title: TGF-[beta]1 limits plaque growth, stabilizes plaque structure, and prevents aortic dilation in apolipoprotein E-null mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Impairment of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1 signaling accelerates atherosclerosis in experimental mice. However, it is uncertain whether increased TGF-beta1 expression would retard atherosclerosis. The role of TGF-beta1 in aneurysm formation is also controversial. We tested whether overexpression of active TGF-beta1 in hyperlipidemic mice affects atherogenesis and aortic dilation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We generated apolipoprotein E-null mice with transgenes that allow regulated overexpression of active TGF-beta1 in their hearts. Compared to littermate controls, these mice had elevated cardiac and plasma TGF-beta1, less aortic root atherosclerosis (P< or =0.002), fewer lesions in the thoracic and abdominal aortae (P< or =0.01), less aortic root dilation (P<0.001), and fewer pseudoaneurysms (P=0.02). Mechanistic studies revealed no effect of TGF-beta1 overexpression on plasma lipids or cytokines, or on peripheral lymphoid organ cells. However, aortae of TGF-beta1-overexpressing mice had fewer T-lymphocytes, more collagen, less lipid, lower expression of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-13, and higher expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  When overexpressed in the heart and plasma, TGF-beta1 is an antiatherogenic, vasculoprotective cytokine that limits atherosclerosis and prevents aortic dilation. These actions are associated with significant changes in cellularity, collagen and lipid accumulation, and gene expression in the artery wall.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7710, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Frutkin
authors.forename: Goro
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Otsuka
authors.forename: April
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stempien-Otero
authors.forename: Casilde
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sesti
authors.forename: Liang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: Helén L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dichek
authors.forename: Caroline J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Pennington
authors.forename: Dylan R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Edwards
authors.forename: Madeline
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nieves-Cintrón
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minter
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Preusch
authors.forename: Jie Hong
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Julien C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Marie
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Dichek