title: High-deductible health plans: are vulnerable families enrolled?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is concern that high-deductible health plans may have negative effects on vulnerable groups. The objective of this study was to compare the characteristics of families who have children and switch to high-deductible health plans with those who stay in traditional plans.
  
  
  METHODS
  This double-cohort study included families who had children aged <18 years and were enrolled in a Massachusetts health plan through employers who did not offer a choice of health plans. We identified families who had traditional health maintenance organization plans for a 12-month baseline period between 2001 and 2004 and compared families whose coverage was then switched to a high-deductible health plan by their employers with similar families whose employer chose to remain in the traditional plan (controls). Data came from health plan enrollment and claims datasets and census data. We used multivariate logistic regression models to compare the characteristics of families who were switched to high-deductible health plans with controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified 839 families who had children and whose employer switched them to high-deductible health plans and 5133 controls. Among families with large employers, the adjusted odds of the employer switching to a high-deductible health plan were higher for families living in high-poverty neighborhoods. Among families with small employers, the adjusted odds of the employer switching to a high-deductible health plan were lower for families with more children, above-average family morbidity, and baseline total expenditures >$7000.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among families with large employers offering a single health plan, those from low-income neighborhoods are more likely to be switched to high-deductible health plans. In contrast, families with small employers offering a single plan are more likely to be switched to high-deductible health plans if they are healthier and have lower baseline costs. These findings suggest that families with children in high-deductible plans may represent two distinct groups, one with higher-risk characteristics and another with lower-risk characteristics compared with those in traditional plans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ambulatory Care and Prevention, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Harvard Medical School, 133 Brookline Ave, 6th floor Boston, MA 02215, USA. alison_galbraith@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Alison A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Galbraith
authors.forename: Dennis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ross-Degnan
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Soumerai
authors.forename: Irina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Miroshnik
authors.forename: J Frank
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Wharam
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Tracy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Lieu