title: Broad spectrum of cytokine abnormalities in panic disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Proinflammatory cytokines have been reported to be elevated in individuals experiencing chronic stress as well as in those with major depressive disorder. Much less is known about cytokines in anxiety disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and panic disorder (PD). We hypothesized that PD and PTSD would be associated with a generalized proinflammatory cytokine signature.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized Luminex technology to examine 20 cytokines and chemokines in serum from 48 well-characterized individuals with a primary DSM-IV PD or PTSD diagnosis, and 48 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. We conservatively employed a Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (alpha=.05/20=.0025).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with primary PTSD or PD had significantly elevated median peripheral cytokine levels for 18 of 20 different cytokines compared to age- and gender-matched healthy controls (all P<.0025). To assess for the presence of a generalized proinflammatory state, we also examined the proportion of subjects with detectable levels of at least six of nine common proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (IL-6, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-8, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha, Eotaxin, GM-CSF, and IFN-alpha). For men and women, 87% of anxiety patients had six or more detectable levels of these proinflammatory cytokines, compared with only 25% of controls (Fisher's Exact Test (FET) P=.000). Confirmatory analysis of the subset of individuals without current psychiatric medication use or comorbid depression was of comparable significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that a generalized inflammatory state may be present in individuals with PD or PTSD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hoge
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Brandstetter
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moshier
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Simon