Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals surface-mediated antifungal chemical defense of a tropical seaweed.
Organism surfaces represent signaling sites for attraction of allies and defense against enemies. However, our understanding of these signals has been impeded by methodological limitations that have precluded direct fine-scale evaluation of compounds on native surfaces. Here, we asked whether natural products from the red macroalga Callophycus serratus act in surface-mediated defense against pathogenic microbes. Bromophycolides and callophycoic acids from algal extracts inhibited growth of Lindra thalassiae, a marine fungal pathogen, and represent the largest group of algal antifungal chemical defenses reported to date. Desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) imaging revealed that surface-associated bromophycolides were found exclusively in association with distinct surface patches at concentrations sufficient for fungal inhibition; DESI-MS also indicated the presence of bromophycolides within internal algal tissue. This is among the first examples of natural product imaging on biological surfaces, suggesting the importance of secondary metabolites in localized ecological interactions, and illustrating the potential of DESI-MS in understanding chemically-mediated biological processes.
Lane
Amy L
AL
School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
Nyadong
Leonard
L
Galhena
Asiri S
AS
Shearer
Tonya L
TL
Stout
E Paige
EP
Parry
R Mitchell
RM
Kwasnik
Mark
M
Wang
May D
MD
Hay
Mark E
ME
Fernandez
Facundo M
FM
Kubanek
Julia
J
D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects; D012624:Seaweed / Q000737:chemistry*; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*
D000935:Antifungal Agents