title: Protein acetylation and histone deacetylase expression associated with malignant breast cancer progression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Excess histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity can induce hypoacetylation of histone and nonhistone protein substrates, altering gene expression patterns and cell behavior potentially associated with malignant transformation. However, HDAC expression and protein acetylation have not been studied in the context of breast cancer progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We assessed expression levels of acetylated histone H4 (ac-H4), ac-H4K12, ac-tubulin, HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC6 in 22 reduction mammoplasties and in 58 specimens with synchronous normal epithelium, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) components. Differences among groups were tested for significance using nonparametric tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From normal epithelium to DCIS, there was a marked reduction in histone acetylation (P < 0.0001). Most cases showed similar levels of acetylation in DCIS and IDC, although some showed further reduction of ac-H4 and ac-H4K12 from DCIS to IDC. Expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC6 was also significantly reduced but by a smaller magnitude. Greater reductions of H4 acetylation and HDAC1 levels were observed from normal to DCIS in estrogen receptor-negative compared with estrogen receptor-positive, and in high-grade compared with non-high-grade tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, there was a global pattern of hypoacetylation associated with progression from normal to DCIS to IDC. These findings suggest that the reversal of this hypoacetylation in DCIS and IDC could be an early measure of HDAC inhibitor activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Junko
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Yunn-Yi
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Devries
authors.forename: Koei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: Christopher C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Benz
authors.forename: Frederic M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Waldman
authors.forename: E Shelley
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Hwang
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001940:Breast / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D002285:Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000378:metabolism; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D014404:Tubulin / Q000378:metabolism*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2; D000073864:Histone Deacetylase 6; D006655:Histone Deacetylases; D006657:Histones; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D011980:Receptors, Progesterone; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014404:Tubulin; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; C433811:HDAC6 protein, human