title: Ability of dGEMRIC and T2 mapping to evaluate cartilage repair after microfracture: a goat study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the ability of delayed gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) and T2 mapping to evaluate the quality of repair tissue after microfracture.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve knees from 12 goats were studied. An osteochondral defect (diameter, 6mm; depth, 3mm) with microfracture was created in the weight-bearing aspect of both the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Goats were euthanized at 24 weeks (n=6) and 48 weeks (n=6) postsurgery. Pre-contrast R1 (R1pre) and post-contrast R1 (R1post) measurements for dGEMRIC and a pre-contrast T2 measurement for T2 mapping were performed with a 3T MR imaging system. MR imaging findings were compared with histological and biochemical assessments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In native cartilage, significant correlations were observed between the R1post and the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration, as well as DeltaR1 (difference between the R1pre and R1post) and the GAG concentration (P<0.05). In repair tissue, a significant correlation was observed between DeltaR1 and the GAG concentration (P<0.05), but not between the R1post and the GAG concentration. In both repair tissue and native cartilage, no correlation was observed between T2 and the water concentration or between T2 and the hydroxyproline (HP) concentration. A zonal variation of T2 and a clear dependence of T2 on the angles relative to B0 were observed in native cartilage, but not in repair tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  dGEMRIC with DeltaR1 measurement might be useful for the evaluation of the GAG concentration in repair tissue after microfracture. T2 mapping might be useful for the differentiation of repair tissue after microfracture from native cartilage; however, its potential to assess the specific biochemical markers in native cartilage as well as repair tissue may be limited.
authors.affiliation: Osteoarticular Research Group, Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Switzerland. atsuyan1@pa2.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Boesch
authors.forename: S E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Brehm
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mainil Varlet
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054544:Arthroplasty, Subchondral; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000293:injuries; D003287:Contrast Media; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005682:Gadolinium; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000032:analysis*; D006041:Goats; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D005682:Gadolinium