title: Cortisol daily rhythm in saliva of healthy school children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the daily rhythm of cortisol levels in saliva of school children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Probands (10-14 years, both genders) were recruited via personal contact and school visits. Exclusion criteria included hormonal and dental treatments during the trial, pharmaceuticals containing cortisol, or poor oral hygiene. Each volunteer collected 20 saliva samples during one day at defined times starting immediately after waking up and ending at night. Additionally, they completed a sampling diary. Saliva samples were analysed in duplicate using a commercial cortisol luminescence kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cortisol concentration in saliva followed a daily rhythm. Within 20 minutes after waking up cortisol reached the highest level of 9.69 (+/-3.89) nmol/L. After 90 minutes cortisol concentration decreased linearly by 50% and stagnated at 4.14 (+/-1.93) nmol/L for 3 to 8 hours. Thereafter, levels decreased gradually reaching almost zero after 14 hours. Overall, no gender-specific differences in saliva cortisol levels were observed except for 3 time points: 3, 10 and 11 hours after waking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study establishes guidelines for a normal secretion pattern, plus explores pain level measurements and their correlation to saliva cortisol levels in this age group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Munich University Medical Center (LMU), Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Ch
authors.initials: Ch
authors.lastname: Tzortzi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Redlich
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Aframian
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Palmon
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Golan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Muessig
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wichelhaus
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Baumert