title: Arterial calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), aortic calcification is more frequent and severe and it is also predictive of adverse cardiovascular outcome. The aim of the present study was to characterize aortic calcification in renal compared with non-renal patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortas of 31 patients with advanced CKD and of 31 age-and gender-matched controls were obtained at autopsy. Calcium and phosphorus content in the aorta was quantitated using x-ray analysis. The expression of calcification-promoting and calcification-inhibiting proteins was assessed using immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calcium and phosphorus content of the aorta was higher in CKD patients than in controls. Even in non-calcified aortic specimens of CKD, staining for Msx-2, BMP-2, bone sialo-protein, TNF-alpha and nitrotyrosine was significantly more marked compared to controls. The same proteins were immunodetected in calcified aortic specimens of both CKD and controls. In contrast, staining for transglutaminase-2 and Fetuin A was significantly reduced in CKD. Higher expression of cbfa-1 and Pit-1 was observed in all calcified aortas with no difference between CKD and controls. The expression of TNF-alpha, phospho-p38 and Msx-2 was correlated to the intensity of upregulation of BMP-2 and osteoblastic transdifferentiation by VSMC even in non-calcified areas of the aortas of CKD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of markers characteristic for calcification is not different in calcified aorta of CKD patients compared to controls, but in CKD patients, evidence of inflammation, transformation to an osteoblastic phenotype and reduced expression of transglutaminase are also found even in non-calcified aorta.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. nad_ko@gmx.de
authors.forename: Nadezda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Koleganova
authors.forename: Grzegorz
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Piecha
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ritz
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schirmacher
authors.forename: Annett
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Meyer
authors.forename: Marie-Luise
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Gross