title: Life Cycle, Host Range, and Reproduction of Heterodera betulae.
abstract: Heterodera betulae, a cyst-forming nematode, originally recovered from roots of river birch in Arkansas, appears to have a limited host range. Of 80 plant species in 20 families tested, only five species of Betula and Cleome spinosa supported reproduction. The minimum time for a complete life cycle was 52 days at 28 C. No reproduction occurred at 31 C or above, and development was very slow below 20 C. Successful population propagations from single larvae demonstrated that males were not necessary for reproduction.
authors.forename: R D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Riggs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirschmann
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hamblen