title: Penlight-cover test: a new bedside method to unmask nystagmus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most patients with acute vestibular syndrome have vestibular neuritis or labyrinthitis. Some harbour strokes that can only be differentiated on the basis of subtle eye movement findings, including nystagmus. Peripheral nystagmus should be enhanced by removal of visual fixation. Current bedside methods for removing fixation require expensive equipment or technical skill not routinely available. We sought to test a new method for blocking fixation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proof-of-concept study for a new bedside oculomotor diagnostic test using an established physiological measurement of eye movements (electro-oculography (EOG)) as the reference standard. We sampled unselected patients undergoing caloric testing (surrogate model for neuritis) in an academic vestibular clinic. During the brief (30-60 s) decay phase of caloric-induced peripheral vestibular nystagmus, we shone a penlight in the left eye while intermittently occluding the right. We assessed nystagmus intensity (slow-phase velocity) clinically in all subjects and quantified change in two exemplar cases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Caloric responses frequently decayed before the test was complete, and artefacts rendered many EOGs uninterpretable during the short decay period. A clinically evident increase in nystagmus was seen 18 times in 10 patients and corroborated by EOG in 15. In quantified cases, slow-phase velocity increased as expected (mean change +42%) with fixation blocked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The penlight-cover test could offer a low-cost, simple means of disrupting visual fixation in clinical settings where differentiating peripheral from central vestibular disorders is crucial, such as the emergency department. Prospective studies are needed to determine the test's utility for excluding dangerous central causes among patients with suspected peripheral lesions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Pathology Building 2-210, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. toker@jhu.edu
authors.forename: D E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Newman-Toker
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chowdhury
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Clemons
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Zee
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Della Santina