title: The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the olfactory functions in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls, and to examine the association between the sense of smell and disease activity and central nervous system (CNS) involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Olfactory functions in 50 SLE patients and 50 age- and sex-matched controls were evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test, the 3 stages of which are threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) of different odors. TDI scores were analyzed according to SLE disease activity and CNS involvement.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In both the SLE and control groups, smell deficit correlated with male sex and older age. A decrease in the sense of smell was observed in SLE patients (46%) and controls (25%) (P<or=0.02), while loss of smell (anosmia) was documented only in SLE patients (10%). Total TDI scores and individual stages of smell correlated with SLE Disease Activity Index (P<0.001) and CNS manifestations (P<0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that there is a decrease in the sense of smell in SLE patients compared with healthy subjects and that the decrease in the sense of smell among SLE patients correlates with disease activity and CNS involvement.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine B, Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
authors.forename: Netta
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Agmon-Levin
authors.forename: Iveta
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Flitman-Katzevman
authors.forename: Daphna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Paran
authors.forename: Bat-sheva Porat
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Shaye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kivity
authors.forename: Pnina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Langevitz
authors.forename: Gisele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zandman-Goddard
authors.forename: Yehuda
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shoenfeld
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D004056:Differential Threshold; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors; D012903:Smell / Q000502:physiology*