title: Impact of metabolic syndrome on distribution of cervicocephalic atherosclerosis: data from a diverse race-ethnic group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular localization of symptomatic large artery atherosclerotic (LAA) stroke differs for unknown reasons by race-ethnicity. The metabolic syndrome (MetSD) is associated with higher atherosclerotic stroke risk and comprises abnormal risk factors that can vary by race. Thus, we investigated whether MetSD may contribute to race-ethnic differences in LAA stroke by examining the association of MetSD with symptomatic intra- and extracranial atherosclerosis among a diverse race-ethnic group.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data prospectively collected over a 4-year period on subjects with ischemic stroke/TIA. Independent vascular risk factor associations with intracranial and extracranial LAA vs. non-LAA mechanism were evaluated in two groups stratified by race-ethnicity; whites and non-whites (Hispanics, African-American, and Asian-American).
  
  
  RESULTS
  1167 patients met study criteria. Intracranial LAA was more prevalent in non-whites vs. whites (20.4% vs. 9.6%, P<0.001), while extracranial LAA had a more frequent point value in whites compared to non-whites (10.7% vs. 7.5%, P=0.267). The presence of MetSD was more prevalent in both intracranial and extracranial LAA group than in non-LAA group: no significant differences were observed in the prevalence of MetSD between intra vs. extracranial LAA or whites vs. non-whites. However, with increasing numbers of abnormal metabolic components, whites were more likely to have experienced extracranial LAA, whereas non-whites were more likely to have experienced intracranial LAA. After adjusting for covariates, MetSD was associated with extracranial LAA in whites (OR, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.13-3.45), while there was a tendency that intracranial LAA was associated with MetSD in non-whites (OR, 1.80; 95% CI, 0.97-3.32). No association was found between MetSD and extracranial LAA in non-whites and between this syndrome with intracranial LAA in whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results showed that the impact of MetSD on the distribution of cervicocephalic atherosclerosis differed by race-ethnicity. This finding may in part explain the well-known differences in race-ethnic predilection to intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, The Stroke and Cerebrovascular Center, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-710, South Korea. nmboy@unitel.co.kr
authors.forename: Oh Young
authors.initials: OY
authors.lastname: Bang
authors.forename: Jeffrey L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Saver
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Liebeskind
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pineda
authors.forename: Susan W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Yun
authors.forename: Bruce
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ovbiagele
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000208:ethnology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015897:Comorbidity; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult