title: Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning activates ribosomal protein S6 kinases and reduces brain swelling after intracerebral hemorrhage.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  New protein synthesis is key to ischemic tolerance induced by preconditioning and ribosomal protein S6 kinases (p70 S6 K) are important enzymes in protein synthesis. Hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning (HBOP) reduces ischemic brain damage. This study investigated if HBOP can activate p70 S6 K and increase new protein synthesis and if HBOP induces brain tolerance against brain swelling after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).
  
  
  METHODS
  There were two parts of the studies. 1) Rats received five consecutive sessions of HBOP. Twenty-four hours after HBOP, the rats had an ICH and were sacrificed one or three days later for brain edema measurement. 2) Rats received five sessions of HBOP or control pretreatment and were sacrificed for Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry of activated p70 S6 K and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five sessions of HBOP significantly reduced brain edema in the ipsilateral basal ganglia after ICH. Western blot analysis showed that HBOP activated p70 S6 K and increased HO-1 levels in the basal ganglia. Strong activated p70 S6 K immunoreactivity was also found in the basal ganglia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest activation of p70 S6 K may have a role in heat shock protein synthesis after HBOP and may contribute to HBOP-induced brain protection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Room 5018, BSRB, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Qin
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Silbergleit
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: R F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: J T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001479:Basal Ganglia / Q000201:enzymology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D006931:Hyperbaric Oxygenation / Q000379:methods*; D019194:Ischemic Preconditioning; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases