title: Prostate cancer: detection of lymph node metastases outside the routine surgical area with ferumoxtran-10-enhanced MR imaging.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To prospectively evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging with ferumoxtran-10 in patients with prostate cancer to depict lymph node metastases outside the routine pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) area.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was approved by the institutional review boards at all four hospitals; patients provided written informed consent. Two hundred ninety-six consecutive men (mean age, 67 years; range, 47-83 years) with prostate cancer and an intermediate-to-high risk for nodal metastases (prostate-specific antigen level >10 ng/mL, Gleason score >6, or stage T3 disease) were enrolled. MR lymphography of the pelvis was performed 24 hours after intravenous drip infusion of ferumoxtran-10. Positive nodes at MR lymphography were indicated to be inside or outside the routine dissection area (RDA). On the basis of MR lymphography computed tomographic (CT)-guided biopsy, routine PLND, or MR imaging-guided minimal extended PLND was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR lymphography findings were positive in 58 patients. Of these, 44 had histopathologic confirmation of lymph node metastases. In 18 of 44 patients (41%), MR lymphography findings showed nodes exclusively outside the RDA, which were confirmed with MR lymphography-guided extended PLND (n = 13) and CT-guided biopsy (n = 5). In another 18 patients (41%), positive nodes were located both inside and outside the RDA at MR lymphography. In these 18 patients, routine PLND was used to confirm the nodes inside the RDA (n = 11); CT-guided biopsy was used to confirm nodes outside the RDA (n = 7). In the remaining eight patients, MR lymphography findings showed only nodes inside the RDA, which was confirmed with PLND (n = 5) and CT-guided biopsy (n = 3). In 14 of the 58 patients (24%), there was no histologic confirmation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 41% of patients with prostate cancer, nodal metastases outside the area of routine PLND were detected by using MR imaging with ferumoxtran-10.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein zuid 10, NL 650 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Roel A M
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heesakkers
authors.forename: Gerrit J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Jager
authors.forename: Anke M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Hövels
authors.forename: Bartjan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: de Hoop
authors.forename: Harrie C M
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: van den Bosch
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Raat
authors.forename: J Alfred
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Witjes
authors.forename: Peter F A
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Mulders
authors.forename: Christina Hulsbergen
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: van der Kaa
authors.forename: Jelle O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Barentsz
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D007501:Iron; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010087:Oxides; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary* / Q000601:surgery; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D003911:Dextrans; D058185:Magnetite Nanoparticles; D010087:Oxides; C097921:ferumoxtran-10; D007501:Iron; D052203:Ferrosoferric Oxide