title: An outbreak of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in western Anatolia, Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sporadic Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) cases were first reported in Turkey in 2002, arising particularly in northeastern Anatolia. Epidemics have been reported in neighboring countries since the 1970s. With the increase in number of CCHF virus infected or suspected cases in the Aydin region of western Anatolia by 2006, we decided to focus attention on this disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six patients with an acute febrile syndrome characterized by malaise, bleeding, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were admitted to various hospitals in Aydin between May 2007 and June 2008. CCHF diagnosis was established by measuring IgM in a blood sample and/or detecting viral genome by real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) or by clinical findings of the disease, even if IgM was negative (real-time PCR was not performed).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-five patients (22 of the patients with cases confirmed by laboratory findings) matched the criteria for CCHF defined by the European Network for Diagnostics of 'Imported' Viral Diseases (ENIVD); one patient did not match suspected-case criteria, however he was also included in the study as his blood sample was positive according to real-time PCR. The most common signs and symptoms encountered were fever, myalgia, nausea, and vomiting. The overall case-fatality rate was 5.5% (one patient) in 2007. Patients showed hemorrhagic manifestations (35%), while complete blood counts revealed thrombocytopenia and leukopenia in 17 patients (65%), and raised levels of aspartate aminotransferase (77%), alanine aminotransferase (77%), lactate dehydrogenase (69%), and creatinine phosphokinase (42%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, western Anatolia has been accepted as a non-endemic area for this disease, with only sporadic cases. These non-endemic CCHF cases in Aydin province of the Aegean region should alert other non-endemic regions of the world to be mindful of this disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Adnan Menderes University Medical Faculty, Aydin 09100, Turkey. bertugrul@adu.edu.tr
authors.forename: Bülent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ertugrul
authors.forename: Yavuz
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uyar
authors.forename: Kamil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yavas
authors.forename: Cetin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Turan
authors.forename: Serkan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oncu
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Saylak
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Carhan
authors.forename: Barcin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ozturk
authors.forename: Nermin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Serhan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sakarya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D003225:Hemorrhagic Fever Virus, Crimean-Congo / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006479:Hemorrhagic Fever, Crimean / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014421:Turkey / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral