Control of pyrethroid-resistant Chagas disease vectors with entomopathogenic fungi.
BACKGROUND
Triatoma infestans-mediated transmission of Tripanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease, remains as a major health issue in southern South America. Key factors of T. infestans prevalence in specific areas of the geographic Gran Chaco region-which extends through northern Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay-are both recurrent reinfestations after insecticide spraying and emerging pyrethroid-resistance over the past ten years. Among alternative control tools, the pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi against triatomines is already known; furthermore, these fungi have the ability to fully degrade hydrocarbons from T. infestans cuticle and to utilize them as fuel and for incorporation into cellular components.


RESULTS
Here we provide evidence of resistance-related cuticle differences; capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analyses revealed that pyrethroid-resistant bugs have significantly larger amounts of surface hydrocarbons, peaking 56.2+/-6.4% higher than susceptible specimens. Also, a thicker cuticle was detected by scanning electron microscopy (32.1+/-5.9 microm and 17.8+/-5.4 microm for pyrethroid-resistant and pyrethroid-susceptible, respectively). In laboratory bioassays, we showed that the virulence of the entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana against T. infestans was significantly enhanced after fungal adaptation to grow on a medium containing insect-like hydrocarbons as the carbon source, regardless of bug susceptibility to pyrethroids. We designed an attraction-infection trap based on manipulating T. infestans behavior in order to facilitate close contact with B. bassiana. Field assays performed in rural village houses infested with pyrethroid-resistant insects showed 52.4% bug mortality. Using available mathematical models, we predicted that further fungal applications could eventually halt infection transmission.


CONCLUSIONS
This low cost, low tech, ecologically friendly methodology could help in controlling the spread of pyrethroid-resistant bugs.
Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (CCT La Plata CONICET-UNLP), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina.
Nicolás
N
Pedrini
Sergio J
SJ
Mijailovsky
Juan R
JR
Girotti
Raúl
R
Stariolo
Rubén M
RM
Cardozo
Alberto
A
Gentile
M Patricia
MP
Juárez
D000818:Animals; D052982:Beauveria / Q000502:physiology*; D014355:Chagas Disease / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D007300:Insect Control / Q000379:methods; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins; D014224:Triatoma / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000469:parasitology*; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000502:physiology
D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins