title: Involvement of erythropoietin in retinal ischemic preconditioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to examine the role of erythropoietin in retinal ischemic preconditioning (IPC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to retinal ischemia after IPC. Electroretinography assessed functional recovery after ischemia; retinal sections were examined to determine loss of retinal ganglion cells, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to assess apoptosis. Levels of downstream mediators were measured in retinal homogenates by Western blotting. To assess the involvement of erythropoietin in IPC, Western blotting was used to measure levels of erythropoietin and its receptor (EPO-R) in retinal homogenates after IPC. To examine erythropoietin's role in IPC, the impact of blocking erythropoietin via intravitreal injection of soluble EPO-R (sEPO-R) before IPC was studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Erythropoietin levels did not change after IPC, but EPO-R increased. Intravitreal injection of sEPO-R significantly attenuated both the functional and histologic neuroprotection produced by IPC in comparison to control injection of denatured sEPO-R. Apoptotic damage after ischemia was enhanced in the sEPO-R-treated retinas as indicated by fluorescent terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. Phosphorylated extracellular-signal-regulated kinase and heat shock protein 27, but not protein kinase B, upregulated in denatured sEPO-R-treated retinae, were attenuated in eyes injected with sEPO-R.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate that EPO-R upregulation is a critical component of the functional, histologic, and antiapoptotic protective effect of IPC on ischemia in the retina and that several downstream effectors may be involved in the neuroprotective actions of erythropoietin.
authors.affiliation: Anesthesia and Critical Care, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dreixler
authors.forename: Sarah
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hagevik
authors.forename: Jonathan W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hemmert
authors.forename: Afzhal R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Shaikh
authors.forename: Daniel M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roth