title: Molecular magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial perfusion with EP-3600, a collagen-specific contrast agent: initial feasibility study in a swine model.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) perfusion imaging during the first pass after intravenous administration of extracellular contrast agents is hampered by the spatial and temporal resolution achievable and by the artifacts seen in ultrafast MR imaging. Furthermore, time-consuming quantitative data analysis is often added. The use of molecular MR imaging with a target-specific contrast agent with perfusion-dependent binding to myocardium may enable prolonged visualization of perfusion defects and thus may help to overcome limitations of currently used first-pass extracellular MR imaging. EP-3600 is a new gadolinium-containing molecular contrast agent that binds reversibly to myocardial collagen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant but nonocclusive coronary artery stenosis was modeled in 7 domestic swine with an undersized MR-compatible balloon positioned in the left anterior descending artery as verified by x-ray angiography. Two animals died before contrast injection as a result of arrhythmias. In 5 swine, high-spatial-resolution gradient echo imaging (approximately 1 x 1 mm(2) in-plane resolution) was performed before and 5, 20, 40, and 60 minutes after intravenous administration of 12.3 micromol/kg EP-3600. Contrast was administered during stress induced by an infusion of 250 mumol x kg(-1) x min(-1) adenosine. Yb-DTPA was administered simultaneously for comparison of myocardium-to-plasma ratios. Images were assessed subjectively by 2 investigators, and signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratios over time were calculated. Normal myocardium showed a significant signal-to-noise ratio increase during the entire examination time. In all animals (n=5), the perfusion defect in the left anterior descending artery territory could be visualized with a high contrast-to-noise ratio for at least 20 minutes after contrast injection. A significantly higher myocardium-to-plasma ratio was found for EP-3600 compared with the control agent Yb-DTPA (0.85+/-0.26 versus 0.22+/-0.08, respectively; P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EP-3600 is a new molecular MR imaging contrast agent that binds to the myocardium and enables prolonged, high-contrast, high-spatial-resolution visualization of myocardial perfusion defects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital, Technical University Aachen, Aachen, Germany. spuenti@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spuentrup
authors.forename: Karl M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Ruhl
authors.forename: Rene M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Botnar
authors.forename: Andrea J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wiethoff
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buhl
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jacques
authors.forename: Matthew T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Greenfield
authors.forename: Gabriele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Krombach
authors.forename: Rolf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Mark G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Vangel
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Caravan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism*; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D023921:Coronary Stenosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005110:Extracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004369:Pentetic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D034421:Sus scrofa
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; C540245:EP-3600; D009842:Oligopeptides; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C073846:ytterbium DTPA; D004369:Pentetic Acid; D003094:Collagen