title: An evidence-based perspective to the medical treatment of male infertility: a short review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the integration of best research evidence with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This narrative review aims to assist the physicians to make informed decisions based on the best available evidence in the area of male infertility and the patients' own preferences and values.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this review we present the current state of knowledge and uncertainties about the medical management of male infertility. We describe the best available evidence from systematic reviews, randomized controlled studies and observational studies where appropriate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data from the literature suggest that gonadotropin treatment of male infertility can lead to a significant increase in pregnancy rates, however larger studies are needed to confirm such findings. Studies including combinations of antiestrogens, antioxidants and androgens are promising but need confirmation with further research.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most current combination therapies consist of orphan medications without industry support. Andrology research centers and other dedicated departments and units need to conduct randomized controlled trials of sufficient duration, sample number and robust design for groups most likely to benefit from antiestrogens, L-carnitine, antioxidants, and combination therapy. The ease of administration, low cost and mild side effects of antiestrogens justify their utility despite insufficient evidence of effect as monotherapies. Randomized controlled trials assessing other forms of medical therapy and combination therapy are available but are still in the preliminary stages.
authors.affiliation: Andrology and Sexology Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
authors.forename: Hussein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghanem
authors.forename: Rany
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shamloul