title: Participation in life situations of 8-12 year old children with cerebral palsy: cross sectional European study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate how involvement in life situations (participation) in children with cerebral palsy varies with type and severity of impairment and to investigate geographical variation in participation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional study. Trained interviewers visited parents of children with cerebral palsy; multilevel multivariable regression related participation to impairments, pain, and sociodemographic characteristics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight European regions with population registers of children with cerebral palsy; one further region recruited children from multiple sources.
  
  
  METHODS
  1174 children aged 8-12 with cerebral palsy randomly selected from the population registers, 743 (63%) joined in the study; the further region recruited 75 children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children's participation assessed by the Life-H questionnaire covering 10 main areas of daily life. Scoring ignored adaptations or assistance required for participation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with pain and those with more severely impaired walking, fine motor skills, communication, and intellectual abilities had lower participation across most domains. Type of cerebral palsy and problems with feeding and vision were associated with lower participation for specific domains, but the sociodemographic factors examined were not. Impairment and pain accounted for up to a sixth of the variation in participation. Participation on all domains varied substantially between regions: children in east Denmark had consistently higher participation than children in other regions. For most participation domains, about a third of the unexplained variation could be ascribed to variation between regions and about two thirds to variation between individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Participation in children with cerebral palsy should be assessed in clinical practice to guide intervention and assess its effect. Pain should be carefully assessed. Some European countries facilitate participation better than others, implying some countries could make better provision. Legislation and regulation should be directed to ensuring this happens.
authors.affiliation: Université Joseph Fournier, DIM-Pôle Santé Publique Equipe ThEMAS, CHU de Grenoble BP 217, 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
authors.forename: Jérôme
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fauconnier
authors.forename: Heather O
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Dickinson
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Beckung
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marcelli
authors.forename: Vicki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Susan I
authors.initials: SI
authors.lastname: Michelsen
authors.forename: Jackie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Parkes
authors.forename: Kathryn N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Ute
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Thyen
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Arnaud
authors.forename: Allan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colver
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000523:psychology*; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006233:Persons with Disabilities / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004522:Educational Status; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005060:Europe; D006801:Humans; D007899:Leisure Activities; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D012931:Social Environment; D012941:Social Responsibility