title: Treatment of convergence insufficiency in childhood: a current perspective.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a current perspective on the management of convergence insufficiency (CI) in children by summarizing the findings and discussing the clinical implications from three recent randomized clinical trials in which we evaluated various treatments for children with symptomatic CI. We then present an evidence-based treatment approach for symptomatic CI based on the results of these trials. Finally, we discuss unanswered questions and suggest directions for future research in this area.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed three multi-center randomized clinical trials comparing treatments for symptomatic (CI) in children 9 to 17 years old (one study 9 to 18 years old). Two trials evaluated active therapies for CI. These trials compared the effectiveness of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy, office-based placebo therapy, and home-based therapy [pencil push-ups alone (both trials), home-based computer vergence/accommodative therapy, and pencil push-ups (large-scale study)]. One trial compared the effectiveness of base-in prism reading glasses to placebo reading glasses. All studies included well-defined criteria for the diagnosis of CI, a placebo group, and masked examiners. The primary outcome measure was the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey score. Secondary outcomes were near point of convergence and positive fusional vergence at near.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Office-based vergence/accommodative therapy was significantly more effective than home-based or placebo therapies. Base-in prism reading glasses were no more effective than placebo reading glasses for the treatment of symptomatic CI in children.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent clinical trials showed that office-based vision therapy was successful in about 75% of patients (resulting in normal or significantly improved symptoms and signs) and was the only treatment studied which was more effective than placebo treatments for children with symptomatic CI. Eye care providers who do not currently offer this treatment may consider referring these patients to a doctor who provides this treatment or consider expanding the treatment options available within their practice to manage this condition.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric/Binocular Vision Service, Pennsylvania College of Optometry at Salus University, Philadelphia, PA 19141, USA. mscheiman@salus.edu
authors.forename: Mitchell
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Scheiman
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rouse
authors.forename: Marjean Taylor
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kulp
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cotter
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hertle
authors.forename: G Lynn
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Mitchell