title: Horse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells express embryo stem cell markers and show the ability for tenogenic differentiation by in vitro exposure to BMP-12.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been recently investigated for their potential use in regenerative medicine. MSCs, in particular, have great potential, as in various reports they have shown pluripotency for differentiating into many different cell types. However, the ability of MSCs to differentiate into tendon cells in vitro has not been fully investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study, we show that equine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), defined by their expression of markers such as Oct4, Sox-2 and Nanog, have the capability to differentiate in tenocytes. These differentiated cells express tendon-related markers including tenomodulin and decorin. Moreover we show that the same BM-MSCs can differentiate in osteocytes, as confirmed by alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa staining.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As MSCs represent an attractive tool for tendon tissue repair strategies, our data suggest that bone marrow should be considered the preferred MSC source for therapeutic approaches.
authors.affiliation: Livestock Genomics Unit, Parco Tecnologico Padano, CERSA, Via Einstein, Loc Cascina Codazza, , Lodi 26900, Italy. stefania.violini@tecnoparco.org
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Violini
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ramelli
authors.forename: Laura F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Pisani
authors.forename: Chiara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gorni
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mariani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D058575:Decorin; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006736:Horses; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology*; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D013710:Tendons / Q000166:cytology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D058575:Decorin; D016326:Extracellular Matrix Proteins; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D050814:Octamer Transcription Factor-3; D011509:Proteoglycans; D055748:SOXB1 Transcription Factors; C086559:growth differentiation factor 7