title: Occupational asthma and the paper recycling industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational disease linked to the paper recycling industry has not been well documented. No previously confirmed formal diagnosis of occupational asthma (OA) caused by hydroxylamine has been made.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have assessed and performed occupational assessment of eight workers involved in this industry. Two of these were later diagnosed with OA and are reported here.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both workers developed their respiratory symptoms within 2 years of the first use of the chemical hydroxylamine as part of the 'de-inking' process. Hydroxylamine was used as a substitute for glutaraldehyde on risk grounds, although no prior cases of OA had been found. The two workers had worked at the same plant for 11 and 20 years, respectively. Both gave histories of work-related wheeze, shortness of breath and cough. Both cases performed OASYS peak flow records over a 3-week period and had OASYS II index of 2.85 and 2.67, respectively. Both were redeployed on site to non-exposed areas and subsequently demonstrated improvement in bronchial reactivity. Case 2 subsequently consented to and underwent a blinded, placebo-controlled occupational challenge using hydroxylamine demonstrating a significant isolated late asthmatic response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe that these are the first two confirmed cases of OA caused by hydroxylamine in the paper recycling industry.
authors.affiliation: Royal Bolton Hospital, Bolton, UK. steven.tran@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tran
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Francis
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hoyle
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Niven
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001249:Asthma / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D005976:Glutaral / Q000633:toxicity; D006632:Histamine; D006801:Humans; D019811:Hydroxylamine / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D010209:Paper; D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D059027:Recycling; D013147:Spirometry
chemical_list: D019811:Hydroxylamine; D006632:Histamine; D005976:Glutaral