title: First-episode versus recurrent acute rheumatic fever: is it different?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent episodes of acute rheumatic fever (RF) can lead to rheumatic heart disease with considerable disability and mortality in children. RF can recur in the absence of secondary prophylaxis. The differences in clinical manifestations and outcome between first-episode and recurrent RF have been less studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-section of patients under 14 years was studied for 2 years (2003-2005) in order to compare the clinical, laboratory, echocardiographic profile and outcome of first-episode RF with recurrent attacks, and risk factors for recurrence and mortality. Patients without a previous history of RF and/or mitral stenosis (MS) and/or aortic stenosis (AS) were defined as first-episode patients, and patients with previous history of RF and/or MS and/or AS, were defined as recurrent RF patients based on the Jones criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 51 patients in total, 26 had first-episode RF and 25 had recurrent RF. Arthritis occurred in a significantly higher number of first-episode patients (P = 0.047) whereas shortness of breath (SOB; P = 0.003), palpitation (P = 0.034), and aortic regurgitation (AR; P = 0.001) occurred in a significantly higher number of recurrent RF patients. Audible murmur of corresponding echocardiographic regurgitation was present in all recurrent RF patients whereas audible murmur was present in 61.5% and echocardiographic regurgitation in 81% in first-episode patients (P = 0.007). Palpitation, SOB, audible murmur, thrill, age and AR on admission were independent predictors of recurrence. Palpitation, age and AS on admission were independent predictors of mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subclinical carditis occurred only in the first-episode patients, which requires further evaluation for clinical significance. Because all deaths occurred in recurrent RF group (P = 0.02), secondary prophylaxis and management of sore throat need re-emphasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Cardiology Unit, National Academy of Medical Sciences, Kanti Children's Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. ajitrnp@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ajit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rayamajhi
authors.forename: Deewakar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sharma
authors.forename: Urmila
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Shakya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000453:epidemiology; D001168:Arthritis / Q000453:epidemiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006337:Heart Murmurs; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D006976:Hypertension, Pulmonary / Q000453:epidemiology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D009390:Nepal / Q000453:epidemiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012213:Rheumatic Fever / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography