title: Working memory performance after acute exposure to the cold pressor stress  in healthy volunteers.
abstract: Effects of acute stress exposure on learning and memory have been frequently studied in both animals and humans. However, only a few studies have focused specifically on working memory performance and the available data are equivocal. The present study examined working memory performance during the Sternberg item recognition task after exposure to a predominantly adrenergic stressor. Twenty four healthy subjects were randomly assigned to a stress group or a control group. The stress group was exposed to the cold pressor stress test (CPS; i.e. insertion of the dominant hand into ice water for 60s),while 37 degrees C warm water was used with the control group. Twenty minutes after the stress exposure, working memory performance was tested with the Sternberg item recognition task with three levels of cognitive load. Sympathetic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) axis activation during CPS, were assessed by measuring heart rate and salivary cortisol before and during (heart rate) or 30 min after (cortisol) the stress procedure. Exposure to the CPS test was associated with a significant increase in heart rate but no increase in salivary cortisol. Participants exposed to the stress procedure showed significantly shorter reaction times during trials with higher cognitive load but tended to show higher false alarm rates than control subjects. The present results indicate that exposure to CPS can be associated with signs of both enhanced and impaired working memory performance. The observed behavioral pattern might represent a form of streamlined information processing advantageous in a threatening situation.
authors.affiliation: Section on Developmental Genetic Epidemiology, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3720, USA. dunckor@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Duncko
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Kathleen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Merikangas
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Grillon