title: Near-infrared spectroscopy in carotid artery stenting predicts cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome (CHS) following carotid artery stenting (CAS) or carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is rare but often fatal once intracranial hemorrhage has occurred. In particular, CHS occurs significantly earlier after CAS than after CEA. Thus a monitoring method for early detection of CHS is required. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) provides a noninvasive monitoring technique for assessing regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2). This study evaluated the usefulness of transcranial NIRS during CAS for prediction of CHS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Periprocedural rSO2 was monitored in 64 cases of CAS (52 men, 12 women; 71 +/- 6.6 years). The average degree of carotid stenosis was 76.8 +/- 11.3% by North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial criteria. Bifrontal rSO2 was monitored during the procedure using NIRS. Seventeen patients were symptomatic and 47 were asymptomatic. CHS was diagnosed by increased cerebral blood flow by SPECT performed on the day after treatment with deterioration of neurologic symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CHS was observed in two cases (3.1%). In the CHS group, post-reperfusion rSO2 values increased >24% from baseline until 3 minutes after reperfusion. In the non-CHS group, the normal upper limit (NUL) of the rSO2 change was set at 10.0% at 3 minutes after reperfusion. In the CHS group, rSO2 at 3 minutes after reperfusion was markedly higher than the NUL. In patients showing an rSO2 at 3 minutes after reperfusion increased by more than 10.0%, CHS following CAS could be predicted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Periprocedural increases in regional cerebral oxygen saturation measured by near- infrared spectroscopy can be an excellent predictor of cerebral hyperperfusion syndrome after carotid artery stenting.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Kokura Memorial Hospital, 1-1 Kifunemachi, Kokura Kita-ku, Kitakyushu 802-8555, Japan. shoji-matsumoto@384.jp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matsumoto
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakahara
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Higashi
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Iwamuro
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ando
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takezawa
authors.forename: J I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Kira
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000503:physiopathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020299:Intracranial Hemorrhage, Hypertensive / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D015607:Stents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen