title: Effects of environmental relevant doses of pollutants from offshore oil production on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua).
abstract: The release of produced water (PW), a by-product of offshore oil production, has increased in Norwegian waters in recent years. Alkylphenols (AP), a major component of PW, have been shown to have endocrine disrupting effects on several fish species. In the present study, four groups of female Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were orally exposed for 20 weeks to two different concentrations of a mixture of C4-C7 APs, PW or 17beta-estradiol. The transcriptional responses in the liver of Atlantic female cod were studied using a custom-made cDNA microarray. The largest transcriptional effects were seen in cod exposed to the lowest dose of APs. Several biological processes such as glycolysis, apoptosis and the general stress response were affected by exposure to APs. In addition, genes coding for the detoxification enzymes CYP1A and sulfotransferase 2 were up-regulated in the low exposure group. Significant reduction in gonadosomatic index (GSI) and the concentration of plasma vitellogenin were seen in both AP and 17beta-estradiol exposed cod. Exposure to PW had little effect on GSI and the regulation of stress responsive genes. The findings indicate that chronic exposure to low levels of APs may cause a stress response and delayed maturation in female cod.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Nutrition and Seafood Research, Nordnesboder 2, N-5005 Bergen, Norway. kai.lie@nifes.no
authors.forename: Kai K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Lie
authors.forename: Sonnich
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Meier
authors.forename: Pål A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Olsvik
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006066:Gonads / Q000187:drug effects; D009659:North Sea; D009664:Norway; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010578:Petroleum / Q000633:toxicity*; D010636:Phenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012623:Seawater; D013312:Stress, Physiological / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D010578:Petroleum; D010636:Phenols; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D004958:Estradiol; C006862:butylphen