title: microRNA-451 regulates macrophage migration inhibitory factor production and proliferation of gastrointestinal cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  microRNAs (miRNA) are small RNAs that function as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Recent evidence has shown that some miRNAs can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. This study was conducted to evaluate the potential association of miRNA expression with clinical outcome in patients with gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Expression of 250 human mature miRNAs was measured by real-time PCR on paraffin-embedded tumor samples of 21 patients with gastric cancer stage III uniformly treated with surgical resection followed by chemoradiation. We identified the miRNAs correlated with disease-free and overall survival times, and the results were evaluated including 24 other patients. In vitro cell proliferation and radiosensitivity studies were done to support clinical data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results revealed that down-regulation of miR-451 was associated with worse prognosis. miR-451 was detected by in situ hybridization in epithelial cells and showed decreased expression in gastric and colorectal cancer versus nontumoral tissues. Overexpression of miR-451 in gastric and colorectal cancer cells reduced cell proliferation and increased sensitivity to radiotherapy. Microarray and bioinformatic analysis identified the novel oncogene macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) as a potential target of miR-451. In fact, overexpression of miR-451 down-regulated mRNA and protein levels of MIF and decreased expression of reporter genes with MIF target sequences. Moreover, we found a significant inverse correlation between miR-451 and MIF expression in tumoral gastric biopsies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the role of miR-451 as a regulator of cancer proliferation and open new perspectives for the development of effective therapies for chemoradioresistant cancers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Oncology and Hepatology, Center for Applied Medical Research, Clinica Universitaria, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bandres
authors.forename: Nerea
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bitarte
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arias
authors.forename: Jackeline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Agorreta
authors.forename: Puri
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fortes
authors.forename: Xabi
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Agirre
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zarate
authors.forename: Juan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Diaz-Gonzalez
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Jesus J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Sola
authors.forename: Paula
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Jesus
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Garcia-Foncillas