title: Chitosan permeabilizes the plasma membrane and kills cells of Neurospora crassa in an energy dependent manner.
abstract: Chitosan has been reported to inhibit spore germination and mycelial growth in plant pathogens, but its mode of antifungal action is poorly understood. Following chitosan treatment, we characterized plasma membrane permeabilization, and cell death and lysis in the experimental model, Neurospora crassa. Rhodamine-labeled chitosan was used to show that chitosan is internalized by fungal cells. Cell viability stains and the calcium reporter, aequorin, were used to monitor plasma membrane permeabilization and cell death. Chitosan permeabilization of the fungal plasma membrane and its uptake into fungal cells was found to be energy dependent but not to involve endocytosis. Different cell types (conidia, germ tubes and vegetative hyphae) exhibited differential sensitivity to chitosan with ungerminated conidia being the most sensitive.
authors.affiliation: Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh, UK.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Palma-Guerrero
authors.forename: I-C
authors.initials: IC
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: H-B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Jansson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salinas
authors.forename: L V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Lopez-Llorca
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Read
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects*; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects*; D048271:Chitosan / Q000494:pharmacology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D009492:Neurospora crassa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D048271:Chitosan