title: Urinary calreticulin in the diagnosis of bladder urothelial carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential suitability of calreticulin (CRT) as a urinary marker for bladder cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urine specimens were collected from patients with histologically confirmed bladder urothelial carcinoma (Group 1; n = 109), urological patients without urothelial carcinoma (Group 2; n = 60), and non-urological patients (Group 3; n = 40). We developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure using commercially available anti-CRT mono/polyclonal antibodies, and then measured the concentration of urinary CRT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary CRT concentration of group 1 was significantly higher than group 2 and 3 (Mann-Whitney U-test, P < 0.001). Groups 2 and 3 were joined together and considered as a non-bladder cancer group (n = 100), and a cutoff value (2.85 ng/mL) was determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. The sensitivity, specificity, and the area under the curve were 67.9%, 80.0%, and 0.742, respectively. The overall sensitivity of voided urine cytology (VUC) was 39.0% (n = 105), and the sensitivity of urinary CRT was significantly superior to VUC (McNemar test, P < 0.001). Higher sensitivity was observed especially in Ta, G1-2, and <or=3 cm tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary CRT may be useful for diagnosis of bladder urothelial cancer. However, given that its specificity is relatively low, further evaluation in larger series is needed to define its clinical usefulness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga. kageyama@belle.shiga-med.ac.jp
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kageyama
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isono
authors.forename: Shinjiro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsuda
authors.forename: Yoshihiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ushio
authors.forename: Shinji
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Satomura
authors.forename: Akito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Terai
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Mutsushi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kawakita
authors.forename: Yusaku
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okada
authors.forename: Tatsuhiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yoshiki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019540:Area Under Curve; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D037282:Calreticulin / Q000652:urine*; D003950:Diagnostic Techniques, Urological; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000652:urine*; D019459:Urothelium
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D037282:Calreticulin