title: Shoulder injuries in the throwing athlete.
abstract: Pathologic conditions in the shoulder of a throwing athlete frequently represent a breakdown of multiple elements of the shoulder restraint system, both static and dynamic, and also a breakdown in the kinetic chain. Physical therapy and rehabilitation should be, with only a few exceptions, the primary treatment for throwing athletes before operative treatment is considered. Articular-sided partial rotator cuff tears and superior labral tears are common in throwing athletes. Operative treatment can be successful when nonoperative measures have failed. Throwing athletes who have a glenohumeral internal rotation deficit have a good response, in most cases, to stretching of the posteroinferior aspect of the capsule.
authors.affiliation: Steadman Hawkins Research Foundation, 181 West Meadow Drive, Suite 1000, Vail, CO 81657, USA.
authors.forename: Sepp
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kokmeyer
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Millett