title: Simultaneous PET imaging of P-glycoprotein inhibition in multiple tissues in the pregnant nonhuman primate.
abstract: Studies in rodents indicate that the disruption of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function increases drug distribution into the developing fetus and organs such as the brain. To simultaneously and serially evaluate the effect of P-gp activity and inhibition on the tissue distribution of drugs in a more representative animal model, we tested the feasibility of conducting whole-body PET of the pregnant nonhuman primate (Macaca nemestrina). We used (11)C-verapamil as the prototypic P-gp substrate and cyclosporine A (CsA) as the prototypic inhibitor.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four pregnant macaques (gestational age, 145-159 d; gestational term, 172 d) were imaged after the intravenous administration of (11)C-verapamil (30-72 MBq/kg) before and during intravenous infusion of CsA (12 or 24 mg/kg/h, n = 2 each). The content of verapamil and its metabolites in plasma samples was determined using a rapid solid-phase extraction method. The plasma and tissue time-radioactivity concentration curves of (11)C were integrated over 0-9 min after each verapamil injection. The tissue or arterial plasma area under the time-concentration curve (AUC(tissue)/AUC(plasma)) served as a measure of the tissue distribution of (11)C radioactivity. CsA effect on (11)C radioactivity distribution was interpreted as P-gp inhibition. The change in the fetal liver AUC ratio served as a reporter of placental P-gp inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CsA effect on tissue distribution of (11)C radioactivity (AUC ratios) did not increase with the mean blood concentration of CsA, indicating a near-maximal P-gp inhibition. CsA increased maternal brain and fetal liver distribution of (11)C radioactivity by 276% +/- 88% (P < 0.05) and 122% +/- 75% (P < 0.05), respectively. Changes in other measured tissues were not statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, the feasibility of simultaneous, serial, noninvasive imaging of P-gp activity and inhibition in multiple maternal organs and the placenta in the nonhuman primate. Our findings, consistent with previous data in rodents, indicate that the activity of P-gp in the placenta and the blood-brain barrier is high and that the inhibition of P-gp facilitates drug distribution across these barriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eyal
authors.forename: Francisco S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muzi
authors.forename: Jeanne M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Link
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Mankoff
authors.forename: Amal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kaddoumi
authors.forename: Finbarr
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: Mary F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Jashvant D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Unadkat
mesh_terms: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008251:Macaca / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D009928:Organ Specificity; D010920:Placenta / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000378:metabolism*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014700:Verapamil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D014700:Verapamil