title: SDF-1alpha up-regulates interleukin-6 through CXCR4, PI3K/Akt, ERK, and NF-kappaB-dependent pathway in microglia.
abstract: Stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1), also known as CXCL12, and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) express in various kinds of cells in central nervous system. The SDF-1/CXCR4 signaling pathway is regulated by diverse biological effects. SDF-1 is up-regulated in the ischemic penumbra following stroke and has been known to be associated with the homing of bone marrow cells to injury. However, the effect of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 on cytokine production in microglia is mostly unknown. Here, we demonstrated that SDF-1alpha enhanced IL-6 production in both primary cultured microglia and BV-2 microglia. We further investigated the signaling pathway involved in IL-6 production stimulated by SDF-1alpha in microglia. SDF-1alpha increased IL-6 production in both protein and mRNA levels. These effects were attenuated by ERK, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), NF-kappaB inhibitors, and IkappaB protease inhibitor. Stimulation of microglia with SDF-1alpha also increased Akt and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In addition, SDF-1alpha treatment also increased IkappaB kinase alpha/beta (IKK alpha/beta) phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha degradation, p65 phosphorylation at Ser(276), translocation of p65 and p50 from cytosol to nucleus and kappaB-luciferase activity. Moreover, SDF-1alpha-mediated increase of kappaB-luciferase activity was inhibited by pre-transfection of DN-p85, DN-Akt or DN-ERK2. Increase of IKK alpha/beta phosphorylation and binding of p65 and p50 to the NF-kappaB element were both antagonized by PI3K and ERK inhibitors. Our results demonstrate a mechanism linking SDF-1alpha and IL-6, and provide additional support for the notion that SDF-1alpha plays a regulatory role in microglia activation.
authors.affiliation: Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
authors.forename: Dah-Yuu
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Chih-Hsin
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Wei-Lan
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Kar-Lok
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Chih-Peng
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Yi-Hung
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chih-Ho
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lai
authors.forename: Yuh-Fung
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yuk-Man
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Leung
authors.forename: Wen-Mei
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Fu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D054377:Chemokine CXCL12 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D054377:Chemokine CXCL12; D015850:Interleukin-6; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D051550:I-kappa B Kinase; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases