title: Hurricanes, climate change and the cholera epidemic in Puerto Rico of 1855-1856.
abstract: Hurricanes and global climate changes may affect the environmental factors of cholera dynamics in warm coastal areas, vulnerable to seasonal or sporadic outbreaks. The cholera epidemic of Puerto Rico in 1855-1856 had a profound effect on the Puerto Rican society; but it was not influenced by any climatic events, such as preceding hurricanes or storms based on past documentary sources. Particularly, the environmental non-toxigenic strains of Vibrio Cholerae in Puerto Rican water sources can maintain their pathogenic potential for sporadic or erratic toxigenic cholera outbreaks--if a "perfect storm" ever occurs.
authors.affiliation: Infectious Disease Department, Hospital HIMA-San Pablo, Bayamon, PR, USA. bchristenson64@netscape.net
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christenson
mesh_terms: D017691:Caribbean Region; D002771:Cholera / Q000266:history* / Q000401:mortality / Q000635:transmission; D002980:Climate; D055867:Cyclonic Storms / Q000266:history*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D006801:Humans; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D011647:Puerto Rico