title: High-frequency oscillations mirror disease activity in patients with epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) can be recorded in epileptic patients with clinical intracranial EEG. HFOs have been associated with seizure genesis because they occur in the seizure focus and during seizure onset. HFOs are also found interictally, partly co-occurring with epileptic spikes. We studied how HFOs are influenced by antiepileptic medication and seizure occurrence, to improve understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical meaning of HFOs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracerebral depth EEG was partly sampled at 2,000 Hz in 42 patients with intractable focal epilepsy. Patients with five or more usable nights of recording were selected. A sample of slow-wave sleep from each night was analyzed, and HFOs (ripples: 80-250 Hz, fast ripples: 250-500 Hz) and spikes were identified on all artifact-free channels. The HFOs and spikes were compared before and after seizures with stable medication dose and during medication reduction with no intervening seizures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve patients with five to eight nights were included. After seizures, there was an increase in spikes, whereas HFO rates remained the same. Medication reduction was followed by an increase in HFO rates and mean duration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Contrary to spikes, high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) do not increase after seizures, but do so after medication reduction, similarly to seizures. This implies that spikes and HFOs have different pathophysiologic mechanisms and that HFOs are more tightly linked to seizures than spikes. HFOs seem to play an important role in seizure genesis and can be a useful clinical marker for disease activity.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zijlmans
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zelmann
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dubeau
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gotman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012640:Seizures / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants