title: Two weeks of overfeeding with candy, but not peanuts, increases insulin levels and body weight.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of snacking based on fast acting carbohydrates (candy) or fat and protein (peanuts) in a prospective randomized, parallel intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and cardiovascular risk factors were measured before and after hyper-alimentation by addition of 20 kcal/kg (84 kJ/kg) body weight of either candy or roasted peanuts, to the regular caloric intake, for two weeks in healthy subjects. Eleven men and 14 women completed the randomized study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Energy-intake increased similarly in the groups (candy: +46.1+/-35%, peanuts: +46.8+/-28% p=0.96). Body-weight (candy: from 67.3+/-7.6 kg to 68.1+/-7.3 kg, p=0.01, nuts: from 68.7+/-6.1 kg to 69.0+/-5.7 kg p=0.3) and waist circumference increased significantly only in the candy group. At the end of the study LDL cholesterol (candy: 2.6+/-0.4 mmol/l peanuts: 2.1+/-0.4 mmol/l, p=0.005) and ApoB/ApoA-1-ratio (candy: 0.68+/-0.16 peanuts 0.53+/-0.11, p=0.01) were higher in the candy group than in the peanut group. On the other hand, BMR increased only in the peanut group (candy: from 6.657+/-1.1 MJ/24 h to 6.762+/-1.1 MJ/24 h, p=0.3 nuts: from 6.896+/-0.98 MJ/24 h to 7.256+/-1.1 MJ/24 h, p=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two weeks of snacking based on peanuts does not cause the same negative metabolic effects as an isocaloric diet in which the snacking is based on short acting carbohydrates in the form of candy in non-obese healthy subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Diabetes Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
authors.forename: Anna-Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Claesson
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holm
authors.forename: Asa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ernersson
authors.forename: Torbjörn
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lindström
authors.forename: Fredrik H
authors.initials: FH
authors.lastname: Nystrom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000886:Anthropometry; D010367:Arachis / Q000009:adverse effects; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002182:Candy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002241:Carbohydrates / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002241:Carbohydrates; D005227:Fatty Acids; D007328:Insulin