title: Identification and characterization of a complete carnitine biosynthesis pathway in Candida albicans.
abstract: Carnitine is an essential metabolite that enables intracellular transport of fatty acids and acetyl units. Here we show that the yeast Candida albicans can synthesize carnitine de novo, and we identify the 4 genes of the pathway. Null mutants of orf19.4316 (trimethyllysine dioxygenase), orf19.6306 (trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase), and orf19.7131 (butyrobetaine dioxygenase) lacked their respective enzymatic activities and were unable to utilize fatty acids, acetate, or ethanol as a sole carbon source, in accordance with the strict requirement for carnitine-mediated transport under these growth conditions. The second enzyme of carnitine biosynthesis, hydroxytrimethyllysine aldolase, is encoded by orf19.6305, a member of the threonine aldolase (TA) family in C. albicans. A strain lacking orf19.6305 showed strongly reduced growth on fatty acids and was unable to utilize either acetate or ethanol, but TA activity was unaffected. Growth of the null mutants on nonfermentable carbon sources is restored only by carnitine biosynthesis intermediates after the predicted enzymatic block in the pathway, which provides independent evidence for a specific defect in carnitine biosynthesis for each of the mutants. In conclusion, we have genetically characterized a complete carnitine biosynthesis pathway in C. albicans and show that a TA family member is mainly involved in the aldolytic cleavage of hydroxytrimethyllysine in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Strijbis
authors.forename: Carlo W T
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: van Roermund
authors.forename: Guy P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Janny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: van den Burg
authors.forename: Karien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bloem
authors.forename: Jolanda
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Haan
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Vlies
authors.forename: Ronald J A
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Wanders
authors.forename: Frédéric M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Vaz
authors.forename: Ben
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Distel
mesh_terms: D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000446:Aldehyde-Lyases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D002331:Carnitine / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D007700:Kinetics; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D050563:gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D050563:gamma-Butyrobetaine Dioxygenase; C436318:epsilon-N-trimethyllysine hydroxylase; C023095:4-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; D000445:Aldehyde Oxidoreductases; D000446:Aldehyde-Lyases; C025594:beta-hydroxy-trimethyllysine aldolase; D002331:Carnitine