title: Suppressive activity of tiotropium bromide on matrix metalloproteinase production from lung fibroblasts in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by airway remodeling with an accumulation of inflammatory cells. There is also increasing evidence that metalloproteinases (MMPs) may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD, but the influence of agents that used for the treatment of COPD is not well understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether tiotropium bromide hydrate (TBH), a M3 muscarinic receptor antagonist, could inhibit MMP production from lung fibroblasts (LFs) in response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  LFs were established from normal lung tissues taken from patients with lung tumors. LFs (5 x 10(5) cells/ml) were stimulated with TNF-alpha in the presence of various concentrations of TBH. After 24 h, culture supernatants were obtained and assayed for the levels of MMPs and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) by ELISA. The influence of TBH on mRNA expression of MMPs and TIMPs in 4h-cultured cells was also examined by real-time RT-PCR. Furthermore, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1) in LFs treated with TBH for 4h was examined by ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TBH at more than 15 pg/ml inhibited the production of MMP-2 from LFs after TNF-alpha stimulation, whereas TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 production was scarcely affected by TBH through the suppression of both mRNA expression and transcription factor, NF-kappaB, activation in LFs induced by TNF-alpha stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the attenuating effect of TBH on MMP-2 production from LFs induced by inflammatory stimulation may be additional beneficial therapeutic effects not directly relating to its bronchodilatory effects.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiology, School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan. asanok@med.showa-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Kazuhito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Asano
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shikama
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shibuya
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakajima
authors.forename: Ken-ichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kanai
authors.forename: Naohiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Harumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Suzaki
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012602:Scopolamine Derivatives; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D000069447:Tiotropium Bromide