title: Influence of different types of guns, projectiles, and propellants on patterns of injury to the viscerocranium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gunshot injuries to the oral and craniomaxillofacial region vary with the type of gun used. Computed tomography (CT) is the standard diagnostic tool for assessing tissue damage in patients with gunshot injuries. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a new imaging technique that has recently become available for clinical diagnosis. The objective of this study was to characterize injury patterns with a focus on gun types and identify the imaging modality that is best suited to assessing injuries caused by different gun types.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present the cases of 14 patients who sustained gunshot injuries to the viscerocranium during the past 10 years. The injuries were caused by 8 basic combinations of handguns or long guns with soft lead core projectiles, partial or full metal-jacketed bullets, and different propellants. Diagnosis was based on clinical and radiological findings (including CT and CBCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found a direct correlation between the gun/projectile combination on the one hand and the diameter of the wound track, tissue contamination, and tissue destruction on the other. Entrance and exit wounds are indicative of certain gun/projectile combinations. High-density projectiles cause severe artifacts in CT, unlike CBCT, making it difficult to evaluate anatomic structures in close proximity to the projectile.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Every gun/projectile combination is associated with a typical pattern of injury. Even in the absence of the offending projectile, it is thus possible to narrow down the likely gun and/or projectile. In the diagnostic imaging of injuries caused by high-density projectiles, CBCT is more suitable than CT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center for Dentistry, Oral and Orthodontic Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. constuehmer@web.de
authors.forename: Constantin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stuehmer
authors.forename: Katrin S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Blum
authors.forename: Horst
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kokemueller
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tavassol
authors.forename: Kai Hendrik
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Bormann
authors.forename: Nils-Claudius
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Gellrich
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rücker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms / Q000145:classification*; D005547:Foreign Bodies / Q000601:surgery; D044709:Forensic Ballistics; D020197:Head Injuries, Penetrating / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult