title: Efficacy against Fasciola hepatica and the pharmacokinetics of triclabendazole administered by oral and topical routes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy of triclabendazole (TCBZ) against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke in cattle and its pharmacokinetics following administration by the oral or topical (pour-on) route.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cattle (n = 18) were infected with 500 TCBZ-susceptible liver fluke metacercariae and randomly allocated to three groups. At 28 days after infection, the groups were: (1) untreated controls; (2) treated with oral TCBZ at 12 mg/kg in combination with oxfendazole and selenium (TOS); (3) treated with pour-on TCBZ at 30 mg/kg in combination with abamectin (TA). Blood samples were taken immediately prior to treatment and serially after treatment to assess the plasma profile of TCBZ metabolites. Ten weeks after treatment all animals were slaughtered and total liver fluke counts, fluke egg counts and liver pathology were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the TOS and TA treatments resulted in significant reductions of 28-day-old liver fluke, as assessed by fluke counts and fluke egg counts at slaughter, and the reductions following TOS treatment were significantly greater than those following TA treatment. The blood profile of TCBZ metabolites in TOS-treated animals showed a significantly greater area under the plasma concentration time curve and a higher maximum observed concentration than those treated with TA. There was significantly less liver pathology in TOS-treated animals than in the TA-treated animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TCBZ administered orally at 12 mg/kg resulted in greater efficacy against 28-day-old, early immature liver fluke than was achieved by topical administration at 30 mg/kg. Plasma metabolites of TCBZ were higher and liver pathology was less in TOS-treated animals than in TA-treated animals.
authors.affiliation: Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd, Locked Bag 6000, Milperra BC, New South Wales 1891, Australia. pjm1948@tpg.com.au
authors.forename: Pj
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Dr
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hennessy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001682:Biological Availability; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology; D037901:Euthanasia, Animal; D005210:Fasciola hepatica / Q000187:drug effects*; D005211:Fascioliasis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D007559:Ivermectin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008099:Liver / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D010270:Parasite Egg Count / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D012643:Selenium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077682:Triclabendazole
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D000077682:Triclabendazole; C048324:abamectin; D007559:Ivermectin; D012643:Selenium; C011030:oxfendazole