title: Development of the human retroperitoneal fasciae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although the renal fascia (RF), ureteral sheath, lateroconal fascia (LF) and hypogastric nerve are critical landmarks for retroperitoneal surgery, their laminar relationships require clarification.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horizontal sections (hematoxylin-eosin staining) of human fetuses at two different developmental stages [9-12 (3 fetuses, crown-rump length, CRL 40-65 mm) and 20-25 weeks of gestation (9 fetuses, CRL 152-220 mm)] were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the early-stage group, the pararenal space had already formed between the posterior RF and the transversalis fascia (TF). The anterior RF extended along the peritoneum and often fused with the latter. In the late-stage group, the posterior RF extended inferomedially toward the anterior aspect of the aorta and inferior vena cava. However, at the level of the renal hilus, the posterior RF was connected with vascular sheaths of the great vessels. The LF was seen developing as a fasciculation of the multilaminar structure in the pararenal space. However, on the posterolateral side of the colon after retroperitoneal fixation, the fusion fascia of the peritoneum could also be identified as LF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A common sheath for ureters and hypogastric nerves appeared to be likely on the inferior side of the kidney. The LF did not appear to be a primary structure such as the RF, but a result of secondary mechanical stress due to fatty tissue developing earlier along the TF than in the perirenal space. However, the suggested similarity between LF and fusion fascia in the plane occupied was a likely cause for misinterpreting the laminar configurations during surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. matsua@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matsubara
authors.forename: Gen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Murakami
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Niikura
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kinugasa
authors.forename: Mineko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujimiya
authors.forename: Tsuguru
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Usui