title: Clinical outcomes and pharmacists' acceptance of a community hospital's anticoagulation management service utilizing decentralized clinical staff pharmacists.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2008, the Joint Commission released an updated National Patient Safety Goals document that requires institutions to implement practices that reduce the likelihood of patient harm associated with use of anticoagulation therapy. One of the expectations associated with this goal was that each organization would establish an anticoagulant management program. To our knowledge, few data exist to describe the implementation and assessment of anticoagulation programs in smaller, nonteaching community hospitals using decentralized pharmacists in an integrated practice model.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the performance of a protocol-driven anticoagulation management service led by decentralized pharmacists in a nonteaching community hospital with that of usual medical care provided by hospitalist physicians before this program was implemented. Based on these results, as well as a pharmacist satisfaction survey, evaluate the service and identify barriers to expansion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing 50 consecutive patients who were starting warfarin for the first time beginning in November 2003 with 50 patients managed by hospitalist physicians prior to November 2002 (the time of program implementation).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant differences between groups with regard to time in therapeutic range once therapeutic, length of stay, international normalized ratios (INRs) greater than 3.5, or INRs less than 2. Patients in the pharmacy management group had significantly fewer drug interactions with antimicrobials than did the usual medical care group. Although time to therapeutic range was longer in the pharmacy protocol group, there were fewer patients with INRs greater than 3.5, although this did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The efficacy of the pharmacist-led anticoagulation management service was no different from that of usual medical care. Patient safety appeared improved, in part due to more careful initial dose selection based on patient-specific factors. Although this program was accepted by pharmacists, time limitations were perceived to be a major barrier to quality care and expansion of the service.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee College of Pharmacy, Knoxville, 37920, USA. aairee@utmem.edu
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Airee
authors.forename: Alexander B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Guirguis
authors.forename: Rima A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Mohammad