title: Qualitative and quantitative assessment of taste and smell changes in patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer or gynecologic malignancies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Smell and taste changes during chemotherapy are significant complaints of cancer patients. Loss of olfactory/gustatory function can lead to malnutrition, weight loss, and possibly a prolonged morbidity of chemotherapy-induced adverse effects, decreased quality of life, poor compliance, and even decreased therapy response. This prospective study comprehensively investigated, to our knowledge for the first time, smell and taste changes in a cohort of 87 patients undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer or gynecologic malignancies.
  
  
  METHODS
  Olfactory function was tested using Sniffin' Sticks (Burghart; Wedel, Germany) and gustatory function was tested using taste strips before, during, and immediately and 3 months after chemotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Olfactory and gustatory function significantly decreased during chemotherapy and recovered almost completely 3 months after chemotherapy. Scores of odor thresholds were affected more than those of discrimination or identification. The olfactory function of older patients was affected more than that of younger patients. There was no difference in the olfactory function during chemotherapy with respect to the chemotherapeutic agent or initial diagnosis (breast or ovarian cancer). Regarding taste, scores of salty taste were affected more than scores of sweet, sour, or bitter taste. The gustatory function did not differ significantly during chemotherapy with respect to age or diagnosis but did differ with respect to the chemotherapeutic agent. Taxane-based chemotherapy caused the most severe disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chemotherapy has a significant but transient effect on olfactory and gustatory function, possibly causing reduced appetite, a low energy intake, and weight loss. Additional spices and flavoring may compensate for this diminished chemosensory function, enhancing patient compliance and quality of life.
authors.affiliation: Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technical University, Dresden, Dresden, Germany. silkesteinbach@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Steinbach
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hummel
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Böhner
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Berktold
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hundt
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kriner
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Heinrich
authors.forename: Harald
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hanusch
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prechtl
authors.forename: Burghart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Ingo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bauerfeind
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Seck
authors.forename: Volker R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schmalfeldt
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Harbeck
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D000857:Olfaction Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013651:Taste Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents