Increasing socio-economic inequalities in drug-induced deaths in Australia: 1981-2002.
OBJECTIVE
Since the 1990s illicit drug use death rates in Australia have increased markedly. There is a notable gap in knowledge about changing socio-economic inequalities in drug use death rates. Some limited Australian and overseas data point to higher rates of drug death in the lowest socio-economic groups, but the paucity of available studies and their sometimes conflicting findings need to be addressed.


METHODS
This paper uses data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to examine changes in age-standardised drug-induced mortality rates for Australian males over the period 1981-2002. Socio-economic status was categorised as manual or non-manual work status.


RESULTS
With the rapid increase in drug-induced mortality rates in the 1990s, there was a parallel increase in socio-economic inequalities in drug-induced deaths. The decline in drug death rates from 2000 onwards was associated with a decline in socio-economic inequalities. By 2002, manual workers had drug death rates well over twice the rate of non-manual workers.


CONCLUSIONS
Three factors are identified which contribute to these socio-economic inequalities in mortality. First, there has been an age shift in deaths evident only for manual workers. Secondly, there has been an increase in availability until 1999 and a relative decline in the cost of the drug, which most often leads to drug death (heroin). Thirdly, there has been a shift to amphetamine use which may lead to significant levels of morbidity, but few deaths.
Najman
Jake M
JM
School of Social Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. j.najman@uq.edu.au
Toloo
Ghasem
G
Williams
Gail M
GM
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D002423:Cause of Death / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality*