title: Brain injury in autonomic, emotional, and cognitive regulatory areas in patients with heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure (HF) is accompanied by autonomic, emotional, and cognitive deficits, indicating brain alterations. Reduced gray matter volume and isolated white matter infarcts occur in HF, but the extent of damage is unclear. Using magnetic resonance T2 relaxometry, we evaluated the extent of injury across the entire brain in HF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proton-density and T2-weighted images were acquired from 13 HF (age 54.6 +/- 8.3 years; 69% male, left ventricular ejection fraction 0.28 +/- 0.07) and 49 controls (50.6 +/- 7.3 years, 59% male). Whole brain maps of T2 relaxation times were compared at each voxel between groups using analysis of covariance (covariates: age and gender). Higher T2 relaxation values, indicating injured brain areas (P < .005), emerged in sites that control autonomic, analgesic, emotional, and cognitive functions (hypothalamus, raphé magnus, cerebellar cortex, deep nuclei and vermis; temporal, parietal, prefrontal, occipital, insular, cingulate, and ventral frontal cortices; corpus callosum; anterior thalamus; caudate nuclei; anterior fornix and hippocampus). No brain areas showed higher T2 values in control vs. HF subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain structural injury emerged in areas involved in autonomic, pain, mood, language, and cognitive function in HF patients. Comorbid conditions accompanying HF may result from neural injury associated with the syndrome.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1702, USA. mwoo@sonnet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Mary A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Paul M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Macey
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Harper