title: External iliac artery pseudoaneurysm complicating renal transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the etiology, management and outcome of iliac pseudoaneurysms following renal transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven patients who underwent repair between 1982 and 2007 were identified. Five (Group 1) presented pseudoaneurysm at the anastomosis of the donor renal and native iliac arteries, and six (Group 2) presented iliac pseudoaneurysm following transplant nephrectomy. Intraoperative cultures and immunohistochemical examinations were obtained from all surgical cases to determine the existence of a relationship between infection or transplant rejection and pseudoaneurysm formation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Endovascular repair (EVR) was used to treat three patients, while eight patients underwent open repair (OR). Transplant nephrectomy was needed in all cases but one after anastomotic pseudoaneurysm repair. After pseudoaneurysm excision, arterial reconstruction was performed in all cases, with a limb salvage rate of 100%. At 30 days, no patients died in the EVR subgroup. In the OR subgroup, one patient died of sepsis (12.5%). Cultures taken from the pseudoaneurysm wall and content grew Candida albicans and E. coli in two febrile patients. Pathologic evaluation of donor renal arteries revealed evidence of chronic rejection in three patients (60%) in Group 1, and in two (33.3%) in Group 2. No patients in either Group presented late infection, failure of vascular reconstruction nor pseudoaneurysm recurrence. The follow-up ranges from 20 to 89 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The etiology of pseudoaneurysms in this location is multifactorial, however, an association with chronic rejection must be considered. Though rare, the development of pseudoaneurysms at the donor renal-external iliac artery anastomosis results in high rates of transplant nephrectomy. Less invasive endovascular techniques offer a new therapeutic option in this challenging scenario notwithstanding the fact that they require further validation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Federico II, Naples, Italy. palumbe@tin.it
authors.forename: Umberto M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Bracale
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Carbone
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: del Guercio
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Viola
authors.forename: Francesco P
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: D'Armiento
authors.forename: Simone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Maurea
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Porcellini
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bracale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects; D017541:Aneurysm, False / Q000209:etiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007083:Iliac Artery / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009392:Nephrectomy; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures