[Self-harm and personality disorders].
BACKGROUND
Clinical experience and recent research convey that patients with personality disorders who harm themselves with a suicidal intention should be treated differently than those who do so without a suicidal intention. The purpose of this article is to give an overview of non-suicidal self-harm in these patients.


METHODS
The article is based on a non-systematic literature search in PsycINFO, Medline, Clinical Evidence and Cochrane and own clinical experience.


RESULTS
Self-harm in patients with personality disorders is associated with borderline personality traits. Up to 70 % of patients with borderline personality disorders have reported non-suicidal self-harm. Non-suicidal self-harm is one of the risk factors for suicide. Borderline personality disorder develops due to interaction between genetic vulnerability and a traumatic and unsafe upbringing. The patients are often influenced by intense negative emotions and have reduced ability to regulate and handle these in interpersonal situations. Self-harm can give short-term alleviation of the inner pain associated with emotion dysregulation. Dialectical behavior therapy and mentalization-based therapy is shown to reduce the prevalence of self-harm in patients with borderline personality disorder. Acute referral to in-patient treatment should only be used in crises that cannot be handled in out-patient treatment. The regular general practitioner can function as a stable attachment figure and contribute to self-regulation.


CONCLUSIONS
Non-suicidal self-harm in patients with personality disorders should be given more attention.
Avdeling for personlighetspsykiatri Oslo universitetssykehus, Ullevål 0407 Oslo. oyvind.urnes@medisin.uio.no
Oyvind
O
Urnes
D000293:Adolescent; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001883:Borderline Personality Disorder / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology; D055815:Young Adult; D000092864:Suicide Prevention