title: SIAM-Like phenomenon caused by low doses of alcohol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Swift increase in alcohol metabolism (SIAM) is usually evoked by a large dose of ethanol, which is often demonstrated by an abrupt increase in oxygen uptake. SIAM was induced by low doses of ethanol and evaluated by pharmacokinetic analyses of ethanol and its metabolites.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rabbits were initially administered 1.0 g/kg of ethanol solution and the same dose was given to the bolus group 6 hours after the first injection. The infusion group was administered 0.25 g/kg/h of ethanol 2 hours after the first injection. Blood concentrations of ethanol, acetaldehyde, and acetate were then determined and comparisons were made using pharmacokinetic parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher ethanol elimination rate was observed after re-administration of ethanol to the bolus group. Other pharmacokinetic parameters were unaffected. The concentration at steady state (Css) for the infusion group was stable. A significantly higher level of mean residence time (MRT) in blood acetaldehyde was observed for the bolus group, whereas no MRT changes were observed for the infusion group. A significantly higher level of blood acetate Css was observed after re-administration of ethanol to the bolus group, following the changes in area under concentration and MRT. No Css changes were observed for the infusion group. The Css of acetate at stage 2 was significantly higher for the bolus group, compared to the infusion group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low doses of ethanol enhanced alcohol metabolism in rabbits, according to a pharmacokinetic analysis of circulating ethanol concentrations. Simultaneous analyses of its metabolites followed the kinetic of ethanol.
authors.affiliation: Department of Legal Medicine, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan.
authors.forename: Akiko
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shimamoto
authors.forename: Jin-Yao
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Tatsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fujimiya
mesh_terms: D000079:Acetaldehyde / Q000097:blood; D019342:Acetic Acid / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D011817:Rabbits; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D012996:Solutions; D000431:Ethanol; D000079:Acetaldehyde; D019342:Acetic Acid