title: Genotoxic, cytostatic, antineoplastic and apoptotic effects of newly synthesized antitumour steroidal esters.
abstract: In this study, we have investigated the genotoxic, cytostatic, antineoplastic and apoptotic effects of three newly synthesized modified steroidal esters, having as alkylating agent p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) aminophenyl butyrate (CHL) or p-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl) aminophenyl acetate (PHE) esterified with the steroidal nucleus modified in the B- and D-ring. The genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of the compounds were investigated both in vitro, in lymphocyte cultures obtained from blood samples of healthy donors and in vivo, in ascites cells of P388 leukemia obtained from the peritoneal cavity of DBA/2 mice. Preparations were scored for sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) and proliferation-rate indices (PRI). The newly synthesized compounds were also studied for antineoplastic activity against lymphocytic P388 and lymphoid L1210 leukemias in mice, by calculating the mean of the median survival of the drug-treated animals (T) versus the untreated control (C) (T/C%). The activity of caspase-2 and caspase-3, indicators of apoptosis, was assessed biochemically in primary cultures of human lymphocytes. Our results show that the newly synthesized compounds caused severe genotoxic effects by significantly increasing the frequency of SCE and decreasing the PRI values in cultures of peripheral lymphocytes in vitro and in ascites cells of lymphocytic P388 leukemia in vivo. A significant correlation was also observed in both the in vitro and in vivo experiments: the higher the SCE frequency the lower the PRI value (r=-0.65, P<0.001 and r=-0.99, P<0.01, respectively). The measured antileukemic potency was statistically increased by all test compounds in both types of tumours, while the activity of caspase-2 and caspase-3 showed a statistically significant increase after two periods of exposure. The genotoxic (increase of SCE), cytostatic/cytotoxic (decrease of PRI) and antileukemic effects (increase of T/C%) in combination with the induction of apoptosis (activation of caspase-2 and caspase-3) caused by the newly synthesized compounds, lead us to propose them as agents with potentially antineoplastic properties.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biology and Genetics, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Karapidaki
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bakopoulou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papageorgiou
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Iakovidou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mioglou
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nikolaropoulos
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mourelatos
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lialiaris
mesh_terms: D000738:Androsterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001201:Ascites / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001378:Azasteroids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053143:Caspase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D054697:Cytostatic Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D004952:Esters; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007939:Leukemia L1210 / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D007941:Leukemia P388 / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008811:Mice, Inbred DBA; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012854:Sister Chromatid Exchange / Q000187:drug effects; D013256:Steroids / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: C541693:3-hydroxy-17-acetamidoandrostan-7-one-4-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl acetate; C541692:3-hydroxy-17a-azahomoandrostan-7-one-4-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl acetate; C541691:3-hydroxyandrostan-7,17-dione-4-N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)aminophenyl butyrate; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001378:Azasteroids; D054697:Cytostatic Agents; D004952:Esters; D009588:Nitrogen Mustard Compounds; D013256:Steroids; D000738:Androsterone; D053143:Caspase 2; D053148:Caspase 3