Activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway: a signature genetic defect in posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas.
We report genetic aberrations that activate the ERK/MAP kinase pathway in 100% of posterior fossa pilocytic astrocytomas, with a high frequency of gene fusions between KIAA1549 and BRAF among these tumours. These fusions were identified from analysis of focal copy number gains at 7q34, detected using Affymetrix 250K and 6.0 SNP arrays. PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of five KIAA1549-BRAF fusion variants, along with a single fusion between SRGAP3 and RAF1. The resulting fusion genes lack the auto-inhibitory domains of BRAF and RAF1, which are replaced in-frame by the beginning of KIAA1549 and SRGAP3, respectively, conferring constitutive kinase activity. An activating mutation of KRAS was identified in the single pilocytic astrocytoma without a BRAF or RAF1 fusion. Further fusions and activating mutations in BRAF were identified in 28% of grade II astrocytomas, highlighting the importance of the ERK/MAP kinase pathway in the development of paediatric low-grade gliomas.
Forshew
Tim
T
Neuroscience Centre, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, London, UK.
Tatevossian
Ruth G
RG
Lawson
Andrew R J
AR
Ma
Jing
J
Neale
Geoff
G
Ogunkolade
Babatunji W
BW
Jones
Tania A
TA
Aarum
Johan
J
Dalton
James
J
Bailey
Simon
S
Chaplin
Tracy
T
Carter
Rowena L
RL
Gajjar
Amar
A
Broniscer
Alberto
A
Young
Bryan D
BD
Ellison
David W
DW
Sheer
Denise
D
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000032:analysis; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000235:genetics; D055815:Young Adult
D018076:DNA, Complementary; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D015514:Oncogene Proteins, Fusion; C465659:SRGAP3 protein, human; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases