Extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis.
METHODS
A preliminary study about extraforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (ELIF) technique for the treatment of isthmic spondylolisthesis.


OBJECTIVE
To introduce a new surgical fusion technique for isthmic spondylolisthesis with minimally invasive procedure.


BACKGROUND
Posterolateral fusion, posterior lumbar interbody fusion, and anterior lumbar interbody fusion with posterior fixation are the options of the surgical treatment for isthmic spondylolisthesis. Still, complications can be related to these approaches. The authors tried to approach directly to lesion-the exiting nerve root, to decompress and to stabilize with minimally invasive procedure. Through extraforaminal approach, we can expose the exiting nerve root only to perform interbody fusion without intra-abdominal dissection or exposing central dura and traversing nerve root.


METHODS
Five patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis underwent ELIF with percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPF) between August 2005 and April 2007. In all subjects, the 3-cm-long posterior skin incisions were made bilaterally about 6 to 8 cm lateral from the midline. The multifidus muscle was separated with blunt dissection from the longissimus muscles. We identified the isthmus and neural foramen, removed fibrocartilage and the lateral border of ligamentum flavum covering the exiting nerve root, separated the soft tissue attached to the root and the transverse process, and retracted the root to perform discectomy. We prepared the endplates, cages with allograft, inserted them under C-arm fluoroscopic guidance, and performed the procedures on the contralateral side. After the arthrodesis, posterior instrumentation was augmented with PPF.


RESULTS
Five patients underwent ELIF+PPF; despite a small number of cases, the outcomes were satisfactory.


CONCLUSIONS
ELIF technique makes exposing only the exiting nerve root easy to perform interbody fusion without violating either the abdominal cavity or the posterior musculoligamentous and the bony stabilizers of the spine. This may be considered as one of the minimally invasive surgical options for isthmic spondylolisthesis.
Baek
Oon Ki
OK
Department of Neurosurgery, Wooridul Spine Hospital, Seoul, Korea. baekok@wooridul.co.kr
Lee
Sang-Ho
SH
D000328:Adult; D001174:Arthrodesis / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D017586:Diskectomy / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016268:Internal Fixators; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D011859:Radiography; D012585:Sciatica / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013126:Spinal Nerve Roots / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D013130:Spinal Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D013168:Spondylolisthesis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome