title: Assessing competition avoidance as a basic personality dimension.
abstract: The lack of an adequate psychometric instrument has impeded personality theory testing in the area of competition avoidance. The authors conducted 6 studies in an attempt to remedy this deficiency by constructing an individual-difference measure of competition avoidance. In line with K. Horney's (1937) interpersonal theory of neurosis, participants who were higher in competition avoidance showed higher levels of neuroticism, greater fears of both success and failure, a lower desire to prove themselves in competitive situations, higher levels of self-handicapping, and more maladaptiveness than those participants who were lower in competition avoidance. Also, they were more modest and willing to conform to group standards than were those lower in competition avoidance. The authors discuss the measure's potential usefulness as a diagnostic and assessment tool in academic, athletic, and clinical settings.
authors.affiliation: University of Maine, Department of Psychology, Orono, ME 04469, USA. richard.ryckman@umit.maine.edu
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ryckman
authors.forename: Bill
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Thornton
authors.forename: Joel A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Gold
mesh_terms: D003163:Competitive Behavior; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult