title: Functional characterization and identification of mouse Rad51d splice variants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The homologous recombination (HR) pathway is vital for maintaining genomic integrity through the restoration of double-stranded breaks and interstrand crosslinks. The RAD51 paralogs (RAD51B, RAD51C, RAD51D, XRCC2, XRCC3) are essential for this process in vertebrates, and the RAD51D paralog is unique in that it participates in both HR repair and telomere maintenance. RAD51D is also known to directly interact with the RAD51C and XRCC2 proteins. Rad51d splice variants have been reported in mouse and human tissues, supportive of a role for alternative splicing in HR regulation. The present study evaluated the interaction of the Rad51d splice isoform products with RAD51C and XRCC2 and their expression patterns.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Yeast-2-hybrid analysis was used to determine that the Mus musculus Rad51d splice variant product RAD51DDelta7b (deleted for residues 219 through 223) was capable of interacting with both RAD51C and XRCC2 and that RAD51D+int3 interacted with XRCC2. In addition, the linker region (residues 54 through 77) of RAD51D was identified as a region that potentially mediates binding with XRCC2. Cellular localization, detected by EGFP fusion proteins, demonstrated that each of the splice variant products tested was distributed throughout the cell similar to the full-length protein. However, none of the splice variants were capable of restoring resistance of Rad51d-deficient cell lines to mitomycin C. RT-PCR expression analysis revealed that Rad51dDelta3 (deleted for exon 3) and Rad51dDelta5 (deleted for exon 5)transcripts display tissue specific expression patterns with Rad51dDelta3 being detected in each tissue except ovary and Rad51dDelta5 not detected in mammary gland and testis. These expression studies also led to the identification of two additional Rad51d ubiquitously expressed transcripts, one deleted for both exon 9 and 10 and one deleted for only exon 10.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest Rad51d alternative splice variants potentially modulate mechanisms of HR by sequestering either RAD51C or XRCC2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina Campus, Columbia, SC 29208, USA. gruvera@ccf.org
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Gruver
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Yard
authors.forename: Campbell
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: McInnes
authors.forename: Changanamkandath
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rajesh
authors.forename: Douglas L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Pittman