title: Socioeconomic position and cognitive decline using data from two waves: what is the role of the wave 1 cognitive measure?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Analysis of change in health status using data from two waves can be examined either adjusted or unadjusted for baseline health status. The effect of socioeconomic position (SEP) on cognitive change was assessed using both these strategies and the implications of the analyses are discussed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 1261 men and 483 women of the Whitehall II cohort study, aged 50-55 years at wave 1, were used. Cognition was assessed at both waves using a test of verbal memory, and two tests of verbal fluency. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to estimate the effect of SEP on change score and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to estimate this effect adjusted for the baseline cognitive score. The ANCOVA estimates were corrected for bias due to measurement error (estimated based on 3-month test-retest). Finally, ANCOVA estimates were examined for increasing levels of measurement error.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of the ANOVA suggest no effect of SEP on cognitive decline. In contrast, the ANCOVA suggests significantly greater cognitive decline in the lower SEP groups. However, the ANCOVA estimates for the effect of wave 1 cognition show evidence for regression to the mean due to the presence of measurement error. The corrected ANCOVA estimates show no association between SEP and cognitive decline.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from analysis of change using two waves of observational data, when adjusted for baseline, should be interpreted with caution.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U687-IFR69, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bâtiment 15/16, 94807 Villejuif Cedex, France. Archana.Singh-Manoux@inserm.fr
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dugravot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guéguen
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivimaki
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vahtera
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shipley
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh-Manoux
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015982:Bias; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012923:Social Class