title: Progesterone exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting inflammatory response after stroke.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the inhibitory effects of progesterone (PROG) on inflammatory response and its influence on the structure of blood-brain barrier in a permanent model of stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  PROG was dissolved in 22.5% 2-hydroxypropyl-bcyclodextrin and given in a dose of 15 mg/kg by intraperitoneal injection 1 h after permanent occlusion of middle cerebral artery (pMCAO). Additional injections of 15 mg/kg were administered subcutaneously 6, 24, and 48 h after pMCAO.
  
  
  METHODS
  The expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and claudin5 was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blot technique. Brain water content was determined by the dry-wet weight method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TNF-alpha were increased, but claudin5 were reduced in vehicle-treated rats after pMCAO. PROG-treated rats showed a substantial reduction in the expression of TNF-alpha compared to vehicle controls. In addition, there was significant increase in the expression of claudin5 in the pMCAO rats treated with PROG compared to vehicle. Examination of the water content of the brain also revealed that administration of PROG significantly attenuated the amount of water compared to vehicle in the ipsilateral hemispheres.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that PROG is beneficial in this animal model, and may warrant further test in future clinical trials for human stroke.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450014, Henan, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Chao
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chunling
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Ningning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yujin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hao