Definition and evaluation of transient ischemic attack: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and the Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. The American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this statement as an educational tool for neurologists.
This scientific statement is intended for use by physicians and allied health personnel caring for patients with transient ischemic attacks. Formal evidence review included a structured literature search of Medline from 1990 to June 2007 and data synthesis employing evidence tables, meta-analyses, and pooled analysis of individual patient-level data. The review supported endorsement of the following, tissue-based definition of transient ischemic attack (TIA): a transient episode of neurological dysfunction caused by focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal ischemia, without acute infarction. Patients with TIAs are at high risk of early stroke, and their risk may be stratified by clinical scale, vessel imaging, and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. Diagnostic recommendations include: TIA patients should undergo neuroimaging evaluation within 24 hours of symptom onset, preferably with magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion sequences; noninvasive imaging of the cervical vessels should be performed and noninvasive imaging of intracranial vessels is reasonable; electrocardiography should occur as soon as possible after TIA and prolonged cardiac monitoring and echocardiography are reasonable in patients in whom the vascular etiology is not yet identified; routine blood tests are reasonable; and it is reasonable to hospitalize patients with TIA if they present within 72 hours and have an ABCD(2) score >or=3, indicating high risk of early recurrence, or the evaluation cannot be rapidly completed on an outpatient basis.
Easton
J Donald
JD
Saver
Jeffrey L
JL
Albers
Gregory W
GW
Alberts
Mark J
MJ
Chaturvedi
Seemant
S
Feldmann
Edward
E
Hatsukami
Thomas S
TS
Higashida
Randall T
RT
Johnston
S Claiborne
SC
Kidwell
Chelsea S
CS
Lutsep
Helmi L
HL
Miller
Elaine
E
Sacco
Ralph L
RL
D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006403:Hematologic Tests; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012015:Reference Standards; D018570:Risk Assessment; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed