Diagnosis and management of cyanotic congenital heart disease: part II.
In this review, the clinical features and management of less commonly encountered cyanotic cardiac lesions are reviewed. Pathophysiology, clinical features, laboratory studies and management are discussed. The clinical and non-invasive laboratory features of these cardiac defects are sufficiently characteristic for the diagnosis and invasive cardiac catheterization and angiographic studies are not routinely required. Such studies may be needed either to define features that could not be clearly defined by non-invasive studies or prior to performing trans-catheter interventions. Surgical correction or effective palliation is possible at relatively low risk. But, residual defects, some requiring repeat catheter or surgical intervention, may be seen in a significant percentage of patients and consequently, continued follow-up after surgery is recommended.
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School/Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA. P.Syamasundar.Rao@uth.tmc.edu
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Syamasundar Rao
D000293:Adolescent; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004452:Echocardiography; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011379:Prognosis; D018633:Pulmonary Atresia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D011859:Radiography; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D016276:Ventricular Function / Q000502:physiology