title: Cyclopamine-induced synophthalmia in sheep: defining a critical window and toxicokinetic evaluation.
abstract: Cyclopamine, a steroidal alkaloid, from the plant Veratrum californicum is teratogenic, causing a range of different birth defects. The critical window for cyclopamine-induced synophthalmia formation has been reported to be gestational day (GD) 14. The objectives of this study were to better describe cyclopamine-induced craniofacial deformities, to better define the window of susceptibility to synophthalmia formation, and to characterize cyclopamine toxicokinetics in sheep. Ewes were dosed i.v. with purified cyclopamine for toxicokinetic analysis. Another four groups of ewes were dosed orally twice daily with 0.88 g/kg of V. californicum on GD 13, 14 or 15 or consecutively on GD days 13-15. Pregnancy and pre-partum fetal malformations were determined by ultrasound imaging on GD 60. At parturition lambs were assessed for gross malformations. The elimination half-life of cyclopamine in ewes was determined to be 1.1 +/- 0.1 h. The rapid clearance of cyclopamine indicates that ingestion of V. californicum must occur during a very narrow window for synophthalmia formation to occur. Ewes dosed with V. californicum on GD 13 or 14 had lambs with various craniofacial malformations including cyclopia, maxillary dysplasia and mandibular micrognathia. Ewes dosed on GD 15 delivered normal lambs. Ewes dosed consecutively on GD 13-15 were not pregnant at GD 60 and Veratrum-induced embryonic death was assumed to be the cause. Interestingly, lambs with cyclopia were smaller, under-developed and appeared premature even though their twin appeared fully developed. Initial evaluations suggest this was due to placental dysplasia.
authors.affiliation: Unites States Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT 84341, USA. Kevin.Welch@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: K D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Welch
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Panter
authors.forename: S T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: B L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stegelmeier
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cook
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D016142:Holoprosencephaly / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000196:embryology; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000737:chemistry; D011247:Pregnancy; D012756:Sheep / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000196:embryology; D013723:Teratogens / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D014703:Veratrum / Q000737:chemistry; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D013723:Teratogens; D014704:Veratrum Alkaloids; C000541:cyclopamine