title: Validation and application of a yeast bioassay for screening androgenic activity in calf urine and feed.
abstract: Bioassays are valuable tools for combating the illegal use of steroids in cattle fattening. Previously we described the construction and properties of a rapid and robust yeast androgen bioassay stably expressing the human androgen receptor (hAR) and yeast enhanced green fluorescent protein (yEGFP), the latter in response to androgens. In the present study this yeast androgen bioassay was validated as a qualitative screening method for the determination of androgenic activity in calf urine and animal feed. This validation was performed according to EC Decision 2002/657. 20 blank samples were spiked with testosterone, 17alpha-methyltestosterone, 19-nortestosterone, 17beta-trenbolone, 17beta-boldenone or 17alpha-methylboldenone at 2 or 15 ngmL(-1) in urine and 50 or 100 ngg(-1) in feed. All blank and spiked samples fulfilled the CCalpha and CCbeta criterions, meaning that all 20 blank samples gave signals below the determined decision limits CCalpha and were thus classified as compliant (alpha=1%). For each component, at least 19 out of the 20 spiked samples gave a signal above the CCalpha and were thus classified as suspect (beta=5%). The method was specific, and high amounts of dexamethasone did not interfere with the outcome of the test. Although high levels of 17alpha-ethynylestradiol can significantly inhibit the response obtained with low amounts of androgens, that situation is not relevant in veterinary practice. When stored at their specific conditions, the androgens in feed were stable for at least 91 days. Real urine samples from a national control program were screened and a representative part of the compliant and suspect samples were confirmed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
authors.affiliation: RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Toine F H
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Bovee
authors.forename: Gerrit
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bor
authors.forename: Henri H
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Heskamp
authors.forename: Johan J P
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Lasaroms
authors.forename: Marieke B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Michel W F
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Nielen
mesh_terms: D000728:Androgens / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D000821:Animal Feed / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods*; D002417:Cattle / Q000652:urine*; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D049408:Luminescent Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000378:metabolism; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D015003:Yeasts / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D049408:Luminescent Agents; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins