title: Neuropsychological consequences of boxing and recommendations to improve safety: a National Academy of Neuropsychology education paper.
abstract: Boxing has held appeal for many athletes and audiences for centuries, and injuries have been part of boxing since its inception. Although permanent and irreversible neurologic dysfunction does not occur in the majority of participants, an association has been reported between the number of bouts fought and the development of neurologic, psychiatric, or histopathological signs and symptoms of encephalopathy in boxers. The purpose of this paper is to (i) provide clinical neuropsychologists, other health-care professionals, and the general public with information about the potential neuropsychological consequences of boxing, and (ii) provide recommendations to improve safety standards for those who participate in the sport.
authors.affiliation: Chicago Neuropsychology Group and Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60601, USA. r-heilbronner@northwestern.edu
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Heilbronner
authors.forename: Shane S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Bush
authors.forename: Lisa D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Ravdin
authors.forename: Jeffrey T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: Grant L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Iverson
authors.forename: Ronald M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Ruff
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Lovell
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Ruben J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Echemendia
authors.forename: Donna K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Broshek
mesh_terms: D001914:Boxing / Q000941:ethics / Q000293:injuries* / Q000592:standards; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009484:Neuropsychology / Q000193:education*; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012306:Risk; D012449:Safety