Air transport of patients with severe lung injury: development and utilization of the Acute Lung Rescue Team.
BACKGROUND
Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATTs) are an integral component of modern casualty care, allowing early transport of critically ill and injured patients. Aeromedical evacuation of patients with significant pulmonary impairment is sometimes beyond the scope of CCATT because of limitations of the transport ventilator and potential for further respiratory deterioration in flight. The Acute Lung Rescue Team (ALRT) was developed to facilitate transport of these patients out of the combat theater.


METHODS
The United States TRANSCOM Regulation and Command/Control Evacuation System and the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research Joint Theater Trauma Registry databases were reviewed for all critical patients transported out of theater between November 2005 and March 2007. Patient demographics, diagnosis, and clinical history were abstracted and ALRT patients were compared with CCATT patients.


RESULTS
The ALRT was activated for 11 patients during the study period. Five patients were transported as a result of these activations. Trauma-related diagnoses were responsible for 82% of these requests. ALRT missions comprised 0.6% of all critical patient movements out of the combat theater and 1% of ventilator transports. Average FIO2 was 0.92 +/- 0.11 for ALRT patients and 0.53 +/- 0.14 for CCATT patients (p = 0.005). ALRT patients required a mean positive end expiratory pressure of 19.0 cm H2O +/- 2.2 cm H2O compared with 6.5 cm H2O +/- 2.4 cm H2O in the CCATT group (p = 0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
Lung injury in the combat theater severe enough to exceed the capability of CCATT transport is uncommon. Patients for whom ALRT was activated had significantly higher positive end expiratory pressure and FIO2 than those transported by CCATT. One-fourth of patients for whom ALRT was considered died before the team could be launched; transport may have been a futile consideration in these patients. Patients with even severe acute respiratory distress syndrome can be successfully transported by experienced, equipped specialty teams.
Dorlac
Gina R
GR
Division of Trauma/Critical Care, Center for the Sustainment of Trauma and Readiness Skills, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA. gina.dorlac@uc.edu
Fang
Raymond
R
Pruitt
Valerie M
VM
Marco
Peter A
PA
Stewart
Heidi M
HM
Barnes
Stephen L
SL
Dorlac
Warren C
WC
D000328:Adult; D055826:Afghan Campaign 2001-; D017732:Air Ambulances; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015199:Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation; D006772:Hospitals, Military; D006801:Humans; D054542:Iraq War, 2003-2011; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008889:Military Personnel; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014193:Trauma Centers; D055815:Young Adult