Outcomes of blunt assault at a level I trauma center.
BACKGROUND
Physical assault is common in trauma patients. Penetrating injuries resulting from interpersonal violence have been well described in literature, but there have been few studies examining the injury patterns due to assaults with hands and feet or blunt instruments.


METHODS
The Trauma Registry of an American College of Surgeons Level I center was queried for all patients with an E-code diagnosis of assault by hands and feet or blunt instrument for the period of January 1, 1992 to September 30, 2005. Demographic and injury pattern data were analyzed. Univariate and multivariable analysis was performed to identify independent predictors of mortality.


RESULTS
There were 3,286 patients identified (89.7% male) with a mean age of 36 years +/- 13 years and mean injury severity score of 8 +/- 7. Overall, 65 (2.0%) patients required laparotomy, 10 (0.3%) required craniectomy, and 1 (0.03%) patient required thoracotomy. Traumatic brain injury was present in 66.5% (2,184). Mortality was 2.4% (80). Patients older than 55 years were more likely to be severely injured (injury severity score > or = 16) (23.4% vs. 14.6%, p < 0.001) and were more likely to die of injuries (4.8% vs. 2.1%, p < 0.05). Nineteen (0.6%) patients had documented fractures of the cervical spine and cervical spinal cord injury was not observed in any patient.


CONCLUSIONS
Injuries due to assault rarely require operative intervention and have a low risk of cervical spine or cord injuries. However, many result in traumatic brain injury. Patients older than 55 years tend to be more severely injured and at higher risk of mortality.
Hadjizacharia
Pantelis
P
Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Surgical Critical Care, Los Angeles County and the University of Southern California Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
Plurad
David S
DS
Green
Donald J
DJ
DuBose
Joseph
J
Benfield
Rodd
R
Shiflett
Anthony
A
Inaba
Kenji
K
Chan
Linda S
LS
Demetriades
Demetrios
D
D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D015600:Glasgow Coma Scale; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012887:Skull Fractures / Q000453:epidemiology; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D014754:Violence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*