title: Selective down-regulation of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The formation of ADP-ribose polymers on target proteins by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases serves a variety of cell signaling functions. In addition, extensive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a dominant cause of cell death in ischemia-reperfusion, trauma, and other conditions. Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG) degrades the ADP-ribose polymers formed on acceptor proteins by PARP-1 and other PARP family members. PARG exists as multiple isoforms with differing subcellular localizations, but the functional significance of these isoforms is uncertain.
  Primary mouse astrocytes were treated with an antisense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO) targeted to exon 1 of full-length PARG to suppress expression of this nuclear-specific PARG isoform. The antisense-treated cells showed down-regulation of both nuclear PARG immunoreactivity and nuclear PARG enzymatic activity, without significant alteration in cytoplasmic PARG activity. When treated with the genotoxic agent MNNG to induced PARP-1 activation, the antisense-treated cells showed a delayed rate of nuclear PAR degradation, reduced nuclear condensation, and reduced cell death.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support a preferentially nuclear localization for full-length PARG, and suggest a key role for this isoform in the PARP-1 cell death pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States of America.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Burns
authors.forename: Weihai
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ying
authors.forename: Tiina M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Kauppinen
authors.forename: Keqing
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Raymond A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Swanson