title: Hyperglycemia during the immediate period after kidney transplantation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hyperglycemia and new-onset diabetes occurs frequently after kidney transplantation. The stress of surgery and exposure to immunosuppression medications have metabolic effects and can cause or worsen preexisting hyperglycemia. To our knowledge, hyperglycemia in the immediate posttransplantation period has not been studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective, observational study to characterize the prevalence and assess the pharmacologic management of hyperglycemia in kidney transplant recipients who underwent transplantation at our center between June 1999 and December 2006. Data were abstracted from electronic and pharmacy databases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study cohort included 424 patients (mean age 51 yr; 58% men; 25% with pretransplantation diabetes). All patients with and 87% without pretransplantation diabetes had evidence of hyperglycemia (bedside glucose >or=200 mg/dl or physician-instituted insulin therapy), whereas the prevalence of hypoglycemia was low (4.5%). Hyperglycemia was sustained throughout hospitalization. All patients with and 66% without pretransplantation diabetes required insulin at hospital discharge. Patients with pretransplantation diabetes were treated primarily with short-acting insulin during the first 24 h after transplantation but were transitioned to long-acting insulin as the hospital stay progressed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Investigators have historically attempted to identify hyperglycemia after hospital discharge. Our data indicate that a substantial number of patients without pretransplantation diabetes develop hyperglycemia and require insulin during the hospital phase of their care immediately after kidney transplantation. Prospective studies are needed to delineate factors that contribute to development of new-onset diabetes after transplantation among patients with transient hyperglycemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA. chakkera.harini@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Harini A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Chakkera
authors.forename: E Jennifer
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Weil
authors.forename: Janna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Castro
authors.forename: Raymond L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Heilman
authors.forename: Kunam S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Reddy
authors.forename: Marek J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Mazur
authors.forename: Khaled
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hamawi
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mulligan
authors.forename: Adyr A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Kristin L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Mekeel
authors.forename: Fernando G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Cosio
authors.forename: Curtiss B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Cook