title: The role of patent ductus arteriosus ligation in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: reexamining a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To reexamine data from a randomized controlled trial of prophylactic ductus ligation to determine whether ligation contributes directly to the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in extremely low birth weight infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  The control group underwent ligation only if they had development of a symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The Prophylactic Ligation group underwent ligation within 24 hours of birth regardless of the presence or absence of symptoms of a PDA. We hypothesized that the incidence of BPD would be higher in the prophylactic ligation group because more ligations were performed than in the control group.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prophylactic ligation significantly increased the incidence of BPD (defined as a supplemental oxygen requirement at 36 weeks postmenstrual age) and the incidence of mechanical ventilation at 36 weeks. The groups were statistically similar in gestation, sex, race, fluid administration, intraventricular hemorrhage, pulmonary air leaks, and survival to 36 weeks. The lower incidence of BPD in the control group occurred despite the fact that the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (a known risk factor for BPD) was significantly elevated in the control group. Only infants who had previously undergone a PDA ligation had development of BPD in the control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prophylactic ligation, while eliminating the PDA, increases the risk for BPD.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0544, USA. clymanr@peds.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Clyman
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cassady
authors.forename: James K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kirklin
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Joseph B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Philips