title: Giant-stroke, superelastic carbon nanotube aerogel muscles.
abstract: Improved electrically powered artificial muscles are needed for generating force, moving objects, and accomplishing work. Carbon nanotube aerogel sheets are the sole component of new artificial muscles that provide giant elongations and elongation rates of 220% and (3.7 x 10(4))% per second, respectively, at operating temperatures from 80 to 1900 kelvin. These solid-state-fabricated sheets are enthalpic rubbers having gaslike density and specific strength in one direction higher than those of steel plate. Actuation decreases nanotube aerogel density and can be permanently frozen for such device applications as transparent electrodes. Poisson's ratios reach 15, a factor of 30 higher than for conventional rubbers. These giant Poisson's ratios explain the observed opposite sign of width and length actuation and result in rare properties: negative linear compressibility and stretch densification.
authors.affiliation: Alan G. MacDiarmid NanoTech Institute, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083, USA.
authors.forename: Ali E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Aliev
authors.forename: Jiyoung
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oh
authors.forename: Mikhail E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.forename: Alexander A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kuznetsov
authors.forename: Shaoli
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Alexandre F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Fonseca
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ovalle
authors.forename: Márcio D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: Mohammad H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Haque
authors.forename: Yuri N
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Gartstein
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Anvar A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Zakhidov
authors.forename: Ray H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Baughman
mesh_terms: D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D004548:Elasticity; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal; D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D055672:Static Electricity; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength
chemical_list: D037742:Nanotubes, Carbon