title: Assessment of pancreatic hardness-surgeon versus durometer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study reports the first results of durometrically measured hardness of human pancreas and investigates its correlation to palpatory determined hardness, grade of pancreatic fibrosis, and preoperatively determined radiodensity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients with pancreatic resections were prospectively recruited. Hardness of samples from pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and normal pancreas was measured using a durometer on a 0-100 Shore units (SU) scale. Three pancreatic surgeons palpated the pancreas and reported their assessment of hardness on a subjective 0-100 "Bochum units" (BU) scale. Radiodensity and fibrosis of pancreatic tissue were used for comparison.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pancreatic hardness differed significantly in normal pancreas, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer; 30 SU, 51 SU, and 65.8 SU, respectively. Palpatory hardness of normal pancreas was 20 BU and of pancreatitis 60 BU. It correlated well to durometric readings: r(2)=0.56, P<0.00001. Fibrosis grade and radiodensity correlated neither to durometry nor to palpation. Pancreatic leak developed 4/20 (20%) patients with normal pancreas vs. 1/32 (3.1%) with chronic pancreatitis in the resection margin, P<0.05.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Palpatory assessment of pancreatic hardness performed by experienced surgeons correlated well to durometric measurements and remains the method of choice for intraoperative decision making. Durometry was more precise and should be considered in studies on pancreatic texture and for teaching purposes. Hardness and fibrosis grade appeared to be independent characteristics of pancreatic texture.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
authors.forename: Orlin
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Belyaev
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Herden
authors.forename: Juris J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Christophe A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: Matthias H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Seelig
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tannapfel
authors.forename: Wolfgang E
authors.initials: WE
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Waldemar
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Uhl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D010179:Pancreas / Q000473:pathology*; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies