title: Experience with impacted upper ureteral stones; should we abandon using semirigid ureteroscopes and pneumatic lithoclast?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The AUA/EAU Ureteral Stones Guideline Panel reported that the stone free rate for the proximal ureteral stones is around 81% when treated by either SWL or ureteroscopy (URS).Complication rates, most notably ureteral perforation and long-term complications of URS such as stricture formation rates, have been reduced to < 5%. Moreover, impacted ureteral calculi are more difficult to fragment with SWL because of the lack of natural expansion space for stones, this result in a situation that is better managed by ureteroscopy. The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy, safety, and complications of impacted upper ureteral stone disintegration using semirigid ureteroscopes and pneumatic lithotripsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively analyzed the records of 267 consecutive patients with impacted upper ureteral stones (9-20 mm) who were treated by semirigid ureteroscopes and pneumatic disintegration. The efficacy of treatment was estimated using the stone-free rate and all treatment related complications were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Except for 24 cases where the stone migrated to the kidney, the stone was successfully treated ureteroscopically, with a low rate of minimal complications such as mild hematuria (18.4%), short term low grade fever (13.5%). Only 3 patients (1.1%) had high grade fever and none had post operative stricture.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of semirigid URS and pneumatic lithotripsy in impacted upper ureteral stones in experienced hands has very satisfactory results with minimal complications. When Holmium laser and flexible URS are not available, semirigid URS and pneumatic lithotripsy is a good alternative that shouldn't, yet, be abandoned.
authors.affiliation: Urology Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt. ehabelganainy@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Ehab
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Elganainy
authors.forename: Diaa A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Hameed
authors.forename: Ma
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elgammal
authors.forename: Alaa A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Abd-Elsayed
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shalaby