title: The anatomy and biomechanics of acute and chronic whiplash injury.
abstract: Whiplash injury is the most common motor vehicle injury, yet it is also one of the most poorly understood. Here we examine the evidence supporting an organic basis for acute and chronic whiplash injuries and review the anatomical sites within the neck that are potentially injured during these collisions. For each proposed anatomical site--facet joints, spinal ligaments, intervertebral discs, vertebral arteries, dorsal root ganglia, and neck muscles--we present the clinical evidence supporting that injury site, its relevant anatomy, the mechanism of and tolerance to injury, and the future research needed to determine whether that site is responsible for some whiplash injuries. This article serves as a snapshot of the current state of whiplash biomechanics research and provides a roadmap for future research to better understand and ultimately prevent whiplash injuries.
authors.affiliation: MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, 11-11151 Horseshoe Way, Richmond, BC, Canada. gunter.siegmund@meaforensic.com
authors.forename: Gunter P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Siegmund
authors.forename: Beth A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Winkelstein
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Ivancic
authors.forename: Mats Y
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Svensson
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vasavada