title: Use of calcium supplements and the risk of coronary heart disease in 52-62-year-old women: The Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To analyse prospectively the effect of calcium or calcium+D supplementation on coronary heart disease (CHD) in 52-62-year-old women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  10,555 52-62-year-old women from the population-based Kuopio Osteoporosis Risk Factor and Prevention Study (OSTPRE) who did not have CHD at baseline were followed for nearly 7 years in 1994-2001. Information about use of calcium supplements and health events was obtained from two repeated questionnaires in 1989 and 1994. Information about causes of death during the follow-up was obtained from the Statistics Finland. Information about CHD and other disease morbidity before and during the follow-up was obtained from the Registry of Specially Refunded Drugs of the Finnish Social Insurance Institution (SII). Cox's proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the risk of CHD morbidity related to the use of calcium supplements. At baseline, 2723 women reported current use of calcium or calcium+D supplementation. During the follow-up, CHD was diagnosed in 513 women. Compared to non-users of calcium/calcium+D supplements, the multivariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of CHD was 1.24 (95% CI 1.02-1.52) in women who used these supplements. The multivariate adjusted HR for CHD morbidity in postmenopausal women who used calcium/calcium+D supplements was 1.26 (95% CI 1.01-1.57).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Calcium or calcium+D supplementation appears to increase the risk of CHD among women before old age.
authors.affiliation: Kuopio University Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Finland.
authors.forename: Kati
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pentti
authors.forename: Marjo T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tuppurainen
authors.forename: Risto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Honkanen
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sandini
authors.forename: Heikki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kröger
authors.forename: Esko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Alhava
authors.forename: Seppo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saarikoski
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015663:Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium