title: Augmented heme oxygenase-1 expression in areca quid chewing-associated oral submucous fibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is known as a stress-inducible protein and functions as an antioxidant enzyme. HO-1 is consistently and dramatically upregulated in a variety of fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to compare HO-1 expression in normal human buccal mucosa and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) specimens and further explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce HO-1 expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty OSF specimens and 10 normal buccal mucosa were examined by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA levels of HO-1 from fibroblasts cultured from OSF and normal buccal mucosa fibroblasts (BMFs) were evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The effect of arecoline, the major areca nut alkaloid, was added to explore the potential mechanism that may lead to induce HO-1 expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Heme oxygenase-1 expression was significantly higher in OSF specimens (P < 0.05) and expressed mainly by fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells. OSF demonstrated significantly higher HO-1 mRNA expression than BMFs (P < 0.05). Arecoline was also found to elevate HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, the data presented here demonstrated that HO-1 expression is significantly upregulated in OSF from areca quid chewers, and arecoline may be responsible for the enhanced HO-1 expression in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
authors.forename: C-H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: S-F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: S-S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Y-C
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects; D001115:Arecoline / Q000009:adverse effects; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018679:Cholinergic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects; D003238:Connective Tissue / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009061:Mouth Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000201:enzymology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D018679:Cholinergic Agonists; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D001115:Arecoline; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1