title: Neuroleptics in the treatment of aggressive challenging behaviour for people with intellectual disabilities: a randomised controlled trial (NACHBID).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects and cost-effectiveness of haloperidol, risperidone and placebo on aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind randomised controlled trial of two drugs and placebo administered in flexible dosage, with full, independent assessments of aggressive and aberrant behaviour, global improvement, carer burden, quality of life and adverse drug effects at baseline, 4, 12 and 26 weeks, and comparison of total care costs in the 6 months before and after randomisation. At 12 weeks, patients were given the option of leaving the trial or continuing until 26 weeks. Assessments of observed aggression were also carried out with key workers at weekly intervals throughout the trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were recruited from all those being treated by intellectual disability services in eight sites in England, one in Wales and one in Queensland, Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients from all severity levels of intellectual disability; recruitment was extended to include those who may have been treated with neuroleptic drugs in the past.
  
  
  METHODS
  treatment with depot neuroleptics/another form of injected neuroleptic medication within the last 3 months; continuous oral neuroleptic medication within the last week; those under a section of the Mental Health Act 1983 or Queensland Mental Health Act 2000.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomisation to treatment with haloperidol (a typical neuroleptic drug), risperidone (an atypical neuroleptic drug) or placebo using a permuted blocks procedure. Dosages were: haloperidol 1.25-5.0 mg daily; risperidone 0.5-2.0 mg daily.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary: reduction in aggressive episodes between baseline and 4 weeks using Modified Overt Aggression Scale. Secondary: Aberrant Behaviour Checklist; Uplift/Burden Scale; 40-item Quality of Life Questionnaire; Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser scale; Clinical Global Impressions scale. Economic costs recorded using a modified version of Client Service Receipt Inventory for 6 months before and after randomisation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were considerable difficulties in recruitment because of ethical and consent doubts. Twenty-two clinicians recruited a total of 86 patients. Mean daily dosages were 1.07 mg rising to 1.78 mg for risperidone and 2.54 mg rising to 2.94 mg for haloperidol. Aggression declined dramatically with all three treatments by 4 weeks, with placebo showing the greatest reduction (79%, versus 57% for combined drugs) (p = 0.06). Placebo-treated patients showed no evidence of inferior response in comparison to patients receiving neuroleptic drugs. An additional study found that clinicians who had not participated in clinical trials before were less likely to recruit. Mean total cost of accommodation, services, informal care and treatment over the 6 months of the trial was 16,336 pounds for placebo, 17,626 pounds for haloperidol and 18,954 pounds for risperidone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no significant important benefits conferred by treatment with risperidone or haloperidol, and treatment with these drugs was not cost-effective. While neuroleptic drugs may be of value in the treatment of aggressive behaviour in some patients with intellectual disability, the underlying pathology needs to be evaluated before these are given. The specific diagnostic indications for such treatment require further investigation. Prescription of low doses of neuroleptic drugs in intellectual disability on the grounds of greater responsiveness and greater liability to adverse effects also needs to be re-examined.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychological Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tyrer
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Oliver-Africano
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romeo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Knapp
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dickens
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bouras
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ahmed
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cooray
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deb
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hare
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meade
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Reece
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kramo
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bhaumik
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harley
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Regan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karatela
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenôtre
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Soni
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crawford
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Eliahoo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: North
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000374:Aggression / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000523:psychology; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004739:England; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D019989:Persons with Intellectual Disabilities; D010919:Placebos; D018967:Risperidone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D010919:Placebos; D006220:Haloperidol; D018967:Risperidone