title: Early results of CyberKnife radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors describe a method that utilizes an image-guided robotic radiosurgical apparatus (the CyberKnife) for treatment of cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This procedure required the development of an original technique that allows a high degree of automation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Angiographic images were imported into the treatment planning software by coregistering CT and 3D rotational angiography. The nidus contour was delineated using the contouring tools of the treatment planning system. Functional MR imaging was employed for contouring critical cortical regions, such as the motor cortex and language areas. Once the radiation dose to be delivered to the target volume and dose constraints to critical structures were prescribed, the inverse treatment planning function determined the optimal treatment plan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A series of 279 patients with cerebral AVMs underwent CyberKnife radiosurgery. One transitory adverse effect of the radiation procedure was observed. Eight bleeding occurrences were noted before complete AVM obliteration. Of the 102 patients with follow-up > 36 months, 80 underwent angiographic evaluation. In this group, 65 patients (81.2%) showed complete angiographic obliteration of their AVM. In 8 more patients, complete angiographic obliteration was demonstrated by MR angiography only.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report describing a technique developed for CyberKnife radiosurgery of cerebral AVMs. The use of different imaging modalities for automatic delineation of the target and critical structures combined with the employment of the inverse treatment planning capability is the crucial point of the procedure. The procedure proved to be safe and efficient.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Stereotactic Radiosurgery, City Hospital, Vicenza, Italy. federico.colombo@ulssvicenza.it
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Colombo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cavedon
authors.forename: Leopoldo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Casentini
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Francescon
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Causin
authors.forename: Vittore
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Pinna