Neuropsychological consequences of boxing and recommendations to improve safety: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper.
Boxing has held appeal for many athletes and audiences for centuries, and injuries have been part of boxing since its inception. Although permanent and irreversible neurologic dysfunction does not occur in the majority of participants, an association has been reported between the number of bouts fought and the development of neurologic, psychiatric, or histopathological signs and symptoms of encephalopathy in boxers. The purpose of this paper is to (i) provide clinical neuropsychologists, other health-care professionals, and the general public with information about the potential neuropsychological consequences of boxing, and (ii) provide recommendations to improve safety standards for those who participate in the sport.
Heilbronner
Robert L
RL
Chicago Neuropsychology Group and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60601, USA. r-heilbronner@northwestern.edu
Bush
Shane S
SS
Ravdin
Lisa D
LD
Barth
Jeffrey T
JT
Iverson
Grant L
GL
Ruff
Ronald M
RM
Lovell
Mark R
MR
Barr
William B
WB
Echemendia
Ruben J
RJ
Broshek
Donna K
DK
D001914:Boxing / Q000941:ethics / Q000293:injuries* / Q000592:standards; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000193:education*; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012449:Safety