title: A computational method for analysis of underwater dolphin kick hydrodynamics in human swimming.
abstract: We present a new method that combines the use of laser body scans, underwater video footage, software-based animation, and a fully unsteady computational fluid dynamics technique to simulate and examine the hydrodynamics of the dolphin kick. The focus of the current work is to model this particular stroke in all its complexity with minimal ad-hoc assumptions or simplifications. Simulations of one female and one male swimmer (both at about 1.7 m beneath the water surface) at velocities of 0.95 and 1.31 m/s and Strouhal numbers of 1.21 and 1.06 respectively are presented. Vorticity and fluid velocity profiles in the wake are examined in detail for both swimmers. A three-dimensional vortex ring is clearly identified in the wake for one of the cases and a two-dimensional slice through the ring corroborates previous experiments of Miwa et al. (2006). We also find that most of the thrust is produced by the feet and in both cases the down-kick produces much larger thrust than the up-kick.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, George Washington University, Suite T729, 801 22nd Street, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
authors.forename: Alfred
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Loebbecke
authors.forename: Rajat
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mittal
authors.forename: Russell
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mark
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D013550:Swimming / Q000502:physiology*