title: Immunization with a DNA vaccine of testis-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger by oral feeding or nasal instillation reduces fertility in female mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effect of immunization with a DNA vaccine of testis-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger (tsNHE) via oral feeding or nasal instillation on fertility in female mice and to look at its potential mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, research study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Institution-affiliated research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sexual mature BALB/c mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Female mice immunized orally or nasally with the DNA vaccine at 2-week' intervals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Number of newborns and fertility rate of the vaccinated female mice were scored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified a novel testis-specific sodium-hydrogen exchanger, tsNHE, which is localized to the principal piece of sperm flagellum. Immunization of female mice with the tsNHE DNA vaccine via oral feeding or nasal instillation statistically significantly decreased fertility rate and the newborn numbers compared with the controls. The antiserum or vaginal fluid from the tsNHE cDNA vaccinated female mice could specifically recognize the principal piece of sperm tail and triggered sperm agglutination. The antibodies also showed a statistically significant inhibitory effect on in vitro sperm motility and fertilization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sodium-hydrogen exchanger might be an excellent target molecule for developing a new contraceptive.
authors.affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Tao
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jun-Cheng
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Cui-Ling
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Jun-Ling
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Zhao-Yuan
authors.initials: ZY
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yi-Xun
authors.initials: YX
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000917:Antibody Formation; D003270:Contraceptive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D056724:Immunity, Humoral; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D007115:Immunization Schedule; D007322:Instillation, Drug; D008098:Litter Size / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000276:immunology*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000276:immunology*; D013737:Testis / Q000276:immunology*; D014162:Transfection; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D003270:Contraceptive Agents; C480499:Slc9c1 protein, mouse; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D019444:Vaccines, DNA