title: Upper-room ultraviolet light and negative air ionization to prevent tuberculosis transmission.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Institutional tuberculosis (TB) transmission is an important public health problem highlighted by the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the emergence of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant TB. Effective TB infection control measures are urgently needed. We evaluated the efficacy of upper-room ultraviolet (UV) lights and negative air ionization for preventing airborne TB transmission using a guinea pig air-sampling model to measure the TB infectiousness of ward air.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For 535 consecutive days, exhaust air from an HIV-TB ward in Lima, Perú, was passed through three guinea pig air-sampling enclosures each housing approximately 150 guinea pigs, using a 2-d cycle. On UV-off days, ward air passed in parallel through a control animal enclosure and a similar enclosure containing negative ionizers. On UV-on days, UV lights and mixing fans were turned on in the ward, and a third animal enclosure alone received ward air. TB infection in guinea pigs was defined by monthly tuberculin skin tests. All guinea pigs underwent autopsy to test for TB disease, defined by characteristic autopsy changes or by the culture of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from organs. 35% (106/304) of guinea pigs in the control group developed TB infection, and this was reduced to 14% (43/303) by ionizers, and to 9.5% (29/307) by UV lights (both p < 0.0001 compared with the control group). TB disease was confirmed in 8.6% (26/304) of control group animals, and this was reduced to 4.3% (13/303) by ionizers, and to 3.6% (11/307) by UV lights (both p < 0.03 compared with the control group). Time-to-event analysis demonstrated that TB infection was prevented by ionizers (log-rank 27; p < 0.0001) and by UV lights (log-rank 46; p < 0.0001). Time-to-event analysis also demonstrated that TB disease was prevented by ionizers (log-rank 3.7; p = 0.055) and by UV lights (log-rank 5.4; p = 0.02). An alternative analysis using an airborne infection model demonstrated that ionizers prevented 60% of TB infection and 51% of TB disease, and that UV lights prevented 70% of TB infection and 54% of TB disease. In all analysis strategies, UV lights tended to be more protective than ionizers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Upper-room UV lights and negative air ionization each prevented most airborne TB transmission detectable by guinea pig air sampling. Provided there is adequate mixing of room air, upper-room UV light is an effective, low-cost intervention for use in TB infection control in high-risk clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, UK. rod.escombe@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: A Roderick
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Escombe
authors.forename: David A J
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Gilman
authors.forename: Marcos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Navincopa
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ticona
authors.forename: Bailey
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mitchell
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Noakes
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martínez
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sheen
authors.forename: Rocio
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Quino
authors.forename: Armando
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Jon S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Friedland
authors.forename: Carlton A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D000390:Air Ionization; D000391:Air Microbiology; D016902:Air Pollution, Indoor; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000635:transmission; D006168:Guinea Pigs; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications; D006799:Housing, Animal; D006801:Humans; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D010357:Patient Isolators; D010362:Patients' Rooms; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays; D014691:Ventilation / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000838:Anions