title: Transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi by heart transplantation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trypanosoma cruzi infection (i.e., Chagas disease) is an unusual complication that can occur after solid-organ transplantation and that can result in severe illness or death. In 2006, there were 2 heart transplant recipients in Los Angeles, California, reported to have acute trypanosomiasis during the same month. We conducted an investigation to determine the source of these infections.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical, organ procurement, and donor transfusion and transplantation records of these 2 heart transplant recipients. The 2 heart transplant recipients were interviewed regarding any kind of natural exposure and were screened for parasites by obtaining blood and other tissue samples for buffy coat, culture, and polymerase chain reaction. Serum samples from the heart transplant recipients, organ donors, and blood donors were tested for T. cruzi antibodies by use of immunofluorescence assay and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. Tissue samples from the organ donors were examined by use of polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical staining. Other recipients of organs from the same donors were monitored for T. cruzi infection by use of polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both heart transplant recipients had no apparent risk factors for preexisting T. cruzi infection. Both were seronegative but tested positive for the parasite, indicating recent infection. Both recipients died despite medical treatment. The organ donors tested positive for T. cruzi antibodies by use of radioimmunoprecipitation assay; the blood donors were seronegative. Six other patients had received a liver or kidney from these organ donors. None showed evidence of T. cruzi infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge, this is the first report of T. cruzi transmission associated with heart transplantation. Clinicians and public health authorities should be aware that manifestations of Chagas disease can occur after transplantation, requiring rapid evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Epidemic Intelligence Service, Career Development Division, Office of Workforce and Career Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341 , USA.
authors.forename: Heather
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kun
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Laurene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mascola
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Steurer
authors.forename: Gena
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Kubak
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Radhakrishna
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Leiby
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herron
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mone
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Matthew
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kuehnert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan / Q000097:blood; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000635:transmission*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D017809:Fatal Outcome; D006321:Heart / Q000469:parasitology; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009206:Myocardium / Q000473:pathology; D010949:Plasma / Q000469:parasitology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000913:Antibodies, Protozoan; D016054:DNA, Protozoan