title: Evaluation of appearance transfer and persistence in central face transplantation: a computer simulation analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Partial facial allotransplantation is an emerging option in reconstruction of central facial defects, providing function and aesthetic appearance. Ethical debate partly stems from uncertainty surrounding identity aspects of the procedure. There is no objective evidence regarding the effect of donors' transplanted facial structures on appearance change of the recipients and its influence on facial recognition of donors and recipients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Full-face frontal view color photographs of 100 volunteers were taken at a distance of 150 cm with a digital camera (Nikon/DX80). Photographs were taken in front of a blue background, and with a neutral facial expression. Using image-editing software (Adobe-Photoshop-CS3), central facial transplantation was performed between participants. Twenty observers performed a familiar 'facial recognition task', to identify 40 post-transplant composite faces presented individually on the screen at a viewing distance of 60 cm, with an exposure time of 5s. Each composite face comprised of a familiar and an unfamiliar face to the observers. Trials were done with and without external facial features (head contour, hair and ears). Two variables were defined: 'Appearance Transfer' refers to transfer of donor's appearance to the recipient. 'Appearance Persistence' deals with the extent of recipient's appearance change post-transplantation. A t-test was run to determine if the rates of Appearance Transfer differed from Appearance Persistence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average Appearance Transfer rate (2.6%) was significantly lower than Appearance Persistence rate (66%) (P<0.001), indicating that donor's appearance transfer to the recipient is negligible, whereas recipients will be identified the majority of the time. External facial features were important in facial recognition of recipients, evidenced by a significant rise in Appearance Persistence from 19% in the absence of external features to 66% when those features were present (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study may be helpful in the informed consent process of prospective recipients. It is beneficial for education of donors families and is expected to positively affect their decision to consent for facial tissue donation.
authors.affiliation: Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. bpomahac@partners.org
authors.forename: Bohdan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pomahac
authors.forename: Pejman
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aflaki
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Balas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003198:Computer Simulation; D001330:Electronic Data Processing / Q000379:methods*; D005149:Facial Expression; D054445:Facial Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010781:Photography; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D055815:Young Adult