Postoperative fluid management in major elective plastic surgery.
OBJECTIVE
To document the current practice of postoperative fluid management and evaluate its effectiveness in major elective plastic surgery.


METHODS
We conducted a retrospective review on consecutive adult patients undergoing major elective plastic surgery necessitating intensive care unit or high dependency unit admission between May 2005 and May 2007. Hourly fluid input, output and vital signs were recorded for the first 48h postoperatively. Hourly urine output was used as a measure of adequacy of tissue perfusion with 0.5-1.5mlkg(-1)h(-1) being considered normal. Urine output outside of this range for more than four consecutive hours was considered clinically abnormal. These measurements were related temporally to any adjustment of the rates of fluid administration. Intra-operative balance and daily total fluid balance were recorded.


RESULTS
Twenty-four out of 85 patients were excluded because of pre-existing renal impairment (n=12), regular diuretic use (n=8) or incomplete documentation (n=4). No patients had pre-existing cardiac failure. The mean intra-operative positive fluid balance was 3687ml (range 1300-8711), with a mean cumulative volume of 4522ml (range 2560-9465) on postoperative day 1 and this increased with the length of hospital stay. A brisk diuresis (range 1.5-9.0; mean, 3.6mlkg(-1)h(-1)) occurred in 41 (67%) patients, half of them within 7h postoperatively. 26 (43%) patients received excessive fluid, which were responded to within 1-31h (mean 13.5). Six (10%) patients developed cardiac failure, requiring fluid restriction and/or diuretics.


CONCLUSIONS
Patients undergoing major elective plastic surgery are in massive positive fluid balance. Majority of these patients develop a brisk diuresis in the early postoperative period. Current practice centres on preventing oliguria, often with excessive and unnecessary fluid being administered resulting in cardiac failure in some patients. Postoperative fluid management should be guided by a protocol with minimal fluid administration that maintains adequate tissue perfusion, guided by lower and upper limits of desirable urine output. The rates of fluid administration should be adjusted dynamically by the surgical or the nursing staff using such a protocol.
Srinivasa
Sanket
S
Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital; and University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
Tan
Swee T
ST
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003422:Critical Care; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011182:Postoperative Care; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014882:Water-Electrolyte Balance; D055815:Young Adult