title: Mitochondrial S-adenosyl-L-methionine transport is insensitive to alcohol-mediated changes in membrane dynamics.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Alcohol-induced liver injury is associated with decreased S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)/S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine (SAH) ratio and mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) depletion, which has been shown to sensitize hepatocytes to tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  As the effect of alcohol on mitochondrial SAM (mSAM) has been poorly characterized, our aim was to examine the status and transport of mSAM in relation to that of mGSH during alcohol intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats were pair fed Lieber-DeCarli diets containing alcohol for 1 to 4 weeks and liver fractionated into cytosol and mitochondria to examine the mSAM transport and its sensitivity to membrane dynamics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that cytosol SAM was depleted from the first week of alcohol feeding, with mSAM levels paralleling these changes. Cytosol SAH, however, increased during the first 3 weeks of alcohol intake, whereas its mitochondrial levels remained unchanged. mGSH depletion occurred by 3 to 4 weeks of alcohol intake due to cholesterol-mediated impaired transport from the cytosol. In contrast to this outcome, the transport of SAM into hepatic mitochondria was unaffected by alcohol intake and resistant to cholesterol-mediated perturbations in membrane dynamics; furthermore cytosolic SAH accumulation in primary hepatocytes by SAH hydrolase inhibition reproduced the mSAM depletion by alcohol due to the competition of SAH with SAM for mitochondrial transport. However, alcohol feeding did not potentiate the sensitivity to inhibition by SAH accumulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Alcohol-induced mSAM depletion precedes that of mGSH and occurs independently of alcohol-mediated perturbations in membrane dynamics, disproving an inherent defect in the mSAM transport by alcohol. These findings suggest that the early mSAM depletion may contribute to the alterations of mitochondrial membrane dynamics and the subsequent mGSH down-regulation induced by alcohol feeding.
authors.affiliation: Liver Unit and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Esther Koplowitz, Instituto Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Barcelona, Spain.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colell
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Nuria
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Matías
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: García-Ruiz
authors.forename: José C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fernández-Checa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001693:Biological Transport, Active / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D000431:Ethanol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000378:metabolism*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000431:Ethanol; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine