title: Placement of covered stents for the treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endovascular detachable balloon occlusion and coil occlusion are 2 well-established options for the treatment of direct carotid cavernous fistulas (DCCFs). In recent years, covered stents have been applied in the treatment of neurovascular pathologies such as aneurysms, pseudoaneurysms, arterial dissections, and DCCFs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical efficacy of covered stents for the treatment of DCCFs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten consecutive patients underwent covered-stent placement after failure of detachable balloon occlusion for the treatment of their DCCFs. Clinical and angiographic follow-up ranged from 5 to 48 months (mean, 18.2 months) after stent placement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stent placement was technically successful in all except 1 patient. In this patient, stent placement failed after multiple attempts because of rigidity of the Jostent GraftMaster Coronary Stent Graft and the tortuous anatomy of the internal carotid artery (ICA). Complete exclusion of the fistula was achieved in 6 patients immediately after stent deployment. Endoleak was observed in 3 patients. Re-dilation of the stent avoided the endoleak in 2 patients; in 1 of these 2 patients, formerly improved symptoms recurred the next morning and the ipsilateral ICA was occluded with detachable balloons. Spasm of the ICA was observed in most of the patients after stent placement; however, angioplasty was not required. Symptoms improved in all patients after treatment, without thromboembolic events. Follow-up cerebral angiography showed complete exclusion of all DCCFs and stent patency without intrastent stenosis in the 8 patients who had successful deployment of the stent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although a larger sample and expanded follow-up are needed, our series shows that covered stents can be used in the treatment of DCCFs with symptomatic relief.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China. chaohuawang@sina.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: You
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mao