title: Measurement of nickel, cobalt and chromium in toy make-up by atomic absorption spectroscopy.
abstract: Cosmetics should not contain more than 5 ppm of nickel, chromium or cobalt and, in order to minimize the risk of sensitization in very sensitive subjects, the target amount should be as low as 1 ppm. However, there are no published reports on the presence of these metals in toy make-up. This study analysed 52 toy make-ups using atomic absorption spectroscopy. More than 5 ppm of nickel was present in 14/52 (26.9%) samples. Chromium exceeded 5 ppm in 28/52 (53.8%) samples, with values over 1000 ppm in 3 eye shadows. Cobalt was present in amounts over 5 ppm in 5/52 (9.6%) samples. Powdery toy make-up (eye shadows) had the highest levels of metals, and "creamy" toy make-up (lip gloss and lipsticks) the lowest. Toy make-ups are potentially sensitizing items, especially for atopic children, who have a damaged skin barrier that may favour penetration of allergens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Ferrara, Italy. czm@unife.it
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Corazza
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Baldo
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pagnoni
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Miscioscia
authors.forename: Annarosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Virgili