title: Brain contusions induce a strong local overexpression of MMP-9. Results of a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Brain contusions are inflammatory evolutive lesions that induce intracranial pressure increase and edema, contributing to neurological outcome. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) 2 and 9 can degrade the majority of the extracellular matrix components, and are implicated in blood-brain barrier disruption and edema formation. The aim of this study was to investigate MMP-2 and MMP-9 profiles in human brain contusions using zymography.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study was conducted in 20 traumatic brain injury patients where contusion brain tissue was resected. Brain tissues from lobectomies were used as controls. Brain homogenates were analysed by gelatin zymography and in situ zimography was performed to confirm results, on one control and one brain contusion tissue sample.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels were higher in brain contusions when compared to controls. MMP-9 was high during the first 24 hours and at 48 to 96 hours, whereas MMP-2 was slightly high at 24 to 96 hours. In situ zymography confirmed gelatin zymography results. A relation between outcome and MMP-9 levels was found; MMP-9 levels were higher in patients with worst outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate strong time-dependent gelatinase expression primarily from MMP-9, suggesting that the inflammatory response induced by focal lesions should be considered as a new therapeutic target.
authors.affiliation: Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vail d'Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vilalta
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sahuquillo
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Poca
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Los Rios
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cuadrado
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ortega-Aznar
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Riveiro
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Montaner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000201:enzymology*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D004586:Electrophoresis / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9