title: Emerging concepts in antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the current status of antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean delivery, emerging strategies to enhance the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing postcesarean infection, and the implications of the emerging practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a full PubMed (January 1966 to July 2008) search using the key words "cesarean" and "antibiotic prophylaxis." A total of 277 articles were identified and supplemented by a bibliographic search.
  
  
  METHODS
  We selected a total of 15 studies, which included all published clinical trials, meta-analyses of clinical trials, and observational studies evaluating either the timing of antibiotics or the use of extended-spectrum prophylaxis. We also reviewed nine reports involving national recommendations or technical reviews supporting current standards for antibiotic prophylaxis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We conducted an analytic review and tabulation of selected studies without further meta-analysis. Although current guidelines for antibiotic prophylaxis recommend the administration of narrow-spectrum antibiotics (cefazolin) after clamping of the umbilical cord, the data suggest that antibiotic administration before surgical incision or the use of extended-spectrum regimens (involving azithromycin or metronidazole) after cord clamp may reduce postcesarean maternal infection by up to 50%. However, these two strategies have not been compared with each other. In addition, their effect on neonatal infection or infection with resistant organisms warrants further study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of either cefazolin alone before surgical incision or an extended-spectrum regimen after cord clamp seems to be associated with a reduction in postcesarean maternal infection. Confirmatory studies focusing additionally on neonatal outcomes and the effect on resistant organisms, as well as studies comparing both strategies, are needed.
authors.affiliation: From the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; and the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland.
authors.forename: Alan T N
authors.initials: ATN
authors.lastname: Tita
authors.forename: Dwight J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Blackwell
authors.forename: George R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Saade
authors.forename: Catherine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Spong
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Andrews
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D019072:Antibiotic Prophylaxis / Q000379:methods; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002437:Cefazolin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004716:Endometritis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011247:Pregnancy; D011645:Puerperal Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013530:Surgical Wound Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D008795:Metronidazole; D017963:Azithromycin; D002437:Cefazolin