title: Exercise capacity in chronic heart failure patients is related to active gene transcription in skeletal muscle and not apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Muscle wasting partly explains exercise intolerance in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients. Skeletal muscle loss may result from apoptosis, and exercise training has been suggested to halt this process. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase end-labeling (TUNEL) technique is frequently used to show apoptosis, but lacks specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Before and after 4 months exercise training, skeletal muscle biopsies of 16 CHF patients (59.4+/-2.2 years, 11 men, 50% ischemic etiology, ejection fraction 28.8+/-2.7%, 66.3+/-3.6% of predicted oxygen uptake) and eight sedentary controls were analyzed for apoptosis (TUNEL, including the stringent variant without proteinase K digestion, immunohistochemical analyses using antibodies against cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, PARP, and active gene transcription (anti-splicing factor SC-35). The number of TUNEL-positive nuclei in CHF patients was comparable with controls (3.2+/-0.7 vs. 3.1+/-1.7/mm(2), P=0.2) and was not related to exercise parameters. With the stringent TUNEL and both immunostaining techniques, apoptosis was not detected. Co-occurrence of TUNEL and of SC-35 splicing factor suggests that at least part of TUNEL-positive nuclei is undergoing active gene transcription and therefore is not apoptotic. The SC-35-positive area correlated with % of predicted oxygen uptake (r=0.6, P=0.02), Wattmax (r=0.7, P=0.005) and VE/VCO2 slope (r=-0.6, P=0.03). At baseline, SC-35 immunoreactive area was significantly larger than in controls (P=0.001), but after exercise training, the difference was minimized (P=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Skeletal muscle apoptosis in CHF patients could not be confirmed. Active gene transcription might stain false positive for apoptotic nuclei with TUNEL. The level of active gene transcription/splicing was related to exercise performance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium. Viviane.Conraads@uza.be
authors.forename: Viviane Marie
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Conraads
authors.forename: Vicky Y
authors.initials: VY
authors.lastname: Hoymans
authors.forename: Tinie
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Vermeulen
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beckers
authors.forename: Nadine
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Possemiers
authors.forename: Marianne De
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Maeseneer
authors.forename: Christiaan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vrints
authors.forename: Wim
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Martinet