title: Microcalcification after excitotoxicity is enhanced in transgenic mice expressing parvalbumin in all neurones, may commence in neuronal mitochondria and undergoes structural modifications over time.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Parenchymal microcalcification in the brain coincides with neurodegenerative diseases, but is also frequently found in neurologically normal individuals. The origin and role of this process are still under debate. Parvalbumin (PV) is a protein acting as a Ca(2+) buffer and Ca(2+) shuttle towards intracellular Ca(2+) sinks, like mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Constitutively, it is present in a subset of inhibitory neurones. In transgenic mice expressing pan-neuronal PV, the mitochondrial volume is reduced. We tested whether elevated levels of intraneuronal [Ca(2+)] and reduced mitochondrial volume in the neurone interfere with the generation of parenchymal microcalcification.
  
  
  METHODS
  The striatum of wild type and transgenic mice was injected with the glutamate receptor agonist ibotenic acid (IBO), which is known to induce not only excitotoxic neurodegeneration, but also parenchymal calcification. Sections were studied by light and electron microscopy at various time points after IBO application.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morphometric analysis 2, 4 and 20 weeks after IBO application revealed microcalcification in transgenic and wild type mice; the calcification process, however, was enhanced and accelerated in the transgenic animals. Ultrastructural analyses suggest neuronal mitochondria as the nucleators of the deposits which consist of hydroxyapatite. The time-dependent changes in size and surface structure of the deposits indicate the presence of biological mechanisms in the brain promoting regression of bioapatites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The overload of intraneuronal [Ca(2+)] in combination with impaired mitochondrial function activates neuronal microcalcification. It is hypothesized that this process is an alternative/adaptive mechanism of the neurone to reduce further brain damage.
authors.affiliation: Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Maetzler
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Stünitz
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bendfeldt
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vollenweider
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schwaller
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nitsch
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D017886:Durapatite / Q000378:metabolism; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007051:Ibotenic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D010320:Parvalbumins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D010320:Parvalbumins; D007051:Ibotenic Acid; D017886:Durapatite; D002118:Calcium