title: Surgical site infection in spinal metastasis: risk factors and countermeasures.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective review (phase 1) and prospective clinical study (phase 2).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify independent risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) and to evaluate the positive effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) to decrease the risk of SSI in patients with spinal metastasis.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Surgery for spinal metastasis is associated with an increased risk of SSI. Although previous reports have evaluated risk factors of SSI for spinal metastasis, most of the studies lack multivariate analysis. A recent study demonstrated the utility of PGE1 in decreasing wound complications in patients with prior irradiation. The role of PGE1 in surgery for spinal metastasis has not been previously evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred ten patients with spinal metastasis were retrospectively reviewed (phase 1). Risk factors for SSI were analyzed using logistic regression. Phase 2 was a prospective clinical trial investigating the utility of PGE1 at reducing the rate of SSI. Ninety-four patients with spinal metastasis were treated at our institute. The infection rate and risk factors identified in phase 1 and 2 were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The rate of SSI during phase 1 was 7.1%. Independent risk factors identified by multivariate logistic regression were diabetes, and preoperative irradiation. The rate of SSI for patients who had irradiation before surgery was 32%, whereas the rate for patients without irradiation was 1.1%. This difference was statistically significant. The rate of SSI in phase 2 was 3.1%. In phase 2 patients who received preoperative irradiation, the rate of SSI was 4.5%. The difference between phase 1 and phase 2 was statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified diabetes and preoperative irradiation to be independent risk factors for SSI in patients with spinal metastasis. PGE1 administration was found to significantly decrease the incidence of SSI in patients with spinal metastasis who underwent preoperative irradiation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan. seikei@pop01.kanazawa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Demura
authors.forename: Norio
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kawahara
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Koshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nambu
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Katsuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshioka
authors.forename: Tadaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Okayama
authors.forename: Katsuro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tomita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000527:Alprostadil