title: Elevated human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression in blood cells associated with chronic arsenic exposure in Inner Mongolia, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Arsenic exposure is associated with human cancer. Telomerase-containing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) can extend telomeres of chromosomes, delay senescence, and promote cell proliferation leading to tumorigenesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of As on hTERT mRNA expression in humans and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 324 Inner Mongolia residents who have been exposed to As via drinking water participated in this study. Water and toenail samples were collected and analyzed for As. Blood samples were quantified for hTERT mRNA expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The hTERT mRNA levels were linked to water and nail As concentrations and skin hyperkeratosis. Human epidermal keratinocytes were treated with arsenite to assess effects on cell viability and hTERT expression in vitro.
  
  
  RESULTS
  hTERT mRNA expression levels were significantly associated with As concentrations of water (p<0.0001) and nails (p=0.002) and also associated with severity of skin hyperkeratosis (p<0.05), adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and pesticide use. Females showed a higher slope than males (females: 0.126, p=0.0005; males: 0.079, p=0.017). In addition to water and nail As concentrations, age (p<0.0001) and pesticide use (p=0.025) also showed significant associations with hTERT expression. The hTERT expression levels decreased with age. Tobacco smoking did not affect hTERT expression (p=0.13). hTERT expression was significantly correlated with OGG1 and ERCC1 expression. The in vitro results also showed a dose-response relationship between arsenite concentrations and hTERT expression and reached the peak at 1 microM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  hTERT expression was associated with As exposure in vivo and in vitro. The increased hTERT expression may be a cellular response to genomic insults by As and may also indicate that As may function as a tumor promoter in carcinogenesis in humans.
authors.affiliation: Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Jinyao
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mo
authors.forename: Yajuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Zhixiong
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Wade
authors.forename: Judy L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Mumford