title: A Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) model of Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms in Dementia (BPSD).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although there is evidence for distinct behavioural sub-phenotypes in Alzheimer's disease (AD), their inter-relationships and the effect of clinical variables on their expression have been little investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have analysed a sample of 1850 probable AD patients from the UK and Greece with 10 item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) data. We applied a Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) approach to investigate the effect of MMSE, disease duration, gender, age and age of onset on the structure of a four-factor model consisting of "psychosis", "moods", "agitation" and "behavioural dyscontrol".
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific clinical variables predicted the expression of individual factors. When the inter-relationship of factors is modelled, some previously significant associations are lost. For example, lower MMSE scores predict psychosis, agitation and behavioural dyscontrol factors, but psychosis and mood predict the agitation factor. Taking these associations into account MMSE scores did not predict agitation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The complexity of the inter-relations between symptoms, factors and clinical variables is efficiently captured by this MIMIC model.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK. petroula.proitsi@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proitsi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hamilton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsolaki
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lupton
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Daniilidou
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hollingworth
authors.forename: N
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authors.lastname: Archer
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authors.lastname: Foy
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authors.lastname: Stylios
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: McGuinness
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Todd
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Lawlor
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Brayne
authors.forename: D C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Rubinsztein
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Owen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Passmore
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lovestone
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Powell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003704:Dementia / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology*; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D005260:Female; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011595:Psychomotor Agitation / Q000209:etiology*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000209:etiology*