Longitudinal study of amygdala volume and joint attention in 2- to 4-year-old children with autism.
BACKGROUND
Cerebral cortical volume enlargement has been reported in 2- to 4-year-olds with autism. Little is known about the volume of subregions during this period of development. The amygdala is hypothesized to be abnormal in volume and related to core clinical features in autism.


OBJECTIVE
To examine amygdala volume at 2 years with follow-up at 4 years of age in children with autism and to explore the relationship between amygdala volume and selected behavioral features of autism.


METHODS
Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study.


METHODS
University medical setting.


METHODS
Fifty autistic and 33 control (11 developmentally delayed, 22 typically developing) children between 18 and 35 months (2 years) of age followed up at 42 to 59 months (4 years) of age.


METHODS
Amygdala volumes in relation to joint attention ability measured with a new observational coding system, the Social Orienting Continuum and Response Scale; group comparisons including total tissue volume, sex, IQ, and age as covariates.


RESULTS
Amygdala enlargement was observed in subjects with autism at both 2 and 4 years of age. Significant change over time in volume was observed, although the rate of change did not differ between groups. Amygdala volume was associated with joint attention ability at age 4 years in subjects with autism.


CONCLUSIONS
The amygdala is enlarged in autism relative to controls by age 2 years but shows no relative increase in magnitude between 2 and 4 years of age. A significant association between amygdala volume and joint attention suggests that alterations to this structure may be linked to a core deficit of autism.
Mosconi
Matthew W
MW
UNC Neurodevelopmental Disorders Research Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3367, USA.
Cody-Hazlett
Heather
H
Poe
Michele D
MD
Gerig
Guido
G
Gimpel-Smith
Rachel
R
Piven
Joseph
J
D000367:Age Factors; D000679:Amygdala / Q000473:pathology*; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology*; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003142:Communication; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology; D009949:Orientation / Q000502:physiology*; D018187:Personal Construct Theory; D010552:Personality Assessment; D012016:Reference Values; D012919:Social Behavior