title: Diagnosis and management of sacral tumors.
abstract: Sacral tumors pose significant challenges to the managing physician from diagnostic and therapeutic perspectives. Although these tumors are often diagnosed at an advanced stage, patients may benefit from good clinical outcomes if an aggressive multidisciplinary approach is used. In this review, the epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging characteristics, treatment options, and published outcomes are discussed. Special attention is given to the specific anatomical constraints that make tumors in this region of the spine more difficult to effectively manage than those in the mobile portions of the spine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA. dsciubb1@jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Sciubba
authors.forename: Rory J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Petteys
authors.forename: Giannina L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Garces-Ambrossi
authors.forename: Joseph C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Noggle
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: McGirt
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Wolinsky
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Witham
authors.forename: Ziya L
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Gokaslan