title: Targeted and genome-scale strategies reveal gene-body methylation signatures in human cells.
abstract: Studies of epigenetic modifications would benefit from improved methods for high-throughput methylation profiling. We introduce two complementary approaches that use next-generation sequencing technology to detect cytosine methylation. In the first method, we designed approximately 10,000 bisulfite padlock probes to profile approximately 7,000 CpG locations distributed over the ENCODE pilot project regions and applied them to human B-lymphocytes, fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells. This unbiased choice of targets takes advantage of existing expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation data and enabled us to observe a pattern of low promoter methylation and high gene-body methylation in highly expressed genes. The second method, methyl-sensitive cut counting, generated nontargeted genome-scale data for approximately 1.4 million HpaII sites in the DNA of B-lymphocytes and confirmed that gene-body methylation in highly expressed genes is a consistent phenomenon throughout the human genome. Our observations highlight the usefulness of techniques that are not inherently or intentionally biased towards particular subsets like CpG islands or promoter regions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.
authors.forename: Madeleine P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ball
authors.forename: Jin Billy
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yuan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Je-Hyuk
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Emily M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: LeProust
authors.forename: In-Hyun
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Bin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: George Q
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Daley
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Church