title: Maternal corticosteroid use and hypospadias.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore whether women who reported corticosteroid use during pregnancy were more likely to deliver an infant with hypospadias than women who did not.
  
  
  METHODS
  The analysis encompassed data on deliveries with an estimated due date between 1997 and 2004 from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a large population-based, case-control study conducted in the United States. Included were 1165 cases of moderate to severe hypospadias and 3000 nonmalformed male controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mothers of 39 cases (3.3%) and 62 controls (2.1%) reported using a corticosteroid medication during the period extending from 4 weeks before conception to 14 weeks after conception. The odds ratio (OR) for any corticosteroid exposure versus no corticosteroid exposure was 1.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 2.5); after adjustment for maternal race/ethnicity, education, age, and study site, it was 1.3 (95% CI = 0.8 to 2.0). Analyses by route of administration and specific component suggest that elevated ORs occurred only for nasal spray/inhaled corticosteroids (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 0.9 to 2.6).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal use of corticosteroid medications was weakly associated with risk of hypospadias, but the association was negligible after adjustment for potential confounders.
authors.affiliation: California Research Division, March of Dimes Foundation, Oakland, CA 94609, USA. scarmichael@marchofdimes.com
authors.forename: Suzan L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Chen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Martha M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Werler
authors.forename: Richard S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Olney
authors.forename: Gary M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000280:Administration, Inhalation; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007021:Hypospadias / Q000139:chemically induced*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D011247:Pregnancy; D014481:United States; D014803:Vitamin B Complex / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D014803:Vitamin B Complex; D005492:Folic Acid