title: Direct profiling and imaging of epicuticular waxes on Arabidopsis thaliana by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using silver colloid as a matrix.
abstract: Colloidal silver laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS) was employed to directly profile and image epicuticular wax metabolites on a variety of different surfaces of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves and flowers. Major cuticular wax compounds, such as very long-chain fatty acids, alcohols, alkanes, and ketones, were successfully detected as silver adduct ions. The surface metabolites of different flower organs (carpels, petals, and sepals) were profiled for the first time at a spatial resolution of approximately 100 microm. In addition, mass spectral profiles and images were collected from wild type and a mutant strain, which carried alleles that affect the surface constituents of this organism. One of these mutant alleles (cer2-2) is in a gene whose biochemical functionality is still unclear, although its effect on normal epicuticular wax deposition was the characteristic that led to its original identification. Variations of wax products between different spatial locations for wild type and for a mutant strain were investigated by normalizing the ion intensities to a reference peak ([(107)Ag + (109)Ag](+)). The spatially resolved surface metabolite profiling data of this mutant has provided new insights into the complexity of epicuticular wax deposition at the cellular-resolution scale. This MS-based metabolite imaging technology has the potential to provide valuable data for dissecting metabolism in multicellular organism at the level of single cells.
authors.affiliation: Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Ames, Iowa, USA.
authors.forename: Sangwon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Zhihong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Basil J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Nikolau
authors.forename: Edward S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Yeung
mesh_terms: D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003102:Colloids; D035264:Flowers / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D055432:Metabolomics / Q000379:methods*; D009154:Mutation; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012834:Silver / Q000737:chemistry*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D014885:Waxes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D029681:Arabidopsis Proteins; C101547:CER protein, Arabidopsis; D003102:Colloids; D014885:Waxes; D012834:Silver