title: Cost of treating otitis media in Australia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Otitis media (OM) is an inflammation of the middle ear. It is very common and associated with serious complications, including hearing loss. This study aimed to estimate the treatment costs of OM in Australia and the associated burden of disease (in disability-adjusted life-years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Little Australia-wide epidemiological information is available, so international studies in the main were used to estimate the incidence and prevalence by age and gender. These were triangulated against the available Australian data. Australian health data sets and data collected from the emergency department of a tertiary pediatric hospital were used to estimate the costs of primary care, pharmaceuticals, pathology and imaging, emergency department presentations, specialists, and admitted hospital care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Excluding the costs of the complications and comorbidities associated with OM, treatment costs for the disease in 2008 were between AUS$100 and 400 million. Visits to general practitioners and medicines constituted a high proportion of these costs. Antibiotic prescribing rates remain high despite clear evidence for a limited benefit from antibiotics for most OM cases and concerns regarding bacterial resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment costs of OM in Australia are high and can only be estimated within a broad range. Further research on the links between antibiotics for OM and antibiotic resistance, and on the cost-effectiveness of prevention or amelioration of OM would be useful.
authors.affiliation: Access Economics, Suite 905, Level 9, 343 Little Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. penny.taylor@accesseconomics.com.au
authors.forename: Penelope S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Faeth
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Chris B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Del Mar
authors.forename: Susan A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Skull
authors.forename: M Lynne
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Pezzullo
authors.forename: Susan M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Havyatt
authors.forename: Harvey L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Coates
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D005260:Female; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult