title: Salvage external beam radiotherapy after failed primary chemotherapy for bilateral retinoblastoma: rate of eye and vision preservation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation is implicated in the induction of second malignancies in children with bilateral retinoblastoma. There is a need to determine whether this risk can be justified by good visual outcome when external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is used as a salvage treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the effectiveness of EBRT as a salvage treatment after failed primary chemotherapy and focal treatment in bilateral retinoblastoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective observational case series. The outcome measures after EBRT are: rate of eye preservation, rate of tumour control, visual potential, visual acuity and radiation-induced side-effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-six eyes (22 patients) were included. The median follow-up after EBRT was 40 months (19-165 months). Thirty-two eyes received lens-sparing radiotherapy, and four received whole-eye radiation. The rate of eye preservation was 83.3% (30/36 eyes). Twenty-four eyes (66.7%) were controlled by EBRT and required no further treatment. Of the 30 preserved eyes, 20 eyes (66.7%) had extramacular tumours without retinal detachment and therefore potential for central vision. The final visual acuity was recorded for 19 eyes. Ten eyes (52.6%) read 6/9-6/5, three eyes (15.8%) read 6/18-6/36, and six eyes (31.6%) read 6/60 or worse. Significant radiation- induced side effects were limited to cataracts and dry eyes with whole-eye radiation. There were no second cancers or deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salvage EBRT is highly effective in preserving eyes with useful vision in bilateral retinoblastoma after failed chemotherapy and focal treatments. These results will help the parents and ophthalmologists of such patients to reach an informed decision when weighing up the benefits of EBRT against its potential oncogenic effect.
authors.affiliation: Ocular Oncology Service, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London Hospitals, London, UK.
authors.forename: M P Y
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hungerford
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Kingston
authors.forename: P N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Plowman