title: Do fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect gastrointestinal symptoms in women with irritable bowel syndrome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increase in gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, including bowel discomfort, abdominal pain/discomfort, bloating, and alterations in bowel patterns, has been reported during premenses and menses menstrual cycle phases and the perimenopause period in women with and without irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This article reviews the literature related to one possible physiological mechanism-declining or low ovarian hormone levels--that may underlie the occurrence or exacerbations of abdominal pain/discomfort at times of low ovarian hormones (menses, menopause) in women with or without IBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify English-only review and data-based articles, PubMed was searched between January 1980 and September 2008 using the following terms: irritable bowel syndrome, functional gastrointestinal disorders, gastrointestinal motility, immune, pain, hyperalgesia, menstrual cycle, menopause, pregnancy, estrogen, estradiol (E(2)), and progesterone. Studies in animals and in humans were included; drug trials were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From our review of the literature, 18 papers were identified that were related either to the mechanisms accounting for menstrual cycle fluctuations (n = 12) or to the impact of menopausal status on symptoms of IBS (n = 6). One study reported that visceral pain sensitivity was significantly higher during menses than at other menstrual cycle phases in women with IBS (P < 0.05). Other menstrual cycle phase-linked symptoms, dysmenorrheal symptoms (cramping pain) in particular, were more intense in women with IBS. Animal studies have shed some light on the relationship of ovarian hormones to GI sensorimotor function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increase in GI symptoms around the time of menses and early menopause occurs at times of declining or low ovarian hormones, suggesting that estrogen and progesterone withdrawal may contribute either directly or indirectly. This review highlights the need for confirmatory preclinical and clinical studies to unravel the role of ovarian hormones in women with IBS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98125-7266, USA. heit@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Margaret M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Heitkemper
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001007:Anxiety; D003863:Depression; D004958:Estradiol; D004967:Estrogens; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008593:Menopause; D008597:Menstrual Cycle; D010053:Ovary; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010465:Perception; D011374:Progesterone; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013001:Somatoform Disorders; D016387:Women's Health
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol