title: Thalamic microinfusion of antibody to a voltage-gated potassium channel restores consciousness during anesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Drosophila Shaker mutant fruit-fly, with its malfunctioning voltage-gated potassium channel, exhibits anesthetic requirements that are more than twice normal. Shaker mutants with an abnormal Kv1.2 channel also demonstrate significantly reduced sleep. Given the important role the thalamus plays in both sleep and arousal, the authors investigated whether localized central medial thalamic (CMT) microinfusion of an antibody designed to block the pore of the Kv1.2 channel might awaken anesthetized rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a cannula aimed at the CMT or lateral thalamus. One week later, unconsciousness was induced with either desflurane (3.6 +/- 0.2%; n = 55) or sevoflurane (1.2 +/- 0.1%; n = 51). Arousal effects of a single 0.5-microl infusion of Kv1.2 potassium channel blocking antibody (0.1- 0.2 mg/ml) or a control infusion of Arc-protein antibody (0.2 mg/ml) were then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Kv1.2 antibody, but not the control antibody, temporarily restored consciousness in 17% of all animals and in 75% of those animals where infusions occurred within the CMT (P < 0.01 for each anesthetic). Lateral thalamic infusions showed no effects. Consciousness returned on average (+/- SD) 170 +/- 99 s after infusion and lasted a median time of 398 s (interquartile range: 279-510 s). Temporary seizures, without apparent consciousness, predominated in 33% of all animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the idea that the CMT plays a role in modulating levels of arousal during anesthesia and further suggest that voltage-gated potassium channels in the CMT may contribute to regulating arousal or may even be relevant targets of anesthetic action.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, Center for Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California- Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. malkire@uci.edu
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Alkire
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Asher
authors.forename: Amanda M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Franciscus
authors.forename: Emily L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Hahn