title: Chlamydiae as etiologic agents in chronic undifferentiated spondylarthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The majority of patients with Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis do not present with the classic triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis/iritis, and urethritis. Moreover, acute chlamydial infections are often asymptomatic. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of synovial Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections in patients with chronic undifferentiated spondylarthritis (uSpA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Study patients met the European Spondylarthropathy Study Group criteria for SpA, without evidence of ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, or preceding dysentery. Symptoms were present for >or=6 months. Each patient underwent a synovial biopsy; tissue and concomitantly obtained peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for C trachomatis and C pneumoniae DNA. Other data collected on the day of the biopsy included standard demographic information and medical history, including any known history of C trachomatis or C pneumoniae. Physical examination (including joint count, evaluation for dactylitis and/or enthesitis, and skin examination) and HLA-B27 typing were performed. Synovial tissue (ST) samples from 167 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-six patients met the entry criteria and underwent synovial biopsy (25 knee, 1 wrist). Sixteen of them (62%) were positive for C trachomatis and/or C pneumoniae DNA (10 for C trachomatis, 4 for C pneumoniae, and 2 for both). PCR analysis of ST revealed the presence of Chlamydia significantly more frequently in patients with uSpA than in OA controls (P<0.0001). No specific clinical characteristics differentiated Chlamydia-positive from Chlamydia-negative patients. PBMCs from 4 of the 26 uSpA patients (15%) were positive for Chlamydia, and Chlamydia was found in ST from 2 of these 4 patients. No significant correlation between PCR positivity and HLA-B27 positivity was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency of Chlamydia-positive ST samples, as determined by PCR, was found to be significantly higher in patients with uSpA than in patients with OA. Our results suggest that in many patients with uSpA, chlamydial infection, which is often occult, may be the cause.
authors.affiliation: University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA. jocarter@health.usf.edu
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Hervé C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Gérard
authors.forename: Luis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Espinoza
authors.forename: Louis R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ricca
authors.forename: Joanne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Valeriano
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Snelgrove
authors.forename: Cynthia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oszust
authors.forename: Frank B
authors.initials: FB
authors.lastname: Vasey
authors.forename: Alan P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Hudson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002690:Chlamydia Infections / Q000150:complications*; D002692:Chlamydia trachomatis; D023521:Chlamydophila Infections / Q000150:complications*; D016993:Chlamydophila pneumoniae; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D025241:Spondylarthritis / Q000382:microbiology*; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015796:HLA-B27 Antigen