title: The role of peripheral opiate antagonists in pain medicine and perioperative care.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Pre-clinical and clinical trials of peripheral opiate antagonists have shed new light on the effects of exogenous and endogenous opioids.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  This article review preclinical studies and clinical opioid bowel disfunction trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If approved these drugs may offer potential solutions to important clinical problems in pain management.
authors.affiliation: CET/SBA do Hospital de Clinicas da Universidade Federal do Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, PR.
authors.forename: Pedro Paulo
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Moss
mesh_terms: D003248:Constipation / Q000139:chemically induced; D006801:Humans; D045823:Ileus; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D000644:Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; C032257:methylnaltrexone; D009271:Naltrexone