title: Screening for kidney disease in vascular patients: SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED) experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  SCreening for Occult REnal Disease (SCORED) is a novel screening guideline recently developed to identify individuals with a high likelihood of having prevalent chronic kidney disease (CKD). This simple scoring system, developed from general US representative samples and independently validated, was shown to outperform current clinical practice guidelines. Recently, CKD screening in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been emphasized. We therefore evaluated the SCORED model in CVD patients in order to better understand the implications of CKD screening in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two clinical trials that enrolled patients with heart attack (N = 2481) or stroke (N = 3680) were combined to create our sample. The performance of the SCORED guideline was evaluated by standard diagnostic measures. Correlations among various risk scores and their predictive abilities for recurrent CVD were ascertained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For heart attack and stroke patients, respectively, the SCORED guideline yielded sensitivity of 94 and 97%, specificity of 27 and 11%, positive predictive value of 32 and 30%, negative predictive value of 93 and 89%, with AUC of 0.75 and 0.68. SCORED was strongly correlated with other risk scores and exhibited a similar performance in the prediction of recurrent CVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The higher risk of CKD in CVD patients with high SCORED values is demonstrated. This simple education and screening tool may help promote awareness of CKD in CVD patients, in addition to general populations, and assess the CKD risk and its relationship with recurrent CVD.
authors.affiliation: Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA. heb2013@med.cornell.edu
authors.forename: Heejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Madhu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mazumdar
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Newman
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Bomback
authors.forename: Christie M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ballantyne
authors.forename: Allan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Jaffe
authors.forename: Phyllis A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: August
authors.forename: Abhijit V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Kshirsagar