title: Association of smoking with aortic wave reflection and central systolic pressure and metabolic syndrome in normotensive Japanese men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influences of smoking habits on blood pressure (BP) may have been underestimated substantially on the basis of conventional measurements. We compared the radial augmentation index (AI), brachial and central pressures, and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) among never smokers, former smokers, and current smokers in a population of Japanese healthy men.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 443 normotensive men who entered the health checkup program was divided into four groups according to smoking status; i.e., never smokers (n = 117), former smokers (n = 165), current mild to-moderate smokers (n = 105), and current heavy smokers (n = 56). Radial pulse waveforms were obtained using radial tonometry (HEM-9000AI), and the AI and late systolic pressure in the radial artery, an estimate of central systolic pressure, were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The AI was significantly higher in current smokers than both never and former smokers. Central systolic pressure was significantly higher in both current and former smokers than never smokers, although brachial systolic pressure was not significantly different among these groups. The MetS was more prevalent in current smokers than never smokers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking habits have substantially different effects on the AI and central systolic pressure despite a similar level of brachial systolic pressure. Along with higher prevalence of the MetS, elevated AI and central systolic pressure may be potential mechanisms responsible for an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hypertension and Cardiorenal Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Mibu, Tochigi, Japan. j-minami@dokkyomed.ac.jp
authors.forename: Junichi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minami
authors.forename: Toshihiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishimitsu
authors.forename: Masam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ohrui
authors.forename: Hiroaki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Matsuoka