title: Axillary artery cannulation for cardiopulmonary bypass during surgery on the ascending aorta and arch.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Performing axillary artery cannulation, during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients with an atherosclerotic ascending aorta or acute dissection of the ascending aorta and arch, is of growing interest. Our aim is to present our experience, to describe the surgical technique, and to demonstrate the sufficient cerebral and total body perfusion through axillary artery cannulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients (17 male, five female) underwent surgical treatment with the axillary technique. The log euro SCORE ranged from 6.77% to 70% (mean 28.28). Nine of these patients underwent elective procedure. Eight underwent aortic surgery for pathologies of the aorta and in one patient we performed combined aortic valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. Thirteen patients underwent emergency operation because of acute dissection of the aorta. Twelve of these patients had a type A dissection (according to Stanford classification) and one patient had a type B aortic dissection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of complications were associated with ruptured dissection of the thoracoabdominal aorta and acute dissection of ascending aorta. Despite preoperative disease states that placed our patients at high risk of stroke and visceral end-organ injury, no clinically demonstrable permanent postoperative deficits were observed. Our patients had no neurological dysfunction, stroke, or other complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antegrade cerebral perfusion is of paramount importance in cases of aortic atherosclerosis or aortic dissection. The axillary artery provides an excellent site for safe antegrade perfusion, which may play a role in preventing stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiac Surgery, School of Medicine, University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Stavros N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Siminelakis
authors.forename: Nikolaos G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Baikoussis
authors.forename: Georgios S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Papadopoulos
authors.forename: Ioannis P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Beis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000784:Aortic Dissection / Q000601:surgery*; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000601:surgery*; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods*; D002406:Catheterization, Peripheral / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult