title: WITHDRAWN Simulation training in pediatric anesthesia.
abstract: Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher Although anesthesia has become increasingly safe, there remain significant differences among countries in terms of training standards and practice regulations. There is evidence and widespread consensus that the occasional practice of pediatric anesthesia should be avoided, and there is a trend towards the centralization of pediatric surgical activity. Limited access to adequate learning opportunities and reduced practice in non-pediatric centers can be addressed with the integrated use of traditional and modern training tools, and the availability of different pediatric simulator mannequins is rapidly filling the previously existing gap in simulation training. Medical simulation can be particularly useful in allowing the teaching and integration of technical and non-technical skills, and simulation courses for training and continuing medical education in pediatric anesthesia have been designed. In recent years, focus has been directed at validating the efficacy of simulation training and at its cost-effectiveness for improving learning and patient outcomes. Future challenges will include the best way to integrate simulation into the existing pediatric anesthesia training curricula, the determination of better evidence of its impact on clinical performance and the design and validation of assessment tools for technical and non-technical skills.
authors.affiliation: Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK   pabloingelmo@libero.it.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arrica
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertolizio
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ingelmo