title: Influence of low temperature on rate of development of Meloidogyne incognita and M. hapla larvae.
abstract: Development of Meloidogyne incognita and M. hapla larvae in clover roots was studied at 20, 16, 12, and 8 C in growth chambers and in the field from fall through spring, in North Carolina. Larvae of both species invaded roots and developed at 20, 16, and 12 C, but not at 8 C. The time necessary to complete the larval stages at each temperature was determined. The minimal temperature for development of M. incognita larvae was 10.08 C and 8.8 C for M. hapla larvae. In the field, soil temperature at 10 cm deep was favorable for development of larvae until the end of November, and again from February on. All stages of the nematodes survived freezing temperatures in the roots. Reproduction of both species was evident in March or Apri1 after inoculation and accumulation of 8,500 to 11,250 degree-hours.
authors.forename: T C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Vrain
authors.forename: K R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Barker
authors.forename: G I
authors.initials: GI
authors.lastname: Holtzman