title: A combination of a SEM technique and X-ray microanalysis for studying the spore germination process of Clostridium tyrobutyricum.
abstract: Clostridium tyrobutyricum is an anaerobic bacterium responsible for late blowing defects during cheese ripening and it is of scientific interest for biological hydrogen production. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coating technique and X-ray microanalysis were developed to analyze the architecture and chemical composition of spores upon germination in response to environmental changes. In addition, we investigated the effects of different compounds on this process. Agents and environmental conditions inducing germination were characterized monitoring changes in optical density (OD). Among all tested conditions, the greatest drop in OD(625) (57.4%) was obtained when spores were incubated in l-alanine/l-lactate buffer, pH 4.6. In addition, a carbon-coating SEM technique and X-ray microanalysis were used to observe the architecture of spores and to examine calcium dipicolinate release. Conditions inducing C. tyrobutyricum spore germination were identified and SEM X-ray microanalysis clearly distinguished germinating from dormant spores. We confirmed that calcium dipicolinate release is one of the first events occurring. These microscopy methods could be considered sensitive tools for evaluating morphological and chemical changes in spores of C. tyrobutyricum during the initial phase of germination. Information gathered from this work may provide new data for further research on germination.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Microbiologia, Centro Ricerche Biotecnologiche, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Cremona, Italy. daniela.bassi@unicatt.it
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bassi
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Cappa
authors.forename: Pier Sandro
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Cocconcelli
mesh_terms: D048014:Clostridium tyrobutyricum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure