[Detection and specific studies in procedural learning difficulties].
BACKGROUND
The main disabilities in non-verbal learning disorder (NLD) are: the acquisition and automating of motor and cognitive processes, visual spatial integration, motor coordination, executive functions, difficulty in comprehension of the context, and social skills. AIMS. To review the research to date on NLD, and to discuss whether the term 'procedural learning disorder' (PLD) would be more suitable to refer to NLD.


METHODS
A considerable amount of research suggests a neurological correlate of PLD with dysfunctions in the 'posterior' attention system, or the right hemisphere, or the cerebellum. Even if it is said to be difficult the delimitation between NLD and other disorders or syndromes like Asperger syndrome, certain characteristics contribute to differential diagnosis. Intervention strategies for the PLD must lead to the development of motor automatisms and problem solving strategies, including social skills.


CONCLUSIONS
The basic dysfunction in NLD affects to implicit learning of routines, automating of motor skills and cognitive strategies that spare conscious resources in daily behaviours. These limitations are partly due to a dysfunction in non-declarative procedural memory. Various dimensions of language are also involved: context comprehension, processing of the spatial and emotional indicators of verbal language, language inferences, prosody, organization of the inner speech, use of language and non-verbal communication; this is why the diagnostic label 'PLD' would be more appropriate, avoiding the euphemistic adjective 'non-verbal'.
Magallón
S
S
Unidad de Neurología Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Universitaria, Departamento de Educación, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España. smagallo@alumni.unav.es
Narbona
J
J
D002648:Child; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007859:Learning Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009633:Nonverbal Communication; D011340:Problem Solving; D013028:Space Perception; D014796:Visual Perception