title: Are head injury guidelines changing the outcome of head injured children? A regional investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Secondary pathophysiological CPP insult is related to outcome after head injury, and improved management would be expected to reduce secondary brain insult. Paediatric head injury management guidelines have been published in recent years, by SIGN (2000), RCPCH (2001), NICE (June 2003), and jointly by Critical/Intensive Care Societies (C/ICS July 2003). We investigated whether outcome of children's head injury (and total burden of secondary CPP insult) has changed (1) annually; (2) before and after the introduction of any HI guidelines, and (3) following other service changes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six children (aged 1-14 years with severe HI) were admitted to the Edinburgh Regional Head Injury Service between 1989 and 2006, and dichotomised at various time points and compared in terms of: demographic factors, intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) insults [e.g. age-banded pressure-time index (PTI)], and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score (assessed at 6 months post injury).
  
  
  RESULTS
  When dichotomised around the SIGN guidelines, there were no statistically significant differences between the two group's demography or in primary brain injury, but the outcomes were different (p = 0.03), with 6 vs 4 GOS1 (died), 2 vs 4 GOS3 (severely disabled), 5 vs 16 GOS4 (moderately disabled) and 23 vs 14 GOS5 (good recovery), when comparing before and after year 2000. GOS4 was significantly different (chi-square = 7.99, p < 0.007). There was a (non-significant) trend for the later years to have longer insult durations of ICP, hypertension, CPP, hypoxia, pyrexia, tachycardia and bradycardia, greater PTI for both CPP and ICP, and more CPP insults (p = 0.003). There was, however, significantly less CPP insult (p = 0.030) after the introduction of the more management-oriented C/ICS guidelines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most recent paediatric HI guidelines appear to have reduced the burden of secondary insult, but more time is required to determine if this will be reflected in improved outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Child Life and Health, University of Edinburgh, 20 Sylvan Place, Edinburgh, EH9 1UW Scotland, UK.
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: I R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Minns
authors.forename: T Y M
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Myles
authors.forename: A J W
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Steers
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D007427:Intracranial Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012016:Reference Values; D016896:Treatment Outcome