School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children's bullying involvement: a nationally representative longitudinal study.
OBJECTIVE
To test whether school, neighborhood, and family factors are independently associated with children's involvement in bullying, over and above their own behaviors that may increase their risk for becoming involved in bullying.


METHODS
We examined bullying in the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a nationally representative 1994-1995 birth cohort of 2,232 children. We used mother and teacher reports to identify children who experienced bullying between the ages of 5 and 7 years either as victims, bullies, or bully-victims. We collected information about school characteristics from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. We collected reports from mothers about children's neighborhood and home environments and reports from mothers and teachers about children's internalizing and externalizing problems when they were 5 years old.


RESULTS
Multinomial logistic regressions showed that over and above other socioenvironmental factors and children's behavior problems, school size was associated with an increased risk for being a victim of bullying, problems with neighbors was associated with an increased risk for being a bully-victim, and family factors (e.g., child maltreatment, domestic violence) were associated with all groups of children involved in bullying.


CONCLUSIONS
Socioenvironmental factors are associated with children's risk for becoming involved in bullying over and above their own behaviors. Intervention programs aimed at reducing bullying should extend their focus beyond schools to include local communities and families.
Bowes
Lucy
L
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University.
Arseneault
Louise
L
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University. Electronic address: louise.arseneault@iop.kcl.ac.uk.
Maughan
Barbara
B
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University.
Taylor
Alan
A
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University.
Caspi
Avshalom
A
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University.
Moffitt
Terrie E
TE
Ms. Bowes and Drs. Arseneault, Maughan, Taylor, and Moffitt are with the Medical Research Council Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, and Dr. Caspi is with the Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University.