title: Heat shock protein induction in fetal mouse brain as a measure of stress after whole of gestation exposure to mobile telephony radiofrequency fields.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether whole of gestation exposure of fetal mouse brain to mobile telephone radiofrequency fields produces a stress response detectable by induction of heat shock proteins (HSPs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a purpose-designed exposure system at 900 MHz, pregnant mice were given a single, far-field, whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg for 60 min/day from day 1 to day 19 of gestation. Control mice were sham-exposed or freely mobile in a cage to control for any stress caused by restraint in the exposure module. Immediately prior to parturition on day 19, fetal brains were collected, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and paraffin-embedded. Three coronal sections encompassing a wide range of anatomical regions were cut from each brain and any stress response detected by immunostaining for HSP25, 32 and 70.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no induction of HSP32 or 70 in any brains, while HSP25 expression was limited to two brainstem nuclei and occurred consistently in exposed and non-exposed brains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whole of gestation exposure of fetal mouse brains to mobile phone radiofrequency fields did not produce any stress response using HSPs as an immunohistochemical marker.
authors.affiliation: Hanson Institute Centre for Neurological Diseases, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, PO Box 14 Rundle Mall, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Finnie
authors.forename: Glyn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chidlow
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Blumbergs
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manavis
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Cai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects*; D040421:Cell Phone; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000528:radiation effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology*; D011846:Radio Waves / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000528:radiation effects
chemical_list: D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins