title: Multimodality education for airway endoscopy skill development.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Airway endoscopy is a difficult skill to master. A unique practicum was designed to help otolaryngology residents develop endoscopy skills. The learning modalities included lectures, an animal laboratory, high-fidelity manikins, virtual bronchoscopy simulation, and standardized patients. This study compares the relative subjective value of these learning modalities for skill development and realism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants used a Likert scale (1=disagree to 5=agree) and open responses to anonymously rate the efficacy of 5 learning modalities for teaching airway management, endoscopy skills, and clinical leadership and for providing a realistic experience.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results in 2007 were uniformly positive, with mean scores for every category and modality greater than 4 for developing cognitive, psychomotor, and affective skills; managing normal and abnormal conditions; preventing and managing complications; improving endoscopy skills; understanding team process; and experiencing overall and manual "feel" realism. In 2008, the participants were encouraged to more critically evaluate the course. The ratings demonstrated statistically significant differences between the mean scores for 4 of the 9 evaluation categories in 2007 and all 9 categories in 2008.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific learning modalities (e.g., lecture, animal laboratory, high-fidelity manikin, virtual bronchoscopy, standardized patient) were perceived to have different values for teaching airway management, developing endoscopy skills, teaching clinical leadership, and providing a realistic experience. We propose that these learning modalities can be used in a complementary manner.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, P.O. Box 269, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA.
authors.forename: Ellen S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Deutsch
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Christenson
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Curry
authors.forename: Jobayer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zur
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Jacobs