title: The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated dosing with 0.03% ointment in infants with atopic dermatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In adults and children aged > 2 years, systemic absorption of tacrolimus from tacrolimus ointment is very low. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment were investigated in infants aged 3-24 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  The pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus after first and repeated topical application of tacrolimus 0.03% ointment were evaluated in 53 infants (age, 3-24 month) with atopic dermatitis requiring treatment with mid-potency topical corticosteroids. Patients were grouped according to percentage of body surface area affected (Group 1: 5-20%; Group 2: > 20-40%; Group 3: > 40%). After stratification, patients were randomized (double-blind) to receive once-daily or twice-daily tacrolimus 0.03% ointment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Blood samples taken on days 1 and 14 (first and last application) showed minimal systemic tacrolimus exposure. Overall, 97% of blood samples assayed contained tacrolimus concentrations < 1 ng/ml, and 20% were below the lower limit of quantification (0.025 ng/ml). Systemic tacrolimus exposure was variable, but tended to increase as the treated body surface area increased. Mean apparent half-life of tacrolimus was 80 +/- 35 h (range: 25-175 h). Most patients experienced substantial clinical improvement in their atopic dermatitis. There were no clinically significant changes in laboratory values, and the most frequently reported adverse events were minor infections and local skin irritations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tacrolimus 0.03% ointment in infants is associated with very low systemic exposure to tacrolimus. Treatment was well tolerated and led to considerable clinical improvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dermatology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Sakari
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reitamo
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mandelin
authors.forename: Andris
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rubins
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Remitz
authors.forename: Mika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mäkelä
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cirule
authors.forename: Silvestrs
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rubins
authors.forename: Sanita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zigure
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Nasrullah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Undre