title: Who gets disease management?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disease management (DM) has been promoted to improve health outcomes and lower costs for patients with chronic disease. Unfortunately, most of the studies that support claims of DM's success suffer from a number of biases, the most important of which is selection bias, or bias in the type of patients enrolling.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the differences between those who do and do not enroll in DM.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was an observational study of the health care use, costs, and quality of care of 27,211 members of a large health insurer who were identified through claims as having asthma, diabetes, or congestive heart failure, were considered to be at high risk for incurring significant claims costs, and were eligible to join a disease management program involving health coaching.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used health coach call records to determine which patients participated in at least one coaching call and which refused to participate. We used claims data for the 12 months before the start of intervention to tabulate costs and utilization metrics. In addition, we calculated HEDIS quality scores for the year prior to the start of intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients who enrolled in the DM program differed significantly from those who did not on demographic, cost, utilization and quality parameters prior to enrollment. For example, compared to non-enrollees, diabetes enrollees had nine more prescriptions per year and higher HbA1c HEDIS scores (0.70 vs. 0.61, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings illuminate the serious problem of selection into DM programs and suggest that the effectiveness levels found in prior evaluations using methodologies that don't address this may be overstated.
authors.affiliation: RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA 22202-5050, USA.
authors.forename: Melinda Beeuwkes
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Buntin
authors.forename: Arvind K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jain
authors.forename: Soeren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mattke
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lurie
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019468:Disease Management; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007348:Insurance, Health / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D055815:Young Adult