title: Humanism and its critiques in nursing research literature.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper raises for debate the issue of how humanist ideas have been taken up by nurse scholars, particularly in research literature.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Many nurses from the mid-1970s onwards have described and promoted humanism as an appropriate philosophical basis for nursing practice and research. This has been partly in an attempt to sharply differentiate the profession from medicine, and later, managerialism, which have been represented as reductionist and failing to adequately respond to the whole patient.
  
  
  METHODS
  A summary of definitions of humanism and critiques of humanism in broad philosophical literature is followed by an examination and critique of literature appearing in PubMed published within nursing scholarship from 1976 to 2007 which discusses or promotes humanism in nursing practice or research.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Writers have attempted to enhance the importance of nursing by associating it with the humanistic project of accepting responsibility for realizing our human potential. They have promoted a version of research which is qualitative and centres on understanding individual lifeworlds of research participants because of a strong valuing of the experiences and perspectives of the individual. Much of the literature on this topic describes this humanism in dualistic contrast to medico-scientific reductionism and objectivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Some of the presentations of humanistic nursing lack rigour and can be seen as doing little more than reproducing professional ideology. Scholars and others in the field of nursing could take the trouble to submit these ideologies to proper scrutiny.
authors.affiliation: School of Health and Social Sciences, Middlesex University, UK. m.traynor@mdx.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Traynor
mesh_terms: D005069:Evaluation Studies as Topic; D006808:Humanism; D006801:Humans; D015399:Nursing Research / Q000592:standards*; D036301:Qualitative Research