title: Development and evaluation of vancomycin dosage guidelines designed to achieve new target concentrations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were to develop a population pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin in adult patients, to use this model to develop dosage guidelines targeting vancomycin trough concentrations of 10-15 mg/L and to evaluate the performance of these new guidelines.
  
  
  METHODS
  All data analyses were performed using NONMEM. A population pharmacokinetic model was first developed from vancomycin dosage and concentration data collected during routine therapeutic drug monitoring in 398 patients, then new vancomycin dosage guidelines were devised by using the model to predict vancomycin trough concentrations in a simulated dataset. Individual estimates of CL and V1 were then obtained in an independent group of 100 patients using the population model and the POSTHOC option. These individual estimates were used to predict vancomycin trough concentrations and steady-state AUC(24)/MIC ratios using the current and new dosage guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The population analysis found that the vancomycin data were best described using a bi-exponential elimination model with a typical CL of 3.0 L/h that changed by 15.4% for every 10 mL/min difference from a CL(CR) of 66 mL/min. V(ss) was 1.4 L/kg. The proposed dosage guidelines were predicted to achieve 55% of vancomycin troughs within 10-15 mg/L and 71% within 10-20 mg/L, which is significantly higher than current guidelines (19% and 22%, respectively). The proportion of AUC(24)/MIC ratios above 400 was also higher, 87% compared with 58%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New vancomycin dosage guidelines have been developed that achieve trough concentrations of 10-15 mg/L earlier and more consistently than current guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. alison.h.thomson@strath.ac.uk
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Thomson
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Staatz
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lovering
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010949:Plasma / Q000737:chemistry; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin