title: Cost-effectiveness of the modifications in the quality assurance system in radiotherapy in the example of in-vivo dosimetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present the methodology for the evaluation of cost-effectiveness of the quality assurance protocol modifications associated with increasing demands on accuracy and reliability in radiotherapy and to present results on cost-effectiveness of in-vivo dosimetry as the chosen example of a technical procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-vivo dosimetry was used as an example of a quality assurance procedure, whose modifications have an impact on several procedures in the QA system and thus on the cost of radiotherapy. An analysis of 6864 patients, treated between 2001 and 2005 for tumours in the head and neck, breast, pelvis, or lung, was performed. The quality of radiotherapy was expressed as the accuracy of dose delivery and the cost was estimated from labour, equipment and materials.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Modifications implemented in the quality assurance protocol have gradually improved the quality of irradiation. Mean deviations between measured and calculated doses, recorded for several groups of treatment sites, were reduced from -1.5% to 0.5%, 3.4% to 1.4%, 3.9% to 0.1% and -2.1% to 1.8% for head and neck, breast, pelvis and lung respectively. The standard deviations of the measured values decreased also consistently. Total monthly cost in radiotherapy (related to in-vivo dosimetry) increased from euro 4376 to euro 10,696 while the unitary cost of radiotherapy procedures remained at the same level. The predominant cost component of in-vivo dosimetry was labour, limited at first to physics staff and later extended to quality assurance personnel and technicians.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The application of the presented methodology revealed cost-effectiveness relationships in tested technical procedures.
authors.affiliation: Medical Physics Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland. julian.malicki@wco.pl
authors.forename: Julian
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Malicki
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Litoborski
authors.forename: Marta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogusz-Czerniewicz
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Swiezewski
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy; D010386:Pelvic Neoplasms / Q000191:economics / Q000532:radiotherapy; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000191:economics* / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies