title: Microsurgical anatomy of the posterior spinal artery via a far-lateral transcondylar approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The posterior spinal artery (PSA) is a clinically significant vessel that may frequently be encountered during the far-lateral transcondylar approach. There have been a limited number of reports on the specific origin of the PSA in the literature. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the origin of the PSA.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen cadaveric heads (26 sides) were injected with colored silicon. A bilateral far-lateral transcondylar approach was performed on each side. In every specimen the site of the origin of the PSAs, as well as their course, branching pattern and anastomoses, external diameters, and neighboring vascular and nervous structures were recorded. Microanatomical dissections were performed using the surgical microscope. In addition, 8 surgical cases in which the far-lateral approach was used were collected prospectively to record the course and origin of the PSA. Altogether, a total of 34 sides were analyzed for their PSA origin and course.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the cadaveric specimens, the PSA was found to originate from the vertebral artery (VA) in 25 sides (96%). In 13 specimens (50%) the PSA originated from the V(4) segment of the VA intradurally. In 12 specimens (46%) the PSA originated from the V(3) segment of the VA extradurally. In 1 specimen (4%), in whom the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) had an early origin from the VA extradurally at the C-1 level, the PSA originated from the PICA. Of the 8 surgical cases, 2 patients had extradural origin of the PSA from the V(3) segment of the VA, whereas 6 patients had intradural origin of the PSA from the V(4) segment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the usual origin of the PSA is from the VA either intra- or extradurally, its origin is closely related to the origin of the PICA. The PSA originates from the PICA in cases in which the PICA originates extradurally from the VA. In the far-lateral transcondylar approach, the dura is opened in close proximity to the VA. Knowledge of the origin and course of the PSA is critically important when executing the far-lateral approach to avoid its injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
authors.forename: Hakan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Seçkin
authors.forename: Ozkan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ateş
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Mustafa K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Başkaya