Accuracy requirements for head and neck intensity-modulated radiation therapy based on observed dose response of the major salivary glands.
OBJECTIVE
We estimated accuracy requirements for dose and position of the major salivary glands in head and neck intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) based on the dose response characteristics of the glands obtained by using the sigmoidal dose response model.


METHODS
Dose response of the parotid and submandibular salivary glands was determined for 25 head and neck cancer patients treated by IMRT. Individual salivary gland functions were assessed by scintigraphy before and 6months after radiotherapy. Accuracy requirements were estimated by using the maximal slope of the fitted dose response model and average value of the dose gradients within the glands. In addition, systematic and random set-up errors were estimated for each patient by at least weekly portal imaging. We investigated the changes in the salivary gland mean doses (D(mean)) that would have occurred without correction of patient positioning. This was done by shifting the planned isocenter according to the obtained systematic set-up error and by recalculating the dose distribution in treatment planning system (TPS).


RESULTS
The maximal slope and D(50) values of the dose response model were -0.0411/Gy and 30.4Gy, respectively. The results suggested that spared fraction of individual salivary gland function can be estimated with an accuracy of +/-10%, if actual D(mean) of the gland is within +/-2.4Gy with the planned value. On the average, this was achieved with maximal systematic positional 3D shift of 3.0mm for the parotid glands and 2.7mm for the submandibular glands. The magnitude of systematic 1D set-up errors was 1.7+/-1.3mm (mean+/-SD) while that of systematic 3D errors was 3.4+/-1.6mm. The SD of random set-up errors was 1.5mm. The magnitude of D(mean) shifts due to set-up errors was 1.5+/-1.4Gy. The steepness of dose gradients within the glands was 0.8+/-0.5Gy/mm in the most critical direction (toward the glands).


CONCLUSIONS
When substantial part of salivary gland function is intended to be spared in head and neck IMRT, narrow dosimetric and positional tolerances should be adopted for the major salivary glands due to steep dose response curve obtained for the glands.
Kapanen
Mika
M
Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, HUS, Finland. mika.kapanen@hus.fi
Collan
Juhani
J
Saarilahti
Kauko
K
Heikkonen
Jorma
J
Kairemo
Kalevi
K
Tenhunen
Mikko
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011836:Radiation Tolerance; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods; D011877:Radionuclide Imaging; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000528:radiation effects*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016896:Treatment Outcome