title: Isolation and characterization of hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptide signals in black nightshade leaves.
abstract: A gene encoding a preprohydroxyproline-rich systemin, SnpreproHypSys, was identified from the leaves of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum), which is a member of a small gene family of at least three genes that have orthologs in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum; NtpreproHypSys), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum; SlpreproHypSys), petunia (Petunia hybrida; PhpreproHypSys), potato (Solanum tuberosum; PhpreproHypSys), and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas; IbpreproHypSys). SnpreproHypSys was induced by wounding and by treatment with methyl jasmonate. The encoded precursor protein contained a signal sequence and was posttranslationally modified to produce three hydroxyproline-rich glycopeptide signals (HypSys peptides). The three HypSys peptides isolated from nightshade leaf extracts were called SnHypSys I (19 amino acids with six pentoses), SnHypSys II (20 amino acids with six pentoses), and SnHypSys III (20 amino acids with either six or nine pentoses) by their sequential appearance in SnpreproHypSys. The three SnHypSys peptides were synthesized and tested for their abilities to alkalinize suspension culture medium, with synthetic SnHypSys I demonstrating the highest activity. Synthetic SnHypSys I was capable of inducing alkalinization in other Solanaceae cell types (or species), indicating that structural conformations within the peptides are recognized by the different cells/species to initiate signal transduction pathways, apparently through recognition by homologous receptor(s). To further demonstrate the biological relevance of the SnHypSys peptides, the early defense gene lipoxygenase D was shown to be induced by all three synthetic peptides when supplied to excised nightshade plants.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA. pearce@wsu.edu
authors.forename: Gregory
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pearce
authors.forename: Ramcharan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bhattacharya
authors.forename: Yu-Chi
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Barona
authors.forename: Yube
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Clarence A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ryan
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D001483:Base Sequence; D003517:Cyclopentanes / Q000494:pharmacology; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000737:chemistry; D018628:Gene Dosage; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D008084:Lipoxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D005810:Multigene Family; D054883:Oxylipins / Q000494:pharmacology; D010455:Peptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D032324:Solanum nigrum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D003517:Cyclopentanes; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D006023:Glycoproteins; D054883:Oxylipins; D010455:Peptides; D010940:Plant Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C005488:extensin protein, plant; C073704:systemin; C072239:methyl jasmonate; D008084:Lipoxygenase