title: Inhibition of sphingosine kinase by bovine viral diarrhea virus NS3 is crucial for efficient viral replication and cytopathogenesis.
abstract: Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid implicated in diverse cellular functions including survival, proliferation, tumorigenesis, inflammation, and immunity. Sphingosine kinase (SphK) contributes to these functions by converting sphingosine to S1P. We report here that the nonstructural protein NS3 from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), a close relative of hepatitis C virus (HCV), binds to and inhibits the catalytic activity of SphK1 independently of its serine protease activity, whereas HCV NS3 does not affect SphK1 activity. Uncleaved NS2-3 from BVDV was also found to interact with and inhibit SphK1. We suspect that inhibition of SphK1 activity by BVDV NS3 and NS2-3 may benefit viral replication, because SphK1 inhibition by small interfering RNA, chemical inhibitor, or overexpression of catalytically inactive SphK1 results in enhanced viral replication, although the mechanisms by which SphK1 inhibition leads to enhanced viral replication remain unknown. A role of SphK1 inhibition in viral cytopathogenesis is also suggested as overexpression of SphK1 significantly attenuates the induction of apoptosis in cells infected with cytopathogenic BVDV. These findings suggest that SphK is targeted by this virus to regulate its catalytic activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yamane
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Muhammad A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Zahoor
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Yassir M
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Mohamed
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Azab
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tohya
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan. Electronic address: akashih@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hiroomi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Akashi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D003588:Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D001908:Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D020365:RNA Helicases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D010447:Peptide Hydrolases; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); D020365:RNA Helicases; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D013110:Sphingosine; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D000099157:Sphingosine Kinase; C086730:p80 protein, bovine viral diarrhea virus; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D043583:Nucleoside-Triphosphatase; D053487:DEAD-box RNA Helicases; D000085242:Viral Proteases; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate