title: Brain activations in errorless and errorful learning in patients with diffuse axonal injury: a functional MRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Errorless learning has been reported to be effective in the rehabilitation of patients with impaired cognitive functions following brain injury. This study compared brain activations in errorless learning (EL) and errorful learning (EF) in patients with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The participants were 13 patients with DAI. Thirteen healthy individuals were evaluated as a control group. The participants learned words under the EL and EF conditions in advance and performed the recognition task during fMRI scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EL in the control group was significantly faster than EF (p = 0.005), but not in the DAI group. EL in the DAI group scored significantly higher than EF (p = 0.026). An fMRI showed significant activations in the posterior cingulate gyrus (BA 31) and precuneus (BA 7) in the control group when EF > EL, but in the precuneus (BA 7, 31) and bilateral inferior parietal lobules (BA 39, 40) in the DAI group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate the disadvantage of EF and advantage of EL to DAI patients. The findings also reflect brain plasticity in patients with DAI in the chronic phase.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Therapeutics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan. hirokiueno@hiroshima-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Hiroki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maruishi
authors.forename: Makoto
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyatani
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Muranaka
authors.forename: Keita
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kondo
authors.forename: Tomohiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ohshita
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsumoto