title: Reproductive biology of Datura wrightii: the benefits of a herbivorous pollinator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A deeper understanding of mutualism can be reached by studying systems with measurable costs and benefits. Most studies of this type focus on an unusual class of obligate, species-specific pollination mutualisms. The interaction between Datura wrightii (Solanaceae) and the hawkmoth Manduca sexta offers similar advantages but greater generality. Adult moths both nectar at and deposit eggs on the same plant; larvae are herbivorous. The antagonistic component of this interaction has been well studied. Here the role of M. sexta as a pollinator of D. wrightii, particularly in the context of this moth's frequent nectaring visits to the bat-pollinated plant Agave palmeri, is documented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hand-pollinations were used to determine breeding system and the reproductive consequences of mixed loads of A. palmeri and D. wrightii pollen. Plants and moths were caged overnight to assess whether nectaring visits led to fruit and seed set. Finally, pollen deposited on field-collected stigmas was identified, with a particular focus on documenting the presence of D. wrightii and A. palmeri grains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Datura wrightii is highly self-compatible, and a visit that deposits either outcross or self pollen almost doubles fruit and seed set compared with unvisited flowers. Manduca sexta transferred enough pollen to produce fruit and seed sets comparable to hand-pollination treatments. Agave palmeri did not interfere with D. wrightii success: in the field, stigmas received almost pure D. wrightii pollen, and hand-addition of large quantities of A. palmeri pollen had no measurable effect on fruit and seed set.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The floral visitation component of the D. wrightii-M. sexta interaction is indeed mutualistic. This finding is essential background to future development of this interaction as a model system for studying mutualism's costs and benefits. It is already proving valuable for dissecting third-species effects on the outcome of mutualism. Results indicate that M. sexta's heavy visitation to A. palmeri has no negative effect on the benefits conferred to D. wrightii. However, it can be predicted to augment M. sexta populations to the point where the costs of the interaction begin to exceed its benefits.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA. judieb@email.arizona.edu
authors.forename: Judith L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bronstein
authors.forename: Travis
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Huxman
authors.forename: Brianna
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Horvath
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Farabee
authors.forename: Goggy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Davidowitz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D032302:Datura / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D005638:Fruit / Q000254:growth & development; D009036:Moths / Q000502:physiology*; D011058:Pollen / Q000502:physiology; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology*; D012098:Reproduction