title: Bypassing primary care facilities for childbirth: a population-based study in rural Tanzania.
abstract: In an effort to reduce maternal mortality, developing countries have been investing in village-level primary care facilities to bring skilled delivery services closer to women. We explored the extent to which women in rural western Tanzania bypass their nearest primary care facilities to deliver at more distant health facilities, using a population-representative survey of households (N = 1204). Using a standardized instrument, we asked women who had a delivery within 5 years about the place of their most recent delivery. Information on all functioning health facilities in the area were obtained from the district health office. Women who delivered in a health facility that was not the nearest available facility were considered bypassers. Forty-four per cent (186/423) of women who delivered in a health facility bypassed their nearest facility. In adjusted analysis, women who bypassed were more likely than women who did not bypass to be 35 or older (OR 2.5, P </= 0.01), to have one or no living children (OR 2.2, P = 0.03), to have stayed in a maternity waiting home prior to delivery (OR 4.3, P </= 0.01), to choose a facility on the basis of quality or experience (OR 2.1, P </= 0.01), to have a high level of trust in health workers at the delivery facility (OR 2.7, P </= 0.01), and to perceive the nearest facility to be of low quality (OR 3.1, P </= 0.01). Bypassing for facility delivery is frequent among women in rural Tanzania. In addition to obstetric risk factors, a major reason for this appears to be a concern about the quality of care at government dispensaries and health centres. Investing in improved quality of care in primary care facilities may reduce bypassing and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the health system in providing coverage for facility delivery in rural Africa.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Health Management and Policy, 109 Observatory Road, SPH II M3166, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA. mkruk@umich.edu
authors.forename: Margaret E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Kruk
authors.forename: Godfrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mbaruku
authors.forename: Colin W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: McCord
authors.forename: Molly
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moran
authors.forename: Peter C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Rockers
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Galea
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006700:Home Childbirth / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008427:Maternal Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012424:Rural Population; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013636:Tanzania; D055815:Young Adult