title: Disparity between tonic and phasic ethanol-induced dopamine increases in the nucleus accumbens of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens fluctuate on phasic (subsecond) and tonic (over minutes) timescales in awake rats. Acute ethanol increases tonic concentrations of dopamine, but its effect on subsecond dopamine transients has not been fully explored.
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured tonic and phasic dopamine fluctuations in the nucleus accumbens of rats in response to ethanol (within-subject cumulative dosing, 0.125 to 2 g/kg, i.v.).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microdialysis samples yielded significant tonic increases in dopamine concentrations at 1 to 2 g/kg ethanol in each rat, while repeated saline infusions had no effect. When monitored with fast scan cyclic voltammetry, ethanol increased the frequency of dopamine transients in 6 of 16 recording sites, in contrast to the uniform effect of ethanol as measured with microdialysis. In the remaining 10 recording sites that were unresponsive to ethanol, dopamine transients either decreased in frequency or were unaffected by cumulative ethanol infusions, patterns also observed during repeated saline infusions. The responsiveness of particular recording sites to ethanol was not correlated with either core versus shell placement of the electrodes or the basal rate of dopamine transients. Importantly, the phasic response pattern to a single dose of ethanol at a particular site was qualitatively reproduced when a second dose of ethanol was administered, suggesting that the variable between-site effects reflected specific pharmacology at that recording site.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that the relatively uniform dopamine concentrations obtained with microdialysis can mask a dramatic heterogeneity of phasic dopamine release within the accumbens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, University of North Carolina (DLR, SM), Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA. DLR@unc.edu
authors.forename: Donita L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Elaina C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McConnell
authors.forename: Rueben A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Gonzales
authors.forename: R Mark
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Wightman
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004298:Dopamine / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000502:physiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009714:Nucleus Accumbens / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D004298:Dopamine