Population pharmacokinetic analysis of colistin methanesulfonate and colistin after intravenous administration in critically ill patients with infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
Colistin is used to treat infections caused by multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB). It is administered intravenously in the form of colistin methanesulfonate (CMS), which is hydrolyzed in vivo to the active drug. However, pharmacokinetic data are limited. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of CMS and colistin in a population of critically ill patients. Patients receiving colistin for the treatment of infections caused by MDR-GNB were enrolled in the study; however, patients receiving a renal replacement therapy were excluded. CMS was administered at a dose of 3 million units (240 mg) every 8 h. Venous blood was collected immediately before and at multiple occasions after the first and the fourth infusions. Plasma CMS and colistin concentrations were determined by a novel liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method after a rapid precipitation step that avoids the significant degradation of CMS and colistin. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed with the NONMEM program. Eighteen patients (6 females; mean age, 63.6 years; mean creatinine clearance, 82.3 ml/min) were included in the study. For CMS, a two-compartment model best described the pharmacokinetics, and the half-lives of the two phases were estimated to be 0.046 h and 2.3 h, respectively. The clearance of CMS was 13.7 liters/h. For colistin, a one-compartment model was sufficient to describe the data, and the estimated half-life was 14.4 h. The predicted maximum concentrations of drug in plasma were 0.60 mg/liter and 2.3 mg/liter for the first dose and at steady state, respectively. Colistin displayed a half-life that was significantly long in relation to the dosing interval. The implications of these findings are that the plasma colistin concentrations are insufficient before steady state and raise the question of whether the administration of a loading dose would benefit critically ill patients.
Plachouras
D
D
4th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University General Hospital, Haidari 12462, Greece. dplach@med.uoa.gr
Karvanen
M
M
Friberg
L E
LE
Papadomichelakis
E
E
Antoniadou
A
A
Tsangaris
I
I
Karaiskos
I
I
Poulakou
G
G
Kontopidou
F
F
Armaganidis
A
A
Cars
O
O
Giamarellou
H
H
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003091:Colistin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016638:Critical Illness; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D006090:Gram-Negative Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
C004691:colistinmethanesulfonic acid; D003091:Colistin