title: Optimization and validation of multi-coloured capillary electrophoresis for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface proteins (msp1 and 2).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum based on PCR amplification of the polymorphic genes encoding the merozoite surface proteins 1 and 2 (msp1 and msp2) is well established in the field of malaria research to determine the number and types of concurrent clones in an infection. Genotyping is regarded essential in anti-malarial drug trials to define treatment outcome, by distinguishing recrudescent parasites from new infections. Because of the limitations in specificity and resolution of gel electrophoresis used for fragment analysis in most genotyping assays it became necessary to improve the methodology. An alternative technique for fragment analysis is capillary electrophoresis (CE) performed using automated DNA sequencers. Here, one of the most widely-used protocols for genotyping of P. falciparum msp1 and msp2 has been adapted to the CE technique. The protocol and optimization process as well as the potentials and limitations of the technique in molecular epidemiology studies and anti-malarial drug trials are reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  The original genotyping assay was adapted by fluorescent labeling of the msp1 and msp2 allelic type specific primers in the nested PCR and analysis of the final PCR products in a DNA sequencer. A substantial optimization of the fluorescent assay was performed. The CE method was validated using known mixtures of laboratory lines and field samples from Ghana and Tanzania, and compared to the original PCR assay with gel electrophoresis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The CE-based method showed high precision and reproducibility in determining fragment size (< 1 bp). More genotypes were detected in mixtures of laboratory lines and blood samples from malaria infected children, compared to gel electrophoresis. The capacity to distinguish recrudescent parasites from new infections in an anti-malarial drug trial was similar by both methods, resulting in the same outcome classification, however with more precise determination by CE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The improved resolution and reproducibility of CE in fragment sizing allows for comparison of alleles between separate runs and determination of allele frequencies in a population. The more detailed characterization of individual msp1 and msp2 genotypes may contribute to improved assessments in anti-malarial drug trials and to a further understanding of the molecular epidemiology of these polymorphic P. falciparum antigens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden. anne.liljander@ki.se
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Liljander
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wiklund
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Falk
authors.forename: Margaret
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kweku
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mårtensson
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Felger
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Färnert
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000953:Antigens, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000235:genetics*; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D052940:Merozoites / Q000276:immunology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D000953:Antigens, Protozoan; D000962:Antimalarials; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D020066:Merozoite Surface Protein 1; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C065974:merozoite surface protein 2, Plasmodium