title: Bacillus anthracis edema toxin suppresses human macrophage phagocytosis and cytoskeletal remodeling via the protein kinase A and exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP pathways.
abstract: Bacillus anthracis, the etiological agent of anthrax, is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium. It produces edema toxin (EdTx), a powerful adenylate cyclase that increases cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels in host cells. Because other cAMP-increasing agents inhibit key macrophage (MPhi) functions, such as phagocytosis, it was hypothesized that EdTx would exhibit similar suppressive activities. Our previous GeneChip data showed that EdTx downregulated MPhi genes involved in actin cytoskeleton remodeling, including protein kinase A (PKA). To further examine the role of EdTx during anthrax pathogenesis, we explored the hypothesis that EdTx treatment leads to deregulation of the cAMP-dependent PKA system, resulting in impaired cytoskeletal functions essential for MPhi activity. Our data revealed that EdTx significantly suppressed human MPhi phagocytosis of Ames spores. Cytoskeletal changes, such as decreased cell spreading and lowered F-actin content, were also observed for toxin-treated MPhis. Further, EdTx altered the protein levels and activity of PKA and exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac), a recently identified cAMP-binding molecule. By using PKA- and Epac-selective cAMP analogs, we confirmed the involvement of both pathways in the inhibition of MPhi functions elicited by EdTx-generated cAMP. These results suggested that EdTx weakened the host immune response by increasing cAMP levels, which then signaled via PKA and Epac to cripple MPhi phagocytosis and interfered with cytoskeletal remodeling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0610, USA. layeager@utmb.edu
authors.forename: Linsey A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Yeager
authors.forename: Ashok K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chopra
authors.forename: Johnny W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000633:toxicity*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000378:metabolism*; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000276:immunology; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D020662:Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors; C116122:RAPGEF3 protein, human; C030325:anthrax toxin; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases