title: Mechanisms of grape seed procyanidin-induced apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Grape seed procyanidins (GSP) can inhibit cell proliferation and tumorigenesis, and induce apoptosis in human breast, prostate, skin and colorectal carcinoma cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  In order to study the mechanism of apoptosis, four colorectal cell lines, HT-29, SW-480, LoVo and Colo 320DM, were used. GSP-treated cells were assessed for viability by trypan blue exclusion, for loss of mitochondrial membrane potential by rhodamine 123 staining, for increased apoptosis by annexin V labeling, and for changes in the levels of proteins involved in apoptosis by immunoblotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GSP had no significant pro-apoptotic effect on the Colo 320DM cell line. In HT-29, SW-480 and LoVo cells, GSP (12.5-50 mg/l) inhibited proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In these three lines, GSP treatment increased the proportion of rhodamine 123-negative cells and annexin V-positive cells, while immunoblotting revealed increased levels of apoptosis activation protein, caspase-3 and the cleavage fragment of PARP (a caspase-3 substrate), but the level of Bcl-2 did not change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GSP inhibited the proliferation of some colorectal carcinoma cell lines and was associated with an apoptotic mechanism involving a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and caspase-3 activation in these cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Technology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Chih-Ping
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Ying-His
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Chih-Chung
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chou
authors.forename: Shi-Ping
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ya-chun
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Chia-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Fu-Man
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Ku
authors.forename: Yuan-Chiang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chung