title: Fermented ginseng improves the first-night effect in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to clarify whether ginseng fermented by lactic acid bacteria (fermented ginseng, FG), can improve the first-night effect (FNE) in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Behavioral tests and quantification of mRNA expression related to GABAergic neurotransmission in brain (glutamic acid decarboxylase 1, gamma-aminobutyrate aminotransferase [Abat], gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 [GAT1], gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 4, gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit alpha 1 and gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor subunit alpha 2) were carried out in FG-treated mice. We also performed double-blind sleep recordings of human subjects given FG or placebo.
  
  
  METHODS
  A university-based sleep laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen healthy male volunteers (aged 20.69 +/- 0.44 years) were observed in the human study.
  
  
  METHODS
  At the end of administration, 2 consecutive all-night polysomnography recordings were performed. Subjects also completed psychological questionnaires, and urine and saliva samples were taken to analyze stress-sensitive markers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The light-dark transition test demonstrated that FG had some anxiolytic effect in mice, but other anxiety measures were unaffected. The hippocampal mRNA expression showed a decrease of Abat and GAT1 suggesting an increase of GABA. Other regions (amygdala and cerebellum) showed no differences. Furthermore, there was some evidence (using simple pairwise comparisons but not supported in the full ANOVA model) that administration of FG tended to diminish decreases in total sleep time and sleep efficiency (seen as first night effects in the placebo group) without affecting sleep architecture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest the administration of FG could improve the FNE in humans. The improvement may be related to an anxiolytic effect of FG which acts via GABAergic modification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Integrative Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazuyoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kitaoka
authors.forename: Kaoru
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Okamoto
authors.forename: Sachiko
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chikahisa
authors.forename: Toshitsugu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miyazaki
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Takeda
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Séi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005239:Fear / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007778:Lactobacillus; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D005894:Panax; D010555:Personality Inventory; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017286:Polysomnography / Q000523:psychology*; D011292:Premedication; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D055815:Young Adult; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D036145:Ginsenosides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid