Microbial targeting of 99mTc-labeled recombinant human beta-defensin-3 in an animal model of infection: a feasibility pilot study.
Human beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) is an antimicrobial peptide with bactericidal effects on many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and some yeast species and, if radiolabeled, might be used to distinguish bacterial infection from sterile inflammation. The goals of the present study were to develop methods for radiolabeling HBD-3 with (99m)Tc and to perform preliminary investigations on (99m)Tc-labeled HBD-3 as a means to evaluate induced infection in an animal model. To this purpose, Staphylococcus aureus-induced infection was used to evaluate the capability of (99m)Tc-HBD-3 to distinguish infection from aseptic inflammation in rats.


METHODS
Twenty to 40 microg of recombinant HBD-3 were labeled with (99m)Tc(+) hexa-coordinated with 3 molecules of CO and H(2)O and separated by a column from free (99m)Tc. (99m)Tc-HBD-3 was added to cultures of a bacterial suspension of S. aureus and Escherichia coli to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity. A bacterial suspension of S. aureus and a carrageenan solution were used to induce infection and sterile inflammation, respectively, in opposite thighs of 9 adult rats. Three separate experiments were performed on groups of 3 rats each. The animals received different doses of (99m)Tc-HBD-3 injected through a cannula into the jugular vein. After sacrifice of the animals, tissue samples were obtained from sites of infection, inflammation, and control muscle (left foreleg) at 1, 3, and 5 h after (99m)Tc-HBD-3 administration. Tissue samples were weighed and then counted in a well-counter. Simultaneously, 1 mL of a standard solution of (99m)Tc-HBD-3 corresponding to each administered dose was counted.


RESULTS
(99m)Tc-HBD-3 retained antibacterial activity. Radioactivity in tissue samples from the infected sites was significantly higher than that in samples of either induced inflammation or normal control muscle (ratio, approximately 3:1) at 3 and 5 h after injection, whereas similar radioactivity counts were observed for tissue samples from aseptic inflammation sites and normal control muscle.


CONCLUSIONS
In this investigation, (99m)Tc-HBD-3 retained antibacterial activity and successfully distinguished infection from aseptic inflammation in adult rats.
Liberatore
Mauro
M
Department of Radiological Sciences, La Sapienza Rome University, Rome, Italy.
Pala
Alessandro
A
Scaccianoce
Sergio
S
Anagnostou
Christos
C
Di Tondo
Ugo
U
Calandri
Enrico
E
D'Elia
Piera
P
Gross
Milton D
MD
Rubello
Domenico
D
D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D013667:Technetium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D023083:beta-Defensins / Q000235:genetics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
C422950:DEFB103A protein, human; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D023083:beta-Defensins; D013667:Technetium