title: Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by a combination of chitosan and divergicin M35.
abstract: The antimicrobial activities of the class IIa bacteriocin divergicin M35 and several types of chitosan against Listeria monocytogenes were quantified by agar diffusion, critical micro-dilution, and viable count and observed by electron microscopy. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan depended on its molecular mass (MM) and the pH. Three chitosans with MM values of 2, 20, and 100 kDa and 87.4% degree of deacetylation (DDA) were chosen for further study, based on high anti-listerial activity at pH 4.5. Electron microscopy suggested that the mechanism of anti-listerial activity also varied with the MM. Low-MM chitosan appeared to inhibit L. monocytogenes by affecting cell permeability and growth, whereas medium- and high-MM chitosan may form a barrier on the cell surface that prevents entry of nutrients. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2, 20, and 100 kDa chitosan and divergicin M35 against a divergicin-resistant strain of L. monocytogenes (LSD 535) were 2.5, 2.5, 0.625, and 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. The combination of any of these 3 chitosans and divergicin M35 appeared to have an additive effect against L. monocytogenes, as determined by fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index. This study provides useful data for the development of chitosan films incorporating divergicin M35 for inhibiting L. monocytogenes in foods.
authors.affiliation: Institut des Nutraceutiques et des aliments fonctionnels, Universite Laval, QC G1K 7P4, Canada.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Benabbou
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zihler
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Desbiens
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kheadr
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Subirade
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Fliss
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001430:Bacteriocins / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D048271:Chitosan / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005519:Food Preservation / Q000379:methods; D008089:Listeria monocytogenes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests / Q000379:methods; D008854:Microscopy, Electron
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001430:Bacteriocins; D048271:Chitosan