title: Cyclical ischaemic preconditioning modulates the adaptive immune response in human limb ischaemia-reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reperfusion injury (RI) has significant local and systemic consequences. Ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) modulates RI and the innate immune response. This study examined whether IPC attenuates RI-mediated changes in lymphocyte populations and function following elective surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients sustaining 1 h of tourniquet ischaemia during cruciate ligament reconstruction were randomized before surgery to three 5-min ischaemia cycles separated by 5 min of reperfusion, or to a control group. Systemic levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and interferon (IFN) gamma, and surface expression of CD45ro/ra, CD62L and CD95 were measured. T cells were examined systemically and in stimulated serum co-culture to determine CD4/CD8 and Th1/Th2 shifts through intracellular cytokine production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CD4 CD45ro cell numbers increased after RI without IPC, whereas CD8 cells expressing CD45ro and CD95 increased with IPC. Preconditioned serum in co-culture attenuated increases in CD4 and decreases in CD8 numbers, a process prevented by inhibition of antigen activation. Following RI, systemic IL-2 levels were significantly lower after IPC, whereas co-culture with post-RI serum increased proinflammatory intracellular cytokine production.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPC modulated T cell responses in limb RI through reduced activation and proinflammatory cytokine production by CD4 cells, while preventing CD4/CD8 derangement. IPC prevented lymphocyte-directed immune dysfunction.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Galway University Hospitals/National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Sweeney
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Hirpara
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Curtin
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kerin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007111:Immunity, Cellular / Q000276:immunology; D007113:Immunity, Innate / Q000276:immunology*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets; D008297:Male; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000276:immunology*; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000276:immunology*; D044967:Serum / Q000276:immunology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines