Confidential inquiries into maternal deaths: modifications and adaptations in Ghana and Indonesia.
OBJECTIVE
Factors contributing to the limited use of confidential inquiries into maternal deaths include the negative focus and demotivating effect of such inquiries, perceptions of unavailability of sufficient documentation of events, and lack of time and resources. To ascertain whether these problems can be overcome, variations to confidential inquiries into maternal deaths were introduced in Ghana and Indonesia.


METHODS
Clinical review panels were set up as part of the usual process of confidential inquiries, and modifications to the confidential inquiries were introduced. In Ghana, the traditional confidential inquiry process focusing on health facility care was modified to introduce the assessment of positive factors. In addition to the assessment of positive factors, adaptations in Indonesia consisted of including cases of obstetric complications, as well as deaths, and the use of interview testimonials as data sources. Information about resource and time needs for conducting confidential inquiries was collected.


RESULTS
The introduction of positive aspects to the process provided a balanced and more motivating setting for the inquiry. The data obtained from case notes in district hospitals and interview testimonials provided sufficient information to assess why maternal deaths and severe complications occurred. The costs of conducting the inquiries ranged from US $4000 to US $11000 (per study), and the estimated time required for a panel member to review each case was more than 3 hours.


CONCLUSIONS
This study introduced practical ways to encourage the implementation of maternal death reviews, inquiries, and audits that are context specific and, therefore, acceptable to local practitioners.
Hussein
Julia
J
Immpact, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK. j.hussein@abdn.ac.uk
D'Ambruoso
Lucia
L
Armar-Klemesu
Margaret
M
Achadi
Endang
E
Arhinful
Daniel
D
Izati
Yulia
Y
Ansong-Tornui
Janet
J
D002423:Cause of Death; D003219:Confidentiality; D003625:Data Collection; D004282:Documentation / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D005869:Ghana / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007214:Indonesia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008428:Maternal Mortality; D008485:Medical Audit / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000401:mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality; D013997:Time Factors