Rhinovirus enhances various bacterial adhesions to nasal epithelial cells simultaneously.
OBJECTIVE
Viral upper respiratory tract infections are often followed by secondary bacterial infections in the form of acute rhinosinusitis. We investigate the effect of rhinovirus infection on the expression of cell adhesion molecules and bacterial adherence to primary human nasal epithelial cells.


METHODS
Cells were infected with rhinovirus serotype 16 (RV-16), and then Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Hemophilus influenzae were added to the culture. Rhinovirus-induced expression of fibronectin, platelet-activating factor receptor, and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule, was assayed by confocal microscopy, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot analysis. Bacterial adhesion to cells was assessed by confocal microscopy and the fluorescence intensity of adherent bacteria was analyzed using Image-Pro Plus 5.1 (Media Cybernetics, Inc., Bethesda, MD).


RESULTS
RV-16 infection significantly increased the gene and protein expression of fibronectin, platelet-activating factor receptor, and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule in nasal epithelial cells. Compared with rhinovirus-uninfected control cells, the adhesion of S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, and H. influenzae increased significantly to 2.53-fold, 1.51-fold, and 2.74-fold of control levels, respectively, in rhinovirus-infected nasal epithelial cells.


CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that increased expression of host cell adhesion molecules may be the mechanism accounting for the increase in susceptibility to bacterial rhinosinusitis associated with rhinovirus-induced upper respiratory infections.
Wang
Jong Hwan
JH
Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
Kwon
Hyun Ja
HJ
Jang
Yong Ju
YJ
D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002448:Cell Adhesion; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology*; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012229:Rhinovirus; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000472:pathogenicity / Q000502:physiology
C075729:CEACAM3 protein, human; D002272:Carcinoembryonic Antigen; D005353:Fibronectins; D010980:Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; C039351:platelet activating factor receptor