title: Resistance to peroxynitrite in Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
abstract: Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes a number of important genes that aid in survival during times of oxidative stress. The same immune cells capable of oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms also have the capacity to generate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that may function antimicrobially. F62 and eight additional gonococcal strains displayed a high level of resistance to peroxynitrite, while Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli showed a four- to seven-log and a four-log decrease in viability, respectively. Mutation of gonococcal orthologues that are known or suspected to be involved in RNS defence in other bacteria (ahpC, dnrN and msrA) resulted in no loss of viability, suggesting that N. gonorrhoeae has a novel mechanism of resistance to peroxynitrite. Whole-cell extracts of F62 prevented the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine, and decomposition of peroxynitrite was not dependent on ahpC, dnrN or msrA. F62 grown in co-culture with E. coli strain DH10B was shown to protect E. coli viability 10-fold. Also, peroxynitrite treatment of F62 did not result in accumulation of nitrated proteins, suggesting that an active peroxynitrite reductase is responsible for peroxynitrite decomposition rather than a protein sink for amino acid modification.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Vincent M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Isabella
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Lori F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Wright
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Box 672, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
authors.forename: Virginia L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D009344:Neisseria gonorrhoeae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010088:Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014774:Virulence
chemical_list: D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010088:Oxidoreductases; C109110:peroxynitrite reductase