title: Dose-dependent satiating effect of whey relative to casein or soy.
abstract: Dietary protein plays a role in body weight regulation, partly because of its effects on appetite. The objective was to compare the effects of high or normal casein-, soy-, or whey-protein breakfasts on appetite, specific hormones, amino acid responses and subsequent energy intake. Twenty-five healthy subjects (mean+/-SEMBMI:23.9+/-0.3 kg/m2; age:22+/-1 years) received standardized breakfasts: custards with either casein-, soy, or whey-protein with either 10/55/35 (normal) or 25/55/20 (high)En% protein/carbohydrate/fat in a randomized, single-blind design. Appetite profile (Visual Analogue Scales) and amino acid concentrations were determined for 4 h whereas plasma glucose, insulin, active Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1), and active ghrelin concentrations were determined for 3 h; the sensitive moment for lunch was determined. Subjects returned for a second set of experiments and received the same breakfasts, ad lib lunch was offered 180 min later; energy intake (EI) was assessed. At 10En%, whey decreased hunger more than casein or soy (p <0.05), coinciding with higher leucine, lysine, tryptophan, isoleucine, and threonine responses (p<0.05). At 25En% there were no differences in appetite ratings. Whey triggered the strongest responses in concentrations of active GLP-1 (p<0.05) and insulin (p<0.05) compared with casein and/or soy. There were no differences in EI. In conclusion, differences in appetite ratings between different proteins appeared at a normal concentration; at 10En% whey-protein decreased hunger more than casein- or soy-protein. At 25En% whey-protein triggered stronger responses in hormone concentrations than casein- or soy-protein. The results suggest that a difference in appetite ratings between types of protein appears when certain amino acids are above and below particular threshold values.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology of the Nutrition, Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, Maastricht 6200 MD, The Netherlands. m.veldhorst@hb.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Margriet A B
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Veldhorst
authors.forename: Arie G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Nieuwenhuizen
authors.forename: Ananda
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hochstenbach-Waelen
authors.forename: Anneke J A H
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: van Vught
authors.forename: Klaas R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Westerterp
authors.forename: Marielle P K J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Engelen
authors.forename: Robert-Jan M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Brummer
authors.forename: Nicolaas E P
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: Deutz
authors.forename: Margriet S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Westerterp-Plantenga
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000097:blood; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001069:Appetite Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002364:Caseins / Q000378:metabolism; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D006815:Hunger / Q000502:physiology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D012016:Reference Values; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D030262:Soybean Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D054439:Ghrelin; D007328:Insulin; D008894:Milk Proteins; D030262:Soybean Proteins; D000067816:Whey Proteins; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1