title: S9, a novel anticancer agent, exerts its anti-proliferative activity by interfering with both PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and microtubule cytoskeleton.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Deregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a central role in tumor formation and progression, providing validated targets for cancer therapy. S9, a hybrid of alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone and 2-phenyl indole compound, possessed potent activity against this pathway.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Effects of S9 on PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway were determined by Western blot, immunofluorescence staining and in vitro kinas assay. The interactions between tubulin and S9 were investigated by polymerization assay, CD, and SPR assay. The potential binding modes between S9 and PI3K, mTOR or tubulin were analyzed by molecular modeling. Anti-tumor activity of S9 was evaluated in tumor cells and in nude mice bearing human cancer xenografts. S9 abrogated EGF-activated PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling cascade and Akt translocation to cellular membrane in human tumor cells. S9 possessed inhibitory activity against both PI3K and mTOR with little effect on other tested 30 kinases. S9 also completely impeded hyper-phosphorylation of Akt as a feedback of inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin. S9 unexpectedly arrested cells in M phase other than G1 phase, which was distinct from compounds targeting PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. Further study revealed that S9 inhibited tubulin polymerization via binding to colchicine-binding site of tubulin and resulted in microtubule disturbance. Molecular modeling indicated that S9 could potentially bind to the kinase domains of PI3K p110alpha subunit and mTOR, and shared similar hydrophobic interactions with colchicines in the complex with tubulin. Moreover, S9 induced rapid apoptosis in tumor cell, which might reflect a synergistic cooperation between blockade of both PI3-Akt-mTOR signaling and tubulin cytoskeleton. Finally, S9 displayed potent antiproliferative activity in a panel of tumor cells originated from different tissue types including drug-resistant cells and in nude mice bearing human tumor xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, S9 targets both PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling and microtubule cytoskeleton, which combinatorially contributes its antitumor activity and provides new clues for anticancer drug design and development.
authors.affiliation: Division of Anti-Tumor Pharmacology, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Na
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Chun-Hao
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Hua-Sheng
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Cheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Luo
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Mao-Jiang
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Xiong-Wen
authors.initials: XW
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Xu
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hua-Liang
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Ling-Hua
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Meng
authors.forename: Jian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ding
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055162:Biocatalysis; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003078:Colchicine / Q000378:metabolism; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003078:Colchicine; D007211:Indoles; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D011494:Protein Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014404:Tubulin; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse