title: Concordant genotype of upper and lower airways P aeruginosa and S aureus isolates in cystic fibrosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lower airway (LAW) infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus is the leading cause of morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). The upper airways (UAW) were shown to be a gateway for acquisition of opportunistic bacteria and to act as a reservoir for them. Therefore, tools for UAW assessment within CF routine care require evaluation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the study were non-invasive assessment of UAW and LAW microbial colonisation, and genotyping of P aeruginosa and S aureus strains from both segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  182 patients with CF were evaluated (age 0.4-68 years, median 17 years). LAW specimens were preferably sampled as expectorated sputum and UAW specimens by nasal lavage. P aeruginosa and S aureus isolates were typed by informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or by spa typing, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the typable S aureus and P aeruginosa isolates from concomitant UAW- and LAW-positive specimens, 31 of 36 patients were carrying identical S aureus spa types and 23 of 24 patients identical P aeruginosa SNP genotypes in both compartments. Detection of S aureus or P aeruginosa in LAW specimens was associated with a 15- or 88-fold higher likelihood also to identify S aureus or P aeruginosa in a UAW specimen from the same patient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of identical genotypes in UAW and LAW suggests that the UAW play a role as a reservoir of S aureus and P aeruginosa in CF. Nasal lavage appears to be suitable for non-invasive UAW sampling, but further longitudinal analyses and comparison with invasive methods are required. While UAW bacterial colonisation is typically not assessed in regular CF care, the data challenge the need to discuss diagnostic and therapeutic standards for this airway compartment.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  NCT00266474.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Jena, Cystic Fibrosis Center, Jena, Germany. Jochen.Mainz@med.uni-jena.de
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Mainz
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Naehrlich
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schien
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Käding
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Schiller
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mayr
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wiedemann
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiehlmann
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cramer
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pfister
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Kahl
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Beck
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Tümmler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003550:Cystic Fibrosis / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009296:Nasal Cavity / Q000382:microbiology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011552:Pseudomonas Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D013048:Specimen Handling / Q000379:methods; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation