title: Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in patients with spinal cord injury: results of a National Institutes of Health-sponsored clinical trial. Part I: methodology and effectiveness of expiratory muscle activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluation of the capacity of lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to activate the expiratory muscles and generate large airway pressures and high peak airflows characteristic of cough, in subjects with tetraplegia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inpatient hospital setting for electrode insertion; outpatient setting for measurement of respiratory pressures; home setting for application of SCS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N=9; 8 men, 1 woman) with cervical spinal cord injury and weak cough.
  
  
  METHODS
  A fully implantable electrical stimulation system was surgically placed in each subject. Partial hemilaminectomies were made to place single-disk electrodes in the epidural space at the T9, T11, and L1 spinal levels. A radiofrequency receiver was placed in a subcutaneous pocket over the anterior portion of the chest wall. Electrode wires were tunneled subcutaneously and connected to the receiver. Stimulation was applied by activating a small portable external stimulus controller box powered by a rechargeable battery to each electrode lead alone and in combination.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peak airflow and airway pressure generation achieved with SCS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Supramaximal SCS resulted in high peak airflow rates and large airway pressures during stimulation at each electrode lead. Maximum peak airflow rates and airway pressures were achieved with combined stimulation of any 2 leads. At total lung capacity, mean maximum peak airflow rates and airway pressure generation were 8.6+/-1.8 (mean +/- SE) L/s and 137+/-30 cmH2O (mean +/- SE), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower thoracic SCS results in near maximum activation of the expiratory muscles and the generation of high peak airflow rates and positive airway pressures in the range of those observed with maximum cough efforts in healthy persons.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. afd3@case.edu
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: DiMarco
authors.forename: Krzysztof E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Geertman
authors.forename: Dana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hromyak
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003371:Cough; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000502:physiology; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000294:innervation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult