title: Superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide inhibit proliferation of activated rat stellate cells and induce different modes of cell death.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In chronic liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) proliferate and produce excessive amounts of connective tissue causing liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a driving force of HSC activation and proliferation, although contradictory results have been described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of oxidative stress on activated HSC proliferation, survival and signalling pathways.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum-starved culture-activated rat HSCs were exposed to the superoxide anion donor menadione (5-25 micromol/L) or hydrogen peroxide (0.2-5 mmol/L). Haem oxygenase-1 mRNA expression, glutathione status, cell death, phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and proliferation were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Menadione induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent, but caspase-independent manner. Hydrogen peroxide induced necrosis only at extremely high concentrations. Both menadione and hydrogen peroxide activated Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Hydrogen peroxide also activated extracellular signal-regulated protein. Menadione, but not hydrogen peroxide, reduced cellular glutathione levels. Inhibition of JNK or supplementation of glutathione reduced menadione-induced apoptosis. Non-toxic concentrations of menadione or hydrogen peroxide inhibited platelet-derived growth factor- or/and serum-induced proliferation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibit HSC proliferation and promote HSC cell death in vitro. Different ROS induce different modes of cell death. Superoxide anion-induced HSC apoptosis is dependent on JNK activation and glutathione status.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. s.dunning@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dunning
authors.forename: Rebekka A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hannivoort
authors.forename: Jan Freark
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Manon
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Buist-Homan
authors.forename: Klaas Nico
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Faber
authors.forename: Han
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moshage
mesh_terms: D000165:Acridine Orange; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects*; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide / Q000633:toxicity; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013481:Superoxides / Q000633:toxicity*; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000633:toxicity; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D009930:Organic Chemicals; C402795:SYTOX Green; D013481:Superoxides; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D006861:Hydrogen Peroxide; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D048670:MAP Kinase Kinase 4; D000165:Acridine Orange