title: Lower thoracic spinal cord stimulation to restore cough in patients with spinal cord injury: results of a National Institutes of Health-Sponsored clinical trial. Part II: clinical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical effects of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) to restore cough in subjects with cervical spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical trial assessing the clinical outcomes and side effects associated with the cough system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Outpatient hospital or residence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (N=9; 8 men, 1 woman) with cervical spinal cord injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  SCS was performed at home by either the subjects themselves or caregivers on a chronic basis and as needed for secretion management.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ease in raising secretions, requirement for trained caregiver support related to secretion management, and incidence of acute respiratory tract infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The degree of difficulty in raising secretions improved markedly, and the need for alternative methods of secretion removal was virtually eliminated. Subject life quality related to respiratory care improved, with subjects reporting greater control of breathing problems and enhanced mobility. The incidence of acute respiratory tract infections fell from 2.0+/-0.5 to 0.7+/-0.4 events/subject year (P<.01), and mean level of trained caregiver support related to secretion management measured over a 2-week period decreased from 16.9+/-7.9 to 2.1+/-1.6 and 0.4+/-0.3 times/wk (P<.01) at 28 and 40 weeks after implantation of the device, respectively. Three subjects developed mild hemodynamic effects that abated completely with continued SCS. Subjects experienced mild leg jerks during SCS, which were well tolerated. There were no instances of bowel or bladder leakage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restoration of cough via SCS is safe and efficacious. This method improves life quality and has the potential to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with recurrent respiratory tract infections in this patient population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA. afd3@case.edu
authors.forename: Anthony F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: DiMarco
authors.forename: Krzysztof E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Robert T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Geertman
authors.forename: Dana R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Hromyak
authors.forename: Fredrick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Frost
authors.forename: Graham H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Creasey
authors.forename: Gregory A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Nemunaitis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003371:Cough; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009316:National Institutes of Health (U.S.); D010366:Peak Expiratory Flow Rate; D011336:Probability; D011782:Quadriplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020127:Recovery of Function; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics; D012132:Respiratory Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D012138:Respiratory Therapy / Q000379:methods; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000294:innervation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult