title: Assessment of the patency of microvascular anastomoses using microscope-integrated near-infrared angiography: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  : Technical problems at the site of the anastomosis compromise an underappreciated proportion of microsurgical free tissue transfers. Intraoperative identification of technical errors may be able to prevent reexploration surgery and early flap failure. We report the first human study on a new microscope-integrated fluorescence angiography technique, which allows for intraoperative imaging of the anastomotic site.
  
  
  METHODS
  : Fifty consecutive patients undergoing reconstructive microsurgical procedures were enrolled in the study. Intraoperative near infrared indocyanine green videoangiography (ICGA) was performed on all microsurgical anastomoses, after they had been assessed by the operating surgeon by conventional clinical patency tests. Anastomoses deemed to be occluded by the ICG-angiography were intraoperatively revised, and the result of revision was compared with angiographic findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : In 11/50 (22%) of patients, where the surgeon had classified the anastomoses as patent, microangiography identified a total luminal occlusion (six) and/or significant alterations in blood flow (five), potentially predisposing toward postoperative flap failure. Intraoperative revision confirmed angiographic findings in 100% of cases, and was always associated with flap survival. The decision not to revise despite anastomotic occlusion by the intraoperative angiogram was always followed by flap loss or early reexploration. A delayed return of venous blood from the flap predisposed toward postoperative flap failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : Hand-sewn anastomoses are subject to technical errors, and conventional patency tests have a low sensitivity for revealing anastomotic failure. Microscope integrated microangiography is an excellent method for identifying significant anastomotic problems, which would have otherwise gone unnoticed. The potential impact on early flap failure and reexploration surgery is considerable. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Microsurgery 2009.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, Burn Centre, Klinikum Bogenhausen, Technical University Munich, Englschalkingerstrasse 77, Munich 81925, Germany. charlotte_holmjakobsen@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Höfter
authors.forename: Ulf
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Dornseifer
authors.forename: Milomir
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ninkovic
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000714:Anastomosis, Surgical; D004396:Coloring Agents; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D025321:Surgery, Computer-Assisted; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply; D014654:Vascular Patency; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D007208:Indocyanine Green