title: Influence of stressors on breast cancer incidence in the Women's Health Initiative.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine associations among life events stress, social support, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of postmenopausal women. DESIGN AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Women's Health Initiative observational study participants, breast cancer free at entry, who provided assessment of stressful life events, social support, and breast cancer risk factors, were prospectively followed for breast cancer incidence (n = 84,334).
  
  
  RESULTS
  During an average of 7.6 years of follow-up, 2,481 invasive breast cancers were diagnosed. In age-adjusted proportional hazards models, 1 stressful life event was associated with increased risk, but risk decreased with each additional stressful life event. After adjustment for confounders the decreasing risk was not significant. Stressful life events and social support appeared to interact in relation to breast cancer risk such that women who had greater number of stressful life events and low social support had a decreased risk of breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found no independent association between stressful life events and breast cancer risk. The results are compatible with a more complex model of psychosocial factors interacting in relation to breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA. michaely@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Yvonne L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Michael
authors.forename: Nichole E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Carlson
authors.forename: Rowan T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Chlebowski
authors.forename: Mikel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Aickin
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Weihs
authors.forename: Judith K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Ockene
authors.forename: Deborah J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bowen
authors.forename: Cheryl
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ritenbaugh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008016:Life Change Events; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors