title: Results from two randomized clinical trials evaluating the impact of quarterly recovery management checkups with adult chronic substance users.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Post-discharge monitoring and early reintervention have become standard practice when managing numerous chronic conditions. These two experiments tested the effectiveness of recovery management checkup (RMC) protocols for adult chronic substance users.
  
  
  METHODS
  RMC included quarterly monitoring; motivational interviewing to provide personalized feedback and to resolve ambivalence about substance use; treatment linkage, engagement and retention protocols to increase the amount of treatment received.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recruited from sequential addiction treatment admissions, participants in the two experiments were, on average, 36 and 38 years of age, mainly female (59% versus 46%), African American (85% versus 80%) and met past-year criteria for dependence (87% versus 76%).
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in both experiments were assigned randomly to the RMC or control condition and interviewed quarterly for 2 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) was the main assessment instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RMC participant outcomes were better than control participants in both experiments. Effect sizes were larger in the second experiment in terms of reducing days to readmission (Cohen's d = 0.41 versus d = 0.22), successive quarters in the community using substances (d = -0.32 versus -0.19), past-month symptoms of abuse/dependence (d = -0.23 versus -0.02) and increasing the days of abstinence over 2 years (d = +0.29 versus 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RMC, which provided ongoing monitoring and linkage, is feasible to conduct and is effective for adults with chronic substance dependence.
authors.affiliation: Chestnut Health Systems, 221 West Walton, Chicago, IL 60610, USA. cscott@chestnut.org
authors.forename: Christy K
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Michael L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Dennis