title: Determination of pharmaceutical compounds in hospital effluents and their contribution to wastewater treatment works.
abstract: A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of almost 40 pharmaceuticals; including antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, analgesics, hypolipidemics, alpha- and beta-blockers, an anti cancer drug, anti-fungal agents, an opiate, an antibiotic, an anti-coagulant, a diuretic, an anti-anginal and an anti-diabetic compound. This was used to assess the contribution of pharmaceuticals originating from hospital effluents to one of Oslo city's wastewater treatment works. Some pharmaceuticals were found to contribute to more of the wastewater loading than others. 11% of the propranolol entering the wastewater treatment works stems from hospital effluent, approximately 2% of the atenolol, carbemazepine, metaprolol and atorvastatin, and for several other compounds the contribution is less than 1%. This assessment shows that point sources discharges from hospitals typically make a small contribution to the overall pharmaceutical load when compared to municipal areas, however this varies from substance to substance and is not the case when a drug's use is primarily hospital based.
authors.affiliation: NIVA, Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadaleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway. kla@niva.no
authors.forename: Katherine H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Langford
authors.forename: Kevin V
authors.initials: KV
authors.lastname: Thomas