title: A single recruitment maneuver in ventilated critically ill children can translocate pulmonary cytokines into the circulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recruitment maneuvers (RMs) are advocated to prevent pulmonary collapse during low tidal volume ventilation and improve oxygenation. However, convincing clinical evidence for improved outcome is lacking. Recent experimental studies demonstrate that RMs translocate pulmonary inflammatory mediators into the circulation. To determine whether a single RM in ventilated children affects pulmonary and systemic cytokine levels, we performed a prospective intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cardiorespiratory stable ventilated patients (0.5-45 months, n = 7) with acute lung injury were subjected to an RM determining opening and closing pressures (peak inspiratory pressure < or =45 cmH(2)O, positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) < or =30 cmH(2)O). Before and after RM, cardiorespiratory parameters and ventilator settings were recorded, blood gas analysis performed, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifteen minutes after the RM, an increase was observed in plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (400% +/- 390% of baseline, P = .04), IL-6 (120% +/- 35%, P = .08), and IL-1beta (520% +/- 535%, P = .04), which decreased at T = 60 minutes, hence indicative of translocation. Recruitment maneuver did not change the plasma levels of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 (105% +/- 12%, P = .5). Apart from a nonsignificant increase of IL-8 after 360 minutes (415% +/- 590%,P = .1), bronchoalveolar cytokine levels were not influenced by the RM. No increase in oxygenation or improvement of lung kinetics was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A single RM can translocate pro-inflammatory cytokines from the alveolar space into the systemic circulation in ventilated critically ill children.
authors.affiliation: Maxima Medical Centre, PO Box 7777, 5500 MB Veldhoven, 6500, The Netherlands. f.halbertsma@mmc.nl
authors.forename: Feico J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Halbertsma
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vaneker
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pickkers
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Neeleman
authors.forename: Gert J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Scheffer
authors.forename: Johannes G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hoeven van der