title: Relationship between glyco-oxidation, antioxidant status and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the relationship, if any, between glucose-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant status and microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study involved 99 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (57 men, 42 women). Patients with persistent microalbuminuria were identified and the following variables evaluated: fasting plasma glucose, HbA(1c), malonyldialdehyde (MDA), pentosidine, AGE, the total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP), vitamin E, creatinine, estimated GFR and lipid profile.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients were divided into two groups, i.e. 37 individuals without microalbuminuria (AER <20 microg/min) and 62 with microalbuminuria (AER > or =20 microg/min). The following variables were significantly higher in patients with microalbuminuria than in those without microalbuminuria (mean +/- SD): fasting plasma glucose 9.41 +/- 2.88 vs 8.19 +/- 1.93 mmol/l, p < 0.05; HbA(1c) 7.97 +/- 1.51 vs 7.39 +/- 1.03%, p < 0.05; MDA 1.18 +/- 0.35 vs 1.02 +/- 0.29 micromol/l, p < 0.05; pentosidine 98.5 +/- 24.6 vs 82.9 +/- 20.9 pmol/ml, p < 0.005; and AGE 13.2 +/- 4.8 vs 10.6 +/- 3.8 microg/mg protein, p < 0.01. However, vitamin E and TRAP did not differ between the two groups. Serum creatinine values and estimated GFR were similar in the two groups. Only in patients with microalbuminuria were significant linear correlations seen between AER and both oxidation (HbA(1c) r = 0.33, p < 0.01; MDA r = 0.59, p < 0.001; pentosidine r = 0.48, p < 0.001; and AGE r = 0.44, p < 0.001) and antioxidation variables (vitamin E r = -0.55, p < 0.001; TRAP r = -0.49, p < 0.001). Considering all variables together, multiple regression revealed a correlation between microalbuminuria and vitamin E, TRAP, HbA(1c) and MDA, but not pentosidine or AGE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients might be promoted by an insufficient counter-regulation of the antioxidant system in the event of increased glyco-oxidation/glycation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Padova, Via dei Colli 4, Padua, Italy. francesco.piarulli@unipd.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Piarulli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sartore
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ragazzi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reitano
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nollino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cosma
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fedele
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lapolla
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000378:metabolism*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin