title: Outcome measures in spinal cord injury: recent assessments and recommendations for future directions.
abstract: METHODS
  Review by the spinal cord outcomes partnership endeavor (SCOPE), which is a broad-based international consortium of scientists and clinical researchers representing academic institutions, industry, government agencies, not-for-profit organizations and foundations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Assessment of current and evolving tools for evaluating human spinal cord injury (SCI) outcomes for both clinical diagnosis and clinical research studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  a framework for the appraisal of evidence of metric properties was used to examine outcome tools or tests for accuracy, sensitivity, reliability and validity for human SCI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Imaging, neurological, functional, autonomic, sexual health, bladder/bowel, pain and psychosocial tools were evaluated. Several specific tools for human SCI studies have or are being developed to allow the more accurate determination for a clinically meaningful benefit (improvement in functional outcome or quality of life) being achieved as a result of a therapeutic intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant progress has been made, but further validation studies are required to identify the most appropriate tools for specific targets in a human SCI study or clinical trial.
authors.affiliation: University of Alabama, Birmingham, USA.
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mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome