title: Cold stimulates the behavioral response to hypoxia in newborn mice.
abstract: In newborns, hypoxia elicits increased ventilation, arousal followed by defensive movements, and cries. Cold is known to affect the ventilatory response to hypoxia, but whether it affects the arousal response remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of cold on the ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia in newborn mice. We designed an original platform measuring noninvasively and simultaneously the breathing pattern by whole body plethysmography, body temperature by infrared thermography, as well as motor and ultrasonic vocal (USV) responses. Six-day-old mice were exposed twice to 10% O(2) for 3 min at either cold temperature (26 degrees C) or thermoneutrality (33 degrees C). At 33 degrees C, hypoxia elicited a marked increase in ventilation followed by a small ventilatory decline, small motor response, and almost no USVs. Body temperature was not influenced by hypoxia, and oxygen consumption (Vo(2)) displayed minimal changes. At 26 degrees C, hypoxia elicited a slight increase in ventilation with a large ventilatory decline and a large drop of Vo(2). This response was accompanied by marked USV and motor responses. Hypoxia elicited a small decrease in temperature after the return to normoxia, thus precluding any causal influence on the motor and USV responses to hypoxia. In conclusion, cold stimulated arousal and stress responses to hypoxia, while depressing hypoxic hyperpnea. Arousal is an important defense mechanism against sleep-disordered breathing. The dissociation between ventilatory and behavioral responses to hypoxia suggests that deficits in the arousal response associated with sleep breathing disorders cannot be attributed to a depressed hypoxic response.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, UMR 676, Robert Debré Teaching Hospital, 75019 Paris, France.
authors.forename: Bieke
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bollen
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bouslama
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Matrot
authors.forename: Yann
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rotrou
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vardon
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lofaso
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Van den Bergh
authors.forename: Rudi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: D'Hooge
authors.forename: Jorge
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gallego
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D003080:Cold Temperature; D005260:Female; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D023421:Models, Animal; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D012123:Pulmonary Ventilation / Q000502:physiology; D020921:Sleep Arousal Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000502:physiology