title: Acute and chronic ethanol modulate dopamine D2-subtype receptor responses in ventral tegmental area GABA neurons.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ventral tegmental area (VTA) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons appear to be critical substrates underlying the acute and chronic effects of ethanol on dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the mesocorticolimbic system implicated in drug reward. VTA GABA neuron firing rate is reduced by acute ethanol and enhanced by DA via D2 receptor activation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of D2 receptors in acute ethanol inhibition of VTA GABA neuron activity, as well as the adaptation of D2 receptors by chronic ethanol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using electrophysiological methods, we evaluated the effects of intraperitoneal ethanol on DA activation of VTA GABA neurons, the effects of DA antagonists on ethanol inhibition of their firing rate, as well as adaptations in firing rate following chronic ethanol consumption. Using single cell quantitative RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we evaluated the expression of VTA GABA neuron D2 receptors in rats consuming ethanol versus pair-fed controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In acute ethanol studies, microelectrophoretic activation of VTA GABA neurons by DA was inhibited by acute intraperitoneal ethanol, and intravenous administration of the D2 antagonist eticlopride blocked ethanol suppression of VTA GABA neuron firing rate. In chronic ethanol studies, while there were no signs of withdrawal at 24 hours, or significant adaptation in firing rate or response to acute ethanol, there was a significant down-regulation in the expression of D2 receptors in ethanol-consuming rats versus pair-fed controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of DA activation of VTA GABA neuron firing rate by ethanol, as well as eticlopride block of ethanol inhibition of VTA GABA neuron firing rate, suggests an interaction between ethanol and DA neurotransmission via D2 receptors, perhaps via enhanced DA release in the VTA subsequent to ethanol inhibition of GABA neurons. Down-regulation of VTA GABA neuron D2 receptors by chronic ethanol might result from persistent DA release onto GABA neurons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroscience, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Ludlow
authors.forename: Katie D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Bradley
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Allison
authors.forename: Seth R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Jordan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Yorgason
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Hansen
authors.forename: Christine H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Walton
authors.forename: Sterling N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sudweeks
authors.forename: Scott C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Steffensen
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; D000431:Ethanol; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid