title: 3D diffusion tensor MRI with isotropic resolution using a steady-state radial acquisition.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To obtain diffusion tensor images (DTI) over a large image volume rapidly with 3D isotropic spatial resolution, minimal spatial distortions, and reduced motion artifacts, a diffusion-weighted steady-state 3D projection (SS 3DPR) pulse sequence was developed.
  
  
  METHODS
  A diffusion gradient was inserted in a SS 3DPR pulse sequence. The acquisition was synchronized to the cardiac cycle, linear phase errors were corrected along the readout direction, and each projection was weighted by measures of consistency with other data. A new iterative parallel imaging reconstruction method was also implemented for removing off-resonance and undersampling artifacts simultaneously.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The contrast and appearance of both the fractional anisotropy and eigenvector color maps were substantially improved after all correction techniques were applied. True 3D DTI datasets were obtained in vivo over the whole brain (240 mm field of view in all directions) with 1.87 mm isotropic spatial resolution, six diffusion encoding directions in under 19 minutes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A true 3D DTI pulse sequence with high isotropic spatial resolution was developed for whole brain imaging in under 20 minutes. To minimize the effects of brain motion, a cardiac synchronized, multiecho, DW-SSFP pulse sequence was implemented. Motion artifacts were further reduced by a combination of linear phase correction, corrupt projection detection and rejection, sampling density reweighting, and parallel imaging reconstruction. The combination of these methods greatly improved the quality of 3D DTI in the brain.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
authors.forename: Youngkyoo
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Alexey A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Samsonov
authors.forename: Walter F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Block
authors.forename: Mariana
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazar
authors.forename: Aiming
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Andrew L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Alexander
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D016880:Anisotropy; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity