title: Synthesis of pyrimidines and triazines in ice: implications for the prebiotic chemistry of nucleobases.
abstract: Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of RNA bases and functionalized s-triazines from 0.1 M urea solutions in water after subjection to freeze-thaw cycles for three weeks. The icy solution was under a reductive, methane-based atmosphere, which was subjected to spark discharges as an energy source for the first 72 h of the experiment. Analysis of the products indicates the synthesis of the s-triazines cyanuric acid, ammeline, ammelide, and melamine, the pyrimidines cytosine, uracil, and 2,4-diaminopyrimidine, and the purine adenine. An experiment performed as a control at room temperature, with the urea solution in the liquid phase and with the same atmosphere and energy source, led to the synthesis of hydantoins and insoluble tholin, but there was no evidence of the synthesis of pyrimidines or triazines. The synthesis of pyrimidines from urea is possible under a methane/nitrogen atmosphere only at low temperature, in the solid phase. The generation of both pyrimidines and triazines in comparable yields from urea, together with a possible role for triazines as alternative nucleobases, opens new perspectives on the prebiotic chemistry of informational polymers.
authors.affiliation: Centro de Astrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Carretera Torrejón-Ajalvir, Km. 4,2, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain. menorsc@inta.es
authors.forename: César
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Menor-Salván
authors.forename: Dra Marta
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Bermejo
authors.forename: Marcelo I
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Guzmán
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Osuna-Esteban
authors.forename: Sabino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veintemillas-Verdaguer
mesh_terms: D003596:Cytosine / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry; D019418:Evolution, Chemical; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D007053:Ice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014227:Triazines / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D014498:Uracil / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D007053:Ice; D011743:Pyrimidines; D014227:Triazines; C017205:2,4-diaminopyrimidine; D014498:Uracil; D003596:Cytosine