title: The Parkinson disease-associated protein kinase LRRK2 exhibits MAPKKK activity and phosphorylates MKK3/6 and MKK4/7, in vitro.
abstract: Autosomal dominant mutations in the human Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene represent the most common monogenetic cause of Parkinson disease (PD) and increased kinase activity observed in pathogenic mutants of LRRK2 is most likely causative for PD-associated neurotoxicity. The sequence of the LRRK2 kinase domain shows similarity to MAP kinase kinase kinases. Furthermore, LRRK2 shares highest sequence homology with mixed linage kinases which act upstream of canonical MAPKK and are involved in cellular stress responses. Therefore, we addressed the question if LRRK2 exhibits MAPKKK activity by systematically testing MAPKKs as candidate substrates, in vitro. We demonstrate that LRRK2 variants phosphorylate mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK), including MKK3 -4, -6 and -7. MKKs act upstream of the MAPK p38 and JNK mediating oxidative cell stress, neurotoxicity and apoptosis. The disease-associated LRRK2 G2019S and I2020T mutations show an increased phosphotransferase activity towards MKKs correlating with the activity shown for its autophosphorylation. Our findings present evidence of a new class of molecular targets for mutant LRRK2 that link to neurotoxicity, cellular stress, cytoskeletal dynamics and vesicular transport.
authors.affiliation: Department of Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany. j.gloeckner@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Christian Johannes
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Gloeckner
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schumacher
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boldt
authors.forename: Marius
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ueffing
mesh_terms: D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D008958:Models, Molecular; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000201:enzymology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020930:MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases