title: Comparison of symptomatic versus functional changes in children and adolescents with ADHD during randomized, double-blind treatment with psychostimulants, atomoxetine, or placebo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This meta-analysis was designed to determine the relationship between reduction of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and improvement in functioning by examining short-term changes in functional and symptomatic scores in children and adolescents with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Search of atomoxetine's clinical trial database identified four studies involving a symptomatic measure, the ADHD Rating Scale-IV-Parent Version:Investigator-administered and -scored (ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv), and a functional measure, the Life Participation Scale for ADHD (LPS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Correlation analysis revealed a moderate-to-strong association between changes in the LPS total versus ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv total (r: -.68). The LPS Self-control subscale showed higher correlations than the Happy/Social subscale with the symptomatic measures. Regression analysis also showed high sensitivity for functional measures to changes in symptom severity. Stratified analysis of mean changes in ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv scores corresponding to standardized changes in LPS functional scores indicated that a threshold reduction of 16-18 points on the ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv total score was needed for functional improvements to become evident.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects' symptomatic improvements appear to be reflected in improvements in their social and behavioral function as measured by the LPS. These initial findings warrant verification by replication with other outcome measures.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and Karakter University Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.buitelaar@psy.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Jan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Buitelaar
authors.forename: Timothy E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wilens
authors.forename: Shuyu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Feldman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015990:Placebo Effect; D011437:Propylamines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D011437:Propylamines; D000069445:Atomoxetine Hydrochloride