title: Noninvasive evaluation of lower urinary tract function in children with cerebral palsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was noninvasive evaluation of voiding function in children with cerebral palsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty children with cerebral palsy were enrolled in the study. Urinary system symptoms were recorded. Uroflowmetric tests were carried out, and postvoid residual volume was measured immediately after voiding by using a portable ultrasonic device developed for children. The expected age-related bladder capacity was calculated and compared with the observed bladder capacity. Uroflowmetric curves were evaluated and classified as normal (bell-shaped) and abnormal.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-three of the children (55%) were symptomatic. In 17 (28.3%) of the children, postvoid residual urine was observed. There was a statistically significant difference between the expected bladder capacity (271.6 +/- 38.3 ml) and the observed bladder capacity (154.5 +/- 111.8 ml) (P < 0.001). Observed bladder capacity was lower than the expected bladder capacity in 56 (93.3%) of the children. In the evaluation of the uroflowmetric charts, 22 (36.7%) children had abnormal curves.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bladder capacity is decreased in most children with cerebral palsy, and postvoid residue is present in an important proportion. Uroflowmetry and portable ultrasonic device combination is a noninvasive, well-tolerated, and efficient method in the first line evaluation of lower urinary tract function in children with cerebral palsy.
authors.affiliation: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ankara Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital of Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Murat
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ersoz
authors.forename: Kurtulus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kaya
authors.forename: Songul Kimyon
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Erol
authors.forename: Fazil
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kulakli
authors.forename: Mufit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akyuz
authors.forename: Sumru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ozel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000150:complications*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D014463:Ultrasonography; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014555:Urination Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D014563:Urodynamics