title: Correlation of radiostereometric measured cervical range of motion with clinical radiographic findings after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion.
abstract: METHODS
  Prospective clinical study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the correlation between clinical radiographic findings and sagittal range of motion (ROM) measured using radiostereometric analysis (RSA) after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Evaluation of fusion after ACDF continues to be difficult. Radiographic films including flexion/extension views are routinely used for this purpose. Unfortunately, routine radiographs are insensitive in demonstrating pseudarthrosis. RSA is an accurate technique that can be used in evaluation of segmental motion in vivo and can potentially be used in evaluation of spinal fusion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen patients who underwent multi-level ACDF were enrolled in this study. The procedure was performed in the routine fashion; cervical plates were utilized in each case. Intraoperatively, 3 to 5 tantalum beads were inserted into each vertebral body. At the 1-year follow-up period, sagittal ROM of the operated segments was measured with RSA. In addition, each segment was clinically evaluated for evidence of radiographic fusion by using a 3-point grading system (fused, uncertain, pseudarthrosis) and by measuring the interspinous widening on flexion/extension films. The correlation between the radiographic findings and RSA measured sagittal ROM was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen 2-level and two 3-level procedures representing 31 motion segments were analyzed. The average sagittal ROM of all segments as measured by RSA was 1.3 +/- 1.4 degrees . The sagittal ROM of the segments with less than 2 mm of interspinous widening on clinical flexion/extension radiographs was measured at 1.1 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees with RSA, whereas the sagittal ROM of the segments with greater than 2 mm of interspinous widening was measured at 3.4 degrees +/- 2.9 degrees ; a significant correlation was noted between the 2-point grading method and the sagittal ROM (Pearson coefficient, r = 0.504, P = 0.004). Using the 3-point grading system, there were 20 levels graded as fused (0.8 degrees +/- 0.9 degrees ), 6 levels were graded as uncertain (1.7 degrees +/- 1.0 degrees ), and 4 levels were graded as pseudarthrosis (3.5 degrees +/- 2.7 degrees ). The pseudarthrosis group showed significantly greater motion than the fusion group (P = 0.005); a significant correlation was noted between the 3-point grading method and the sagittal ROM (Pearson coefficient, r = 0.561, P = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we evaluated the utility of RSA in evaluating segmental motion after ACDF and demonstrated a significant difference between segments that demonstrated radiographic evidence of fusion when compared with segments that demonstrated evidence of pseudarthrosis. RSA appears to be a quantitative technique capable of assisting in the evaluation of fusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, Seoul, South Korea.
authors.forename: Soo-An
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Amir H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Fayyazi
authors.forename: Nathaniel R
authors.initials: NR
authors.lastname: Ordway
authors.forename: Mike H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Bruce E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Fredrickson
authors.forename: Hansen A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Yuan