title: Relaxing music as pre-medication before surgery: a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients who await surgery often suffer from fear and anxiety, which can be prevented by anxiolytic drugs. Relaxing music may be an alternative treatment with fewer adverse effects. This randomised clinical trial compared pre-operative midazolam with relaxing music.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and seventy-two patients scheduled for elective surgery were randomised to receive pre-operative prevention of anxiety by 0.05-0.1 mg/kg of midazolam orally or by relaxing music. The main outcome measure was the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI X-1), which was completed by the patients just before and after the intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 177 patients who completed the music protocol, the mean and (standard deviation) STAI-state anxiety scores were 34 (8) before and 30 (7) after the intervention. The corresponding scores for the 150 patients in the midazolam group were 36 (8) before and 34 (7) after the intervention. The decline in the STAI-state anxiety score was significantly greater in the music group compared with the midazolam group (P<0.001, 95% confidence interval range -3.8 to -1.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Relaxing music decreases the level of anxiety in a pre-operative setting to a greater extent than orally administrated midazolam. Higher effectiveness and absence of apparent adverse effects makes pre-operative relaxing music a useful alternative to midazolam for pre-medication.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Södertälje Hospital, SE-152 86 Södertälje, Sweden.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bringman
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Giesecke
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thörne
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bringman
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D009146:Music / Q000523:psychology*; D009147:Music Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008874:Midazolam