title: How are memory complaints in functional memory disorder related to measures of affect, metamemory and cognition?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Memory complaints are a common finding in outpatients, especially in psychosomatic and neurological practice. In a substantial group of patients persistent memory complaints are found in the absence of abnormal neuropsychology. Different labels such as "functional memory complaint" have been suggested for this phenomenon. We characterise a group of patients with such memory complaints, which we termed functional memory disorder (FMD). The aim of the present study is to describe patients with FMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-nine patients with FMD were compared to 38 control subjects. Data were collected on the German version of the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning test and the Zahlenverbindungstest (cognitive speed), subscales of the Metamemory in Adulthood questionnaire (MIA), the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ), the Global Severity Index (GSI) of the Symptom Checklist, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and other psychological questionnaire measures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found significant group differences on all psychological questionnaire measures, with more pathological scores in the patient group. GSI and PSQ were the best predictors of memory self-efficacy. MIA-Memory Self-Efficacy (MSE), MIA-Achievement, and BDI were the best predictors of group membership (FMD vs. control group). When MSE was excluded, MIA-Achievement and BDI or GSI were the only predictors of group membership. Neuropsychological measures predicted neither MSE nor group membership.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathological scores on measures of metamemory, stress, and depression are typical of FMD. Low MSE and a high memory-related achievement motivation seem to be key features of FMD. Other important features are increased perceived stress, general psychosomatic complaint, and elevated depression scores. Neuropsychological test performance is not associated with FMD symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Geriatrics and Gerontology Freiburg (ZGGF), University Hospital Freiburg im Breisgau, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Metternich
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schmidtke
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hüll
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003071:Cognition; D003863:Depression / Q000150:complications*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010045:Outpatients; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014706:Verbal Learning