title: Influence of patient age and sex on delivery of guideline-recommended heart failure care in the outpatient cardiology practice setting: findings from IMPROVE HF.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of patient age and sex on delivery of guideline-recommended heart failure (HF) therapies in contemporary outpatient settings has not been well studied. The Registry to Improve the Use of Evidence-Based Heart Failure Therapies in the Outpatient Setting (IMPROVE HF) is a prospective cohort study designed to characterize current management of outpatients with chronic HF and left ventricular ejection fraction < or =35%.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline data for eligible patients with systolic HF in a national registry of 167 US outpatient cardiology practices were collected by trained chart abstractors. Data were stratified and analyzed as male/female and by age tertiles with generalized estimating equation models constructed for 7 care measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 15,381 patients were enrolled, with 8,770 (71.1%) of these male. Median age of female patients was 72.0 and 70.0 for males. Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta-blockers, aldosterone inhibitors, and cardiac resynchronization therapy was not significantly different between male and female patients, but rates for implantable cardioverter defibrillators, anticoagulation therapy for atrial fibrillation, and HF education were significantly lower for females. After adjusting for patient and practice characteristics, 3 of 7 measures significantly differed by patient sex, and 6 of 7 measures by age. Older patients, particularly older women, were significantly less likely to receive guideline-indicated HF therapies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient age and sex were independently associated with reduced rates of some, but not all, HF therapies in outpatient cardiology practices. Older women are especially at risk. Further research is needed to understand the causes and consequences of these age- and sex-related differences in care.
authors.affiliation: Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75246, USA. clydey@baylorhealth.edu
authors.forename: Clyde W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Yancy
authors.forename: Gregg C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Fonarow
authors.forename: Nancy M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Anne B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Wendy Gattis
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Stough
authors.forename: Mihai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gheorghiade
authors.forename: J Thomas
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Heywood
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McBride
authors.forename: Mandeep R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mehra
authors.forename: Christopher M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: O'Connor
authors.forename: Dwight
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Reynolds
authors.forename: Mary Norine
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Walsh