title: Modern subsurface bacteria in pristine 2.7 Ga-old fossil stromatolite drillcore samples from the Fortescue Group, Western Australia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several abiotic processes leading to the formation of life-like signatures or later contamination with actual biogenic traces can blur the interpretation of the earliest fossil record. In recent years, a large body of evidence showing the occurrence of diverse and active microbial communities in the terrestrial subsurface has accumulated. Considering the time elapsed since Archaean sedimentation, the contribution of subsurface microbial communities postdating the rock formation to the fossil biomarker pool and other biogenic remains in Archaean rocks may be far from negligible.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to evaluate the degree of potential contamination of Archean rocks by modern microorganisms, we looked for the presence of living indigenous bacteria in fresh diamond drillcores through 2,724 Myr-old stromatolites (Tumbiana Formation, Fortescue Group, Western Australia) using molecular methods based on the amplification of small subunit ribosomal RNA genes (SSU rDNAs). We analyzed drillcore samples from 4.3 m and 66.2 m depth, showing signs of meteoritic alteration, and also from deeper "fresh" samples showing no apparent evidence for late stage alteration (68 m, 78.8 m, and 99.3 m). We also analyzed control samples from drilling and sawing fluids and a series of laboratory controls to establish a list of potential contaminants introduced during sample manipulation and PCR experiments. We identified in this way the presence of indigenous bacteria belonging to Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria in aseptically-sawed inner parts of drillcores down to at least 78.8 m depth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of modern bacterial communities in subsurface fossil stromatolite layers opens the possibility that a continuous microbial colonization had existed in the past and contributed to the accumulation of biogenic traces over geological timescales. This finding casts shadow on bulk analyses of early life remains and makes claims for morphological, chemical, isotopic, and biomarker traces syngenetic with the rock unreliable in the absence of detailed contextual analyses at microscale.
authors.affiliation: IPGP-IMPMC, Université Denis Diderot et CNRS, Paris, France.
authors.forename: Emmanuelle
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gérard
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moreira
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Philippot
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Van Kranendonk
authors.forename: Purificación
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: López-García
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001419:Bacteria / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D005580:Fossils; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000382:microbiology*; D010163:Paleontology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal