RXRA gene variations influence Alzheimer's disease risk and cholesterol metabolism.
Cholesterol metabolism is altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The nuclear hormone receptor Retinoic X Receptor a (RXRa) is a member of the nuclear ligand-activated transcription factor family. RXRs are key regulators of cholesterol synthesis and thus cholesterol metabolism. We performed a systematic screen for gene variants in the RXRA gene. The effect of these gene variants on the risk of AD was investigated in 405 AD patients (mean age: 74.27 +/- 9.37 years; female 78.6%) and 347 controls (mean age: 73.26 +/- 8.37 years; female 57.2%). Furthermore, the influence of RXRA gene variants on CSF and plasma levels of cholesterol, lathosterol and 24S-hydroxycholesterol were evaluated. One of the identified seven SNPs in RXRA influenced AD risk in our single marker analysis (rs3132293: P= 0.006). Haplotype analysis identified a three-marker haplotype (TGC) consisting of rs3118570, rs1536475 and rs3132293, which decreased the risk of AD (P= 0.009). The single marker rs3132293 (P= 0.026) and the TGC haplotype (P= 0.026) influenced CSF lathosterol levels in non-demented controls, and cholesterol levels in the combined sample comprising AD patients and controls (Rs3132293: P= 0.050; TGC haplotype: P= 0.035). 24S-Hydroxycholesterol CSF and plasma levels were also influenced by rs3132293 (CSF: P= 0.004; plasma: P= 0.001) and the TGC haplotype (CSF: P= 0.004; plasma: P= 0.002); this effect was most pronounced in AD patients (rs3132293: CSF: P= 0.009, plasma: P= 0.002; TGC haplotype: CSF: P= 0.019, plasma: P= 0.005). Our results suggest that RXRA gene variants might act as risk factor for AD via an influence on cerebral cholesterol metabolism.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany. heike.koelsch@ukb.uni-bonn.de
Heike
H
Kölsch
Dieter
D
Lütjohann
Frank
F
Jessen
Julius
J
Popp
Frank
F
Hentschel
Peter
P
Kelemen
Silvia
S
Friedrichs
T A Wolfgang
TA
Maier
Reinhard
R
Heun
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency; D005819:Genetic Markers; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics*
D005819:Genetic Markers; D047490:Retinoid X Receptor alpha; D002784:Cholesterol