title: Molecular evidence for the Southern Hemisphere origin and deep-sea  diversification of spiny lobsters (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae).
abstract: Spiny lobsters (family Palinuridae) are economically important marine animals that have been the subject of a considerable amount of research. However, the phylogeny of this group remains disputed. Morphological analyses have not been able to resolve the relationships of the various members of the group, and no agreement has yet been reached on its phylogeny as indicated by the different gene trees reported to date. In the present study, we attempt to reconstruct the phylogeny of Palinuridae and its allies using sequences from three nuclear protein-coding genes (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, sodium-potassium ATPase alpha-subunit and histone 3). The inferred topology receives strong nodal support for most of the branches. The family Palinuridae is found to be paraphyletic with the polyphyletic Synaxidae nested within it. Stridentes forms a monophyletic assemblage, indicating that the stridulating sound producing organ evolved only once in the spiny lobsters. By contrast, Silentes is paraphyletic, as Palinurellus is more closely related to Stridentes than to other Silentes genera. The three genera restricted to the southern high latitudes (Jasus, Projasus and Sagmariasus) constitute the basal lineages in the spiny lobsters, suggesting a Southern Hemisphere origin for the group. Subsequent diversification appears to have been driven by the closure of the Tethys Sea and the formation of the Antarctic circumpolar current, which isolated the northern and southern taxa. Contrary to an earlier hypothesis that postulated evolution from a deep-sea ancestral stock, the shallow-water genus Panulirus is the basal taxon in Stridentes, while the deep-sea genera Puerulus and Linuparus are found to be derived. This indicates that the spiny lobsters invaded deep-sea habitats from the shallower water rocky reefs and then radiated. Our results suggest that Synaxidae is not a valid family, and should be considered to be synonymous with Palinuridae. We also found that the previously proposed subgenera Sagmariasus and Nupalirus are genetically highly diverged, and both warrant a generic status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
authors.forename: L M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tsang
authors.forename: T-Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: M K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D008957:Models, Genetic; D033521:Palinuridae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013045:Species Specificity