title: Evidence that plasmid-borne botulinum neurotoxin type B genes are widespread among Clostridium botulinum serotype B strains.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plasmids that encode certain subtypes of the botulinum neurotoxin type B have recently been detected in some Clostridium botulinum strains. The objective of the present study was to investigate the frequency with which plasmid carriage of the botulinum neurotoxin type B gene (bont/B) occurs in strains of C. botulinum type B, Ab, and A(B), and whether plasmid carriage is bont/B subtype-related.
  
  
  RESULTS
  PCR-Restriction fragment length polymorphism was employed to identify subtypes of the bont/B gene. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization with specific probes were performed to analyze the genomic location of the bont/B subtype genes. All five known bont/B subtype genes were detected among the strains; the most frequently detected subtype genes were bont/B1 and /B2. Surprisingly, the bont/B subtype gene was shown to be plasmid-borne in >50% of the total strains. The same bont/B subtype gene was associated with the chromosome in some strains, whereas it was associated with a plasmid in others. All five known bont/B subtype genes were in some cases found to reside on plasmids, though with varying frequency (e.g., most of the bont/B1 subtype genes were located on plasmids, whereas all but one of the bont/B2 subtypes were chromosomally-located). Three bivalent isolates carried both bont/A and /B genes on the same plasmid. The plasmids carrying the bont gene were five different sizes, ranging from approximately 55 kb to approximately 245 kb.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The unexpected finding of the widespread distribution of plasmids harboring the bont/B gene among C. botulinum serotype B strains provides a chance to examine their contribution to the dissemination of the bont genes among heterogeneous clostridia, with potential implications on issues related to pathogenesis and food safety.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Public Health, Unit of Microorganisms and Food Technologies, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy. giovanna.franciosa@iss.it
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franciosa
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maugliani
authors.forename: Concetta
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Scalfaro
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aureli
mesh_terms: D015139:Blotting, Southern; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000235:genetics*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial; D003014:Clostridium botulinum / Q000235:genetics*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D010957:Plasmids
chemical_list: C096323:rimabotulinumtoxinB; D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A