title: Inactivation of DltA modulates virulence factor expression in Streptococcus pyogenes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  D-alanylated lipoteichoic acid is a virtually ubiquitous component of gram-positive cell walls. Mutations in the dltABCD operon of numerous species exhibit pleiotropic effects, including reduced virulence, which has been attributed to increased binding of cationic antimicrobial peptides to the more negatively charged cell surface. In this study, we have further investigated the effects that mutating dltA has on virulence factor expression in Streptococcus pyogenes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isogenic Delta dltA mutants had previously been created in two distinct M1T1 isolates of S. pyogenes. Immunoblots, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence were used to quantitate M protein levels in these strains, as well as to assess their ability to bind complement. Bacteria were tested for their ability to interact with human PMN and to grow in whole human blood. Message levels for emm, sic, and various regulatory elements were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. Cell walls of Delta dltA mutants contained much less M protein than cell walls of parent strains and this correlated with reduced levels of emm transcripts, increased deposition of complement, increased association of bacteria with polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and reduced bacterial growth in whole human blood. Transcription of at least one other gene of the mga regulon, sic, which encodes a protein that inactivates antimicrobial peptides, was also dramatically reduced in Delta dltA mutants. Concomitantly, ccpA and rofA were unaffected, while rgg and arcA were up-regulated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study has identified a novel mechanism for the reduced virulence of dltA mutants of Streptococcus pyogenes in which gene regulatory networks somehow sense and respond to the loss of DltA and lack of D-alanine esterification of lipoteichoic acid. The mechanism remains to be determined, but the data indicate that the status of D-alanine-lipoteichoic acid can significantly influence the expression of at least some streptococcal virulence factors and provide further impetus to targeting the dlt operon of gram-positive pathogens in the search for novel antimicrobial compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America.
authors.forename: Kathleen H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Bustos
authors.forename: Harry S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Courtney
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Dale
authors.forename: Morgan A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pence
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nizet
authors.forename: Ramy K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Aziz
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gerling
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Price
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hasty
mesh_terms: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001483:Base Sequence; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000378:metabolism; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression; D053263:Gene Regulatory Networks; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D009154:Mutation; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000382:microbiology / Q000502:physiology; D009876:Operon; D010587:Phagocytosis; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D013682:Teichoic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D037521:Virulence Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D013682:Teichoic Acids; D037521:Virulence Factors; C026244:alanyl-lipoteichoic acid; C014689:streptococcal M protein