title: Frequency of LGMD gene mutations in Italian patients with distinct clinical phenotypes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The frequency of various limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) molecular diagnoses has previously been investigated only in cohorts of patients presenting LGMD phenotype.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 550 muscle biopsies underwent multiple protein screening (including calpain-3 functional assay) and extensive gene mutation analysis to examine the frequency of LGMD subtypes in patients with distinct clinical phenotypes (severe childhood-onset LGMD, adult-onset LGMD, distoproximal myopathy, and asymptomatic hyperCKemia).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The percentage of molecularly ascertained cases directly relates with the degree of clinical involvement: 60% of total LGMD (77% of childhood-onset, 46% of adult-onset, 66% of distoproximal myopathy) and 14% of hyperCKemia. The higher number of molecular diagnoses in severe phenotypes might suggest that genes selected for our screening are those more frequently associated with severe LGMD, and that the hyperCKemia group includes heterogeneous diagnoses. The probability of obtaining a molecular diagnosis increases when a protein defect is found in a muscle biopsy: in such cases, we diagnosed 87% of LGMD and 76% of hyperCKemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diagnosing 77% of childhood-onset limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) and 60% of total LGMD is an important result. The missing identification of gene mutations in about 40% of patients with typical LGMD phenotype suggests that unknown genetic or nongenetic etiologies are still to be recognized. Dysferlin, caveolin-3, and emerin protein defects invariably corresponded to primary disorders (100%), whereas a lower correlation was found for sarcoglycans (77%) and calpain-3 (84%). The different efficiency of genetic diagnosis after the identification of a protein defect in the various disorders is possibly due to different pathogenetic effects of mutations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35129 Padova, Italy. marina.fanin@unipd.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fanin
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Nascimbeni
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aurino
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tasca
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pegoraro
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Nigro
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Angelini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D002154:Calpain / Q000235:genetics; D051244:Caveolin 3 / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000378:metabolism; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D000073939:Dysferlin; D005260:Female; D005787:Gene Frequency / Q000235:genetics; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics*; D005820:Genetic Testing; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D049288:Muscular Dystrophies, Limb-Girdle / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D010641:Phenotype; D049031:Sarcoglycans / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D051244:Caveolin 3; C114839:DYSF protein, human; D000073939:Dysferlin; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D049031:Sarcoglycans; C092710:emerin; D003402:Creatine Kinase; C105884:CAPN3 protein, human; D002154:Calpain