title: Language barriers in health and social care consultations in the community: a comparative study of responses in Ireland and England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper focuses on the implications of migration for host health and social care systems in terms of linguistic diversity, language barriers and language supports. The objective is to compare Ireland, as a context responding to the new challenge of language barriers in healthcare, and England, as a context in which the management of language barriers is being re-assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Empirical data from two action research studies in Ireland and England are compared. The combined data set is 146 data collection episodes with service users with limited English and their health and social care providers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key findings are that the same range of formal and informal responses to language barriers occurs in practice in both contexts but proportions of knowledge and use of these responses differ. English service providers have more awareness about the use of formal responses than Irish service providers but uptake of formal responses remains low in both contexts. Data from service users confirms these findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a need for more attention to the implementation of policies for language barriers in both Ireland and England, further research about the normalization processes associated with these consultations and knowledge transfer networks to facilitate on-going dialogue between all key stakeholders with an emphasis on supporting service users' involvement and participation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice, No. 1 Distillery Road, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland. anne.macfarlane@nuigalway.ie
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Carrie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Singleton
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Green
mesh_terms: D003144:Communication Barriers; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants; D004739:England; D006291:Health Policy; D006302:Health Services Research; D006801:Humans; D007494:Ireland; D007802:Language; D011050:Policy Making; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires