Winter fine particulate matter from Milan induces morphological and functional alterations in human pulmonary epithelial cells (A549).
Samples of PM(2.5) were gravimetrically collected during the winter 2005/2006 in the urban area of Milan (North Italy). Samples were chemically characterized and the particles were detached from filters to determine their cytotoxic effects on the A549 cell line. Based on the potential toxicological relevance of its components, Milan winter PM(2.5) contained high concentrations of pro-oxidant transition metals and PAHs, while re-suspended particles showed a relatively high frequency of dimensional classes ranging from 40 nm to 300 nm. A549 cells exposed to particle suspensions showed a concentration-dependent decrease in viability, starting from 10 microg/cm(2). Phagocytosis of particles by A549 cells and particle aggregates were morphologically characterized and seemed to depend on both particle concentration and exposure time, with the majority of particles being engulfed in membrane-bound vacuoles after 24h of exposure. The ability of ultrafine particles to penetrate and spread throughout the cells was also verified. Cell membrane lysis and mitochondrial ultrastructural disruption appeared to be the main modifications induced by PM(2.5) on A549 cells. Concomitantly to the adverse effects observed in terms of cell mortality and ultrastructural lesions, a significant intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, suggesting that the cytotoxicity, exerted by the winter PM(2.5) in Milan, derived also from its oxidative potential, probably associated with particle-adsorbed metals and PAHs.
POLARIS Research Center, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
Maurizio
M
Gualtieri
Paride
P
Mantecca
Viviana
V
Corvaja
Eleonora
E
Longhin
Maria Grazia
MG
Perrone
Ezio
E
Bolzacchini
Marina
M
Camatini
D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D048430:Cell Shape / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D008168:Lung / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D010588:Phagosomes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012621:Seasons; D013997:Time Factors
D008670:Metals; D052638:Particulate Matter; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species