title: A novel image-guided surgery of hepatocellular carcinoma by indocyanine green fluorescence imaging navigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The clear delineation between tumor and normal tissue is ideal for real-time surgical navigation imaging. We present a novel indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence imaging technique to visualize hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten patients with solitary HCC underwent hepatectomy between February and September 2007 at Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases. ICG had been injected intravenously several days before surgery at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight. After laparotomy, the liver was inspected with intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS), and then with a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging system (PDE; Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Hamamatsu, Japan).
  
  
  RESULTS
  All the 10 primary tumors showed bright fluorescent signals and could be completely removed with negative margins under the guide of PDE. In four cases (40.0%), new HCC nodules that were not detected by use of any preoperative examinations including IOUS were detected by PDE. These newly identified HCC nodules were very small in size and most of the tumors were well-differentiated HCCs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This novel technique is simple and safe, and is therefore considered to be a promising tool for routine intraoperative imaging during a hepatic resection and further clinical exploration for HCC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Nakamichi, Higashinari-ku, Osaka, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunihito
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gotoh
authors.forename: Terumasa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yamada
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ishikawa
authors.forename: Hidenori
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Hidetoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Eguchi
authors.forename: Masahiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohigashi
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomita
authors.forename: Yasuhide
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Miyamoto
authors.forename: Shingi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Imaoka
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D006801:Humans; D007208:Indocyanine Green; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D007208:Indocyanine Green