title: Analysis of the Rickettsia africae genome reveals that virulence acquisition in Rickettsia species may be explained by genome reduction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Rickettsia genus includes 25 validated species, 17 of which are proven human pathogens. Among these, the pathogenicity varies greatly, from the highly virulent R. prowazekii, which causes epidemic typhus and kills its arthropod host, to the mild pathogen R. africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever, which does not affect the fitness of its tick vector.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated the clonality of R. africae in 70 patients and 155 ticks, and determined its genome sequence, which comprises a circular chromosome of 1,278,540 bp including a tra operon and an unstable 12,377-bp plasmid. To study the genetic characteristics associated with virulence, we compared this species to R. prowazekii, R. rickettsii and R. conorii. R. africae and R. prowazekii have, respectively, the less and most decayed genomes. Eighteen genes are present only in R. africae including one with a putative protease domain upregulated at 37 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these data, we speculate that a loss of regulatory genes causes an increase of virulence of rickettsial species in ticks and mammals. We also speculate that in Rickettsia species virulence is mostly associated with gene loss.The genome sequence was deposited in GenBank under accession number [GenBank: NZ_AAUY01000001].
authors.affiliation: Unité des rickettsies, IFR 48 CNRS UMR 6020, Faculté de médecine, Université de la Méditerranée, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille cedex 05, France. Pierre-Edouard.Fournier@univmed.fr
authors.forename: Pierre-Edouard
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Fournier
authors.forename: Khalid
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: El Karkouri
authors.forename: Quentin
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Leroy
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robert
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Giumelli
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Renesto
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Socolovschi
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parola
authors.forename: Stéphane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Audic
authors.forename: Didier
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raoult
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D005810:Multigene Family; D010802:Phylogeny; D010957:Plasmids; D012281:Rickettsia / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity; D013987:Ticks / Q000382:microbiology; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial