title: Expression levels of immune markers in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infected pigs and their relation to breed and clinical symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In pigs little is known about the role of innate immune defence in bacterial infections of the respiratory tract, despite their major role in pig production. In the present study we characterized and compared in vitro and in vivo activation of immune markers of different pig breeds 7 days before, and 4 and 21 days after an experimental aerosol infection with Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro stimulation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood leukocytes with A. pleuropneumoniae, Streptococcus suis, PMA and LPS led to production of different amounts of H2O2, NO and TNF-alpha, depending on the stimulus, individual, breed and time of infection. Generally, significant responses to in vitro stimulation were observed only in blood leukocytes, whereas the alveolar macrophages showed a high basal activation. In addition, the production of haptoglobin and cytokines (TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-10) in vivo was measured in plasma and BALF. Plasma haptoglobin levels mirrored the clinical manifestations at 4 days post-infection. In plasma and BALF TNF-alpha could not be detected, whereas variable levels of IFN-gamma were found at pre- and post-infection times. IL-10 was found in some plasma but in none of the BALF samples. The different expression levels in individuals within the breeds correlated for some markers with the severity of clinical manifestations, e.g. H2O2, plasma haptoglobin and BALF IFN-gamma for German Landrace pigs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings revealed differences in the activation of the immune markers with respect to infection time, individuals and breeds. Moreover, results showed different correlation grades between the immune markers produced in vitro or in vivo and the clinical manifestations. Further analyses will have to show whether these markers may serve as correlates of protection against porcine respiratory infections.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany. lbenga@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Laurentiu
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benga
authors.forename: Doris
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hoeltig
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Hermann-Josef
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Rothkoetter
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pabst
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Valentin-Weigand
mesh_terms: D000189:Actinobacillus Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016977:Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D001947:Breeding; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D016014:Linear Models; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers