title: Metacognitive monitoring and control processes involved in primary school children's test performance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Within the context of students' self-regulated learning, the interplay between learners' individual characteristics and the context of testing have been emphasized for assessing learning outcomes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The present study examined metacognitive monitoring and control processes in elementary schoolchildren's test taking behaviour and explored the impacts of these metacognitive skills for the accuracy and the quantity of test performance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 133 participants from third and fifth grade did a cloze test about a previously learned science topic, gave confidence judgments for every answer, and were then allowed to cross-out answers if they wished. Two different mock scoring schemes for test performance were compared with a control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results revealed well-developed monitoring skills indicating that by the age of 9 children can reliably distinguish between correct and incorrect answers. As for control skills, 11- and 12-year-olds proved to be better able to improve their test performance by selectively withdrawing answers that would have been incorrect than the 9- to 10-year-olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study offers evidence for the impact of metacognitive processes in students' learning outcomes and documents strategic behaviour during test taking, as well as developmental progression in the involved skills.
authors.affiliation: University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. roebers@psy.unibe.ch
authors.forename: Claudia M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Roebers
authors.forename: Corinne
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roderer