title: Endoscopic large-diameter balloon dilation after fistulotomy for the removal of bile duct stones in a difficult cannulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  When standard methods of biliary cannulation fail, needle-knife fistulotomy may be used. However, large stones cannot be easily extracted through the necessarily smaller opening made when using the fistulotomy technique.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We report the efficacy and safety of endoscopic large-diameter balloon dilation after fistulotomy for the removal of bile duct stones in patients in whom cannulation is difficult.
  
  
  METHODS
  A case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients (6 of 115, 5.2%) with bile duct stones in whom cannulation by the conventional method had failed underwent fistulotomy and large-diameter (12-15 mm) balloon dilation through the fistulotomy tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Successful biliary cannulation, outcome of therapy, and post-ERCP complications including pancreatitis were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Biliary cannulation was successful in 6 of 6 patients (100%) with fistulotomy. After endoscopic large-diameter balloon dilation of the fistulotomy tract, stone extraction was successfully performed in 6 of 6 patients. None of the patients developed post-ERCP pancreatitis. One of the 6 patients had minor delayed bleeding, which stopped spontaneously.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A small case series, retrospective design, and no control group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endoscopic large-diameter balloon dilation through the fistulotomy tract may be a feasible and safe alternative method for the removal of bile duct stones in patients in whom cannulation is difficult.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea.
authors.forename: Seon-Young
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Chang-Hwan
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Kyoung-Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Sung-Bum
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Wan-Sik
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Eun
authors.initials: YE
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Hyun-Soo
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sung-Kyu
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jong-Sun
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Rew