title: Lower protein in infant formula is associated with lower weight up to age 2 y: a randomized clinical trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Protein intake during infancy was associated with rapid early weight gain and later obesity in observational studies.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to test the hypothesis that higher protein intake in infancy leads to more rapid length and weight gain in the first 2 y of life.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter European study, 1138 healthy, formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive cow milk-based infant and follow-on formula with lower (1.77 and 2.2 g protein/100 kcal, respectively) or higher (2.9 and 4.4 g protein/100 kcal, respectively) protein contents for the first year. For comparison, 619 exclusively breastfed children were also followed. Weight, length, weight-for-length, and BMI were determined at inclusion and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 mo of age. The primary endpoints were length and weight at 24 mo of age, expressed as length and weight-for-length z scores based on the 2006 World Health Organization growth standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six hundred thirty-six children in the lower (n = 313) and higher (n = 323) protein formula groups and 298 children in the breastfed group were followed until 24 mo. Length was not different between randomized groups at any time. At 24 mo, the weight-for-length z score of infants in the lower protein formula group was 0.20 (0.06, 0.34) lower than that of the higher protein group and did not differ from that of the breastfed reference group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A higher protein content of infant formula is associated with higher weight in the first 2 y of life but has no effect on length. Lower protein intake in infancy might diminish the later risk of overweight and obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00338689.
authors.affiliation: Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre, Munich, Germany. office.koletzko@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Berthold
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Rüdiger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: von Kries
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Closa
authors.forename: Joaquín
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Escribano
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Scaglioni
authors.forename: Marcello
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giovannini
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Demmelmair
authors.forename: Dariusz
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gruszfeld
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dobrzanska
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sengier
authors.forename: Jean-Paul
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Langhendries
authors.forename: Marie-Francoise
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Rolland Cachera
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Grote
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001827:Body Height / Q000187:drug effects*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002648:Child; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D011506:Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D004044:Dietary Proteins; D011506:Proteins