Emergence of new forms of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis bacilli: super extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis or totally drug-resistant strains in iran.
BACKGROUND
The study documented the emergence of new forms of resistant bacilli (totally drug-resistant [TDR] or super extensively drug-resistant [XDR] tuberculosis [TB] strains) among patients with multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB).


METHODS
Susceptibility testing against first- and second-line drugs was performed on isolated Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. Subsequently, the strains identified as XDR or TDR M tuberculosis were subjected to spoligotyping and variable numbers of tandem repeats (VNTR).


RESULTS
Of 146 MDR-TB strains, 8 XDR isolates (5.4%) and 15 TDR isolates (10.3%) were identified. The remaining strains were either susceptible (67%) or had other resistant patterns (20%). Overall, the median of treatments and drugs previously received by MDR-TB patients was two courses of therapy of 15 months' duration with five drugs (isoniazid [INH], rifampicin [RF], streptomycin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide). The median of in vitro drug resistance for all studied cases was INH and RF. The XDR or TDR strains were collected from both immigrants (Afghan, 30.4%; Azerbaijani, 8.6%; Iraqi, 4.3%) and Iranian (56.5%) MDR-TB cases. In such cases, the smear and cultures remained positive after 18 months of medium treatment with second-line drugs (ethionamide, para-aminosalicylic acid, cycloserine, ofloxacin, amikacin, and ciprofloxacin). Spoligotyping revealed Haarlem (39.1%), Beijing (21.7%), EAI (21.7%), and CAS (17.3%) superfamilies of M tuberculosis. These superfamilies had different VNTR profiles, which eliminated the recent transmission among MDR-TB cases.


CONCLUSIONS
The isolation of TDR strains from MDR-TB patients from different regional countries is alarming and underlines the possible dissemination of such strains in Asian countries. Now the next question is how one should control and treat such cases.
Velayati
Ali Akbar
AA
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran.
Masjedi
Mohammad Reza
MR
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran.
Farnia
Parissa
P
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: pfarnia@nritld.ac.ir.
Tabarsi
Payam
P
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran.
Ghanavi
Jalladein
J
Animal Research Laboratory, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran.
ZiaZarifi
Abol Hassan
AH
Mycobacteriology Research Centre, the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (NRITLD), World Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Shahid Beheshti University (Medical Campus), Darabad, Tehran, Iran.
Hoffner
Sven Eric
SE
Department of Bacteriology, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000494:pharmacology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D054908:Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008875:Middle Aged; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011336:Probability; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D016019:Survival Analysis; D018088:Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
D000995:Antitubercular Agents