title: Nobody is perfect: ERP effects prior to performance errors in musicians indicate fast monitoring processes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  One central question in the context of motor control and action monitoring is at what point in time errors can be detected. Previous electrophysiological studies investigating this issue focused on brain potentials elicited after erroneous responses, mainly in simple speeded response tasks. In the present study, we investigated brain potentials before the commission of errors in a natural and complex situation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expert pianists bimanually played scales and patterns while the electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were computed for correct and incorrect performances. Results revealed differences already 100 ms prior to the onset of a note (i.e., prior to auditory feedback). We further observed that erroneous keystrokes were delayed in time and pressed more slowly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data reveal neural mechanisms in musicians that are able to detect errors prior to the execution of erroneous movements. The underlying mechanism probably relies on predictive control processes that compare the predicted outcome of an action with the action goal.
authors.affiliation: Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany. maidhof@cbs.mpg.de
authors.forename: Clemens
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Maidhof
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rieger
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Prinz
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koelsch