title: Influenza virus- and cytokine-immunoreactive cells in the murine olfactory and central autonomic nervous systems before and after illness onset.
abstract: Influenza virus invades the olfactory bulb (OB) and enhances cytokine mRNAs therein at the time of illness onset. Here we show that viral antigen immunoreactivity co-localized with glial markers in the OB but could not be detected in other brain areas. Interleukin 1beta- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal markers in olfactory and central autonomic systems, and the number of cytokine-immunoreactive neurons increased at the time of illness onset [15 h post-inoculation (PI)] but not before (10 h PI). These results suggest that the OB virus influences the brain cytokines and therefore the onset of illness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, United States.
authors.forename: Victor H
authors.initials: VH
authors.lastname: Leyva-Grado
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Churchill
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Timothy J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Taishi
authors.forename: Jeannine A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Majde
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Krueger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D009980:Influenza A virus; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D009830:Olfactory Bulb / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines