title: Levetiracetam as add-on therapy for idiopathic generalized epilepsy syndromes with onset during adolescence: analysis of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy and tolerability of adjunctive levetiracetam in idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) syndromes with onset during adolescence: juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures on awakening (GTCSA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Supplementary analysis of two double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Patients received levetiracetam (target dose: adults 3000 mg/day; children 60 mg/kg/day; n=15 JAE, 78 JME, and 22 GTCSA) or placebo (n=12 JAE, 89 JME, and 27 GTCSA) for 16-24 weeks (including 4-week uptitration) in addition to 1-2 antiepileptic drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responder rates (> or =50%) were significantly higher for levetiracetam versus placebo for JAE (53.3% vs. 25.0%; p=0.004), JME (61.0% vs. 24.7%; p<0.001), and GTCSA (61.9% vs. 29.6%; p=0.024). Seizure freedom rates were significantly higher for levetiracetam versus placebo for JME (20.8% vs. 3.4%; p=0.002); differences between treatment groups for JAE (33.3% vs. 8.3%; p=0.15) and GTCSA (23.8% vs. 11.1%; p=0.45) appeared to be clinically relevant, but did not reach statistical significance. The most frequent adverse events on levetiracetam were headache (levetiracetam 16.8% and placebo 14.8%) and somnolence (levetiracetam 9.7% and placebo 3.9%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adjunctive levetiracetam was well tolerated and provided effective seizure control over 16-24 weeks in patients with insufficiently controlled IGE syndromes with onset during adolescence (JAE, JME, and GTCSA), supporting levetiracetam's broad spectrum of efficacy.
authors.affiliation: The Comprehensive Epilepsy Care Center for Children and Adults, St Luke's N. Medical Building, 222 S. Woods Mill Rd., Suite 610, St Louis, MO 63017, USA. werosenfeld@msn.com
authors.forename: William E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: Selim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Benbadis
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Edrich
authors.forename: Carlo Alberto
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tassinari
authors.forename: Edouard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hirsch