title: New respiratory enterovirus and recombinant rhinoviruses among circulating picornaviruses.
abstract: Rhinoviruses and enteroviruses are leading causes of respiratory infections. To evaluate genotypic diversity and identify forces shaping picornavirus evolution, we screened persons with respiratory illnesses by using rhinovirus-specific or generic real-time PCR assays. We then sequenced the 5 untranslated region, capsid protein VP1, and protease precursor 3CD regions of virus-positive samples. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis identified the large genotypic diversity of rhinoviruses circulating in humans. We identified and completed the genome sequence of a new enterovirus genotype associated with respiratory symptoms and acute otitis media, confirming the close relationship between rhinoviruses and enteroviruses and the need to detect both viruses in respiratory specimens. Finally, we identified recombinants among circulating rhinoviruses and mapped their recombination sites, thereby demonstrating that rhinoviruses can recombine in their natural host. This study clarifies the diversity and explains the reasons for evolution of these viruses.
authors.affiliation: University of Geneva Hospitals, Switzerland. caroline.tapparel@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tapparel
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Junier
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gerlach
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Van-Belle
authors.forename: Lara
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Turin
authors.forename: Samuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cordey
authors.forename: Kathrin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mühlemann
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Regamey
authors.forename: John-David
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Aubert
authors.forename: Paola M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Soccal
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Eigenmann
authors.forename: Evgeny
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Zdobnov
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kaiser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004770:Enterovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004769:Enterovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010033:Otitis Media / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D010850:Picornaviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D011995:Recombination, Genetic; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D055815:Young Adult