title: Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes.
abstract: Little is known about the prevalence and motives of supplement use among elite young athletes who compete on national and international levels. Therefore, the current survey was performed to assess information regarding the past and present use of dietary supplements among 164 elite young athletes (16.6 +/- 3.0 years of age). A 5-page questionnaire was designed to assess their past and present (last 4 weeks) use of vitamins, minerals, carbohydrate, protein, and fat supplements; sport drinks; and other ergogenic aids. Furthermore, information about motives, sources of advice, supplement sources, and supplement contamination was assessed. Eighty percent of all athletes reported using at least 1 supplement, and the prevalence of use was significantly higher in older athletes (p < .05). Among supplement users, minerals, vitamins, sport drinks, energy drinks, and carbohydrates were most frequently consumed. Only a minority of the athletes declared that they used protein/amino acids, creatine, or other ergogenic aids. Major motives for supplement use were health related, whereas performance enhancement and recommendations by others were less frequently reported. Supplements were mainly obtained from parents or by athletes themselves and were mostly purchased in pharmacies, supermarkets, and health-food stores. Among all athletes, only 36% were aware of the problem of supplement contamination. The survey shows that supplement use is common and widespread among German elite young athletes. This stands in strong contrast to recommendations by leading sport organizations against supplement use by underage athletes.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biochemistry, German Research Center of Elite Sport, German Sport University Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Karsten
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Koehler
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Geyer
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kleiner
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mester
authors.forename: Wilhelm
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Schanzer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D000328:Adult; D001823:Body Composition / Q000502:physiology; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008903:Minerals / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009747:Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D009751:Nutritional Requirements; D010807:Physical Endurance / Q000502:physiology*; D013177:Sports / Q000502:physiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008903:Minerals; D014815:Vitamins