title: Laboratory and field cage studies on female-targeted attract-and-kill bait stations for Anastrepha suspensa (Diptera: Tephritidae).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Development of attract-and-kill bait stations for pest fruit flies has been limited by the water solubility of sugar needed as a feeding stimulant and by the volatility of chemical attractants. A wax-based matrix was developed that provides the longevity needed for field use and is biodegradable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Laboratory bioassays with the Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), confirmed the efficacy of bait stations containing avermectin, methomyl, spinosad and phloxine B. Field cage studies demonstrated that significant mortality occurred with either 1% (w/v) spinosad or 1% (w/v) methomyl bait stations versus pesticide-free bait stations. Bait stations were exposed to environmental conditions by placing them in trees at the ARS station in Miami, Florida, between tests. There was no loss in efficacy, in spite of exposure to over 360 mm of rainfall over the 56 days of the study, indicating that the bait stations could provide population suppression for at least 1-2 months when used in subtropical environments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A long-lasting, female-targeted fruit fly bait station, such as the one developed herein, could provide a cost-effective option for fruit fly population suppression that would be an important tool in tephritid pest management and control. Additional studies are needed to demonstrate efficacy against wild fruit fly populations and determine deployment strategies.
authors.affiliation: USDA-ARS, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL 33158, USA. Bob.Heath@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Robert R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Lavallee
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schnell
authors.forename: David G
authors.initials: DG
authors.lastname: Midgarden
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Epsky
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004338:Drug Combinations; D010697:Eosine I Bluish / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D007300:Insect Control / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology; D018942:Macrolides / Q000494:pharmacology; D008724:Methomyl / Q000494:pharmacology; D033621:Tephritidae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007306:Insecticides; D018942:Macrolides; D008724:Methomyl; D010697:Eosine I Bluish; C415329:spinosad