title: Fluorescent indication that nitric oxide formation in NTS neurons is modulated  by glutamate and GABA.
abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) in NTS plays an important role in regulating autonomic function to the cardiovascular system. Using the fluorescent dye DAF-2 DA, we evaluated the NO concentration in NTS. Brainstem slices of rats were loaded with DAF-2 DA, washed, fixed in paraformaldehyde and examined under fluorescent light. In different experimental groups, NTS slices were pre-incubated with 1 mM l-NAME (a non-selective NOS inhibitor), 1 mM d-NAME (an inactive enantiomere of l-NAME), 1 mM kynurenic acid (a non-selective ionotropic receptors antagonist) or 20 microM bicuculline (a selective GABAA receptors antagonist) before and during DAF-2 DA loading. Images were acquired using a confocal microscope and the intensity of fluorescence was quantified in three antero-posterior NTS regions. In addition, slices previously loaded with DAF-2 DA were incubated with NeuN or GFAP antibody. A semi-quantitative analysis of the fluorescence intensity showed that the basal NO concentration was similar in all antero-posterior aspects of the NTS (rostral intermediate, 15.5 +/- 0.8 AU; caudal intermediate, 13.2 +/- 1.4 AU; caudal commissural, 13.8 +/- 1.4 AU, n = 10). In addition, the inhibition of NOS and the antagonism of glutamatergic receptors decreased the NO fluorescence in the NTS. On the other hand, d-NAME did not affect the NO fluorescence and the antagonism of GABAA receptors increased the NO fluorescence in the NTS. It is important to note that the fluorescence for NO was detected mainly in neurons. These data show that the fluorescence observed after NTS loading with DAF-2 DA is a result of NO present in the NTS and support the concept that NTS neurons have basal NO production which is modulated by l-glutamate and GABA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Gisela P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Pajolla
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Accorsi-Mendonça
authors.forename: Gerson J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Rodrigues
authors.forename: Lusiane M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Bendhack
authors.forename: Benedito H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Machado
authors.forename: Claure N
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Lunardi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid