title: Keeping CSF valve function with urokinase in children with intra-ventricular haemorrhage and CSF shunts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intra-ventricular haemorrhage (IVH) can occur spontaneously or during the surgical revision of ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to report the safety and efficacy of an original method for treatment of IVH that may occur at the time of valve revision aimed at maintaining the function of previously implanted CSF shunts.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed the medical records of six patients who experienced an IVH in the presence of a previously placed ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Five of the haemorrhages occurred during ventricular catheter replacement and the remaining one in a child given a VP shunt who sustained a spontaneous intra-cerebral haemorrhage. We inserted an external ventricular drainage without removing the original shunt. Urokinase was administered via the ventricular drain during several days until blood clearance in the CSF. Disappearance of the ventricular clots was checked by a cranial computerised tomography scan, while CSF shunt function was verified by the children's evolution and/or by a reservoir tap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Follow-up evaluation of the six patients demonstrated that the existing VP shunts were functioning appropriately and that the treatment was safe.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with IVH complicating ventricular catheter replacement and patients with spontaneous bleeding who harbour a VP shunt can be treated by intra-ventricular urokinase to avoid the removal of the initial shunt. The technique has proven to be safe and utilises the ventricular drain placed for the acute management of the IVH. Shunt replacement will always be possible in case of failure of the technique we are reporting.
authors.affiliation: Regional Service of Neurosurgery and Unit of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Virgen de la Arrixaca University Hospital, El Palmar E-30120, Murcia, Spain. juanf.martinezlage@cablemurcia.com
authors.forename: Juan F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Martínez-Lage
authors.forename: María-José
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Almagro
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ruíz-Espejo
authors.forename: Mari-Cruz
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: León
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Martínez
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moralo
mesh_terms: D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000601:surgery* / Q000628:therapy*; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D014695:Cerebral Ventriculography; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator