title: Microdeletion syndromes disclose replication timing alterations of genes unrelated to the missing DNA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The temporal order of allelic replication is interrelated to the epigenomic profile. A significant epigenetic marker is the asynchronous replication of monoallelically-expressed genes versus the synchronous replication of biallelically-expressed genes. The present study sought to determine whether a microdeletion in the genome affects epigenetic profiles of genes unrelated to the missing segment. In order to test this hypothesis, we checked the replication patterns of two genes - SNRPN, a normally monoallelically expressed gene (assigned to 15q11.13), and the RB1, an archetypic biallelically expressed gene (assigned to 13.q14) in the genomes of patients carrying the 22q11.2 deletion (DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome) and those carrying the 7q11.23 deletion (Williams syndrome).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The allelic replication timing was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology performed on peripheral blood cells. As expected, in the cells of normal subjects the frequency of cells showing asynchronous replication for SNRPN was significantly (P < 10-12) higher than the corresponding value for RB1. In contrast, cells of the deletion-carrying patients exhibited a reversal in this replication pattern: there was a significantly lower frequency of cells engaging in asynchronous replication for SNRPN than for RB1 (P < 10-4 and P < 10-3 for DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial and Williams syndromes, respectively). Accordingly, the significantly lower frequency of cells showing asynchronous replication for SNRPN than for RB1 is a new epigenetic marker distinguishing these deletion syndrome genotypes from normal ones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cell samples of each deletion-carrying individual, an aberrant, reversed pattern of replication is delineated, namely, where a monoallelic gene replicates more synchronously than a biallelic gene. This inverted pattern, which appears to be non-deletion-specific, clearly distinguishes cells of deletion-carriers from normal ones. As such, it offers a potential epigenetic marker for suspecting a hidden microdeletion that is too small to be detected by conventional karyotyping methods.
authors.affiliation: Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Josepha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeshaya
authors.affiliation: Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tikva, Israel.|Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Itay
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amir
authors.affiliation: Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Ayelet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rimon
authors.affiliation: Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Freedman
authors.affiliation: Raphael Recanati Genetic Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Campus, Petah-Tikva, Israel.|Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.|Department of Pediatrics C, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.
authors.forename: Mordechai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shohat
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Molecular Genetics & Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Lydia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Avivi