title: Anti-malarial prescriptions in three health care facilities after the emergence of chloroquine resistance in Niakhar, Senegal (1992-2004).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the rural zone of Niakhar in Senegal, the first therapeutic failures for chloroquine (CQ) were observed in 1992. In 2003, the national policy regarding first-line treatment of uncomplicated malaria was modified, replacing CQ by a transitory bi-therapy amodiaquine/sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (AQ/SP), before the implementation of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in 2006. The aims of the study were to assess the evolution of anti-malarial prescriptions in three health care facilities between 1992 and 2004, in parallel with increasing CQ resistance in the region.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted in the area of Niakhar, a demographic surveillance site located in a sahelo-sudanese region of Senegal, with mesoendemic and seasonal malaria transmission. Health records of two public health centres and a private catholic dispensary were collected retrospectively to cover the period 1992-2004.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Records included 110,093 consultations and 292,965 prescribed treatments. Twenty-five percent of treatments were anti-malarials, prescribed to 49% of patients. They were delivered all year long, but especially during the rainy season, and 20% of patients with no clinical malaria diagnosis received anti-malarials. Chloroquine and quinine represented respectively 55.7% and 34.6% of prescribed anti-malarials. Overall, chloroquine prescriptions rose from 1992 to 2000, in parallel with clinical malaria; then the CQ prescription rate decreased from 2000 and was concomitant with the rise of SP and the persistence of quinine use. AQ and SP were mainly used as bi-therapy after 2003, at the time of national treatment policy change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show the overall level of anti-malarial prescription in the study area for a considerable number of patients over a large period of time. Even though resistance to CQ rapidly increased from 1992 to 2001, no change in CQ prescription was observed until the early 2000s, possibly due to the absence of an obvious decrease in CQ effectiveness, a lack of therapeutic options or a blind follow-up of national guidelines.
authors.affiliation: Unité de recherche Santé de la mère et de l'enfant en milieu tropical, IRD UR010, Université Paris Descartes, 4 av de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris cedex 06, France. munier_aline@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Aline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munier
authors.forename: Aldiouma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Diallo
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cot
authors.forename: Ousmane
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ndiaye
authors.forename: Pascal
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Arduin
authors.forename: Jean-Philippe
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Chippaux
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D012621:Seasons; D012675:Senegal; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine