title: Conscientiousness as a mediator of the association between masculinized finger-length ratios and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One often-overlooked biological risk factor that may help explain sex-biased prevalence rates in psychopathology is sex hormones. Personality traits, which also show sex differences, may mediate relations between biological risk factors like hormones and childhood psychopathology such as ADHD (or, alternatively, be independent risk factors).
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and twelve children/adolescents (178 boys, 134 girls) between the ages of 8 and 17 completed a comprehensive, multistage, clinical diagnostic procedure; 168 children were diagnosed with ADHD and 144 were classified as non-ADHD comparison controls. Primary caregivers completed the California Q-sort in order to provide a measure of conscientiousness. Finger-length ratios (specifically right 2D:4D) served as a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure (relative to estrogen).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lower levels of conscientiousness statistically mediated the relationship between more masculine right 2D:4D (i.e., increased prenatal testosterone exposure) and increased ADHD inattentive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More masculinized finger-length ratios show associations with ADHD symptoms, possibly acting through the trait mechanism of conscientiousness.
authors.affiliation: Psychology Department, University of New Orleans, 2005 Geology & Psychology Building, 2000 Lakeshore Drive, New Orleans, LA 70148, USA. mmartel@uno.edu
authors.forename: Michelle M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Martel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001837:Body Weights and Measures / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005385:Fingers / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D012737:Sex Factors; D013694:Temperament; D013739:Testosterone / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone