title: Fish oil supplementation improves endothelial function in normoglycemic offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring of patients with type 2 diabetes (OPDs) exhibits endothelial dysfunction (ED) associated with a chronic inflammatory state. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that are beneficial for cardiovascular and metabolic health. Therefore, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that dietary supplementation with fish oil rich in n-3 PUFA may improve ED in otherwise healthy OPDs.
  
  
  METHODS
  A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 50 OPDs. Participants were randomized to treatment with either placebo or n-3 PUFA (2g/day) for 12 weeks. Before and after treatment we evaluated endothelial function (using flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery), circulating inflammatory markers (adiponectin, TNF-alpha, and high sensitivity-CRP), and insulin resistance (QUICKI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes were observed in study outcomes in subjects treated with placebo. By contrast, when compared with baseline values, subjects treated with n-3 PUFA had significant improvement in FMD (9.1+/-5.8% vs. 11.7+/-4.4%, p=0.02) that was accompanied by decreased plasma triglycerides (117+/-73mg/dl vs. 86+/-44mg/dl, p=0.001) and TNF-alpha levels (8.9+/-2.3pg/ml vs. 6.8+/-2.7pg/ml, p=0.001), and a trend towards increased plasma adiponectin levels (7.8+/-4.5microg/ml vs. 9.5+/-5.1microg/ml, p=0.09). When data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis, decreased TNF-alpha after treatment with n-3 PUFA predicted increased FMD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA significantly improved endothelial function and reduced pro-inflammatory markers in OPDs. Thus, fish oil consumption may have beneficial cardiovascular and metabolic health effects in otherwise healthy subjects predisposed to diabetes and its vascular complications.
authors.affiliation: Center for Atherosclerosis Policlinico Tor Vergata University Hospital, Internal Medicine Department, Rome, Italy. stefano.rizza@tin.it
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizza
authors.forename: Manfredi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tesauro
authors.forename: Carmine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Cardillo
authors.forename: Angelica
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Galli
authors.forename: Micaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iantorno
authors.forename: Fabrizio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gigli
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sbraccia
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federici
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Quon
authors.forename: Davide
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lauro
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004727:Endothelium / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha