title: Fluocinolone inhibits VEGF expression via glucocorticoid receptor in human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells and TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to determine whether fluocinolone inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in a retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) and TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis in chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay.
  
  
  METHODS
  The dose-dependent effect of fluocinolone (0.0001-1 microM) on VEGF secretion, VEGF mRNA expression, and cytotoxicity was determined in confluent monolayers of ARPE-19 cells using ELISA, RT-PCR, and MTT assay, respectively. The effect of a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist (RU486) on fluocinolone-mediated VEGF expression was determined. The effect of fluocinolone in inhibiting TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis was determined using chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. The dose-dependent effect of fluocinolone (0.0001-1 microM) in inhibiting 1% serum-stimulated ARPE-19 cell proliferation was determined using BrdU labeling assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At concentrations devoid of cytotoxicity, fluocinolone inhibited VEGF secretion as well as mRNA expression in ARPE-19 cells. RU486 (1 microM) treatment prevented inhibition of VEGF secretion and VEGF mRNA expression by fluocinolone (0.1 microM). Fluocinolone (50 ng/egg) inhibited angiogenesis induced by TNF-alpha. The ARPE-19 cell proliferation was inhibited by fluocinolone in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluocinolone inhibited VEGF expression in ARPE-19 cells via its glucocorticoid receptor activity. In addition, fluocinolone inhibited proliferation of ARPE-19 cells and TNF-alpha-induced angiogenesis in chorioallantoic membranes.
authors.affiliation: University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
authors.forename: Surya P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ayalasomayajula
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Uday B
authors.initials: UB
authors.lastname: Kompella
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002642:Chick Embryo; D049033:Chorioallantoic Membrane / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D015735:Mifepristone / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D055213:Retinal Pigment Epithelium / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D005446:Fluocinolone Acetonide; D015735:Mifepristone; C035394:fluocinolone