Policies on donation after cardiac death at children's hospitals: a mixed-methods analysis of variation.
BACKGROUND
Although authoritative bodies have promulgated guidelines for donation after cardiac death (DCD) and the Joint Commission requires hospitals to address DCD, little is known about actual hospital policies.


OBJECTIVE
To characterize DCD policies in children's hospitals and evaluate variation among policies.


METHODS
Mixed-methods analysis of policies collected between November 2007 and January 2008 from hospitals in the United States, Puerto Rico, and Canada in 2 membership categories of the National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions.


METHODS
Status of DCD policy development and content of the policies based on coding categories developed in part from authoritative statements.


RESULTS
One hundred five of 124 eligible hospitals responded, a response rate of 85%. Seventy-six institutions (72%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64%-82%) had DCD policies, 20 (19%; 95% CI, 12%-28%) were developing policies; and 7 (7%; 95% CI, 3%-14%) neither had nor were developing policies. We received and analyzed 73 unique, approved policies. Sixty-one policies (84%; 95% CI, 73%-91%) specify criteria or tests for declaring death. Four policies require total waiting periods prior to organ recovery at variance with professional guidelines: 1 less than 2 minutes and 3 longer than 5 minutes. Sixty-four policies (88%; 95% CI, 78%-94%) preclude transplant personnel from declaring death and 37 (51%; 95% CI, 39%-63%) prohibit them from involvement in premortem management. While 65 policies (89%; 95% CI, 80%-95%) indicate the importance of palliative care, only 5 (7%; 95% CI, 2%-15%) recommend or require palliative care consultation. Of 68 policies that indicate where withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment can or should take place, 37 policies (54%; 95% CI, 42%-67%) require it to occur in the operating room and 3 policies (4%; 95% CI, 1%-12%) require it to occur in the intensive care unit.


CONCLUSIONS
Most children's hospitals have developed or are developing DCD policies. There is, however, considerable variation among policies.
Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA. armand.antommaria@hsc.utah.edu
Armand H Matheny
AH
Antommaria
Karen
K
Trotochaud
Kathy
K
Kinlaw
Paul N
PN
Hopkins
Joel
J
Frader
D002170:Canada; D002648:Child; D003643:Death; D028741:Ethics Committees, Clinical; D005066:Euthanasia, Passive; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016134:Organizational Policy; D010166:Palliative Care; D011050:Policy Making; D011647:Puerto Rico; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement / Q000941:ethics / Q000592:standards*; D014481:United States