title: Urea breath test in children: the United States prospective, multicenter study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The urea breath test (UBT) is generally considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infections in adults.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the utility and accuracy of urea breath testing in children from the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children scheduled to undergo upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for various clinical symptoms underwent a 13C-UBT using the US standard protocol for adults. Results were compared with rapid urease testing (RUT), culture, and histology. H. pylori positivity was defined according to the FDA, Division of Anti-Infective Drug Products criteria, i.e. positive culture and/or positive RUT and histology. H. pylori negativity was defined as all tests negative. Results were evaluated by delta over baseline (DOB) and urea hydrolysis rate (UHR).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 176 children from five centers were evaluated; 48 were infected. Compared to the defined standard, the results with the UBT based on delta over baseline (DOB) cut-off value (positive: > or = 2.4 per thousand) showed that the sensitivity and specificity of the UBT were 97.9% and 96.1%, respectively. Based on the UHR cut-off value (positive: > or = 10.0 microg/min), the sensitivity and specificity were 95.8% and 99.2%. In young children (2- to 5-year olds), sensitivity and specificity of UHR method were higher than the DOB method (100% and 100% vs 100% and 82.4%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The US standard (13)C-UBT proved to be both simple and accurate for the diagnosis of H. pylori infections in children. The UHR method to calculate of (13)C-UBT result provided excellent results for children of all ages.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Gastroenterology, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia 25701, USA. elitsur@marshall.edu
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Elitsur
authors.forename: Vasundhara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tolia
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Gilger
authors.forename: Jesse
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Reeves-Garcia
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmidt-Sommerfeld
authors.forename: Antone R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Opekun
authors.forename: Hala
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El-Zimaity
authors.forename: David Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Enmei
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001944:Breath Tests / Q000379:methods*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000378:metabolism; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D016481:Helicobacter Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016480:Helicobacter pylori / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014481:United States; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D014508:Urea