Exposure assessment for nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in German hard coal mining.
OBJECTIVE
The exposure situation of German hard coal miners with respect to the components nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide. Carbon monoxide was measured additionally and the results are displayed but not discussed in detail in this paper. The data were used to estimate personal long-term exposures in an inception cohort.


METHODS
For all three components, time weighted 8-h shift values were determined for typical groups of coalminers according to the European measurement standard. An expert panel from the coal mining company made an effort to estimate major potential changes in the exposure situation.


RESULTS
The main sources of nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in hard coal mining were the diesel engines. Blasting fumes contributed only to a lesser degree and with different exposure characteristics, e.g. much reduced NO(2) levels compared to the mines' rear areas. As rough 8 h-shift averages describing the current exposure situation, we found 1.35 ppm NO and 0.21 ppm NO(2) for the diesel engine drivers. Blasting specialists were more difficult to evaluate but rough 8 h-shift averages of 0.84 ppm NO and 0.014 ppm NO(2) could be estimated from our measurement series. By applying these data and the estimates of experts about the retrospective exposure situation to a cohort of 1,369 coalminers, we derived mean (max) cumulative exposures in ppm x number of shifts of 1,748 (5,928) for NO and 19.6 (1,013) for NO(2) when summarizing over the follow-up period from 1974 until 1998.


CONCLUSIONS
Especially for the diesel engine drivers, exposure can be regarded as rather high, in particular, when compared to recommended limits by SCOEL and MAK, though the exposures have been in line with the enforced German occupational exposure limits. Whether this exposure situation has caused adverse health effects will be investigated epidemiologically.
Dahmann
Dirk
D
Institut für Gefahrstoff-Forschung der Bergbau-Berufsgenossenschaft an der Ruhr Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany. dahmann@igf-bbg.de
Morfeld
Peter
P
Monz
Christian
C
Noll
Birgit
B
Gast
Frank
F
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D002248:Carbon Monoxide / Q000032:analysis*; D003032:Coal Mining; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000032:analysis; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides / Q000032:analysis*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis*
D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D009589:Nitrogen Oxides; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D002248:Carbon Monoxide; D009585:Nitrogen Dioxide