title: Relationship between neuroleptic extrapyramidal syndromes and patients' all-cause mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is important to understand factors contributing to a neuroleptic-related increased mortality risk. The objective of this study was to test whether the occurrence of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal syndromes (EPS) including tardive dyskinesia (TD) is associated with an increased patients' all-cause mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 1995, a sample of 200 patients on neuroleptics was assessed with regard to the presence of Parkinson syndrome, akathisia, and TD. By 2003-2004, i.e., during the following 8-9 year period, 63 patients had died. Patients who had died were compared with 120 patients known to be still alive with regard to several socio-demographic variables and the presence of EPS at the first examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the basic assessment, there were no significant differences between patients later still alive and deceased patients with regard to TD. The deceased patients were more frequently women, older, suffered more frequently from an organic disorder, had higher average scores for Parkinson syndrome and less frequently akathisia. Multivariate analysis confirmed age as the only factor contributing to the group difference. Repeating the meta-analysis by Ballesteros et al. (2000) after inclusion of our data, TD remains a weak but a significant predictor of death (OR=1.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neuroleptic-induced EPS of parkinsonism, akathisia, and TD did not contribute to the patients' all-cause mortality in this study. The association between TD and mortality merits further attention.
authors.affiliation: University of Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Burghölzli Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland. modestin@bli.uzh.ch
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Modestin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vogt Wehrli
authors.forename: P L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Stephan
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Agarwalla
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002423:Cause of Death; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D020734:Parkinsonian Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents