Transesophageal echocardiography and transcranial color Doppler: independent or complementary diagnostic tests for cardiologists in the detection of patent foramen ovale?
OBJECTIVE
Contrast-enhanced transesophageal echocardiography (c-TEE) is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. The purpose of this study was to compare the practical use of contrast-enhanced transcranial color Doppler (c-TCD) to define its role in the diagnostic pathway of patent foramen ovale.


METHODS
Two hundred and eighty-six consecutive patients with a presumed paradoxical cerebrovascular event were investigated by both c-TEE and c-TCD for the detection of patent foramen ovale. Considering c-TEE as the gold standard for statistical comparison, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and global diagnostic accuracy of c-TCD were assessed.


RESULTS
Among the entire cohort of patients (286), 156 (54%) showed positive and 116 (41%) negative findings with both the examinations; 10 patients (3%) had a negative result with c-TCD and a positive one with c-TEE; four (1%) had a positive result with c-TCD and a negative one with c-TEE. Thus, for c-TCD, we defined a sensitivity of 94% (95% confidence limits 90-98) and a specificity of 97% (94-100). The positive predictive value for the detection of the shunt was 98% (95% confidence limit 96-100) and the negative predictive value was 92% (95% confidence limit 87-97). Global diagnostic accuracy was 95% (95% confidence limit 92-98). The two examinations showed a strong statistical correlation (r = 0.90; R = 0.81; P < 0.001).


CONCLUSIONS
c-TDC results in an effective, safe and low cost examination, with excellent sensitivity and specificity as compared with c-TEE.
Mangiafico
Sarah
S
Department of Internal Medicine and Systemic Disease, Clinical Division of Cardiology, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
Scandura
Salvatore
S
Ussia
Gian Paolo
GP
Privitera
Agata
A
Capodanno
Davide
D
Petralia
Anna
A
Tamburino
Corrado
C
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D008297:Male; D045423:Microbubbles; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial; D055815:Young Adult
D003287:Contrast Media