title: Sinus node, phrenic nerve and electrical connections between superior vena cava and right atrium: lessons learned from a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When performing superior vena cava isolation, the major concerns are inadvertent ablation on sinus node and right phrenic nerve. However, little is known about the spatial relationship of electrical connections between superior vena cava and right atrium with the sinus node and phrenic nerve locations among individual patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 87 patients (male/female 60/27, mean age of (51 +/- 9) years) with atrial fibrillation. Before superior vena cava isolation, the sinus node site was defined by right atrium activation mapping during sinus rhythm and the right phrenic nerve site was localized via pacing manoeuvre. Superior vena cava was isolated by ablation at the electrical connection under the guidance of circular mapping catheter. The sites of sinus node, phrenic nerve and electrical connections were noted. Continuous variables were compared using Student's t test. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Right atrium activation mapping revealed that the sinus node located at the anterior lateral segment of superior vena cava-right atrium junction in all patients. In 82 patients with detectable diaphragmatic stimulations, the phrenic nerve sites were predominantly at the lateral segment (70/82) with anterior lateral and anterior segments for a few patients. A total of 165 electrical connections were located among all 87 patients, and this averaged 1.8 +/- 0.6 (1-3) per patient. The anterior septum (72 patients (43.6%)), the anterior wall (40 (24.2%)), and the posterior septum (35 (35.4%)) of superior vena cava-right atrium junction were the electrical connection regular sites. Superior vena cava was isolated in all patients. Two patients developed sinus bradycardia, with 3 mild superior vena cava stenosis and 2 phrenic nerve palsy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sinus node, phrenic nerve and electrical connection sites were distributed along the superior vena cava-right atrium junctions at expected locations for most patients. The electrical connections were separated from the sinus node and phrenic nerve sites. With the activation mapping of right atrium and pacing along superior vena cava-right atrium junctions, the sinus node and phrenic nerve were localized and superior vena cava isolated in most patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China.
authors.forename: De-Yong
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Chang-Sheng
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jian-Zeng
authors.initials: JZ
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Xing-Peng
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: He
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Yan-Hong
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Cong-Xin
authors.initials: CX
authors.lastname: Huang