title: Endoscopic endonasal repair of difficult-to-access cerebrospinal fluid leaks of the frontal sinus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks located within the frontal sinus can be difficult to repair effectively. Additional challenges arise from the need to simultaneously repair the leak or defect and to ensure the future patency of the sinus itself.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cases of two patients who underwent surgical repair of CSF leaks and skull base defects located in difficult to access locations within their frontal sinuses were reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two patients with CSF leaks in the frontal sinus underwent surgery to repair the leaks. The leaks were in the superomedial and superolateral locations within the sinus. One leak (in the superolateral location) was secondary to iatrogenic surgical trauma during craniotomy. The second leak (in the superomedial location) was secondary to congenital encephalocele. Surgical approach to ensure adequate exposure was via endoscopic modified Lothrop procedure. Successful repair was undertaken via underlay technique. At follow-up (27 and 7 months, respectively), frontal sinuses remained patent without evidence of CSF leak.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CSF leaks located in medial and lateral areas of the frontal sinus may be successfully repaired via endonasal approach with endoscopic modified Lothrop. Repair in this manner requires that attention be paid both to achieving a complete repair and to maintaining a patent sinus drainage pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-8605, USA.
authors.forename: Samuel S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Duncavage
authors.forename: Paul T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Russell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002559:Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea / Q000628:therapy; D003399:Craniotomy; D004322:Drainage; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D004724:Endoscopy; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005626:Frontal Sinus / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D020773:Headache Disorders; D006801:Humans; D002532:Intracranial Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008588:Meningocele / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D020768:Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D013345:Subarachnoid Hemorrhage; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed