Long-term risk of mortality and other adverse outcomes after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in hospitalized patients. The impact of AKI on long-term outcomes is controversial.


METHODS
Systematic review and meta-analysis.


METHODS
Persons with AKI.


METHODS
MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched from 1985 through October 2007. Original studies describing outcomes of AKI for patients who survived hospital discharge were included. Studies were excluded from review when participants were followed up for less than 6 months.


METHODS
AKI, defined as acute changes in serum creatinine level or acute need for renal replacement therapy.


RESULTS
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease, and mortality.


RESULTS
48 studies that contained a total of 47,017 participants were reviewed; 15 studies reported long-term data for patients without AKI. The incidence rate of mortality was 8.9 deaths/100 person-years in survivors of AKI and 4.3 deaths/100 patient-years in survivors without AKI (rate ratio [RR], 2.59; 95% confidence interval, 1.97 to 3.42). AKI was associated independently with mortality risk in 6 of 6 studies that performed multivariate adjustment (adjusted RR, 1.6 to 3.9) and with myocardial infarction in 2 of 2 studies (RR, 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.61 to 2.61). The incidence rate of CKD after an episode of AKI was 7.8 events/100 patient-years, and the rate of end-stage renal disease was 4.9 events/100 patient-years.


CONCLUSIONS
The relative risk for CKD and end-stage renal disease after AKI was unattainable because of lack of follow-up of appropriate controls without AKI.


CONCLUSIONS
The development of AKI, defined as acute changes in serum creatinine level, characterizes hospitalized patients at increased risk of long-term adverse outcomes.
Section of Nephrology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
Steven G
SG
Coca
Bushra
B
Yusuf
Michael G
MG
Shlipak
Amit X
AX
Garg
Chirag R
CR
Parikh
D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome