title: Acute and chronic toxicity testing of bisphenol A with aquatic invertebrates and plants.
abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA, 4,4'-isopropylidine diphenol) is a commercially important chemical used primarily as an intermediate in the production of polycarbonate plastic and epoxy resins. Extensive effect data are currently available, including long-term studies with BPA on fish, amphibians, crustaceans, and mollusks. The aim of this study was to perform additional tests with a number of aquatic invertebrates and an aquatic plant. These studies include acute tests with the midge (Chironomus tentans) and the snail (Marisa cornuarietis), and chronic studies with rotifers (Brachionus calyciflorus), amphipods (Hyalella azteca), and plants (Lemna gibba). The effect data on different aquatic invertebrate and plant species presented in this paper correspond well with the effect and no-effect concentrations (NOECs) available from invertebrate studies in the published literature and are within the range found for other aquatic species tested with BPA.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Regulatory Resources, LLC, Durham, NC 27712, USA. emihaich@nc.rr.com
authors.forename: Ellen M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Mihaich
authors.forename: Urs
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Friederich
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Caspers
authors.forename: A Tilghman
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Klecka
authors.forename: Stephen S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Dimond
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Staples
authors.forename: Lisa S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Ortego
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Hentges