title: Pre-hospital antibiotic treatment and mortality caused by invasive meningococcal disease, adjusting for indication bias.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mortality from invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) has remained stable over the last thirty years and it is unclear whether pre-hospital antibiotherapy actually produces a decrease in this mortality. Our aim was to examine whether pre-hospital oral antibiotherapy reduces mortality from IMD, adjusting for indication bias.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective analysis was made of clinical reports of all patients (n = 848) diagnosed with IMD from 1995 to 2000 in Andalusia and the Canary Islands, Spain, and of the relationship between the use of pre-hospital oral antibiotherapy and mortality. Indication bias was controlled for by the propensity score technique, and a multivariate analysis was performed to determine the probability of each patient receiving antibiotics, according to the symptoms identified before admission. Data on in-hospital death, use of antibiotics and demographic variables were collected. A logistic regression analysis was then carried out, using death as the dependent variable, and pre-hospital antibiotic use, age, time from onset of symptoms to parenteral antibiotics and the propensity score as independent variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were recorded on 848 patients, 49 (5.72%) of whom died. Of the total number of patients, 226 had received oral antibiotics before admission, mainly betalactams during the previous 48 hours. After adjusting the association between the use of antibiotics and death for age, time between onset of symptoms and in-hospital antibiotic treatment, pre-hospital oral antibiotherapy remained a significant protective factor (Odds Ratio for death 0.37, 95% confidence interval 0.15-0.93).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pre-hospital oral antibiotherapy appears to reduce IMD mortality.
authors.affiliation: Hospital Costa del Sol, Marbella, Spain. eperea@hcs.es
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Perea-Milla
authors.forename: Julián
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Olalla
authors.forename: Emilio
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sánchez-Cantalejo
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Martos
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Matute-Cruz
authors.forename: Guadalupe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Carmona-López
authors.forename: Yolanda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Fornieles
authors.forename: Aurelio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cayuela
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Alegría