title: Tuberculosis treatment and risk of stavudine substitution in first-line antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Treatment for tuberculosis (TB) is common among individuals receiving stavudine-containing highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but the effect of TB treatment on stavudine toxicity has received little attention. We estimated the effect of TB treatment on risk of stavudine substitution among individuals receiving first-line HAART.
  
  
  METHODS
  We evaluated a cohort of 7066 patients who initiated HAART from April 2004 through March 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Three exposure categories were considered: ongoing TB treatment at HAART initiation, concurrent initiation of TB treatment and HAART, and incident TB treatment after HAART initiation. The outcome was single-drug stavudine substitution. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) were estimated using marginal structural models to control for confounding, loss to follow-up, and competing risks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with ongoing and concurrent TB treatment were at increased risk of stavudine substitution, irrespective of stavudine dosage. For ongoing TB treatment, aHR was 3.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-5.56) in the first 2 months of HAART, 2.51 (95% CI, 1.77-3.54) in months 3-6, and 1.19 (95% CI, 0.94-1.52) thereafter. For concurrent TB treatment, aHR was 6.60 (95% CI, 3.03-14.37) in the first 2 months, 1.88 (95% CI, 0.87-4.09) in months 3-6, and 1.07 (95% CI, 0.65-1.76) thereafter. There was no effect of incident TB on stavudine substitution risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk of stavudine substitution was increased among patients who received TB treatment and was especially elevated during the period soon after HAART initiation. In settings in which alternative antiretroviral drugs are available, initiation of stavudine therapy in patients receiving TB treatment may need to be reconsidered.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7435, USA. djw@unc.edu
authors.forename: Daniel J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Westreich
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanne
authors.forename: Mhairi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maskew
authors.forename: Babatyi
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Malope-Kgokong
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Conradie
authors.forename: Pappie
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Majuba
authors.forename: Michele Jonsson
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Funk
authors.forename: Jay S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Rie
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Macphail
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013019:South Africa; D018119:Stavudine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D028761:Withholding Treatment
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D018119:Stavudine