title: Ultrasound techniques applied to body fat measurement in male and female athletes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  For athletes in disciplines with weight categories, it is important to assess body composition and weight fluctuations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the accuracy of measuring body fat percentage with a portable ultrasound device possessing high accuracy and reliability versus fan-beam, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-validation study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 93 athletes (24 women, 69 men), aged 23.5 +/- 3.7 years, with body mass index = 24.0 +/- 4.2 and body fat percentage via DEXA = 9.41 +/- 8.1 participated. All participants were elite athletes selected from the Institut National des Sports et de l'Education Physique. These participants practiced a variety of weight-category sports.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured body fat and body fat percentage using an ultrasound technique associated with anthropometric values and the DEXA reference technique. Cross-validation between the ultrasound technique and DEXA was then performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ultrasound estimates of body fat percentage were correlated closely with those of DEXA in both females (r = 0.97, standard error of the estimate = 1.79) and males (r = 0.98, standard error of the estimate = 0.96). The ultrasound technique in both sexes had a low total error (0.93). The 95% limit of agreement was -0.06 +/- 1.2 for all athletes and did not show an overprediction or underprediction bias. We developed a new model to produce body fat estimates with ultrasound and anthropometric dimensions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The limits of agreement with the ultrasound technique compared with DEXA measurements were very good. Consequently, the use of a portable ultrasound device produced accurate body fat and body fat percentage estimates in relation to the fan-beam DEXA technique.
authors.affiliation: Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Dynamique de l'évolution humaine, Paris, France. jean-claude.pineau@evolhum.cnrs.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Pineau
authors.forename: Jean Robert
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Filliard
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bocquet
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D011336:Probability; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D055815:Young Adult