title: Assessing biofuel crop invasiveness: a case study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is widespread interest in biofuel crops as a solution to the world's energy needs, particularly in light of concerns over greenhouse-gas emissions. Despite reservations about their adverse environmental impacts, no attempt has been made to quantify actual, relative or potential invasiveness of terrestrial biofuel crops at an appropriate regional or international scale, and their planting continues to be largely unregulated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a widely accepted weed risk assessment system, we analyzed a comprehensive list of regionally suitable biofuel crops to show that seventy percent have a high risk of becoming invasive versus one-quarter of non-biofuel plant species and are two to four times more likely to establish wild populations locally or be invasive in Hawaii or in other locations with a similar climate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because of climatic and ecological similarities, predictions of biofuel crop invasiveness in Hawaii are applicable to other vulnerable island and subtropical ecosystems worldwide. We demonstrate the utility of an accessible and scientifically proven risk assessment protocol that allows users to predict if introduced species will become invasive in their region of interest. Other evidence supports the contention that propagule pressure created by extensive plantings will exacerbate invasions, a scenario expected with large-scale biofuel crop cultivation. Proactive measures, such as risk assessments, should be employed to predict invasion risks, which could then be mitigated via implementation of appropriate planting policies and adoption of the "polluter-pays" principle.
authors.affiliation: Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America. cbuddenhagen@gmail.com
authors.forename: Christopher Evan
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Buddenhagen
authors.forename: Charles
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chimera
authors.forename: Patti
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Clifford
mesh_terms: D001674:Bioelectric Energy Sources; D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development*; D006254:Hawaii; D013045:Species Specificity