Botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus.
BACKGROUND
The use of botulinum toxin as an investigative and treatment modality for strabismus is well reported in the medical literature. However it is unclear how effective its use is in comparison to other treatment options for strabismus.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus compared with alternative treatment options, to investigate dose effect and complication rates.


METHODS
We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS up to 15 December 2008. We manually searched the Australian Orthoptic Journal and British and Irish Orthoptic Journal and ESA, ISA and IOA conference proceedings. We attempted to contact researchers who are active in this field for information about further published or unpublished studies.


METHODS
We included randomised controlled trials (RCTS) of any use of botulinum toxin treatment for strabismus.


METHODS
Each review author independently assessed study abstracts identified from the electronic and manual searches. Author analysis was then compared and full papers for appropriate studies were obtained.


RESULTS
We found four RCTs that were eligible for inclusion. Two trials found that there was no difference between the use of botulinum toxin and surgery for patients requiring retreatment for acquired esotropia or infantile esotropia. There was no evidence for a prophylactic effect of botulinum toxin in a treatment trial of acute onset sixth nerve palsy. Botulinum toxin had a poorer response than surgery in a trial of patients requiring treatment for horizontal strabismus in the absence of binocular vision. Reported complications included ptosis and vertical deviation and ranged from 24% in a trial using Dysport to 52.17% and 55.54% in trials using Botox.


CONCLUSIONS
The majority of published literature on the use of botulinum toxin in the treatment of strabismus consists of retrospective studies, cohort studies or case reviews. Although these provide useful descriptive information, clarification is required as to the effective use of botulinum toxin as an independent treatment modality. Four RCTs on the therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in strabismus have shown varying responses ranging from a lack of evidence for prophylactic effect of botulinum toxin in acute sixth nerve palsy, to poor response in patients with horizontal strabismus without binocular vision, to no difference in response in patients that required retreatment for acquired esotropia or infantile esotropia. It was not possible to establish dose effect information. Complication rates for use of Botox or Dysport ranged from 24% to 55.54%.
Rowe
Fiona J
FJ
Directorate of Orthoptics and Vision Science, University of Liverpool, Thompson Yates Building, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, UK, L69 3GB. rowef@liverpool.ac.uk
Noonan
Carmel P
CP
D020434:Abducens Nerve Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D001905:Botulinum Toxins / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects; D004948:Esotropia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013285:Strabismus / Q000188:drug therapy*
D001905:Botulinum Toxins; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A