title: Extended transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas invading the anterior cranial base, cavernous sinus, and clivus: a single-center experience with 126 consecutive cases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The standard transsphenoidal approach has been successfully used to resect most pituitary adenomas. However, as a result of the limited exposure provided by this procedure, complete surgical removal of pituitary adenomas with parasellar or retrosellar extension remains problematic. By additional bone removal of the cranial base, the extended transsphenoidal approach provides better exposure to the parasellar and clival region compared with the standard approach. The authors describe their surgical experience with the extended transsphenoidal approach to remove pituitary adenomas invading the anterior cranial base, cavernous sinus (CS), and clivus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis was performed in 126 patients with pituitary adenomas that were surgically treated via the extended transsphenoidal approach between September 1999 and March 2008. There were 55 male and 71 female patients with a mean age of 43.4 years (range 12-75 years). There were 82 cases of macroadenoma and 44 cases of giant adenoma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gross-total resection was achieved in 78 patients (61.9%), subtotal resection in 43 (34.1%), and partial resection in 5 (4%). Postoperative complications included transient cerebrospinal rhinorrhea (7 cases), incomplete cranial nerve palsy (5), panhypopituitarism (5), internal carotid artery injury (2), monocular blindness (2), permanent diabetes insipidus (1), and perforation of the nasal septum (2). No intraoperative or postoperative death was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The extended transsphenoidal approach provides excellent exposure to pituitary adenomas invading the anterior cranial base, CS, and clivus. This approach enhances the degree of tumor resection and keeps postoperative complications relatively low. However, radical resection of tumors that are firm, highly invasive to the CS, or invading multidirectionally remains a big challenge. This procedure not only allows better visualization of the tumor and the neurovascular structures but also provides significant working space under the microscope, which facilitates intraoperative manipulation. Preoperative imaging studies and new techniques such as the neuronavigation system and the endoscope improve the efficacy and safety of tumor resection.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgical Center of Pituitary Tumors, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yu-Kui
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Gui-Lin
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong-Ning
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Wen-Bin
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Ren-Zhi
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002426:Cavernous Sinus / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D003388:Cranial Fossa, Posterior / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D010911:Pituitary Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019291:Skull Base / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D019292:Skull Base Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult