title: Management of prehospital seizure patients by paramedics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Seizure patients are frequently encountered in the prehospital environment and have the potential to need advanced interventions, though the utility of advanced life support (ALS) interventions in many of these patients has not been proven.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our goals were to assess the management of prehospital seizure patients by paramedics in an urban EMS system with an existing ALS-based prehospital seizure protocol and to assess characteristics and short-term outcomes that may aid in addressing the utility of specific ALS interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a retrospective study of 97 EMS cases with the chief complaint of seizure. Prehospital records were reviewed for patient and event characteristics, including past seizure history, seizure timing, level of consciousness, on-scene and transport times, and EMS interventions. Emergency department (ED) records were reviewed for recurrence of seizure activity, ED evaluation, and disposition. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Student t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 87 patients meeting the protocol inclusion criteria for all ALS interventions, 11 (12.6%) received cardiac monitoring, 55 (63.2%) had intravenous (IV) access attempted, and 56 (64.4%) had blood glucose determination. Average on-scene time was 5.9 minutes longer if IV access was attempted (p = 0.001), though transport times were not significantly different (11.6 versus 11.3 minutes, respectively; p = 0.851). Additional seizure activity occurred in the prehospital and/or ED settings in 28 patients (28.9% of all cases), including 17 in the prehospital setting and 15 in the ED. Diazepam was administered by EMS for half of the eight (8.2%) patients who had seizures lasting more than 1 minute, while the remainder had seizures that were focal or spontaneously resolved.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a lower-than-anticipated level of compliance with an ALS-based prehospital seizure protocol, though patient-specific care appeared appropriate. Prehospital seizure patients have the potential for seizure recurrence and may benefit from focused ALS interventions, but their heterogeneity makes uniform protocols difficult to develop and follow.
authors.affiliation: University of Pittsburgh Affiliated Residency in Emergency Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Martin-Gill
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hostler
authors.forename: Clifton W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prunty
authors.forename: Ronald N
authors.initials: RN
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D022561:Advanced Cardiac Life Support; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009518:New York; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012640:Seizures / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000628:therapy; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants