title: Delivery strategies to enhance mucosal vaccination.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vaccines capable of eliciting cellular and humoral immune responses in tandem could provide prophylactic and therapeutic responses against infectious diseases and cancer. These responses can be induced systemically and at mucosal surfaces by activating the mucosal immune system, but rarely successfully due to challenges associated with mucosal delivery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate delivery strategies to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Different challenges are associated with different types of vaccines. We consider administration routes, schedules, carrier systems and adjuvants that can be used to overcome these challenges to enhance mucosal vaccination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of particle-mediated delivery systems is an effective strategy to enhance mucosal vaccination by protecting immunogenic material during delivery, providing targeted delivery systems, and allowing incorporation of adjuvant material.
authors.affiliation: Northeastern University, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 360 Huntington Avenue, 110 Mugar Life Science Building, Boston 02115, USA.
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kriegel
authors.forename: Mansoor
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amiji