Fear of moving outdoors and development of outdoor walking difficulty in older people.
OBJECTIVE
To study which individual characteristics and environmental factors correlate with fear of moving outdoors and whether fear of moving outdoors predicts development of mobility limitation.


METHODS
Observational prospective cohort study and cross-sectional analyses.


METHODS
Community and research center.


METHODS
Seven hundred twenty-seven community-living people aged 75 to 81 were interviewed at baseline, of whom 314 took part in a 3.5-year follow-up.


METHODS
Fear of moving outdoors and its potential individual and environmental correlates were assessed at baseline. Perceived difficulties in walking 0.5 km and 2 km were assessed twice a year over a 3.5-year period.


RESULTS
At baseline, 65% of the women and 29% of the men reported fear of moving outdoors. Poor socioeconomic status; musculoskeletal diseases; slow walking speed; and the presence of poor street conditions, hills in the nearby environment, and noisy traffic correlated with fear of moving outdoors. At the first 6-month follow-up, participants with fear of moving outdoors had more than four times the adjusted risk (odds ratio (OR)=4.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.92-11.00) of developing difficulties in walking 0.5 km and a three times greater adjusted risk (OR=3.10, 95% CI=1.49-6.46) for developing difficulty in walking 2 km compared with those without fear. The difference in the prevalence of walking difficulties remained statistically significant over the 3.5-year follow-up (P=.02 and P=.009, respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Fear of moving outdoors is common in older adults and increases the risk of developing self-reported difficulties in walking 0.5 km and 2 km. Knowledge about individual and environmental factors underlying fear of moving outdoors and finding ways to alleviate fear of moving outdoors are important for community planning and prevention of disability.
Rantakokko
Merja
M
Department of Health Sciences, Finnish Centre for Interdisciplinary Gerontology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland. merja.rantakokko@sport.jyu.fi
Mänty
Minna
M
Iwarsson
Susanne
S
Törmäkangas
Timo
T
Leinonen
Raija
R
Heikkinen
Eino
E
Rantanen
Taina
T
D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004777:Environment; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D051346:Mobility Limitation; D009140:Musculoskeletal Diseases / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors