Genipin inhibits endothelial exocytosis via nitric oxide in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells.
OBJECTIVE
Exocytosis of endothelial Weibel-Palade bodies, which contain von Willebrand factor (VWF), P-selectin and other modulators, plays an important role in both inflammation and thrombosis. The present study investigates whether genipin, an aglycon of geniposide, inhibits endothelial exocytosis.


METHODS
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were isolated from umbilical cords and cultured. The concentration of VWF in cell supernatants was measured using an ELISA Kit. P-selectin translocation on the cell surface was analyzed by cell surface ELISA. Cell viability was measured using a Cell Counting Kit-8. Mouse bleeding times were measured by amputating the tail tip. Western blot analysis was used to determine the amount of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phospho-eNOS present. Nitric oxide (NO) was measured in the cell supernatants as nitrite using an NO Colorimetric Assay.


RESULTS
Genipin inhibited thrombin-induced VWF release and P-selectin translocation in HUVECs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The drug had no cytotoxic effect on the cells at the same doses that were able to inhibit exocytosis. The functional study that demonstrated that genipin inhibited exocytosis in vivo also showed that genipin prolonged the mouse bleeding time. Furthermore, genipin activated eNOS phosphorylation, promoted enzyme activation and increased NO production. L-NAME, an inhibitor of NOS, reversed the inhibitory effects of genipin on endothelial exocytosis.


CONCLUSIONS
Genipin inhibits endothelial exocytosis in HUVECs. The mechanism by which this compound inhibits exocytosis may be related to its ability to stimulate eNOS activation and NO production. Our findings suggest a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism for genipin. This compound may represent a new treatment for inflammation and/or thrombosis in which excess endothelial exocytosis plays a pathophysiological role.
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
Guang-fa
GF
Wang
Shao-yu
SY
Wu
Jin-jun
JJ
Rao
Lin
L
Lü
Wei
W
Xu
Jian-xin
JX
Pang
Zhong-qiu
ZQ
Liu
Shu-guang
SG
Wu
Jia-jie
JJ
Zhang
D000818:Animals; D001760:Bleeding Time; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D005089:Exocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D019007:P-Selectin / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology*; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000378:metabolism
D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D019007:P-Selectin; D014841:von Willebrand Factor; D009569:Nitric Oxide; C007834:genipin