title: Effect of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy on spermatogonia populations and future fertility.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isolation of spermatogonial stem cells before potentially sterilizing cancer therapy, followed by transplantation of these cells into the testis after such treatment, may be an effective approach to prevent infertility among prepubertal boys suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). A key clinical consideration in this context is the timing of biopsy, if collection of spermatogonia could be delayed from diagnosis to the later phase of leukemia treatment, better patient selection could be offered.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to examine the routine testicular biopsy material collected to detect testicular leukemia to evaluate if treatment for leukemia affects numbers and maturation of the spermatogonia during the prepubertal period.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 28 testicular biopsies from 23 prepubertal boys treated for ALL.
  
  
  METHODS
  Samples were stained immunohistochemically to evaluate the expression of the spermatogonial markers MAGE 4A, OCT4, CD9, and AP2gamma, and of the Sertoli cell marker WT-1. To relate these findings to gonadal function after sexual maturation, the surviving patients were evaluated as adults.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several MAGE 4A-, CD9-, or OCT4-positive spermatogonia were detected in testicular biopsies after standard risk therapy without cyclophosphamide, whereas their numbers were significantly reduced in six patients receiving high-risk ALL therapy involving cyclophosphamide. No significant alteration in spermatogonial numbers was associated with testicular leukemia. All patients not treated with cyclophosphamide recovered normal testicular function, with normal sperm quality and endocrine function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment for childhood leukemia without high-dose cyclophosphamide seldom depletes the spermatogonial stem cell pool totally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Turku, Turku FIN-20520, Finland. mirja.nurmio@utu.fi
authors.forename: Mirja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nurmio
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Keros
authors.forename: Päivi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lähteenmäki
authors.forename: Toivo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Salmi
authors.forename: Markku
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kallajoki
authors.forename: Kirsi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jahnukainen