title: Sympathetic nerve stimulation produces spatial heterogeneities of action potential restitution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Restitution kinetics (RK) of action potential duration (APD) are classically studied by applying an extra impulse at varying diastolic intervals (DI) and might differ from RK elicited by sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNRK).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To measure 'Physiological' RK during gradual increases in heart rate caused by sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) and its possible spatial heterogeneities caused by non-uniform innervation of the myocardium.
  
  
  METHODS
  The SNRK was measured from rabbit hearts with intact sympathetic innervation using optical mapping. APD versus DI were plotted from left ventricles during SNS, then with pacing using identical activation interval (AI) sequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AI decreased (444 +/- 18 ms to 284 +/- 9 ms) in 25 s and recovered to baseline on SNS suspension (n = 10). APD versus DI plots were identical for SNS and pacing except that when maximum heart rate was reached, SNS elicited a further APD shortening compared with pacing. During SNS, APDs decreased from 216 +/- 9 ms to 154 +/- 7 ms (29% +/- 2%) at the base and from 206 +/- 12 ms to 158 +/- 7 ms (20% +/- 2%) at the apex. During pacing, APDs at the base decreased from 216 +/- 9 ms to 170 +/- 7 ms (21% +/- 1%, SNS versus pacing: P < .05). In contrast, RK were similar at the apex for SNS and pacing. During SNS, the extra APD shortening at the base was associated with longer segments of RK curves with negative slopes and extra DI prolongation. Perfusion with the I(Ks) inhibitor HMR 1556 (0.5 microM; n = 5) abolished differences in RK between SNS and pacing. Levels of KCNQ1 and tyrosine hydroxylase proteins were greater at the base than apex (n = 4), implying that apex-base distributions for I(Ks) and sympathetic innervation are congruent with SNRK heterogeneities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings shed further insights on heterogeneities of sympathetic nerves, RK, and the role of I(Ks) in cardiac repolarization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Cardiology Group, University of Leicester, UK.
authors.forename: G Andre
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: RajKumar
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mantravadi
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Waldo G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Ortin
authors.forename: Bum-Rak
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Groat
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Salama
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D018780:Body Surface Potential Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002839:Chromans / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D006321:Heart / Q000294:innervation*; D011817:Rabbits; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D002839:Chromans; C420023:HMR 1556; D013449:Sulfonamides