title: The effects of sound conditioning on gentamicin-induced vestibulocochlear toxicity in gerbils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent studies in animal models have shown via physiologic and histologic measures that the administration of exogenous antioxidants is protective against gentamicin-induced oto-vestibulo toxicity. In addition, studies have also shown that sound conditioning increases cochlear antioxidants. The objective of this study is to determine whether sound conditioning provides protection against gentamicin in the cochlear and/or vestibular system.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Prospective animal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-month-old gerbils were divided into three groups (A, B, and C). The gerbils in group A were sound conditioned only (n = 2). In group B, the animals received gentamicin on the round window (n = 2). The gerbils in group C were sound conditioned first and later received gentamicin to the round window (n = 2). The animals were ultimately sacrificed and their right cochlea and posterior crista ampullaris were removed, processed, and sectioned. The specimens were analyzed for inner hair cell (IHC) and outer hair cell (OHC) loss and vestibular supporting and sensory hair cell nuclei per micrometer of vestibular epithelium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sound-conditioned group (A) had no loss of cochlear hair cells. The gerbils treated with gentamicin only (B) had a 34% decrease of OHCs and 49% decrease of IHCs. The sound-conditioned plus gentamicin-treated group (C) had a 5.5% decrease in OHCs and 12% decrease in IHCs. There were no significant differences with regards to supporting cell nuclei within the posterior crista across all groups. When compared to group A, the gerbils in groups B and C did have a 23 to 42% decrease in the number of sensory cell nuclei per micrometer of vestibular epithelium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sound conditioning does appear to attenuate the effects of gentamicin in the cochlea, although not significantly altering its vestibulotoxicity. An upregulation of cochlear-specific antioxidants is believed to be an important factor. As we had a small sample size, we can only note trends in the data, but future studies with more animals and measurements of antioxidant levels after sound conditioning would be useful to quantify this effect and determine if it can be exploited clinically. Laryngoscope, 2009.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA. amarsuryad@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Amar C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Suryadevara
authors.forename: Hayes H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Wanamaker
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pack
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000633:toxicity*; D005849:Gerbillinae; D006199:Hair Cells, Auditory, Inner / Q000187:drug effects*; D018072:Hair Cells, Auditory, Outer / Q000187:drug effects*; D018069:Hair Cells, Vestibular / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D054776:Semicircular Ducts / Q000187:drug effects; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D000159:Vestibulocochlear Nerve / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005839:Gentamicins