of eliminating the functions of both of these signaling molecules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We show that Mstn-/- Gdf11-/- mice have more extensive homeotic transformations of the axial skeleton than Gdf11-/- mice in addition to skeletal defects not seen in single mutants such as extra forelimbs. We also show that deletion of Gdf11 specifically in skeletal muscle in either Mstn+/+ or Mstn-/- mice does not affect muscle size, fiber number, or fiber type.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results provide evidence that myostatin and Gdf11 have redundant functions in regulating skeletal patterning in mice but most likely not in regulating muscle size.
authors.affiliation: Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. mcpherrona@niddk.nih.gov
authors.forename: Alexandra C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: McPherron
authors.forename: Thanh V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Huynh
authors.forename: Se-Jin
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001846:Bone Development; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000196:embryology*; D055435:Myostatin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; C119153:Gdf11 protein, mouse; D055412:Growth Differentiation Factors; C525912:Mstn protein, mouse; D055435:Myostatin