title: Inhibitor treatment by rituximab in congenital haemophilia A - Two case reports.
abstract: The development of neutralizing alloantibodies (inhibitors) to factor VIII (FVIII) is one of the most serious complications in the treatment of haemophiliacs. Inhibitors occur in approximately 20 to 30% of previously untreated patients (PUPs), predominantly children, with severe haemophilia A within the first 50 exposure days (ED). Immune tolerance induction (ITI) leads to complete elimination of the inhibitor in up to 80% of the patients and offers the possibility to restore regular FVIII prophylaxis. However, patients with high titre inhibitors, in whom standard ITI fails, usually impose with high morbidity and mortality and therefore prompting physicians to alternate therapy regimens. Rituximab, an anti-CD 20 monoclonal antibody has been successfully used in children and adults for the management of B-cell mediated disorders. We report on the use of a new protocol including rituximab in two adolescents with severe haemophilia A and high titre inhibitors, severe bleeding tendency and high clotting factor consumption after failing standard ITI. Both patients received a concomitant treatment with FVIII according to the Bonn protocol, cyclosporine A and immunoglobulin. Treatment with rituximab resulted in a temporary B-cell depletion leading to the disappearance of the inhibitor. FVIII recovery and half-life turned towards normal ranges. In patient 1 the inhibitor reappeared 14 months after the last rituximab administration. In patient 2 complete immune tolerance could be achieved for 60 months. Bleeding frequency diminished significantly and clinical joint status improved in both patients. In patient 1 the treatment course was complicated by aspergillosis and hepatitis B infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rituximab may be favourable for patients with congenital haemophilia, high-titre inhibitors and a severe clinical course in whom standard ITI has failed. Prospective studies are required to determine safety, efficacy and predictors of success.
authors.affiliation: Dept. of Paediatrics, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. werner.streif@i-med.ac.at
authors.forename: Werner
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Streif
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Escuriola Ettingshausen
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Linde
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kropshofer
authors.forename: L-B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Zimmerhackl
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kreuz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20 / Q000276:immunology; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006467:Hemophilia A / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D000069283:Rituximab
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018951:Antigens, CD20; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D000069283:Rituximab; D016572:Cyclosporine