title: The global burden of mental disorders: an update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The paper reviews recent findings from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys on the global burden of mental disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  The WMH surveys are representative community surveys in 28 countries throughout the world aimed at providing information to mental health policy makers about the prevalence, distribution, burden, and unmet need for treatment of common mental disorders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The first 17 WMH surveys show that mental disorders are commonly occurring in all participating countries. The inter-quartile range (IQR: 25th-75th percentiles) of lifetime DSM-IV disorder prevalence estimates (combining anxiety, mood, externalizing, and substance use disorders) is 18.1-36.1%. The IQR of 12-month prevalence estimates is 9.8-19.1%. Prevalence estimates of 12-month Serious Mental Illness (SMI) are 4-6.8% in half the countries, 2.3-3.6% in one-fourth, and 0.8-1.9% in one-fourth. Many mental disorders begin in childhood-adolescence and have significant adverse effects on subsequent role transitions in the WMH data. Adult mental disorders are found to be associated with such high role impairment in the WMH data that available clinical interventions could have positive cost-effectiveness ratios.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mental disorders are commonly occurring and often seriously impairing in many countries throughout the world. Expansion of treatment could be cost-effective from both employer and societal perspectives.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, 180 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Kessler@hcp.med.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Ronald C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Kessler
authors.forename: Sergio
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aguilar-Gaxiola
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: Somnath
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chatterji
authors.forename: Sing
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Johan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ormel
authors.forename: T Bedirhan
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Ustün
authors.forename: Philip S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D017281:Cost of Illness; D003625:Data Collection; D014943:Global Health; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014944:World Health Organization