Flumazenil reversal of sublingual triazolam: a randomized controlled clinical trial.
BACKGROUND
Incremental sublingual (SL) dosing of triazolam has emerged as a popular sedation technique. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the technique's safety or efficacy. Given its popularity, an easily administered rescue strategy is needed.


METHODS
The authors conducted a randomized controlled clinical trial to investigate how intraoral submucosal flumazenil (0.2 milligram) attenuates central nervous system depression produced by incremental SL dosing of triazolam (three doses of 0.25 mg across 90 minutes) in 14 adults. The authors assessed outcomes by using the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) scale, bispectral index (BIS) and physiological monitoring.


RESULTS
The OAA/S and BIS scores increased after the flumazenil injection at the 30-minute observation point, but they were not sustained. Six hours after the initial dose of triazolam had been administered (four hours after the flumazenil or placebo challenge), all patients could be discharged from the dental clinic.


CONCLUSIONS
Deep sedation from incremental SL dosing of triazolam is incompletely reversed by a single intraoral injection of flumazenil. The reversal did not persist. The authors discharged the patients from the dental clinic at 360 minutes.


CONCLUSIONS
A single intraoral injection of flumazenil (0.2 mg) cannot immediately reverse oversedation with triazolam. A higher dose might be effective. Reversal for the purpose of discharging the patient early is neither appropriate nor safe.
Hosaka
Kazuo
K
Department of Dental Public Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195-7475, USA.
Jackson
Douglass
D
Pickrell
Jacqueline E
JE
Heima
Masahiro
M
Milgrom
Peter
P
D000286:Administration, Sublingual; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental; D000931:Antidotes / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D003243:Consciousness / Q000187:drug effects; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005442:Flumazenil / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018757:GABA Modulators / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D007267:Injections; D008297:Male; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010919:Placebos; D013997:Time Factors; D014229:Triazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D055815:Young Adult
D000931:Antidotes; D018757:GABA Modulators; D006454:Hemoglobins; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010919:Placebos; D014229:Triazolam; D005442:Flumazenil