title: Cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease in a Swiss setting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone versus placebo, given in addition to existing treatment regimens, in patients with type 2 diabetes and evidence of macrovascular disease in Switzerland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Event rates corresponding to macrovascular outcomes from the PROactive (Prospective Pioglitazone Clinical Trial in Macrovascular Events) trial of pioglitazone were used to project long-term clinical outcomes as part of a modified version of the previously validated CORE Diabetes Model. Direct medical costs associated with treatment regimens, complications and patient management were accounted in 2005 values based on Swiss-specific unit costs. Time horizon was set to lifetime (35 years). Future costs and clinical benefits were discounted at 2.5% annually in line with Swiss recommendations. One-way sensitivity analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of pioglitazone was associated with a reduced incidence of most diabetes-related complications, improved life expectancy (0.258 years) and improved quality-adjusted life expectancy (0.180 QALYs) compared with placebo. Pioglitazone treatment increased direct costs by CHF 10,914 per patient over a lifetime horizon. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of pioglitazone versus placebo was CHF 42,274 per life-year gained and CHF 60,596 per QALY gained. ICERs were sensitive to variation in time horizon and duration of pioglitazone treatment effects. With a willingness to pay of CHF 80,000 per QALY in the Swiss setting, there was a 62.5% chance that pioglitazone would be cost-effective.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Addition of pioglitazone to existing therapy was projected to reduce the long-term cumulative incidence of most diabetes complications and improve quality-adjusted life expectancy. Evaluation of incremental direct medical costs associated with these clinical benefits indicated that pioglitazone is likely to be a cost-effective treatment option in the Swiss setting over patient lifetimes.
authors.affiliation: Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, Kantonsspital, St Gallen, Switzerland. michael.braendle@kssg.ch
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Brändle
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Erny-Albrecht
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Erdmann
authors.forename: W J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Valentine