title: Determinants of micro-embolic signals in patients with atherosclerotic plaques of the internal carotid artery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the embolic potential of carotid plaques, employing both the presence and the rate of micro-embolic signals (MESs), based on the presence and timing (current or past) of symptoms, degree of stenosis and ultrasonic characteristics of plaques.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used the transcranial Doppler (TCD) to monitor MES and the Doppler ultrasound to classify carotid plaques in newly symptomatic (acute stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)), formerly symptomatic (relevant stroke or TIA per anamnesis) and asymptomatic patients with internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stroke-related arteries evidenced a significantly greater presence of MES than the TIA-related and asymptomatic arteries (p=0.04), with no significant difference found between the latter two groups (stroke: 42/90, 46.7%; TIA: 15/49, 30.6%; asymptomatic: 40/130, 30.8%). Adjustment for anti-platelet treatment did not change this finding. The degree of stenosis, ultrasonic characteristics of texture and the density of plaques were not found to be associated with the presence or quantity of MES.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MESs are present significantly more often in stenosed, stroke-related carotid arteries as compared with TIA-related or asymptomatic arteries. Neither the ultrasonic characteristics nor the degree of stenosis were found to influence the presence or rate of MES.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel. g_telman@rambam.health.gov.il
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Telman
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kouperberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hlebtovsky
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sprecher
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Beyar
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020766:Intracranial Embolism / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology*; D013997:Time Factors; D017585:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Transcranial