title: The orbitofrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area are necessary for learning from unexpected outcomes.
abstract: Humans and other animals change their behavior in response to unexpected outcomes. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is implicated in such adaptive responding, based on evidence from reversal tasks. Yet these tasks confound using information about expected outcomes with learning when those expectations are violated. OFC is critical for the former function; here we show it is also critical for the latter. In a Pavlovian overexpectation task, inactivation of OFC prevented learning driven by unexpected outcomes, even when performance was assessed later. We propose this reflects a critical contribution of outcome signaling by OFC to encoding of reward prediction errors elsewhere. In accord with this proposal, we report that signaling of reward predictions by OFC neurons was related to signaling of prediction errors by dopamine neurons in ventral tegmental area (VTA). Furthermore, bilateral inactivation of VTA or contralateral inactivation of VTA and OFC disrupted learning driven by unexpected outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn Street, HSF-2 S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. ytaka001@umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Yuji K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Roesch
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Stalnaker
authors.forename: Richard Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Haney
authors.forename: Donna J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Calu
authors.forename: Adam R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Kathryn A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Geoffrey
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Schoenbaum
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D018755:GABA Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D007858:Learning / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009118:Muscimol / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D012201:Reward; D013997:Time Factors; D017557:Ventral Tegmental Area / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D018755:GABA Agonists; D009118:Muscimol