title: Offspring of parents with Balkan Endemic Nephropathy have higher C-reactive protein levels suggestive of inflammatory processes: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the characteristic extensive tubulointerstitial fibrosis, Balkan Endemic Nephropathy (BEN) is usually considered a non-inflammatory disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined a marker of inflammation, C-reactive protein (CRP), in the offspring of patients with BEN, a population at risk for BEN, prior to development of established disease to determine if an inflammatory process could be identified in the early stages of the disease. In 2003/04, 102 adult offspring whose parents had BEN and a control group of 99 adult offspring of non-BEN patients were enrolled in this prospective study. This cohort was re-examined yearly for four consecutive years. Levels of serum CRP were measured in years 3 and 4 and compared between groups. The data were analyzed with mixed models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to controls, offspring of BEN parents had statistically higher CRP levels in two consecutive years, suggestive of early inflammatory reactivity. Whenever the mother was affected by BEN (both parents, or mother only), serum CRP was significantly increased, but not if only the father had BEN. CRP was inversely related to kidney cortex width but not to markers or renal function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early stages of BEN may involve inflammatory processes. The observation of a maternal involvement supports the concept of fetal programming, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of other chronic kidney diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA. karmaus@sc.edu
authors.forename: Wilfried
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Karmaus
authors.forename: Plamen
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Dimitrov
authors.forename: Valeri
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Simeonov
authors.forename: Svetla
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tsolova
authors.forename: Vecihi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Batuman
mesh_terms: D001449:Balkan Nephropathy / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002097:C-Reactive Protein