title: Effect of pitcher age on trapping efficiency and natural prey capture in carnivorous Nepenthes rafflesiana plants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nepenthes pitchers are sophisticated traps that employ a variety of mechanisms to attract, capture and retain prey. The underlying morphological structures and physiological processes are subject to change over the lifetime of a pitcher. Here an investigation was carried out on how pitcher properties and capture efficiency change over the first 2 weeks after pitcher opening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prey capture, trapping efficiency, extrafloral nectar secretion, pitcher odour, as well as pH and viscoelasticity of the digestive fluid in N. rafflesiana pitchers were monitored in the natural habitat from pitcher opening up to an age of 2 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pitchers not only increased their attractiveness over this period by becoming more fragrant and secreting more nectar, but also gained mechanical trapping efficiency via an enhanced wettability of the upper pitcher rim (peristome). Consistently, natural prey capture was initially low and increased 3-6 d after opening. It was, however, highly variable within and among pitchers. At the same time, the pH and viscoelasticity of the digestive fluid decreased, suggesting that the latter is not essential for effective prey capture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prey capture and attraction by Nepenthes are dynamic processes strongly influenced by the changing properties of the pitcher. The results confirm insect aquaplaning on the peristome as the main capture mechanism in N. rafflesiana.
authors.affiliation: Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. ub213@cam.ac.uk
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Willmes
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Federle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D029748:Caryophyllaceae / Q000502:physiology*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007313:Insecta; D009812:Odorants; D011235:Predatory Behavior