Modeling corneal metabolism and oxygen transport during contact lens wear.
OBJECTIVE
A metabolic model is developed for cornea-contact-lens system to elucidate the role of glucose metabolism in oxygenation of the cornea and to gauge the role that contact lens oxygen transmissibility plays in avoiding hypoxia-induced corneal abnormalities for extended wear applications.


METHODS
Oxygen transport through the cornea and contact lens system is typically described by oxygen diffusion with reactive loss. Oxygen in the cornea, however, interacts with other metabolic species, specifically glucose, lactate ion, bicarbonate ion, hydrogen ion, and carbon dioxide via aerobic glycolysis (Krebs or tricarboxylic acid cycle) and anaerobic glycolysis. Here, corneal aerobic and anaerobic metabolic reactions are incorporated into a six-layer (endothelium, stroma, epithelium, postlens tear film, contact lens, and prelens tear film) steady-state continuum reaction-diffusion model to quantify oxygen transport. We also define a new index, the oxygen deficiency factor (ODF), for gauging corneal oxygenation. As opposed to other current gauges of hypoxia, ODF is a local and sensitive measure of both the extent and severity of corneal oxygen deprivation.


RESULTS
We calculate not only oxygenation of the cornea but also its coupled glucose, lactate, and acidosis behavior. For the first time, the metabolic shift from aerobic to anaerobic glycolysis is explicitly incorporated into the transport and consumption of oxygen in the cornea on closed-eye contact lens wear. Adoption of enzymatic Monod kinetics for the metabolic reactions permits realistic assessment of local species concentrations throughout the cornea. We find that anerobic-produced lactate transports out of the cornea into the anterior chamber, whereas buffering bicarbonate ion transports into the comea from the anterior chamber.


CONCLUSIONS
The coupling of oxygen with other reactive species in corneal metabolism provides useful insight into the transport of oxygen in cornea-contact-lens system. Specifically, we find that in addition to oxygen depletion and acidosis in the cornea, lactate concentration increases while glucose and bicarbonate concentrations decrease from the endothelium toward the epithelium. Unlike other indices of corneal oxygenation, ODF is sensitive specifically to regions of cornea with local oxygen deficiency. Accordingly, ODF is a useful physiologic index to assess the extent and severity of hypoxia in the cornea.
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. radke@berkeley.edu
Mahendra
M
Chhabra
John M
JM
Prausnitz
Clayton J
CJ
Radke
D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D000818:Animals; D003261:Contact Lenses / Q000009:adverse effects; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism*; D004058:Diffusion; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006019:Glycolysis; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000209:etiology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D011817:Rabbits; D012016:Reference Values
D005947:Glucose; D010100:Oxygen