title: Randomized phase II and pharmacogenetic study of pemetrexed compared with pemetrexed plus carboplatin in pretreated patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We performed a randomized phase II trial comparing pemetrexed with pemetrexed plus carboplatin (PC) in patients experiencing relapse after platinum-based chemotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Main eligibility criteria were histologic or cytologic proof of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), relapse more than 3 months after platinum-based chemotherapy, normal organ function, and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 to 2. Patients were randomly assigned to pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) (arm A) or carboplatin area under the curve 5 and pemetrexed 500 mg/m(2) (arm B), both administered intravenously every 3 weeks. Response assessment was performed every 6 weeks; toxicity assessment was performed every 3 weeks. Primary end point was time to progression (TTP); secondary end points were objective response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. The study was designed to detect a 33% decrease in the hazard of disease progression in the combination arm (alpha = 0.05, two-sided log-rank test). Polymorphisms of thymidylate synthase, the reduced folate carrier, gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHF) were investigated in peripheral WBCs of consenting patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred forty patients were enrolled. Median TTP was 2.8 months for arm A versus 4.2 months for arm B (hazard ratio, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.51 to 0.89; P = .005). Median OS was 7.6 months and 8.0 months and ORR was 4% and 9% for arms A and B, respectively. Subgroup analyses found adenocarcinoma to be associated with favorable outcome. Toxicities in both arms was negligible, with one potential toxic death in arm A. Patients with MTHFR C677T homozygous mutation had increased progression-free survival compared with patients with wild-type or heterozygous mutations (P = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PC as second-line treatment for relapsed NSCLC resulted in a significant 33% reduction of the hazard of disease progression as compared with pemetrexed alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Vrije Universiteit Medical Centre, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands. ef.smit@vumc.nl
authors.forename: Egbert F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Sjaak A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Burgers
authors.forename: Bonne
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Biesma
authors.forename: Hans J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Smit
authors.forename: Pier
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eppinga
authors.forename: Anne-Marie C
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Dingemans
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Joerger
authors.forename: Jan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schellens
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vincent
authors.forename: Nico
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Zandwijk
authors.forename: Harry J M
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Groen
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018287:Carcinoma, Large Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000556:secondary; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005971:Glutamates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006147:Guanine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011379:Prognosis; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate; D013940:Thymidylate Synthase / Q000235:genetics; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005971:Glutamates; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; C548699:SLC19A1 protein, human; D000068437:Pemetrexed; D006147:Guanine; D016190:Carboplatin; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D013940:Thymidylate Synthase; D011623:gamma-Glutamyl Hydrolase