title: A psychometric evaluation of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder criteria: age and sex moderation of criterion functioning.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite its importance as a paradigmatic personality disorder, little is known about the measurement invariance of the DSM-IV borderline personality disorder (BPD) criteria; that is, whether the criteria assess the disorder equivalently across different groups.
  
  
  METHODS
  BPD criteria were evaluated at interview in 2794 young adult Norwegian twins. Analyses, based on item-response modeling, were conducted to test for differential age and sex moderation of the individual BPD criteria characteristics given factor-level covariate effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Confirmatory factor analytic results supported a unidimensional structure for the nine BPD criteria. Compared to males, females had a higher BPD factor mean, larger factor variance and there was a significant age by sex interaction on the factor mean. Strong differential sex and age by sex interaction effects were found for the 'impulsivity' criterion factor loading and threshold. Impulsivity related to the BPD factor poorly in young females but improved significantly in older females. Males reported more impulsivity compared to females and this difference increased with age. The 'affective instability' threshold was also moderated, with males reporting less than expected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest the DSM-IV BPD 'impulsivity' and 'affective instability' criteria function differentially with respect to age and sex, with impulsivity being especially problematic. If verified, these findings have important implications for the interpretation of prior research with these criteria. These non-invariant age and sex effects may be identifying criteria-level expression features relevant to BPD nosology and etiology. Criterion functioning assessed using modern psychometric methods should be considered in the development of DSM-V.
authors.affiliation: Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0126, USA. saggen@vcu.edu
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Aggen
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Neale
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Røysamb
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Reichborn-Kjennerud
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Kendler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000342:Affective Symptoms / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D000367:Age Factors; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004200:Diseases in Twins / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D009664:Norway; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D012917:Social Adjustment