title: Chest tube-delivered bupivacaine improves pain and decreases opioid use after thoracoscopy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study compared a simplified method of intrapleural bupivacaine administration with traditional analgesic therapy to decrease postoperative pain and opioid usage in patients after thoracoscopy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty patients who had non-rib-spreading thoracoscopic operations under general anesthesia were prospectively randomized to no local anesthetic infusion (control), intermittent bolus (30 mL every 6 hours), or continuous infusion (5 mL/h). Bupivacaine (0.25%) was delivered through the pleural infusion channel of a specially designed single silicone 28F chest tube. Total intravenous fentanyl patient-controlled analgesia (boluses with basal rate) infused in the first 24 hours postoperatively was the designated primary study end point. Escalations of analgesic therapy, including ketorolac administration, were standardized across all groups. Nurses assessed pain control at onset and every 6 hours by visual analog pain scales (VAPS, 100 mm). VAPS were repeated 10 minutes later to assess any opioid or bupivacaine bolus effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No study-related adverse events occurred. Compared with controls, pooled VAPS scores and 24-hour fentanyl consumption were significantly lower for the intermittent and continuous administration groups (1753 vs 1180 vs 1177 microg/24 h, respective median; p = 0.04) Early (6-hour) VAPS analgesic responses were more certain for intermittent (10 of 10) and continuous (10 of 10) patients than controls (7 of 10, p = .04). Five continuous patients successfully maintained VAPS scores below 20 mm throughout the study vs 3 intermittent and 2 controls (p = .045).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intermittent or continuous intrapleural bupivacaine infused through the chest tube reliably reduces postoperative pain and 24-hour opioid usage in thoracoscopy patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Roswell Park Cancer Institute and State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14263, USA. todd.demmy@roswellpark.org
authors.forename: Todd L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Demmy
authors.forename: Chukwumere
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwogu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Solan
authors.forename: Saikrishna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yendamuri
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: DeLeon