title: Predicting respiratory insufficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the role of phrenic nerve studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Respiratory function tests are used to detect early signs of hypoventilation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, there are few studies of the predictive value of these tests in detecting hypoventilation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included 199 ALS patients. ALS was bulbar-onset in 68 and spinal-onset in 131. Twenty-four had hypercapnia (pCO(2)>45 mmHg), thus defining hypoventilation. The following measurements were recorded: forced vital capacity (FVC); maximal static inspiratory and expiratory pressures (PImax and PEmax); mouth inspiratory pressure at 100 ms (P0.1); amplitude of motor responses from phrenic nerve stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Defining the "cut-off" point by the normative values, the positive predictive value was low and the negative predictive value was high for all measurements. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis and a logistic regression model confirmed that FVC and phrenic nerve stimulation were discriminative for the whole population of 199 patients and for the bulbar-onset group, and phrenic nerve stimulation was discriminative for the spinal-onset group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phrenic nerve stimulation is discriminative in predicting hypoventilation as defined by hypercapnia breathing room air for both bulbar- and spinal-onset ALS patients, with high specificity, sensitivity and negative predictive value but with low positive predictive value.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phrenic nerve studies are useful in ALS patients.
authors.affiliation: Neuromuscular Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Portugal.
authors.forename: Susana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Antónia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Turkman
authors.forename: Anabela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Swash
authors.forename: Mamede
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: de Carvalho