title: Complications after liver transplantation: evaluation with magnetic resonance imaging, magnetic resonance cholangiography, and 3-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in a single session.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate a comprehensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocol as noninvasive diagnostic modality for simultaneous detection of parenchymal, biliary, and vascular complications after liver transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two liver transplant recipients suspected to have parenchymal, biliary, and (or) vascular complications underwent our MRI protocol at 1.5T unit using a phased array coil. After preliminary acquisition of axial T1w and T2w sequences, magnetic resonance cholangiography (MRC) was performed through a breath-hold, thin- and thick-slab, single-shot T2w sequence in the coronal plane. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA) was obtained using a 3-dimensional coronal spoiled gradient-echo sequence, which enabled acquisition of 32 partitions 2.0 mm thick. A fixed dose of 20 ml gadobenate dimeglumine was administered at 2 mL/s. A post-contrast T1w sequence was also performed. Two observers in conference reviewed source images and 3-dimensional reconstructions to determine the presence of parenchymal, biliary, and vascular complications. MRI findings were correlated with surgery, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC), biopsy, digital subtraction angiography (DSA), and imaging follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI revealed abnormal findings in 32 out of 52 patients (61%), including biliary complications (anastomotic and nonanastomotic strictures, and lithiasis) in 31, vascular disease (hepatic artery stenosis and thrombosis) in 9, and evidence of hepatic abscess and hematoma in 2. ERC confirmed findings of MRC in 30 cases, but suggested disease underestimation in 2. DSA confirmed 7 magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) findings, but suggested disease overestimation in 2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MRI combined with MRC and CEMRA can provide a comprehensive assessment of parenchymal, biliary, and vascular complications in most recipients of liver transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Second Department of Radiology, Pisa University Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy. p.boraschi@do.med.unipi.it
authors.forename: Piero
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boraschi
authors.forename: Francescamaria
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Donati
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gigoni
authors.forename: Simonetta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Salemi
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Urbani
authors.forename: France
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Filipponi
authors.forename: Fabio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Falaschi
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000792:Angiography; D001649:Bile Duct Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D002758:Cholangiography; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D006406:Hematoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008100:Liver Abscess / Q000175:diagnosis; D016031:Liver Transplantation; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008536:Meglumine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008875:Middle Aged; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; D011183:Postoperative Complications; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D009942:Organometallic Compounds; C064572:gadobenic acid; D008536:Meglumine