Severe pneumonia in Mozambican young children: clinical and radiological characteristics and risk factors.
BACKGROUND
Pneumonia is a leading cause of hospitalization and death among children in Africa. We describe the clinical presentation of severe pneumonia among hospitalized children in a malaria endemic area with a high prevalence of HIV infection.


METHODS
As part of a 2-year prospective study of radiologically confirmed pneumonia, chest radiographs, malaria parasite counts and bacterial blood cultures were systematically performed for children 0-23 months admitted with severe pneumonia. Radiographs were interpreted according to WHO guidelines. HIV tests were performed during a 12-month period.


RESULTS
Severe pneumonia accounted for 16% of 4838 hospital admissions among children 0-23 months; 43% of episodes had endpoint consolidation, 15% were associated with bacteremia and 11% were fatal. Fever, cough >3 days, crepitations, hypoxemia and absence of malaria parasitemia were associated with radiologically confirmed pneumonia. Nineteen per cent of children with severe pneumonia and 27% with radiologically confirmed pneumonia had clinical malaria. HIV-prevalence was 26% among children hospitalized with severe pneumonia and HIV-testing results. HIV infection, anaemia, malnutrition, hypoxemia and bacteremia were associated with fatal episodes of severe pneumonia.


CONCLUSIONS
Treatment of admitted children with severe pneumonia is complicated in settings with prevalent HIV and malaria. Children with severe pneumonia and clinical malaria require antibiotic and antimalarial treatment. In addition to vertical programs, integrated approaches may greatly contribute to reduction of pneumonia-related mortality.
Sigaúque
Betuel
B
Centro de Investigação em Saúde da Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique. betuel.sigauque@manhica.net
Roca
Anna
A
Bassat
Quique
Q
Morais
Luís
L
Quintó
Llorenç
L
Berenguera
Anna
A
Machevo
Sónia
S
Bardaji
Azucena
A
Corachan
Manuel
M
Ribó
Josep
J
Menéndez
Clara
C
Schuchat
Anne
A
Flannery
Brendan
B
Soriano-Gabarró
Montse
M
Alonso
Pedro L
PL
D017677:Age Distribution; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D008297:Male; D009073:Mozambique / Q000453:epidemiology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution