title: Efficacy of cervicothoracic sympathectomy versus conservative management in patients suffering from incapacitating Raynaud's syndrome after frost bite.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raynaud's syndrome is a known complication of cold injuries. Stress, smoking and metabolic diseases may further aggravate the disease course. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Cervico-thoracic sympathectomy as compared to conservative management in severe Raynaud's syndrome after frostbite.
  
  
  METHODS
  This non-randomized controlled trial was conducted at Railway Hospital, Rawalpindi and Islamic International Medical Complex, Islamabad between January 1999 and June 2006. All patients sustained severe cold trauma in the mountain ridges of Himalayas in Kashmir. In all cases, an informed consent was obtained from patients and families. All operations performed were free of charges. Out of the total 48 patients who developed incapacitating Raynaud's syndrome of the upper limbs after frost bite, 17 patients underwent thoracic sympathectomy through anterior supraclavicular route. Remaining 31 patients were treated conservatively and were placed in the control group. Data was collected on pre-designed proforma and assessed using SPSS (version 11). Chi-square test was applied to assess the effectiveness of the two treatment modalities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All operated cases initially showed improvement in symptoms and incapacitation. Among sympathectomised patients, 11 patients became symptom free and 3 patients showed mild but improved symptoms. Two patients after initial transient improvement developed incapacitating symptoms requiring further treatment, one patient developed gangrene ofdistal phalanx nine month after sympathectomy requiring amputation of the finger. Frequency of attacks and duration between the attacks reduced in all operated patients of cervical sympathectomy (p < 0.05) as compared to conservative management.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cervical sympathectomy is a very effective modality of treatment in patients having severe Raynaud's disease of upper limbs secondary to frost bite.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Islamic International Medical College, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. mikhandr@gmail.com
authors.forename: Mohammad Iqbal
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tariq
authors.forename: Ahmed
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rehman
authors.forename: Afsheeen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zafar
authors.forename: Salman Najam
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Sheen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005627:Frostbite / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010154:Pakistan; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy; D013562:Sympathectomy / Q000379:methods*; D013900:Thoracic Nerves / Q000601:surgery*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult