Granulocytes' enzymes as biomarkers of radiotoxicity in individuals occupationally exposed to low-level radiation.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the possibility of using the granulocytes' enzymes alkaline phosphatase (L-ALP) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) as biomarkers to study and analyse contamination of nuclear medicine personnel working with radionuclides (RN) when radiotoxic effects are very low, before occupational radiation illness or benign haematological disorders and malignant diseases have occurred. Also, to investigate the relationship between chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and the activity of L-ALP and MPO in neutrophil granulocytes (NphG).


METHODS
The absorbed external doses of ionizing radiation (IR) were measured by thermoluminescent personal dosimeters (TLD) for the duration of occupational exposure (DOE). Urine radioactivity was measured by gamma- spectrometry. Venous blood was used for leukocyte count and search for chromosomal aberrations by conventional cytogenetic techniques. Blood smears were stained for L-ALP and MPO using a modified Kaplow's method and the classical method with benzidine dihydrochloride, respectively. The occupationally exposed group (E) consisted of 74 workers exposed to short-life radioactive isotopes I131 (beta and mostly gamma emission) and mTc99 (gamma emission). The control group (C) consisted of 52 subjects living in the same region, working in the same institution, occupationally not exposed to RN. A patients' group (P; n=31) took I131 or mTc99 for diagnostic purposes.


RESULTS
Although the measured values did not exceed the yearly quota for professionally exposed individuals, characteristic chromosomal aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes (dicentrics, fragments, rings) were identified. L-ALP and MPO activity was inhibited in the NphG in occupationally exposed workers, especially in persons with chromosomal aberrations, working for a long time in ionizing radiations zones (p <0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Decreased activity of L-ALP and MPO can reveal effects of long-lasting exposure to low-dose IR. A significant relationship between chromosomal aberrations in lymphocytes and activity of the enzymes in granulocytes was found.
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Institute of Occupational Medicine and Radiological Protection, Belgrade, Serbia. m.masha@beotel.net
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Milacic
D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000139:chemically induced; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D015536:Down-Regulation; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000201:enzymology*; D009683:Nuclear Medicine; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013819:Thermoluminescent Dosimetry; D013997:Time Factors; D000078329:Workforce
D015415:Biomarkers; D009195:Peroxidase; D000469:Alkaline Phosphatase