Metabolic syndrome and oxidative stress.
Metabolic syndrome is an obesity-associated collection of disorders, each of which contributes to cardiovascular risk. Metabolic syndrome is also associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS contribute to the interrelationship between metabolic syndrome and salt-sensitive hypertension, which are both caused by obesity and excess salt consumption and are major threats to health in developed countries. ROS can induce insulin resistance, which is indispensable for the progression of metabolic syndrome, and salt-sensitive hypertension stimulates ROS production, thereby promoting the development of metabolic syndrome. Moreover, ROS activate mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and the sympathetic nervous system, which can contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome and salt-sensitive hypertension. Salt-induced progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is also accelerated in animal models with metabolic syndrome, probably owing to further stimulation of ROS overproduction and subsequent ROS-induced MR activation and sympathetic excitation. Therefore, ROS contribute to the progression of the metabolic syndrome itself and to the CVD accompanying it, particularly in conjunction with excessive salt consumption.
Ando
Katsuyuki
K
Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan.
Fujita
Toshiro
T
D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D006706:Homeostasis; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009765:Obesity; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012492:Salts / Q000378:metabolism*; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000378:metabolism
D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D018161:Receptors, Mineralocorticoid; D012492:Salts