title: Anticancer effects of phenoxazine derivatives revealed by inhibition of cell growth and viability, disregulation of cell cycle, and apoptosis induction in HTLV-1-positive leukemia cells.
abstract: Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a malignant tumor of human CD4(+) T cells infected with a human retrovirus, T lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The aim of the present study was to investigate the apoptotic effects of phenoxazines, 2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one (Phx-1), 3-amino-1,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one (Phx-2), and 2-aminophenoxazine-3-one (Phx-3) on a T cell leukemia cell line from ATL patients, MT-1 cells; HTLV-1 transformed T-cell lines, HUT-102 cells and MT-2 cells; and an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells. Among these phenoxazines, Phx-3 at concentrations of less than 10 microg/ml extensively inhibited growth and cell viability; arrested cell cycles at sub G(0)/G(1) phase; and augmented apoptosis of MT-1, HUT-102, and MT-2 cells. However, these phenoxazines did not affect the cell viability of an HTLV-1-negative rat sarcoma cell line, XC cells, and phytohemaggutinin-activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, although they markedly inhibited the growth of these cells. The transmission of HTLV-1 from HTLV-1-positive cells (MT-2 cells) to HTLV-1-negative cells (XC cells) was considered to be prevented by Phx-1, Phx-2, or Phx-3 because the syncytium formation between these cells was inhibited markedly in the presence of these phenoxazines. The present results suggest that Phx-1, Phx-2, and, in particular, Phx-3 may be useful as therapeutic agents against ATL, which is extremely refractory to current therapies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Chiba Institute of Technology, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miyano-Kurosaki
authors.forename: Kou
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ikegami
authors.forename: Kunihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kurosaki
authors.forename: Takahiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Endo
authors.forename: Hoshimi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Aoyagi
authors.forename: Mari
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanami
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yasumoto
authors.forename: Akio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomoda
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015726:Giant Cells / Q000473:pathology; D015490:HTLV-I Infections / Q000635:transmission / Q000821:virology; D015368:Human T-lymphotropic virus 1; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D009336:Necrosis; D010078:Oxazines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: C104202:2-amino-4,4alpha-dihydro-4alpha,7-dimethyl-3H-phenoxazine-3-one; C470370:3-amino-1,4a-dihydro-4a,8-dimethyl-2H-phenoxazine-2-one; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010078:Oxazines; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; C005512:3-aminophenoxazone; C039203:phenoxazine; D053148:Caspase 3