title: Echocardiography with Tissue Doppler Imaging and cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with heart failure: a correlative and prognostic analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous investigations have established the prognostic value of variables obtained from both echocardiography with tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) in patients with heart failure (HF). Past prognostic comparisons of variables obtained from these evaluation techniques have been limited to the comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) vs. peak oxygen consumption (VO2). The present investigation undertakes a more thorough correlative and prognostic assessment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two hundred and forty-three patients with HF (190 male/53 female, age: 62.2±9.7) underwent echocardiography with TDI and CPX to determine the following variables: 1) the ratio between mitral early (E) to mitral annular (E´) velocity, 2) LVEF, 3) LV mass, 4) LV end systolic volume (LVESV), 5) Peak VO2, 6) The minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VE/VCO2) slope, and 7) Exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 43 cardiac-related deaths during the four-year tracking period. In the multivariate analysis, E/E' was the strongest prognostic variable (Chi-square: 46.1, p<0.001). LV mass (Residual chi-square: 16.8, p<0.001), LVESV (Residual chi-square: 8.0, p=0.005) and the VE/VCO2 slope (Residual chi-square: 4.6, p=0.03) all added significant predictive value and were retained in the regression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the present study indicate several variables obtained from echocardiography with TDI are prognostically important in HF. The VE/VCO2 slope, which is one of the strongest prognostic markers obtained from CPX, adds prognostic value to these variables. A combined analysis of both noninvasive techniques may improve the prognostic characterization of patients with HF.
authors.affiliation: University of Milano, San Paolo Hospital, Cardiopulmonary Laboratory, Cardiology Division, Milano, Italy.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guazzi
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Myers
authors.forename: Mary Ann
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Peberdy
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bensimhon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chase
authors.forename: Sherry
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pinkstaff
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Arena
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D002306:Cardiac Volume / Q000502:physiology; D004452:Echocardiography; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000401:mortality*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D013599:Systole / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide