The inhibitory co-receptors: a way to save from anergy the HIV-specific T cells.
The functional impairment of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells during chronic HIV infection is thought to be closely linked to viral replication and to T cell exhaustion. T cell exhaustion in the presence of ongoing antigen exposure is a common feature of chronic viral infection, in which dysfunctional T cells fail to eliminate the virus. Otherwise, antiviral T cell function impairment is a poorly understood mechanism. Increasing evidences show that HIV-specific T lymphocytes up-regulated inducible co-receptors, such as the Cytoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4, (CTLA-4, or CD152) and Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and that blockade of the CD152 or PD-1 pathway restores HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell function in HIV infection. This review will focus on finding a possible role for inhibitory receptors on virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. The analysis of the role of CD152 and PD-1 in HIV-1 infection could provide important insight into the mechanism of viral induced immune dysfunction and lead to immunotherapeutic strategies to reverse immune suppression in this pathology.
Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, DiMeS, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Universitá degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.
Rita
R
Simone
Gabriella
G
Piatti
Daniele
D
Saverino
D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
D015703:Antigens, CD; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor