title: WAVE3 is associated with invasiveness in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome verprolin-homologous 3 (WAVE3) belongs to Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome family proteins (WASP), which, along with other members, play a critical role in the regulation of actin polymerization and cell motility. We investigated the expression pattern and the effects of manipulating endogenous WAVE3 expression in prostate cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of prostate cell lines and immunohistochemical staining of normal and cancer specimens for WAVE3 proteins were done. WAVE3 knockdown clones were synthesized using hammerhead ribozyme transgenes and transfected by electroporation into DU-145 and PC-3 cells. The impact of WAVE3 knockdown was studied using in vitro functional assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RT-PCR for WAVE3 showed strong expression in both PC-3 and DU-145 cell lines. Immunohistochemistry of prostate tissue specimens showed that the cytoplasm of cancer cells had stronger staining than normal epithelium. The mean [(+/-standard error of mean (SEM)] invading cell number for PC-3(DeltaW3R1) and PC-3(DeltaW3R2) was 5.06 (+/-0.42) and 6.33 (+/-0.19), respectively, compared with PC-3(WT) (12.27 +/- 0.42; P < 0.001). Similarly, the mean (+/-SEM) invading cell numbers for DU-145(DeltaW3R1) and DU-145(DeltaW3R2) were 10.80 (+/-1.33) and 10.20 (+/-0.86) compared with DU-145(WT) (14.80 +/- 0.24, P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed in the adhesiveness and proliferation between the knockdown mutants and the wild types.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report on the expression patterns and the functions of WAVE3 in prostate cancer cell lines. This study shows that WAVE3 is pivotal in controlling the invasiveness of prostate cancer cells. Further work is needed to assess WAVE3 as a potential marker for predicting tumor aggressiveness.
authors.affiliation: Metastasis and Angiogenesis Research Group, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom. herman.fernando@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Herman S
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Fernando
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: Howard G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Kynaston
authors.forename: Wen G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D015870:Gene Expression; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000235:genetics*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection; D051300:Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C120153:WASF3 protein, human; D051300:Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein Family