Self-healing of voids in the wax coating on plant surfaces.
The cuticles of plants provide a multifunctional interface between the plants and their environments. The cuticle, with its associated waxes, is a protective layer that minimizes water loss by transpiration and provides several functions, such as hydrophobicity, light reflection and absorption of harmful radiation. The self-healing of voids in the epicuticular wax layer has been studied in 17 living plants by atomic force microscopy (AFM), and the process of wax film formation is described. Two modes of wax film formation, a concentric layer formation and striped layer formation, were found, and the process of multilayer wax film formation is discussed. A new method for the preparation of small pieces of fresh, water-containing plant specimens for AFM investigations is introduced. The technique allows AFM investigations of several hours duration without significant shrinkage or lateral drift of the specimen. This research shows how plants refill voids in their surface wax layers by wax self-assembly and should be useful for the design of self-healing materials.
Nees Institute for Biodiversity of Plants, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 170, 53115 Bonn, Germany. koch@uni-bonn.de
Kerstin
K
Koch
Bharat
B
Bhushan
Hans-Jürgen
HJ
Ensikat
Wilhelm
W
Barthlott
D001703:Biophysics / Q000379:methods*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000235:genetics; D055864:Droughts; D004867:Equipment Design; D018625:Microscopy, Atomic Force / Q000379:methods; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D018521:Plant Physiological Phenomena; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D018520:Plant Shoots / Q000737:chemistry / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018526:Plant Transpiration / Q000235:genetics; D014885:Waxes
D010940:Plant Proteins; D014885:Waxes