title: Nanomedicines for ocular NSAIDs: safety on drug delivery.
abstract: The eyes are among the most readily accessible organs in terms of location in the body, yet drug delivery to eye tissues is particularly problematic. Poor bioavailability of drugs from ocular dosage forms is mainly due to precorneal loss factors (e.g., tear dynamics, nonproductive absorption, transient residence time in the cul-de-sac, and relative impermeability of the corneal epithelial membrane). There is a clear need for effective topical formulations capable of promoting drug penetration and maintaining therapeutic levels with a reasonable frequency of application--a strategy that can also result in enhancement of side effects that probably would not be acceptable. Delivery of a drug via a nanotechnology-based product fulfills three main objectives: enhancement of drug permeation, controlled release, and targeting. The inflammatory response of the ocular tissues is a common side effect associated with ophthalmic surgery. Together with steroidal agents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used in eye surgery. In this review we focus on microemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and drug nanocrystals as formulations incorporating anti-inflammatory drugs for ophthalmic application.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This review focuses on microemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and drug nanocrystals as novel high efficiency delivery systems of anti-inflammatory drugs in ophthalmic applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Joana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gonzalez
authors.forename: Maria Antonia
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Egea
authors.forename: Marisa Luisa
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Eliana B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Souto