title: The effect of combination anti-endothelial growth factor receptor and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 targeted therapy on lymph node metastasis: a study in an orthotopic nude mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the therapeutic effect of treatment with a combination of the monoclonal antibodies to the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (DC101) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (cetuximab) in an orthotopic nude mouse model of metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the oral tongue (SCCOT).
  
  
  METHODS
  In vivo study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A translational research laboratory at a comprehensive cancer center.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male athymic nude mice aged 8 to 12 weeks.
  
  
  METHODS
  To develop orthotopic nude mouse models of SCCOT, OSC-19 cells or luciferase (Luc)-expressing OSC-19-Luc and JMAR-Luc cells were injected into the tongues of nude mice. Animals were randomly divided into 4 groups: DC101 alone, cetuximab alone, DC101 plus cetuximab, or placebo, and all treatments were administered twice per week for 4 weeks. The in vivo antitumor activity was monitored noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging. Tumors were resected at necropsy, and immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining were performed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tumor size, bioluminescence, animal survival, and percentage of animals with lymph node metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the conclusion of the treatment period, the mean tumor volumes in the cetuximab alone and the DC101 plus cetuximab groups had decreased significantly compared with those that received the placebo control (68% [P = .002] and 84% [P < .001], respectively). Significant effects of the treatment were also observed in bioluminescence imaging. Mice treated with DC101 plus cetuximab also lived longer and had a lower incidence of neck lymph node metastases compared with the control group (P = .003).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Treatment with DC101 plus cetuximab inhibited the growth of SCCOT and decreased the incidence of the neck lymph node metastases in vivo. These results suggest that this combination treatment may be an effective strategy against metastatic SCCOT and warrants further preclinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Unit 441, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA.
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sano
authors.forename: Sungweon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Zvonimir Luka
authors.initials: ZL
authors.lastname: Milas
authors.forename: Ge
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Chad E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Galer
authors.forename: Ying-Wen
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gule
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Zhenping
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000068818:Cetuximab; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D014062:Tongue Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C511761:DC101 monoclonal antibody; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D040262:Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor; D000068818:Cetuximab