title: An optimized extended DNA kappa B site that enhances plasmid DNA nuclear import and gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappaB) transcription factor, which shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus under specific conditions, is a suitable intracellular target to increase the nuclear import of plasmid DNA. We report the design of an optimized and extended NF kappaB DNA binding sequence that promotes an efficient plasmid nuclear import.
  
  
  METHODS
  On the basis of structural studies, the 5'-CTGGGGACTTTCCAGCTGGGGACTTTCCAGCTGGGGACTTTCCAGG-3' segment (termed 3NF) comprising three 10-bp kappaB sites (GGGACTTTCC) separated by a 5-bp optimized spacer (AGCTG) was selected for its capacity to ensure the best structural fit with NF kappaB and to fix simultaneously three proteins. Plasmids encoding luciferase and bearing this sequence (3NF-plasmids) were constructed and their nuclear import and gene expression efficiencies compared with that of plasmids containing classical kappaB motifs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high luciferase expression was associated with plasmids containing one (p3NF-luc) or two (p3NF-luc-3NF) 3NF sequences. In situ hybridization experiments and quantitative measurement of the number of plasmid copies demonstrated that the nuclear delivery of 3NF-plasmids was more efficient than that of 3NF-free plasmids. Cross-linked immunoprecipitation showed that 3NF-plasmids were recognized by NF kappaB inside cells upon transfection. The nuclear delivery was inhibited with BAY 11-7085, an inhibitor of NF kappaB activation. Finally, p3NF-luc-3NF, the most efficient construct for in vitro transfection, had a long-lived luciferase expression in vivo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained in the present study demonstrate the NF kappaB-mediated nuclear delivery of 3NF-plasmids. Due to its high affinity for fixing several NF kappaB, the 3NF sequence is a very promising helper for a nonviral gene delivery system.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR4301, University of Orléans and Inserm, Orléans, France.
authors.forename: Cristine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Marie-Yvonne
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Ardourel
authors.forename: Martine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Decoville
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breuzard
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Midoux
authors.forename: Brigitte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: Chantal
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pichon