title: Methylamine dichloramine may play a role in the process of colorectal disease through architectural and oxidative changes in crypts in mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methylamine dichloramine (CH(3)NCl(2)) produced by neutrophils may promote colon tumors and colitis via architectural and oxidative changes in crypts, which are secretory granulae composed of goblet cells located in the colorectal mucosal layer. We investigated whether CH(3)NCl(2), in comparison with the other reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as H(2)O(2) and HOCl, derived from primed neutrophils in inflammatory sites in the large intestine, is a biogenic factor for the induction of colorectal disease in mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male ICR-strain mice were administered each oxidant (0.5-0.7 micromol/mouse) by enema under anesthesia. The colorectal tissues were evaluated by histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses. Hemolysis and hemoglobin oxidation by the methylamine chloramines and HOCl were examined by adding them (50-400 microM) to a sheep erythrocyte suspension (1x10(8) cells/ml) and its lysate at pH 7 and 37 degrees C.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CH(3)NCl(2) oxidized erythrocyte hemoglobin more effectively than HOCl, indicating it has high cell permeability and selective oxidation ability. CH(3)NCl(2) mainly induced atrophy of crypts at 6 h after administration, while the other ROS tested did not. Furthermore, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) showed positive immunostains throughout the mucosal layer, including around the basal regions of atrophied crypts, only with CH(3)NCl(2), while positive immunostains were observed for 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the atrophied crypts and their surrounding lamina propria in the mucosal layer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest that CH(3)NCl(2)derived from primed neutrophils may play the most important role in promoting the development of colon tumor formation and colitis by oxidative stress through its high degree of cell permeability.
authors.affiliation: Research Unit of Environmental Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nihon University College of Pharmacy, 7-7-1 Narashinodai, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8555, Japan.
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tachikawa
authors.forename: Kayoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amano
authors.forename: Kotaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishiyama
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Urano
authors.forename: Koichi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kato
authors.forename: Kenzo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000447:Aldehydes / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology; D000818:Animals; D002700:Chloramines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006461:Hemolysis; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000209:etiology*; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D018375:Neutrophil Activation; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D000447:Aldehydes; D002700:Chloramines; D006454:Hemoglobins; C541450:methylamine dichloramine; C002744:3-nitrotyrosine; D014443:Tyrosine; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; C027576:4-hydroxy-2-nonenal