title: Association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme (insertion/deletion) and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C) polymorphisms and breast cancer among Brazilian women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We evaluated the association between components of the renin-angiotensin system and the development of breast cancer in a case-control study by means of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) and angiotensin II type 1 (AT( 1))-receptor A1166C polymorphisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) or PCR (polymerase chain reaction) using genomic DNA extracted from buccal cells of subjects with (101 cases) or without (307 controls) breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of genotypes for ACE were: DD, ID and II (in %: cases: 60; 20; 20; controls: 46; 37; 17; p=0.019, chi(2)); and for AT(1)receptor were:AA,AC and CC (in %: cases: 65; 30; 5; controls: 51; 44; 5; p=0.114, chi( 2)).The results suggested that the A1166C polymorphism was not associated with breast cancer risk. On the other hand, for the ACE (I/D), there seemed to be different risks for cancer between cases and controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ID genotype was less frequently associated with the disease than were the DD or II; that is, women with the ID genotype were 3.1 times less likely to develop breast cancer than those with the other genotypes.The ID genotype might be protective against breast cancer and the ACE (I/D) polymorphism a possible target for developing genetic markers for breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Gynaecology Laboratory, Department of Gynaecology, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 781 - 4th Floor, São Paulo, 04039-032 SP, Brazil. silaac@biofis.epm.br
authors.forename: Silvana Aparecida
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Alves Corrêa
authors.forename: Samuel Marcos
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro de Noronha
authors.forename: Naiara Correa
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Nogueira-de-Souza
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Valleta de Carvalho
authors.forename: Ana Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Massad Costa
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Juvenal Linhares
authors.forename: Mariano Tamura
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Vieira Gomes
authors.forename: Ismael Dale Cotrim
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Guerreiro da Silva
mesh_terms: D044467:American Indian or Alaska Native / Q000235:genetics*; D001938:Brazil; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000235:genetics; D017697:Premenopause / Q000235:genetics; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A