title: Flavodiiron proteins in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms: photoprotection of photosystem II by Flv2 and Flv4 in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Flavodiiron proteins (FDPs) comprise a group of modular enzymes that function in oxygen and nitric oxide detoxification in Bacteria and Archaea. The FDPs in cyanobacteria have an extra domain as compared to major prokaryotic enzymes. The physiological role of cyanobacteria FDPs is mostly unknown. Of the four putative flavodiiron proteins (Flv1-4) in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a physiological function in Mehler reaction has been suggested for Flv1 and Flv3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate a novel and crucial function for Flv2 and Flv4 in photoprotection of photosystem II (PSII) in Synechocystis. It is shown that the expression of Flv2 and Flv4 is high under air level of CO(2) and negligible at elevated CO(2). Moreover, the rate of accumulation of flv2 and flv4 transcripts upon shift of cells from high to low CO(2) is strongly dependent on light intensity. Characterization of FDP inactivation mutants of Synechocystis revealed a specific decline in PSII centers and impaired translation of the D1 protein in Delta flv2 and Delta flv4 when grown at air level CO(2) whereas at high CO(2) the Flvs were dispensable. Delta flv2 and Delta flv4 were also more susceptible to high light induced inhibition of PSII than WT or Delta flv1 and Delta flv3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of published sequences revealed the presence of cyanobacteria-like FDPs also in some oxygenic photosynthetic eukaryotes like green algae, mosses and lycophytes. Our data provide evidence that Flv2 and Flv4 have an important role in photoprotection of water-splitting PSII against oxidative stress when the cells are acclimated to air level CO(2). It is conceivable that the function of FDPs has changed during evolution from protection against oxygen in anaerobic microbes to protection against reactive oxygen species thus making the sustainable function of oxygen evolving PSII possible. Higher plants lack FDPs and distinctly different mechanisms have evolved for photoprotection of PSII.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, Plant Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
authors.forename: Pengpeng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yagut
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Allahverdiyeva
authors.forename: Marion
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eisenhut
authors.forename: Eva-Mari
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Aro
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D008027:Light; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D010788:Photosynthesis; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010802:Phylogeny; D046939:Synechocystis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D045332:Photosystem II Protein Complex; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen