title: The ethics of sex selection: a comparison of the attitudes and experiences of primary care physicians and physician providers of clinical sex selection services.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the perspectives of primary care physicians (PCPs) and physician sex-selection technology providers (SSTPs) about the ethics of sex selection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Qualitative interview study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Academic, private, and HMO-based infertility and general medical practices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty PCPs and 15 SSTPs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Semistructured interviews.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparisons of bioethical attitudes towards sex selection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary care physicians and SSTPs had distinctly different perceptions of the ethical concepts of autonomy, beneficence, and nonmaleficence as applied to sex selection. Sex-selection technology providers argued that sex selection was an expression of reproductive rights, was initiated and pursued by women, and was a sign of female empowerment that allowed couples to make well-informed family planning decisions, prevented unwanted pregnancies and abortions, and minimized the abuse of wives and/or neglect of children. In contrast, PCPs challenged the concept of "family balancing" and questioned whether women could truly express free choice under family and community pressure. In addition, PCPs voiced the concerns that sex selection technologies led to invasive medical interventions in the absence of therapeutic indications, contributed to gender stereotypes that could result in neglect of children of the lesser-desired sex, and were not a solution to domestic violence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Primary care physicians and SSTPs had markedly different ethical perspectives on the provision of sex selection services that were informed by their professional and personal attitudes and experiences.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. Sunita.Puri@ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Sunita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Puri
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Nachtigall