title: Onset of chilblains in relation with weather conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chilblains or perniosis is a moderately severe form of cold injury, localized to peripheral parts of the body, which occurs after exposure to non-freezing temperatures and damp conditions. Although inter-individual variations exist with respect to susceptibility to develop chilblains, no study has been carried out in this region to determine the role of different weather conditions either alone or in combination, in predisposing the susceptible individuals to chilblains. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between weather conditions and onset of chilblains at a moderately cold weather station.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted at the Department of Dermatology, Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad, from Dec 2004 to Mar 2005. All patients fulfilling the clinical criteria for diagnosis of chilblains were included in the study. These patients were interviewed and examined thoroughly. A specially designed proforma was filled for each patient separately. Meteorological department was contacted for record of weather conditions. Onset of chilblains in each patient was related with weather conditions of that particular month. Computer programme SPSS 10 was used for statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 111 patients, 67 (60.4%) were males and 44 (39.6%) were females. Eighty nine (80.2%), 90 (81.1%) and 90 (81.1%) patients had onset in relation with lower temperature (< 10 degrees C), relatively low atmospheric pressure (< 1500 kpa) and higher relative humidity (> 60%) respectively. There was statistically significant relationship of weather conditions with onset of chilblains when different groups, i.e., elderly and young, males and females, locals and non locals, outdoor workers and those remaining inside most of the time and those having disease of longer or shorter duration were compared.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The cold weather conditions that can be endured by humans depend on combination of the duration and the extent of the exposure, in addition to physiological adaptive changes. However, susceptibility to chilblains increases when ambient temperature is less than 10 degrees C and relative humidity is more than 60%. Elderly, females, outdoor workers and those having chronic or recurrent episodes of chilblains are less tolerant to cold weather and develop the disease under lesser ambient cold.
authors.affiliation: Combined Military Hospital, Abbottabad. naeemraza561@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Naeem
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Raza
authors.forename: Mansoor ud Din
authors.initials: Mu
authors.lastname: Sajid
authors.forename: Majid
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Suhail
authors.lastname: Haroon-ur-Rashid
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002647:Chilblains / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D003080:Cold Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014887:Weather; D055815:Young Adult