title: Transforming growth factor-(beta)s and mammary gland involution; functional roles and implications for cancer progression.
abstract: During rodent mammary gland involution there is a dramatic increase in the expression of the transforming growth factor-beta isoform, TGF-beta3. The TGF-betas are multifunctional cytokines which play important roles in wound healing and in carcinogenesis. The responses that are activated in the remodeling of the gland during involution have many similarities with the wound healing process and have been postulated to generate a mammary stroma that provides a microenvironment favoring tumor progression. In this review we will discuss the putative role of TGF-beta during involution, as well as its effects on the mammary microenvironment and possible implications for pregnancy-associated tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. flanderk@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Kathleen C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Flanders
authors.forename: Lalage M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Wakefield
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D002921:Cicatrix / Q000503:physiopathology; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D007774:Lactation / Q000502:physiology*; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000503:physiopathology; D011379:Prognosis; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000502:physiology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D020033:Protein Isoforms; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3