title: Major depression: an illness with objective physical signs.
abstract: Major depression is an illness with objective physical signs occurring with some consistency. These signs are retardation of movements and diminished gestures and expressions. The patient may appear tired, self-concerned, bored, and inattentive and display a loss of interest in the surroundings. Anxiety is a conspicuous and an integral element of affective state and may be expressed by severe restlessness and agitation. Muscle tension, wringing of hands, weeping and moaning, repeating over and over in a monotonous and stereotyped way phrases expressive of misery are all important clinical signs of major depression. Similarly tachycardia, dry tongue/mouth, sweaty palms and/or bodily extremities, cold clammy skin, pallor, pupillary dilatation, tremor, and the fluctuations in blood pressure with wide pulse pressure are all important and give away the underlying distress. These signs have formed an integral part of both the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale as they have a positive correlation with the diagnosis and the severity of illness. Current practice of operational criteria does not help exclude patients with subjective perception of distress and also fails to make room for aetiopathogenesis. The DSM-IV does not include these physical signs as an integral part of the clinical picture of depression, consequently leaving the diagnosis of MDE to subjective criteria and perceptions. This could also explain a large placebo response in recent randomised controlled clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Consultation and Liaison Psychiatry Unit, The Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia. ramesh.gupta@act.gov.au
authors.forename: Ramesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Gupta
mesh_terms: D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D015431:Weight Loss