title: Fentanyl in the out-of-hospital setting: variables associated with hypotension and hypoxemia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous out-of-hospital fentanyl analgesia studies are limited by retrospective nature or low numbers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to prospectively assess fentanyl safety in a large out-of-hospital group, to identify variables associated with post-fentanyl hypotension (HN; systolic blood pressure [SBP] < 90) or hypoxemia (HX; SpO(2) < 90%).
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a new protocol requiring documentation of peri-dose vital signs and adverse effects associated with fentanyl bolus doses, our Emergency Medical Services helicopter service assessed 500 consecutive patients receiving fentanyl from July through September 2006. By a priori plan, we assessed HN and HX descriptively (median with interquartile range, exact confidence intervals [CIs]) and with multivariate regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 1055 patients, post-fentanyl HN was noted 52 times (4.9%), being a continuation of pre-fentanyl HN in 24 patients (46.2%); HN was new in 28 patients (2.7% of 1055, 95% CI 1.8-3.8%). Regression showed no association between dependent variables HN (assessed for 1055 doses) or HX (528 doses in non-intubated) and independent variables age, diagnosis, gender, scene/inter-facility mission, dose, or total transport dose. Pre-and post-fentanyl SpO(2) means were unchanged: 98.8% (95% CI 98.5-98.9) vs. 98.6% (95% CI 98.3-99.0), respectively. Post-fentanyl HN was seen in patients with pre-fentanyl intubation (odds ratio [OR] 5.3, p = 0.002) and with pre-fentanyl low SBP (OR 40, p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a closely monitored out-of-hospital population, fentanyl incurs a low risk of significant hypoxemia. The risk of fentanyl-associated hypotension is also very low, but difficult to predict in the absence of acuity markers such as pre-existing hypotension.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts General Hospital/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Krauss
authors.forename: Sachita
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Sachin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Stephen H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Thomas