title: The ethics of paying drug users who participate in research: a review and practical recommendations.
abstract: THE PAYMENT OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS raises ethical and empirical questions that have special importance in addictions research involving drugdependent participants. Despite a now large literature on human subjects payment, what is still needed is practical guidance for investigators and ethics committees. This paper reviews the literature on: current payment practices and guidelines; defining features of undue and due incentives and fair reimbursement; and the significance of risks and harms that may arise from paying drug using participants. We conclude that research payments are ethically acceptable in most circumstances of addictions research, but should be closely scrutinized in situations where these may exacerbate existing harms or create additional risks for participants and investigators. General principles, key questions and procedural options are highlighted for an applied approach to ethical research payments. Future research directions are identified.
authors.affiliation: Senior Research Fellow, Turning Point Alcohol and Drug Centre Inc., and Fellow, Department of Public Health, University of Melbourne.
authors.forename: Craig L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Fry
authors.forename: Wayne
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hall
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ritter
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jenkinson