title: Methylmercury exposure and adverse cardiovascular effects in Faroese whaling men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Methylmercury (MeHg), a worldwide contaminant found in fish and seafood, has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined 42 Faroese whaling men (30-70 years of age) to assess possible adverse effects within a wide range of MeHg exposures from consumption of pilot whale meat.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed exposure levels from mercury analysis of toenails and whole blood (obtained at the time of clinical examination), and a hair sample collected 7 years previously. Outcome measures included heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure (BP), common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP). We carried out multiple regression and structural equation model (SEM) analyses to determine the confounder-adjusted effect of mercury exposure. Taking into account correlations among related measures, we categorized exposure and outcomes in groups to derive latent exposure and response variables in SEMs. We used multiple regression analysis to compare the predictive validity of individual exposure biomarkers and the latent exposure variable on individual and latent outcomes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The toenail mercury concentrations varied widely and had a geometric mean of 2.0 microg/g; hair concentrations averaged about 3-fold higher. Mercury exposure was significantly associated with increased BP and IMT. This effect was reflected by SEMs, but mercury in toenails tended to be the best effect predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results support the notion that increased MeHg exposure promotes the development of cardiovascular disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA. achoi@hsph.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Pal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Weihe
authors.forename: Esben
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Budtz-Jørgensen
authors.forename: Poul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Jørgensen
authors.forename: Jukka T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Salonen
authors.forename: Tomi-Pekka
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Tuomainen
authors.forename: Katsuyuki
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murata
authors.forename: Hans Petur
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Nielsen
authors.forename: Maria Skaalum
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Petersen
authors.forename: Jórun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Askham
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Grandjean