title: Filaggrin in the frontline: role in skin barrier function and disease.
abstract: Recently, loss-of-function mutations in FLG, the human gene encoding profilaggrin and filaggrin, have been identified as the cause of the common skin condition ichthyosis vulgaris (which is characterised by dry, scaly skin). These mutations, which are carried by up to 10% of people, also represent a strong genetic predisposing factor for atopic eczema, asthma and allergies. Profilaggrin is the major component of the keratohyalin granules within epidermal granular cells. During epidermal terminal differentiation, the approximately 400 kDa profilaggrin polyprotein is dephosphorylated and rapidly cleaved by serine proteases to form monomeric filaggrin (37 kDa), which binds to and condenses the keratin cytoskeleton and thereby contributes to the cell compaction process that is required for squame biogenesis. Within the squames, filaggrin is citrullinated, which promotes its unfolding and further degradation into hygroscopic amino acids, which constitute one element of natural moisturising factor. Loss of profilaggrin or filaggrin leads to a poorly formed stratum corneum (ichthyosis), which is also prone to water loss (xerosis). Recent human genetic studies strongly suggest that perturbation of skin barrier function as a result of reduction or complete loss of filaggrin expression leads to enhanced percutaneous transfer of allergens. Filaggrin is therefore in the frontline of defence, and protects the body from the entry of foreign environmental substances that can otherwise trigger aberrant immune responses.
authors.affiliation: Epithelial Genetics Group, Division of Molecular Medicine, Colleges of Life Sciences and Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
authors.forename: Aileen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sandilands
authors.forename: Calum
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Alan D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Irvine
authors.forename: W H Irwin
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: McLean
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D053456:Caspase 14 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004485:Eczema / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D016112:Ichthyosis Vulgaris / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D011498:Protein Precursors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: C000717249:FLG protein, human; D000091344:Filaggrin Proteins; D007381:Intermediate Filament Proteins; D011498:Protein Precursors; D053456:Caspase 14