title: Protection of hippocampal neurogenesis from toll-like receptor 4-dependent innate immune activation by ablation of prostaglandin E2 receptor subtype EP1 or EP2.
abstract: Prostaglandin E2 is one of several eicosanoid products of the cyclooxygenase isozymes and is a key regulator of innate immune responses; it also possesses paracrine effects on mature neurons. The prostaglandin E2 receptor family consists of four subtypes of which EP1 and EP2 are known to be expressed by microglia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced innate immune activation leads to the degeneration of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) that are destined for neuronal maturation in the hippocampal subgranular zone (SGZ); these cells can be identified by the expression of the transcription factor T-box brain gene 2 (Tbr2). Importantly, depletion of LPS-induced IPCs from the SGZ is suppressed by cyclooxygenase inhibitors. We therefore tested the hypothesis that either EP1 or EP2 is critical to LPS-induced depletion of Tbr2+ IPCs from the SGZ. Expression of either EP1 or EP2 was necessary for Toll-like receptor 4-dependent innate immune-mediated depletion of these Tbr2+ IPCs in mice. Moreover, EP1 activation was directly toxic to murine adult hippocampal progenitor cells; EP2 was not expressed by these cells. Finally, EP1 modulated the response of murine primary microglia cultures to LPS but in a manner distinct from EP2. These results indicate that prostaglandin E2 signaling via either EP1 or EP2 is largely to completely necessary for Toll-like receptor 4-dependent depletion of IPCs from the SGZ and suggest further pharmacological strategies to protect this important neurogenic niche.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Box 359791, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors.forename: C Dirk
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Keene
authors.forename: Rubens
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stephen
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nivison
authors.forename: Samuel E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Nutt
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Look
authors.forename: Richard M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Breyer
authors.forename: Phillip J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Horner
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hevner
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Montine
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000166:cytology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000276:immunology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E / Q000378:metabolism*; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C491198:Eomes protein, mouse; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; C545636:Ptger1 protein, mouse; C545645:Ptger2 protein, mouse; D018078:Receptors, Prostaglandin E; D058306:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP1 Subtype; D058307:Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; C493487:Tlr4 protein, mouse; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4