title: DDT and metabolites in fish from Lake Edward, Uganda.
abstract: This paper presents results based on determination of residue levels of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis[p-chlorophenyl]ethane (DDT) and its metabolites in five fish species from Rwenshama landing site on Lake Edward, Uganda. The residue levels were analysed by using a GC-ECD and confirmed by GC-MS. The DDT residues detected in fish samples from Lake Edward were p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDD. All the analysed samples of fish presented mean DDT residues ranging from non-detectable levels to 68 microg kg(-1) fresh weight. High levels of p,p'-DDT were detected in comparison to the metabolites (p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD). The detection of higher levels of p,p'-DDT than p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, in most fish samples, suggests recent exposure of fish to DDT. Generally, most of the fish samples had residue levels below the maximum residue limits (MRL) recommended by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ssebugere
authors.forename: Bernard T
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Kiremire
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kishimba
authors.forename: Shem O
authors.initials: SO
authors.lastname: Wandiga
authors.forename: Steven A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nyanzi
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wasswa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003634:DDT / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005399:Fishes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005506:Food Contamination; D010573:Pesticide Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014454:Uganda; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D010573:Pesticide Residues; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D003634:DDT