title: Changes in MRS neuronal markers and T cell phenotypes observed during early HIV infection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if changes in brain metabolites are observed during early HIV infection and correlate these changes with immunologic alterations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight subjects with early HIV infection, 9 HIV-seronegative controls, and 10 chronically HIV-infected subjects without neurologic impairment underwent 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Subjects with early stage infection were identified near the time of HIV seroconversion and imaged within 60 days of an evolving Western blot, while still having detectable plasma virus. Subjects had blood drawn for viral RNA and T cell quantification.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both N-acetylaspartate (NAA) and Glx (glutamate + glutamine) were decreased in the frontal cortical gray matter of seropositive subjects. NAA levels were found to be decreased in the centrum semiovale white matter of chronically HIV-infected subjects, but not in those with early infection. Both HIV-infected cohorts demonstrated a lower number of CD4+ T lymphocytes and a higher number of CD8+ T lymphocytes in their blood. Lower NAA levels in the frontal cortex of subjects with early infection were associated with an expansion of CD8+ T cells, especially effector CD8+ T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results verify metabolism changes occurring in the brain early during HIV infection. Lower NAA and Glx levels in the cortical gray matter suggests that HIV causes neuronal dysfunction soon after infection, which correlates to the expansion of CD8+ T cells, specifically to an activated phenotype. Utilizing magnetic resonance spectroscopy to track NAA levels may provide important information on brain metabolic health while allowing better understanding of the virus-host interactions involved in CNS functional deficits.
authors.affiliation: Harvard Medical School/Massachusetts General Hospital, Building 149, 13th Street, Rm 2301, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA. mlentz@nmr.mgh.harvard.edu
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lentz
authors.forename: W K
authors.initials: WK
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bazner
authors.forename: E F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Halpern
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Venna
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: E S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Rosenberg
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: González
mesh_terms: D015526:AIDS Dementia Complex / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D001224:Aspartic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016516:CD4-CD8 Ratio; D018450:Disease Progression; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001224:Aspartic Acid; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C000179:N-acetylaspartate