title: Exploring the functional interaction between POSH and ALIX and the relevance to HIV-1 release.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The ALG2-interacting protein X (ALIX)/AIP1 is an adaptor protein with multiple functions in intracellular protein trafficking that plays a central role in the biogenesis of enveloped viruses. The ubiquitin E3-ligase POSH (plenty of SH3) augments HIV-1 egress by facilitating the transport of Gag to the cell membrane. Recently, it was reported, that POSH interacts with ALIX and thereby enhances ALIX mediated phenotypes in Drosophila.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this study we identified ALIX as a POSH ubiquitination substrate in human cells: POSH induces the ubiquitination of ALIX that is modified on several lysine residues in vivo and in vitro. This ubiquitination does not destabilize ALIX, suggesting a regulatory function. As it is well established that ALIX rescues virus release of L-domain mutant HIV-1, HIV-1DeltaPTAP, we demonstrated that wild type POSH, but not an ubiquitination inactive RING finger mutant (POSHV14A), substantially enhances ALIX-mediated release of infectious virions derived from HIV-1DeltaPTAP L-domain mutant (YPXnL-dependent HIV-1). In further agreement with the idea of a cooperative function of POSH and ALIX, mutating the YPXnL-ALIX binding site in Gag completely abrogated augmentation of virus release by overexpression of POSH. However, the effect of the POSH-mediated ubiquitination appears to be auxiliary, but not necessary, as silencing of POSH by RNAi does not disturb ALIX-augmentation of virus release.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thus, the cumulative results identified ALIX as an ubiquitination substrate of POSH and indicate that POSH and ALIX cooperate to facilitate efficient virus release. However, while ALIX is obligatory for the release of YPXnL-dependent HIV-1, POSH, albeit rate-limiting, may be functionally interchangeable.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Virology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany. Joerg.Votteler@viro.med.uni-erlangen
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Votteler
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Iavnilovitch
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Fingrut
authors.forename: Vivian
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shemesh
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taglicht
authors.forename: Omri
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Erez
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sörgel
authors.forename: Torsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walther
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bannert
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Reiss
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D056827:Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014162:Transfection; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D054875:Ubiquitination; D019065:Virus Assembly; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056827:Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport; C117020:PDCD6IP protein, human; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C498193:SH3RF1 protein, human; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases