title: A resting box for outdoor sampling of adult Anopheles arabiensis in rice irrigation schemes of lower Moshi, northern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Malaria vector sampling is the best method for understanding the vector dynamics and infectivity; thus, disease transmission seasonality can be established. There is a need to protecting humans involved in the sampling of disease vectors during surveillance or in control programmes. In this study, human landing catch, two cow odour baited resting boxes and an unbaited resting box were evaluated as vector sampling tools in an area with a high proportion of Anopheles arabiensis, as the major malaria vector.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three resting boxes were evaluated against human landing catch. Two were baited with cow odour, while the third was unbaited. The inner parts of the boxes were covered with black cloth materials. Experiments were arranged in latin-square design. Boxes were set in the evening and left undisturbed; mosquitoes were collected at 06:00 am the next morning, while human landing catch was done overnight.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 9,558 An. arabiensis mosquitoes were collected. 17.5% (N = 1668) were collected in resting box baited with cow body odour, 42.5% (N = 4060) in resting box baited with cow urine, 15.1% (N = 1444) in unbaited resting box and 24.9% (N = 2386) were collected by human landing catch technique. In analysis, the house positions had no effect on the density of mosquitoes caught (DF = 3, F = 0.753, P = 0.387); the sampling technique had significant impact on the caught mosquitoes densities (DF = 3, F 37. 944, P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Odour-baited resting boxes have shown the possibility of replacing the existing traditional method (human landing catch) for sampling malaria vectors in areas with a high proportion of An. arabiensis as malaria vectors. Further evaluations of fermented urine and longevity of the urine odour still need to be investigated.
authors.affiliation: Tropical Pesticides Research Institute, Division of Livestock and Human Diseases Vector Control, Arusha, Tanzania. pat.kweka@gmail.com
authors.forename: Eliningaya J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Kweka
authors.forename: Beda J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Mwang'onde
authors.forename: Epiphania
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kimaro
authors.forename: Shandala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Msangi
authors.forename: Charles P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Massenga
authors.forename: Aneth M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mahande
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles; D002417:Cattle; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors; D008288:Malaria / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009812:Odorants; D012275:Oryza; D010675:Pheromones; D012621:Seasons; D013636:Tanzania
chemical_list: D010675:Pheromones