Biomechanics of the goat three bundle anterior cruciate ligament.
The goat is a widely used animal model for basic research on the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), but the biomechanical role of the different bundles [intermediate (IM), anteromedial (AM), posterolateral (PL)] of the ACL is unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe the biomechanical function of the different bundles and evaluate its use for a double bundle ACL reconstruction model. A CASPAR Stäubli RX90 robot with a six degree-of-freedom load cell was used for measurement of anterior tibial translation (ATT) (mm) and in situ forces (N) at 30 degrees (full extension), 60 degrees , 90 degrees as well as rotational testing at 30 degrees in 14 paired goat knees before and after each bundle was cut. When the AM-bundle was cut, the ATT increased significantly at 60 degrees and 90 degrees of flexion (p < 0.05). When the PL-bundle was cut, the ATT increased only at 30 degrees. However, most load was transferred through the big AM-bundle while the PL-bundle shared significant load only at 30 degrees, with only minimal contribution from the IM-bundle at all flexion degrees. The observed biomechanical results in this study are similar to the human ACL observed previously in the literature. Though anatomically discernible, the IM-bundle plays only an inferior role in ATT and might be neglected as a separate bundle during reconstruction. The goat ACL shows some differences to the human ACL, whereas the main functions of the ACL bundles are similar.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
T
T
Tischer
M
M
Ronga
A
A
Tsai
S J M
SJ
Ingham
M
M
Ekdahl
P
P
Smolinski
Freddie H
FH
Fu
D000818:Animals; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D006041:Goats; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D023421:Models, Animal; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012371:Robotics; D012399:Rotation