title: Cytokine-mediated induction of anti-apoptotic genes that are linked to nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) signalling in human islets and in a mouse beta cell line.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to type 1 diabetes in humans is thought to occur mainly through apoptosis and necrosis induced by activated macrophages and T cells, and in which secreted cytokines play a significant role. The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) plays an important role in mediating the apoptotic action of cytokines in beta cells. We therefore sought to determine the changes in expression of genes modulated by NF-kappaB in human islets exposed to a combination of IL1beta, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Microarray and gene set enrichment analysis were performed to investigate the global response of gene expression and pathways modulated in cultured human islets exposed to cytokines. Validation of a panel of NF-kappaB-regulated genes was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. The mechanism of induction of BIRC3 by cytokines was examined by transient transfection of BIRC3 promoter constructs linked to a luciferase gene in MIN6 cells, a mouse beta cell line.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Enrichment of several metabolic and signalling pathways was observed in cytokine-treated human islets. In addition to the upregulation of known pro-apoptotic genes, a number of anti-apoptotic genes including BIRC3, BCL2A1, TNFAIP3, CFLAR and TRAF1 were induced by cytokines through NF-kappaB. Significant synergy between the cytokines was observed in NF-kappaB-mediated induction of the promoter of BIRC3 in MIN6 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that, via NF-kappaB activation, cytokines induce a concurrent anti-apoptotic pathway that may be critical for preserving islet integrity and viability during the progression of insulitis in type 1 diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kutlu
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Velmurugan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kizaka-Kondoh
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Valentine
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Davidson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hutton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pugazhenthi