title: Association of tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene (T-1031C, C-863A, and C-857T) polymorphisms with bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome after bacille Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association of tumour necrosis factor-alpha gene (TNF-alpha) polymorphisms T-1031C, C-863A, and C-857T with bladder cancer risk and recurrence after bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy, as TNF-alpha regulates inflammatory process influencing bladder cancer susceptibility and outcome of BCG immunotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  In all, 220 patients with bladder cancer and 206 controls were recruited. Genotyping was done using allele specific-polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A T-1031C, CC genotype and haplotype -1031C/-863C/-857T showed enhanced susceptibility to bladder cancer, with an odds ratio (OR) of 2.23 and 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.17-4.26; and an OR of 6.05 and 95%CI of 2.46-14.90, respectively. A T-1031C, CC genotype had a reduced risk of recurrence after BCG treatment (hazard ratio 0.38, 95%CI 0.14-0.98).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present data suggests that T-1031C (CC) genotype and C/C/T haplotype may confer risk for bladder cancer, moreover T-1031C (CC) decreased the risk of recurrence after BCG immunotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
authors.forename: Dinesh K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Ahirwar
authors.forename: Anil
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mandhani
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dharaskar
authors.forename: Pravin
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kesarwani
authors.forename: Rama D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Mittal