Red blood cells-coupled tPA prevents impairment of cerebral vasodilatory responses and tissue injury in pediatric cerebral hypoxia/ischemia through inhibition of ERK MAPK activation.
Babies experience hypoxia (H) and ischemia (I) from stroke. The only approved treatment for stroke is fibrinolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, tPA potentiates H/I-induced impairment of responses to cerebrovasodilators such as hypercapnia and hypotension, and blockade of tPA-mediated vasoactivity prevents this deleterious effect. Coupling of tPA to red blood cells (RBCs) reduces its central nervous system (CNS) toxicity through spatially confining the drug to the vasculature. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), a family of at least three kinases, is upregulated after H/I. In this study we determined whether RBC-tPA given before or after cerebral H/I would preserve responses to cerebrovasodilators and prevent neuronal injury mediated through the extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) MAPK pathway. Animals given RBC-tPA maintained responses to cerebrovasodilators at levels equivalent to pre-H/I values. cerebrospinal fluid and brain parenchymal ERK MAPK was elevated by H/I and this upregulation was potentiated by tPA, but blunted by RBC-tPA. U0126, an ERK MAPK antagonist, also maintained cerebrovasodilation post H/I. Neuronal degeneration in CA1 hippocampus after H/I was not improved by tPA, but was ameliorated by RBC-tPA and U0126. These data suggest that coupling of tPA to RBCs offers a novel approach toward increasing the benefit/risk ratio of thrombolytic therapy for CNS disorders associated with H/I.
Armstead
William M
WM
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, 3620 Hamilton Walk, JM3, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA l9l04, USA. armsteaw@uphs.upenn.edu
Ganguly
Kumkum
K
Kiessling
John W
JW
Chen
Xiao-Han
XH
Smith
Douglas H
DH
Higazi
Abd A R
AA
Cines
Douglas B
DB
Bdeir
Khalil
K
Zaitsev
Sergei
S
Muzykantov
Vladimir R
VR
D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D019921:Biotinylation; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D007022:Hypotension / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D020925:Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D013552:Swine; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects*
D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator