title: High levels of depressive symptoms in pregnancy with low omega-3 fatty acid intake from fish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression during pregnancy has adverse consequences for both mother and child. Although common in western countries, depression appears to be virtually absent in countries with high seafood intake. We test the hypothesis that low seafood intake during pregnancy is associated with increased prevalence of depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used data prospectively collected from women participating in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children in the period 1991-1992. At 32 weeks' gestation, the mother completed a questionnaire that included symptoms of depression and a food frequency questionnaire from which the amount of omega-3 fatty acids from fish was calculated. Statistical analysis took social and lifestyle factors into account.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Unadjusted and adjusted analyses showed lower maternal intake of omega-3 from seafood was associated with high levels of depressive symptoms. Compared with women consuming more than 1.5 g omega-3 from seafood per week, those consuming none were more likely to have high levels of depressive symptoms at 32 weeks' gestation (adjusted odds ratios = 1.54; 95% confidence interval = 1.25-1.89).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observational data support an association between low omega-3 intake from seafood and increased risk of high levels of depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Eating seafood during pregnancy may have beneficial effects on mental well-being.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, Department of Community Based Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Jean.Golding@bristol.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Emmett
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Joseph R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Hibbeln
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017747:Seafood; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3