title: Proinflammatory and prothrombotic effects on human vascular endothelial cells of immune-cell-derived LIGHT.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  LIGHT (TNFSF 14) belongs to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily and is expressed by activated T cells as well as various types of antigen presenting cells. LIGHT binds to its cellular receptors TR2 and LTbetaR and has a co-stimulatory role in T cell activation. Here, we compared the relative expression of LIGHT in different immune cells and the biological activity of immune cell-derived LIGHT on endothelial cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface expression of LIGHT and mRNA production by PBMC and isolated T cells (CD4+ or CD8+) significantly increased after stimulation with PMA (Phorbolester-12- Myristat-13-Acetat)+ionomycin. No LIGHT expression on PMA stimulated monocytes or monocytic-like THP-1 cells could be detected; differentiation of monocytes and THP-1 cells into macrophages, however, resulted in up-regulation of LIGHT. Supernatants of stimulated T cells contained higher concentrations of soluble LIGHT than macrophage supernatants normalized to cell numbers; release of soluble LIGHT was found to be dependent on metalloproteinase activity. Size determination of released soluble LIGHT by size exclusion chromatography revealed a molecular mass of approximately 60 kDa, suggesting a trimeric form. Released soluble LIGHT induced expression of proinflammatory antigens ICAM-1, tissue factor and IL-8 in human endothelial cells and caused apoptosis of IFN-g pretreated endothelial cells. Soluble LIGHT was detected at low levels in sera of healthy controls and was significantly enhanced in sera of patients with chronic hepatitis C and rheumatoid arthritis (24.93+/-9.41 vs. 129.53+/-49.14 and 172.13+/-77.64; p<0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that among immune cells activated T lymphocytes are the main source of soluble LIGHT with released amounts of soluble LIGHT markedly higher compared to platelets. Immune cell-derived membrane-bound and soluble trimeric LIGHT is biologically active, inducing proinflammatory changes in endothelial cells. Enhanced plasma levels of soluble LIGHT in patients with chronic infections suggest a role of LIGHT in systemic inflammatory activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: H-J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Hippe
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Akhavanpoor
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bea
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Erbel
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Blank
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wambsganss
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Katus
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Dengler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D019698:Hepatitis C, Chronic / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000378:metabolism; D015759:Ionomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008970:Molecular Weight; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology; D013925:Thromboplastin / Q000378:metabolism; D053326:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014471:Umbilical Veins / Q000166:cytology; D015854:Up-Regulation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D016209:Interleukin-8; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C505914:TNFSF14 protein, human; D053326:Tumor Necrosis Factor Ligand Superfamily Member 14; D018799:Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1; D015759:Ionomycin; D013925:Thromboplastin; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate