title: Should studies of risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders be stratified by gender? Lessons from the 1998 Québec Health and Social Survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have reported male-female differences in the prevalence of symptoms of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (MSD), some arising from workplace exposure differences. The objective of this paper was to compare two strategies analyzing a single dataset for the relationships between risk factors and MSD in a population-based sample with a wide range of exposures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The 1998 Québec Health and Social Survey surveyed 11 735 respondents in paid work and reported "significant" musculoskeletal pain in 11 body regions during the previous 12 months and a range of personal, physical, and psychosocial risk factors. Five studies concerning risk factors for four musculoskeletal outcomes were carried out on these data. Each included analyses with multiple logistic regression (MLR) performed separately for women, men, and the total study population. The results from these gender-stratified and unstratified analyses were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the unstratified MLR models, gender was significantly associated with musculoskeletal pain in the neck and lower extremities, but not with low-back pain. The gender-stratified MLR models identified significant associations between each specific musculoskeletal outcome and a variety of personal characteristics and physical and psychosocial workplace exposures for each gender. Most of the associations, if present for one gender, were also found in the total population. But several risk factors present for only one gender could be detected only in a stratified analysis, whereas the unstratified analysis added little information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stratifying analyses by gender is necessary if a full range of associations between exposures and MSD is to be detected and understood.
authors.affiliation: CINBIOSE, Université du Québec à Montréal CP 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal QC H3C 3P8, Canada. karensmessing@gmail.com
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Susan R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Stock
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tissot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010146:Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011792:Quebec; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D017132:Workplace / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult