title: Determinants of maternal and umbilical blood lead levels: a cross-sectional study, Mosul, Iraq.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The populations who are most sensitive to lead exposure from various sources are pregnant women and their newborns. Aiming to explore the presence of correlation between maternal and cord blood lead levels and to identify potential predictors that may influence both levels, the present study has been conducted.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study was conducted covering 350 full terms maternal-newborns pairs from Mosul maternity hospitals. Data were obtained directly from women just before delivery by the use of a detailed questionnaire form.Maternal and umbilical blood lead levels were estimated using LEADCARE Blood Lead Testing System and Kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A positive significant correlation was found between maternal and cord blood lead values (r = 0.856, p = 0.001). By backward stepwise logistic regression analysis the followings emerged as significant potential predictors of high maternal blood lead: low parity, smoking and Hb level <11 gm/dl. Regarding cord blood lead: coffee consumption and high maternal blood lead were significant risk predictors. Milk and milk products consumption, calcium intake and low level of physical activity were significantly operational in the prevention of high maternal blood lead levels. Iron intake and also low level of physical activity were shown as significant protective variables against high cord blood lead values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Study results have provided baseline data needed to be transformed to decision makers to implement measures to eliminate lead from the environment and protect future generation from its deleterious effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq. asmaa_aljawadi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Asma A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Jawadi
authors.forename: Zina W A
authors.initials: ZW
authors.lastname: Al-Mola
authors.forename: Raghad A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Al-Jomard