title: Heritability of high reading ability and its interaction with parental education.
abstract: Moderation of the level of genetic influence on children's high reading ability by environmental influences associated with parental education was explored in two independent samples of identical and fraternal twins from the United States and Great Britain. For both samples, the heritability of high reading performance increased significantly with lower levels of parental education. Thus, resilience (high reading ability despite lower environmental support) is more strongly influenced by genotype than is high reading ability with higher environmental support. This result provides a coherent account when considered alongside results of previous research showing that heritability for low reading ability decreased with lower levels of parental education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Colorado At Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. angela.friend@colorado.edu
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Friend
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: DeFries
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Olson
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harlaar
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Byrne
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Samuelsson
authors.forename: Erik G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Willcutt
authors.forename: Sally J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Wadsworth
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corley
authors.forename: Janice M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Keenan
mesh_terms: D001076:Aptitude; D002648:Child; D002672:Child, Gifted / Q000235:genetics*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D004843:Epistasis, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008957:Models, Genetic; D010290:Parents; D010641:Phenotype; D011932:Reading; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012931:Social Environment; D014429:Twins, Dizygotic / Q000235:genetics*; D014430:Twins, Monozygotic / Q000235:genetics*; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States; D014706:Verbal Learning