title: In vivo GSH depletion induces c-myc expression by modulation of chromatin protein complexes.
abstract: We hypothesize that glutathione (GSH) fluctuations could have a prominent role in the modulation of c-myc expression through a mechanism affecting chromatin remodeling complexes. This could lead to an open chromatin structure accessible to transcription factors. We studied the in vivo effect of GSH depletion on these complexes bound to the c-myc promoter in the liver of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO)-treated rats. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation we found that 3 h after BSO treatment the repressing complexes Id2 and Sin3A (part of a histone-deacetylase complex) were released from the c-myc promoter. STAT3 was phosphorylated and associated with its coactivator p300 with intrinsic acetyltransferase activity. Consequently, STAT3 was acetylated and bound to the c-myc promoter and histone H3 became hyperacetylated. At the same time, the RNApol II paused on the c-myc promoter was released, and the gene was overexpressed. After 6 h of BSO treatment, Id2/Sin3A returned to the c-myc promoter and the gene expression was down-regulated. Moreover, we observed a second peak of c-myc expression 48 h after BSO treatment, although at this time histone H3 was hypoacetylated and RNApol II paused, suggesting that this second peak was not subject to transcriptional control, but to posttranscriptional modulation. On the whole, our experiments suggest a novel mechanism for the effect of GSH on gene expression involving chromatin changes from a repressive to an open structure accessible to transcription factors such as STAT3.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, E-46010 Valencia, Spain.
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Estela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Penella
authors.forename: Rosa
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zaragozá
authors.forename: Concha
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: José Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
authors.forename: Juan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Viña
authors.forename: Elena R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: García-Trevijano
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D042002:Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly / Q000187:drug effects*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism*; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D056264:Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex; D013997:Time Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor
chemical_list: D019328:Buthionine Sulfoximine; D005978:Glutathione; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D051797:Inhibitor of Differentiation Protein 2; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D056264:Sin3 Histone Deacetylase and Corepressor Complex; D050880:p300-CBP Transcription Factors; D000099224:p300-CBP-Associated Factor; C497451:Id2 protein, rat; C099683:SIN3A transcription factor; C494088:Stat3 protein, rat