title: Regulation of HSP27 on NF-kappaB pathway activation may be involved in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells apoptosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the process of metastasis, cells are subjected to various apoptotic stimuli. Aberrant expression of apoptotic regulators often contribute to cell metastasis. Heat shock protein 27(HSP27) is confirmed as an apoptosis regulator, but its antiapoptotic mechanism in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Levels of HSP27 protein and its phosphorylation in Hep3B, MHCC97L to MHCC97H cells with different metastatic potentials were determined by western blot analysis. MHCC97H cells were transfected with specific small interference RNA (siRNA) against HSP27. The in vitro migration and invasion potentials of cells were evaluated by Transwell assay. The apoptosis ratio of MHCC97H cells was analyzed by TUNEL staining and Flow Cytometry. Alteration of signal transduction pathway after HSP27 knockdown in MHCC97H cells was evaluated through a Human Q Series Signal Transduction in Cancer Gene Array analysis. Nuclear NF-kappaB contentration and endogenous IKK activity were demonstrated by ELISA assay. The association of IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IkappaBalpha with HSP27 and the association between IKKbeta and IKKalpha in MHCC97H cells were determined by co-immunoprecipitation assay followed by western blot analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HSP27 protein and its phosphorylation increased in parallel with enhanced metastatic potentials of HCC cells. siRNA-mediated HSP27 knockdown in MHCC97H significantly suppressed cells migration and invasion in vitro and induced cell apoptosis; the prominently altered signal transduction pathway was NF-kappaB pathway after HSP27 knockdown in MHCC97H cells. Furthermore, inhibition of HSP27 expression led to a significant decrease of nuclear NF-kappaB contentration and endogenous IKK activity. In addition, HSP27 was associated with IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IkappaBalpha in three HCC cells above. ELISA assay and western blot analysis also showed a decrease of the association between IKKbeta and IKKalpha, the association between phosphor-HSP27 and IKK complex, and an increase of total IkappaBalpha but reducing tendency of phosphor-IkappaBalpha when HSP27 expression was efficiently knocked down in MHCC97H cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, these findings revealed a possible effect of HSP27 on apoptosis in metastatic HCC cells, in which HSP27 may regulate NF-kB pathway activation.
authors.affiliation: Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, PR China. guo.kun@zs-hospital.sh.cn
authors.forename: Kun
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Guo
authors.forename: Nan Xiao
authors.initials: NX
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Lu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Feng Jie
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Mei Dong
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Kun Yin
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Liu