Global mapping of protein-DNA interactions in vivo by digital genomic footprinting.
The orchestrated binding of transcriptional activators and repressors to specific DNA sequences in the context of chromatin defines the regulatory program of eukaryotic genomes. We developed a digital approach to assay regulatory protein occupancy on genomic DNA in vivo by dense mapping of individual DNase I cleavages from intact nuclei using massively parallel DNA sequencing. Analysis of >23 million cleavages across the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome revealed thousands of protected regulatory protein footprints, enabling de novo derivation of factor binding motifs and the identification of hundreds of new binding sites for major regulators. We observed striking correspondence between single-nucleotide resolution DNase I cleavage patterns and protein-DNA interactions determined by crystallography. The data also yielded a detailed view of larger chromatin features including positioned nucleosomes flanking factor binding regions. Digital genomic footprinting should be a powerful approach to delineate the cis-regulatory framework of any organism with an available genome sequence.
Hesselberth
Jay R
JR
Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
Chen
Xiaoyu
X
Zhang
Zhihong
Z
Sabo
Peter J
PJ
Sandstrom
Richard
R
Reynolds
Alex P
AP
Thurman
Robert E
RE
Neph
Shane
S
Kuehn
Michael S
MS
Noble
William S
WS
Fields
Stanley
S
Stamatoyannopoulos
John A
JA
D000465:Algorithms; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D001665:Binding Sites; D004247:DNA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*; D018983:DNA Footprinting / Q000379:methods*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011485:Protein Binding; D025941:Protein Interaction Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics*
D014157:Transcription Factors; D004247:DNA