title: Hydrodynamics of the spinal epidural space in pigs: effects of death and exsanguinations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have investigated how the vascular components of the spine determine the resistance and capacitance of the spinal epidural space and determined the magnitude of the longitudinal pressure gradient in the space during fluid infusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pigs were studied during isoflurane anesthesia. Tuohy needles were inserted into midthoracic spine at adjacent interspaces, one to measure pressure in the epidural space and one for fluid infusion. A third Tuohy needle was inserted in the lumbar epidural space. Fluid was infused at a constant flow (0.9-3.1 mL/min) until epidural space pressure reached a steady plateau, then the pump was shut off, and pressure returned to baseline over 5 to 6 mins. Resistance was calculated as the ratio of plateau pressure and flow. Initial (first 20-30 secs) and late (1-5 mins) capacitance was calculated. Measurements were made with the animal alive, 15 mins after its life was terminated by an intravenous injection of KCl, and then after exsanguination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During fluid infusion, the pressure gradient between the lumbar and thoracic epidural space was small, on the order of 1 to 2 mm Hg. Death reduced resistance but not capacitance, whereas exsanguination reduced late capacitance but not resistance. Neither maneuver affected initial capacitance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a small longitudinal pressure gradient within the epidural space during fluid infusion. Hence, the major source of resistance occurs where fluid leaves the epidural space. Death reduced resistance, perhaps by depressurizing spinal arteries in the intervertebral foramina, but did not affect capacitance. Blood in epidural veins is a major determinant of late epidural capacitance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Elisabet U M
authors.initials: EU
authors.lastname: Blix
authors.forename: Charles W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Buffington
mesh_terms: D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D015170:Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D004824:Epidural Space / Q000098:blood supply / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D007530:Isoflurane; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D007530:Isoflurane