title: Pediatric hemorrhagic cystitis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current literature as it pertains to hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) in the pediatric bone-marrow transplant (BMT) population. By reviewing the pathophysiology of the disease, preventive methods, and therapeutic options, urologists may be better equipped to manage this challenging clinical scenario.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HC literature was reviewed using a MEDLINE/PubMed literature search, specifically focusing on the pediatric BMT population as it pertains to the incidence, pathophysiology, prevention, and treatment of HC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Conservative estimates of HC incidence in recent retrospective studies of pediatric BMT populations still approach 10-20%. Several high-volume pediatric BMT centers have reported contemporary data on their experience with HC providing increased insight into incidence and pathophysiology. Accumulating evidence linking BK virus to HC is a significant development warranting further investigation. Other contributing agents/risk factors need identification in the likely multifactorial etiology of HC. Preventive and therapeutic strategies have made modest advances, but certainly need further validation with prospective randomized studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pediatric BMT patients are susceptible for HC development despite preventive measures and improved insight into the pathophysiology. Unfortunately, there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines for this difficult clinical issue that frequently requires prolonged care and multiple treatment modalities necessitating judicious patience in the application of more aggressive interventions.
authors.affiliation: Children's Medical Center at Dallas, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Urology, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9110, USA. ddeck22@gmail.com
authors.forename: Daniel B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Karam
authors.forename: Duncan T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Wilcox
mesh_terms: D001739:BK Virus; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation; D002648:Child; D003556:Cystitis / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation; D027601:Polyomavirus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D014412:Tumor Virus Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy