title: Effect of subjective preoperative variables on risk-adjusted assessment of hospital morbidity and mortality.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the influence of American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification (ASA) and preoperative Functional Health Status (FHS) variables on risk-adjusted estimates of surgical quality and to assess whether classifications are inflated at some hospitals.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ASA and FHS are influential in risk-adjusted comparisons of surgical quality. However, because ASA and FHS are subjective they can be inflated, making patients appear more ill than they actually are, and crediting hospitals for a sicker patient population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 28,751 colorectal surgery patients at 170 hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeon's National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) during 2006 to 2007. Logistic regression models were developed for morbidity and mortality with and without inclusion of ASA and FHS. Hospital quality rankings from the different models were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Morbidity and mortality rates were 24.3% and 3.9%, respectively. Percents of patients in ASA classes I through V were 3.3%, 46.4%, 41.5%,8.3%, and 0.7% and that were independent or partially or totally dependent were 89.2%, 7.2%, and 3.6%, respectively. Models that included ASA and FHS exhibited slightly better fit (Hosmer-Lemshow statistic) and discrimination(c-statistic) than models without both these variables, though magnitudes of differences were consistent with chance. There was inconsistent evidence for improper assignment of ASA and FHS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The small improvements in model quality when both ASA and FHS are present versus absent, suggest that they make a unique contribution to assessing severity of preoperative risk. With little indication that these subjective variables are subject to an important level of institutional bias, it is appropriate that they be used to assess risk-adjusted surgical quality. Periodic monitoring for inappropriate inflation of ASA status is warranted.
authors.affiliation: American College of Surgeons, 633 N. Saint Clair Street, Chicago, IL, USA. markcohen@facs.org
authors.forename: Mark E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: Karl Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
authors.forename: Clifford Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ko
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Richards
authors.forename: Bruce Lee
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Hall
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000776:Anesthesiology / Q000592:standards; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D003107:Colorectal Surgery / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D006304:Health Status; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends*; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D011336:Probability; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D012372:ROC Curve; D012308:Risk Management; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013503:Surgery Department, Hospital; D014481:United States