Brainstem ischemic lesions on MRI in children with tuberculous meningitis: with diffusion weighted confirmation.
BACKGROUND
The Western Cape in South Africa has one of the highest incidences of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) in the world. Despite therapy, the outcome in children with advanced TBM remains dismal. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to be superior to computed tomography (CT) in demonstrating ischemia in TBM, especially of the brainstem. The objective of this study was to characterize brainstem lesions and association with clinical findings in children with TBM by using MRI.


METHODS
CT and multiplanar MRI scans were performed in 30 children with proven TBM. From this group, a subgroup with radiological ischemic changes of the brainstem were identified. Radiological findings in these patients were then correlated with severity of disease, motor deficit, and outcome after 6 months.


RESULTS
Radiological brainstem abnormalities were identified in 14 out of 30 children. Thirty-eight brainstem lesions were confirmed to be ischemic. The severity of disease at presentation, degree of motor deficit, and developmental outcome after 6 months of the children with ischemic brainstem lesions was poorer compared to those children without brainstem involvement. However, both sensitivity and specificity of the MRI brainstem lesion detection for clinical outcome proved low.


CONCLUSIONS
A significant percentage of children with TBM have ischemic brainstem lesions. These are poorly visualized on conventional CT. MRI scanning is more sensitive in detecting these lesions and localizing them. There appears to be some association between MRI-detected brainstem lesions and clinical outcome. The exact meaning of these lesions and their implication for the patient's management require further clarification.
van der Merwe
Dirk Johannes
DJ
Department of Radiology at Tygerberg Academic Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa. dirkenanje@yahoo.ca
Andronikou
Savvas
S
Van Toorn
Ronald
R
Pienaar
Manana
M
D000293:Adolescent; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009069:Movement Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology*