title: Intracerebral hemorrhage volume predicts poor neurologic outcome in children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) volume and location are important predictors of outcome in adults, few data exist in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive cohort of children, including full-term newborns to those younger than 18 years of age with nontraumatic, acute ICH and head CT available for analysis were studied. Clinical information was abstracted via chart review. Hemorrhage volume was expressed as percentage of total brain volume (TBV) with large hemorrhage defined as >or=4% of TBV. Hemorrhages were manually traced on each head CT slice and volumes were calculated by multiplying by slice thickness. Location was classified as supratentorial or infratentorial. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of poor neurological outcome, defined as a Glasgow outcome scale <or=2 (death or persistent vegetative state).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty children were included, median age 6 years. Median ICH volume was 20.4 cm(3) and median ICH size as a percentage of TBV was 1.9%. Only 4 of 22 children with ICH <4% of TBV had poor outcomes, vs 5 of 8 children with ICH >or=4% of TBV (P=0.03). In multivariate analysis, hemorrhage >or=4% of TBV (OR, 22.5; 95% CI, 1.4-354; P=0.03) independently predicted poor outcome 30 days after ICH. In this small sample, infratentorial hemorrhage location and the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage did not predict poor outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICH volume predicts neurological outcome at 30 days in children, with worst outcome when hemorrhage is >or=4% of TBV. Location and ICH etiology may also be important. These findings identify children with ICH who are candidates for aggressive management and may influence counseling regarding prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. Ljordan2@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Lori C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Argye E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Hillis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000473:pathology*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000473:pathology; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D016208:Databases, Factual; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome