title: Evaluation of interdental space of the maxillary posterior area for orthodontic mini-implants with cone-beam computed tomography.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objectives in this study were to measure in a group of patients the interradicular spaces between the maxillary second premolar and first molar, which is often used as placement sites for mini-implants, and to suggest simple guidelines for safe placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cone-beam computed tomography was used in 35 patients to measure interdental spaces and distances between the surface of the cortical bone and the closest interradicular area apically in 1-mm intervals in 9 axial images from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). The cone-beam computed tomography data were analyzed by using anlaysis of variance (ANOVA) to evaluate the differences in interradicular distances, cortical bone surfaces, and narrowest interradicular spaces. A t test was also performed to evaluate sex and placement side differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Interradicular space became wider toward the apical area; several axial planes showed statistically nonsignificant differences from the CEJ to the root, and the average distance from the surface of the cortical bone to the area of the closest interradicular space was over 5 mm in the most sections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Guidelines for safe placement are as follows: the initial point for mini-implant placement is near the mucogingival line (2-4 mm from the CEJ) and less than a 45 degrees apical angulation to the long axis of tooth, with a mini-implant diameter of 1.4 to 1.8 mm and length of about 6 mm (bone contact). A larger placement angle would increase the cortical bone contact; however, it is difficult to apply various traction materials and might increase the danger of maxillary sinus perforation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Orthodontics, Department of Dentistry, The Catholic University of Korea, Uijongbu St Mary's Hospital, Uijongbu, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. bravortho@catholic.ac.kr
authors.forename: Seong-Hun
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Hyeong-Gun
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Yong-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Eui-Hwan
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Hwang
authors.forename: Yoon-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000539:Alveolar Process / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D001641:Bicuspid; D054893:Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; D003758:Dental Implantation, Endosseous / Q000379:methods; D015921:Dental Implants; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008437:Maxilla; D008875:Middle Aged; D008904:Miniaturization; D008963:Molar; D009811:Odontometry; D052280:Orthodontic Anchorage Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012737:Sex Factors; D018677:Tooth Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015921:Dental Implants