title: Nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry: tissue imaging and direct biofluid analysis.
abstract: Nanostructure initiator mass spectrometry (NIMS) is a recently introduced matrix-free desorption/ionization platform that requires minimal sample preparation. Its application to xenobiotics and endogenous metabolites in tissues is demonstrated, where clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine were observed from mouse and rat brain sections. It has also been applied to direct biofluid analysis where ketamine and norketamine were observed from plasma and urine. Detection of xenobiotics from biofluids was made even more effective using a novel NIMS on-surface extraction method taking advantage of the hydrophobic nature of the initiator. Linear response and limit of detection were also evaluated for xenobiotics such as methamphetamine, codeine, alprazolam, and morphine, revealing that NIMS can be used for quantitative analysis. Overall, our results demonstrate the capacity of NIMS to perform sensitive, simple, and rapid analyses from highly complex biological tissues and fluids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Center for Mass Spectrometry, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yanes
authors.forename: Hin-Koon
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Trent R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Northen
authors.forename: Stacey R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Oppenheimer
authors.forename: Leah
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shriver
authors.forename: Jon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Apon
authors.forename: Mayra N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Estrada
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Potchoiba
authors.forename: Rick
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steenwyk
authors.forename: Marianne
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Manchester
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siuzdak
mesh_terms: D053000:Analytic Sample Preparation Methods; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D007649:Ketamine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D049329:Nanostructures; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine
chemical_list: D015262:Xenobiotics; C058272:norclozapine; D007649:Ketamine; D009538:Nicotine; D003024:Clozapine