title: Plastid chaperonin proteins Cpn60 alpha and Cpn60 beta are required for plastid division in Arabidopsis thaliana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Plastids arose from a free-living cyanobacterial endosymbiont and multiply by binary division as do cyanobacteria. Plastid division involves nucleus-encoded homologs of cyanobacterial division proteins such as FtsZ, MinD, MinE, and ARC6. However, homologs of many other cyanobacterial division genes are missing in plant genomes and proteins of host eukaryotic origin, such as a dynamin-related protein, PDV1 and PDV2 are involved in the division process. Recent identification of plastid division proteins has started to elucidate the similarities and differences between plastid division and cyanobacterial cell division. To further identify new proteins that are required for plastid division, we characterized previously and newly isolated plastid division mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leaf cells of two mutants, br04 and arc2, contain fewer, larger chloroplasts than those of wild type. We found that ARC2 and BR04 are identical to nuclear genes encoding the plastid chaperonin 60 alpha (ptCpn60alpha) and chaperonin 60 beta (ptCpn60beta) proteins, respectively. In both mutants, plastid division FtsZ ring formation was partially perturbed though the level of FtsZ2-1 protein in plastids of ptcpn60beta mutants was similar to that in wild type. Phylogenetic analyses showed that both ptCpn60 proteins are derived from ancestral cyanobacterial proteins. The A. thaliana genome encodes two members of ptCpn60alpha family and four members of ptCpn60beta family respectively. We found that a null mutation in ptCpn60alpha abolished greening of plastids and resulted in an albino phenotype while a weaker mutation impairs plastid division and reduced chlorophyll levels. The functions of at least two ptCpn60beta proteins are redundant and the appearance of chloroplast division defects is dependent on the number of mutant alleles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that both ptCpn60alpha and ptCpn60beta are required for the formation of a normal plastid division apparatus, as the prokaryotic counterparts are required for assembly of the cell division apparatus. Since moderate reduction of ptCpn60 levels impaired normal FtsZ ring formation but not import of FtsZ into plastids, it is suggested that the proper levels of ptCpn60 are required for folding of stromal plastid division proteins and/or regulation of FtsZ polymer dynamics.
authors.affiliation: Initiative Research Program, Advanced Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan. kenkensuzuki@riken.jp
authors.forename: Kenji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Hiromitsu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Joyce
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Yoder
authors.forename: Katherine W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Osteryoung
authors.forename: Shin-ya
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Miyagishima