title: Growth hormone-releasing hormone promotes survival of cardiac myocytes in vitro and protects against ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rat heart.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothalamic neuropeptide growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) stimulates GH synthesis and release in the pituitary. GHRH also exerts proliferative effects in extrapituitary cells, whereas GHRH antagonists have been shown to suppress cancer cell proliferation. We investigated GHRH effects on cardiac myocyte cell survival and the underlying signalling mechanisms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed GHRH receptor (GHRH-R) mRNA in adult rat ventricular myocytes (ARVMs) and in rat heart H9c2 cells. In ARVMs, GHRH prevented cell death and caspase-3 activation induced by serum starvation and by the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. The GHRH-R antagonist JV-1-36 abolished GHRH survival action under both experimental conditions. GHRH-induced cardiac cell protection required extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt activation and adenylyl cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A signalling. Isoproterenol strongly upregulated the mRNA and protein of the pro-apoptotic inducible cAMP early repressor, whereas GHRH completely blocked this effect. Similar to ARVMs, in H9c2 cardiac cells, GHRH inhibited serum starvation- and isoproterenol-induced cell death and apoptosis through the same signalling pathways. Finally, GHRH improved left ventricular recovery during reperfusion and reduced infarct size in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts, subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. These effects involved PI3K/Akt signalling and were inhibited by JV-1-36.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that GHRH promotes cardiac myocyte survival through multiple signalling mechanisms and protects against I/R injury in isolated rat heart, indicating a novel cardioprotective role of this hormone.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126 Turin, Italy. riccarda.granata@unito.it
authors.forename: Riccarda
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Granata
authors.forename: Letizia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trovato
authors.forename: Maria Pia
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Gallo
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Destefanis
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Settanni
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Scarlatti
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brero
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ramella
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volante
authors.forename: Jorgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Isgaard
authors.forename: Renzo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Levi
authors.forename: Mauro
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Papotti
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alloatti
authors.forename: Ezio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ghigo
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019610:Cytoprotection; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D007545:Isoproterenol / Q000494:pharmacology; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010477:Perfusion; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D013997:Time Factors; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; C403071:JV 1-36; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D018013:Receptors, Neuropeptide; D018017:Receptors, Pituitary Hormone-Regulating Hormone; D013007:Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; C048250:somatotropin releasing hormone receptor; D007545:Isoproterenol; D002118:Calcium