title: Results of a phase I trial of 12 patients with locally advanced pancreatic carcinoma combining gefitinib, paclitaxel, and 3-dimensional conformal radiation: report of toxicity and evaluation of circulating K-ras as a potential biomarker of response to therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the toxicity of daily gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor, with concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma and prospectively evaluate plasma k-ras as a potential marker of response to gefitinib and CRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven of 12 eligible patients enrolled received a 7-day induction of gefitinib (250 mg PO) followed by daily gefitinib with concurrent CRT. Patients received 50.4 Gy/28 fractions of external beam radiation with weekly paclitaxel (40 mg/m IV) followed by maintenance on gefitinib. Plasma k-ras codon 12 mutations were detected using a two-stage restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction assay on patients' plasma both before and after therapy. Mutations were confirmed by direct sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common adverse events included grade 1 skin rash (63%), grade 1 to 2 gastrointestinal symptoms including anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea occurred in 63% of patients, grade 3 nausea occurred in 45% of patients. Three patients did not complete therapy, only one was possibly associated with study drug. K-ras mutations were detected in the pre-gefitinib plasma of 5/11 patients and in the matched tumor tissue of 3/4 patients. In patients where k-ras mutations were undetectable post-treatment, survival times were favorable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Combination of daily gefitinib with concurrent CRT in this locally advanced pancreatic cancer population was reasonably tolerated. Rapid changes in serum k-ras may provide critical information as to the efficacy of a novel agent and assist in tailoring treatment for cancers of the pancreas.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
authors.forename: Christine C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Olsen
authors.forename: Tracey E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Schefter
authors.forename: Honglin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Madeleine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kane
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: Martin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: McCarter
authors.forename: Yang
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: S Gail
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Eckhardt
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stiegmann
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raben
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000097:blood*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D005260:Female; D000077156:Gefitinib; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D017239:Paclitaxel / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D011799:Quinazolines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal; D015996:Survival Rate; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011799:Quinazolines; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D017239:Paclitaxel; D000077156:Gefitinib