title: Suppression of mutant androgen receptors by flutamide.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of flutamide and hydroxyflutamide on the transactivation of mutant androgen receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Androgen-independent human prostate cancer cell line PC3 was transfected with plasmids expressing wild-type, W741C mutant, T877A mutant or W741C+T877A mutant androgen receptors. The effects of bicalutamide, hydroxyflutamide or flutamide on the basal and dihydrotestosterone-induced transcriptional activities of the wild-type and mutant androgen receptors were evaluated by luciferase assays using a reporter plasmid containing the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter. The effects of the antiandrogens on the transcription and translation of the PSA gene in LNCaP cells expressing a mutant (T877A) androgen receptor were assessed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and radioimmunoassays. Affinity of the antiandrogens to each androgen receptor construct was evaluated by ligand-binding assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flutamide, but not hydroxyflutamide, successfully suppressed the transcription of all of the mutant androgen receptors examined in this study and also showed suppressive effects on PSA secretion by LNCaP cells treated with dihydrotestosterone. These inhibitory effects were probably not the result of competitive inhibition by flutamide given its low affinity to the androgen receptor constructs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flutamide, with its suppressive effects on mutant androgen receptors, may be an alternative to conventional antiandrogens for hormone refractory prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Junichiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ishioka
authors.forename: Shuntaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: John T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: Arihiro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tomura
authors.forename: Kiyohiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nishikawa
authors.forename: Yukio
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kageyama
mesh_terms: D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000494:pharmacology; D005485:Flutamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D011944:Receptors, Androgen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D011944:Receptors, Androgen; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; C014290:hydroxyflutamide; D005485:Flutamide; D008156:Luciferases