Inverse association between dairy intake and hypertension: the Rotterdam Study.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about the effect of different types of dairy food products on the development of hypertension.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to determine whether the incidence of hypertension in older Dutch subjects is associated with intake of dairy products.


METHODS
We examined the relation between dairy intake and incident hypertension in 2245 participants of the Rotterdam Study aged > or =55 y with complete dietary and blood pressure data, who were free of hypertension at baseline (1990-1993). Blood pressure was reexamined in 1993-1995 and in 1997-1999. Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs for 2- and 6-y incidence of hypertension were obtained in quartiles of energy-adjusted dairy intake, with adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, educational level, dietary factors, and intake of alcohol and total energy.


RESULTS
Risk of hypertension after 2 y of follow-up (664 incident cases) was inversely associated with dairy product intake. After adjustment for confounders, HRs (95% CIs) were 1.00, 0.82 (0.67, 1.02), 0.67 (0.54, 0.84), and 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) in consecutive quartiles of total dairy product intake (P for trend = 0.008). Corresponding HRs for low-fat dairy products were 1.00, 0.75 (0.60, 0.92), 0.77 (0.63, 0.96), and 0.69 (0.56, 0.86) (P for trend = 0.003). Analysis of specific types of dairy products showed an inverse association with milk and milk products (P for trend = 0.07) and no association with high-fat dairy or cheese (P > 0.6). After 6 y of follow-up (984 incident cases), the associations with hypertension were attenuated to risk reductions of approximately 20% for both total and low-fat dairy products between the extreme quartiles of intake (P for trend = 0.07 and 0.09, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Intake of low-fat dairy products may contribute to the prevention of hypertension at an older age.
Engberink
Marielle F
MF
Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands. marielle.engberink@wur.nl
Hendriksen
Marieke A H
MA
Schouten
Evert G
EG
van Rooij
Frank J A
FJ
Hofman
Albert
A
Witteman
Jacqueline C M
JC
Geleijnse
Johanna M
JM
D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009426:Netherlands; D012307:Risk Factors
D004041:Dietary Fats