title: Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract ingestion on the pharmacokinetics of talinolol in healthy Chinese volunteers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE), the best selling herbal medicine in the world, has been reported to inhibit P-glycoprotein in vitro. However, the effects of GBE on P-glycoprotein activity in humans have not been clarified.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of single and repeated GBE ingestion on the oral pharmacokinetics of talinolol, a substrate drug for P-glycoprotein in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten unrelated healthy male volunteers were selected to participate in a 3-stage sequential study. Plasma concentrations of talinolol from 0 to 24 hours were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography after talinolol 100 mg was administrated alone, with a single oral dose of GBE (120 mg), and after 14 days of repeated GBE ingestion (360 mg/day).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A single oral dose of GBE did not affect the pharmacokinetics of talinolol. Repeated ingestion of GBE increased the talinolol maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) by 36% (90% CI 10 to 68; p = 0.025), the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)(0-24) by 26% (90% CI 11 to 43; p = 0.008) and AUC(0-infinity) by 22% (90% CI 8 to 37; p = 0.014), respectively, without significant changes in elimination half-life and the time to C(max).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that long-term use of GBE significantly influenced talinolol disposition in humans, likely by affecting the activity of P-glycoprotein and/or other drug transporters.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
authors.forename: Lan
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fan
authors.forename: Gong-You
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Tao
authors.forename: Guo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Yi-Jing
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: He-Ping
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Dong-Li
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Yuan-Fei
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Hong-Hao
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Zhou
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000328:Adult; D044466:Asian People; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020441:Ginkgo biloba / Q000009:adverse effects*; D041743:Herb-Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D011412:Propanolamines; C011550:talinolol