title: Glutathione peroxidase and subarachnoid hemorrhage: implications for the role of oxidative stress in cerebral vasospasm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Worldwide, cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has an estimated morbidity and mortality of 1.2 million annually. While it has long been suspected that reactive oxygen species play a major role in the etiology of cerebral vasospasm after SAH, promising results in animal work were not borne out in human clinical trials, despite intensive research effort. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of glutathione peroxidase in the SAH cerebrospinal fluid milieu.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized commercially available kits for the quantitation of glutathione peroxidase 1 (glutathione peroxidase) activity and oxygen radical capacity and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Western blotting with specific antibodies to human glutathione peroxidase to determine the enzyme content of the cerebrospinal fluid samples. Human cerebrospinal fluid was obtained in an Institutional Review Board-exempt manner for this study in the following groups: control (no SAH), CSF(C) (SAH but no vasospasm on angiography) and CSF(V) (SAH with clinical and angiographic vasospasm).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that glutathione peroxidase activity is significantly higher in CSF(V) compared with CSF(C), and this is reflected in a higher total oxidative capacity in CSF(V). Despite similar levels of glutathione peroxidase protein, CSF(V) had significantly greater activity than CSF(C).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results further elucidate previous research from this laboratory, showing increased oxidative stress in CSF(V) compared with CSF(C). In conclusion, there appears to be increased glutathione peroxidase activity in CSF(V), despite there being increased levels of oxidative stress markers, suggesting overwhelming oxidative stress may play a role in cerebral vasospasm after SAH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0536, USA. pynegj@ucmail.uc.edu
authors.forename: Gail J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pyne-Geithman
authors.forename: Danielle N
authors.initials: DN
authors.lastname: Caudell
authors.forename: Porus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Prakash
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D003124:Colorimetry / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid*; D006801:Humans; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008315:Malondialdehyde / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000150:complications*; D020301:Vasospasm, Intracranial / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid* / Q000209:etiology*; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D008315:Malondialdehyde; D005979:Glutathione Peroxidase; D000094765:Glutathione Peroxidase GPX1; C000722067:GPX1 protein, human