title: ETS gene fusions in prostate cancer: from discovery to daily clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2005, fusions between the androgen-regulated transmembrane protease serine 2 gene, TMPRSS2, and E twenty-six (ETS) transcription factors were discovered in prostate cancer.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To review advances in our understanding of ETS gene fusions, focusing on challenges affecting translation to clinical application.
  
  
  METHODS
  The PubMed database was searched for reports on ETS fusions in prostate cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Since the discovery of ETS fusions, novel 5' and 3' fusion partners and multiple splice isoforms have been reported. The most common fusion, TMPRSS2:ERG, is present in approximately 50% of prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-screened localized prostate cancers and in 15-35% of population-based cohorts. ETS fusions can be detected noninvasively in the urine of men with prostate cancer, with a specificity rate in PSA-screened cohorts of >90%. Reports from untreated population-based cohorts suggest an association between ETS fusions and cancer-specific death and metastatic spread. In retrospective prostatectomy cohorts, conflicting results have been published regarding associations between ETS fusions and cancer aggressiveness. In addition to serving as a potential biomarker, tissue and functional studies suggest a specific role for ETS fusions in the transition to carcinoma. Finally, recent results suggest that the 5' and 3' ends of ETS fusions as well as downstream targets may be targeted therapeutically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recent studies suggest that the first clinical applications of ETS fusions are likely to be in noninvasive detection of prostate cancer and in aiding with difficult diagnostic cases. Additional studies are needed to clarify the association between gene fusions and cancer aggressiveness, particularly those studies that take into account the multifocal and heterogeneous nature of localized prostate cancer. Multiple promising strategies have been identified to potentially target ETS fusions. Together, these results suggest that ETS fusions will affect multiple aspects of prostate cancer diagnosis and management.
authors.affiliation: Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. tomlinss@med.umich.edu
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Tomlins
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bjartell
authors.forename: Arul M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Chinnaiyan
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jenster
authors.forename: Robert K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Mark A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Rubin
authors.forename: Jack A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Schalken
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D050596:Oncogene Fusion; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D050783:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets