title: Evaluation of the safety and pharmacokinetics of the multi-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib during embryo-fetal development in rats and rabbits.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Angiogenesis plays a key role in embryo-fetal development and, based on nonclinical safety data, the majority of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-targeted antiangiogenic agents used in cancer therapy are not recommended during pregnancy. We investigated the effects of sunitinib (an oral inhibitor of multiple receptor tyrosine kinases [RTKs] including VEGF-receptors) on embryo-fetal development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Presumed-pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats and New Zealand White rabbits received repeated daily oral doses of sunitinib (0-30 mg/kg/day), during the major period of organogenesis. Clinical/physical examinations were performed throughout the gestation phase, and blood samples were collected to determine systemic exposure. Necropsy (including uterine examination) was performed on all animals and fetal morphology was examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The no-observed-adverse-effect level was 1-5 mg/kg/day for maternal toxicity and 3 mg/kg/day for developmental toxicity in rats; 1 and 0.5 mg/kg/day, respectively, in rabbits. Embryo-fetal toxicity included decreases in the number of live fetuses and increases in the numbers of resorptions and post-implantation/complete litter losses; these were observed at doses of > or =5 mg/kg/day in rats and 5 mg/kg/day in rabbits. Malformations included fetal skeletal malformations (generally thoracic/lumbar vertebral alterations) in rats and cleft lip/palate in rabbits. These developmental effects were observed at approximately 5.5- (rats) and approximately 0.3-times (rabbits) the human systemic exposure at the approved sunitinib dose (50 mg/day).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Similar effects have been reported with the prototype monoclonal antibody bevacizumab. As is typically observed for potent inhibitors of RTKs involved in angiogenesis, sunitinib was associated with embryo-fetal developmental toxicity in rats and rabbits at clinically relevant dose levels.
authors.affiliation: Pfizer Global Research and Development, San Diego, California 92121, USA. shem.patyna@pfizer.com
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Patyna
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Haznedar
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Freshwater
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sukbuntherng
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chmielewski
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D005328:Fetal Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D007211:Indoles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009035:Mothers; D011247:Pregnancy; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011817:Rabbits; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D000077210:Sunitinib
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007211:Indoles; D011758:Pyrroles; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000077210:Sunitinib