title: Cytometric analysis of DNA damage: phosphorylation of histone H2AX as a marker of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).
abstract: Phosphorylation of histone H2AX on Ser 139 is a sensitive reporter of DNA damage, particularly if the damage involves induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Phosphorylated H2AX has been named gammaH2AX and its presence in the nucleus can be detected immunocytochemically. Multiparameter analysis of gammaH2AX immunofluorescence by flow or laser-scanning cytometry allows one to measure extent of DNA damage in individual cells and to correlate it with their position in the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. This chapter presents the protocols and outlines applications of multiparameter cytometry in analysis of H2AX phosphorylation as a reporter of the presence of DSBs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery and Clinical Science, Division of Chest Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshiki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Dorota
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Halicka
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Traganos
authors.forename: Zbigniew
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Darzynkiewicz
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D053903:DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded / Q000187:drug effects; D005434:Flow Cytometry / Q000379:methods*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D016196:S Phase / Q000187:drug effects; D013194:Staining and Labeling; D019772:Topotecan / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C468783:H2AX protein, human; D006657:Histones; D019772:Topotecan