title: Fluoropyrimidine-associated cardiotoxicity: revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The syndrome of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-associated cardiotoxicity remains poorly defined.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a literature review (1969 - 2007) and compiled data derived from 377 evaluable cases out of 448 reported cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patient age ranged from 14 to 86 years. Of the patients 65% were 55 years old and the male:female ratio was 1.5:1. The most commonly treated tumors were gastrointestinal (60%), head and neck (22%) and breast (4%). Of the patients 14% had a history of heart disease whereas cardiac risk factors were found in 37%. Mode of administration included: continuous infusion (72%); bolus (22.5%); intermediate infusion (3%); oral (2%); and intraperitoneal (1 patient). The dosages of 5-FU used were < 750 mg/m(2)/day (36%), 751 - 999 (16%), 1,000 (26%), 1,001 - 1,499 (4%) and 1,500 (16%). Of the patients 54% received 5-FU in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents (cisplatin 44%) whereas 51% received 5-FU alone or with leucovorin. Only 4% patients had undergone previous or concomitant radiation therapy to the mediastinum. Of cardiac incidents that happened 69% were seen during or within 72 h of the first cycle of 5-FU. Angina occurred in 45% of patients whereas myocardial infarction was seen in 22%, arrhythmias in 23, acute pulmonary edema in 5, cardiac arrest and pericarditis in 1.4 and heart failure in 2. Electro-cardiographic evidence of ischemia or ST-T changes were recorded in 69% of patients, but abnormal cardiac enzymes were found in only 12%. The cardiac symptoms were reproducible in 47%, including in one patient subsequently treated with 5-FU p.o. Symptoms were also elicited when the same patients were treated with lower doses or different schedules. Of the patients 68% responded to conservative anti-anginal therapy, although prophylactic coronary vasodilators had limited efficacy. Overall, 8% of patients showing cardiotoxicity on 5-FU administration died. Furthermore, 13% reexposed to 5-FU died.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our review suggests that 5-FU cardiotoxicity is an infrequent but real phenomenon that is independent of dose and may be related to a continuous infusion schedule. The presence of cardiac risk factors is not predictive. Patients should be observed closely and 5-FU administration discontinued if cardiac symptoms develop. A rechallenge with 5-FU should be reserved only for those patients in whom there is no reasonable alternative therapy and should be performed in the setting of aggressive prophylaxis and close monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Yale University School of Medicine, FMP 116, CT 06520, New Haven, USA. wasif.saif@yale.edu
authors.forename: M Wasif
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Saif
authors.forename: Manasi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Anuj R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004333:Drug Administration Routes; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy; D012307:Risk Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002945:Cisplatin; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil