title: Keratin-lipid structural organization in the corneous layer of snake.
abstract: The shed epidermis (molt) of snakes comprises four distinct layers. The upper two layers, here considered as beta-layer, contain essentially beta-keratin. The following layer, known as mesos-layer, is similar to the human stratum corneum, and is formed by thin cells surrounded by intercellular lipids. The latter layer mainly contains alpha-keratin. In this study, the molecular assemblies of proteins and lipids contained in these layers have been analyzed in the scale of two species of snakes, the elapid Tiger snake (TS, Notechis scutatus) and the viperid Gabon viper (GV, Bitis gabonica). Scanning X-ray micro-diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, thermal analysis, and scanning electron microscopy experiments confirm the presence of the three layers in the GV skin scale. Conversely, in the TS molt a typical alpha-keratin layer appears to be absent. In the latter, experimental data suggest the presence of two domains similar to those found in the lipid intercellular matrix of stratum corneum. X-ray diffraction data also allow to determine the relative orientation of keratins and lipids. The keratin fibrils are randomly oriented inside the layers parallel to the surface of scales while the lipids are organized in lamellar structures having aliphatic chains normal to the scale surface. The high ordered lipid organization in the mature mesos layer probably increases its effectiveness in limiting water-loss.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Chimica, Alma Mater Studiorum, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ripamonti
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Alibardi
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Falini
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fermani
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gazzano
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004817:Epidermis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007633:Keratins / Q000737:chemistry*; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012867:Skin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D012911:Snakes / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D013045:Species Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013696:Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D007633:Keratins