title: Fibrinogen substitution improves whole blood clot firmness after dilution with hydroxyethyl starch in bleeding patients undergoing radical cystectomy: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Infusion of artificial colloids such as hydroxyethyl starch (HES) induces coagulopathy to a greater extent than simple dilution. Several studies have suggested that the coagulopathy could be corrected by substitution with a fibrinogen concentrate.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aims of the present prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial were to investigate the hemostatic effect of a fibrinogen concentrate after coagulopathy induced by hydroxyethyl starch in patients experiencing sudden excessive bleeding during elective cystectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients were included. Blood loss was substituted 1:1 with HES 130/0.4. At a dilution level of 30%, patients were randomly selected for intra-operative administration of a fibrinogen concentrate or placebo. The primary endpoint was maximum clot firmness (MCF), as assessed by thromboelastometry. Secondary endpoints were blood loss and transfusion requirements, other thromboelastometry parameters, thrombin generation and platelet function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole-blood MCF was significantly reduced after 30% dilution in vivo with HES. The placebo resulted in a further decline of the MCF, whereas randomized administration of fibrinogen significantly increased the MCF. Furthermore, only 2 out of 10 patients randomly chosen to receive fibrinogen substitution required postoperative red blood cell transfusions, compared with 8 out of 10 in the placebo group (P = 0.023). Platelet function and thrombin generation were reduced after 30% hemodilution in vivo, and fibrinogen administration caused no significant changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  During cystectomy, fluid resuscitation with HES 130/0.4 during sudden excessive bleeding induces coagulopathy that shows reduced whole-blood maximum clot firmness. Randomized administration of fibrinogen concentrate significantly improved maximum clot firmness and reduced the requirement for postoperative transfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology, Center for Haemophilia and Thrombosis, Aarhus, Denmark.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fenger-Eriksen
authors.forename: T M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: B S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kristensen
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tønnesen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ingerslev
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sørensen