title: Intrathecal neostigmine with bupivacaine for infants undergoing lower abdominal and urogenital procedures: dose response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intrathecal (IT) neostigmine produces dose-dependent analgesia in adults. However, the dose of spinal neostigmine has not been investigated in infants. The purpose of this study was to assess spinal anesthesia (SA) duration provided by four doses of spinal neostigmine added to bupivacaine for lower abdominal and urogenital procedures in infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five infants were randomized into five groups. The control group B received IT plain 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Groups BN.25, BN.50, BN.75, and BN1.0 received bupivacaine with 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1 microg/kg of neostigmine, respectively. The primary variable was the duration of anesthesia assessed by recovery of hip flexion. Postoperative pain with facial expression, leg activity, arm activity, crying and consolability scale score, and rescue analgesic requirements were the secondary variables measured, and the side effects were noted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-three infants completed the study. There was a significant linear increase in SA duration with IT neostigmine to 65.2 (4.3) min with 0.5 microg/kg (P<0.01), 88.2 (5.1) with 0.75 microg/kg (P<0.001) and 92 (4.3) with 1 microg/kg (P<0.001) from 52.4 (4.3) min with bupivacaine alone. SA duration showed no significant difference between plain bupivacaine and BN.25 (P=0.100) or between groups BN.75 and BN1.0 (P=0.451). Groups BN.75 and BN1.0 had significantly reduced pain scores, and the median duration before the first dose rescue analgesic was requested prolonged significantly (P<0.001) compared with the other three groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IT neostigmine at a dose of 0.75 microg/kg added to bupivacaine significantly prolonged SA duration with reduced postoperative pain scores and rescue analgesic requirements in infants undergoing lower abdominal and urogenital procedures. No additional benefits were provided on increasing it to 1 microg/kg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India. ykbatra@glide.net.in
authors.forename: Y K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rajeev
authors.forename: N B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: V C
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Lokesh
authors.forename: K L N
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rao