Oxidative stress and alcoholic liver disease.
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive molecules that are naturally generated in small amounts during the body's metabolic reactions and can react with and damage complex cellular molecules such as lipids, proteins, or DNA. This review describes pathways involved in ROS formation, why ROS are toxic to cells, and how the liver protects itself against ROS. Acute and chronic ethanol treatment increases the production of ROS, lowers cellular antioxidant levels, and enhances oxidative stress in many tissues, especially the liver. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress plays a major role in the mechanisms by which ethanol produces liver injury. Many pathways play a key role in how ethanol induces oxidative stress. This review summarizes some of the leading pathways and discusses the evidence for their contribution to alcohol-induced liver injury.
Wu
Defeng
D
Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA.
Cederbaum
Arthur I
AI
D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 / Q000378:metabolism; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007501:Iron / Q000378:metabolism; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008930:Mitochondria, Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
D000975:Antioxidants; D026361:Reactive Nitrogen Species; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C065424:1-hydroxyethyl radical; D000431:Ethanol; D007501:Iron; D019392:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1; D005978:Glutathione