title: Brain metastasis development and poor survival associated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Central nervous system is a common site of metastasis in NSCLC and confers worse prognosis and quality of life. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of clinical-pathological factors (CPF), serum CEA levels, and EGFR and HER2 tissue-expression in brain metastasis (BM) and overall survival (OS) in patients with advanced NSCLC.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective manner, we studied 293 patients with NSCLC in IIIB-IV clinical stage. They received standard chemotherapy. CEA was measured prior to treatment; EGFR and HER2 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. BM development was confirmed by MRI in symptomatic patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  BM developed in 27, and 32% of patients at 1 and 2 years of diagnosis with adenocarcinoma (RR 5.2; 95% CI, 1.002-29; p = 0.05) and CEA > or = 40 ng/mL (RR 11.4; 95% CI, 1.7-74; p < 0.01) as independent associated factors. EGFR and HER2 were not statistically significant. Masculine gender (RR 1.4; 95% CI, 1.002-1.9; p = 0.048), poor performance status (RR 1.8; 95% CI, 1.5-2.3; p = 0.002), advanced clinical stage (RR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.02-2; p = 0.04), CEA > or = 40 ng/mL (RR 1.5; 95% CI, 1.09-2.2; p = 0.014) and EGFR expression (RR 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9; p = 0.012) were independent associated factors to worse OS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High CEA serum level is a risk factor for BM development and is associated with poor prognosis in patients with advanced NSCLC. Surface expression of CEA in tumor cells could be the physiopathological mechanism for invasion to CNS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico. ogar@servidor.unam.mx
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arrieta
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Saavedra-Perez
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuri
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aviles-Salas
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mendoza-Posada
authors.forename: Patricia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Castillo
authors.forename: Alma
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astorga
authors.forename: Enrique
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De la Garza
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000556:secondary*; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000097:blood*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008163:Luminescent Measurements / Q000379:methods; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases