title: Domestic violence against women during pregnancy: the case of Palestinian refugees attending an antenatal clinic in Lebanon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors associated with domestic violence against pregnant Palestinian refugee women residing in Lebanon and currently using the United Nation Relief and Work Agency's (UNRWA) primary healthcare services.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study conducted at a polyclinic of primary healthcare of the UNRWA in South Lebanon during the years 2005-2006. The sample was 351 pregnant women who were 15-42 years of age and not accompanied by their husbands or relatives. All women were invited by the midwife to participate in the study during their visit to the clinic for their first checkup or during a follow-up visit. The Abuse Assessment Screen instrument was used to screen for past and recent history of physical and emotional abuse among the participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Domestic violence was significantly associated with education, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy. The odds of abuse for women with an elementary or lower education were 6.86 (95% CI 1.2-38.1) and for women with an intermediate or secondary education 6.84 (95% CI 1.4-33.3) compared with women with a university education. The odds of abuse during pregnancy for women whose husbands did not desire their pregnancy were 3.80 (95% CI 1.5-9.7) compared with other women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Domestic violence against women in Lebanon was associated with educational level, gestational age, fear of husband or someone else in the house, and unintended pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hammoury
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Khawaja
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Mahfoud
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Afifi
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Madi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018912:Arabs / Q000208:ethnology*; D018585:Battered Women / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012036:Refugees / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D018454:Spouses / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016387:Women's Health / Q000208:ethnology*; D055815:Young Adult