Surface anatomy as a guide to vertebral level for thoracic epidural placement.
BACKGROUND
Precise placement of thoracic epidural catheters is required to optimize postoperative analgesia and minimize adverse effects. Previous research demonstrated that anesthesiologists are inaccurate when using surface anatomy to locate vertebral levels. In this study, we compared the accuracy of two different landmarks to identify the seventh thoracic (T7) spinous process.


METHODS
Two-hundred-ten patients referred for chest radiography were randomized to two groups. With patients in the anatomic (upright) position, one investigator identified and placed a radioopaque marker over the presumed T7 spinous process using either the vertebra prominens (C7) or the inferior scapular tip as a surface landmark. A radiologist, blinded to the identification technique, reported the spinous process corresponding to the radioopaque label. Marker positions were then compared using the Fisher's exact test. The influence of patient characteristics (age, gender, Body Mass Index [BMI], and height and weight) on accuracy was also examined.


RESULTS
Patient characteristics were similar between groups. The T7 spinous process was identified correctly 29% of the time with the C7 landmark and 10% of the time with the scapular landmark (P < 0.001). Accuracy improved for T7 +/- 1 level to 78% and 42%, respectively (P = 5.84 x 10(-8)). Errors were more common in the caudal direction (i.e., T8 or T9 identified). The C7 landmark was more accurate among those with a BMI <25 (P = 6.51 x 10(-5)). In those with a BMI >or=25, both landmarking methods were frequently inaccurate (P = 0.312).


CONCLUSIONS
For patients with a BMI <25, the T7 spinous process can be reliably identified to within one interspace in 78% of patients using the C7 (vertebra prominens) surface landmark. Neither the vertebra prominens nor the tip of scapula is a reliable landmark to identify T7 in patients with a BMI >or=25.
Teoh
Desiree A
DA
Department of Anesthesia, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Santosham
Kristi L
KL
Lydell
Carmen C
CC
Smith
Dean F
DF
Beriault
Michael T
MT
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010173:Palpation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012540:Scapula / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D055815:Young Adult