title: Breast cancer: from the earliest times through to the end of the 20th century.
abstract: Breast cancer is a daunting disease and constitutes a continuing medical health problem through the ages for millions of women worldwide. Physicians, from the early periods of recorded history have tried to heal breast cancer patients, with results that were fairly promising at times and disappointing at others. The science of medicine evolved through the ages under the careful scrutiny and critical thought of the many prominent scholars and researchers of their times who constantly added to the therapeutic armamentarium. Surgeons described new therapeutic approaches, and anatomists, through their elaborate descriptions, added useful insights on the art of healing. Theories about the origin of cancer change as new scientific data are presented and validated. Although the Middle Ages hindered temporarily any progress in the field of medicine, the Renaissance became the vaulting horse for science in its broadest sense. However, it was not until the 19th century, with the discovery of anesthesia, the introduction of antisepsis, and the establishment of microscopy that giant scientific leaps in the field of breast cancer treatment occurred. The 20th century with the development of chemotherapy and radiation and the undertaking of numerous clinical trials offered new insights regarding breast cancer management. This article attempts a historical journey through the ages unfolding the problem of breast cancer through the different eras.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Surgery and Surgical Research N.S. Christeas, University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece. ekmektzo@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Konstantinos A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Ekmektzoglou
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Xanthos
authors.forename: Vasilios
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: German
authors.forename: Georgios C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Zografos
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D004358:Drug Therapy / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D013502:General Surgery / Q000639:trends; D049668:History, 15th Century; D049669:History, 16th Century; D049670:History, 17th Century; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D049690:History, Ancient; D049691:History, Medieval; D006801:Humans; D008511:Medicine / Q000639:trends*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000639:trends