title: Genetic factors contribute to variation in serum alanine aminotransferase activity independent of obesity and alcohol: a study in monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to determine the heritability of serum alanine aminotransferase (S-ALT) and fasting serum insulin (fS-insulin) concentration as well as determine the association of these measures with liver fat content in young adult monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and thirteen individual twins were recruited from a population-based cohort (n = 4929). The study subjects represented a wide range of body mass indexes (BMI), were free of any diseases or regular medications and had an intake of less than two drinks of alcohol/day. To verify that S-ALT is a marker of liver fat, it was measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) in 66 subjects. Heritability estimations were performed using BMI- and gender-adjusted values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intra-pair correlations were significantly higher in the MZ twins than the DZ twins for both S-ALT (0.65 for MZ and 0.04 for DZ) and fS-insulin (0.58 and 0.34, respectively). Heritability of S-ALT was 55% and that of fS-insulin 61%. In the 66 subjects S-ALT (r = 0.70 for women and r = 0.50 for men, p < or = 0.01 for both) and fS-insulin (r = 0.58 and r = 0.59, respectively, p < or = 0.01 for both) concentrations correlated significantly with liver fat content.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These twin data suggest that approximately 60% of the variation in S-ALT, a marker of liver fat content, is genetically determined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. janne.makkonen@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: Janne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Makkonen
authors.forename: Kirsi H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Pietiläinen
authors.forename: Aila
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rissanen
authors.forename: Jaakko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kaprio
authors.forename: Hannele
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yki-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000097:blood*; D050218:Body Fat Distribution; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008019:Life Style; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D000410:Alanine Transaminase