title: Effect of deviation of nuchal translucency measurements on the performance of screening for trisomy 21.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effect of deviations in median nuchal translucency thickness (NT) and the spread in measurements on the performance of screening for trisomy 21 by maternal age and fetal NT, and by maternal age, fetal NT and maternal serum biochemistry.
  
  
  METHODS
  We simulated the NT and multiples of the median values for pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) for 500 000 euploid and 500 000 trisomy 21 pregnancies at 12 weeks of gestation. Detection rates for trisomy 21 and false-positive rates were calculated without adjustments in NT and by adding or subtracting values ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 mm to each observed measurement. In addition, the effects of variation in the scatter of NT measurements were examined by applying a multiplicative factor ranging from 0.5 to 2 to the SD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The detection rate of trisomy 21 for a fixed false-positive rate of 3% in screening by maternal age and fetal NT was 72%, and in screening by maternal age, fetal NT and serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A it was 86%. A consistent underestimate or overestimate in the measured NT reduced the detection rate of trisomy 21 for a fixed-false positive rate. At a fixed screen-positive cut-off an underestimate in fetal NT reduced the detection rate whereas an overestimate in NT increased the false-positive rate. A widening in the scatter of measurements had only a small impact on the detection rate but it caused a major increase in the false-positive rate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High performance of screening necessitates appropriate measurement of fetal NT. This paper demonstrates the effect of deviations in the median and SD of NT from the expected on the performance of screening and can form the basis of audit of results of individual sonographers.
authors.affiliation: Harris Birthright Research Centre for Fetal Medicine, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
authors.forename: K O
authors.initials: KO
authors.lastname: Kagan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Etchegaray
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: K H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Nicolaides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human / Q000097:blood*; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008423:Maternal Age; D048208:Nuchal Translucency Measurement / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A / Q000378:metabolism; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D018997:Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human; D011266:Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A