title: Systematic review of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy/ artificial intelligence for the diagnosis of melanoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy of the unaided eye for melanoma, and digital dermoscopy with artificial intelligence or computer diagnosis has also been shown useful for the diagnosis of melanoma. At present there is no clear evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy compared with artificial intelligence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy/artificial intelligence for melanoma diagnosis and to compare the diagnostic accuracy of the different dermoscopic algorithms with each other and with digital dermoscopy/artificial intelligence for the detection of melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search on dermoscopy and digital dermoscopy/artificial intelligence for melanoma diagnosis was performed using several databases. Titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were screened using a literature evaluation form. A quality assessment form was developed to assess the quality of the included studies. Heterogeneity among the studies was assessed. Pooled data were analysed using meta-analytical methods and comparisons between different algorithms were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 765 articles retrieved, 30 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity for artificial intelligence was slightly higher than for dermoscopy (91% vs. 88%; P = 0.076). Pooled specificity for dermoscopy was significantly better than artificial intelligence (86% vs. 79%; P < 0.001). Pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 51.5 for dermoscopy and 57.8 for artificial intelligence, which were not significantly different (P = 0.783). There were no significance differences in diagnostic odds ratio among the different dermoscopic diagnostic algorithms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dermoscopy and artificial intelligence performed equally well for diagnosis of melanocytic skin lesions. There was no significant difference in the diagnostic performance of various dermoscopy algorithms. The three-point checklist, the seven-point checklist and Menzies score had better diagnostic odds ratios than the others; however, these results need to be confirmed by a large-scale high-quality population-based study.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK. sanjay.rajpara@nhs.net
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Rajpara
authors.forename: A P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Botello
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Townend
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Ormerod
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D046169:Dermoscopy / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards; D008545:Melanoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology