title: Chromium(III) induces oxidative stress in goldfish liver and kidney.
abstract: In the environment chromium is found mainly in two valence states-hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) and trivalent chromium (Cr3+). The present study evaluates the effects of Cr3+ exposure on goldfish by analyzing parameters of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in liver and kidney of fish given 96 h exposures to Cr3+ concentrations of 1, 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/l in aquarium water. Cr3+ exposure did not alter two parameters of oxidative stress-protein carbonyl content and lipid peroxide concentrations in either organ. However, Cr3+ exposure did decrease total glutathione concentration in liver by 34-69% and in kidney to 36-49% of the respective control values. Oxidized GSSG content fell by similar percentages so that the ratio [GSSG]/[total glutathione] remained constant at all Cr3+ exposure levels except in liver under the highest, 10 mg/l, exposure level. In liver, exposure to 1-5 mg/l Cr3+ led to a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) by 29-36%, and at 10 mg/l Cr3+ the reduction was 54%, whereas in kidney approximately 30% reductions in SOD activity were seen at concentrations 1 and 10 mg/l Cr3+. Catalase activity was not significantly affected by 1-5 mg/l Cr3+, but was reduced by 57 and 42% in liver and kidney, respectively. Chromium exposure also reduced the activity of glutathione-S-transferase in both organs by 17-50% but did not affect glutathione reductase or glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. A comparison of Cr3+ effects on goldfish liver and kidney metabolism indicates that the trivalent ion induces stronger oxidative stress than Cr6+ at the same concentrations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry, Precarpathian National University Named After Vassyl Stefanyk, 57 Shevchenko Str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76025, Ukraine. lushchak@pu.if.ua
authors.forename: Oleh V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Lushchak
authors.forename: Olha I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Kubrak
authors.forename: Olexandr V
authors.initials: OV
authors.lastname: Lozinsky
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Kenneth B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Storey
authors.forename: Volodymyr I
authors.initials: VI
authors.lastname: Lushchak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D002712:Chlorides / Q000633:toxicity*; D017608:Chromium Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000378:metabolism; D005980:Glutathione Reductase / Q000378:metabolism; D005982:Glutathione Transferase / Q000378:metabolism; D006054:Goldfish / Q000378:metabolism*; D007668:Kidney / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008054:Lipid Peroxides / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D050050:Protein Carbonylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D017608:Chromium Compounds; D008054:Lipid Peroxides; C017133:chromous chloride; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D005980:Glutathione Reductase; D005982:Glutathione Transferase; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide