title: Association of smoking status, weight change, and incident metabolic syndrome in men: a 3-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the incidence of the metabolic syndrome and assessed the effect of smoking status and weight change on incident metabolic syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study included 4,542 men without metabolic syndrome at baseline who were followed for an average of 3 years. Subjects were divided into four categories according to smoking status at baseline and at the 3-year follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall incidence of metabolic syndrome was 10.6%: 8.0% in nonsmokers, 7.1% in new smokers, 17.1% in ex-smokers, and 13.9% in sustained smokers (P < 0.001). In a multivariate regression model, ex-smokers had significantly increased odds for incident metabolic syndrome with a mean 1.45 (95% CI 1.06-1.98) compared with sustained smokers. This was no longer significant after including weight change.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking cessation within 3 years may be a higher risk factor for incident metabolic syndrome than sustained smoking, indicating that weight control in ex-smokers is critical to attenuate the additional risk for incident metabolic syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea. bjjake.kim@samsung.com
authors.forename: Byung Jin
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Bum Soo
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Ki Chul
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Sung
authors.forename: Jin Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Man Ho
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jung Ro
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*