title: Social class differences in self, attribution, and attention: socially expansive individualism of middle-class Americans.
abstract: Although U.S. culture strongly sanctions the ideal of independence, the specific ways in which independence is realized may be variable depending, among other factors, on social class. Characterized by relative scarcity of social and material resources, working-class (WC) Americans were expected to strongly value self-reliance. In contrast, with choices among abundant resources, middle-class (MC) Americans were expected to value personal control and social expansiveness. In support of this analysis, relative to their WC counterparts, MC Americans reported more support from friends and greater likelihood of giving and receiving advice but less self-reliance (Study 1). Furthermore, we found evidence that this social difference has cognitive consequences: College students with MC backgrounds were more likely than their WC counterparts were to endorse situational attributions for others' behavior (Studies 2a and 2b) as well as to show holistic visual attention (Study 3).
authors.affiliation: Center for Social Concerns, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556-0766, USA. nbowman@nd.edu
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bowman
authors.forename: Shinobu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kitayama
authors.forename: Richard E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Nisbett
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention; D002755:Choice Behavior; D003071:Cognition; D003469:Culture; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D033062:Friends / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007206:Individuality; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D026684:Personal Autonomy; D040841:Resource Allocation; D012649:Self Concept; D020377:Self Efficacy; D012737:Sex Factors; D012923:Social Class; D012944:Social Support; D014481:United States; D014796:Visual Perception; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data