title: Antioxidant vitamin status during pregnancy in relation to cognitive development in the first two years of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the correlation of the antioxidant vitamins status (vitamins A, E and C) during pregnancy and the intellectual development of early childhood.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 150 paired maternal-neonatal subjects were recruited into the present study. The serum concentrations of antioxidant vitamins (vitamins A, E and C) in maternal blood and cord blood after delivery were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and the intellectual development was evaluated by Gesell Development Schedules (GDS) at two-years-old.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with higher cord serum vitamin E level showed higher scores of motor, adaptive domain and average compared to children with lower cord serum vitamin E level (p<0.01 or 0.05), respectively. Cord serum vitamin A level had significant positive correlation with effect on motor DQs (beta=4.227, p<0.05), and vitamin E level in cord blood showed a positive relation with motor DQ and average DQ (beta=0.329 and 0.1875, respectively, p<0.05) in multiple linear regression model. The language and social DQs were influenced by placental vitamin E transport rate (beta=3.1968 and 3.0194, respectively, p<0.05). The placental transport rate of vitamin E also was a protective factor for the prevalence of motor behavior developmental delay [OR: 0.118, 95% confident interval (95% CI), 0.018-0.765, p=0.0251], personal and social behavior developmental delay (OR: 0.052, 95% CI: 0.004-0.610, p=0.0185) and average developmental delay (OR: 0.041, 95% CI: 0.003-0.642, p=0.0229) in logistic multiple regression model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data suggested that vitamin A, E status and vitamin E transfer rate at delivery had beneficial influence on children's cognitive and behavior development quotients.
authors.affiliation: Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR China. surgemail@163.com
authors.forename: Ke
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Xuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xiao-ping
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Qu
authors.forename: You-xue
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ting-yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D007804:Language Development; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000097:blood*; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000097:blood* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D014801:Vitamin A; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid