Saffold virus, a human Theiler's-like cardiovirus, is ubiquitous and causes infection early in life.
The family Picornaviridae contains well-known human pathogens (e.g., poliovirus, coxsackievirus, rhinovirus, and parechovirus). In addition, this family contains a number of viruses that infect animals, including members of the genus Cardiovirus such as Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and Theiler's murine encephalomyelits virus (TMEV). The latter are important murine pathogens that cause myocarditis, type 1 diabetes and chronic inflammation in the brains, mimicking multiple sclerosis. Recently, a new picornavirus was isolated from humans, named Saffold virus (SAFV). The virus is genetically related to Theiler's virus and classified as a new species in the genus Cardiovirus, which until the discovery of SAFV did not contain human viruses. By analogy with the rodent cardioviruses, SAFV may be a relevant new human pathogen. Thus far, SAFVs have sporadically been detected by molecular techniques in respiratory and fecal specimens, but the epidemiology and clinical significance remained unclear. Here we describe the first cultivated SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) isolate, its growth characteristics, full-length sequence, and epidemiology. Unlike the previously isolated SAFV-1 and -2 viruses, SAFV-3 showed efficient growth in several cell lines with a clear cytopathic effect. The latter allowed us to conduct a large-scale serological survey by a virus-neutralization assay. This survey showed that infection by SAFV-3 occurs early in life (>75% positive at 24 months) and that the seroprevalence reaches >90% in older children and adults. Neutralizing antibodies were found in serum samples collected in several countries in Europe, Africa, and Asia. In conclusion, this study describes the first cultivated SAFV-3 isolate, its full-length sequence, and epidemiology. SAFV-3 is a highly common and widespread human virus causing infection in early childhood. This finding has important implications for understanding the impact of these ubiquitous viruses and their possible role in acute and/or chronic disease.
Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology Section, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
Jan
J
Zoll
Sandra
S
Erkens Hulshof
Kjerstin
K
Lanke
Frans
F
Verduyn Lunel
Willem J G
WJ
Melchers
Esther
E
Schoondermark-van de Ven
Merja
M
Roivainen
Jochem M D
JM
Galama
Frank J M
FJ
van Kuppeveld
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017943:Cardiovirus / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D018188:Cardiovirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D010802:Phylogeny; D015995:Prevalence; D051381:Rats; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D019562:Viral Load; D014779:Virus Replication
D000914:Antibodies, Viral