title: Phrenic nerve palsy in children associated with confirmed intrathoracic tuberculosis: diagnosis and clinical course.
abstract: In this descriptive retrospective cases series of eight cases phrenic nerve palsy in children caused by tuberculosis lymph gland infiltration of the phrenic nerve. The lymph gland enlargement was in all cases caused by culture confirmed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The phrenic nerve palsy was on the left side in all eight cases with the presenting feature a raised diaphragm on chest radiography that was accompanied by consolidation of the left upper lobe (88%) The diagnosis of phrenic nerve palsy was confirmed by fluoroscopy of the chest. On computer tomography the outstanding features were left sided hilar and paratracheal lymph gland enlargement with displacement of the mediastinum to the right. Mediastinal displacement lead to anterior displacement of the descending aorta, which further compressed the left main bronchus. Two children had accompanying respiratory failure requiring assisted ventilation and in two additional cases the airway compression was so severe that glandular enucleation of the enlarged glands was indicated. Of the eight children five remained symptomatic after completion of TB treatment to which steroids were added for the initial month. Diaphragmatic plication was indicated in all five cases. On clinical follow-up two children had repeated respiratory tract infections secondary to underlying lung damage while the other six remained asymptomatic.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Paediatrics, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Childrens' Hospital, Tygerberg, South Africa. pgouss@sun.ac.za
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Goussard
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Gie
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kling
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Andronikou
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Janson
authors.forename: G J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Roussouw
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020422:Mononeuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000382:microbiology; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic / Q000379:methods; D012133:Respiratory Paralysis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013909:Thorax / Q000382:microbiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents