title: Thrombin enhances glioma growth.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our previous studies have demonstrated that argatroban, a specific thrombin inhibitor, reduces brain edema and neurological deficits in rat glioma models. The present study investigated whether or not thrombin enhances glioma growth in vivo and in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were two parts in this study. In the first part, rat C6 glioma cells were treated with or without thrombin. These cells were then injected into the right caudate of adult male Fischer 344 rats. Rats underwent behavioral testing prior to sacrifice 12 days later for tumor mass measurement. In the second part, C6 cells were incubated in serum-free medium for 24 hours and then treated with thrombin with or without argatroban, a thrombin inhibitor. DNA synthesis was examined using a 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA kit. Cell proliferation was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment of C6 cells with thrombin prior to intracerebral implantation resulted in a larger tumor mass and worse neurological deficits at dayl2. In vitro, thrombin increased DNA synthesis in C6 glioma cells, and this effect was blocked by argatroban. MTT assay showed that thrombin significantly increased glioma cell proliferation in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, thrombin enhances C6 glioma growth in vivo and cell proliferation in vitro suggesting that thrombin may be a target of glioma therapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, Room 5018, BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA. yahua@umich.edu
authors.forename: Ya
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: Lingling
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tang
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Keep
authors.forename: Julian T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Hoff
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heth
authors.forename: Guohua
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xi
authors.forename: Karin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Muraszko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001120:Arginine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology*; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D007839:Functional Laterality; D005910:Glioma / Q000209:etiology*; D006490:Hemostatics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation / Q000379:methods; D010875:Pipecolic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D013917:Thrombin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D006490:Hemostatics; D010875:Pipecolic Acids; D013449:Sulfonamides; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D001120:Arginine; D013917:Thrombin; C022616:thiazolyl blue; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine; C031942:argatroban