Brain activations in errorless and errorful learning in patients with diffuse axonal injury: a functional MRI study.
OBJECTIVE
Errorless learning has been reported to be effective in the rehabilitation of patients with impaired cognitive functions following brain injury. This study compared brain activations in errorless learning (EL) and errorful learning (EF) in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).


METHODS
The participants were 13 patients with DAI. Thirteen healthy individuals were evaluated as a control group. The participants learned words under the EL and EF conditions in advance and performed the recognition task during fMRI scanning.


RESULTS
EL in the control group was significantly faster than EF (p = 0.005), but not in the DAI group. EL in the DAI group scored significantly higher than EF (p = 0.026). An fMRI showed significant activations in the posterior cingulate gyrus (BA 31) and precuneus (BA 7) in the control group when EF > EL, but in the precuneus (BA 7, 31) and bilateral inferior parietal lobules (BA 39, 40) in the DAI group.


CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate the disadvantage of EF and advantage of EL to DAI patients. The findings also reflect brain plasticity in patients with DAI in the chronic phase.
Ueno
Hiroki
H
Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. hirokiueno@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
Maruishi
Masaharu
M
Miyatani
Makoto
M
Muranaka
Hiroyuki
H
Kondo
Keita
K
Ohshita
Tomohiko
T
Matsumoto
Masayasu
M