title: Oral phosphatidylcholine pretreatment alleviates the signs of experimental rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylcholine-derived metabolites exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in various stress conditions. We hypothesized that dietary phosphatidylcholine may potentially function as an anti-inflammatory substance and may decrease inflammatory activation in a chronic murine model of rheumatoid arthritis (collagen-induced arthritis).
  
  
  METHODS
  The experiments were performed on male DBA1/J mice. In groups 1 to 3 (n = 10 each), collagen-induced arthritis was induced by administration of bovine collagen II. In group 2 the animals were fed ad libitum with phosphatidylcholine-enriched diet as a pretreatment, while the animals of group 3 received this nourishment as a therapy, after the onset of the disease. The severity of the disease and inflammation-linked hyperalgesia were evaluated with semiquantitative scoring systems, while the venular leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and functional capillary density were assessed by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy of the synovial tissue. Additionally, the mRNA expressions of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2, TNFalpha and endothelial and inducible nitric oxide synthase were determined, and classical histological analysis was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phosphatidylcholine pretreatment reduced the collagen-induced arthritis-induced hypersensitivity, and decreased the number of leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and the extent of functional capillary density as compared with those of group 1. It also ameliorated the tissue damage and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The expressions of the cannabinoid receptors and TNFalpha were not influenced by the phosphatidylcholine intake. Phosphatidylcholine-enriched food administrated as therapy failed to evoke the aforementioned changes, apart from the reduction of the inducible nitric oxide synthase expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phosphatidylcholine-enriched food as pretreatment, but not as therapy, appears to exert beneficial effects on the morphological, functional and microcirculatory characteristics of chronic arthritis. We propose that oral phosphatidylcholine may be a preventive approach in ameliorating experimental rheumatoid arthritis-induced joint damage.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Experimental Surgery, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany. egabor@expsur.szote.u-szeged.hu
authors.forename: Gabor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Eros
authors.forename: Saleh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ibrahim
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Siebert
authors.forename: Mihály
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boros
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001169:Arthritis, Experimental / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D001775:Blood Circulation; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010713:Phosphatidylcholines; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D043885:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D052250:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III