title: Chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of apple phenolic extracts and of their sub-fractions.
abstract: Apple extract powders from three different manufacturers were investigated for their anti-inflammatory activity, their total phenolic content, and their chemical composition. The samples represented two production batches for two products and a single batch of a third. The samples showed similar, but clearly different, anti-inflammatory activities, and had substantially different total phenolic contents, and different chemical compositions. Differences in chemical composition for batches of the same product were significant, although not as great as differences between products. The samples were fractionated into chemical classes. The most active fractions were those that contained epicatechin, catechin with phloridzin and quercetin glycosides, or those that contained procyanidin polymers. It was not possible to link activity to the presence of individual components or combinations of these. If fruit extracts are to be reliably linked to validated health benefits, then the source materials, the extraction processes, and the final composition of such products need to be more clearly defined than at present.
authors.affiliation: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (Plant & Food Research), Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand. dlauren@hortresearch.co.nz
authors.forename: Denis R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lauren
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Aselle
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Adaim
authors.forename: Janine M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: Reginald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wibisono
authors.forename: Dwayne J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Jingli
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Margot A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Skinner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D005638:Fruit / Q000737:chemistry*; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D027845:Malus / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011208:Powders; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D005419:Flavonoids; D006027:Glycosides; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010636:Phenols; D010936:Plant Extracts; D011208:Powders