title: Pancreatic damage after the first episode of acute alcoholic pancreatitis and its association with the later recurrence rate.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute alcoholic pancreatitis (AAP) recurs in up to half of the patients, continuous alcohol consumption being an important risk factor. Changes in pancreatic function and morphology after acute pancreatitis have been characterized previously, but their association with later recurrences has not been adequately studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this prospective follow-up study, the pancreatic function of 54 patients (47 males and 7 females) with a median age of 49 years (range 25-71) and morphology (35 patients) were evaluated. Pancreatic morphology was evaluated by secretin-stimulated magnetic resonance pancreatography (SMRP). Patients were evaluated early (baseline) and at 2 years after the first episode of AAP. In order to evaluate later recurrences, the patients were followed for a median of 47 (range 28-66) months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 46 patients without previous diabetes, 17 patients (37%) developed impaired glucose metabolism during the 2 years following the first AAP. The prevalence of exocrine dysfunction decreased from 39% at baseline to 9% at 2 years. Of the patients with severe pancreatitis (n = 13, 24%), 31% had elevated glycosylated haemoglobin levels compared to 7% in patients with mild pancreatitis [p = 0.05, odds ratio (OR): 5.5, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.04-29.0]. Twenty percent (7/35) of the patients had changes consistent with chronic pancreatitis on baseline SMRP, which persisted in all cases. Of the 29% patients with acute changes on baseline SMRP, the acute changes resolved in 50% and chronic pancreatitis was detected in the remaining 50% at 2 years. Development of chronic changes did not depend on continued alcohol consumption, as it was also found in 3 patients practising complete abstinence following their first attack of AAP. The presence of a chronic pseudocyst at 2 years predicted pancreatitis when compared to patients lacking pseudocyst formation: 4 (80%) versus 5 (17%) (p = 0.01, OR: 20.0, 95% CI: 1.83-219).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The severity of the first episode of AAP was associated with deteriorated diabetes control, but not with pancreatic exocrine dysfunction at 2 years. The number of patients with chronic changes on SMRP increased independently of alcohol consumption. Chronic pseudocyst formation seen on SMRP 2 years after AAP was significantly associated with recurrence of pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Alimentary Tract Surgery, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
authors.forename: Hanna
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pelli
authors.forename: Riitta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lappalainen-Lehto
authors.forename: Anneli
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piironen
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Järvinen
authors.forename: Juhani
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sand
authors.forename: Isto
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nordback
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001284:Atrophy; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000209:etiology; D004487:Edema / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology*; D019512:Pancreatitis, Alcoholic / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin