title: Occupational exposure of UK adults to extremely low frequency magnetic fields.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Occupational exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) in the UK general population is poorly documented.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess levels of occupational exposure to ELF MF in the UK and evaluate the use of a rigid job-exposure matrix (JEM) to assign exposures to subjects in the UK Adult Brain Tumour Study (UKABTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal ELF MF measurements were carried out. Exposure traces were divided into occupational, travel and elsewhere periods, under differing exposure metrics. Exposure was classified by Standard Occupational Classification (2000), Standard Industrial Classification (1997), and a combined occupation-industry classification. Statistical analyses (mixed effects model) determined the contribution of occupational exposure to the 24 h cumulative exposure and the contribution of occupation and industry to total variance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Data were obtained from 317 individuals, comprising UKABTS subjects (n = 192), occupational proxies for UKABTS subjects (n = 101) and "interest" readings (n = 24). 236 individuals provided occupational data covering 117 different occupations. Average exposure was significantly higher at work than at home. Elevated average occupational exposure was found for welding trades, printers, telephonists and filing and other records assistants. The discrimination of a rigid JEM based on occupation can be improved by linking the classification with industry and by the use of contextual information.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This report substantially expands information on adult exposure to ELF MF in the UK. The accuracy of exposure assessments based solely on job codes is improved by linking with either industry code or contextual knowledge of equipment and of power lines or substations in the work environment.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Protection Division, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Health Protection Agency, Chilton, Didcot, UK. Terry.Mee@hpa.org.uk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mee
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Whatmough
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Broad
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maslanyj
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Muir
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: McKinney
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Tongeren
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D062665:Epidemiological Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009381:Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000032:analysis*; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D014195:Travel