title: Stimulus discrimination by horses under scotopic conditions.
abstract: Scotopic vision in horses (Equus caballus) was investigated using behavioral measurements for the first time. Four horses were tested for the ability to make simple visual discriminations of geometric figures (circles and triangles) under various brightness levels within an enclosed building. Measurements of brightness ranging from 10.37 to 24.12 magnitudes per square arcsecond (mag/arcsec(2); in candelas per square meter-7.70 to 2.43E-05cd/m(2)) were taken using a Sky Quality Meter. These values approximated outdoor conditions ranging from twilight in open country to a dark moonless night in dense forest. The horses were able to solve the discrimination problems in all brightness settings up to 23.77mag/arcsec(2) (3.35E-05cd/m(2)). Moreover, they easily navigated their way around obstacles located within the testing area in extremely dim light (>23.50mag/arcsec(2); 4.30E-05cd/m(2)), which were in conditions too dark for the human experimenters to see. These findings support physiological data that reveal a rod-dominated visual system as well as observations of equine activity at night.
authors.affiliation: Equine Research Foundation, Aptos, CA 95001, USA. EquiResF@aol.com
authors.forename: Evelyn B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Hanggi
authors.forename: Jerry F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ingersoll
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003624:Darkness; D004193:Discrimination Learning; D004192:Discrimination, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D008029:Lighting; D008297:Male; D055254:Night Vision; D011597:Psychomotor Performance; D011601:Psychophysics; D014796:Visual Perception