Toxicological evaluation of pomegranate seed oil.
In this manuscript, the toxicology and safety of pomegranate seed oil (PSO) was evaluated by in vitro (Ames, chromosomal aberration), and in vivo toxicity tests (acute toxicity and 28-day toxicity in Wistar rats). No mutagenicity of PSO was observed in the absence and presence of metabolic activation up to precipitating concentrations of 5000 microg/plate (Ames test) or 333 microg/ml (chromosome aberration test). The acute oral toxicity study revealed no significant findings at 2000 mg PSO/kg body weight. In the 28-day dietary toxicity study PSO was dosed at concentrations of 0, 10,000, 50,000 and 150,000 ppm, which resulted in a mean intake of 0-0, 825-847, 4269-4330 and 13,710-14,214 mg PSO/kg body weight per day in males-females, respectively. At 150,000 ppm dietary exposure to PSO, a much higher dose than the level of PSO that elicits antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory efficacy, increased hepatic enzyme activities determined in plasma (aspartate, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase) and increased liver-to-body weight ratios were observed. However, these effects might be the result of a physiological response to exposure to a very high level of a fatty acid which is not part of the normal diet, and are most likely not toxicologically relevant. The no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 50,000 ppm PSO (=4.3 g PSO/kg body weight/day).
Meerts
I A T M
IA
Department of In vitro and Environmental Toxicology, NOTOX B.V., Hambakenwetering 7, 5231 DD 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands. ilonka.meerts@notox.nl
Verspeek-Rip
C M
CM
Buskens
C A F
CA
Keizer
H G
HG
Bassaganya-Riera
J
J
Jouni
Z E
ZE
van Huygevoort
A H B M
AH
van Otterdijk
F M
FM
van de Waart
E J
EJ
D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002869:Chromosome Aberrations / Q000187:drug effects; D004032:Diet; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D029561:Lythraceae / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity; D009929:Organ Size / Q000187:drug effects; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000235:genetics; D012639:Seeds / Q000633:toxicity; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D013347:Subcellular Fractions / Q000187:drug effects
D009153:Mutagens; D010938:Plant Oils