title: Endothelin inhibits cholangiocarcinoma growth by a decrease in the vascular endothelial growth factor expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Endothelins (ET-1, ET-2, ET-3) are peptides with vasoactive properties interacting with ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. ET-1 inhibits secretin-stimulated ductal secretion (hallmark of cholangiocyte growth) of cholestatic rats by interaction with ET receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the studies were to evaluate (i) the effect of ET-1 on cholangiocarcinoma growth in Mz-ChA-1 cells and nude mice and (ii) whether ET-1 regulation of cholangiocarcinoma growth is associated with changes in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), VEGF-C, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) and VEGFR-3.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the expression of ET(A) and ET(B) receptors on normal and malignant (Mz-ChA-1) cholangiocytes and human cholangiocarcinoma tissue and the effect of ET-1 on the proliferation and expression of VEGF-A, VEGF-C (regulators of tumour angiogenesis) and its receptors, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3, in Mz-ChA-1 cells. In vivo, Mz-ChA-1 cells were injected into the flanks of athymic mice and injections of ET-1 or saline into the tumours were performed daily. The effect of ET-1 on tumour size, cell proliferation, apoptosis, collagen quantity and the expression of VEGF-A and VEGF-C and VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 were measured after 73 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher expression of ET(A) and ET(B) was observed in malignant compared with normal cholangiocytes. ET-1 inhibited proliferation and VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression of Mz-ChA-1 cells. Chronic ET-1 treatment decreased tumour volume, tumour cell proliferation and VEGF-A and VEGF-C expression but increased apoptosis and collagen tissue deposition compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Modulation of VEGF-A and VEGF-C (by ET-1) may be important for managing cholangiocarcinoma growth.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Universita' Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.
authors.forename: Giammarco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demorrow
authors.forename: Eugenio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gaudio
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Franchitto
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Onori
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carpino
authors.forename: Shannon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Glaser
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Coufal
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Marucci
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alvaro
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marzioni
authors.forename: Trenton
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Horst
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mancinelli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Benedetti
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alpini
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008819:Mice, Nude; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A / Q000378:metabolism; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3 / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A; D044023:Receptor, Endothelin B; C467484:VEGFA protein, human; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D042582:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C; D003094:Collagen; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D040321:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-3