title: Antigenic fingerprinting of H5N1 avian influenza using convalescent sera and monoclonal antibodies reveals potential vaccine and diagnostic targets.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transmission of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 viruses from poultry to humans have raised fears of an impending influenza pandemic. Concerted efforts are underway to prepare effective vaccines and therapies including polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies against H5N1. Current efforts are hampered by the paucity of information on protective immune responses against avian influenza. Characterizing the B cell responses in convalescent individuals could help in the design of future vaccines and therapeutics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To address this need, we generated whole-genome-fragment phage display libraries (GFPDL) expressing fragments of 15-350 amino acids covering all the proteins of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1). These GFPDL were used to analyze neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies and sera of five individuals who had recovered from H5N1 infection. This approach led to the mapping of two broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies with conformation-dependent epitopes. In H5N1 convalescent sera, we have identified several potentially protective H5N1-specific human antibody epitopes in H5 HA[(-10)-223], neuraminidase catalytic site, and M2 ectodomain. In addition, for the first time to our knowledge in humans, we identified strong reactivity against PB1-F2, a putative virulence factor, following H5N1 infection. Importantly, novel epitopes were identified, which were recognized by H5N1-convalescent sera but did not react with sera from control individuals (H5N1 naïve, H1N1 or H3N2 seropositive).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study, to our knowledge, describing the complete antibody repertoire following H5N1 infection. Collectively, these data will contribute to rational vaccine design and new H5N1-specific serodiagnostic surveillance tools.
authors.affiliation: Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Surender
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khurana
authors.forename: Amorsolo L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Suguitan
authors.forename: Yonaira
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Rivera
authors.forename: Cameron P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Simmons
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanzavecchia
authors.forename: Federica
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sallusto
authors.forename: Jody
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Manischewitz
authors.forename: Lisa R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: King
authors.forename: Kanta
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Subbarao
authors.forename: Hana
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Golding
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000276:immunology*; D001717:Birds; D003289:Convalescence; D018604:Epitope Mapping; D000939:Epitopes / Q000097:blood; D015698:Genomic Library; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000276:immunology; D014744:Vietnam; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000276:immunology*; D037521:Virulence Factors; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D000939:Epitopes; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D009439:Neuraminidase; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; D014764:Viral Proteins; D037521:Virulence Factors; C488937:M2 protein, Influenza A virus; D000086082:Viroporin Proteins; C442816:PB1-F2 protein, Influenza A virus