title: Mucin-type O-glycans in tears of normal subjects and patients with non-Sjögren's dry eye.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  O-linked carbohydrates (O-glycans) contribute to the hydrophilic character of mucins in mucosal tissues. This study was conducted to identify the repertoire of O-glycans in the tear film and the glycosyltransferases associated with their biosynthesis, in normal subjects and patients with non-Sjögren's dry eye.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human tear fluid was collected from the inferior conjunctival fornix. O-glycans were released by hydrazinolysis, labeled with 2-aminobenzamide, and analyzed by fluorometric, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with exoglycosidase digestions. O-glycan structures identified in tears were related to potential biosynthetic pathways in human conjunctival epithelium by using a glycogene microarray database. Lectin-binding analyses were performed with agglutinins from Arachis hypogaea, Maackia amurensis, and Sambucus nigra.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The O-glycan profile of human tears consisted primarily of core 1 (Gal beta 1-3GalNAc alpha 1-Ser/Thr)-based structures. Mono-sialyl O-glycans represented approximately 66% of the glycan pool, with alpha2-6-sialyl core 1 being the predominant O-glycan structure in human tears (48%). Four families of glycosyltransferases potentially related to the biosynthesis of these structures were identified in human conjunctiva. These included 13 polypeptide-GalNAc-transferases (GALNT), the core 1 beta-3-galactosyltransferase (T-synthase), three alpha2-6-sialyltransferases (ST6GalNAc), and two alpha2-3-sialyltransferases (ST3Gal). No significant differences in total amount of O-glycans were detected between tears of normal subjects and patients with dry eye, by HPLC and lectin blot. Likewise, no differences in glycosyltransferase expression were found by glycogene microarray.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identified the most common mucin-type O-glycans in human tears and their expected biosynthetic pathways in ocular surface epithelia. Patients with non-Sjögren's dry eye showed no alterations in composition and amount of O-glycans in the tear fluid.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Guzman-Aranguez
authors.forename: Flavio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mantelli
authors.forename: Pablo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Argüeso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003228:Conjunctiva / Q000378:metabolism; D015352:Dry Eye Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005700:Galactosyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism*; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D012799:Sialyltransferases / Q000378:metabolism*; D013666:Tears / Q000378:metabolism*; D000094802:beta-D-Galactoside alpha 2-6-Sialyltransferase; D000094663:beta-Galactoside alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase; D000097763:Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
chemical_list: D005700:Galactosyltransferases; D009077:Mucins; D017350:N-Acetylgalactosaminyltransferases; D012799:Sialyltransferases; D000094802:beta-D-Galactoside alpha 2-6-Sialyltransferase; D000094663:beta-Galactoside alpha-2,3-Sialyltransferase; D000097763:Polypeptide N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase; C505293:C1GALT1 protein, human; C000722087:ST3GAL1 protein, human