title: Relative developmental toxicity of glycol ether alkoxy acid metabolites in the embryonic stem cell test as compared with the in vivo potency of their parent compounds.
abstract: The embryonic stem cell test (EST) has been proposed as an in vitro assay that might reduce animal experimentation in regulatory developmental toxicology. So far, evaluation of the EST was not performed using compounds within distinct chemical classes. Evaluation within a distinct class of chemically related compounds can define the usefulness of the assay for the chemical class tested. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relative sensitivity of the EST for a selected series of homologous compounds and to compare the data to the relative developmental toxicity of the compounds in vivo. To this end a series of proximate developmentally toxic glycol ether alkoxy acid metabolites was tested in the EST. All glycol ether alkoxy acid metabolites tested showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation at noncytotoxic concentrations, with methoxyacetic acid as the most potent compound followed by ethoxyacetic acid, butoxyacetic acid, and phenoxyacetic acid, respectively. The potency ranking of the compounds in the EST corresponds with the available in vivo data. The relative differences between the potencies of the compounds appeared more pronounced in the in vivo studies than in the EST. A possible explanation for this discrepancy could be the difference in the kinetics of the compounds in vivo as compared with their in vitro kinetics. This study illustrates that the EST can be used to set priorities for developmental toxicity testing within classes of related compounds.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands. Esther.de.Jong@rivm.nl
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: de Jong
authors.forename: Jochem
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Louisse
authors.forename: Miriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Verwei
authors.forename: Bas J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Blaauboer
authors.forename: Johannes J M
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: van de Sandt
authors.forename: Ruud A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Woutersen
authors.forename: Ivonne M C M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rietjens
authors.forename: Aldert H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Piersma
mesh_terms: D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D001711:Biotransformation; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000187:drug effects*; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006018:Glycols / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D007700:Kinetics; D051379:Mice; D015233:Models, Statistical; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012015:Reference Standards; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D013723:Teratogens / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D006018:Glycols; D013723:Teratogens