title: Detection and quantification of D-glucuronic acid in human bile using 1H NMR spectroscopy: relevance to the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There are no specific biomarkers available for the definitive diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Analysis of D-glucuronic acid (GlcUA) in bile could be valuable in this regard.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bile samples obtained from patients with pancreatic cancer (n = 4), chronic pancreatitis (n = 3) and control patients with biliary obstruction (n = 10) were analyzed by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. GlcUA was quantified from the peak area of the alpha-(1)CH signal (at 5.24 ppm) obtained by deconvolution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GlcUA was detected in human bile by one-dimensional (1)H NMR and two-dimensional (1)H-(1)H COSY and TOCSY experiments. Quantification of GlcUA was achieved by measuring the peak area of the alpha-(1)CH signal using CPMG experiment, and the quantities of GlcUA were calibrated to account for the attenuation due to T (2) relaxation. GlcUA was observed at elevated levels in bile samples obtained from pancreatic cancer patients, whereas it was either absent or found in negligible amounts in control and chronic pancreatitis patients. The reason for the presence of elevated levels of GlcUA could be the hydrolysis of biliary bilirubin diglucuronide by beta-glucuronidase, released excessively from pancreatic tissue during the course of malignancy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Analysis of D-glucuronic acid in bile could be valuable in the detection of pancreatic cancer, and detecting GlcUA by in vivo (1)H MRS has the potential to help in the non-invasive diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Given that only four cancer patients have been studied so far, the new biomarker is regarded as a preliminary finding, but one that warrants further investigation.
authors.affiliation: National Research Council Institute for Biodiagnostics, 435 Ellice Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R3B 1Y6, Canada. Tedros.Bezabeh@nrc-cnrc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Tedros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bezabeh
authors.forename: Omkar B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Ijare
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Albiin
authors.forename: Urban
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Arnelo
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lindberg
authors.forename: Ian C P
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001646:Bile / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D020723:Glucuronic Acid / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D005966:Glucuronidase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000378:metabolism; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C019270:bilirubin diglucuronide; D020723:Glucuronic Acid; D005966:Glucuronidase; D001663:Bilirubin