title: IgG1 heavy chain-coding gene polymorphism (G1m allotypes) and development of antibodies-to-infliximab.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The chimeric anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody infliximab is known to induce antibodies-to-infliximab (ATI) in some treated patients. Immunogenicity in murine variable domains is expected; however, constant domains of its human heavy gamma1 chain may also be implicated as it expresses G1m1 and G1m17 allotypes. This allelic form may be immunogenic in patients that are homozygous for the G1m3 allotype commonly expressed in Caucasoid populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  As G1m allotypic divergence may explain the presence of ATI or may influence their concentration, a genotyping method was developed and validated to determine antithetical (i.e. mutually exclusive) G1m3 and G1m17 allotypes (amino acid 120 of CH1 according to the international ImMunoGeneTics information system unique numbering) at the IGHG1 gene level (CH1 359g/a nucleotide polymorphism). Two hundred forty-five blood donors and 118 previously described patients suffering from Crohn's disease, treated with infliximab, and having developed ATI in 73 of them, were genotyped.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The IGHG1 CH1 359g/a polymorphism does not depart from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the control population, and allele frequencies were similar in controls and patients. No association was found between the patient G1m allotypes and the presence of ATI or their concentration. It remains possible that anti-Gm1 antibodies are not well detected by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays used for ATI detection and/or that the G1m allotypes are minor antigens on IgG1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The IGHG1 polymorphism does not seem to play a major role in the induction of ATI. Further analyses will be required to determine whether it is also the case for humanized or fully human antibodies bearing the same G1m allotypes.
authors.affiliation: Université François Rabelais de Tours, France.
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magdelaine-Beuzelin
authors.forename: Séverine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vermeire
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baert
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Noman
authors.forename: Gert Van
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Assche
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohresser
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Degenne
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dugoujon
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jefferis
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rutgeerts
authors.forename: Maire-Paule
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lefranc
authors.forename: Hervé
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Watier