title: Rasch analysis provides new insights into the measurement properties of the neck disability index.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The most widely used neck-specific measure in intervention trials is the 10-item Neck Disability Index (NDI), which is assumed to be a unidimensional interval scale, as shown by how NDI data are scored, analyzed, and interpreted. Our objective was to use modern measurement methods to test this assumption (and thereby to also test the validity of calculating summed scores and parametric statistics on NDI data) through Rasch analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  NDI data from 521 trial subjects with neck pain were fit to the Rasch model. We examined threshold ordering of NDI items, fit of data to model expectations, presence of differential item functioning, and whether or not the set of NDI items collectively measure a single construct, which is a requirement for calculating summative scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a lack of fit of data to the Rasch model (chi(2) = 140.35, 70 df; P < 0.001). Five items (personal care, lifting, headaches, work, and recreation) had disordered response thresholds. Differential item functioning was detected for age and sex. The NDI items did not contribute to a single construct. Unidimensionality and interval scaling were achieved by removing 2 of the 10 items (resulting in the NDI-8), and converting NDI-8 ordinal (paper) summative scores to NDI-8 interval (Rasch-weighted) scores.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As originally proposed and conventionally used, the NDI is not a unidimensional scale, and has only ordinal scaling. This raises fundamental doubts about the practice of calculating change scores and other parametric statistics on NDI data. A revised 8-item version provides unidimensional interval-level measurement of neck pain disability.
authors.affiliation: Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment Collaborative, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. gabrielle.vandervelde@theta.utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: Dorcas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beaton
authors.forename: Sheilah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hogg-Johnston
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hurwitz
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tennant