title: Right ventricular performance in the fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS), the single right ventricle (RV) pumps the entire cardiac output in utero. By investigating RV performance in utero, we sought to determine the inherent capabilities of a single RV before the increased metabolic demands of postnatal life and surgical palliation. In addition, we sought to determine whether the presence or absence of a left ventricular cavity impacts on RV performance in fetal life.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between November 2004 and December 2006, Doppler flow-derived measures of ventricular performance were obtained with echocardiography in 76 fetuses with normal cardiovascular system and in 48 age-matched fetuses with HLHS from 17 weeks until 40 weeks of gestation. The myocardial performance index, ventricular ejection force, and cardiac output were determined for both groups and compared using unpaired Student's t tests and regression analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In fetuses with HLHS, cardiac output was diminished by 20%, RV ejection force was elevated, and RV myocardial performance index was elevated compared with those of normal fetuses. The presence of a left ventricular cavity did not impact on RV performance in utero.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetuses with HLHS have preserved systolic performance but impaired diastolic performance compared with normal fetuses. The heart of a fetus with HLHS is less efficient than the normal heart in that ejection force of the RV is increased, but overall delivery of cardiac output is lower than normal. We conclude that patients with HLHS have inherent limitations in cardiac performance even before birth.
authors.affiliation: The Fetal Heart Program, Cardiac Center, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Szwast
authors.forename: Zhiyun
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McCann
authors.forename: Denise
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Donaghue
authors.forename: Jack
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rychik