title: The aging methadone maintenance patient: treatment adjustment, long-term success, and quality of life.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the features and modes of adaptation to aging among Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) enrollees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Beth Israel Medical Center in New York City.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 156 MMT enrollees (103/66 percent males and 53/34 percent females) age 24-68 years. Twenty-nine percent of participants were aged 55 or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional, multivariate, correlational design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were administered the MMSE, ASI, BSI, as well as measures of impulsiveness and quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Older adults were more likely to have had longer periods of treatment (p < 0.01), less likely to report current heroin use (p < 0.05) and overall drug use (p < 0.05), but were more likely to have a history of comorbid alcohol misuse (p < 0.01). Advanced age was also associated with less impulsiveness, hostility, paranoia, and interpersonal sensitivity (p < 0.01), more chronic medical problems (p < 0.05), greater use of medication for medical problems (p < 0.05), and more liberal take home medicine schedules (p < 0.01). However, no differences were found between older and younger participants with respect to their scores on the Overall Social Support scale (p > 0.05), the Personal Well-Being Index (p > 0.05) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (p > 0.05), suggesting comparable levels of QOL. Furthermore, the rate of contact for older participants with medical professionals did not differ significantly from that of younger participants (p > 0.05). Only 7.1 percent of older participants reported regular contact with a primary care physician; a rate that is slightly lower than the rate in the overall population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from the present study highlight at least two underappreciated challenges that clinicians are increasingly likely encounter in their work with the aging MMT population. These challenges are: (1) that despite numerous medical and psychiatric complaints, only a small proportion of MMT patients have regular contact with a primary care physician and the rate of contact does not appear to increase with age and (2) even with age-related declines in psychiatric comorbidity and illicit substance use, the suboptimal level of QOL that is characteristic of the MMT population as a whole does not improve with aging and length of tenure in MMT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Ranjit
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajaratnam
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sivesind
authors.forename: McWelling
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Todman
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Roane
authors.forename: Randy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Seewald