Increasing uptake of HIV testing and counseling among the poorest in sub-Saharan countries through home-based service provision.
BACKGROUND
Uptake of HIV testing and counseling (HTC) is lower among members of the poorest households in sub-Saharan countries, thereby creating significant inequalities in access to HTC and possibly antiretroviral treatment.


OBJECTIVE
To measure uptake of home-based HTC and estimate HIV prevalence among members of the poorest households in a sub-Saharan population.


METHODS
Residents of 6 villages of Likoma Island (Malawi) aged 18-35 and their spouses were offered home-based HTC services. Socioeconomic status, HIV testing history, and HIV risk factors were assessed. Differences in HTC uptake and HIV infection rates between members of households in the lowest income quartile and the rest of the population were estimated using logistic regression.


RESULTS
Members of households in the lowest income quartile were significantly less likely to have ever used facility-based HTC services than the rest of the population (odds ratio = 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.36 to 0.97). In contrast, they were significantly more likely to use home-based HTC services provided during the study (adjusted odds ratio = 1.70, 95% CI: 1.04 to 2.79). Socioeconomic differences in uptake of home-based HTC were not due to underlying differences in socioeconomic characteristics or HIV risk factors. The prevalence of HIV was significantly lower among members of the poorest households tested during home-based HTC than among the rest of the population (adjusted odds ratio = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14 to 0.96).


CONCLUSIONS
HTC uptake was high during a home-based HTC campaign on Likoma Island, particularly among the poorest. Home-based HTC has the potential to significantly reduce existing socioeconomic gradients in HTC uptake and help mitigate the impact of AIDS on the most vulnerable households.
Helleringer
Stéphane
S
Population Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. sh2813@columbia.edu
Kohler
Hans-Peter
HP
Frimpong
Jemima A
JA
Mkandawire
James
J
D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara / Q000453:epidemiology; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D003376:Counseling; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006268:Health Facilities; D006699:Home Care Services; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D015995:Prevalence; D055815:Young Adult