title: The spectrum of hand and foot malformations in patients with Greig cephalopolysyndactyly.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (GCPS) (OMIM 175700), a rare autosomal dominant disorder, is characterized by a distinct combination of craniofacial, hand and foot malformations. The hand and foot malformations often require orthopedic assessment and treatment. The disorder is caused by point mutations or deletions in the GLI3 gene, located on chromosome 7p14.3. Herewith, we review the hand and foot malformations in a cohort of 13 patients referred for genetic testing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical files of 13 patients with GCPS seen at the Center for Human Genetics in Leuven between 2003 and 2005. Clinical, molecular and radiological findings, when available, were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified six different point mutations in the GLI3 gene, two microdeletions and three larger chromosomal deletions. In the hands, preaxial polydactyly was never observed, but the malformations included postaxial polydactyly, broad thumbs, clinodactyly of the thumbs and various degrees of syndactyly. In the feet the spectrum of malformations included preaxial polydactyly, postaxial polydactyly, different degrees of syndactyly and broad halluces. Syndactyly of the toes and hallux abnormalities were present in all patients. Most frequently, syndactyly was present between toes 1-2-3. The broadening of the hallux was either due to a complete or partial duplication of the first toe or to broadening of the distal phalanx. Mental retardation was found in three cases and was associated with a large chromosomal deletion of the GLI3 region.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found the classic hand and foot malformations associated with GCPS in our cohort of patients. Patients with a large chromosomal deletion had mental retardation, but no structural brain anomalies were found.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthopaedics, Department of Musculoskeletal Science, University Hospital Pellenberg, Weligerveld 1, 3212, Pellenberg, Belgium, philippe.debeer@uz.kuleuven.ac.be.
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Debeer
authors.forename: Koen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Devriendt
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Smet
authors.forename: Thomy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Deravel
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Meneses
authors.forename: Karl-Heinz
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Grzeschik
authors.forename: Jean-Pierre
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryns