Multiphoton microscopy of prostate and periprostatic neural tissue: a promising imaging technique for improving nerve-sparing prostatectomy.
OBJECTIVE
Various imaging modalities are under investigation for real-time tissue imaging of periprostatic nerves with the idea of improving the results of nerve-sparing radical prostatectomy. We explored multiphoton microscopy (MPM) for real-time tissue imaging of the prostate and periprostatic neural tissue in a male Sprague-Dawley rat model. The unique advantage of this technique is the acquisition of high-resolution images without necessitating any extrinsic labeling agent and with minimal phototoxic effect on tissue.


METHODS
The prostate and cavernous nerves were surgically excised from male Sprague-Dawley rats. The imaging was carried out using intrinsic fluorescence and scattering properties of the tissues without any exogenous dye or contrast agent. A custom-built MPM, consisting of an Olympus BX61WI upright frame and a modified MRC 1024 scanhead, was used. A femtosecond pulsed titanium/sapphire laser at 780-nm wavelength was used to excite the tissue; laser power under the objective was modulated via a Pockels cell. Second harmonic generation (SHG) signals were collected at 390 (+/-35 nm), and broadband autofluorescence was collected at 380 to 530 nm. The images obtained from SHG and from tissue fluorescence were then merged and color coded during postprocessing for better appreciation of details. The corresponding tissues were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining for histologic confirmation of the structures.


RESULTS
High-resolution images of the prostate capsule, underlying acini, and individual cells outlining the glands were obtained at varying magnifications. MPM images of adipose tissue and the neural tissues were also obtained. Histologic confirmation and correlation of the prostate gland, fat, cavernous nerve, and major pelvic ganglion validated the findings of MPM.


CONCLUSIONS
Real-time imaging and microscopic resolution of prostate and periprostatic neural tissue using MPM is feasible without the need for any extrinsic labeling agents. Integration of this imaging modality with operative technique has the potential to improve the precision of nerve-sparing prostatectomy.
Yadav
Rajiv
R
Department of Urology and Urologic Oncology Outcomes, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, USA.
Mukherjee
Sushmita
S
Hermen
Michael
M
Tan
Gerald
G
Maxfield
Frederick R
FR
Webb
Watt W
WW
Tewari
Ashutosh K
AK
D000818:Animals; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton; D011467:Prostate / Q000166:cytology* / Q000294:innervation*; D011468:Prostatectomy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley