title: Reduced energy intake at breakfast is not compensated for at lunch if a high-insoluble-fiber cereal replaces a low-fiber cereal.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In cohort studies, insoluble fiber has been associated with a reduced risk of obesity and diabetes; however, compared with soluble fiber, its role in the regulation of short-term food intake (FI) and satiety has received little attention.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to compare the effects of a high-insoluble-fiber (HF) cereal with a low-fiber (LF) cereal on FI, subjective appetite (SA), and plasma glucose (PG) in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Males and females (n = 32) were randomly assigned to consume 60 g of either HF (26 g insoluble fiber, 120 kcal) or LF (1 g fiber, 217 kcal) breakfast cereal. Pre- and postlunch SA and PG were measured regularly for 4 h, and ad libitum FI was measured at 3 h.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prelunch SA area under the curve did not differ between the 2 cereals, but when expressed as change in appetite per kilocalorie of cereal, HF suppressed SA more than did LF (-17.6 +/- 1.8 compared with -10.0 +/- 1.1 mm . min . kcal(-)(1), respectively; P < 0.01). Lunchtime FI did not differ between cereals, but cumulative energy intake (cereal + lunch) was lower after the HF than after the LF cereal (1330 +/- 57 compared with 1422 +/- 66 kcal, respectively; P = 0.01). The prelunch PG area under the curve (P < 0.0001) and the immediate postlunch PG (P = 0.01) were lower after HF cereal consumption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An HF breakfast cereal contributes to a cumulative reduction in breakfast and lunch energy intake, possibly due to its high satiety value per kilocalorie. A short-term benefit of the HF cereal, compared with LF cereal, was lower PG concentration before and immediately after lunch.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
authors.forename: Atyeh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hamedani
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akhavan
authors.forename: Rania Abou
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Samra
authors.forename: G Harvey
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Anderson