title: Future directions in genetic for autoimmune diseases.
abstract: Autoimmune diseases affect cumulatively 5-10% of the general population and are multifactorial in their pathogenesis, with both inherited and environmental components. Although our knowledge of their pathogenesis has become more refined, diagnosis more accurate, and therapy more effective, the reasons for their development and the female preponderance of these diseases are still unknown. One of the most intriguing hypothesis to explain the female preponderance is related to sex chromosomes, as women affected by autoimmune diseases have a higher rate of circulating cells with a single X chromosome. In addition, a number of evidences suggest a role of X chromosome gene dosage in autoimmunity. Based on these findings, sex chromosome defects might be the common trait of the susceptibility to autoimmune diseases.
authors.affiliation: Division of Internal Medicine and Hepatobiliary Immunopathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Clinico Humanitas, Milan, Italy. pietro.invernizzi@humanitas.it
authors.forename: Pietro
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Invernizzi
mesh_terms: D001327:Autoimmune Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology*; D005260:Female; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D012729:Sex Chromosome Aberrations; D012730:Sex Chromosomes