title: Comparison of the Bolton Standards to longitudinal cephalograms superimposed on the occipital condyle (I-point).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare traditional superimposition on sella turcica and the anterior cranial base (SACB) to superimposition referenced at the occipital condyle (I-point) for demonstrating craniofacial growth and development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tracings for ages 8, 10, 12, 15 and 18 were chosen from the Bolton Standards of Dentofacial Developmental Growth to compare superimposition with the traditional longitudinal reference at SACB (anterior curvature of sella turcica and anterior cranial base) to reference at I-point on the antero-inferior contour of the occipital condyles in norma lateralis. The serial tracings were superimposed using both the sagittal and postero-anterior (PA) tracings. Incremental growth of landmarks was measured in relation to Cartesian coordinates and compared between the superimposition methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sagittal and PA tracing superimpositions displayed an average 7 mm greater cephalad movement of landmarks, an average 2.4 mm greater ventral movement, and comparable transverse dimension with superimposition referenced at I-point as compared to the SACB reference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  I-point superimposition demonstrates physiologic growth patterns concealed by traditional registration at sella turcica. The evolution of superimposition on SACB was based on convenience and reproducibility. Fundamental principles of bone development are consistent with the occipital condyles as a more biologic reference for relative craniofacial growth. Actual vertical growth is believed to be greater than displayed in this study, due to the cross-sectional and blended nature of the sample.
authors.affiliation: Transformation Orthodontics, Langley, BC, Canada. rjstanderwick@gmail.com
authors.forename: Richard Grant
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Standerwick
authors.forename: Eugene W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Hartsfield
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Babler
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Katona
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000592:standards*; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008445:Maxillofacial Development; D009777:Occipital Bone / Q000254:growth & development; D012015:Reference Standards; D019291:Skull Base / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D013382:Subtraction Technique