Akathisia: an updated review focusing on second-generation antipsychotics.
OBJECTIVE
To provide a brief description of the pathophysiology of akathisia, the challenges of diagnosing and treating this condition, and potential associated clinical issues. Also, to provide a review of the literature on the incidence of drug-induced akathisia associated with the use of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs).


METHODS
English-language literature with no date restrictions cited in PubMed was searched for the keywords akathisia, placebo, neuroleptic, or haloperidol, and the generic names of SGAs (clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine, ziprasidone, or aripiprazole).


METHODS
Limits were set to search clinical trials, meta-analyses, or randomized controlled trials reviewing data from adult schizophrenia or bipolar disorder clinical trials. Studies including SGA comparisons with placebo and with FGAs, and also between SGAs themselves, were selected. Studies that specifically assessed akathisia (either subjectively or objectively or both) were included. Studies reporting generalized results pertaining to extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) were excluded.


METHODS
The incidence of akathisia, EPS rating scores, and required medications for the management of movement disorders were reviewed.


RESULTS
Seventy-seven trials were included in the comparative review. Akathisia was observed with the use of all the SGAs. The akathisia incidence reported in bipolar disorder trials was generally higher compared with schizophrenia trials. The incidence reported for FGAs was consistently higher than that reported for SGAs, regardless of the patient population studied.


CONCLUSIONS
Akathisia remains a concern with the use of SGAs. More accurate and standardized evaluations are required for a better understanding of the nature and incidence of akathisia.
Kane
John M
JM
The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Glen Oaks, NY 11004, USA. psychiatry@lij.edu
Fleischhacker
Wolfgang W
WW
Hansen
Lars
L
Perlis
Roy
R
Pikalov
Andrei
A
Assunção-Talbott
Sheila
S
D017109:Akathisia, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents