title: Mutagens manufactured in fungal culture may affect DNA/RNA of producing fungi.
abstract: Self-produced mutagens in culture by fungi may affect DNA analysis of the same fungi. This has not been considered previously. Many fungi produce numerous mutagenic secondary metabolites (SM) in culture. There is a paradox of growing fungi in media to produce representative DNA which also support mutagenic SM. This is a crucial issue in developing diagnostic and phylogenetic methods, especially for closely-related fungi. For example, idh gene analysis of the patulin metabolic pathway in fungi can be interpreted as producing some false negative and positive results in terms of possession, or nonpossession, of the gene from mutated strains. The most obvious mycotoxins and fungi to consider in this regard are aflatoxins and Aspergillus, as aflatoxins are the most mutagenic natural compounds. Many other fungi and SM are relevant. Conditions to grow fungi have not been selected to inhibit SM production although relevant data exist. In fact, fungi repair damaged nucleic acid (NA) and are capable of removing toxins by employing transporter proteins. These and NA repair mechanisms could be inhibited by secondary metabolites. Mutagenic effects may involve inhibition of DNA stabilizing enzymes. There may be an equivalent situation for bacteria. Researchers need to devise methods to reduce SM for valid protocols. More work on how mutagens affect the NA of producing fungus in vitro is required. The current review assesses the potential seriousness of the situation with selected papers.
authors.affiliation: IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Braga, Portugal. russell.paterson@deb.uminho.pt
authors.forename: R R M
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000348:Aflatoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D003470:Culture Media / Q000378:metabolism; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D009153:Mutagens / Q000378:metabolism*; D009183:Mycotoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics; D009793:Ochratoxins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010365:Patulin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013241:Sterigmatocystin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000348:Aflatoxins; D003470:Culture Media; D004271:DNA, Fungal; D009153:Mutagens; D009183:Mycotoxins; D009793:Ochratoxins; D013241:Sterigmatocystin; C025589:ochratoxin A; D010365:Patulin