title: Enhanced release of IgE-dependent early phase mediators from nasal polyp tissue.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mast cell is a crucial effector cell in allergic rhinitis and other inflammatory diseases. During the acute allergic reaction preformed mediators such as histamine, but also de novo produced mediators such as leukotrienes (LTC4/D4/E4) and prostaglandins (PGD2) are released. Mast cells represent targets for therapeutic intervention, and thus a human ex-vivo model to stimulate mast cells taken from mucosal sites would be instrumental for drug intervention studies. We have aimed to activate mast cells within ex-vivo human nasal tissue by IgE/anti-IgE specific (epsilon chain specific) stimulations and in this respect to test the usability of nasal polyps versus inferior turbinates
  
  
  METHODS
  Biopsy samples were collected from patients with nasal polyps and inferior turbinates from patients who underwent sinus or septal surgery. Tissue fragments were primed with IgE 1 mug/ml for 60 minutes and then stimulated for 30 minutes with tissue culture medium (negative control), anti-IgE 10 mug/ml, anti-IgE 30 mug/ml and ionomycin 10 muM (positive control). Histamine, leukotrienes and PGD2 were measured in supernatants. To help provide an understanding of the extent of the response, the number of tryptase and FcepsilonRIalpha positive cells was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry and the FcepsilonRIalpha-chain was measured by means of quantitative PCR in the nasal polyp and inferior turbinate tissues. Finally, the correlation between IgE concentrations in the nasal tissue and the release of mediators was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulations with anti-IgE on IgE-primed nasal tissue fragments lead to a concentration-dependent release of histamine, leukotrienes and PGD2. The release of these early phase mediators was significantly higher in nasal polyps compared to inferior turbinates, although tryptase, FcepsilonRIalpha positive cells and FcepsilonRIalpha-chain transcripts were equally present in both groups. No correlation was found between baseline concentrations of IgE, and the release of histamine, LTC4/LTD4/LTE4 and PGD2 after stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This human nasal challenge model mimics the allergic early phase reaction. The release of histamine, cys-leukotrienes and PGD2 was significantly higher in nasal polyps versus inferior turbinates, however, this observation could not be explained by differences in mast cell or FcepsilonRI+ cell numbers.
authors.affiliation: Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. Joke.Patou@ugent.be.
authors.forename: Joke
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patou
authors.forename: Gabriele
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Holtappels
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Affleck
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gevaert
authors.forename: Claudina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Perez-Novo
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Van Cauwenberge
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bachert