title: Cerebrovascular ischemic events in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke risk is increased in AIDS patients, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may accelerate atherosclerosis, but little is known about the incidence and risk factors for ischemic stroke in patients under HAART. We have studied the incidence, types of stroke and possible risk factors for cerebrovascular ischemic events in a large cohort of HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective review of ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks occurring in a cohort of HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART from 1996 to 2008. As a control group, consecutive unselected patients from the same cohort were included. Patients and controls were compared for demographic, clinical and laboratory variables, including vascular risk factors, data on HIV infection and duration of HAART. Variables with significant differences were included in a backward logistic regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-seven cerebrovascular ischemic events occurred in 25 patients, with an incidence of 189 events (166 strokes) per 100,000 patients/year. Independent factors associated with cerebrovascular events were: history of high alcohol intake (OR 7.13, 95% CI 1.69-30.11; p = 0.007), a previous diagnosis of AIDS (OR 6.61, 95% CI 2.03-21.51; p = 0.002) and fewer months under HAART (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96-0.99; p < 0.001). Six patients (24%) had large artery atherosclerosis: they had a similar HAART duration to controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stroke incidence is high in patients with HIV-1 infection treated with HAART. Duration of HAART exerted a global protective effect for cerebrovascular ischemic events, and our results do not support a major role in large artery atherosclerosis stroke. High alcohol intake is a major risk factor for stroke in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain. icorral.hrc@salud.madrid.org
authors.forename: Iñigo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Corral
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Quereda
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moreno
authors.forename: María-Jesús
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Pérez-Elías
authors.forename: Fernando
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dronda
authors.forename: José-Luis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Casado
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Muriel
authors.forename: Jaime
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masjuán
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alonso-de-Leciñana
authors.forename: Santiago
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents