title: Functional, genetic and chemical characterization of biosurfactants produced by plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida 267.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plant growth-promoting Pseudomonas putida strain 267, originally isolated from the rhizosphere of black pepper, produces biosurfactants that cause lysis of zoospores of the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici. The biosurfactants were characterized, the biosynthesis gene(s) partially identified, and their role in control of Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The biosurfactants were shown to lyse zoospores of Phy. capsici and inhibit growth of the fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani. In vitro assays further showed that the biosurfactants of strain 267 are essential in swarming motility and biofilm formation. In spite of the zoosporicidal activity, the biosurfactants did not play a significant role in control of Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber, since both wild type strain 267 and its biosurfactant-deficient mutant were equally effective, and addition of the biosurfactants did not provide control. Genetic characterization revealed that surfactant biosynthesis in strain 267 is governed by homologues of PsoA and PsoB, two nonribosomal peptide synthetases involved in production of the cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) putisolvin I and II. The structural relatedness of the biosurfactants of strain 267 to putisolvins I and II was supported by LC-MS and MS-MS analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The biosurfactants produced by Ps. putida 267 were identified as putisolvin-like CLPs; they are essential in swarming motility and biofilm formation, and have zoosporicidal and antifungal activities. Strain 267 provides excellent biocontrol activity against Phytophthora damping-off of cucumber, but the lipopeptide surfactants are not involved in disease suppression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pseudomonas putida 267 suppresses Phy. capsici damping-off of cucumber and provides a potential supplementary strategy to control this economically important oomycete pathogen. The putisolvin-like biosurfactants exhibit zoosporicidal and antifungal activities, yet they do not contribute to biocontrol of Phy. capsici and colonization of cucumber roots by Ps. putida 267. These results suggest that Ps. putida 267 employs other, yet uncharacterized, mechanisms to suppress Phy. capsici.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruijt
authors.forename: Ha
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Jos M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Raaijmakers
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D018441:Biofilms / Q000254:growth & development; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010838:Phytophthora / Q000187:drug effects*; D029222:Piper nigrum / Q000382:microbiology; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology; D016958:Pseudomonas putida / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization; D013172:Spores, Fungal / Q000187:drug effects; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014744:Vietnam
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013501:Surface-Active Agents