title: Increasing prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome: population study of maternal factors and child protection involvement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Illicit drug use during pregnancy is an important public health issue, with adverse effects on the newborn and implications for subsequent parenting. The aim of this study was to measure the birth prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome over time, associated maternal characteristics and child protection involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study that used linked health and child protection databases for all live births in Western Australia from 1980 to 2005. Maternal characteristics and mental health-and assault-related medical history were assessed by using logistic regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The birth prevalence of neonatal withdrawal syndrome increased from 0.97 to a high of 42.2 per 10 000 live births, plateauing after 2002. Mothers with a previous mental health admission, low skill level, Aboriginal status or who smoked during pregnancy were significantly more likely to have an infant with neonatal withdrawal syndrome. These infants were at greater risk for having a substantiated child maltreatment allegation and entering foster care. Increased risk for maltreatment was associated with mothers who were aged <30 years, were from socially disadvantaged backgrounds, Aboriginal status, and had a mental health-or assault-related admission.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There has been a marked increase in neonatal withdrawal syndrome in the past 25 years. Specific maternal characteristics identified should facilitate planning for early identification and intervention for these women. Findings demonstrate an important pathway into child maltreatment and highlight the need for well-supported programs for women who use illicit drugs during pregnancy as well as the need for sustained long-term support after birth.
authors.affiliation: Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, 100 Roberts Rd, Subiaco, WA, 6008, Australia. melissao@ichr.uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Natasha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nassar
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Leonard
authors.forename: Ronnie
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hagan
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Patterson
authors.forename: Fiona
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Stanley