Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation of muscles of ambulation in patients with chronic heart failure or COPD: a systematic review of the English-language literature.
BACKGROUND
Despite optimal drug treatment, many patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) or COPD still experience disabling dyspnea, fatigue, and exercise intolerance. They also exhibit significant changes in body composition. Attempts to rehabilitate these patients are often futile because conventional exercise-training modalities are limited by the severity of exertional dyspnea. Therefore, there is substantial interest in new training modalities that do not evoke dyspnea, such as transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).


METHODS
In this article, we systematically review the literature that addresses the effects of NMES applied to the muscles of ambulation. We focused on the effects of NMES on strength, exercise capacity, and disease-specific health status in patients with CHF or COPD. We also address the methodological quality of the reported studies as well as the safety of NMES. Manuscripts published prior to December 2007 were identified by searching the Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, CINAHL, and Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) databases.


RESULTS
Fourteen trials were identified (nine trials that examined NMES in CHF patients, and five in COPD patients). PEDro scores for methodological quality of the trials were generally moderate to good. Many of the studies reported significant improvements in muscle strength, exercise capacity, and/or health status.


CONCLUSIONS
Nonetheless, the limited number of studies, the disparity in patient populations, and the variability in NMES methodology prohibit the use of metaanalysis. Yet, from the viewpoint of a systematic review, NMES looks promising as a means of rehabilitating patients with CHF and COPD. There is at least sufficient evidence to warrant more large prospective, randomized, controlled trials.
Sillen
Maurice J H
MJH
Department of Physiotherapy, and Research, Center for Integrated Rehabilitation of Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands. Electronic address: mauricesillen@proteion.nl.
Speksnijder
Caroline M
CM
Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Eterman
Rose-Miek A
RA
Department of Development, and Education, Center for Integrated Rehabilitation of Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
Janssen
Paul P
PP
Department of Development, and Education, Center for Integrated Rehabilitation of Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
Wagers
Scott S
SS
BioSci Consulting, Maasmechelen, Belgium.
Wouters
Emiel F M
EFM
Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Uszko-Lencer
Nicole H M K
NHMK
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
Spruit
Martijn A
MA
Department of Development, and Education, Center for Integrated Rehabilitation of Organ Failure, Horn, the Netherlands.
D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome