title: Exploring the use of APTS as a fluorescent reporter dye for continuous glucose sensing.
abstract: The anionic fluorescent dye, aminopyrene trisulfonic acid (APTS), was synthesized and used in a solution-based two-component glucose-sensing system comprising the dye and a boronic acid-appended viologen. The fluorescence of the dye was quenched in the presence of the viologen and the fluorescence restored upon glucose addition. An important feature of this fluorophore is that it can be covalently bonded to a polymer through the amine group without a significant effect on optical properties. Two APTS derivatives, functionalized with polymerizable groups, were synthesized and immobilized in hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-based hydrogels. The latter were used to continuously monitor glucose. The fluorescence signal modulation, signal stability, reversibility, reproducibility, and pH sensitivity of the hydrogels were evaluated. The APTS dyes described herein are insensitive to pH changes within the physiological range, both in solution and when immobilized in a hydrogel. When APTS is used in conjunction with boronic acid-appended viologens to sense glucose, the system displays some pH sensitivity because of the presence of the boronic acid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Califonia, Santa Cruz, California 95064, USA.
authors.forename: Zachary
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Sharrett
authors.forename: Soya
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gamsey
authors.forename: Lacie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hirayama
authors.forename: Boaz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vilozny
authors.forename: Jeff T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Suri
authors.forename: Ritchie A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wessling
authors.forename: Bakthan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singaram
mesh_terms: D001897:Boronic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D005947:Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015394:Molecular Structure; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013997:Time Factors; D014755:Viologens / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C103430:8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid; D001897:Boronic Acids; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011721:Pyrenes; D014755:Viologens; D020136:Hydrogel, Polyethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate; D005947:Glucose