title: Complete genome sequence and phylogenetic relatedness of hepatitis B virus isolates in Papua, Indonesia.
abstract: Each hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype and subgenotype is associated with a particular geographic distribution, ethnicity, and anthropological history. Our previous study showed the novel HBV subgenotypes C6 (HBV/C6) and D6 (HBV/D6), based on the S gene sequences of isolates in Papua, Indonesia. The present study investigated the complete genome sequence of 22 strains from Papua and subjected them to molecular evolutionary analysis. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that 9 out of 22 strains were classified as HBV/C6, 3 strains as HBV/D6, and 9 strains as HBV/B3. A particular strain positioned between HBV/B3 and HBV/B5 remained unclassifiable into any known subgenotypes. This strain showed high homology with HBV/C5 from the Philippines in the core region and was thought to have undergone genetic recombination with HBV/C5. Further studies are needed to determine whether this strain belongs to a new subgenotype of HBV/B. Based on the amino acid alignment, HBV/C6 has subgenotype specific variations (G18V and V47M) in the S region. HBV/C6 strains were more closely related in terms of evolutionary distance to strains from the east Asia and Pacific regions than those found in southeast Asia. HBV/D6 strains were most closely related to strains from the Western countries (HBV/D3) rather than those from Asia and Papua New Guinea. In conclusion, we have confirmed by complete sequence analysis that two novel HBV subgenotypes, HBV/C6 and HBV/D6, are prevalent in Papua, Indonesia.
authors.affiliation: Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia.
authors.forename: Takako
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Utsumi
authors.forename: Maria Inge
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Lusida
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yano
authors.forename: Victor Eka
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Nugrahaputra
authors.forename: Mochamad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Amin
authors.lastname: Juniastuti
authors.lastname: Soetjipto
authors.forename: Yoshitake
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.forename: Hak
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hotta
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005260:Female; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D006515:Hepatitis B virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral