The COMFORT behavioural scale and the modified FLACC scale in paediatric intensive care.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the concurrent validity and reliability of the behavioural COMFORT and a modified version of the FLACC scale for assessment of pain and sedation in intubated and ventilated children and to evaluate the construct validity of the FLACC scale for assessment of pain.


BACKGROUND
Few instruments are available for assessment of pain/sedation in paediatric intensive care.


METHODS
A prospective observational study was performed postoperatively in 40 children aged 0-10 years.


METHODS
Two trained nurses observed the child simultaneously and assessing COMFORT behavioural (COMFORT-B) and FLACC scores. In comparison, two bedside nurses concurrently scored pain using an observational visual analogue scale (VAS(obs)) and sedation using the Nurse Interpretation of Sedation (NIS) score: oversedated, adequately or insufficient sedated. In 20 additional patients, one nurse assessed FLACC scores before and after analgesics.


RESULTS
The majority of patients were <1 year. A moderate but significant correlation was found between each scale and both sedation and VAS(obs). COMFORT-B differentiated better than FLACC between the three sedation levels. For those assessed to be in pain (VAS(obs) > 3), both COMFORT-B and FLACC scores were significantly different compared with VAS(obs) < 3. The interrater reliability was high for COMFORT-B and FLACC (kappa 0.71 and 0.63, respectively). For bedside nurses' assessment of pain, the interrater reliability was high (kappa 0.63) but low for the level of sedation (kappa 0.20). After administration of analgesics, the FLACC median score decreased significantly from 5 to 0.


CONCLUSIONS
The COMFORT-B scale was a more reliable measure of children's sedation than bedside subjective assessment and gives more substantial information about sedation than the FLACC scale. Concurrent validity for assessment of pain was supported for both scales. The modified FLACC showed construct validity for measuring pain.


CONCLUSIONS
The use of validated scales may improve the assessment and management of pain and sedation in intubated children.
Johansson
Monica
M
Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Queen Silvia Children's Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden. monica.rn.johansson@vgregion.se
Kokinsky
Eva
E
D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015278:Intensive Care Units, Pediatric; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D015588:Observer Variation; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing / Q000592:standards; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing; D010371:Pediatric Nursing / Q000379:methods; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods / Q000451:nursing; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011594:Psychometrics; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013548:Sweden