Patient to patient transmission of hepatitis B virus: a systematic review of reports on outbreaks between 1992 and 2007.
BACKGROUND
Hepatitis B outbreaks in healthcare settings are still a serious public health concern in high-income countries. To elucidate the most frequent infection pathways and clinical settings involved, we performed a systematic review of hepatitis B virus outbreaks published between 1992 and 2007 within the EU and USA.


METHODS
The research was performed using two different databases: the PubMed Database and the Outbreak Database, the worldwide database for nosocomial outbreaks. Selection of papers was carried out using the Quorom algorithm, and to avoid selection biases, the inclusion criteria were established before the articles were identified.


RESULTS
Overall, 30 papers were analyzed, reporting on 33 hepatitis B virus outbreaks that involved 471 patients, with 16 fatal cases. Dialysis units accounted for 30.3% of outbreaks followed by medical wards (21.2%), nursing homes (21.2%), surgery wards (15.2), and outpatient clinics (12.1%). The transmission pathways were: multi-vial drugs (30.3%), non-disposable multi-patient capillary blood sampling devices (27.2%), transvenous endomyocardial biopsy procedures (9.1%), and multiple deficiencies in applying standard precautions (9.1%).


CONCLUSIONS
The analysis of transmission pathways showed that some breaches in infection control measures, such as administration of drugs using multi-vial compounds and capillary blood sampling, are the most frequent routes for patient-to-patient transmission of hepatitis B virus. Moreover some outbreak reports underlined that heart-transplant recipients are at risk of contracting hepatitis B virus infection during the transvenous endomyocardial biopsy procedure through indirect contact with infected blood as a result of environmental contamination. To prevent transmission, healthcare workers must adhere to standard precautions and follow fundamental infection control principles, such as the use of sterile, single-use, disposable needles and avoiding the use of multi-vial compounds in all healthcare settings including outpatient settings.
Lanini
Simone
S
Istituto Nazionale per le Malattie Infettive, Lazzaro Spallanzani-Roma, Rome, Italy. lanini@inmi.it
Puro
Vincenzo
V
Lauria
Francesco N
FN
Fusco
Francesco M
FM
Nisii
Carla
C
Ippolito
Giuseppe
G
D015897:Comorbidity; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D006757:Hospital Units / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology