Reproductive health in eight navies: a comparative report on education, prevention services, and policies on pregnancy, maternity/paternity leaves, and childcare.
As occupational cultures, navies are remarkable for an ability to achieve far-reaching cultural and behavioral effects by both sweeping and incremental policy changes. Therefore, navy policies for reproductive health education and services, childcare, and maternity and paternity leaves have potential to be at the vanguard of gender parity efforts to successfully integrate women into once male-only occupations. This article provides summaries of reproductive health education programs, pregnancy prevention services, and policies currently in effect in eight navies where women work alongside male peers as sailors and officers. Our objective is to bring together comparative data that is hard to find by other means, which may prove useful to researchers, policy-makers, and naval personnel. Project methodology involved questionnaires sent to naval attaches stationed in embassies in Washington, DC, who referred sections to their appropriate departments. The results are quotations from completed questionnaires and policies sent from the navies of Germany, Latvia, the Netherlands, Norway, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Policies under review include sexual conduct, pregnancy, and maternity and paternity leaves. We also report the latest available statistical data regarding women in these navies, such as numbers of women, percentages of navy women vs. total military women, and dates of women's inclusion as naval personnel.
Fjord
Lakshmi
L
Institute for Health and Aging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
Ames
Genevieve
G
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006266:Health Education; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007844:Latvia; D008297:Male; D008889:Military Personnel; D009326:Naval Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D009426:Netherlands; D009664:Norway; D016134:Organizational Policy; D016524:Parental Leave; D011247:Pregnancy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D034121:Reproductive Health Services / Q000458:organization & administration*; D018456:Reproductive Medicine / Q000193:education*; D013019:South Africa; D013030:Spain; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom; D014481:United States