title: Abdominal tuberculosis in southeastern Taiwan: 20 years of experience.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Abdominal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary TB. This disease entity can be overlooked, and its early diagnosis is difficult because of its variable manifestations and lack of specific symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  The clinical and diagnostic features, treatment, and outcome of patients with abdominal TB at a major hospital in southeastern Taiwan from January 1987 to December 2006 were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one patients with abdominal TB identified during the 20-year period were included. A predominance of male (13/21, 61.9%) and Taiwanese aborigine (15/21, 71.4%) patients was noted. Middle-aged (30-50 years) patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis had the highest risk. Common presenting features included abdominal pain (18/21, 85.7%), fever (16/21, 76.2%), ascites (13/21, 61.9%), and weight loss (12/21, 57.3%). The mean time to reach a diagnosis was 48 +/- 10 days. Tuberculous peritonitis was noted in 11 patients, with a high correlation with liver cirrhosis (p = 0.0237, Fisher's exact test). The other patients were diagnosed with TB of the gastrointestinal tract (n = 6), urinary tract (n = 2), and pelvis (n = 2). Abdominal sonography and abdominal computed tomography were helpful for diagnosis, by revealing ascites and thickening of the peritoneum. Pulmonary involvement was noted in 11 patients. Most of the patients (16/21, 76.2%) improved with anti-tuberculosis therapy, and five patients died from sepsis and respiratory failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Abdominal TB is a rare manifestation of extrapulmonary TB, even in southeastern Taiwan where TB is prevalent. Delay in diagnosis is common and abdominal TB should be included in the differential diagnosis of middle-aged aborigine men with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and peritonitis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taitung Branch, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Huan-Lin
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ming-Shiang
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Wen-Hsiung
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shou-Chuan
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Hsin
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Ming-Jong
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Bair
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen / Q000382:microbiology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001706:Biopsy / Q000379:methods; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009017:Morbidity / Q000639:trends; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014395:Peritonitis, Tuberculous / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D013624:Taiwan / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014385:Tuberculosis, Gastrointestinal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D014388:Tuberculosis, Lymph Node / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055815:Young Adult