title: Surveillance of traumatic optic neuropathy in the UK.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to provide epidemiological data on the incidence, aetiology, management, and visual outcome in traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) in the UK.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with TON were identified prospectively by population-based active surveillance through the British Ophthalmic Surveillance Unit over a 2-year period with data obtained from an incident questionnaire and follow-up questionnaire sent to positive reporters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Incident and follow-up data were available on 121 and 97 (80%) patients, respectively. The minimum estimated incidence was 1.005 per million. Leading causes included falls (25.6%), road traffic accidents (RTAs) (21.5%), and assaults (20.7%). The median age was 31 years. There were 95 (78.5%) men. Presenting visual acuity (VA) was 6/60 or worse in 85 (70%) patients, with 43 patients (36%) with no perception of light. Associated injuries included 47 (39%) orbital wall fractures, 37 (31%) closed globe injuries, 23 (19%) ocular adnexal injuries, 23 (19%) skull fractures, and 18 (16%) intracranial bleeding. Sixty-five percent (75/116) received no acute treatment and 35% (41/116) received steroids and/or surgery. Of the treated group, 24% (8/33) and of the untreated group 20% (11/56) improved three lines or more of VA (P=0.61). Prompt ophthalmic examination (P=0.002), orbital fracture (P=0.046), high Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (P=0.023), and poor initial VA (P=0.009) were associated with increased likelihood of treatment. Poor initial VA (P<0.001), orbital fracture (P=0.004), and significant head injury (P=0.038) were associated with poor visual outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggested that young men were at greatest risk of TON. We detected a trend towards conservative management of this condition in the UK. TON was associated with significant ocular, orbital, and head injuries that highlighted the need for multidisciplinary management.
authors.affiliation: Central Eye Service, Central Middlesex Hospital, North West London NHS Trust, London, UK. vickielee@mac.com
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: R L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Ford
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bunce
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Foot
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000150:complications*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020221:Optic Nerve Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D009917:Orbital Fractures / Q000150:complications; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D014792:Visual Acuity; D055815:Young Adult