title: Patterns of change in withdrawal symptoms, desire to smoke, reward motivation and response inhibition across 3 months of smoking abstinence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have demonstrated previously that acute smoking abstinence is associated with lowered reward motivation and impaired response inhibition. This prospective study explores whether these impairments, along with withdrawal-related symptoms, recover over 3 months of sustained abstinence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a 12-hour abstinent baseline assessment and were then allocated randomly to quit unaided or continue smoking. All were re-tested after 7 days, 1 month and 3 months. Successful quitters' scores were compared with those of continuing smokers, who were tested after ad libitum smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Goldsmiths, University of London.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 33 smokers who maintained abstinence to 3 months, and 31 continuing smokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Indices demonstrated previously in this cohort of smokers to be sensitive to the effect of nicotine versus acute abstinence: reward motivation [Snaith-Hamilton pleasure scale (SHAPS), Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test (CARROT), Stroop], tasks of response inhibition [anti-saccade task; Continuous Performance Task (CPT)], clinical indices of mood [Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)], withdrawal symptoms [Mood and Physical Symptoms Scale (MPSS)] and desire to smoke.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SHAPS anhedonia and reward responsivity (CARROT) showed significant improvement and plateaued after a month of abstinence, not differing from the scores of continuing smokers tested in a satiated state. Mood, other withdrawal symptoms and desire to smoke all declined from acute abstinence to 1 month of cessation and were equivalent to, or lower than, the levels reported by continuing, satiated smokers. Neither group showed a change in CPT errors over time while continuing smokers, but not abstainers, showed improved accuracy on the anti-saccade task at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appetitive processes and related affective states appear to improve in smokers who remain nicotine-free for 3 months, whereas response inhibition does not. Although in need of replication, the results suggest tentatively that poor inhibitory control may constitute a long-term risk factor for relapse and could be a target for intervention.
authors.affiliation: University of East London, Stratford Campus, Stratford, London, UK. l.e.dawkins@uel.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lynne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dawkins
authors.forename: Jane H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pickering
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: West