title: Atomic absorption spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy evaluation of concentration of calcium ions and smear layer removal with root canal chelators.
abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concentration of calcium ions and smear layer removal by using root canal chelators according to flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry and scanning electron microscopy. Forty-two human maxillary central incisors were irrigated with 15% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), 10% citric acid, 10% sodium citrate, apple vinegar, 5% acetic acid, 5% malic acid, and sodium hypochlorite. The concentration of calcium ions was measured by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, and smear layer removal was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Mean +/- standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance, Tukey-Kramer, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, and kappa tests were used for statistical analysis. The use of 15% EDTA resulted in the greatest concentration of calcium ions followed by 10% citric acid; 15% EDTA and 10% citric acid were the most efficient solutions for removal of smear layer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Júlio César Emboava
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Spanó
authors.forename: Ricardo Gariba
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Débora Fernandes Costa
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Guedes
authors.forename: Manoel Damião
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Sousa-Neto
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Estrela
authors.forename: Jesus Djalma
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pécora
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis*; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002951:Citrates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019343:Citric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D003722:Dental Alloys; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D004492:Edetic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000187:drug effects; D008293:Malates / Q000494:pharmacology; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009532:Nickel; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D016369:Smear Layer; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000494:pharmacology; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D002614:Chelating Agents; D002951:Citrates; D003722:Dental Alloys; D008293:Malates; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C040654:titanium nickelide; D000077559:Sodium Citrate; D019343:Citric Acid; D009532:Nickel; C030298:malic acid; D004492:Edetic Acid; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite; D019342:Acetic Acid; D002118:Calcium