title: Essential role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor in gastritis induced by Helicobacter pylori.
abstract: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of immune and inflammatory responses; however, its role in Helicobacter pylori (HP)-associated gastritis remains unknown. We infected MIF knockout (KO) and wild-type mice with SS1 HP and found that 2 weeks after infection, MIF and its receptor CD74 were markedly up-regulated in wild-type mice. This up-regulation preceded the up-regulation of both tumor necrosis factor-alpha and intercellular adhesion molecule-1, as well as the development of moderate gastritis at 8 weeks, as determined by a significant infiltration of neutrophils, T cells, and macrophages. In contrast, KO mice were protected against HP-induced gastritis by preventing the up-regulation of CD74 and Th1-mediated immune injury, including a reduction in the Th1 transcriptional factor T-bet and the expression of interferon-gamma. Additionally, inhibition of skin delayed type hypersensitivity reactions to HP antigens in KO mice also suggested a critical role for MIF in cell-mediated injury. A regulatory role for MIF in Th1-immune responses was further demonstrated by the finding that antigen-primed CD4(+) T cells lacking MIF failed to differentiate into the Th1 phenotype; these cells were instead promoted to Th2 differentiation after challenge with HP antigen in vitro. Results from this study indicated that inhibition of HP-induced innate immune responses and Th1-mediated immune injury may be the key mechanisms by which KO mice failed to develop gastritis after HP infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: Benny L W
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Sen-Lin
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Xiao R
authors.initials: XR
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Harry H X
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bucala
authors.forename: Benjamin C Y
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Hui Yao
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000276:immunology; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005756:Gastritis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000276:immunology; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000276:immunology; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000944:Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte; D000949:Histocompatibility Antigens Class II; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C045084:invariant chain; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C076231:Mif protein, mouse