Development and evaluation of a portable sham transcranial magnetic stimulation system.
BACKGROUND
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relatively noninvasive brain stimulation technology that can focally stimulate the human cortex. One significant limitation of much of the TMS research to date concerns the nature of the placebo or sham conditions used. When TMS pulses are delivered repetitively (especially prefrontal TMS), it is often experienced as painful. Most sham TMS techniques produce identical sounds to active TMS, but they do not cause much, if any, scalp or facial sensation or discomfort. This is a serious problem when investigators are attempting to evaluate the effects of TMS by using traditional sham techniques because of unintended systematic differences between real and sham TMS groups (ie, confounds). As long as traditional approaches to sham TMS are used, the validity of the inferences regarding the efficacy of TMS will be limited. Although some other sophisticated systems have been developed to address these concerns, they tend to be expensive and lack portability. Portability will likely become more and more important as TMS applications expand into different clinical areas (eg, TMS in the postanesthesia care unit after surgery).


METHODS
This study describes a portable electrical TMS sham system (eSham system) modeled after the James Long System that was designed to produce similar scalp sensations as real TMS. Preliminary results are presented on 9 healthy adults who received both real and eSham 10 Hz repetitive TMS (rTMS) (at 80%, 100%, and 120% of resting motor threshold) over the prefrontal cortex and rated the sensation quality (pain, tingling, sharpness, piercing, electric, tugging, pinching), tolerability, and location.


RESULTS
Real TMS and eSham TMS were rated similarly across all seven sensory dimensions examined. Real and eSham TMS were also rated similarly with respect to tolerability and perceived location of the TMS-induced sensations.


CONCLUSIONS
The eSham system may be a simple, affordable, and portable approach to providing convincing sham TMS for future clinical trials. This study provides preliminary evidence supporting the use of the eSham system. Future larger-scale studies are warranted.
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. borckard@musc.edu
Jeffrey J
JJ
Borckardt
John
J
Walker
R Kyle
RK
Branham
Sofia
S
Rydin-Gray
Caroline
C
Hunter
Heather
H
Beeson
Scott T
ST
Reeves
Alok
A
Madan
Harold
H
Sackeim
Mark S
MS
George
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008959:Models, Neurological; D010146:Pain / Q000503:physiopathology; D010919:Placebos; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods
D010919:Placebos