title: Emperor penguin mates: keeping together in the crowd.
abstract: As emperor penguins have no breeding territories, a key issue for both members of a pair is not to be separated until the egg is laid and transferred to the male. Both birds remain silent after mating and thereby reduce the risk of having the pair bond broken by unpaired birds. However, silence prevents finding each other if the pair is separated. Huddles-the key to saving energy in the cold and the long breeding fast-continuously form and break up, but not all birds are involved simultaneously. We studied the behaviour of four pairs before laying. Temperature and light intensity measurements allowed us to precisely detect the occurrence of huddling episodes and to determine the surrounding temperature. The four pairs huddled simultaneously for only 6 per cent of the time when weather conditions were harshest. Despite this asynchrony, the huddling behaviour and the resulting benefits were similar between pairs. By contrast, the huddling behaviour of mates was synchronized for 84 per cent of events. By coordinating their huddling behaviour during courtship despite the apparent confusion within a huddle and its ever-changing structure, both individuals save energy while securing their partnership.
authors.affiliation: Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 CNRS/UDS, 67087 Strasbourg, France. andre.ancel@c-strasbourg.fr
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ancel
authors.forename: Michaël
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: Yvon
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Le Maho
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gilbert