title: Endovenous microwave ablation of varicose veins: in vitro, live swine model, and clinical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aims to investigate the application of the microwave generator to treat the patients with varicose veins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phase 1: Explanted saphenous veins in subcutaneous layer of the pork meat were ablated at 0, 40, 50, 60, and 70 W. Phase 2: The forelimb veins and the hindlimb arteries of a 40-kg swine were ablated at 50 and 60 W. Phase 3: The patients were treated with endovenous microwave ablation at 50 W.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phase 1: Perivenous tissue injury was found in groups 50, 60, and 70 W. Phase 2: Less perivenous tissue injury was found in group 50 W. Phase 3: Complete venous occlusion rate was 65% and venous reflux-free was 85% in 1 year. No severe complication was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The microwave generator with 50-W power setting could be used to ablate the varicose veins safely.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rajavithi Hospital, Phayathai, Bangkok, Thailand. somboonsub@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Somboon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subwongcharoen
authors.forename: Nipon
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Praditphol
authors.forename: Seksan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chitwiset
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D053685:Laser Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012501:Saphenous Vein / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013552:Swine