title: Conotruncal defects associated with anomalous pulmonary venous connections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Conotruncal defects constitute one of the major categories of congenital heart disease. Our understanding of how these defects develop has been derived from knowledge of the role of neural crest cells in heart development. However, recent studies have revealed a role for the myocardium in the formation of both the arterial and venous poles of the heart.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify congenital heart defects that associate anomalies of the arterial and venous poles.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a database spanning 27 years, we identified those patients with conotruncal defects associated with an anomalous pulmonary venous connection (APVC; total or partial). Patients with atria isomerism or atrioventricular septal defects were excluded. Patient files were reviewed for clinical presentation, family history, diagnostic and surgical procedures, and outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 23 patients with conotruncal defects and APVC. Conotruncal defects were as follows : common arterial trunk, n=7; tetralogy of Fallot, n=5; discordant ventriculoarterial connections, n=4; interrupted aortic arch, n=2; subarterial ventricular septal defect, n=2; double outlet right ventricle, n=2; and right pulmonary artery from ascending aorta, n=1. Nine patients had total APVC and 14 patients had partial APVC. Recurrence of the cardiac defects in siblings was observed in three families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that congenital heart defects that associate anomalies of the arterial and venous poles may have a common embryology, which results from a myocardial defect.
authors.affiliation: Service de cardiologie pédiatrique, centre de référence malformations cardiaques congénitales complexes M3C, hôpital Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP, 149, rue de Sèvres, 75015 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Fanny
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bajolle
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaffran
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Losay
authors.forename: Phalla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ou
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buckingham
authors.forename: Damien
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonnet
mesh_terms: D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D009432:Neural Crest / Q000002:abnormalities*; D010375:Pedigree; D011667:Pulmonary Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed