title: Return to work of breast cancer survivors: a systematic review of intervention studies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Breast cancer management has improved dramatically in the past three decades and as a result, a population of working age women is breast cancer survivor. Interventions for breast cancer survivors have shown improvements in quality of life and in physical and psychological states. In contrast, efforts aimed at stimulating re-employment and return-to-work interventions for breast cancer survivors have not kept pace. The objective of this review was to study the effects and characteristics of intervention studies on breast cancer survivors in which the outcome was return to work.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2006), Medline, Ovid, EMBASE and PsychInfo were systematically searched for studies conducted between 1970 to February 2007. Intervention studies for female breast cancer survivors that were focused on return to work were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search strategy identified 5219 studies. Four studies out of 100 potentially relevant abstracts were selected and included 46-317 employed women who had had mastectomy, adjuvant therapy and rehabilitation, with the outcome return to work. The intervention programs focused on improvement of physical, psychological and social recovery. Although a substantial percentage (between 75% to 85%) of patients included in these studies returned to work after rehabilitation, it is not clear whether this proportion would have been lower for patients without counseling or exercise, or any other interventions, as three out of four studies did not include a comparison group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most important finding of this review is the lack of methodologically sound intervention studies on breast cancer survivors with the outcome return to work. Using evidence from qualitative and observational studies on cancer and the good results of intervention studies on return to work programs and vocational rehabilitation, return to work interventions for breast cancer survivors should be further developed and evaluated.
authors.affiliation: Coronel Institute of Occupational Health and Research Center for Insurance Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. j.l.hoving@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Hoving
authors.forename: M L A
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Broekhuizen
authors.forename: M H W
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Frings-Dresen
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation* / Q000628:therapy; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009788:Occupational Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D017741:Survivors; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology