title: Electromagnetic tracking in the clinical environment.
abstract: When choosing an electromagnetic tracking system (EMTS) for image-guided procedures several factors must be taken into consideration. Among others these include the system's refresh rate, the number of sensors that need to be tracked, the size of the navigated region, the system interaction with the environment, whether the sensors can be embedded into the tools and provide the desired transformation data, and tracking accuracy and robustness. To date, the only factors that have been studied extensively are the accuracy and the susceptibility of EMTSs to distortions caused by ferromagnetic materials. In this paper the authors shift the focus from analysis of system accuracy and stability to the broader set of factors influencing the utility of EMTS in the clinical environment. The authors provide an analysis based on all of the factors specified above, as assessed in three clinical environments. They evaluate two commercial tracking systems, the Aurora system from Northern Digital Inc., and the 3D Guidance system with three different field generators from Ascension Technology Corp. The authors show that these systems are applicable to specific procedures and specific environments, but that currently, no single system configuration provides a comprehensive solution across procedures and environments.
authors.affiliation: Imaging Science and Information Systems Center, Department of Radiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA. zivy@isis.georgetown.edu
authors.forename: Ziv
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yaniv
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindisch
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cleary
mesh_terms: D055592:Biophysical Phenomena; D055590:Electromagnetic Phenomena; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D015272:Pulmonary Medicine / Q000295:instrumentation; D015642:Radiology, Interventional / Q000295:instrumentation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation