title: Spatial analysis and remote sensing for monitoring systems of Oncomelania nosophora following the eradication of schistosomiasis japonica in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan.
abstract: In order to develop an inexpensive, simple, and accurate method of monitoring for the reemergence of schistosomiasis japonica in Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan, the distribution and habitation density of the intermediate host, Oncomelania nosophora, were spatially analyzed using geographic information systems. The 1967-1968 density distribution maps prepared by Yamanashi Prefecture and Nihei were digitized and geocoded. The habitats and population density of O. nosophora were estimated by referring to the data compiled by the Yamanashi Association for Schistosomiasis Control (1977). These earlier findings were compared with average population densities between 1996 and 2000 previously recorded (Nihei, N., Kajihara, N., Kirinoki, M., et al., Parasitol. Int., 52, 395-401, 2003 and Nihei, N., Kajihara, N., Kirinoki, M., et al., Parasitol. Int., 53, 199-205, 2004). A variance map was created to compare the spatial distribution maps of population density from each of the two periods of interest. The changes in distribution were remarkable and the map was found to be effective for future control. The most appropriate monitoring sites were chosen on the basis of the spatial population density maps and the variance map. Moreover, the paddy fields at risk were extracted using the normalized difference vegetation index value based on Advanced Land Observation Satellite images. The combination of this method with the global positioning system provides an inexpensive means of monitoring modern schistosomiasis endemic areas in Japan and also in China, the Philippines, and other countries as well, where the intermediate snail grows in paddy fields and marshlands under consistently wet conditions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan. niheigeo@nih.go.jp
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nihei
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Komagata
authors.forename: Mutsuo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kobayashi
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saitoh
authors.forename: Kan-Ichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D017753:Ecosystem; D049851:Gastropoda; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D007564:Japan; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017215:Satellite Communications; D012554:Schistosomiasis japonica / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013686:Telemetry / Q000379:methods*