title: Power analysis for biomarkers in mussels for use in coastal pollution monitoring.
abstract: Data from literature on neutral red retention time (NRRT) in lysosomes, micronucleus (MN) frequency and condition index (CI) in mussel Mytilus, especially Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis, were re-analyzed to ascertain their statistical power in detecting a minimum 20% spatial/temporal change in field studies. Results showed that CI largely displayed higher statistical power (>90%) than lysosomal NRRT and MN frequency (<50%), suggesting that data from the latter two biomarkers may lead to erroneous conclusions if sample size is inadequate. Samples of green-lipped mussel Perna viridis were also analyzed in Hong Kong. To achieve statistically valid power, the optimal sample sizes for monitoring lysosomal NRRT, MN frequency, CI and gonosomatic index (GSI) were determined as >or=34, >or=90, >or=16 and >or=29, respectively. Natural variability of lysosomal NRRT and MN frequency was significantly greater than CI and/or GSI in mussels, rejecting the general belief in the greater variability of higher-tiered hierarchical biomarkers.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: J K H
authors.initials: JKH
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.affiliation: Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: R S S
authors.initials: RSS
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.affiliation: Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: C K M
authors.initials: CKM
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.affiliation: Centre for Coastal Pollution and Conservation, Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 83, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong. Electronic address: bhpshin@cityu.edu.hk.
authors.forename: P K S
authors.initials: PKS
authors.lastname: Shin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D049872:Bivalvia / Q000378:metabolism*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006723:Hong Kong; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical