title: Evaluation of mucosal and seborrheic sites for staphylococci in two populations of captive psittacines.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To survey 2 populations of psittacines to characterize Staphylococcus spp isolated from commensal cutaneous microflora.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  107 psittacine birds from a sanctuary and 73 psittacine birds in private households or a pet store.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gram-positive, catalase-positive cocci isolated from mucosal and seborrheic sites were speciated, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis was performed on coagulase-positive isolates. A bird was classified as having positive results when at least 1 sample site yielded positive results for at least 1 staphylococcal species.
  
  
  RESULTS
  89 of 180 (49.4%) birds had positive results for staphylococci at the carriage sites sampled. Privately owned birds were twice as likely to have positive results for staphylococci as were sanctuary birds (71% vs 35%). Coagulase-positive staphylococci were significantly more common in the sanctuary birds (47% vs 1%). Staphylococcus intermedius was significantly more common in the sanctuary birds (46% vs 2%). Staphylococcus hominis subsp hominis and Staphylococcus epidermidis, coagulase-negative staphylococci associated with humans, were significantly more common in pet birds. Cockatoos were twice as likely to have positive results for staphylococci as were other genera.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggested that staphylococcal colonization in captive psittacines was less common than in other species studied. Staphylococci isolated from a pet psittacine may reflect that of the humans and other animals with which the bird lives in close proximity; however, further studies are needed to evaluate the effects exposure to humans may have on the microflora of these birds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Jeleen A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Briscoe
authors.forename: Daniel O
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Rosenthal
authors.forename: Frances S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Shofer
authors.forename: Shelley C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Rankin