title: Clinical outcomes for patients classified by fear-avoidance beliefs and centralization phenomenon.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To (1) determine the prevalence of pain pattern classification subgroups (centralization, noncentralization, and not classified) observed during the initial evaluation of patients experiencing high versus low Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire for physical activity (FABQ-PA) scores, (2) examine the association between discharge pain intensity and functional status (FS) outcomes based on FABQ-PA and pain pattern subgroups, and (3) compare minimal clinically important improvement for FS and pain intensity for FABQ-PA and pain pattern classification subgroups.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cohort design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Suburban hospital-based outpatient rehabilitation clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients with low back syndromes (N=238, mean +/- SD, 59.1+/-17.0y; minimum=20, maximum=91).
  
  
  METHODS
  Interventions were designed to match patient classification by fear-avoidance level and pain pattern.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two outcome measures were assessed: patient self-reported FS and pain intensity. FS was assessed by using computerized adaptive testing methods. Maximal pain intensity was assessed by using an 11-point numeric pain scale: 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst imaginable pain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no differences (chi(2)(2)=3.7, P=.16) in proportion of patients classified by pain pattern experiencing high or low fear-avoidance beliefs. After controlling for the effect of available risk-adjustment variables, only dual-level classification subgroups, symptom acuity, payer type, and intake FS or pain intensity were associated with discharge FS or pain outcomes. The highest proportion of patients achieving minimal clinically important improvement in pain and FS were reported by the following patient subgroup: centralization and low fear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain pattern and FABQ-PA characteristics impacted rehabilitation outcomes. We recommend that both factors be considered when managing patients with low back pain in an effort to optimize rehabilitation outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Spine Rehabilitation at CentraState Medical Center, Freehold, NJ 07728, USA. mwerneke@centrastate.com
authors.forename: Mark W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Werneke
authors.forename: Dennis L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Hart
authors.forename: Steven Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: George
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Stratford
authors.forename: James W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Matheson
authors.forename: Adrian
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reyes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D010808:Physical Examination; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011584:Psychology; D012647:Self-Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012684:Sensory Thresholds; D012737:Sex Factors; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult