How to assess the external validity of therapeutic trials: a conceptual approach.
BACKGROUND
External validity of study results is an important issue from a clinical point of view. From a methodological point of view, however, the concept of external validity is more complex than it seems to be at first glance.


METHODS
Methodological review to address the concept of external validity.


RESULTS
External validity refers to the question whether results are generalizable to persons other than the population in the original study. The only formal way to establish the external validity would be to repeat the study for that specific target population. We propose a three-way approach for assessing the external validity for specified target populations. (i) The study population might not be representative for the eligibility criteria that were intended. It should be addressed whether the study population differs from the intended source population with respect to characteristics that influence outcome. (ii) The target population will, by definition, differ from the study population with respect to geographical, temporal and ethnical conditions. Pondering external validity means asking the question whether these differences may influence study results. (iii) It should be assessed whether the study's conclusions can be generalized to target populations that do not meet all the eligibility criteria.


CONCLUSIONS
Judging the external validity of study results cannot be done by applying given eligibility criteria to a single target population. Rather, it is a complex reflection in which prior knowledge, statistical considerations, biological plausibility and eligibility criteria all have place.
Dekkers
O M
OM
Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands. o.m.dekkers@lumc.nl
von Elm
E
E
Algra
A
A
Romijn
J A
JA
Vandenbroucke
J P
JP
D000367:Age Factors; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015981:Epidemiologic Factors; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012107:Research Design; D015983:Selection Bias; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013997:Time Factors