title: Elution of gentamicin and vancomycin from polymethylmethacrylate beads and hip spacers in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Late infections after total hip arthroplasty are still a problem. Treatment procedures include resection arthroplasty with implantation of antibiotic-loaded beads or implantation of an antibiotic-impreganted spacer. However, little is known about antibiotic elution from bone cement beyond the first 2-3 postoperative days in humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  17 hip spacers (80 g PMMA, 1g gentamicin, and 4 g vancomycin) and 11 chains (40 g PMMA, 0.5 g gentamicin, and 2 g vancomycin) in 28 patients were studied. The release of both agents was measured in the drainage fluid on a daily basis. The drains were left in situ until less than 50 mL was produced per day. The elution of both antibiotics was determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. Systemic antibiotics were given postoperatively according to antibiogram. If possible, no gentamicin or vancomycin was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak mean concentrations from beads and spacers were reached for gentamicin (1,160 (12-371) microg/mL and 21 (0.7-39) microg/mL, respectively) and for vancomycin (80 (21-198) microg/mL and 37 (3.3-72) microg/mL) on day 1. The last concentrations to be determined were 3.7 microg/mL gentamicin and 23 microg/mL vancomycin in the beads group after 13 days, and 1.9 microg/mL gentamicin and 6.6 microg/mL vancomycin in the spacer group after 7 days. Between the fifth and seventh day, an intermittent increase in elution of vancomycin from both beads and spacers and of gentamicin from spacers was noticed. No renal or hepatic dysfunction was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Beads showed higher elution characteristics in vivo than the spacers due to their larger surface area; however, a great amount of inter-subject variability was seen for both beads and spacers. The inferior elution properties of spacers emphasize the importance of additional systemic antibiotics for this treatment procedure during the postoperative period. Future studies should clarify whether the dose of antibiotics or length of antibiotic therapy may be reduced in the case of bead implantation, without jeopardizing the control of infection.
authors.affiliation: Klinik fur Orthopadie und Orthopadische Chirurgie, Universitat des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany. konstantinos.anagnostakos@uniklinik-saarland.de
authors.forename: Konstantinos
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Anagnostakos
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Wilmes
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Schmitt
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kelm
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019644:Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip / Q000009:adverse effects; D001843:Bone Cements; D005260:Female; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011475:Prosthesis Failure; D016459:Prosthesis-Related Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology / Q000601:surgery; D012086:Reoperation; D013997:Time Factors; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001843:Bone Cements; D005839:Gentamicins; D014640:Vancomycin; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate