title: Dispersion of repolarization and arrhythmogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relation between induction of arrhythmias and dispersion of repolarization is not completely understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to study the relation between heterogeneity in repolarization and arrhythmogenesis under conditions of selective regional action potential prolongation and shortening.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pig hearts were perfused in a Langendorff setup. The left anterior descending artery (LAD) was cannulated and perfused. Sotalol (220 microM) was infused in the aortic cannula, and pinacidil (20 microM) was infused through the LAD, causing a gradient in repolarization time between the two myocardial regions. Premature stimulation was performed from the LAD region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No transmural repolarization gradients developed after infusion of the drugs. High-density epicardial activation/repolarization mapping (176 unipolar electrodes, 2-mm interelectrode spacing) revealed a maximum repolarization gradient of approximately 120 ms over 14 mm. The critical parameter for differentiating between the occurrence of reentry and the mere occurrence of a line of activation block between the two myocardial regions (and no reentry) was not the magnitude of the repolarization gradient but the timing of arrival of the premature activation wave at the distal side of the line of activation block relative to the repolarization time of the premature beat proximal to the line of block. No spontaneous arrhythmias were observed despite the presence of the repolarization gradient.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is not the repolarization gradient but the restitution characteristics of the tissue with the shorter action potential, in combination with the time of arrival of the premature wavefront at the distal side of the line of block, that determines the occurrence of reentry.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Cardiology, Center for Heart Failure Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. R.Coronel@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Ruben
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coronel
authors.forename: Francien J G
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Wilms-Schopman
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Opthof
authors.forename: Michiel J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Janse