title: Incorporation of membrane-bound, mammalian-derived immunomodulatory proteins into influenza whole virus vaccines boosts immunogenicity and protection against lethal challenge.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Influenza epidemics continue to cause morbidity and mortality within the human population despite widespread vaccination efforts. This, along with the ominous threat of an avian influenza pandemic (H5N1), demonstrates the need for a much improved, more sophisticated influenza vaccine. We have developed an in vitro model system for producing a membrane-bound Cytokine-bearing Influenza Vaccine (CYT-IVAC). Numerous cytokines are involved in directing both innate and adaptive immunity and it is our goal to utilize the properties of individual cytokines and other immunomodulatory proteins to create a more immunogenic vaccine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have evaluated the immunogenicity of inactivated cytokine-bearing influenza vaccines using a mouse model of lethal influenza virus challenge. CYT-IVACs were produced by stably transfecting MDCK cell lines with mouse-derived cytokines (GM-CSF, IL-2 and IL-4) fused to the membrane-anchoring domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Influenza virus replication in these cell lines resulted in the uptake of the bioactive membrane-bound cytokines during virus budding and release. In vivo efficacy studies revealed that a single low dose of IL-2 or IL-4-bearing CYT-IVAC is superior at providing protection against lethal influenza challenge in a mouse model and provides a more balanced Th1/Th2 humoral immune response, similar to live virus infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have validated the protective efficacy of CYT-IVACs in a mammalian model of influenza virus infection. This technology has broad applications in current influenza virus vaccine development and may prove particularly useful in boosting immune responses in the elderly, where current vaccines are minimally effective.
authors.affiliation: Center for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA. asherbert@vt.edu
authors.forename: Andrew S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Herbert
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heffron
authors.forename: Roy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sundick
authors.forename: Paul C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D000917:Antibody Formation / Q000276:immunology*; D002460:Cell Line; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D008168:Lung / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000821:virology; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D016207:Cytokines; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated