aPKC phosphorylates Miranda to polarize fate determinants during neuroblast asymmetric cell division.
BACKGROUND
Asymmetric cell divisions generate daughter cells with distinct fates by polarizing fate determinants into separate cortical domains. Atypical protein kinase C (aPKC) is an evolutionarily conserved regulator of cell polarity. In Drosophila neuroblasts, apically restricted aPKC is required for segregation of neuronal differentiation factors such as Numb and Miranda to the basal cortical domain. Whereas Numb is polarized by direct aPKC phosphorylation, Miranda asymmetry is thought to occur via a complicated cascade of repressive interactions (aPKC -| Lgl -| myosin II -| Miranda).


RESULTS
Here we provide biochemical, cellular, and genetic data showing that aPKC directly phosphorylates Miranda to exclude it from the cortex and that Lgl antagonizes this activity. Miranda is phosphorylated by aPKC at several sites in its cortical localization domain and phosphorylation is necessary and sufficient for cortical displacement, suggesting that the repressive-cascade model is incorrect. In investigating key results that led to this model, we found that Y-27632, a Rho kinase inhibitor used to implicate myosin II, efficiently inhibits aPKC. Lgl3A, a nonphosphorylatable Lgl variant used to implicate Lgl in this process, inhibits the formation of apical aPKC crescents in neuroblasts. Furthermore, Lgl directly inhibits aPKC kinase activity.


CONCLUSIONS
Miranda polarization during neuroblast asymmetric cell division occurs by displacement from the apical cortex by direct aPKC phosphorylation. Rather than mediating Miranda cortical displacement, Lgl instead promotes aPKC asymmetry by regulating its activity. The role of myosin II in neuroblast polarization, if any, is unknown.
Atwood
Scott X
SX
Institute of Molecular Biology and Department of Chemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA.
Prehoda
Kenneth E
KE
D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000502:physiology; D016764:Cell Polarity / Q000502:physiology*; D004330:Drosophila; D029721:Drosophila Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
D000577:Amides; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D029721:Drosophila Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C107613:Mira protein, Drosophila; D011725:Pyridines; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; C081435:l(2)gl protein, Drosophila; C108830:Y 27632; C115015:PKC-3 protein; D011493:Protein Kinase C