Social isolation in older adults: an evolutionary concept analysis.
OBJECTIVE
This paper is a report of an analysis of the concept of social isolation as experienced by older adults.


BACKGROUND
Social isolation is a serious problem with older adults that is expected to increase in the future. Although strong correlations exist between social isolation and negative health consequences, few interventions exist. One contributing factor to this is a lack of conceptual clarity.


METHODS
The CINAHL, PsycINFO and Medline databases and the Web of Science were searched using the key terms social isolation, social networks, older adults, elderly and social integration for publications between 1983 and 2007.


METHODS
An evolutionary concept analysis was undertaken. References were read in their entirety and analysed based on the summary of surrogate terms, related concepts, attributes, antecedents and consequences.


RESULTS
Five attributes were identified: number of contacts, feeling of belonging, fulfilling relationships, engagement with others and quality of network members. Antecedents included: lack of relationships, psychological barriers, physical barriers, low financial and resource exchange, and prohibitive environment. Roy's Adaptation Model is proposed as a theoretical context into which social isolation fits.


CONCLUSIONS
Numerous definitions are used to describe social isolation, but they lack uniformity, consistency and clarity; this impairs the further development and refinement of the concept. This concept analysis can offer additional understanding and a starting point for future research related to social isolation.
Nicholson
Nicholas R
NR
School of Nursing, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Nicholas.Nicholson@yale.edu
D000368:Aged / Q000523:psychology*; D000369:Aged, 80 and over / Q000523:psychology; D003210:Concept Formation; D006801:Humans; D008132:Loneliness; D009742:Nursing Theory; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D012307:Risk Factors; D012934:Social Isolation; D012944:Social Support