title: Inhibition of human insulin gene transcription by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and thiazolidinedione oral antidiabetic drugs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcription factor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is essential for glucose homeostasis. PPARgamma ligands reducing insulin levels in vivo are used as drugs to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Genes regulated by PPARgamma have been found in several tissues including insulin-producing pancreatic islet beta-cells. However, the role of PPARgamma at the insulin gene was unknown. Therefore, the effect of PPARgamma and PPARgamma ligands like rosiglitazone on insulin gene transcription was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reporter gene assays were used in the beta-cell line HIT and in primary mature pancreatic islets of transgenic mice. Mapping studies and internal mutations were carried out to locate PPARgamma-responsive promoter regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rosiglitazone caused a PPARgamma-dependent inhibition of insulin gene transcription in a beta-cell line. This inhibition was concentration-dependent and had an EC(50) similar to that for the activation of a reporter gene under the control of multimerized PPAR binding sites. Also in normal primary pancreatic islets of transgenic mice, known to express high levels of PPARgamma, rosiglitazone inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin gene transcription. Transactivation and mapping experiments suggest that, in contrast to the rat glucagon gene, the inhibition of the human insulin gene promoter by PPARgamma/rosiglitazone does not depend on promoter-bound Pax6 and is attributable to the proximal insulin gene promoter region around the transcription start site from -56 to +18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The human insulin gene represents a novel PPARgamma target that may contribute to the action of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Göttingen, D-37099 Göttingen, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schinner
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Krätzner
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Baun
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dickel
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Blume
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oetjen