Reduction in programmed cell death and improvement in functional outcome of transient focal cerebral ischemia after administration of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in rats. Laboratory investigation.
OBJECTIVE
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent hematopoietic growth factor that both enhances the survival and drives the differentiation and proliferation of myeloid lineage cells. Recent studies have suggested that GM-CSF has a neuroprotective effect against CNS injury. In this paper, the authors investigated the neuroprotective effect of GM-CSF on neuron survival and locomotor behavior in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemic injury.


METHODS
To understand its neuroprotective effect in vitro, GM-CSF was administered to a glutamate-induced excitotoxicity neuronal injury cell culture model that mimics the pathophysiology of focal hypoxic cerebral injury. In the animal study, the authors prepared a rat focal cerebral ischemia model by occluding the unilateral middle cerebral artery. They then examined the effects of GM-CSF administration on changes in infarct volume, apoptosis-related gene expression, and improvement in locomotor behavior.


RESULTS
Treatment with GM-CSF significantly increased cell viability in a cell culture model of glutamate-induced neuronal injury. Furthermore, in vivo administration of GM-CSF at 60 microg/kg body weight daily for 5 consecutive days beginning immediately after injury decreased infarction volume, altered the expression of several apoptosis-related genes (Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and p53), and improved locomotor behavior in the focal cerebral ischemia model.


CONCLUSIONS
The GM-CSF had neuroprotective effects in in vitro and in vivo experiments and resulted in decreased infarction volume and improved locomotor behavior. Although the specific mechanism involved in stroke recovery was not fully elucidated as it was not the primary focus of this study, administration of GM-CSF appeared to decrease the extent of neuronal apoptosis by modulating the expression of several apoptosis-related genes such as Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 3, and p53. Further investigations are necessary to better understand the role of GM-CSF on neural regeneration during the recovery phase of a stroke, as well as the intracellular signal transduction pathways that mediate neuroprotection.
Kong
TaeHo
T
Cell Therapy Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
Choi
Jung-Kyoung
JK
Park
Hyeonseon
H
Choi
Byung Hyune
BH
Snyder
Brian Jeffrey
BJ
Bukhari
Shefqat
S
Kim
Na-Kyeong
NK
Huang
Xian
X
Park
So Ra
SR
Park
Hyung Chun
HC
Ha
Yoon
Y
D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002544:Cerebral Infarction / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects
D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016187:Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor