title: High spatial resolution magnetic resonance imaging of experimental cerebral venous thrombosis with a blood pool contrast agent.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of clot visualization in small sinus and cortical veins with contrast enhanced MRA in a cerebral venous thrombosis animal model using a blood pool contrast agent, Gadofosveset, and high spatial resolution imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  For induction of cerebral venous thrombosis a recently developed combined interventional and microsurgical model was used. Cerebral sinus and cortical vein thrombosis was induced in six pigs. Two further pigs died during the procedure. Standard structural, time-of-flight- and phase contrast-angiograms were followed by fast time resolved high resolution 3D MRA (4D MRA) and subsequent high spatial resolution 3D MRA in the equilibrium phase with and without addition of parallel imaging. Visualization of the clots using the different sequences was subjectively compared and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the remaining six animals the procedure and MR-imaging protocol including administration of Gadofosveset was successfully completed. The 3D high resolution MRA in the equilibrium phase without the addition of parallel imaging was superior to all the other applied MR measurement techniques in terms of visualization of the clots. Only applying this sequence bridging vein thromboses were also seen as a small filling defect with a high CNR of >18.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only the non-accelerated high spatial resolution 3D MRA in the equilibrium in conjunction with the blood pool agent Gadofosveset allows for high-contrast visualization of very small clots in the cerebral sinus and cortical veins. STATEMENT CLINICAL IMPACT: Detection of cortical vein thrombosis is of high clinical impact. Conventional MRI sequences often fail to visualize the clot. We could demonstrate that, in contrast to conventional sequences, with high spatial resolution 3D MRA in the equilibrium in conjunction with the blood pool agent Gadofosveset very small clots in the cerebral sinus and cortical veins could be successfully visualized. We think that with the presented approach cortical vein thrombosis might also be sufficiently visualized in patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany. spuenti@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spuentrup
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Wiethoff
authors.forename: E C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Parsons
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Spangenberg
authors.forename: C P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Stracke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000473:pathology*; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005682:Gadolinium; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D013552:Swine; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D005682:Gadolinium; C109932:gadofosveset trisodium