title: Basal and oxidative stress-induced expression of metallothionein is decreased in ascending aortic aneurysms of bicuspid aortic valve patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is a heritable condition that has been linked by an unknown mechanism to a predisposition for ascending aortic aneurysm. Matrix metalloproteinases have been implicated in this predisposition. Metallothionein is a poorly characterized, metal-binding protein that regulates matrix metalloproteinases and is an antioxidant known to be upregulated under oxidative stress.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To determine putative factors involved in the pathogenesis of aortic aneurysm in BAV patients, our first goal was to identify genes that are dysregulated in ascending aortic aneurysms of BAV patients compared with tricuspid aortic valve patients and nondiseased (control) donors. By microarray analysis (22,000 probe sets), 110 dysregulated genes were identified in BAV compared with tricuspid aortic valve patients and control donors; 8 were genes of the metallothionein family. Metallothionein gene expression and protein expression were significantly lower in aortic tissue and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells from BAV patients compared with control subjects. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression was increased in BAV aortic samples relative to controls. BAV aorta was more susceptible to oxidative stress, and induction of metallothionein under oxidative stress was reduced in BAV patients compared with control subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate dysregulated metallothionein expression in ascending aortic smooth muscle cells of BAV patients that may contribute to an inadequate response to oxidative stress and provoke aneurysm formation. We hypothesize that metallothionein plays a pivotal role in the response of ascending aortic smooth muscle cells to oxidative stress cues normally involved in the maintenance of the extracellular matrix, including the regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Aortic Disease Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Phillippi
authors.forename: Ekaterina A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Klyachko
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Kenny
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Eskay
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Gorman
authors.forename: Thomas G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Gleason
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001011:Aorta / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D017545:Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000002:abnormalities*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D014015:Tissue Banks
chemical_list: D008668:Metallothionein; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9