title: Independent factors associated with depression in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: Diabetes has been associated with depression since Thomas Willis' work in 1684 (Rubin and Peyrot in Diabetes Metab Rev 18:173-175, 2002). The aim of this study is to identify social and clinical factors independently associated with depression in individuals with type 1 diabetes. We carried out a descriptive transversal study with 110 type 1 diabetes patients, administered a questionnaire and obtained demographical and diabetes-related data (number of years from diagnosis, initial admission at diagnosis, glycated hemoglobin, number of complications, insulin dose, number of insulin injections per day, admission for ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia at diagnosis, and specific diabetes complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, peripheral neuropathy, coronariopathy, and amputation). Depressive symptoms were quantified using the Hamilton Score. We used T tests to investigate potential relations between the covariates and depression (Hamilton score). We concluded the following: as few as 10% of our patients had glycated hemoglobin under 7%; women had more symptoms of depression, and there are four independent factors associated with depression in individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus: age, Graffar score, admission for ketoacidosis, and insulin dose.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Nossa Senhora do Rosário, Barreiro, Portugal. lucsarte@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Lucas Francisco
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Manarte
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Góis
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Boavida
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human