title: Prevalence of skeletal complications and their impact on survival of hormone refractory prostate cancer patients in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Skeletal complications are a crucial factor in the quality of life and the prognosis of patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC); however, their true prevalence and impact on the prognosis remain largely unknown. In this study, we retrospectively investigated the prevalence of skeletal complications and survival of HRPC patients in a single Japanese institute.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1990 to 2004, 151 patients with prostate cancer were estimated to have HRPC after androgen ablation therapy in a single institute. The medical records of the patients were reviewed for documentation of skeletal complications, and overall survival was calculated from the diagnosis of HRPC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the diagnosis of HRPC, bone metastases and bone pain were observed in 83.8% and 44.7% of patients, respectively. During follow-up, 80.0% and 14.2% of patients experienced bone pain and bone fracture, respectively. Moreover, 74.2% and 43.9% of the patients received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids for bone pain, respectively, and 50.9% of the patients underwent radiotherapy for palliative pain control. A high score on the extent of disease observed on the bone scan and the presence of bone pain at the diagnosis of HRPC were independent prognostic factors on multivariate analysis (hazard ratio = 1.753 and 2.118, P = .033 and .007, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite a small number of subjects, our retrospective survey demonstrated the high prevalence and mortality rate of skeletal complications in Japanese HRPC patients. Patients with bone pain at the diagnosis of HRPC had significantly poorer prognosis than those without.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
authors.forename: Takamitsu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Segawa
authors.forename: Tomomi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamba
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yoshimura
authors.forename: Eijiro
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakamura
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Noriyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ito
authors.forename: Toshiyuki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kamoto
authors.forename: Tomonori
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Habuchi
authors.forename: Osamu
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ogawa
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000556:secondary*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D005598:Fractures, Spontaneous / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D011859:Radiography; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen