title: [Pediatric complex regional pain syndrome affecting an upper limb: 7 cases and a brief review of the literature].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review the clinical, psychiatric, and social characteristics of complex regional pain syndrome in children and adolescents treated in the last 4 years at our pediatric pain clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the specialty of the initial treating physician, age, sex, initial diagnosis, pain intensity, degree of disability, fear of movement, clinical stage, history of trauma, time between onset and diagnosis, psychiatric illness, family support and behavior, chronic pain in near relatives, school grades and attendance, treatment given at the pediatric pain clinic, recurrences, and course of disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cases of 7 patients (4 female, 3 male) between the ages of 8 and 15 years were analyzed. Four had been referred by the child psychiatry department. The initial diagnosis was erroneous in all but 1 case. Pain intensity and associated disability were severe in 5 patients and 4 expressed intense fear of moving the limb. Five patients had initial stage I disease, 5 had a history of trauma, and 5 had been previously treated by immobilization of the limb and prescription of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. The time between onset and diagnosis ranged from 2 to 18 months (mean [SD], 6.4 [3.5] months). In most cases psychiatric disease and concomitant social disability were present. Treatment prescribed at the pediatric pain clinic consisted of a combination of oral medication, psychologic and psychiatric counseling, and intensive physiotherapy for all but 2 children, who required regional nerve blocks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The clinical course was satisfactory for all but 1 patient, who developed severe disability. Complex regional pain syndrome affecting an upper limb is uncommon in children but not rare.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiología, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor, Hospital Infantil, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid. jcebrianpazos@hotmail.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cebrián
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sánchez
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D001132:Arm / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001134:Arm Injuries / Q000150:complications; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D003376:Counseling; D019299:Decompression, Surgical; D003951:Diagnostic Errors; D005162:Factitious Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007103:Immobilization; D008297:Male; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011613:Psychotherapy; D012940:Social Problems
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal