Sphingosine-1-phosphate: A bioactive lipid that confers high-density lipoprotein with vasculoprotection mediated by nitric oxide and prostacyclin.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid generated in the intracellular membranes from the metabolism of sphingomyelin. Once secreted/exported by cells of haematopoietic origin and vascular cells S1P interacts with plasma proteins and accumulates in high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Growing evidence indicates that HDL-associated S1P is responsible for the beneficial effects of these lipoproteins on vasorelaxation, cell survival, cell adhesiveness, angiogenesis and synthesis of two powerful endogenous anti-atherogenic and anti-thrombotic molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI(2)). It is likely that vascular effects of HDL-S1P are regulated by the local expression of S1P receptors. Five G protein-coupled receptors (S1P(1) to S1P(5)), with differential expression patterns and dissimilar coupling mechanism to G protein subunits, have been identified in the vasculature. This review is focused on the central role of S1P as a bioactive component that confers vasculoprotective properties to HDL by eliciting a wide range of biological responses on endothelial and smooth muscle cells largely dependent on the up-regulation of NO and prostacyclin.
Rodríguez
Cristina
C
Centro de Investigación Cardiovascular (CSIC-ICCC), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain.
González-Díez
María
M
Badimon
Lina
L
Martínez-González
José
J
D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011464:Epoprostenol / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism*; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism*; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014664:Vasodilation
D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011464:Epoprostenol; D013110:Sphingosine