The association of depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms and postpartum relapse to smoking: a longitudinal study.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this prospective repeated measures, mixed-methods observational study was to assess whether depressive, anxiety, and stress symptoms are associated with postpartum relapse to smoking.


METHODS
A total of 65 women who smoked prior to pregnancy and had not smoked during the last month of pregnancy were recruited at delivery and followed for 24 weeks. Surveys administered at baseline and at 2, 6, 12, and 24 weeks postpartum assessed smoking status and symptoms of depression (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI]), anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory [BAI]), and stress (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]). In-depth interviews were conducted with women who reported smoking.


RESULTS
Although 92% of the participants reported a strong desire to stay quit, 47% resumed smoking by 24 weeks postpartum. Baseline factors associated with smoking at 24 weeks were having had a prior delivery, not being happy about the pregnancy, undergoing counseling for depression or anxiety during pregnancy, and ever having struggled with depression (p < .05). In a repeated measures regression model, the slope of BDI scores from baseline to the 12-week follow-up differed between nonsmokers and smokers (-0.12 vs. +0.11 units/week, p = .03). The slope of PSS scores also differed between nonsmokers and smokers (-0.05 vs. +0.08 units/week, p = .04). In qualitative interviews, most women who relapsed attributed their relapse and continued smoking to negative emotions.


CONCLUSIONS
Among women who quit smoking during pregnancy, a worsening of depressive and stress symptoms over 12 weeks postpartum was associated with an increased risk of smoking by 24 weeks.
Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Institute for Health Policy, and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 50 Staniford Street, 9th floor, Boston, MA 02114, USA. epark@partners.org
Elyse R
ER
Park
Yuchiao
Y
Chang
Virginia
V
Quinn
Susan
S
Regan
Lee
L
Cohen
Adele
A
Viguera
Christina
C
Psaros
Kaile
K
Ross
Nancy
N
Rigotti
D000328:Adult; D015897:Comorbidity; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012008:Recurrence; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult