title: FRAP analysis on red alga reveals the fluorescence recovery is ascribed to intrinsic photoprocesses of phycobilisomes than large-scale diffusion.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phycobilisomes (PBsomes) are the extrinsic antenna complexes upon the photosynthetic membranes in red algae and most cyanobacteria. The PBsomes in the cyanobacteria has been proposed to present high lateral mobility on the thylakoid membrane surface. In contrast, direct measurement of PBsome motility in red algae has been lacking so far.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In this work, we investigated the dynamics of PBsomes in the unicellular red alga Porphyridium cruentum in vivo and in vitro, using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP). We found that part of the fluorescence recovery could be detected in both partially- and wholly-bleached wild-type and mutant F11 (UTEX 637) cells. Such partial fluorescence recovery was also observed in glutaraldehyde-treated and betaine-treated cells in which PBsome diffusion should be restricted by cross-linking effect, as well as in isolated PBsomes immobilized on the glass slide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of our previous structural results showing the PBsome crowding on the native photosynthetic membrane as well as the present FRAP data, we concluded that the fluorescence recovery observed during FRAP experiment in red algae is mainly ascribed to the intrinsic photoprocesses of the bleached PBsomes in situ, rather than the rapid diffusion of PBsomes on thylakoid membranes in vivo. Furthermore, direct observations of the fluorescence dynamics of phycoerythrins using FRAP demonstrated the energetic decoupling of phycoerythrins in PBsomes against strong excitation light in vivo, which is proposed as a photoprotective mechanism in red algae attributed by the PBsomes in response to excess light energy.
authors.affiliation: State Key Lab of Microbial Technology, Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China.
authors.forename: Lu-Ning
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Thijs J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Aartsma
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Bai-Cheng
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Yu-Zhong
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Zhang
mesh_terms: D001622:Betaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004058:Diffusion; D005453:Fluorescence; D005976:Glutaral / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010777:Photochemistry; D045524:Phycobilisomes / Q000378:metabolism*; D000461:Rhodophyta / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D045524:Phycobilisomes; D001622:Betaine; D005976:Glutaral