title: Open fractures of the tibia in the pediatric population: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The management of open fractures of the tibia in a pediatric population represents a challenge to the clinician. Several case series over the course of many years have been performed describing the results of treating these injuries. It remains unclear, however, whether there is a preferred modality of treatment for these injuries, if a more severe injury confers a greater risk of infection, and if time to union is affected by Gustilo type, although trends seem to exist. The purpose of this study was to assemble the available data to determine (1) the risk of infection and time to union of various subtypes of open tibia fractures in children and (2) the changes in treatment pattern over the past three decades.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of the available literature was performed. Frequency weighted mean union times were used to compare union times for different types of open fractures. Mantel Haentzel cumulative odds ratios were used to compare infection risk between different types of open fractures. Linear regression by year was used to determine treatment practices over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant change in practice patterns was found for type I and III fractures, although type II fractures were more likely to be treated closed in the later years of the study compared to the earlier years. Type III fractures conferred a 3.5- and 2.3-fold greater odds of infection than type I and type II fractures, respectively. There was no significant difference in odds of infection between type I and II fractures. There was a significant delay in mean time to union between type I and type II fractures, and between type II and type III fractures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the exception of type II fractures, the philosophy of treatment of open fractures of the tibia has not significantly changed over the past three decades. Closed treatment or internal fixation are both viable options for type II fractures based on their relatively low incidence of infection. This study also demonstrates a strong relationship between Gustillo sub-types and odds of infection in this population. Not surprisingly, union rates are also delayed with increasing injury severity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 34th and Spruce, 2nd Floor, Silverstein Building, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Baldwin
authors.forename: Oladapo M
authors.initials: OM
authors.lastname: Babatunde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Russell Huffman
authors.forename: Harish S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Hosalkar