title: Extended treatment of older cigarette smokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tobacco dependence treatments achieve abstinence rates of 25-30% at 1 year. Low rates may reflect failure to conceptualize tobacco dependence as a chronic disorder. The aims of the present study were to determine the efficacy of extended cognitive behavioral and pharmacological interventions in smokers > or = 50 years of age, and to determine if gender differences in efficacy existed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Open randomized clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  A free-standing, smoking treatment research clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 402 smokers of > or = 10 cigarettes per day, all 50 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a 12-week treatment that included group counseling, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and bupropion. Participants, independent of smoking status, were then assigned randomly to follow-up conditions: (i) standard treatment (ST; no further treatment); (ii) extended NRT (E-NRT; 40 weeks of nicotine gum availability); (iii) extended cognitive behavioral therapy (E-CBT; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions over a 40-week period); or (iv) E-CBT plus E-NRT (E-combined; 11 cognitive behavioral sessions plus 40 weeks nicotine gum availability).
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary outcome variable was 7-day point prevalence cigarette abstinence verified biochemically at weeks 24, 52, 64 and 104.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most clinically important findings were significant main effects for treatment condition, time and the treatment x time interaction. The E-CBT condition produced high cigarette abstinence rates that were maintained throughout the 2-year study period [(week 24 (58%), 52 (55%), 64 (55%) and 104 (55%)], and was significantly more effective than E-NRT and ST across that period. No other treatment condition was significantly different to ST. No effects for gender were found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extended cognitive behavioral treatments can produce high and stable cigarette abstinence rates for both men and women. NRT does not add to the efficacy of extended CBT, and may hamper its efficacy. Research is needed to determine if these results can be replicated in a sample with a greater range of ages, and improved upon with the addition of medications other than NRT.
authors.affiliation: University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0984, USA. shall@lppi.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Sharon M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Gary L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Humfleet
authors.forename: Ricardo F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Muñoz
authors.forename: Victor I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Reus
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Judith J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Prochaska
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016642:Bupropion / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D013997:Time Factors; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D016642:Bupropion; D009538:Nicotine