Surface modification for enhanced silanation of zirconia ceramics.
OBJECTIVE
The overall goal of this research was to develop a practical method to chemically modify the surface of high strength dental ceramics (i.e. zirconia) to facilitate viable, robust adhesive bonding using commercially available silanes and resin cements.


METHODS
Investigation focused on a novel approach to surface functionalize zirconia with a Si(x)O(y) "seed" layer that would promote chemical bonding with traditional silanes. ProCAD and ZirCAD blocks were bonded to a dimensionally similar composite block using standard techniques designed for silica-containing materials (silane and resin cement). ZirCAD blocks were treated with SiCl4 by vapor deposition under two different conditions prior to bonding. Microtensile bars were prepared and subjected to tensile forces at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze fracture surfaces and determine failure mode; either composite cohesive failure (partial or complete cohesive failure within composite) or adhesive failure (partial or complete adhesive failure).


RESULTS
Peak stress values were analyzed using single-factor ANOVA (p<0.05). Microtensile testing results revealed that zirconia with a surface treatment of 2.6 nm Si(x)O(y) thick "seed" layer was similar in strength to the porcelain group (control). Analysis of failure modes indicated the above groups displayed higher percentages of in-composite failures. Other groups tested had lower strength values and displayed adhesive failure characteristics.


CONCLUSIONS
Mechanical data support that utilizing a gas-phase chloro-silane pretreatment to deposit ultra-thin silica-like seed layers can improve adhesion to zirconia using traditional silanation and bonding techniques. This technology could have clinical impact on how high strength dental materials are used today.
RTI International, Center for Materials and Electronic Technologies, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2194, USA. jpiascik@rti.org
J R
JR
Piascik
E J
EJ
Swift
J Y
JY
Thompson
S
S
Grego
B R
BR
Stoner
D002712:Chlorides / Q000737:chemistry; D001840:Dental Bonding / Q000379:methods*; D045662:Dental Etching / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry*; D017655:Silicon Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium
D002712:Chlorides; D019279:Resin Cements; D012821:Silanes; D017655:Silicon Compounds; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C039676:silicon tetrachloride; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide