title: Long-term risk of mortality and acute kidney injury during hospitalization after major surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between long-term mortality and acute kidney injury (AKI) during hospitalization after major surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  AKI is associated with a risk of short-term mortality that is proportional to its severity; however the long-term survival of patients with AKI is poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a retrospective cohort study of 10,518 patients with no history of chronic kidney disease who were discharged after a major surgery between 1992 and 2002. AKI was defined by the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss, and End-stage Kidney) classification, which requires at least a 50% increase in serum creatinine (sCr) and stratifies patients into 3 severity stages: risk, injury, and failure. Patient survival was determined through the National Social Security Death Index. Long-term survival was analyzed using a risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the risk-adjusted model, survival was worse among patients with AKI and was proportional to its severity with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.29) for the RIFLE-Risk class and 1.57 (95% CI, 1.40-1.75) for the RIFLE-Failure class, compared with patients without AKI (P < 0.001). Patients with complete renal recovery after AKI still had an increased adjusted hazard ratio for death of 1.20 (95% CI, 1.10-1.31) compared with patients without AKI (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a large single-center cohort of patients discharged after major surgery, AKI with even small changes in sCr level during hospitalization was associated with an independent long-term risk of death.
authors.affiliation: Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0254, USA. abihorac@anest.ufl.edu
authors.forename: Azra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bihorac
authors.forename: Sinan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yavas
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Subbiah
authors.forename: Charles E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Hobson
authors.forename: Jesse D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schold
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gabrielli
authors.forename: A Joseph
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Layon
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Segal
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D003404:Creatinine