title: Increase of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) expression in cardiomyocytes during chronic hypoxia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) might play an important role in the myocardium during chronic hypoxia because MIF protects the heart during myocardial ischemia by activating 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK).
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated 35 infants with cyanotic or acyanotic cardiac defects and H9c2 embryonic rat cardiomyocytes to examine the effect of chronic hypoxia on the expression of MIF in vivo and in vitro, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found out an increase of endogenous cardiac MIF expression positively correlated with degree of hypoxia. Also, AMPK activation was elevated while MIF expression was increased in cells exposed to long periods of hypoxia in vitro. There was no significant difference in the growth ratio of cells cultivated in long periods of hypoxia and normoxia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The expression of MIF is significantly increased in cardiomyocytes exposed to chronic hypoxia, and the activation of AMPK was increased accordingly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 183 Xinqiao Street, Chongqing 400037, PR China.
authors.forename: Zhao
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jian
authors.forename: Jia-Bei
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Rui-Yan
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Qian-Jin
authors.initials: QJ
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Xue-Feng
authors.initials: XF
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hong
authors.forename: Ying-Bin
authors.initials: YB
authors.lastname: Xiao
mesh_terms: D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000151:congenital / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D007223:Infant; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D011494:Protein Kinases; D000091162:AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases