title: A new model of cortical stroke in the rhesus macaque.
abstract: Primate models are essential tools for translational research in stroke but are reportedly inconsistent in their ability to produce cortical infarcts of reproducible size. Here, we report a new stroke model using a transorbital, reversible, two-vessel occlusion approach in male rhesus macaques that produces consistent and reproducible cortical infarcts. The right middle cerebral artery (distal to the orbitofrontal branch) and both anterior cerebral arteries were occluded with vascular clips. Bilateral occlusion of the anterior cerebral artery was critical for reducing collateral flow to the ipsilateral cortex. Reversible ischemia was induced for 45, 60, or 90 mins (n=2/timepoint) and infarct volume and neurologic outcome were evaluated. The infarcts were located predominantly in the cortex and increased in size with extended duration of ischemia determined by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging . Infarct volume measured by 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride and cresyl violet staining corroborated magnetic resonance imaging results. Neurologic deficit scores worsened gradually with longer occlusion times. A subset of animals (n=5) underwent 60 mins of ischemia resulting in consistent infarct volumes primarily located to the cortex that correlated well with neurologic deficit scores. This approach offers promise for evaluating therapeutic interventions in stroke.
authors.affiliation: Colorado Brain & Spine Institute, Neurotrauma Research Laboratory, Swedish Medical Center, Englewood, Colorado, USA.
authors.forename: G Alexander
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: West
authors.forename: Kiarash J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Golshani
authors.forename: Kristian P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Doyle
authors.forename: Nikola S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Lessov
authors.forename: Theodore R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Hobbs
authors.forename: Steven G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Kohama
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Pike
authors.forename: Christopher D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Kroenke
authors.forename: Marjorie R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Grafe
authors.forename: Maxwell D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Spector
authors.forename: Eric T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Tobar
authors.forename: Roger P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Mary P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Stenzel-Poore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D048588:Benzoxazines; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D008253:Macaca mulatta / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D010078:Oxazines
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D010078:Oxazines; C028911:cresyl violet