Association of smoking status, weight change, and incident metabolic syndrome in men: a 3-year follow-up study.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and assessed the effect of smoking status and weight change on incident metabolic syndrome.


METHODS
This study included 4,542 men without metabolic syndrome at baseline who were followed for an average of 3 years. Subjects were divided into four categories according to smoking status at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up.


RESULTS
The overall incidence of metabolic syndrome was 10.6%: 8.0% in nonsmokers, 7.1% in new smokers, 17.1% in ex-smokers, and 13.9% in sustained smokers (P < 0.001). In a multivariate regression model, ex-smokers had significantly increased odds for incident metabolic syndrome with a mean 1.45 (95% CI 1.06-1.98) compared with sustained smokers. This was no longer significant after including weight change.


CONCLUSIONS
Smoking cessation within 3 years may be a higher risk factor for incident metabolic syndrome than sustained smoking, indicating that weight control in ex-smokers is critical to attenuate the additional risk for incident metabolic syndrome.
Kim
Byung Jin
BJ
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. bjjake.kim@samsung.com
Kim
Bum Soo
BS
Sung
Ki Chul
KC
Kang
Jin Ho
JH
Lee
Man Ho
MH
Park
Jung Ro
JR
D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*