title: The effects of split keyboard geometry on upper body postures.
abstract: Split, gabled keyboard designs can prevent or improve upper extremity pain among computer users; the mechanism appears to involve the reduction of awkward wrist and forearm postures. This study evaluated the effects of changes in opening angle, slope and height (independent variables) of a gabled (14 degrees) keyboard on typing performance and upper extremity postures. Twenty-four experienced touch typists typed on seven keyboard conditions while typing speed and right and left wrist extension, ulnar deviation, forearm pronation and elbow position were measured using a motion tracking system. The lower keyboard height led to a lower elbow height (i.e. less shoulder elevation) and less wrist ulnar deviation and forearm pronation. Keyboard slope and opening angle had mixed effects on wrist extension and ulnar deviation, forearm pronation and elbow height and separation. The findings suggest that in order to optimise wrist, forearm and upper arm postures on a split, gabled keyboard, the keyboard should be set to the lowest height of the two heights tested. Keyboard slopes in the mid-range of those tested, 0 degrees to -4 degrees, provided the least wrist extension, forearm pronation and the lowest elbow height. A keyboard opening angle in the mid-range of those tested, 15 degrees, may provide the best balance between reducing ulnar deviation while not increasing forearm pronation or elbow separation. These findings may be useful in the design of computer workstations and split keyboards. The geometry of a split keyboard can influence wrist and forearm postures. The findings of this study are relevant to the positioning and adjustment of split keyboards. The findings will also be useful for engineers who design split keyboards.
authors.affiliation: Ergonomics Program, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. david.rempel@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rempel
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nathan-Roberts
authors.forename: Bing Yune
authors.initials: BY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Odell
mesh_terms: D053587:Arthrometry, Articular; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016287:Computer Peripherals; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*