title: Single injection of a low dose of pentylenetetrazole leads to epileptogenesis in an animal model of cortical dysplasia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cortical dysplasia (CD) is one of the most frequent causes of pharmacoresistent focal epilepsy. Despite significant advances in various diagnostic and therapeutic methods, the basic mechanisms of higher susceptibility for seizures in patients with CD are unknown. Animal models of CD present with a lower threshold for seizure induction. The purpose of this study is to further characterize the animal model of in utero radiation-induced CD and to illustrate the effect of a late postnatal second hit (low dose of pentylenetetrazole, PTZ) on the development of spontaneous seizures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were irradiated on E17 (145 cGy; control group was left untreated). Litters were implanted with bifrontal epidural and hippocampal depth electrodes. After baseline electroencephalography (EEG) recording, animals received 30 mg/kg PTZ and were chronically monitored. Histopathology of the brains was verified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No seizures were detected in animals that did not receive PTZ. PTZ-injected irradiated (XRT) rats showed severe prolonged, repetitive seizures during the acute period. During the chronic period, XRT rats had recurrent seizures and epileptiform spikes. PTZ-injected control animals exhibited milder and fewer acute seizures and did not show seizures during the chronic period. Histology was consistent with cortical and hippocampal dysplasia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that a single treatment with a low dose of PTZ renders XRT rats (but not age-matched controls) epileptic, exhibiting spontaneous epileptiform spikes and seizures on EEG. These results might mirror the natural history of patients with CD thought to be caused by prenatal/congenital or perinatal insults.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Epilepsy Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Roger O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Oghlakian
authors.forename: Cristiane Q
authors.initials: CQ
authors.lastname: Tilelli
authors.forename: Girish K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Hiremath
authors.forename: Andreas V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Alexopoulos
authors.forename: Imad M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Najm
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003292:Convulsants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D054220:Malformations of Cortical Development / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011827:Radiation; D011833:Radiation Injuries, Experimental / Q000150:complications; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003292:Convulsants; D010433:Pentylenetetrazole