title: Intranasal flu vaccine protective against seasonal and H5N1 avian influenza infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza A (flu) virus causes significant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and current vaccines require annual updating to protect against the rapidly arising antigenic variations due to antigenic shift and drift. In fact, current subunit or split flu vaccines rely exclusively on antibody responses for protection and do not induce cytotoxic T (Tc) cell responses, which are broadly cross-reactive between virus strains. We have previously reported that gamma-ray inactivated flu virus can induce cross-reactive Tc cell responses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we report that intranasal administration of purified gamma-ray inactivated human influenza A virus preparations (gamma-Flu) effectively induces heterotypic and cross-protective immunity. A single intranasal administration of gamma-A/PR8[H1N1] protects mice against lethal H5N1 and other heterotypic infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intranasal gamma-Flu represents a unique approach for a cross-protective vaccine against both seasonal as well as possible future pandemic influenza A virus infections.
authors.affiliation: Division of Immunology and Genetics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. mohammed.alsharifi@imvs.sa.gov.au
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alsharifi
authors.forename: Yoichi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Bowden
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lobigs
authors.forename: Aulikki
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Koskinen
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Regner
authors.forename: Lee
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trinidad
authors.forename: David B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Boyle
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Müllbacher
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000818:Animals; D003429:Cross Reactions; D005260:Female; D005720:Gamma Rays; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D013602:T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic / Q000276:immunology; D014611:Vaccination / Q000379:methods; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D012367:RNA, Viral; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated