title: Silybin, a component of sylimarin, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrogenic effects on human hepatic stellate cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hepatic fibrogenesis, a consequence of chronic liver tissue damage, is characterized by activation of the hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Silybin has been shown to exert anti-fibrogenic effects in animal models. However, scant information is available on the fine cellular and molecular events responsible for this effect. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms regulating the anti-fibrogenic and anti-inflammatory activity of Silybin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed on HSC isolated from human liver and activated by culture on plastic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silybin was able to inhibit dose-dependently (25-50 microM) growth factor-induced pro-fibrogenic actions of activated human HSC, including cell proliferation (P < 0.001), cell motility (P < 0.001), and de novo synthesis of extracellular matrix components (P < 0.05). Silybin (25-50 microM), inhibited the IL-1-induced synthesis of MCP-1 (P < 0.01) and IL-8 (P < 0.01) showing a potent anti-inflammatory activity. Silybin exerts its effects by directly inhibiting the ERK, MEK and Raf phosphorylation, reducing the activation of NHE1 (Na+/H+ exchanger, P < 0.05) and the IkBalpha phosphorylation. In addition, Silybin was confirmed to act as a potent anti-oxidant agent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study provide molecular insights into the potential therapeutic action of Silybin in chronic liver disease. This action seems to be mostly related to a marked inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, a clear anti-oxidant effect and a reduction of the direct and indirect pro-fibrogenic potential of HSC.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Viale G.B. Morgagni, 85, 50134 Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trappoliere
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Caligiuri
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schmid
authors.forename: Cristiana
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bertolani
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Failli
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vizzutti
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Novo
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: di Manzano
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marra
authors.forename: Carmela
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Loguercio
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pinzani
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077214:Becaplermin; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008954:Models, Biological; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000494:pharmacology; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D000077385:Silybin; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000975:Antioxidants; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; C508606:CXCL8 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D024042:Collagen Type I; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; C000606204:NFKBIA protein, human; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; D020574:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D012838:Silymarin; D000072000:NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha; D000077214:Becaplermin; D000077385:Silybin; D004247:DNA; C522361:MMP2 protein, human; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D002118:Calcium