title: The incidence and management of tolerance in intrathecal baclofen therapy.
abstract: METHODS
  Retrospective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To study the incidence and management of tolerance in patients treated with intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of neurology and neurosurgery, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records of all patients who had received an implantable ITB pump at our clinic during 1991-2005 were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 37 patients (representing 116 pump years) were included. Mean follow-up time was 38 months (range 3-120 months). Baclofen dose increased in the first 18 months after implantation (P<0.05), and then stabilized around a mean dose of 350 microg per day. Eight patients (22%) developed tolerance, defined as a dose increase of >100 microg per year. No predictive factors for development of tolerance could be determined. Three different treatment regimens for tolerant patients were analyzed. Altering the infusion mode from simple to complex continuous (n=6) had no effect on the development of tolerance. Pulsatile bolus infusion (n=1) and a drug holiday (n=2) were both effective in reducing the daily baclofen dose. Patients who needed surgical revision of the pump system because of mechanical failures (n=11) showed a significant dose decrease during the first month after revision, indicating that the preoperative dose increase most likely had been caused by the pump failure. Pump-related complications occurred once per 10.5 years of ITB treatment. Drug-related side effects had an annual risk of 13.8%. The reported events were mostly mild.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ITB therapy is effective and safe, also in the long term and causes tolerance in only 22% of the treated patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands. h.w.heetla@neuro.umcg.nl
authors.forename: H W
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Heetla
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Staal
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kliphuis
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van Laar