title: Sex differences in inflammatory markers: what is the contribution of visceral adiposity?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations have been found to be higher in premenopausal women than in men, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations have been reported to be lower in women than in men.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether the sex difference in body fat distribution accounts for the observed sex differences in inflammatory markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasma CRP, IL-6, and TNF-alpha concentrations were measured in 208 healthy men (age: 42.2 +/- 15.2 y) and in 145 healthy women (age: 36.8 +/- 11.1 y).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with men, premenopausal women had higher CRP concentrations [1.24 (25th percentile: 0.54; 75th percentile: 3.04) compared with 0.94 (0.51, 2.40) mg/L; P < 0.05] and lower plasma TNF-alpha concentrations [1.50 (25th percentile: 1.23; 75th percentile: 1.82) compared with 1.71 (1.40, 2.05) pg/mL; P < 0.001]. No sex difference in IL-6 concentrations was noted. Regression analyses indicated that the relation between CRP or IL-6 and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous AT (SAT) was sex-specific; a significantly steeper slope was observed in women than in men (P < 0.05). Sex differences in CRP concentrations were abolished after SAT was adjusted for. In a multivariate model of the whole sample, we found that both SAT and VAT and the sex x SAT interaction term were significant correlates of CRP and IL-6 concentrations. Finally, whereas CRP concentrations were largely influenced by visceral adiposity in men, subcutaneous adiposity was the key correlate of CRP in women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher CRP concentrations found in women appear to be due to their greater accumulation of subcutaneous fat than that observed in men.
authors.affiliation: Québec Heart Institute, Hôpital Laval Research Centre, Hôpital Laval, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Amélie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cartier
authors.forename: Mélanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Côté
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lemieux
authors.forename: Louis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pérusse
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Claude
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bouchard
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Després
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D019049:Developed Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017697:Premenopause; D011792:Quebec; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014781:Viscera / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D002097:C-Reactive Protein