title: A critical appraisal of open- and closed-chest models of experimental myocardial ischemia.
abstract: Myocardial ischemia is one of the most extensively studied topics in modern cardiovascular research. Early investigators first reported experimental myocardial ischemia (EMI) in 1862. The open-chest (surgical) approach is a well-developed model of EMI that enables researchers to directly access and observe the heart. With this approach, EMI is generally induced by surgical ligation of a coronary artery. A drawback of the open-chest model is the need for major surgery, which can result in local and systemic side effects. Alternative closed-chest models of EMI have been developed; most of these models involve endovascular catheterization with coronary artery embolization or thrombosis. Closed-chest techniques eliminate the need for invasive surgery, and the resultant model is more physiologically similar to clinical myocardial ischemia than is EMI produced by artery ligation. The authors present a review of open- and closed-chest models of EMI and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Patras, School of Medicine, Rion, Greece.
authors.forename: Sofoklis
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mitsos
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Katsanos
authors.forename: Eftichia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Dougeni
authors.forename: Efstratios N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Koletsis
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dougenis
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000830:Animals, Laboratory; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000601:surgery; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004617:Embolism; D008026:Ligation; D008863:Microspheres; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*