title: Detection and toxicity assessment of nitrosamines migration from latex gloves in the Chinese market.
abstract: Nitrosamines are potent carcinogens and have been found in latex products. In 2007, twenty-seven natural latex gloves including sterile gloves, examination gloves and household use gloves were sampled from the Chinese market. This study monitored the migration of nitrosamines and nitrosatable substance from these gloves, and evaluated their mutagenicity using a Salmonella typhimurium mutation assay (Ames assay) with the strains TA98, TA97, TA100 and TA102 and by a micronucleus test (MN test) using ICR mice. In addition, the cytotoxicity of these compounds was determined by a MTT assay. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA) were all found in samples treated with artificial sweat for 4h at 37 degrees C, and total nitrosamines varied from 18.89 to 244.51microg/Kg. The nitrosamine mixture of NDMA, NDEA and NDBA was used in both the Ames assay and the MN test. The proportion of NDMA, NDEA and NDBA (1:10:20) was selected according to the proportion of nitrosamines migration from sample E05. In the Ames assay, the lowest dose (1.98 x 10(-3)microg per plate) produced a positive result in the TA98 strain, corresponding to nitrosamines migration from sample E05 of 0.016g (the total nitrosamines migration from glove E05 was 122.55 microg/kg). The TA100 strain responded positively at a dose of 4.96 x 10(-2)microg per plate, corresponding to nitrosamines migration from glove E05 of 0.040g. The MN test showed nitrosamine migration of 3.04 mg from 2066 pairs of sample E05 and could induce micronuclei in one mouse weighing 28g (average weight of one E05 glove was 6g). Extracts from gloves were found to be cytotoxic and there was a significant correlation between cytotoxicity (IC50) and the release level of nitrosamines. In conclusion, in view of the high content of nitrosamines in latex gloves and the potential toxicity of nitrosamines migration from these gloves, it is suggested that both an effective and feasible detection method and prescribed limits should be imposed.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Di
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Huiping
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Xuelian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Jiedong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Lifeng
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ning
authors.forename: Qingfeng
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yue
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Quanli
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Yang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002681:China; D017575:Gloves, Protective; D007840:Latex / Q000737:chemistry*; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D007840:Latex; D009602:Nitrosamines