title: Intellectual, adaptive, and behavioral functioning in children with urea cycle disorders.
abstract: Inborn errors of urea synthesis lead to an accumulation of ammonia in blood and brain and result in high rates of mortality and neurodevelopmental disability. This study seeks to characterize the cognitive, adaptive, and emotional/behavioral functioning of children with urea cycle disorders (UCDs). These domains were measured through testing and parent questionnaires in 92 children with UCDs [33 neonatal onset (NO), 59 late onset (LO)]. Results indicate that children who present with NO have poorer outcome than those who present later in childhood. Approximately half of the children with NO performed in the range of intellectual disability (ID), including a substantial number ( approximately 30%) who were severely impaired. In comparison, only a quarter of the LO group was in the range of ID. There is also evidence that the UCD group has difficulties in aspects of emotional/behavioral and executive skills domains. In conclusion, children with UCDs present with a wide spectrum of cognitive outcomes. Children with NO disease have a much higher likelihood of having an ID, which becomes even more evident with increasing age. However, even children with LO UCDs demonstrate evidence of neurocognitive and behavioral impairment, particularly in aspects of attention and executive functioning.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20010, USA. lkrivitz@cnmc.org
authors.forename: Lauren
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Krivitzky
authors.forename: Talin
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Babikian
authors.forename: Hye-Seung
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Nina Hattiangadi
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Burk-Paull
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Batshaw
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000209:etiology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D008661:Metabolism, Inborn Errors / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014508:Urea / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014508:Urea