title: A randomized controlled trial of sertraline for the treatment of depression in persons with traumatic brain injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the efficacy of sertraline in the treatment of depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind, randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Research center at a major urban medical center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were a referred and volunteer sample of 52 participants with TBI, a diagnosis of major depression disorder (MDD), and a score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) of 18 or greater. The majority of the sample was male (58%), had less than 14 years of education (73%), had incomes below $20,000 (82%), and were from minority backgrounds (75%). Approximately one third of the sample had mild brain injuries, and two thirds had moderate to severe brain injuries. The mean age was 47+/-11, and the mean time since injury was 17+/-14 years. One participant withdrew from the study because of side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Daily oral sertraline in doses starting at 25mg and increasing to therapeutic levels (up to 200mg) or placebo for 10 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  The HAM-D, the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Life-3 quality of life (QOL).
  
  
  RESULTS
  No statistically significant differences were found at baseline between drug and placebo groups on baseline measures of depression (24.8+/-7.3 vs 27.7+/-7.0), anxiety (16.4+/-12.3 vs 24.0+/-14.9), or QOL (2.96+/-1.0 vs 2.9+/-0.9). The income level of those receiving placebo was significantly lower than those participants receiving medication. Analyses of covariance revealed significant changes from preintervention to posttreatment for all 3 outcome measures (P<.001) but no group effects. Random-effects modeling did not find any significant difference in patterns of scores of the outcome measures between the placebo and medication groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both groups showed improvements in mood, anxiety, and QOL, with 59% of the experimental group and 32% of the placebo group responding to the treatment, defined as a reduction of a person's HAM-D score by 50%.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. teresa.ashman@mssm.edu
authors.forename: Teresa A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ashman
authors.forename: Joshua B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cantor
authors.forename: Wayne A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Spielman
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Flanagan
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ginsberg
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Engmann
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: Felicia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ambrose
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D011788:Quality of Life; D012016:Reference Values; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020280:Sertraline / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D020280:Sertraline