title: Cytochrome c oxidase levels in chondrocytes during monolayer expansion and after return to three dimensional culture.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Here we investigate whether monolayer culture or culture at 21% oxygen influences activity of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme in the respiratory chain whose activity is essential for oxidative metabolism and whether return to three dimensional (3-D) culture restores cytochrome c oxidase activity to original levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary bovine articular chondrocytes were cultured in alginate beads (3-D) for 4 weeks or in monolayer under 1% and 21% oxygen for up to 9 days and then returned to 3-D culture for up to 4 weeks. Cells were stained to localise cytochrome c oxidase within the cells. Mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome c oxidase enzymatic activity were determined. Expression of cytochrome c oxidase subunits, COXI and COXIV, was assessed by qRT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytochrome c oxidase staining remained minimal in chondrocytes cultured in alginate for 4 weeks under 21% oxygen. Mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome c oxidase activity increased significantly during 9 days of chondrocyte expansion in monolayer, accompanied by up-regulation of the COXI mitochondrial gene but not the COXIV nuclear-encoded gene. Cytochrome c oxidase staining increased from day 5 of monolayer culture and remained high even after the cells were returned to 3-D culture for 4 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Culture of chondrocytes in monolayer leads to a rapid increase in mitochondrial protein content and cytochrome c oxidase activity. The increase in cytochrome c oxidase activity is not reversed even after chondrocytes are returned to 3-D culture for 4 weeks; high oxygen tension alone does not appear to stimulate cytochrome c oxidase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK. olga.boubriak@dpag.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: O A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Boubriak
authors.forename: J T S
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Brooks
authors.forename: J P G
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Urban
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002417:Cattle; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV; D010100:Oxygen