title: Is depression associated with health risk-related behaviour clusters in adults?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depressive disorders have been linked to health risk-related behaviours (HRBs) considered separately. Our objective was to study whether depression is associated with the co-occurrence of HRBs in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sample of 17 355 subjects aged > or =18 years, derived from the 2002-03 cross-sectional Decennial Health Survey; probable depression was assessed with the CES-D scale. A cluster analysis of various HRBs (tobacco use, alcohol use, binge drinking, physical inactivity, certain eating habits) was used to study their co-occurrence. Multiple regressions adjusted on demographic and socio-economic characteristics, Body Mass Index and chronic illnesses were performed to study associations between probable depression and the HRBs clusters obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five clusters were observed evidencing a gradient of cumulative exposure to HRBs: 'healthy lifestyles (Cluster 1), 'non-daily-consumers-fruit-and-green-vegetables' (Cluster 2), 'regular alcohol users' (Cluster 3), 'daily smokers' (Cluster 4) and 'cumulate risk takers' (Cluster 5). Compared with Cluster 1, positive associations were found between probable depression and Clusters 2, 4 and 5: OR 1.49 (95% CI 1.26-1.76) for Cluster 2; OR 1.81 (95% CI 1.54-2.12) for Cluster 4; OR 2.05 (95% CI 1.68-2.51) for Cluster 5. For Cluster 3, no association was found: OR 1.01 (95% CI 0.84-1.21).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HRBs tend to co-occur in the general population, more frequently in case of probable depression. Further research is necessary to disentangle the direction of the links between depression and HRB clusters. Nonetheless, these results question the classic design of education campaigns considering HRBs separately. Moreover, screening for depression should be systematic during prevention consultations and various HRBs should be monitored when treating depressive patients.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U912 (SE4S), Marseille, France. verger@marseille.inserm.fr
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Verger
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lions
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ventelou
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005602:France; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors