title: Bacterial nucleotide-based second messengers.
abstract: In all domains of life nucleotide-based second messengers transduce signals originating from changes in the environment or in intracellular conditions into appropriate cellular responses. In prokaryotes cyclic di-GMP has emerged as an important and ubiquitous second messenger regulating bacterial life-style transitions relevant for biofilm formation, virulence, and many other bacterial functions. This review describes similarities and differences in the architecture of the cAMP, (p)ppGpp, and c-di-GMP signaling systems and their underlying signaling principles. Moreover, recent advances in c-di-GMP-mediated signaling will be presented and the integration of c-di-GMP signaling with other nucleotide-based signaling systems will be discussed.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Biologie - Mikrobiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pesavento
authors.forename: Regine
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hengge