title: Potential feasibility of early bone marrow cell injection into the spleen for creating functional hepatocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone marrow cells (BMCs) are believed to have the ability to generate functional hepatocytes and have some merits as a therapeutic modality for metabolic liver diseases. However, the appearance of BMC-derived hepatocytes (BMDHs) is low. We hypothesized that early BMC injection would be feasible for creating BMDHs for two main reasons: (1) the liver is a hematopoietic organ in neonatal rats and (2) it may allow sufficient time to generate more BMDHs before severe liver injury occurs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rats as recipients, a model of (1) Wilson disease and (2) liver carcinogenesis. Green fluorescent protein-expressing BMCs were injected into newborn LEC rats through the spleen. The oxidative activity of ceruloplasmin, which is low in LEC rats, was measured to evaluate the treatment. In addition, we performed fluorescence in situ hybridization to clarify the origin of the BMDHs and immunohistochemical analysis to confirm whether these BMDHs had malignant potential.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 18 months after injection, we found some green fluorescent protein-expressing areas macroscopically in the liver of treated LEC rats. The oxidative activity of ceruloplasmin increased in treated LEC rats (n=7) and were much higher than that in untreated LEC rats (P=0.015). Moreover, we confirmed that the BMDHs were generated by cell fusion and was not detected in any of the neoplastic lesions or cholngiofibrotic regions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that this novel strategy for creating BMDHs is effective and safe.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
authors.forename: Ryosuke
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Misawa
authors.forename: Junpei
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soeda
authors.forename: Hirohiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ise
authors.forename: Masafumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kubota
authors.forename: Atsuyoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mita
authors.forename: Takenari
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nakata
authors.forename: Shinichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Miyagawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D030801:Animals, Genetically Modified; D016026:Bone Marrow Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D002570:Ceruloplasmin / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D006527:Hepatolenticular Degeneration / Q000601:surgery*; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012038:Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013154:Spleen / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D002570:Ceruloplasmin