title: Development and evaluation of ethyl cellulose-based transdermal films of furosemide for improved in vitro skin permeation.
abstract: Transdermal films of the furosemide were developed employing ethyl cellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose as film formers. The effect of binary mixture of polymers and penetration enhancers on physicochemical parameters including thickness, moisture content, moisture uptake, drug content, drug-polymer interaction, and in vitro permeation was evaluated. In vitro permeation study was conducted using human cadaver skin as penetration barrier in modified Keshary-Chein diffusion cell. In vitro skin permeation study showed that binary mixture, ethyl cellulose (EC)/hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), at 8.5:1.5 ratio provided highest flux and also penetration enhancers further enhanced the permeation of drug, while propylene glycol showing higher enhancing effect compared to dimethyl sulfoxide and isopropyl myristate. Different kinetic models, used to interpret the release kinetics and mechanism, indicated that release from all formulations followed apparent zero-order kinetics and non-Fickian diffusion transport except formulation without HPMC which followed Fickian diffusion transport. Stability studies conducted as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines did not show any degradation of drug. Based on the above observations, it can be reasonably concluded that blend of EC-HPMC polymers and propylene glycol are better suited for the development of transdermal delivery system of furosemide.
authors.affiliation: Formulation Development Department, Amneal Pharmaceutical Company (I) Pvt ltd, R & D Centre, Vil. Rajoda, Tal; Bavla, Ahmedabad, 382220, Gujarat, India. dhavalpha@gmail.com
authors.forename: Dhaval P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Chitral Mallikarjuna
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Setty
authors.forename: Gaurav N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: Santnu L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Tarun J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Pritesh C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Mistry
authors.forename: Amar K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: Pritesh K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Rishabh S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Mishra
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002482:Cellulose / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D004232:Diuretics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004355:Drug Stability; D005665:Furosemide / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D006801:Humans; D010539:Permeability; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004232:Diuretics; D005665:Furosemide; C013517:ethyl cellulose; D002482:Cellulose