title: Raman spectroscopic typing reveals the presence of carotenoids in Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy has previously been demonstrated to be a highly useful methodology for the identification and/or typing of micro-organisms. In this study, we set out to evaluate whether this technology could also be applied as a tool to discriminate between isolates of Mycoplasma pneumoniae, which is generally considered to be a genetically highly uniform species. In this evaluation, a total of 104 strains of M. pneumoniae were analysed, including two reference strains (strains M129 and FH), and 102 clinical isolates, which were isolated between 1973 and 2005 and originated from various countries. By Raman spectral analysis (Raman typing) of this strain collection, we were able to reproducibly distinguish six different clusters of strains. An unequivocal correlation between Raman typing and P1 genotyping, which is based on sequence differences in the P1 (or MPN141) gene of M. pneumoniae, was not observed. In the two major Raman clusters that we identified (clusters 3 and 6, which together harboured 81 % of the strains), the different P1 subtypes were similarly distributed, and approximately 76 % isolates were of subtype 1, approximately 20 % of subtype 2 and approximately 5 % of variant 2a. Nevertheless, a relatively high prevalence of P1 subtype 2 strains was found in clusters 2 and 5 (100 %), as well as in cluster 1 (75 %) and cluster 4 (71 %); these clusters, however, harboured a small number of strains. Only two of the strains (2 %) could not be typed correctly. Interestingly, analysis of the Raman spectra revealed the presence of carotenoids in M. pneumoniae. This finding is in line with the identification of M. pneumoniae genes that have similarity with genes involved in a biochemical pathway leading to carotenoid synthesis, i.e. the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Therefore, we hypothesize that M. pneumoniae hosts an MEP-like pathway for carotenoid synthesis. We conclude that Raman spectroscopy is a convenient tool for discriminating between M. pneumoniae strains, and that it presents a promising supplement to the current methods for typing of this bacterium.
authors.affiliation: River Diagnostics BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Erasmus MC, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Erasmus MC, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Kees
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Maquelin
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Theo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hoogenboezem
authors.affiliation: River Diagnostics BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Jan-Willem
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Jachtenberg
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dumke
authors.affiliation: Technical University Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Fetscherstrasse 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Enno
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.affiliation: River Diagnostics BV, Marconistraat 16, 3029 AK Rotterdam, The Netherlands.|Erasmus MC, Center for Optical Diagnostics and Therapy, Department of Dermatology, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Gerwin J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Puppels
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nico G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Hartwig
authors.affiliation: Erasmus MC, Laboratory of Pediatrics, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Cornelis
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vink
mesh_terms: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000737:chemistry*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006801:Humans; D053858:Metabolic Networks and Pathways; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009177:Mycoplasma pneumoniae / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000382:microbiology*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman
chemical_list: D018829:Adhesins, Bacterial; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C035471:adhesin, Mycoplasma pneumoniae; D002338:Carotenoids