title: Household economic impact of an emerging disease in terms of catastrophic out-of-pocket health care expenditure and loss of productivity: investigation of an outbreak of chikungunya in Orissa, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the household economic impact of an outbreak of chikungunya in terms of out-of-pocket health care expenditure and income foregone due to loss of productive time in Orissa, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured interviews were conducted on 150 respondents, bread winners from the affected households of a village with maximum number of reported cases in the state, during August 2007. We looked at the economic profile, treatment history, and patient-side cost of care, loss of productivity and consequent income loss.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median out-of-pocket health care expenditure was US$ 84, of which the proportion of cost of diagnosis was the highest (US$ 77). One hundred and forty nine respondents incurred cost of care more than 10% of their monthly household income (catastrophic health expenditure). The median catastrophic health care expenditure was 37%. The respondents depended more on private health care providers (49%) and 31% of them accessed care from both public and private health care providers. The median work days lost was 35 with a consequent loss of income of US$ 75.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outbreak of an emerging disease creates unforeseen catastrophic health care expenditure and reinforcing the poverty ill-health nexus. The priorities of tackling emerging diseases should include; discretionary public health spending, financial protection against the cost of illness and productivity with special emphasis on people living on daily wages with less financial reserves, and further research on therapeutic measures to reduce the duration of suffering and consequent economic loss.
authors.affiliation: Asian Institute of Public Health, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. sajisaraswathyg@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Saji Saraswathy
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Gopalan
authors.forename: Ashis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Das