title: Automatic identification and 3D rendering of temporal bone anatomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Using automated methods, vital anatomy of the middle ear can be identified in computed tomographic (CT) scans and used to create 3-dimensional (3D) renderings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although difficult to master, clinicians compile 2D data from CT scans to envision 3D anatomy. Computer programs exist that can render 3D surfaces but are limited in that ear structures, for example, the facial nerve, can only be visualized after time-intensive manual identification for each scan. Here, we present results from novel computer algorithms that automatically identify temporal bone anatomy (external auditory canal, ossicles, labyrinth, facial nerve, and chorda tympani).
  
  
  METHODS
  An atlas of the labyrinth, ossicles, and auditory canal was created by manually identifying the structures in a "normal" temporal bone CT scan. Using well-accepted techniques, these structures were automatically identified in (n = 14) unknown CT images by deforming the atlas to match the unknown volumes. Another automatic localization algorithm was implemented to identify the position of the facial nerve and chorda tympani. Results were compared with manual identification by measuring false-positive and false-negative error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The labyrinth, ossicles, and auditory canal were identified with mean errors less than 0.5 mm. The mean errors in facial nerve and chorda tympani identification were less than 0.3 mm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Automated identification of temporal bone anatomy is achievable. The presented combination of techniques was successful in accurately identifying temporal bone anatomy. These results were obtained in less than 10 minutes per patient scan using standard computing equipment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA. jack.h.noble@vanderbilt.edu
authors.forename: Jack H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Benoit M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Dawant
authors.forename: Frank M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Labadie