title: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and other cardiovascular risk factors are no more common during menopause: longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to undertake a prospective study of the changes in certain risk factors for cardiovascular disease occurring during menopause.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal cohort study of 475 women was followed up for 6 years (Pizarra Study). The final menstrual period was defined after at least 6 months of amenorrhea. The women were classified into three groups: group 1, no menopause at either the first or second study; group 2, no menopause at the first study but menopause at the second study (6 y later); and group 3, menopause at the first study (and also at the second). The following are the main outcome measures used: age; body mass index; waist circumference; waist-to-hip ratio; skinfold thickness; arm circumference; intake of macronutrients (quantitative questionnaire); systolic and diastolic blood pressures; cholesterol, triglycerides; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; uric acid; homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; and the prevalence of obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, and impaired fasting glucose.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the cardiovascular risk factors studied changed during the passage from premenopause to postmenopause, independently of age or physical activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Menopause is a biological condition of the human species, for which has recently received attempts at medicalization that were not always justified. If menopause is not accompanied by any other cardiovascular risk factor independently of age, the stigma of menopause being considered a risk factor should cease. Although the results have the strength of a prospective study, the sample size forced us to consider these findings as preliminary.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Carlos Haya, Malaga, Spain. federico.soriguer.sspa@juntadeandalucia.es
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Soriguer
authors.forename: Sonsoles
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morcillo
authors.forename: Virginia
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hernando
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Valdés
authors.forename: Maria Soledad
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Ruiz de Adana
authors.forename: Gabriel
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Olveira
authors.forename: Eduardo García
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Fuentes
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Maria José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Tapia
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Esteva
authors.forename: Gemma
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rojo-Martínez
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008593:Menopause; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012885:Skinfold Thickness; D013030:Spain / Q000453:epidemiology; D055105:Waist Circumference; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids