title: Changes in the use of analogue insulins in 37 206 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in 275 German and Austrian centers during the last twelve years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe changes in insulin treatment in children and adolescents in Germany/Austria regarding short acting (SA)- and long acting (LA) insulin analogues in different age groups over the last twelve years.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use of different insulins and treatment regimens were analysed in 37 206 children and adolescents with the age of 0-20 years from 276 German and Austrian centers that were registered in the DPV-database (Dec. 2007). The group was subdivided into 4 age groups (A: 0-4 years; B:5-9 years;C:10-14 years,D:15-19 years). We further analysed the use of analogues from onset of diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly increasing percentage of pediatric patients in all age groups with Type 1 Diabetes use analogue insulins. In 2007, 48.5% used SA, 45.8% LA. 87.2% of pumps were running with short acting analogue. Age specific analysis: A: 2000: 9.1%SA, 0.7%LA vs. 2007: 50.0%SA, 10.0%LA; B: 2000:5.6%SA, 1.4%LA vs. 2007: 36.8%SA, 27.5%LA C: 2000:14.3%SA, 3.4%LA vs. 2007: 45.3%SA, 49.1%LA D: 2000:26.3%SA, 3.2%LA vs. 2007: 59.1%SA, 61.9%LA. This increase in usage of analogues was also found at onset of diabetes. Corrected for age, center and diabetes duration HbA1c was significantly lower in the group with regular insulin (8.18+/-0.047%) than with SA (8.32+/-0.048%) (p<0.0001) and BMI-SDS was only marginal lower in the group with regular insulin (0.45+/-0.01 kg/m (2)) than with SA (0.47+/-0.15) (p>0.007). Similar differences in HbA1c (8.09+/-0.05% vs. 8.40+/-0.05%) and BMI-SDS where seen when NPH was compared with LA respectively. After change to SA the reduction of severe hypoglycemia with (6.1/100 pat.years) and without coma (6.2/100 pat.years) was significant and after change to LA for severe hypoglycemia without coma respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Long-term data for the use of new drugs are sparse. In our analysis patients are followed not under study conditions. Still the higher BMI and HbA1c with either SA or LA usage have to be discussed carefully in the context of increasing use of both, long acting and short acting analogues and possible problems with reimbursement.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20A, Leipzig, Germany. kapt@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kapellen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenbauer
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stachow
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziegler
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Szczepanski
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Holl
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001317:Austria; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012648:Self Care / Q000639:trends; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin