title: Expertise differences in attentional strategies related to pilot decision making.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated expertise differences in pilot decision making by examining a hypothesized attention-action link. During simulated flight we measured the accuracy and latency of more and less expert pilots' decision outcomes and used eye tracking to measure their attention. We also examined whether decision outcomes and attentional strategies were influenced by properties of the cues indicating problems.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Errors in decision making contribute to many accidents and incidents, especially among inexperienced pilots. Although much is known about decision errors in terms of their outcomes, less is known about the cognitive processes that underlie expert differences in aviation decision making.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen more expert and 14 less expert pilots flew 16 flights in a simulator. Half of the flights contained a failure requiring diagnosis and action in response to the failure. Cues signaling the failures varied in how diagnostic and/or correlated they were.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The more expert pilots generally made better decisions in terms of speed and accuracy. Both groups made faster correct decisions when cues were high versus low in diagnosticity. Only the more expert pilots made faster correct decisions when cues were correlated. More attention was allocated to relevant cues (measured by percentage dwell time on areas of interest) when a failure was present, primarily among expert pilots. Moreover, the amount of attention to cues was associated with decision accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings support the link between greater attention and more effective decision making.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expert advantage in attention underlying decision outcomes may provide targets for improving pilot training.
authors.affiliation: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
authors.forename: Angela T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Schriver
authors.forename: Daniel G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Morrow
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Wickens
authors.forename: Donald A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Talleur
mesh_terms: D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000517:prevention & control; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001288:Attention; D001359:Aviation; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003463:Cues; D003657:Decision Making; D005133:Eye Movements; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011361:Professional Competence; D011930:Reaction Time; D012107:Research Design; D013997:Time Factors