title: Activity-based therapies to promote forelimb use after a cervical spinal cord injury.
abstract: Significant interest exists in strategies for improving forelimb function following spinal cord injury. We investigated the effect of enriched housing combined with skilled training on the recovery of skilled and automatic forelimb function after a cervical spinal cord injury in adult rats. All animals were pretrained in skilled reaching, gridwalk crossing, and overground locomotion. Some received a cervical over-hemisection lesion at C4-5, interrupting the right side of the spinal cord and dorsal columns bilaterally, and were housed in standard housing alone or enriched environments with daily training. A subset of animals received rolipram to promote neuronal plasticity. Animals were tested weekly for 4 weeks to measure reaching, errors on the gridwalk, locomotion, and vertical exploration. Biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the cortex to label the corticospinal tract. Enriched environments/daily training significantly increased the number and success of left reaches compared to standard housing. Animals also made fewer errors on the gridwalk, a measure of coordinated forelimb function. However, there were no significant improvements in forelimb use during vertical exploration or locomotion. Likewise, rolipram did not improve any of the behaviors tested. Both enriched housing and rolipram increased plasticity of the corticospinal tract rostral to the lesion. These studies indicate that skilled training after a cervical spinal cord injury improves recovery of skilled forelimb use (reaching) and coordinated limb function (gridwalk) but does not improve automatic forelimb function (locomotion and vertical exploration). These studies suggest that rehabilitating forelimb function after spinal cord injury will require separate strategies for descending and segmental pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
authors.forename: Haining
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: MacArthur
authors.forename: Marietta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: McAtee
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hockenbury
authors.forename: J Lille
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Tidwell
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McHugh
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mansfield
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Finn
authors.forename: Frank P T
authors.initials: FP
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Barbara S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Bregman