Targeting the incretin system in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
The incretins have emerged as key targets in the modern treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Understanding the physiology of the incretins is essential to the physician's ability to appropriately use emerging pharmacotherapies that target this system. This review describes incretin physiology and discusses recent trials of drugs that modulate this system in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. A MEDLINE search using the terms "GLP-1" (ie, glucagon-like peptide 1), "incretins," "exenatide," and "DPP-IV inhibitors" (ie, dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors) was performed, and pertinent articles from the past 10 years were reviewed. Articles describing incretin physiology and clinical trials with exenatide and dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors were identified and discussed. As the articles show, new medications manipulating the incretin system are an important part of treating type 2 diabetes. The cost of these drugs and their potential side effects in comparison with existing agents must be considered when they are being selected as part of a treatment regimen. However, the evidence to date offers much promise and enthusiasm.
Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. matthew.potenza@mssm.edu
Matthew
M
Potenza
Elliot J
EJ
Rayfield
D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D000077270:Exenatide; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D054795:Incretins / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010455:Peptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon / Q000819:agonists / Q000187:drug effects; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014688:Venoms / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D010455:Peptides; D018027:Receptors, Glucagon; D014688:Venoms; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D000077270:Exenatide