title: Albinism: classification, clinical characteristics, and recent findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical characteristics and recent findings in the heterogeneous group of inherited disorders of melanin biosynthesis grouped as "albinism."
  
  
  METHODS
  The current classification of albinism, and the cutaneous, ocular, and central nervous system characteristics are presented. Recent clinical findings are summarized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Albinism is now classified based on genes known to be responsible for albinism. Foveal hypoplasia is invariably present and individuals with albinism often have delayed visual development, reduced vision, nystagmus, a positive angle kappa, strabismus, iris transillumination, and absent or reduced melanin pigment in the fundi. A visual-evoked potential can document the excessive retinostriate decussation seen in albinism. Grating acuity can be used to document delayed visual development in preverbal children. Glasses are often needed to improve visual acuity and binocular alignment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albinism is caused by several different genes. Heterogeneity in clinical phenotype indicates that expressivity is variable.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology and Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. summe001@umn.edu
authors.forename: C Gail
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Summers
mesh_terms: D000417:Albinism / Q000145:classification* / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D016115:Albinism, Oculocutaneous / Q000503:physiopathology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D002657:Child Development; D005123:Eye / Q000503:physiopathology; D005584:Fovea Centralis / Q000002:abnormalities; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015354:Vision, Low / Q000209:etiology; D014785:Vision, Ocular