title: Traffic exposure and subclinical cardiovascular disease: is the association modified by socioeconomic characteristics of individuals and neighbourhoods? Results from a multilevel study in an urban region.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Traffic-related pollution is associated with cardiovascular disease in general, but previous studies suggested that low socioeconomic status (SES) groups might be more susceptible towards a negative impact. We examined whether the association between long-term exposure to high traffic and early signs of coronary artery disease is modified by SES.
  
  
  METHODS
  Individual-level medical and social data from a population-based study were linked with census information on neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics. Residential exposure to traffic was defined as proximity to major roads using a geographical information system. We studied associations between high traffic and coronary artery calcification (CAC) within strata of SES to examine effect modification. Data stem from an epidemiological study in Germany including 2264 women and 2037 men (45-75 years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  High traffic and low SES were both associated with higher amounts of calcification (>or=75th age-specific percentile). More participants with low SES lived close to major roads while stratified analyses did not indicate higher susceptibility in low SES groups. Participants with low SES and simultaneous exposure to high traffic had highest levels of CAC. For example, the prevalence of high calcification was 23.9% in better-educated men with low traffic exposure but 37.7% in lower-educated men with high traffic exposure (women: 22.0% vs 28.1%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High traffic exposure was associated with coronary calcification in all social groups, but as low SES individuals had higher calcification in general and were also more often exposed to traffic, existing inequalities could be further shaped by traffic exposure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Sociology, University of Duesseldorf, PO Box 10 10 07, D-40001 Duesseldorf, Germany. dragano@uni-duesseldorf.de
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dragano
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moebus
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Möhlenkamp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stang
authors.forename: P E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Verde
authors.forename: K-H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Jöckel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Siegrist
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018986:Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011204:Poverty Areas; D015995:Prevalence; D012111:Residence Characteristics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012923:Social Class; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014478:Unemployment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014504:Urban Health / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D001335:Vehicle Emissions