Identifying potentially cost effective chronic care programs for people with COPD.
OBJECTIVE
To review published evidence regarding the cost effectiveness of multi-component COPD programs and to illustrate how potentially cost effective programs can be identified.


METHODS
Systematic search of Medline and Cochrane databases for evaluations of multi-component disease management or chronic care programs for adults with COPD, describing process, intermediate, and end results of care. Data were independently extracted by two reviewers and descriptively summarized.


RESULTS
Twenty articles describing 17 unique COPD programs were included. There is little evidence for significant improvements in process and intermediate outcomes, except for increased provision of patient self-management education and improved disease-specific knowledge. Overall, the COPD programs generate end results equivalent to usual care, but programs containing >or=3 components show lower relative risks for hospitalization. There is limited scope for programs to break-even or save money.


CONCLUSIONS
Identifying cost effective multi-component COPD programs remains a challenge due to scarce methodologically sound studies that demonstrate significant improvements on process, intermediate and end results of care. Estimations of potential cost effectiveness of specific programs illustrated in this paper can, in the absence of 'perfect data', support timely decision-making regarding these programs. Nevertheless, well-designed health economic studies are needed to decrease the current decision uncertainty.
Steuten
L M G
LM
Maastricht University Medical Centre, School for Care and Public Health Research, Department of Health, Organisation, Policy and Economics, Maastricht, The Netherlands. lotte.steuten@beoz.unimaas.nl
Lemmens
K M M
KM
Nieboer
A P
AP
Vrijhoef
H J M
HJ
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000191:economics; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000191:economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006302:Health Services Research; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000191:economics*; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000191:economics; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000191:economics* / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011788:Quality of Life; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012648:Self Care / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome