title: Chronomics, human time estimation, and aging.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Circadian rhythm stage affects many outcomes, including those of mental aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  Estimations of 1 minute approximately 5 times/day for a year, 25 years apart, by a healthy male biomedical scientist (RBS), are analyzed by the extended cosinor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cycles of a half-week, a week, approximately 30 days, a half-year and a year, in self-assessed 1-minute estimation by RBS between 25 and 60 years of age in health, are mapped for the first time, compared and opposite effects are found. For RBS at 60 vs at 25 years of age, it takes less time in the morning around 10:30 (P < 0.001), but not in the evening around 19:30 (P = 0.956), to estimate 1 minute.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During the intervening decades, the time of estimating 1 minute differed greatly, dependent on circadian stage, being a linear decrease in the morning and increase in the evening, the latter modulated by a -33.6-year cycle.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Circadian and infradian rhythm mapping is essential for a scrutiny of effects of aging. A approximately 30-day and a circannual component apparent at 25 years of age are not found later; cycles longer than a year are detected. Rhythm stages await tests as markers for timing therapy in disease.
authors.affiliation: Halberg Chronobiology Center, University of Minnesota, Campus Mail Code 8609-MMC 8609, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. halbe001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Halberg
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Sothern
authors.forename: Germaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cornélissen
authors.forename: Jerzy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Czaplicki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*