title: Early cellular signaling responses to axonal injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We have used optic nerve injury as a model to study early signaling events in neuronal tissue following axonal injury. Optic nerve injury results in the selective death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The time course of cell death takes place over a period of days with the earliest detection of RGC death at about 48 hr post injury. We hypothesized that in the period immediately following axonal injury, there are changes in the soma that signal surrounding glia and neurons and that start programmed cell death. In the current study, we investigated early changes in cellular signaling and gene expression that occur within the first 6 hrs post optic nerve injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found evidence of cell to cell signaling within 30 min of axonal injury. We detected differences in phosphoproteins and gene expression within the 6 hrs time period. Activation of TNFalpha and glutamate receptors, two pathways that can initiate cell death, begins in RGCs within 6 hrs following axonal injury. Differential gene expression at 6 hrs post injury included genes involved in cytokine, neurotrophic factor signaling (Socs3) and apoptosis (Bax).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We interpret our studies to indicate that both neurons and glia in the retina have been signaled within 30 min after optic nerve injury. The signals are probably initiated by the RGC soma. In addition, signals activating cellular death pathways occur within 6 hrs of injury, which likely lead to RGC degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Forsythe Laboratory for the Investigation of the Aging Retina, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA. t-lukas@northwestern.edu.
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Lukas
authors.forename: Ai Ling
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yuan
authors.forename: Arthur H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Neufeld