title: Pulmonary manifestations of liver diseases.
abstract: Respiratory problems are common in patients with chronic liver diseases. The most common causes are disorders that are not related to liver diseases such as asthma and COPD. In addition certain liver diseases that are associated with specific pulmonary abnormalities, and conditions associated with end stage liver disease like tense ascites and intercostal muscular wasting are considered. Finally two unique disorders characterizing by vascular abnormalities independent of cardiorespiratory disorder-the hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) and portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) are observed. These disorders have different pathogenesis, different clinical pictures, treatment and prognosis. This article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, evaluation and current therapy of these two disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Clalit Health Services, and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
authors.forename: Hanny
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Yeshua
authors.forename: Laurie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Blendis
authors.forename: Ran
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Oren