title: [Costs of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary and secondary care in 2007--results of multicenter Polish study].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Exacerbations are the key drivers of the costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This was the multicenter study of patients with COPD aimed at evaluating direct and indirect cost of exacerbations under usual clinical practice in primary and secondary care form societal perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  It was observational, multicenter study with participation of 196 subjects with moderate or severe COPD, defined according to the current GOLD criteria. Patients presenting at the selected health care centres were included into the study in the sequential manner if they fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Exacerbations were divided into three different severity types according to Anthonisen N.R. classification. The management of exacerbations followed the usual clinical practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of exacerbations was 3.8 (3.2-4.4) in hospitalised patients and 1.7 (1.4-1.9) in ambulatory treated patients (1EURO was 3.85 PLN in 2007). The average direct health-care cost per exacerbation was PLN 5548 (95% CI = 4543; 6502) and PLN 524.1 (95% CI = 443; 614) in secondary and primary care respectively. In secondary care, the drug acquisition and oxygen therapy cost represented 18.3% of total direct costs, diagnostic tests costs accounted for 14.5%, the other hospital care and post-discharge followup visit costs 67%. Costs varied considerably with the severity of COPD before the exacerbation as well as the duration of COPD. In primary care the cost structure was as follows: diagnostic tests and medical devices 47.5%, drug acquisition costs 41% and doctors visits 11.4%. The average indirect costs per exacerbation were PLN 127.78 and PLN 100.56, in secondary and primary respectively (n.s)
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exacerbations of COPD are costly. Cost of exacerbation managed in secondary care is almost 10-fold higher than in primary care. Prevention of moderate-to-severe exacerbations, requiring hospitalization could be very cost-effective strategy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunology and Clinical Allergology, Central Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of National Defense, Military Institute of Health Services in Warsaw. krozyk@poczta.onet.pl
authors.forename: Karina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jahnz-Rózyk
authors.forename: Tomasz
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Targowski
authors.forename: Sławomir
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: From
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000191:economics* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy