title: Long-term implantation of deep brain stimulation electrodes in the pontine micturition centre of the Göttingen minipig.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To implant deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes in the porcine pontine micturition centre (PMC) in order to establish a large animal model of PMC-DBS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain stems from four Göttingen minipigs were sectioned coronally into 40-mum-thick histological sections and stained with Nissl, auto-metallographic myelin stain, tyrosine hydroxylase and corticotrophin-releasing factor immunohistochemistry in order to identify the porcine PMC. DBS electrodes were then stereotaxically implanted on the right side into the PMC in four Göttingen minipigs, and the bladder response to electrical stimulation was evaluated by subsequent cystometry performed immediately after the operation and several weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A paired CRF-dense area homologous to the PMC in other species was encountered in the rostral pontine tegmentum medial to the locus coeruleus and ventral to the floor of the fourth ventricle. Electrical stimulation of the CRF-dense area resulted in an increased detrusor pressure followed by visible voiding in some instances. The pigs were allowed to survive between 14 and 55 days, and electrical stimulation resulting in an increased detrusor pressure was performed on more than one occasion without affecting consciousness or general thriving. None of the pigs developed postoperative infections or died prematurely.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DBS electrodes can be implanted for several weeks in the identified CRF-dense area resulting in a useful large animal model for basic research on micturition and the future clinical use of this treatment modality in neurogenic supra-pontine voiding disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
authors.forename: Kristian N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Dorthe
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Deding
authors.forename: Jens Christian
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Carsten R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Bjarkam
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017776:Autonomic Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D004396:Coloring Agents; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D023421:Models, Animal; D011149:Pons / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D034421:Sus scrofa / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D013995:Time; D013997:Time Factors; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D001750:Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic / Q000628:therapy; D014554:Urination / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D014446:Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase