title: Mouse H6 Homeobox 1 (Hmx1) mutations cause cranial abnormalities and reduced body mass.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The H6 homeobox genes Hmx1, Hmx2, and Hmx3 (also known as Nkx5-3; Nkx5-2 and Nkx5-1, respectively), compose a family within the NKL subclass of the ANTP class of homeobox genes. Hmx gene family expression is mostly limited to sensory organs, branchial (pharyngeal) arches, and the rostral part of the central nervous system. Targeted mutation of either Hmx2 or Hmx3 in mice disrupts the vestibular system. These tandemly duplicated genes have functional overlap as indicated by the loss of the entire vestibular system in double mutants. Mutants have not been described for Hmx1, the most divergent of the family.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dumbo (dmbo) is a semi-lethal mouse mutation that was recovered in a forward genetic mutagenesis screen. Mutants exhibit enlarged ear pinnae with a distinctive ventrolateral shift. Here, we report on the basis of this phenotype and other abnormalities in the mutant, and identify the causative mutation as being an allele of Hmx1. Examination of dumbo skulls revealed only subtle changes in cranial bone morphology, namely hyperplasia of the gonial bone and irregularities along the caudal border of the squamous temporal bone. Other nearby otic structures were unaffected. The semilethality of dmbo/dmbo mice was found to be ~40%, occured perinatally, and was associated with exencephaly. Surviving mutants of both sexes exhibited reduced body mass from ~3 days postpartum onwards. Most dumbo adults were microphthalmic. Recombinant animals and specific deletion-bearing mice were used to map the dumbo mutation to a 1.8 Mb region on Chromosome 5. DNA sequencing of genes in this region revealed a nonsense mutation in the first exon of H6 Homeobox 1 (Hmx1; also Nkx5-3). An independent spontaneous allele called misplaced ears (mpe) was also identified, confirming Hmx1 as the responsible mutant gene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The divergence of Hmx1 from its paralogs is reflected by different and diverse developmental roles exclusive of vestibular involvement. Additionally, these mutant Hmx1 alleles represent the first mouse models of a recently-discovered Oculo-Auricular syndrome caused by mutation of the orthologous human gene.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA. rjm69@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Munroe
authors.forename: Vinay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Prabhu
authors.forename: Greg M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Acland
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Belinda S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Harris
authors.forename: Tim P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: Ian C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Welsh
authors.forename: Drew M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Noden
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Schimenti
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001483:Base Sequence; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics*; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D033481:Chromosomes, Mammalian / Q000235:genetics; D019465:Craniofacial Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics*; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005838:Genotype; D006320:Hearing Tests; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008809:Mice, Inbred C3H; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009154:Mutation; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C086188:Hmx2 protein, mouse; C086187:Hmx3 protein, mouse; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; C529125:NKX5-3 protein, mouse; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors