title: Statistical language learning in neonates revealed by event-related brain potentials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Statistical learning is a candidate for one of the basic prerequisites underlying the expeditious acquisition of spoken language. Infants from 8 months of age exhibit this form of learning to segment fluent speech into distinct words. To test the statistical learning skills at birth, we recorded event-related brain responses of sleeping neonates while they were listening to a stream of syllables containing statistical cues to word boundaries.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found evidence that sleeping neonates are able to automatically extract statistical properties of the speech input and thus detect the word boundaries in a continuous stream of syllables containing no morphological cues. Syllable-specific event-related brain responses found in two separate studies demonstrated that the neonatal brain treated the syllables differently according to their position within pseudowords.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate that neonates can efficiently learn transitional probabilities or frequencies of co-occurrence between different syllables, enabling them to detect word boundaries and in this way isolate single words out of fluent natural speech. The ability to adopt statistical structures from speech may play a fundamental role as one of the earliest prerequisites of language acquisition.
authors.affiliation: Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. tuomas.teinonen@fimnet.fi
authors.forename: Tuomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Teinonen
authors.forename: Vineta
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fellman
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Näätänen
authors.forename: Paavo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alku
authors.forename: Minna
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Huotilainen
mesh_terms: D001307:Auditory Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005071:Evoked Potentials / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007804:Language Development; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D013067:Speech Perception / Q000502:physiology*; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000502:physiology*