Reinforcement versus fluidization in cytoskeletal mechanoresponsiveness.
Every adherent eukaryotic cell exerts appreciable traction forces upon its substrate. Moreover, every resident cell within the heart, great vessels, bladder, gut or lung routinely experiences large periodic stretches. As an acute response to such stretches the cytoskeleton can stiffen, increase traction forces and reinforce, as reported by some, or can soften and fluidize, as reported more recently by our laboratory, but in any given circumstance it remains unknown which response might prevail or why. Using a novel nanotechnology, we show here that in loading conditions expected in most physiological circumstances the localized reinforcement response fails to scale up to the level of homogeneous cell stretch; fluidization trumps reinforcement. Whereas the reinforcement response is known to be mediated by upstream mechanosensing and downstream signaling, results presented here show the fluidization response to be altogether novel: it is a direct physical effect of mechanical force acting upon a structural lattice that is soft and fragile. Cytoskeletal softness and fragility, we argue, is consistent with early evolutionary adaptations of the eukaryotic cell to material properties of a soft inert microenvironment.
Krishnan
Ramaswamy
R
Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
Park
Chan Young
CY
Lin
Yu-Chun
YC
Mead
Jere
J
Jaspers
Richard T
RT
Trepat
Xavier
X
Lenormand
Guillaume
G
Tambe
Dhananjay
D
Smolensky
Alexander V
AV
Knoll
Andrew H
AH
Butler
James P
JP
Fredberg
Jeffrey J
JJ
D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003599:Cytoskeleton / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D040542:Mechanotransduction, Cellular; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical