title: Are the Australian poultry industries vulnerable to large outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the structure of the Australian poultry industry and discuss the potential for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) to spread between Australian poultry farms.
  
  
  METHODS
  High densities of poultry farms, frequent contacts between farms by service providers, the supply of live poultry markets (LPM) and the presence of free-range duck flocks in affected regions have been identified as risk factors for the spread of HPAI between flocks in outbreaks causing the death or destruction of over 1 million poultry overseas. Data on 1,594 commercial Australian chicken meat, chicken egg, duck and turkey farms were collected by a telephone questionnaire of farm managers to assess the risk of a HPAI outbreak in Australia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Five regions of Australia had farm densities comparable to overseas regions that experienced widespread HPAI. Common service providers routinely contacted different classes and types of farms over wide geographic areas. However, no responding farms supplied LPM and the majority of duck farms did not produce free-range ducks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Outbreaks of HPAI have the potential to cause serious impacts on the Australian poultry industry. The risk posted by LPM and free-range ducks is limited, but the movement of genetic stock and common service providers could spread infection between companies, industries or geographical regions. Biosecurity measures are therefore considered critical to limit the secondary spread of infection should an outbreak occur.
authors.affiliation: Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer, Australian Government Department of Agriculture Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. samh@camden.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Sa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: Ij
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: East
authors.forename: J-A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Toribio
authors.forename: Mg
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Garner
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods*; D000818:Animals; D001315:Australia; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D005525:Food-Processing Industry / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005843:Geography; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011200:Poultry