title: Rhinitis associated with pesticide exposure among commercial pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Rhinitis is common, but the risk factors are not well described. To investigate the association between current rhinitis and pesticide use, we used data from 2245 Iowa commercial pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using logistic regression models adjusted for age, education and growing up on a farm, we evaluated the association between current rhinitis and 34 pesticides used in the past year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  74% of commercial pesticide applicators reported at least one episode of rhinitis in the past year (current rhinitis). Five pesticides used in the past year were significantly positively associated with current rhinitis: the herbicides 2,4-D, glyphosate and petroleum oil, the insecticide diazinon and the fungicide benomyl. The association for 2,4-D and glyphosate was limited to individuals who used both in the past year (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.77). Both petroleum oil and diazinon showed consistent evidence of an association with rhinitis, based on both current use and exposure-response models. We saw no evidence of confounding by common agricultural rhinitis triggers such as handling grain or hay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to pesticides may increase the risk of rhinitis.
authors.affiliation: Center for Human Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: R E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Slager
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Poole
authors.forename: T D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: LeVan
authors.forename: D P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Sandler
authors.forename: M C R
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Alavanja
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hoppin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D001542:Benomyl / Q000633:toxicity; D003976:Diazinon / Q000633:toxicity; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis; D010105:Oxygenases / Q000633:toxicity; D010575:Pesticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D001542:Benomyl; D003976:Diazinon; D005998:Glycine; D010105:Oxygenases; D010575:Pesticides; D010578:Petroleum; D000097797:Glyphosate; C044174:2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid monooxygenase