title: Association of antipsychotic use with hospital events and mortality among medicare beneficiaries residing in long-term care facilities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Antipsychotic (AP) utilization has grown significantly in long-term care (LTC) settings. Although a growing literature associates AP use with higher mortality in elderly with dementia, the association of APs with hospital events is unclear. The authors examine prevalence and trends in AP use by Medicare beneficiaries residing in LTC and the association of APs and other drug use variables with hospital events and mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis using sequential multivariate Cox proportional hazards models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey linked to Institutional Drug Administration and Minimum Data Set files.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,363 LTC Medicare beneficiaries, 1999-2002.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trends in LTC AP use overall and by type and duplicative use; association of AP utilization and two outcomes: hospital events and all-cause mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AP use rose markedly from 1999 to 2002 (26.4%-35.9%), predominantly due to increased use of atypical agents. After controlling for sociodemographic and clinical factors, AP use is not related to hospital events (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.82-1.63 p = 0.7951). AP use is associated with reduced mortality in unadjusted and intermediate models, but loss of significance in the final model (HR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.69-1.00, p = 0.0537) suggests that disease and drug burden factors may confound the AP-mortality relationship.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides no evidence of increased hospital events or mortality in LTC residents who use AP medications. Findings contribute to a growing body of evidence that APs, particularly atypical agents, may be associated with reduced mortality in LTC residents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Peter Lamy Center on Drug Therapy and Aging, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. lsimoniw@rx.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Simoni-Wastila
authors.forename: Priscilla T
authors.initials: PT
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: Jingjing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Qian
authors.forename: Ilene H
authors.initials: IH
authors.lastname: Zuckerman
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shaffer
authors.forename: Lirong
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhao
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004363:Drug Utilization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007353:Insurance, Long-Term Care; D008134:Long-Term Care; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends*; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents