title: Evidence for genetic association between East Asian and western North American  Crataegus L. (Rosaceae) and rapid divergence of the eastern North American  lineages based on multiple DNA sequences.
abstract: Phylogeographic relationships were constructed for 72 Old and New World Crataegus species using combinations of four chloroplast and up to five nuclear regions. Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian results yield consistent relationships among major lineages. The close associations of the East Asian and western North American species point toward ancient trans-Beringian migrations. Relationships among eastern North American species are poorly resolved and few groups are identified that are congruent with existing classifications. Scant variation and short internal branches among these species suggest rapid divergence associated with polyploidy and hybridization. Incongruence between the chloroplast and nuclear data, and morphology suggest hybrid origins of three species from an extinct European lineage (the male parent) and three different North American female parents. Europe and eastern North America are suggested as the most recent common areas for Crataegus; at least four dispersal events are inferred to explain the present distribution of the genus.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. eugenia.lo@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Eugenia Y Y
authors.initials: EY
authors.lastname: Lo
authors.forename: Sasa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stefanović
authors.forename: Knud Ib
authors.initials: KI
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Timothy A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Dickinson
mesh_terms: D001499:Bayes Theorem; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D027825:Crataegus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D018742:DNA, Chloroplast / Q000235:genetics; D018744:DNA, Plant / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005202:Asia, Eastern; D049810:Genetic Speciation; D005843:Geography; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D009656:North America; D010802:Phylogeny; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D018742:DNA, Chloroplast; D018744:DNA, Plant