title: Morphological changes in human placenta of wet snuff users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wet snuff is commonly used by both males and females in different parts of Pakistan. Apart from other ingredients, tobacco is the major component of snuff. Adverse effects of smoking on morphology of human placenta have been shown by some previous studies. But snuff is not considered as dangerous as smoking during pregnancy. This study was designed to see the effects of snuff on morphology of human placenta.
  
  
  METHODS
  In present study total 80 human placentae, 40 from normal and 40 from snuff users were used. This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy Basic Medical Sciences Institution (BSMI) Karachi. Duration of study was six months. Samples were obtained from Gynaecology and Obstetric unit-I JPMC. Placentae washed well with running tap water to remove blood clots. Umbilical cord and other membranes were removed and placenta gently squeezed to expel the foetal blood. Gross features like weight, diameters, central thickness and attachment of umbilical cord were noted in normal and snuff users' placentae. Then placentae were preserved in 10% formalin for at least five days before the sectioning for micromorphology. Placentae divided in two groups-A & B. 4 microm thick sections of the tissue were taken on rotary microtome and stained with H & E, Mallorys trichrome and methanamine silver for different histological observations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Micromorpholgical changes have been observed in placentae of snuff users leading to loss of functional components of placentae. This loss of functional component may have deleterious effects on outcome of pregnancy. No significant gross morphological changes were found in snuff user placentae.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Wet snuff effect the micromorphology of placenta leading to loss of functional component and in turn effects the exchange of materials between mother and foetus which may leads to intrauterine growth retardation. Loss of trophoblasts may lead to hormonal imbalance necessary for normal pregnancy and this imbalance can cause premature labour. Nocotine can cross the placental barrier, which may produce foetal tachycardia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad.
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashfaq
authors.forename: Muhammad Aslam
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Channa
authors.forename: Masud Akhtar
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: Delawar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Khan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010920:Placenta / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine