title: Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: time for a new world of thought.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Delayed cerebral vasospasm has long been recognized as an important cause of poor outcome after an otherwise successful treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, but it remains a pathophysiological enigma despite intensive research for more than half a century.
  
  
  METHODS
  Summarized in this review are highlights of research from North America, Europe and Asia reflecting recent advances in the understanding of delayed ischemic deficit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It will focus on current accepted mechanisms and on new frontiers in vasospasm research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A key issue is the recognition of events other than arterial narrowing such as early brain injury and cortical spreading depression and of their contribution to overall mortality and morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
authors.forename: Ryszard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Pluta
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hansen-Schwartz
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dreier
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vajkoczy
authors.forename: R Loch
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Shigeru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nishizawa
authors.forename: Hideotoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kasuya
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wellman
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Keller
authors.forename: Alois
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zauner
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dorsch
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Clark
authors.forename: Shigeki
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ono
authors.forename: Talat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kiris
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leroux
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013181:Cortical Spreading Depression / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D014661:Vasoconstriction / Q000502:physiology; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology