The effects of a childbirth psychoeducation program on learned resourcefulness, maternal role competence and perinatal depression: a quasi-experiment.
BACKGROUND
Learned resourcefulness plays a significant role in facilitating maternal coping during the transition to motherhood. Given the growing evidence of perinatal depression and the frequent feeling of incompetence in the maternal role, the implementation of an effective intervention to promote maternal role competence and emotional well-being is essential.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the impact of a childbirth psychoeducation program based on the concept of learned resourcefulness on maternal role competence and depressive symptoms in Chinese childbearing women.


METHODS
A pretest-posttest, control group quasi-experimental design with repeated measures was used.


METHODS
The study was conducted in two regional public hospitals in Hong Kong that provide routine childbirth education programs with similar content and structure. One hospital was being randomly selected as the experimental hospital.


METHODS
A convenience sample of 184 Chinese pregnant women attending the childbirth education was recruited between October 2005 and April 2007. Inclusion criteria were primiparous with singleton and uneventful pregnancy, at gestation between 12 and 35 weeks, and did not have a past or familial psychiatric illness.


METHODS
The intervention was a childbirth psychoeducation program that was incorporated into the routine childbirth education in the experimental hospital. The experimental group (n=92) received the childbirth psychoeducation program and the routine childbirth education. The comparison group (n=92) received the routine childbirth education alone in the comparison hospital. Outcomes were measured by the Self-Control Schedule, Parenting Sense of Competence Scale-Efficacy subscale and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at baseline, immediately post-intervention, at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Analysis was by intention to treat.


RESULTS
Women receiving the childbirth psychoeducation program had significant improvement in learned resourcefulness at 6 weeks postpartum (p=0.004) and an overall reduction in depressive symptoms (p=0.01) from baseline to 6 months postpartum compared with those who only received the routine childbirth education after adjusting for baseline group differences on age and social support. No significant group difference was found on maternal role competence.


CONCLUSIONS
The childbirth psychoeducation program appears to be a very promising intervention for promoting learned resourcefulness and minimizing the risk of perinatal depression in first-time Chinese childbearing women. Future empirical work is required to determine the effectiveness of extending the childbirth psychoeducation program into the early postpartum for the promotion of maternal role competence in Chinese childbearing women.
Ngai
Fei-Wan
FW
The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Room 621, Esther Lee Building, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. vivienngai@cuhk.edu.hk
Chan
Sally Wai-Chi
SW
Ip
Wan-Yim
WY
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003479:Curriculum; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006723:Hong Kong; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education / Q000523:psychology; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D036801:Parturition / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic / Q000458:organization & administration*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012380:Role; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires