title: The effect of low-dose remifentanil on responses to the endotracheal tube during emergence from general anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Emergence from general anesthesia can be associated with coughing, agitation, and hemodynamic disturbances. Remifentanil may attenuate these responses.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, double-blind, randomized trial, we enrolled 60 adult patients undergoing nasal surgery using remifentanil-based anesthesia. During the emergence phase, the remifentanil group had remifentanil reduced to one tenth of the maintenance rate, whereas the control group had remifentanil discontinued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Times to awakening and tracheal extubation were similar between the two groups. During emergence, the remifentanil group (infusion rate 0.014 +/- 0.011 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)) had a significantly lower incidence (40% vs 80%, P = 0.002) and less severe coughing compared with the control group, as well as a lower incidence of nonpurposeful movement (3.3% vs 30%, P = 0.006) and slower heart rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose remifentanil during emergence did not prolong wake-up but reduced the incidence and severity of coughing from the endotracheal tube.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.
authors.forename: Marie T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Aouad
authors.forename: Achir A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Al-Alami
authors.forename: Viviane G
authors.initials: VG
authors.lastname: Nasr
authors.forename: Fouad G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Souki
authors.forename: Reine A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zbeidy
authors.forename: Sahar M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Siddik-Sayyid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000762:Anesthesia Recovery Period; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003371:Cough / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009666:Nose / Q000601:surgery; D010880:Piperidines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil