title: Sex differences in child and adolescent mortality in the Nordic countries, 1981--2000.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Unlike the situation for infant and adult mortality, there are only a few studies on child and adolescent mortality. The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in child and adolescent mortality by age and cohort in four Nordic countries over a 20-year period.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all live-born children were received from national population-covering birth registries from 1981 to 2000 (Denmark, n = 1,184,926; Finland, n = 841,470 (from 1987 to 2000); Norway, n = 1,090,127; and Sweden, n = 1,961,911). Data on mortality and causes of death until the age of 20 years were received from the national cause-of-death registers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mortality rates were higher in Denmark and Norway than in Finland and Sweden, among both boys and girls, and the difference between countries increased over time. In all countries, boys had higher mortality rates than girls. Overall, the sex difference was larger in Denmark and Norway (36% and 33% higher, respectively) than in Finland and Sweden (both 24%). The sex differences were more pronounced for deaths of those aged 5-19 years than for those aged 0-4 years. Twelve per cent of all deaths among boys and 10% of those among girls were due to external causes, mainly unintentional injury deaths or intentional deaths. For children and adolescents aged 5-19 years, the corresponding figures were 43% for boys and 35% for girls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Boys have excess mortality, but the sex difference is lower in countries with lower mortality. Boys' excess mortality was only partly accounted for by deaths from external causes. Avoidable deaths and causes of death need further investigation.
authors.affiliation: THL National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. BOX 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland. mika.gissler@thl.fi
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gissler
authors.forename: Ossi
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rahkonen
authors.forename: Laust
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Arntzen
authors.forename: Sven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cnattingius
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Nybo Andersen
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hemminki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002423:Cause of Death; D002648:Child; D046688:Child Mortality; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D008297:Male; D009026:Mortality; D012042:Registries; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult