title: Increased C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese women taking exogenous hormones: the United Kingdom Women's Heart Study (UKWHS).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women's cardiovascular risk factors, including inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) which is emerging as a major association with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, can be influenced by the oral contraceptive (OC) pill in premenopausal and hormone replacement (HR) in postmenopausal women and by central adiposity which is associated with a heightened inflammatory state. The interaction between central obesity and different hormone use in both pre and postmenopausal women has not previously been reported in a study spanning the whole age range associated with hormone use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Only healthy women were included in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 21,310 women aged 30-64 employed by Marks & Spencer participated. They completed a health questionnaire and were screened for CVD risk factors including blood pressure, weight, height, waist and hip circumference, lipids and lipoproteins, CRP and fibrinogen.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with non-users, women who took the OC or HR had significantly higher CRP levels. This was more marked than effects on other CVD risk factors. It was further compounded by the independent effect of increased waist circumference. The CRP increase was greatest (more than twice that of nonhormone users) in premenopausal women with the highest quartile of waist circumference who took the combined contraceptive pill.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Women who received first the combined OC and then HR may be exposed over much of their life to high CRP levels aggravated by central obesity. The health consequences of this require further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Research Group, School of Clinical & Laboratory Sciences, University of Manchester, 46 Grafton Street, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: See
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kwok
authors.forename: Dexter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Canoy
authors.forename: William D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ashton
authors.forename: Gordon D O
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Lowe
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Stephen E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Humphries
authors.forename: Valentine
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Charlton-Menys
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Durrington