title: Bidis--hand-rolled, Indian cigarettes: induced biochemical changes in plasma and red cell membranes of human male volunteers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of bidi smoking on erythrocyte antioxidant status, membrane fluidity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty experimental and control subjects (mean age 35+/-5) were selected for the study. Experimental subjects smoke 22+/-4 bidis per day for 8-10 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increase in plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls with a decrease in HDL-cholesterol, thiol groups as well as increased erythrocyte catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) content was observed in bidi smokers. Increase in the erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation, cholesterol phospholipids (C/P) ratio as well as decrease in protein and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity was observed. Increase in nitrite/nitrate (NOx) levels of plasma, red cell lysate was positively correlated with C/P ratio (r=0.614) and Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (r=0.435) in bidi smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bidi smoke alters antioxidant status, red cell membrane fluidity and increases atherogenicity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapur-515 003, AP, India.
authors.forename: Pannuru
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Padmavathi
authors.forename: Vaddi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Damodara Reddy
authors.forename: Maddu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Narendra
authors.forename: Nallanchakravarthula
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Varadacharyulu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000410:Alanine Transaminase / Q000097:blood; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D004910:Erythrocyte Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007194:India; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D009573:Nitrites / Q000097:blood; D050050:Protein Carbonylation; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008055:Lipids; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases; D000410:Alanine Transaminase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase; D000254:Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase; D005978:Glutathione