title: Incidence of microperforation for surgical gloves depends on duration of wear.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of sterile gloves is part of general aseptic procedure, which aims to prevent surgical team members from transmitting infectious agents to patients during procedures performed in an operating room. In addition, surgical gloves also protect team members against patient-transmitted infectious agents. Adequate protection, however, requires that the glove material remain intact. The risk of perforations in surgical gloves is thought to correlate with the duration of wear, yet very few prospective studies have addressed this issue.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively collected 898 consecutive pairs of used surgical gloves over a 9-month period in a single institution. After surgical team members wore the gloves during surgical procedures, the gloves were examined for microperforations using the watertight test described in European Norm 455, part 1. The gloves were analyzed as a pair; if 1 glove had a perforation, the pair was considered to be perforated. In addition, we evaluated the use of a hand cream that contained a suspension of cornstarch and ethanol to determine its potential influence on the rate of microperforation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Wearing gloves for 90 minutes or less resulted in microperforations in 46 (15.4%) of 299 pairs of gloves, whereas wearing gloves for 91-150 minutes resulted in perforation of 54 (18.1%) of 299 pairs, and 71 of (23.7%) of 300 pairs were perforated when the duration of wear was longer than 150 minutes (P = .05). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant difference in the rates of microperforation for surgeons (56 [23.0%] of 244 pairs of gloves perforated), first assistants (43 [19.0%] of 226 pairs perforated), and surgical nurses (53 [20.5%] of 259 pairs perforated). Of 171 microperforations, 114 (66.7%) were found on the left hand glove (ie, the glove on subjects' nondominant hand), predominantly on the left index finger (55 [32.3%]). The use of the hand cream had no influence on the rate of microperforation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of the increase in the rate of microperforation over time, it is recommended that surgeons, first assistants, and surgical nurses directly assisting in the operating field change gloves after 90 minutes of surgery.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of General, Visceral, Vascular, and Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Lars Ivo
authors.initials: LI
authors.lastname: Partecke
authors.forename: Anna-Maria
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Goerdt
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Langner
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jaeger
authors.forename: Ojan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Assadian
authors.forename: Claus-Dieter
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Heidecke
authors.forename: Axel
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kramer
authors.forename: Nils-Olaf
authors.initials: NO
authors.lastname: Huebner