title: Risk factors for gallstone disease in a Thai population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gallstone disease (GSD) is a major public health problem that is associated with a number of risk factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control study of 407 participants comprising 207 cases with GSD and 200 controls without GSD, as confirmed by ultrasonography. The participants completed a questionnaire and underwent physical and ultrasonographic examination. The risk factors examined were age, sex, BMI, use of oral contraceptives, diabetes mellitus, cirrhosis, thalassemia, dyspepsia, family history of gallstone disease, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and dietary history.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BMI, fat content of dietary meat, and smoking were associated with GSD. When compared to participants with a BMI below 25, participants with a BMI of 25 or higher had a multivariate relative risk of 4.1 (95% CI, 2.5-6.7). Participants who consumed meat with moderate fat content or high fat content had respective relative risks of 2.5 and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.5-4.2 and 1.5-5.6), when compared to those who consumed meat with a low fat content. Also, the multivariate relative risk for former smokers, as compared to never smokers, was 2.4 (95% CI, 1.1-5.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High BMI, consumption of high-fat meat, and smoking were associated with gallstone disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand. sukijpan@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Sukij
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panpimanmas
authors.forename: Charuwan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Manmee
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003276:Contraceptives, Oral; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D003276:Contraceptives, Oral