title: Proliferation of antibiotic-producing bacteria and concomitant antibiotic production as the basis for the antibiotic activity of Jordan's red soils.
abstract: Anecdotes, both historical and recent, recount the curing of skin infections, including diaper rash, by using red soils from the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Following inoculation of red soils isolated from geographically separate areas of Jordan, Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus were rapidly killed. Over the 3-week incubation period, the number of specific types of antibiotic-producing bacteria increased, and high antimicrobial activity (MIC, approximately 10 microg/ml) was observed in methanol extracts of the inoculated red soils. Antibiotic-producing microorganisms whose numbers increased during incubation included actinomycetes, Lysobacter spp., and Bacillus spp. The actinomycetes produced actinomycin C(2) and actinomycin C(3). No myxobacteria or lytic bacteriophages with activity against either M. luteus or S. aureus were detected in either soil before or after inoculation and incubation. Although protozoa and amoebae were detected in the soils, the numbers were low and did not increase over the incubation period. These results suggest that the antibiotic activity of Jordan's red soils is due to the proliferation of antibiotic-producing bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0406, USA. jofiii@vt.edu
authors.forename: Joseph O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Falkinham
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wall
authors.forename: Justin R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Tanner
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tawaha
authors.forename: Feras Q
authors.initials: FQ
authors.lastname: Alali
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Nicholas H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Oberlies
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D007597:Jordan; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D016982:Micrococcus luteus / Q000187:drug effects; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D012987:Soil