title: Association between ultrasound findings and extent of trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall in ampullary pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Predictive factors of damage to the Fallopian tube may guide the treatment of patients with tubal pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the depth of trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall, assessed on postoperative histological examination, with the findings obtained on transvaginal sonography (TVS) in women with ampullary pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Women with ampullary pregnancy undergoing salpingectomy were enrolled into the study. Only women with a finding of either an embryo with cardiac activity or a tubal ring on TVS were included in the analysis, a total of 85 patients. Trophoblastic invasion was assessed postoperatively and was histologically classified as Stage I when limited to the tubal mucosa, Stage II when extending to the muscle layer and Stage III in the case of complete tubal wall infiltration. The association between findings on TVS and the stage of trophoblastic invasion was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a significant association between the findings on TVS and the depth of trophoblastic invasion (P < 0.001). All patients in whom an embryo with cardiac activity had been identified were found to have Stage II (17.9%) or Stage III (82.1%) invasion, whereas in those patients who showed a tubal ring on TVS, Stage I invasion was the most frequent finding (41.3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In ampullary pregnancy, the finding on TVS of an embryo with cardiac activity is associated with deeper penetration of trophoblastic tissue into the tubal wall than is the finding of a tubal ring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: F R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Cabar
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schultz
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zugaib
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005187:Fallopian Tubes / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000196:embryology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011247:Pregnancy; D011271:Pregnancy, Ectopic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult