title: Remote ischaemic pre-conditioning does not attenuate ischaemic left ventricular dysfunction in humans.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Remote ischaemic pre-conditioning (RIPC) reduces distant tissue ischaemia reperfusion injury. We tested the hypothesis that RIPC would protect the left ventricle (LV) from ischaemic dysfunction and stunning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-two patients with single vessel coronary disease and normal LV function were prospectively recruited. Twenty patients had repeated conductance catheter assessment of LV function during serial coronary occlusions with/without RIPC and a further 22 patients underwent serial dobutamine stress echocardiography and tissue Doppler analysis with/without RIPC. Remote ischaemic pre-conditioning was induced by three 5 min inflations of a blood pressure cuff around the upper arm. RIPC did not diminish the degree of ischaemic LV dysfunction during coronary balloon occlusion (Tau, ms: 59.2 (2.8) vs. 62.8 (2.8), P = 0.15) and there was evidence of cumulative LV dysfunction despite RIPC [ejection fraction (EF), %: 54.3 (5.8) vs. 44.9 (3.7), P = 0.03]. Remote ischaemic pre-conditioning did not improve contractile recovery during reperfusion (EF, %: 51.7 (3.6) vs. 51.5 (5.7), P = 0.88 and Tau, ms: 55.6 (2.8) vs. 56.0 (2.0), P = 0.85). A neutral effect of RIPC on LV function was confirmed by tissue Doppler analysis of ischaemic segments at peak dobutamine (V(s), cm s(-1) control: 8.2 (0.4) vs. RIPC 8.1 (0.4), P = 0.43) and in recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RIPC does not attenuate ischaemic LV dysfunction in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, ACCI, Level 6, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Stephen P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Hoole
authors.forename: Sadia N
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Heck
authors.forename: Rajesh K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Kharbanda
authors.forename: Cameron G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Densem
authors.forename: Sarah C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: Leonard M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Shapiro
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Schofield
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Sullivan
authors.forename: David P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Dutka
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D018450:Disease Progression; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D017202:Myocardial Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*