title: Relationship of postprandial nonesterified fatty acids, adipokines, and insulin across gender in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metabolic derangements are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive subjects undergoing antiretroviral therapy, but little is known about postprandial conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the relationship between leptin, adiponectin, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and insulin in response to a day-long meal pattern and evaluated gender differences in HIV-positive men (n = 12) and women (n = 13) undergoing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
  
  
  RESULTS
  For both men and women, a significant decrease in postprandial NEFA levels was observed following breakfast (0.53 vs. 0.22 mmol/L, P < 0.001, baseline and at 3 hours, respectively), whereas day-long postprandial leptin and adiponectin levels showed small nonsignificant oscillations. In contrast to NEFA and adiponectin, postprandial leptin levels were significantly higher among women compared to men (P < 0.05). Postprandial NEFA levels correlated positively with fasting insulin levels (r(2) = 0.25, P = 0.016), and the postbreakfast decrease in NEFA levels correlated significantly with the postbreakfast increase in insulin levels (r(2) = 0.17, P = 0.038). No significant association between postprandial adipokines and insulin was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HAART-treated, HIV-infected men and women, levels of NEFA, but not adipokines, showed significant postprandial variation. Furthermore, food intake resulted in significant NEFA suppression in proportion to the food-stimulated insulin increase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA.
authors.forename: Guijing
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Asha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thomas-Geevarghese
authors.forename: Erdembileg
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Anuurad
authors.forename: Subhashree
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Raghavan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Minolfo
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ormsby
authors.forename: Wahida
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karmally
authors.forename: Wafaa M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: El-Sadr
authors.forename: Jeanine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Albu
authors.forename: Lars
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berglund