title: The effects of selected probiotic strains on the development of eczema (the PandA study).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Modification of the intestinal microbiota by administration of probiotic bacteria may be a potential approach to prevent allergic disease. We aimed to study primary prevention of allergic disease in high-risk children by pre- and postnatal supplementation of selected probiotic bacteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, a mixture of probiotic bacteria selected by in-vitro experiments (Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactococcus lactis; Ecologic Panda) was prenatally administered to mothers of high-risk children (i.e. positive family history of allergic disease) and to their offspring for the first 12 months of life.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Parental-reported eczema during the first 3 months of life was significantly lower in the intervention group compared with placebo, 6/50 vs 15/52 (P = 0.035). After 3 months, the incidence of eczema was similar in both groups. Cumulative incidence of parental-reported eczema at 1 and 2 years was 23/50 (intervention) vs 31/48 (placebo) and 27 (intervention) vs 34 (placebo), respectively. The number needed to treat was 5.9 at age 3 and 12 months and 6.7 at age 2 years. The intervention group was significantly more frequently colonized with higher numbers of Lc. lactis. Furthermore, at age 3 months, in vitro production of IL-5 (146 pg/ml vs 72 pg/ml; P = 0.04) was decreased in the probiotic-group compared with the placebo-group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This particular combination of probiotic bacteria shows a preventive effect on the incidence of eczema in high-risk children, which seems to be sustained during the first 2 years of life. In addition to previous studies, the preventive effect appears to be established within the first 3 months of life.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelmina Children's' Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Niers
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Martín
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rijkers
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sengers
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Timmerman
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Uden
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Smidt
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kimpen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hoekstra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001644:Bifidobacterium; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004485:Eczema / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007223:Infant; D013294:Lactococcus lactis; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D019936:Probiotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007073:Immunoglobulin E