title: Rituximab and immune tolerance in severe hemophilia A: a consecutive national cohort.
abstract: SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: he management of patients with severe hemophilia A and inhibitors to factor VIII (FVIII) resistant to standard immune tolerance is challenging. There have been recent case reports of the successful use of rituximab in up to 57% of patients as part of rescue immune tolerance regimens. Because case reports and small series are prone to the potential bias of reporting good outcomes and relatively short follow up, a consecutive cohort of all patients treated in the UK with prolonged follow up was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A national survey of all Comprehensive Care Haemophilia Center in the UK.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15 patients were reported of whom six (40%) achieved a negative inhibitor titer by Bethesda assay. Durable responses were unusual, observed in only 14% of cases. Clinically significant responses with either a negative inhibitor or an inhibitor titer < 5 BU mL(-1) and no spontaneous bleeding with FVIII replacement were observed in seven (47%) cases. Concomitant use of FVIII appeared to be important. Of the 12 patients treated with rituximab and FVIII, six (50%) achieved a negative inhibitor titer and seven (58%) had a clinically beneficial response. None of the three patients treated without FVIII responded.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the use of rituximab combined with FVIII is a potentially useful treatment for patients with inhibitors resistant to standard immune tolerance, although sustained inhibitor eradication is uncommon.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Cardiff University, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK. peter.collins@cardiffandvale.wales.nhs.uk
authors.forename: P W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mathias
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Keeling
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Keenan
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Laffan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Liesner