title: Recovery of Soybean Cyst Nematodes (Heterodera glycines) from the Digestive Tracts of Blackbirds.
abstract: Digestive tract contents and feces of blackbirds were examined for cysts of Heterodera glycines, the soybean cyst nematode. Birds fed under laboratory conditions and trapped in naturally-infested fields were checked. Infective larvae were recovered from cysts in the excrement of birds 24 and 48 hr after they were fed cysts. Birds that were force-fed eggs and larvae discharged infective larvae in the excrement. Birds which consumed cysts mixed with feed and cysts in feed mixed with soil discharged numerous cysts containing infective larvae. Seven of 54 starlings, trapped and killed in an infested field, contained cysts in their digestive tracts.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Epps