title: Social deprivation and prognostic benefits of cardiac surgery: observational study of 44 902 patients from five hospitals over 10 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of social deprivation on survival after cardiac surgery and to examine the influence of potentially modifiable risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analysis of prospectively collected data. Prognostic models used to examine the additional effect of social deprivation on the end points.
  
  
  METHODS
  Birmingham and north west England.
  
  
  METHODS
  44 902 adults undergoing cardiac surgery, 1997-2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Social deprivation with census based 2001 Carstairs scores. All cause mortality in hospital and at mid-term follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In hospital mortality for all cardiac procedures was 3.25% and mid-term follow-up (median 1887 days; range 1180-2725 days) mortality was 12.4%. Multivariable analysis identified social deprivation as an independent predictor of mid-term mortality (hazard ratio 1.024, 95% confidence interval 1.015 to 1.033; P<0.001). Smoking (P<0.001), body mass index (BMI, P<0.001), and diabetes (P<0.001) were associated with social deprivation. Smoking at time of surgery (1.294, 1.191 to 1.407, P<0.001) and diabetes (1.305, 1.217 to 1.399, P<0.001) were independent predictors of mid-term mortality. The relation between BMI and mid-term mortality was non-linear and risks were higher in the extremes of BMI (P<0.001). Adjustment for smoking, BMI, and diabetes reduced but did not eliminate the effects of social deprivation on mid-term mortality (1.017, 1.007 to 1.026, P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking, extremes of BMI, and diabetes, which are potentially modifiable risk factors associated with social deprivation, are responsible for a significant reduction in survival after surgery, but even after adjustment for these variables social deprivation remains a significant independent predictor of increased risk of mortality.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, University Hospital Birmingham Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH. domenico.pagano@uhb.nhs.uk
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authors.lastname: Pagano
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