title: Features of primary healthcare clinics associated with patients' utilization of emergency rooms: urban-rural differences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A 2002 survey of primary healthcare sites found that 51% of rural and 33% of urban primary care patients reported using the hospital emergency room (ER) in the last 12 months. We did a secondary analysis to identify urban-rural differences in accessibility-related organizational features that predicted ER use.
  
  
  METHODS
  We collected information on clinic organization and physicians' practice profiles from 100 primary healthcare sites across Quebec and 2,725 of their regular patients, who reported on ER use. We used hierarchical logistic regression to identify organizational features that predict the probability of ER use by patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient confidence in rapid access at their clinic decreases ER use (OR=0.73). Rural sites offer fewer walk-in services or on-site medical procedures and less proximity to laboratory and diagnostic services, but paradoxically, rural patients are more confident that their own physician will see them for a sudden illness. Patients from clinics offering a larger range of medical procedures on site have lower ER use (OR=0.92 per procedure). Rural physicians tend to divide their time between hospital and primary care; doing in-patient care increases ER use (OR=1.64).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Decreased ER use is found in patients of clinics organized to enhance responsiveness to acute needs, especially in rural areas. Although the high rates of ER use in rural areas partly reflect problems with the accessibility of primary care clinics, in a resource-scarce context rural hospital ERs may cover both primary care urgent problems and emergencies.
authors.affiliation: Associate Professor, CRC Population Impacts of Health Services, Sciences de la santé communautaire and Médecine familiale, Université de Sherbrooke, Longueuil, Québec.
authors.forename: Jeannie L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Haggerty
authors.forename: Danièle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roberge
authors.forename: Raynald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pineault
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Larouche
authors.forename: Nassera
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Touati