Hypercalcemia of malignancy with simultaneous elevation in serum parathyroid hormone--related peptide and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the cause of refractory hypercalcemia in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma.


METHODS
We describe the clinical, pathologic, and immunostain findings in a patient with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and hypercalcemia of malignancy refractory to intravenous bisphosphonates.


RESULTS
A 57-year-old man with a remote history of clear cell renal cell carcinoma was referred to our clinic for evaluation of resistant hypercalcemia 12 years after nephrectomy. The patient had simultaneous elevation of serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Computed tomographic scan of the chest and abdomen demonstrated numerous ring-enhancing lesions in the liver, and histologic examination of a biopsy specimen revealed liver tissue infiltrated by a malignant neoplasm composed of cells with clear and eosinophilic cytoplasm, arranged in tubules and nests. Findings were morphologically consistent with renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type, and positive immunostaining with the epithelial markers EMA and CAM 5.2 were supportive of the morphologic impression of renal cell carcinoma. The tumor showed expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1alpha-hydroxylase by immunostaining. After failing to respond to intravenous bisphosphonates, the hypercalcemia improved with prednisone treatment.


CONCLUSIONS
In some patients with renal cell carcinoma, hypercalcemia of malignancy is associated with simultaneous elevation in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone-related peptide. As our case exemplifies, it is imperative to identify such patients because hypercalcemia due to elevated 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels may respond better to glucocorticoid treatment than to the conventional bisphosphonate therapy.
Shivnani
Sarika B
SB
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8885, USA.
Shelton
John M
JM
Richardson
James A
JA
Maalouf
Naim M
NM
D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D006934:Hypercalcemia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000097:blood*; D015854:Up-Regulation; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood
D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D014807:Vitamin D; C097949:1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D