title: Nebivolol: a third-generation beta-blocker for hypertension.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nebivolol is a third-generation beta(1)-selective beta-blocker that is approved for the treatment of hypertension.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the clinical pharmacology of nebivolol and its efficacy and safety profile in clinical studies of hypertension (the US Food and Drug Administration-approved indication) and heart failure (off-label use).
  
  
  METHODS
  Pertinent articles were identified through searches of MEDLINE and Current Contents from 1966 through December 15, 2008, using the terms nebivolol, drug interaction, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacology. The reference lists of the identified publications were reviewed for additional references. Abstracts presented at meetings of the American Heart Association and the American Society of Hypertension from 2006 through 2008 were also reviewed. All human clinical trials were included, regardless of design.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve published clinical trials were identified that evaluated the use of nebivolol in the management of hypertension; 1 was placebo controlled, 1 was placebo and active controlled, and 10 involved direct comparisons with other antihypertensive agents. Nebivolol was reported to be as effective in lowering blood pressure (BP) as other beta-blockers (atenolol and bisoprolol), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (lisinopril and enalapril), the angiotensin-receptor blocker telmisartan, and calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and amlodipine). No published studies were identified that evaluated the effect of nebivolol on long-term cardiovascular outcomes. In data from a study in heart failure, nebivolol was associated with a 14% reduction in all-cause mortality and cardiovascular hospitalization at 12 months (P < 0.05). In comparative clinical studies, nebivolol appeared to be well tolerated relative to the other antihypertensive agents studied. The most commonly reported adverse events with nebivolol were fatigue (4%-79%), headache (2%-24%), paresthesia (7%-13%), bradycardia (6%-11%), rhinitis (1%-7%), and dizziness (2%-5%). Because of differences in its pharmacologic properties, nebivolol may have potential advantages in patients who are unable to tolerate traditional beta-blockers (eg, patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or men who experience erectile dysfunction while taking antihypertensive therapy).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nebivolol is a cardioselective beta-blocker that has been reported to be efficacious and well tolerated for achieving BP control in patients with hypertension. Preliminary evidence suggests a potential for reduced mortality in patients with heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. judy.cheng@mcphs.edu
authors.forename: Judy W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Cheng
mesh_terms: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D016527:Drug Costs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004983:Ethanolamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000068577:Nebivolol; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D058671:Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001578:Benzopyrans; D004983:Ethanolamines; D000068577:Nebivolol