title: Multi-language translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the OARSI/OMERACT measure of intermittent and constant osteoarthritis pain (ICOAP).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a multi-language translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Intermittent and Constant OsteoArthritis Pain (ICOAP) questionnaire for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA).
  
  
  METHODS
  The questionnaires were translated and cross-culturally adapted in parallel, using a common protocol, into the following languages: Czech, Dutch, French (France), German, Italian, Norwegian, Spanish (Castillan), North and Central American Spanish, Swedish. The process was conducted following five steps: (1)--independent translation into the target language by two or three persons; (2)--consensus meeting to obtain a single preliminary translated version; (3)--backward translation by an independent bilingual native English speaker, blinded to the English original version; (4)--final version produced by a multidisciplinary consensus committee; (5)--pre-testing of the final version with 10-20 target-language-native hip and knee OA patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The process could be followed and completed in all countries. Only slight differences were identified in the structure of the sentences between the original and the translated versions. A large majority of the patients felt that the questionnaire was easy to understand and complete. Only a few minor criticisms were expressed. Moreover, a majority of patients found the concepts of constant pain and pain that comes and goes to be of a great pertinence and were very happy with the distinction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ICOAP questionnaire is now available for multi-center international studies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon F-21078, France. jean-francis.maillefert@chu-dijon.fr
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Maillefert
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kloppenburg
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Punzi
authors.forename: K-P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Martin Mola
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Lohmander
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pavelka
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lopez-Olivo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dougados
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Hawker
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D015207:Osteoarthritis, Hip / Q000175:diagnosis*; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000175:diagnosis*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires / Q000592:standards*; D014177:Translations