title: Surplus value of hip adduction in leg-press exercise in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A common treatment for patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is strength (force-generating capacity) training of the vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO). Hip adduction in conjunction with knee extension is commonly used in clinical practice; however, evidence supporting the efficacy of this exercise is lacking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to determine the surplus effect of hip adduction on the VMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in a kinesiology laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-nine patients with PFPS participated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups: hip adduction combined with leg-press exercise (LPHA group), leg-press exercise only (LP group), or no exercise (control group). Training consisted of 3 weekly sessions for 8 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ratings of worst pain as measured with a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS-W), Lysholm scale scores, and measurements of VMO morphology (including cross-sectional area [CSA] and volume) were obtained before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements in VAS-W ratings, Lysholm scale scores, and VMO CSA and volume were observed after the intervention in both exercise groups, but not in the control group. Significantly greater improvements for VAS-W ratings, Lysholm scale scores, and VMO volume were apparent in the LP group compared with the control group. There were no differences between the LP and LPHA groups for any measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only the VMO was examined by ultrasonography. The resistance level for hip adduction and the length of intervention period may have been inadequate to induce a training effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar changes in pain reduction, functional improvement, and VMO hypertrophy were observed in both exercise groups. Incorporating hip adduction with leg-press exercise had no impact on outcome in patients with PFPS.
authors.affiliation: School and Graduate Institute of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chen-Yi
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Yeong-Fwu
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tung-Ching
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Da-Hon
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tzu-Yu
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yen
authors.forename: Mei-Hwa
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Jan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006621:Hip Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D019415:Torque; D016474:Weight-Bearing