title: Comparison of organic and inorganic germanium compounds in cellular radiosensitivity and preparation of germanium nanoparticles as a radiosensitizer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this work is to compare the radiosensitizing effect between organic and inorganic germanium compounds and to investigate whether nanometer-sized germanium particles can act as radiosensitizers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bis (2-carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132), germanium oxide (GeO(2)) and germanium nanoparticles were used in this study. Cell viability was determined by clonogenic survival assay. Cellular DNA damage was evaluated by alkaline comet assay, confocal microscopy and the cellular level of phospho-histone H2AX (gamma-H2AX).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nanometer-sized germanium particles were fabricated. They have a similar radiosensitizing effect as that of GeO(2). Conversely, Ge-132 did not enhance the radiosensitivity of cells. Comet assay was employed to evaluate the level of DNA damage and confirmed that inorganic germanium compounds enhanced cellular radiosensitivity. Notably, the comet assay indicated that the nanoparticle itself caused a higher level of DNA damage. The possibility that germanium nanoparticles per se caused DNA damage was ruled out when the cellular level of gamma-H2AX was examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We demonstrated that inorganic but not organic germanium compounds exerted radiosensitizing effect in cells. Nanometer-sized germanium particles were fabricated and were able to enhance the radiosensitivity of cells. Confounding effect may occur when comet assay is used to estimate the level of DNA damage in the presence of germanium nanoparticles.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Ming-Hsing
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tzu-Sheng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Pei-Ming
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Meng-Yen
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Tsong-Pyng
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Perng
authors.forename: Lih-Yuan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D005857:Germanium / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009942:Organometallic Compounds / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011422:Propionates; D011836:Radiation Tolerance / Q000187:drug effects; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011422:Propionates; D011838:Radiation-Sensitizing Agents; D005857:Germanium; C066750:propagermanium; C040516:germanium oxide