title: Preparation of genome-wide DNA fragment libraries using bisulfite in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis slices with formamide denaturation and quality control for massively parallel sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection.
abstract: Bisulfite sequencing is widely used for analysis of DNA methylation status (i.e., 5-methylcytosine [5mC] vs. cytosine [C]) in CpG-rich or other loci in genomic DNA (gDNA). Such methods typically involve reaction of gDNA with bisulfite followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of specific regions of interest that, overall, converts C-->T (thymine) and 5mC-->C and then capillary sequencing to measure C versus T composition at CpG sites. Massively parallel sequencing by oligonucleotide ligation and detection (SOLiD) has recently enabled relatively low-cost whole genome sequencing, and it would be highly desirable to apply such massively parallel sequencing to bisulfite-converted whole genomes to determine DNA methylation status of an entire genome, which has heretofore not been reported. As an initial step toward achieving this goal, we have extended our ongoing interest in improving bisulfite conversion sample preparation to include a human genome-wide fragment library for SOliD. The current article features novel use of formamide denaturant during bisulfite conversion of a suitably constructed library directly in a band slice from polyacryamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). To validate this new protocol for 5mC-protected fragment library conversion, which we refer to as Bis-PAGE, capillary-based size analysis and Sanger sequencing were carried out for individual amplicons derived from single-molecule PCR (smPCR) of randomly selected library fragments. smPCR/Capillary Sanger sequencing of approximately 200 amplicons unambiguously demonstrated greater than 99% C-->T conversion. All of these approximately 200 Sanger sequences were analyzed with a previously published web-accessible bioinformatics tool (methBLAST) for mapping to human chromosomes, the results of which indicated random distribution of analyzed fragments across all chromosomes. Although these particular Bis-PAGE conversion and quality control methods were exemplified in the context of a fragment library for SOLiD, the concepts can be generalized to include other genome-wide library constructions intended for DNA methylation analysis by alternative high-throughput or massively parallelized methods that are currently available.
authors.affiliation: Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA 94404, USA.
authors.forename: Swati S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Ranade
authors.forename: Christina Bormann
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Gerald
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zon
authors.forename: Victoria L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Boyd
mesh_terms: D019295:Computational Biology; D004247:DNA / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D019075:Electrophoresis, Capillary; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods*; D005559:Formamides / Q000737:chemistry*; D015894:Genome, Human; D015698:Genomic Library; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods*; D013447:Sulfites / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D005559:Formamides; D013447:Sulfites; C031066:formamide; D004247:DNA; C042345:hydrogen sulfite