title: Characterizing a model human gut microbiota composed of members of its two dominant bacterial phyla.
abstract: The adult human distal gut microbial community is typically dominated by 2 bacterial phyla (divisions), the Firmicutes and the Bacteroidetes. Little is known about the factors that govern the interactions between their members. Here, we examine the niches of representatives of both phyla in vivo. Finished genome sequences were generated from Eubacterium rectale and E. eligens, which belong to Clostridium Cluster XIVa, one of the most common gut Firmicute clades. Comparison of these and 25 other gut Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes indicated that the Firmicutes possess smaller genomes and a disproportionately smaller number of glycan-degrading enzymes. Germ-free mice were then colonized with E. rectale and/or a prominent human gut Bacteroidetes, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, followed by whole-genome transcriptional profiling, high-resolution proteomic analysis, and biochemical assays of microbial-microbial and microbial-host interactions. B. thetaiotaomicron adapts to E. rectale by up-regulating expression of a variety of polysaccharide utilization loci encoding numerous glycoside hydrolases, and by signaling the host to produce mucosal glycans that it, but not E. rectale, can access. E. rectale adapts to B. thetaiotaomicron by decreasing production of its glycan-degrading enzymes, increasing expression of selected amino acid and sugar transporters, and facilitating glycolysis by reducing levels of NADH, in part via generation of butyrate from acetate, which in turn is used by the gut epithelium. This simplified model of the human gut microbiota illustrates niche specialization and functional redundancy within members of its major bacterial phyla, and the importance of host glycans as a nutrient foundation that ensures ecosystem stability.
authors.affiliation: Center for Genome Sciences and Genome Sequencing Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA.
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mahowald
authors.forename: Federico E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Rey
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seedorf
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Turnbaugh
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Fulton
authors.forename: Aye
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wollam
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Chunyan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Magrini
authors.forename: Richard K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Brandi L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Cantarel
authors.forename: Pedro M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Henrissat
authors.forename: Lara W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Crock
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russell
authors.forename: Nathan C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Verberkmoes
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Hettich
authors.forename: Jeffrey I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Gordon