title: Fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy with sodium morrhuate for peripheral venous malformations: Preliminary experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound-guided foam sclerotherapy is a generally safe, cost-effective, and practical technique for the treatment of certain venous malformations; however, not all vascular malformation lesions are amenable to the ultrasound-guided method. Venous outflow of the sclerosing agent and extravasation are difficult to check when only ultrasound guidance is used. This study describes a new fluoroscopy-guided technique that uses standardized sclerosing foam for peripheral venous malformations. The short-term efficacy and safety of fluoroscopy-guided foam sclerotherapy for peripheral venous malformations was evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of a prospectively collected data was performed for 23 patients (9 males, 14 females) with limited (localized) venous malformations treated with foam sclerotherapy who were referred from January 2007 to December 2007. Median patient age was 21 years (range, 5 months-39 years). Lesion locations included extremities in 13, faces in eight, and trunks in two. The standardized sclerosing foam was prepared using Tessari's method to mix room air with 5% sodium morrhuate in a 4:1 ratio. Sclerotherapy was performed by the "filling-defects" technique under fluoroscopy. Postsclerotherapy surveillance was done at 6 months after the last session. Treatment response was assessed clinically and by means of lesion size measurement with magnetic resonance imaging. During the treatment and the follow-up period, adverse events and adverse drug reactions were recorded. Specific complications were classified as major or minor.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 58 treatment sessions were performed (mean, 3 sessions per patient; range, 1-6 sessions). At the 6-month follow-up, 15 patients (65.2%) showed a total disappearance of treated malformations, six (26.1%) showed a reduction in malformation size of >50%, and two (8.7%) showed a reduction in malformation size of </=50%. The overall patient-reported outcome was excellent in 11 (47.8%), good in 8 (34.8%), or moderate in 4 (17.4%). Minor complications included swelling and inflammatory reaction per session, mild pain in 17 sessions (29.3%), and skin blister at the injection site in two sessions (3.4%), which resolved spontaneously within several days to 2 weeks. No major complications occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fluoroscopic guidance could have great promise in foam sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformations, although larger studies are necessary to determine the advantages of this technique over other sclerotherapeutic methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Interventional Radiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
authors.forename: Long
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Xin-Qiao
authors.initials: XQ
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Yan-Hao
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li