National guidelines for psychological care in diabetes: how mindful have we been?
OBJECTIVE
To assess the availability and types of psychological services for people with diabetes in the UK, compliance with national guidelines and skills of the diabetes team in, and attitudes towards, psychological aspects of diabetes management.


METHODS
Postal questionnaires to team leads (doctor and nurse) of all UK diabetes centres (n = 464) followed by semi-structured telephone interviews of expert providers of psychological services identified by team leads.


RESULTS
Two hundred and sixty-seven centres (58%) returned postal questionnaires; 66 (25%) identified a named expert provider of psychological services, of whom 53 (80%) were interviewed by telephone. Less than one-third (n = 84) of responding centres had access to specialist psychological services and availability varied across the four UK nations (P = 0.02). Over two-thirds (n = 182) of centres had not implemented the majority of national guidelines and only 2.6% met all guidelines. Psychological input into teams was associated with improved training in psychological issues for team members (P < 0.001), perception of better skills in managing more complex psychological issues (P < or = 0.01) and increased likelihood of having psychological care pathways (P < or = 0.05). Most (81%) expert providers interviewed by telephone were under-resourced to meet the psychological needs of their population.


CONCLUSIONS
Expert psychological support is not available to the majority of diabetes centres and significant geographical variation indicates inequity of service provision. Only a minority of centres meet national guidelines. Skills and services within diabetes teams vary widely and are positively influenced by the presence of expert providers of psychological care. Lack of resources are a barrier to service provision.
Nicholson
T R J
TR
Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 9RJ, UK.
Taylor
J-P
JP
Gosden
C
C
Trigwell
P
P
Ismail
K
K
D003376:Counseling / Q000458:organization & administration; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003695:Delivery of Health Care; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires