title: The relationship between anabolic androgenic steroids and muscle dysmorphia: a review.
abstract: This review explores the condition of muscle dysmorphia (MD) and its relationship with anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). Particular emphasis is placed upon whether anabolic steroids are a predisposing, precipitating or perpetuating factor of MD. Furthermore, psychiatric complications of AAS abuse are examined. The current evidence from the literature suggests that AAS (ab)use is possibly a perpetuating factor in the evolution of MD. Psychiatric complications of AAS include mood and behavior changes, perceptual abnormalities, and withdrawal symptoms. In addition, there appears to be a credible dependence theory to AAS in fruition.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mental Health, St. George's University of London, 43 Broadwater Road, Tooting, London SW17 0DU, UK. M0100862@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lebur
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Rohman
mesh_terms: D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001828:Body Image; D015897:Comorbidity; D006801:Humans; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000523:psychology; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D045165:Testosterone Congeners / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D045165:Testosterone Congeners