Potential risks of femoral tunnel drilling through the far anteromedial portal: a cadaveric study.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential risks when drilling femoral tunnels through the far anteromedial portal in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in cadaveric knees.


METHODS
Ten cadaveric knees were used. We drilled the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and posterolateral bundle (PLB) through the far anteromedial portal at 3 different knee flexion angles: 70 degrees, 90 degrees, and 110 degrees. We measured the shortest distance to the common peroneal nerve and the posterior articular cartilage of the lateral femoral condyle and the femoral tunnel length.


RESULTS
At 70 degrees, the distance to the nerve was less than 10 mm in 7 AMB cases and in 9 PLB cases, and the distance to the cartilage was less than 10 mm in all the AMB and PLB cases. At 90 degrees, the distance to the nerve was less than 10 mm in 1 AMB and 5 PLBs, and the distance to the cartilage was less than 10 mm in 2 AMBs and all the PLBs. On the other hand, at 110 degrees , the distance to the nerve was greater than 10 mm in all the AMBs and PLBs, and the distance to the cartilage did not exceed 10 mm in just 2 of the PLBs.


CONCLUSIONS
In our cadaveric study we found that the low knee flexion angles when drilling femoral tunnels through the far anteromedial portal might have the potential risks of damage to the common peroneal nerve and the posterior articular cartilage, and the risks would be decreased at higher degrees of knee flexion. However, we found there was a 20% risk of damage to the cartilage while drilling the PLB at 110 degrees.


CONCLUSIONS
High knee flexion angles are recommended to avoid damage to the nerve and the cartilage when drilling femoral tunnels through the far anteromedial portal in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Nakamura
Mitsuhiro
M
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan. mitsuhiro@m3.dion.ne.jp
Deie
Masataka
M
Shibuya
Hayatoshi
H
Nakamae
Atsuo
A
Adachi
Nobuo
N
Aoyama
Hirohiko
H
Ochi
Mitsuo
M
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000601:surgery; D000070598:Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries; D002102:Cadaver; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods*; D010543:Peroneal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods