title: Intelligent interactive visual exploration of temporal associations among multiple time-oriented patient records.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To design, implement and evaluate the functionality and usability of a methodology and a tool for interactive exploration of time and value associations among multiple-patient longitudinal data and among meaningful concepts derivable from these data.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a new, user-driven, interactive knowledge-based visualization technique, called Temporal Association Charts (TACs). TACs support the investigation of temporal and statistical associations within multiple patient records among both concepts and the temporal abstractions derived from them. The TAC methodology was implemented as part of an interactive system, called VISITORS, which supports intelligent visualization and exploration of longitudinal patient data. The TAC module was evaluated for functionality and usability by a group of ten users, five clinicians and five medical informaticians. Users were asked to answer ten questions using the VISITORS system, five of which required the use of TACs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both types of users were able to answer the questions in reasonably short periods of time (a mean of 2.5 +/- 0.27 minutes) and with high accuracy (95.3 +/- 4.5 on a 0-100 scale), without a significant difference between the two groups. All five questions requiring the use of TACs were answered with similar response times and accuracy levels. Similar accuracy scores were achieved for questions requiring the use of TACs and for questions requiring the use only of general exploration operators. However, response times when using TACs were slightly longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TACs are functional and usable. Their use results in a uniform performance level, regardless of the type of clinical question or user group involved.
authors.affiliation: Medical Informatics Research Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel. klimov@bgu.ac.il
authors.forename: Denis
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Klimov
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shahar
authors.forename: Meirav
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Taieb-Maimon
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003626:Data Display; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods*; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized / Q000458:organization & administration*; D014584:User-Computer Interface