title: Use of a latex biomembrane for bladder augmentation in a rabbit model: biocompatibility, clinical and histological outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate histological features and biocompatibility of a latex biomembrane for bladder augmentation using a rabbit model.
  
  
  METHODS
  After a partial cystectomy, a patch of a non-vulcanized latex biomembrane (2x4 cm) was sewn to the bladder with 5/0 monofilament polydioxanone sulfate in a watertight manner. Groups of 5 animals were sacrificed at 15, 45 and 90 days after surgery and the bladder was removed. The 5-mum preparations obtained from grafted area and normal bladder were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Immunohistochemical staining was performed with a primary antibody against alpha-actin to assess muscle regeneration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No death, urinary leakage or graft extrusion occurred in any group. All bladders showed a spherical shape. Macroscopically, after 90 days, the latex biomembrane was not identifiable and the patch was indistinguishable from normal bladder. A bladder stone was found in one animal (6.6%). On the 90th day, histology revealed continuity of transitional epithelium of host bladder tissue on the patch area. At this time, the muscle layers were well organized in a similar fashion to native bladder muscle layers. The inflammatory process was higher on grafted areas when compared to controls: 15 days--p < 0.0001, 45 days--p < 0.001, and 90 days--p < 0.01. The anti alpha-actin immunoexpression peaked at 45 days, when the graft was observed covered by muscle cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The latex biomembrane is biocompatible and can be used in models for bladder augmentation in rabbits. It promotes epithelium and muscle regeneration without urinary leakage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, USP, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. andre@urovida.com.br
authors.forename: Andre L A
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Domingos
authors.forename: Silvio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tucci
authors.forename: Sergio B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: de Bessa
authors.forename: Adauto J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Cologna
authors.forename: Antonio C P
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000637:transplantation*; D006789:Host vs Graft Reaction / Q000502:physiology; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000637:transplantation; D007840:Latex; D008297:Male; D008567:Membranes, Artificial; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D012038:Regeneration; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D007840:Latex; D008567:Membranes, Artificial