title: Novel factors as therapeutic targets to treat diabetes. Focus on leptin and ghrelin.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes. In the mid 1990s interest in adipose tissue was revived by the discovery of leptin. The association of obesity and diabetes emphasizes their shared physiopathological features. At the end of the 1990s, ghrelin, a potent gastric orexigenic factor, was found to be involved in obesity. Leptin and ghrelin have opposite actions in several tissues including the regulation of feeding in the brain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To survey the role of leptin and ghrelin in glucose metabolism. We summarize the current state of research and discuss the roles of ghrelin and leptin in glucose homeostases and the potential application of drugs targeting leptin and ghrelin signalling to prevent and treat diabetes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A pressing challenge is to determine how leptin, ghrelin and other adipokines or gastric factors are involved in metabolic disorders. Answering these questions will require the development of new pharmacological tools that target specific adipokine systems. Hopefully, new therapeutic targets will be identified.
authors.affiliation: University Clinical Hospital, (NEIRID LAB: Neuroendocrine Interactions in Rheumatology and Inflammatory Disease), Research Laboratory 9, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
authors.forename: Rodolfo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Francisca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lago
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gómez-Reino
authors.forename: Oreste
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gualillo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002648:Child; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020738:Leptin / Q000819:agonists* / Q000172:deficiency / Q000502:physiology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D054411:Receptors, Leptin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D020738:Leptin; D054440:Receptors, Ghrelin; D054411:Receptors, Leptin; D005947:Glucose