title: Sagittal-plane trunk position, landing forces, and quadriceps electromyographic activity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Researchers have suggested that large landing forces, excessive quadriceps activity, and an erect posture during landing are risk factors for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The influence of knee kinematics on these risk factors has been investigated extensively, but trunk positioning has received little attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effect of trunk flexion on landing forces and quadriceps activation during landing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two (sex) x 2 (task) repeated-measures design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty healthy, physically active volunteers (20 men, 20 women).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants performed 2 drop-landing tasks. The first task represented the natural, or preferred, landing strategy. The second task was identical to the first except that participants flexed the trunk during landing.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured peak vertical and posterior ground reaction forces and mean quadriceps electromyographic amplitude during the loading phase of landing (ie, the interval from initial ground contact to peak knee flexion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Trunk flexion decreased the vertical ground reaction force (P < .001) and quadriceps electromyographic amplitude (P < .001). The effect of trunk flexion did not differ across sex for landing forces or quadriceps electromyographic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found that trunk flexion during landing reduced landing forces and quadriceps activity, thus potentially reducing the force imparted to the ACL. Research has indicated that trunk flexion during landing also increases knee and hip flexion, resulting in a less erect landing posture. In combination, these findings support emphasis on trunk flexion during landing as part of ACL injury-prevention programs.
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-8605, USA. troyb@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: J Troy
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Blackburn
authors.forename: Darin A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Padua
mesh_terms: D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D052097:Quadriceps Muscle / Q000502:physiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012737:Sex Factors; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D055815:Young Adult