title: Depressive symptoms and increased visceral fat in middle-aged women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine whether depressive symptoms are differentially associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which is more metabolically active and confers greater cardiovascular risk than subcutaneous fat (SAT). Prior research has shown an association between depression and central adiposity. Mechanisms underlying the association between depression and increased cardiovascular risk remain poorly understood. Central adiposity is one potential pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the cross-sectional association between depressive symptoms, assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and VAT and SAT, assessed by computed tomography, in a sample of 409 middle-aged women (44.7% African-Americans, 55.3% Whites; mean age = 50.4 years) participating in the Chicago site of the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN).
  
  
  RESULTS
  With adjustments for age, race, total percent fat, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), each 1-point higher score on the CES-D was associated with 1.03-cm(2) greater VAT (p < .001). Women with a CES-D score of >or=16, indicative of clinically relevant depressive symptomatology, had 24.5% more VAT than women with lower CES-D scores (p < .001). Further adjustment for Framingham Risk Score and physical activity did not alter the findings, and associations did not vary by race. Associations were strongest in obese and overweight women. Depressive symptoms were unrelated to SAT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased visceral fat may be one pathway by which depression contributes to excess risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Further research is needed to examine whether depressive symptoms influence accumulation of VAT over time.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, 717 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA. saer@umn.edu
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Everson-Rose
authors.forename: Tené T
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Karavolos
authors.forename: Sheila A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Dugan
authors.forename: Deidre
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wesley
authors.forename: Lynda H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin / Q000032:analysis; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D012738:Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin