title: Predictors of oliguric acute kidney injury in leptospirosis. A retrospective study on 196 consecutive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 10 to 60% of patients with leptospirosis. The aim of this study is to investigate markers for oliguric AKI in leptospirosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective study was performed with 196 consecutive patients with leptospirosis-associated AKI. These patients were categorized into either oliguric or non-oliguric according to their urine output. Clinical and laboratory characteristics were compared between the two groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these patients, 64 (32.6%) were oliguric and 132 (67.4%) nonoliguric. Markers for oliguria were age higher than 40 years (OR = 1.02, p = 0.04), hyponatremia (OR = 0.94, p = 0.03), elevated serum creatinine (OR = 1.11, p = 0.04), low arterial pH (OR = 1.0002, p = 0.01), high levels of AST (OR = 1.005, p = 0.01), crackles (OR = 3.83, p < 0.001) and direct bilirubin (OR = 1.03, p = 0.03). Elevated activated prothrombin time (OR = 0.97, p = 0.03) was a factor associated with nonoliguric AKI. Independent markers for oliguria were crackles (OR = 5.17, p = 0.0016) and direct bilirubin levels (OR = 1.051, p = 0.04). Mortality was significantly higher in oliguric than nonoliguric (27 vs. 8%, p < 0.001). Renal function at discharge was similar in oliguric and nonoliguric patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age higher than 40 years, hyponatremia, elevated serum creatinine, low arterial pH, high levels of AST, crackles and direct bilirubin levels would be useful to early identify patients with oliguric AKI in leptospirosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil. ef.daher@uol.com.br
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Daher
authors.forename: Geraldo B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Nahme N N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Karbage
authors.forename: Paulo C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Carvalho
authors.forename: Raquel S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kataoka
authors.forename: Eveline C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Max M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Rosa M S
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Mota
authors.forename: Sônia M H A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Araújo
authors.forename: Oswaldo A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Gutiérrez-Adrianzén
authors.forename: Alexandre B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Libório