title: Classification of pain in cancer patients--a systematic literature review.
abstract: One of the aims of the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative (EPCRC) is to achieve consensus on a classification system for cancer pain. We performed a systematic literature review to identify existing classification systems and domains/items used to classify cancer patients with pain. In a systematic search in the databases Medline and Embase, covering 1986-2006, 692 hits were obtained. 92 papers were evaluated to address pain classification. Six standardised classification systems were identified; three of them systematically developed and partially validated. Both pain characteristics and patient characteristics relevant for cancer pain classification were included in the classification systems. All but one of the standardised systems aim at predicting treatment response or adequacy of treatment. Several domains and items used to describe cancer pain but not formally described as part of a classification system were also identified and systematized. The existing approaches to pain classification in cancer patients are different, mostly not thoroughly validated, and none is widely applied. An internationally accepted classification system for cancer pain could improve research and cancer pain management. This systematic review suggests a need for developing an international consensus on how to classify pain in cancer patients.
authors.affiliation: Pain and Palliation Research Group and Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway. anne.k.knudsen@ntnu.no
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Aass
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fainsinger
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caraceni
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Klepstad
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jordhøy
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hjermstad
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kaasa
mesh_terms: D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification*; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic