title: Non-conventional markers of atherosclerosis before and after gastric banding surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and elevation of traditional and non-traditional risk markers. As bariatric surgery reduces overweight and improves metabolic derangement, we examined a cluster of established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors, such as soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)), which might improve prediction of future cardiovascular events because of their more direct involvement in plaque destabilization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Obese patients [n = 32, body mass index (BMI) 46.1 +/- 5.9 kg/m(2)] underwent clinical examinations and blood sampling for measurement of glucose and lipid parameters as well as non-traditional cardiovascular risk markers, i.e. high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), soluble cellular adhesion molecules (CAM), MMP-2, MMP-9, CD40L, and Lp-PLA(2) before and after 1 year following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB), respectively. In patients undergoing LAGB, blood pressure (P < 0.0001) and blood glucose (P = 0.02) were significantly lowered by approximately 16% as well as triglyceride levels by approximately 29% (P = 0.002). In addition to a decrease of the inflammatory and pro-thrombotic marker PAI-1 (P = 0.001), CAMs, and MMP-9 (P = 0.004) were reduced, whereas no change was observed for plasma levels of MMP-2, sCD40L, and Lp-PLA(2) after LAGB, respectively. Individual changes in (ICAM-1) intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (DeltaICAM-1) were related to changes in insulin (Deltafasting insulin) before and after LAGB (r = 0.36 and r = 0.38; both P = 0.04). E-selectin correlated positively with changes in BMI (r = 0.38; P = 0.04 and r = 0.36; P = 0.05), while Lp-PLA(2) concentration was negatively correlated with BMI (r =-0.41; P = 0.02) after 1 year. Changes were comparable in both overweight diabetic and non-diabetic subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LAGB not only induced weight loss but also an improvement in the subclinical pro-inflammatory state. However, concentrations of most of the non-traditional risk factors for plaque instability, i.e. MMP-9, sCD40L, and Lp-PLA(2) remained unchanged.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Medical Department, Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Wilhelminenhospital, Montleartstrasse 37, Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Hanusch-Enserer
authors.forename: Gerlinde
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: Johann
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wojta
authors.forename: Christoph W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Kopp
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Prager
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Koenig
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schillinger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roden
authors.forename: Kurt
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Huber
mesh_terms: D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase / Q000097:blood*; D000328:Adult; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D050110:Bariatric Surgery; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D015992:Body Mass Index; D023201:CD40 Ligand / Q000097:blood*; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000097:blood* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D015815:Cell Adhesion Molecules; D023201:CD40 Ligand; D043203:1-Alkyl-2-acetylglycerophosphocholine Esterase