title: Ultrasound-derived fetal size nomogram for a sub-Saharan African population: a longitudinal study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To create a fetal size nomogram for use in sub-Saharan Africa and compare the derived centiles with reference intervals from developed countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal biometric measurements were obtained at entry to antenatal care (11-22 weeks' gestation) and thereafter at 4-week intervals from pregnant women enrolled in a longitudinal ultrasound study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. The study population comprised 144 singleton gestations with ultrasound-derived gestational age within 14 days of the menstrual estimate. A total of 755 monthly ultrasound scans were included with a mean +/- SD of 5 +/- 1 (range, 2-8) scans per woman. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated at each ultrasound examination using the Hadlock algorithm. A general mixed-effects linear regression model that incorporated random effects for both the intercept and slope was fitted to log-transformed EFW to account for both mean growth and within-fetus variability in growth. Reference centiles (5(th), 10(th), 50(th), 90(th) and 95(th) centiles) were derived from this model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nomograms derived from developed populations consistently overestimated the 50(th) centile EFW value for Congolese fetuses by roughly 5-12%. Differences observed in the 10(th) and 90(th) centiles were inconsistent between nomograms, but generally followed a pattern of overestimation that decreased with advancing gestational age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In low-resource settings, endemic malaria and maternal nutritional factors, including low prepregnancy weight and pregnancy weight gain, probably lead to lower fetal weight and utilization of nomograms derived from developed populations is not appropriate. This customized nomogram could provide more applicable reference intervals for diagnosis of intrauterine growth restriction in sub-Saharan African populations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 29755-7435, USA.
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Landis
authors.forename: C V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lokomba
authors.forename: K E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Hartmann
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Horton
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Atibu
authors.forename: R W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Ryder
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tshefu
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Meshnick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017954:Africa South of the Sahara; D049628:Body Size; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D049451:Nomograms; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care / Q000379:methods*; D012016:Reference Values; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult