title: Hand hygiene adherence is influenced by the behavior of role models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Proper hand hygiene (HH) reduces nosocomial infections. Therefore, factors that influence HH behavior of healthcare workers are of great interest. We hypothesized that strict HH adherence by supervisor role models would improve the HH behavior of junior staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pediatric and cardiac intensive care units of a tertiary care children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two critical care fellows and four nurse orientees.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, we observed and recorded HH adherence of the fellows and nurse orientees and their respective supervising attending physician or nurse preceptor during daily patient care. Subsequently, we paired the same fellows and nurse orientees with a different supervisor who maintained strict HH adherence, and again noted HH adherence. We used measures of HH opportunities and HH adherence consistent with guidelines set by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HH adherence by fellows and nurse orientees at baseline was 22% of 200 HH opportunities, and improved to 56% of 234 opportunities as a result of role modeling--an average increase of 34% points (95% confidence interval, 18.7-51; p < 0.01 by linear regression), representing a HH adherence rate greater than 1.5 times that of the baseline. The control senior practitioners' HH adherence rate was 20% of 180 opportunities compared with the study senior practitioners' HH adherence of 94% of 187 opportunities--an average difference of 72% points higher compared with the control senior practitioners (95% confidence interval, 56-88.3; p < 0.01 by linear regression).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HH adherence of junior practitioners improved under the supervision of adherent role models. These results suggest that HH behavior of senior practitioners plays a crucial influence on other staff. Senior healthcare practitioners should consider the important role they may play in reinforcing or weakening a culture of patient safety and proper HH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. docjames31@gmail.com
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moromisato
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zemetra
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rizzi-Wagner
authors.forename: Niurka
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rivero
authors.forename: Wilbert
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Flerida
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Imperial-Perez
authors.forename: Lawrence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ross