title: Health care and public service use and costs before and after provision of housing for chronically homeless persons with severe alcohol problems.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems often have multiple medical and psychiatric problems and use costly health and criminal justice services at high rates.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate association of a "Housing First" intervention for chronically homeless individuals with severe alcohol problems with health care use and costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Quasi-experimental design comparing 95 housed participants (with drinking permitted) with 39 wait-list control participants enrolled between November 2005 and March 2007 in Seattle, Washington.
  
  
  METHODS
  Use and cost of services (jail bookings, days incarcerated, shelter and sobering center use, hospital-based medical services, publicly funded alcohol and drug detoxification and treatment, emergency medical services, and Medicaid-funded services) for Housing First participants relative to wait-list controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Housing First participants had total costs of $8,175,922 in the year prior to the study, or median costs of $4066 per person per month (interquartile range [IQR], $2067-$8264). Median monthly costs decreased to $1492 (IQR, $337-$5709) and $958 (IQR, $98-$3200) after 6 and 12 months in housing, respectively. Poisson generalized estimating equation regressions using propensity score adjustments showed total cost rate reduction of 53% for housed participants relative to wait-list controls (rate ratio, 0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.25-0.88) over the first 6 months. Total cost offsets for Housing First participants relative to controls averaged $2449 per person per month after accounting for housing program costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population of chronically homeless individuals with high service use and costs, a Housing First program was associated with a relative decrease in costs after 6 months. These benefits increased to the extent that participants were retained in housing longer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. larimer@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Larimer
authors.forename: Daniel K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Michelle D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Garner
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Atkins
authors.forename: Bonnie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Burlingham
authors.forename: Heather S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Lonczak
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanzer
authors.forename: Joshua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ginzler
authors.forename: Seema L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Clifasefi
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: G Alan
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Marlatt