title: Fasciola gigantica: anthelmintic effect of the aqueous extract of Artocarpus lakoocha.
abstract: The effect of the crude extract of Artocarpus lakoocha (70% composition is 2,4,3',5'- tetrahydroxystilbene -THS) on adult Fasciola gigantica was evaluated after incubating the parasites in M-199 medium containing 250, 500, 750 and 1000 microg/ml of the crude extract, or triclabendazole (TCZ) at the concentrations of 80 and 175 microg/ml as the positive control, for 3, 6, 12 and 24h, using relative motility (RM) assay and observation by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Decreased contraction and motility were first observed after 3h incubation with TCZ at the concentration 80 and 175 microg/ml. TCZ markedly reduced the parasite's motility at the concentration of 175 microg/ml at 6h, and killed the worms after 12h exposure. The crude extract of A. lakoocha at all concentrations reduced the parasite's motility similar to TCZ at 3h incubation. In 250 and 500 microg/ml of the crude extract, the values were decreased from 3 to 12h, then they were stable between 12 and 24h and reduced to the level approximately 30-40% of the control. At 750 and 1000 microg/ml concentrations the crude extract rapidly reduced the RM values from the start to 12h and killed the parasites between 12 and 24h incubation. The crude extract also inhibited the larval migration by 75% and 100% at the concentrations of 250-500 and 750-1000 microg/ml, respectively. TCZ and the crude extract caused sequentially changes in the tegument including swelling, followed by blebbings that later ruptured, leading to the erosion and desquamation of the tegument syncytium. As the result, lesion was formed which exposed the basal lamina. The damage appeared more severe on the dorsal than the ventral surface, and earlier on the anterior part and lateral margins when compared to the posterior part. The severity and rapidity of the damages were enhanced with increasing concentration of the crude extract. Hence, the crude extract of A. lakoocha, may exert its fasciolicidal effect against adult F. gigantica by initially causing the tegumental damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, RamaVI Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
authors.forename: Naruwan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Saowakon
authors.forename: Tawewan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tansatit
authors.forename: Chaitip
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wanichanon
authors.forename: Waraporn
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chanakul
authors.forename: Vichai
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Reutrakul
authors.forename: Prasert
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sobhon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology; D031622:Artocarpus / Q000737:chemistry*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D002417:Cattle; D005209:Fasciola / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009068:Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D000077682:Triclabendazole
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D001562:Benzimidazoles; D010936:Plant Extracts; D000077682:Triclabendazole