title: Verbal but not performance IQ is highly correlated to externalizing behavior in boys with ADHD carrying both DRD4 and DAT1 risk genotypes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is often associated with reduced IQ and high levels of externalizing behavior (EB). This study tested if DRD4 7-repeat allele and DAT1 10-repeat allele homozygosity interact in modulating correlations between IQ and EB in affected boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Boys (n=130) between 6 and 12 years of age diagnosed with ADHD were included in the study. IQ and EB were assessed by WISC-III and Child Behavioral Checklist, respectively. The 40 bp variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) of the DAT1 gene and the 48 bp VNTR of the DRD4 gene polymorphisms were genotyped and 4 subgroups were defined by the presence/absence of the DRD4 7-repeat allele and by the presence/absence of the DAT1 10/10 genotype. Correlation coefficients were compared using the Fisher's Z transformation and regression lines by a Potthoff analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the total sample, all correlation coefficients between EB score and IQ were non significant. Also, no differences in IQ were observed between the 4 genotype groups. However, different pattern of correlations between IQ and EB score appeared. In boys carrying no or only one genetic risk, IQ and EB score were uncorrelated while in children carrying both risk factors, negative and significant correlations emerged. Notably, correlation of EB to verbal IQ was strong (r=-0.71) and highly significant (P<0.01) in boys carrying both risk alleles. All pair-wise comparisons of correlation coefficients were significant for EB-verbal IQ correlation. Test of coincidence of regression lines did not show significant differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A specific domain of IQ, namely the verbal quotient is highly correlated to the level of EB in boys with ADHD carrying both dopaminergic risk genotypes. Further investigations are required to replicate these results and determine specificity to ADHD.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, INSERM 894, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Oussama
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Kebir
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Grizenko
authors.forename: Sarojini
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengupta
authors.forename: Ridha
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Joober
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology; D005838:Genotype; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007360:Intelligence / Q000235:genetics*; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008297:Male; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4 / Q000235:genetics*; D012919:Social Behavior; D014705:Verbal Behavior / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: C493599:DRD4 protein, human; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; C493214:SLC6A3 protein, human; D050638:Receptors, Dopamine D4