Survivability of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5 under simulated martian surface conditions.
Spacecraft launched to Mars can retain viable terrestrial microorganisms on board that may survive the interplanetary transit. Such biota might compromise the search for life beyond Earth if capable of propagating on Mars. The current study explored the survivability of Psychrobacter cryohalolentis K5, a psychrotolerant microorganism obtained from a Siberian permafrost cryopeg, under simulated martian surface conditions of high ultraviolet irradiation, high desiccation, low temperature, and low atmospheric pressure. First, a desiccation experiment compared the survival of P. cryohalolentis cells embedded, or not embedded, within a medium/salt matrix (MSM) maintained at 25 degrees C for 24 h within a laminar flow hood. Results indicate that the presence of the MSM enhanced survival of the bacterial cells by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude. Second, tests were conducted in a Mars Simulation Chamber to determine the UV tolerance of the microorganism. No viable vegetative cells of P. cryohalolentis were detected after 8 h of exposure to Mars-normal conditions of 4.55 W/m(2) UVC irradiation (200-280 nm), -12.5 degrees C, 7.1 mbar, and a Mars gas mix composed of CO(2) (95.3%), N(2) (2.7%), Ar (1.6%), O(2) (0.2%), and H(2)O (0.03%). Third, an experiment was conducted within the Mars chamber in which total atmospheric opacities were simulated at tau = 0.1 (dust-free CO(2) atmosphere at 7.1 mbar), 0.5 (normal clear sky with 0.4 = dust opacity and 0.1 = CO(2)-only opacity), and 3.5 (global dust storm) to determine the survivability of P. cryohalolentis to partially shielded UVC radiation. The survivability of the bacterium increased with the level of UVC attenuation, though population levels still declined several orders of magnitude compared to UVC-absent controls over an 8 h exposure period.
Smith
David J
DJ
Department of Ecological and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
Schuerger
Andrew C
AC
Davidson
Mark M
MM
Pacala
Stephen W
SW
Bakermans
Corien
C
Onstott
Tullis C
TC
D000535:Aluminum; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D003890:Desiccation; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D004391:Dust; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D018559:Exobiology; D005118:Extraterrestrial Environment; D018535:Mars; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000528:radiation effects; D044096:Psychrobacter / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology / Q000528:radiation effects*; D018561:Space Simulation; D018531:Spacecraft; D013997:Time Factors; D014466:Ultraviolet Rays
D004391:Dust; D000535:Aluminum