title: Ethnic variation in adverse cardiovascular outcomes and bleeding complications in the Clopidogrel for High Atherothrombotic Risk and Ischemic Stabilization, Management, and Avoidance (CHARISMA) study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Atherothrombosis is a common condition affecting individuals worldwide. Its impact on different ethnic groups receiving evidence-based therapy is unclear. We aimed to determine if ethnicity is an independent predictor for cardiovascular events and bleeding complications in a contemporary clinical trial on antiplatelet therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective observational study of 15,603 patients enrolled in the CHARISMA trial followed up every 6 months for a median of 28 months. The primary efficacy end point was the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke. The primary safety end point was bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort comprised 12,502 (80.1%) white, 486 (3.1%) black, 775 (5.0%) Asian, and 1,613 (10.3%) Hispanic patients. There was no difference in the occurrence of the primary composite end point among the 4 ethnic groups. Compared with Asians, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality occurred more frequently among black (adjusted hazard 2.19 and 2.04) and Hispanic (adjusted hazard, 1.83 and 1.69) patients. Although the occurrence of severe bleeding was similarly low among the 4 ethnic groups, Asian (adjusted hazard, 2.21) and black (adjusted hazard, 3.06) patients were more likely to have moderate bleeding complications than Hispanic patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this trial of individuals at risk of vascular events, ethnicity was not a significant, independent predictor of the primary composite cardiovascular event. However, ethnicity was a significant, independent predictor of the secondary outcomes, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (blacks and Hispanics), and moderate bleeding complications (blacks and Asians).
authors.affiliation: Gleneagles Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore. makheart@gmail.com
authors.forename: Koon-Hou
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Mak
authors.forename: Deepak L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Mingyuan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shao
authors.forename: Graeme J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Hankey
authors.forename: J Donald
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Easton
authors.forename: Keith A A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Topol