title: Topical treatments with pimecrolimus, tacrolimus and medium- to high-potency corticosteroids, and risk of lymphoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A potential risk of lymphoma associated with the use of topical calcineurin inhibitors is debated. We assessed the risk of lymphoma among patients treated with topical pimecrolimus, tacrolimus or corticosteroids.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cohort study using health insurance claims data. Cohorts of initiators of topical pimecrolimus, tacrolimus and corticosteroids, along with cohorts of persons with untreated dermatitis and randomly sampled enrollees were identified from January 2002 to June 2006. Lymphomas were identified using insurance claims and adjudicated by medical records review. We adjusted for confounders by propensity score matching.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 92,585 pimecrolimus initiators contributing 121,289 person-years of follow-up, we identified 26 lymphomas yielding an incidence of 21/100,000 person-years. This incidence of lymphoma was similar to that among tacrolimus users (rate ratio, RR = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.74-1.82) as well as corticosteroid users (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.49-2.72). All three topical treatments were associated with an increased risk of lymphoma compared with the general population (RR(Pim) = 2.89; RR(Tac) = 2.82; RR(Cort) = 2.10) suggesting increased detection of preexisting lymphomas.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study did not find an increased risk of lymphoma among initiators of topical pimecrolimus relative to other topical agents during an average follow-up of 1.3 years. Longer-term studies may be needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schneeweiss
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Doherty
authors.forename: Shao
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Donnie
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Funch
authors.forename: Raymond G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Schlienger
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fernandez-Vidaurre
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Seeger
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003876:Dermatitis, Atopic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007223:Infant; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D065095:Calcineurin Inhibitors; D005938:Glucocorticoids; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; C117268:pimecrolimus; D016559:Tacrolimus