title: MEK and EGFR inhibition demonstrate synergistic activity in EGFR-dependent NSCLC.
abstract: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors are highly effective in treating non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) expressing activated EGFR, particularly those harboring EGFR mutations.  However, most patients who benefit from EGFR inhibitors achieve only partial responses or stable disease, facilitating the emergence of resistance.  Thus, progression-free survival advantages in responding patients are modest.  Combination therapy, preferably using agents with synergistic activity, could both improve responses and reduce acquired resistance rates.   We hypothesized that combining MEK inhibitors with EGFR inhibitors could result in such a benefit.  The MAPK pathway lies downstream of EGFR and transduces both proliferative and survival signals in a variety of cancer types.  Inhibitors of this pathway are currently in clinical trials, but little evidence exists supporting the use of these agents as monotherapy in EGFR-dependent non-small cell lung cancer.   In this study, we find EGFR-dependent NSCLC cell lines are moderately sensitive to loss of ERK1/2 activity, either by small molecule inhibition or by siRNA knockdown.  The consequence of inhibition is dependent upon the trophic content of the culture media, primarily anti-proliferative in serum-rich conditions and pro-apoptotic in serum-poor conditions. However, when ERK inhibition combined with EGFR inhibitors, cytotoxic synergy was observed for all EGFR-dependent cell lines tested in serum-containing media.  Enhanced cytotoxicity is demonstrated in cell lines with and without EGFR mutations, including those harboring the T790M escape mutation.  These findings support future clinical studies that combine EGFR- and MEK1/2-targeted agents to investigate whether improved outcomes can be achieved in clinically screened EGFR-dependent NSCLC.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose St., Lexington, KY 40502, United States.
authors.forename: Justin M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Balko
authors.forename: Brett R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Coakley
authors.forename: Esther P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Black
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002070:Butadienes / Q000494:pharmacology; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D020868:Gene Silencing; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002070:Butadienes; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C113580:U 0126; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases