title: Neuroleptic-induced tardive cervical dystonia: clinical series of 20 patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cervical dystonia (CD) may be classified according to the underlying cause into primary or secondary CD. Previous exposure to neuroleptics is one of the main causes of adult-onset secondary dystonia. There are few reports that characterize the clinical features of primary CD and secondary neuroleptic-induced CD. Herein our aim was to investigate a series of patients with neuroleptic induced tardive CD and to describe their clinical and demographic features.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively evaluated 20 patients with neuroleptic-induced tardive CD and compared clinical, demographic and therapeutic characteristics to another 77 patients with primary CD. All patients underwent Botulinum toxin type-A therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We did not identify any relevant clinical and demographic characteristics in our group of patients that could be used to distinguish tardive and primary CD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with tardive CD presented demographic characteristics and disease course similar to those with primary CD.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Movement Disorders Unit, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Clecio
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Godeiro-Júnior
authors.forename: Andre C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Felício
authors.forename: Patrícia Carvalho
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Vanderci
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Borges
authors.forename: Sonia M A
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Silva
authors.forename: Henrique B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ferraz
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003710:Demography; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014103:Torticollis / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A