title: Cyanidin-3-glucoside reverses ethanol-induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth: role of glycogen synthase kinase 3 Beta.
abstract: Ethanol is a potent teratogen for the developing central nervous system (CNS), and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is the most common nonhereditary cause of mental retardation. Ethanol disrupts neuronal differentiation and maturation. It is important to identify agents that provide neuroprotection against ethanol neurotoxicity. Using an in vitro neuronal model, mouse Neuro2a (N2a) neuroblastoma cells, we demonstrated that ethanol inhibited neurite outgrowth and the expression of neurofilament (NF) proteins. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta), a multifunctional serine/threonine kinase negatively regulated neurite outgrowth of N2a cells; inhibiting GSK3beta activity by retinoic acid (RA) and lithium induced neurite outgrowth, while over-expression of a constitutively active S9A GSK3beta mutant prevented neurite outgrowth. Ethanol inhibited neurite outgrowth by activating GSK3beta through the dephosphorylation of GSK3beta at serine 9. Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G), a member of the anthocyanin family rich in many edible berries and other pigmented fruits, enhanced neurite outgrowth by promoting p-GSK3beta(Ser9). More importantly, C3G reversed ethanol-mediated activation of GSK3beta and inhibition of neurite outgrowth as well as the expression of NF proteins. C3G also blocked ethanol-induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the antioxidant effect of C3G appeared minimally involved in its protection. Our study provides a potential avenue for preventing or ameliorating ethanol-induced damage to the developing CNS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 124C Combs Research Building, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Bower
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Xianglin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Zun-Ji
authors.initials: ZJ
authors.lastname: Ke
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luo
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000872:Anthocyanins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D019070:Cell Lineage; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D000431:Ethanol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D005960:Glucosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D016501:Neurites / Q000187:drug effects*; D009447:Neuroblastoma; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods; D014212:Tretinoin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000872:Anthocyanins; D000975:Antioxidants; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005960:Glucosides; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C462279:cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside; D000431:Ethanol; D014212:Tretinoin; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; C000605507:Gsk3b protein, mouse; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3; D018021:Lithium Chloride