Moxifloxacin versus ethambutol in the initial treatment of tuberculosis: a double-blind, randomised, controlled phase II trial.
BACKGROUND
New treatments are needed to shorten the time required to cure tuberculosis and to treat drug-resistant strains. The fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin is a promising new agent that might have additive activity to existing antituberculosis agents. We assessed the activity and safety of moxifloxacin in the initial stage of tuberculosis treatment.


METHODS
We undertook a phase II, double-blind, randomised controlled trial of a regimen that included moxifloxacin in adults with sputum smear-positive tuberculosis at one hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 170 participants received isoniazid, rifampicin, and pyrazinamide at standard doses and were assigned by permuted block randomisation to receive either moxifloxacin (400 mg) with an ethambutol placebo (n=85) or ethambutol (15-20 mg/kg) plus moxifloxacin placebo (n=85) 5 days per week for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients whose sputum culture had converted to negative by week 8. Analysis was by modified intention to treat (ITT); patients whose baseline cultures were negative, contaminated, or contained drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis were excluded from the analysis. Additionally, all missing 8-week results were deemed treatment failures. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00082173.


RESULTS
74 patients assigned to the moxifloxacin group and 72 in the ethambutol group were included in the modified ITT population. 125 patients had 8-week data (moxifloxacin n=64, ethambutol n=61); the main reason for absence of data was culture contamination. At 8 weeks, culture conversion to negative had occurred in 59 (80%) of 74 patients in the moxifloxacin group compared with 45 (63%) of 72 in the ethambutol group (difference 17.2%, 95% CI 2.8-31.7; p=0.03). There were 16 adverse events (eight in each group) in 12 patients. Only one event was judged related to study drug (grade 3 cutaneous reaction in the ethambutol group).


CONCLUSIONS
Moxifloxacin improved culture conversion in the initial phase of tuberculosis treatment. Trials to assess whether moxifloxacin can be used to shorten the duration of tuberculosis treatment are justified.
Conde
Marcus B
MB
Instituto de Doencas do Torax/Hospital Clementino Fraga Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Efron
Anne
A
Loredo
Carla
C
De Souza
Gilvan R Muzy
GR
Graça
Nadja P
NP
Cezar
Michelle C
MC
Ram
Malathi
M
Chaudhary
Mohammad A
MA
Bishai
William R
WR
Kritski
Afranio L
AL
Chaisson
Richard E
RE
D000328:Adult; D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001372:Aza Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011718:Pyrazinamide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011804:Quinolines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012293:Rifampin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000401:mortality
D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D001372:Aza Compounds; D024841:Fluoroquinolones; D011804:Quinolines; D011718:Pyrazinamide; D004977:Ethambutol; D000077266:Moxifloxacin; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin