title: Prognostic value of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in heart failure: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies have suggested that high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is a strong independent predictor of acute myocardial infarction and cardiovascular death. In the specific heart failure (HF) context, a low-grade inflammatory state can contribute to HF progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To perform a systematic review on the current knowledge about low-grade inflammation, as assessed by hsCRP, in the prediction of HF in general and in high-risk populations as well as its prognostic value in established HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a computerized literature search in the Medline database using the following key words: C-Reactive Protein, Heart Failure, Cardiomyopathy, Cardiac Failure, Prognosis, and Death. Articles were selected if they had measurements of hsCRP in different patient samples and reference to outcomes in terms of morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hsCRP is associated with incident HF in general and high-risk populations and provides prognostic information in HF patients. In almost all studies, the association of hsCRP with clinical events was independent of other baseline variables known to influence morbidity and mortality. Very different cutoffs have been proposed in each context across studies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prognostic power of hsCRP, whether we consider incident HF or adverse outcomes in established HF, is consistent in different patient populations.
authors.affiliation: Heart Failure Clinic, Serviço de Medicina Interna, Hospital S. João, Unidade I&D Cardiovascular do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: José Paulo
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lourenço
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azevedo
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Friões
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rocha-Gonçalves
authors.forename: António
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ferreira
authors.forename: Paulo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bettencourt