title: PDGF-C and -D and their receptors PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta in atherosclerotic human arteries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Platelet derived growth factors (PDGFs) are mitogens for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. This growth factor family contains four members PDGF-A, PDGF-B, PDGF-C and PDGF-D. Biology of recently discovered PDGF-C and PDGF-D is not well-established. Here we studied the expression of PDGF-C and PDGF-D and their receptors PDGFR-alpha and PDGFR-beta in normal and atherosclerotic human arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human arterial samples from amputations and autopsies were classified according to the atherosclerotic stage and the expression of PDGF-C and PDGF-D proteins and their receptors was studied by immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization and reverse transcriptase-PCR were used to study mRNA expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both growth factors were expressed in medial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in normal arteries and atherosclerotic lesions. However, clear differences were found in the expression profiles in endothelium: PDGF-C was strongly expressed in endothelial cells in both normal arteries and lesions whereas PDGF-D was only weakly expressed in endothelium. PDGF-C expression was very prominent in lesion macrophages. PDGF-D was expressed throughout the artery wall in lesions. PDGFR-alpha expression was strong in endothelium and in lesion macrophage-rich areas, whereas PDGFR-beta was mostly expressed in SMCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that PDGF-C may play an important role in endothelium in normal and atherosclerotic arteries and in macrophages in lesions. PDGF-D was expressed in all types of lesions with the same intensity and thus differs from the expression of PDGF-C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Karvinen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutanen
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Leppänen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lach
authors.forename: A-L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Levonen
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ylä-Herttuala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001158:Arteries / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism*; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020796:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha; D020797:Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta