title: Clique-finding for heterogeneity and multidimensionality in biomarker epidemiology research: the CHAMBER algorithm.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Commonly-occurring disease etiology may involve complex combinations of genes and exposures resulting in etiologic heterogeneity. We present a computational algorithm that employs clique-finding for heterogeneity and multidimensionality in biomedical and epidemiological research (the "CHAMBER" algorithm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  This algorithm uses graph-building to (1) identify genetic variants that influence disease risk and (2) predict individuals at risk for disease based on inherited genotype. We use a set-covering algorithm to identify optimal cliques and a Boolean function that identifies etiologically heterogeneous groups of individuals. We evaluated this approach using simulated case-control genotype-disease associations involving two- and four-gene patterns. The CHAMBER algorithm correctly identified these simulated etiologies. We also used two population-based case-control studies of breast and endometrial cancer in African American and Caucasian women considering data on genotypes involved in steroid hormone metabolism. We identified novel patterns in both cancer sites that involved genes that sulfate or glucuronidate estrogens or catecholestrogens. These associations were consistent with the hypothesized biological functions of these genes. We also identified cliques representing the joint effect of multiple candidate genes in all groups, suggesting the existence of biologically plausible combinations of hormone metabolism genes in both breast and endometrial cancer in both races.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CHAMBER algorithm may have utility in exploring the multifactorial etiology and etiologic heterogeneity in complex disease.
authors.affiliation: PsychoGenics Inc, Tarrytown, NY, USA.
authors.forename: Richard A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mushlin
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Aaron
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kershenbaum
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Rebbeck
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D015415:Biomarkers; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005260:Female; D005828:Genetics, Population; D006801:Humans; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers