title: Effects of repeated applications of fungicide carbendazim on its persistence and microbial community in soil.
abstract: Carbendazim, a systemic benzimidazole fungicide, is applied repeatedly to control plant diseases including soilborne diseases, over a growing season. Studies were carried out under laboratory conditions to assess the effects of repeated carbendazim applications on its persistence and microbial community in soil. The results indicate that dissipation of carbendazim in soil was accelerated with its application frequency. The degradation rate constant of carbendazim was increased significantly from 0.074 d(-1) to 0.79 d(-1). The corresponding half-life was shorten markedly from 9.3 d to 0.9 d after four repeated applications. No significant inhibitory effect of carbendazim on soil microbial utilization of the carbon sources was observed after first treatment, but a slight increase in average well color development (AWCD) was shown after second, third, and fourth applications. It suggested that soil microorganisms become adapted to carbendazim after repeated application. Simpson and Shannon indexes of soil microbial community from carbendazim treated soil were also similar to those from the control soil, indicating that the richness and dominant character of soil microorganisms remain unchangeable after repeated application. However, after first, second, and third addition of carbendazim, McIntosh indexes on day 21 were significantly higher compared with the control, suggesting that balance of soil microorganisms was altered due to the enrichment of the specific carbendazim-adapting strains in soil.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China. ylyu@zju.edu.cn
authors.forename: Yunlong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Xiaoqiang
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chu
authors.forename: Guohui
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Yueqin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Xiang
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental / Q000187:drug effects; D044822:Biodiversity; D002219:Carbamates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012988:Soil Microbiology
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002219:Carbamates; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; C006698:carbendazim