title: Percutaneous implantation of fiducial markers for imaging-guided radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The use of imaging-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) to treat thoracic and abdominal tumors is increasing. In this article, we review the process of IGRT and describe techniques to implant fiducial markers in the optimal geometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implantation of fiducial markers can be challenging. A better understanding of the physics of IGRT can help optimize fiducial marker placement for precise tumor targeting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Stanford University Medical Center, 300 Pasteur Dr., H3630, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. kothary@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Nishita
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kothary
authors.forename: Sonja
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dieterich
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Louie
authors.forename: Daniel T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Lawrence V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Hofmann
authors.forename: Daniel Y
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Sze
mesh_terms: D000008:Abdominal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006046:Gold; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010984:Platinum; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D016634:Radiosurgery / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D013899:Thoracic Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010984:Platinum; D006046:Gold