Biochemical mechanisms of methoxyfenozide resistance in the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis.
BACKGROUND
Methoxyfenozide is a lepidopteran-specific insecticide that belongs to a new group of insecticides, the non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists, also called moulting accelerating compounds (MACs). To investigate the risk of resistance and possible mechanisms conferring resistance to methoxyfenozide, the authors selected in the laboratory for a resistant strain of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.), which is a representative lepidopteran model and an important pest in cotton and vegetables worldwide, with a high risk for resistance development.


RESULTS
After selection with methoxyfenozide during 13 generations, toxicity data showed that the selected strain developed fivefold resistance to methoxyfenozide in comparison with the susceptible strain. Measurement of the detoxification enzymes demonstrated that the monooxygenase (MO) activity was 2.1 times higher in the selected strain, whereas there was no change for esterases and glutathione-S-transferases. When the inhibitors piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate were tested as synergists, the respective synergistic ratios were 0.97, 0.96 and 1.0 for the susceptible strain, and 2.2, 0.96 and 1.1 for the resistant strain. The significant synergistic effect by PBO concurs with the increased MO activity in the selected strain.


CONCLUSIONS
Taken overall, the present study supports the importance of MO-mediated metabolism in resistance to methoxyfenozide, directing tactics to fight against resistance development for this novel group of insecticides.
Mosallanejad
Hadi
H
Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Smagghe
Guy
G
D000818:Animals; D004950:Esterases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D003368:Gossypium / Q000469:parasitology; D006834:Hydrazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007605:Juvenile Hormones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology; D018411:Spodoptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000502:physiology
D006834:Hydrazines; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D007605:Juvenile Hormones; C406712:methoxyfenozide; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D004950:Esterases