title: Drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from tuberculosis patients in Kerala, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the extent of drug resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from patients attending various tuberculosis (TB) clinics in Kerala, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mycobacteria were isolated from sputum samples of TB patients. Isolates from 92 new and 104 retreatment cases were tested for resistance to four first-line drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and streptomycin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three per cent of the isolates from new cases and 14% from retreatment cases were pan-susceptible, and the rest were resistant to at least one of the drugs. Multidrug-resistant isolates accounted for 5.4% among new cases and 16.4% among retreatment cases. It should be noted that 18.5% of the isolates were mycobacteria other than tuberculosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is an urgent need for statewide surveys to assess the level of drug resistance using quality-assured culture and drug susceptibility services. Considering that the Revised National TB Control Programme in India has been made operational nationwide, this kind of screening should be made mandatory under the programme to effectively control the spread of TB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Microbiology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
authors.forename: B V
authors.initials: BV
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soman
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Radhakrishnan
authors.forename: G K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Madhavilatha
authors.forename: L K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mundayoor
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Kumar