title: Perceived income adequacy among older adults in 12 countries: findings from the survey of health, ageing, and retirement in Europe.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To validate a survey research measure of subjective income, as measured by perceived income adequacy, in an international context.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised persons aged 50 years and older in 12 countries from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (n = 28,939). Perceived difficulty in making ends meet was regressed on sociodemographic variables, economic indicators, health status measures, and expectations regarding one's financial future. Country differences were also controlled.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The findings confirm a multidimensional explanation of perceived income adequacy but also point to the primacy of objective economic indicators in predicting household financial distress. Respondents aged 80 years and older report less financial difficulty. Poor health status and pessimistic financial expectations also predict greater household financial distress but to a lesser degree.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Self-rated economic status is a robust indicator of financial capacity in older age and can be used by practitioners to gain meaningful information. However, practitioners should keep in mind that the oldest-old may underestimate financial difficulties.
authors.affiliation: Israel Gerontological Data Center, Paul Baerwald School of Social Work, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel. mshowie@huji.ac.il
authors.forename: Howard
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Litwin
authors.forename: Eliyahu V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Sapir
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging; D003625:Data Collection; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012179:Retirement / Q000191:economics*; D012923:Social Class