Self-reported water and drowning risk exposure at surf beaches.
OBJECTIVE
To document patterns of water exposure at surf beaches by gender and identify factors that predict bather confidence to return to shore if caught in a rip current.


METHODS
Recreational surf beach bathers (N=406) provided self-completed data on water exposure patterns, surf activity behaviours and potential drowning risk and protective factors.


RESULTS
Relative to females, males visited surf beaches more frequently, expected to spend longer in the water and in deeper water, and more often bathed after using alcohol (p<0.05). Confidence to return to shore if caught in a rip current was predicted by confidence to identify a rip current, self-rated swimming ability, gender, times visited any beach, and age in a standard linear regression model (adjusted R(2)=0.68).


CONCLUSIONS
The study supports explanations that high male drowning rates result from more frequent exposure to water than females at high situational risk levels.


CONCLUSIONS
Controlled studies are required to determine the role in drowning of overconfidence, swimming ability, surf experience, floatation devices and response to sea conditions.
Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Victoria, Australia. damian.morgan@buseco.monash.edu.au
Damian
D
Morgan
Joan
J
Ozanne-Smith
Tom
T
Triggs
D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D001493:Bathing Beaches / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004332:Drowning; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015701:Near Drowning / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D017678:Sex Distribution; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055871:Tidal Waves; D055815:Young Adult