title: Proanthocyanidin protects intestine and remote organs against mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion injury.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (IR) induces a systemic inflammatory response and releases harmful substances that may affect the function and integrity of distant organs such as lung, liver, and kidney. We conducted this study to find out if proanthocyanidins (PA) has protective effects against mesenteric IR injury and mesenteric IR-induced intestinal and distant organ injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: control, control + PA, IR, IR + PA. The IR and IR + PA groups were subjected to mesenteric arterial ischemia for 60 min and reperfusion for 6 h. The Control + PA and IR + PA groups were administered PA (100 mg/kg/day via oral gavage) for 7 days prior to injury insult. We collected ileal and distant organ tissues, such as pulmonary, hepatic, and kidney specimens to measure tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and nitrite plus nitrate (NO(x)), and we then evaluated histological changes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the IR group, significant increases in MDA and NO(x) levels and significant increases in SOD and GPx activities of intestine, liver, kidney, and lung were observed. The MDA and NO(x) levels were significantly lower, as were the SOD and GPx activities in the IR + PA group than that in the IR group. Although the intestine and distant organs damage scores were significantly higher in the IR group, these injuries were prevented by PA in the IR + PA group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that PA has a significant effect in the protection of the intestine and the remote organs against mesenteric IR injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sizlan
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guven
authors.forename: Bulent
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Uysal
authors.forename: Omer
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yanarates
authors.forename: Abdulkadir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Atim
authors.forename: Emin
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Oztas
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cosar
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Korkmaz
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007511:Ischemia / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008643:Mesentery / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000187:drug effects; D044945:Proanthocyanidins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012016:Reference Values; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D044945:Proanthocyanidins; C013221:proanthocyanidin