title: Microscopic imaging of DNA repair foci in irradiated normal tissues.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is now feasible to detect DNA double strand breaks (DSB) in tissues by measuring the induction and resolution of DNA repair foci, such as gamma-H2AX, using immunofluorescent microscopy and digital image analysis. This review will highlight principal tools and approaches to tissue microscopy and analysis. It will also discuss the practical considerations of using microscopy in vitro and in vivo in measuring intranuclear foci following irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Computer-based image analysis algorithms allow an objective and quantitative analysis of foci and protein-protein interactions using 3D confocal images. Finally, we review the literature in which DNA repair foci have been investigated as a biodosimeter or a biomarker of DNA repair in normal tissues.
authors.affiliation: Applied Molecular Oncology and Radiation Medicine Program, Ontario Cancer Institute/Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nirmal
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bhogal
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jalali
authors.forename: Robert G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Bristow
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism*; D002477:Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000528:radiation effects; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000528:radiation effects; D006801:Humans; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers