Surface-enhanced crystallization of amorphous nifedipine.
Amorphous solids are generally more soluble and faster dissolving than their crystalline counterparts, a property useful for delivering poorly soluble drugs. Amorphous drugs must be stable against crystallization, for crystallization negates their advantages. Recent studies found that crystal growth in amorphous indomethacin is orders of magnitude faster at the free surface than through the bulk and this surface-enhanced crystallization can be inhibited by an ultrathin coating. Herein, we report a second system that exhibits the same phenomena. Crystal growth at the free surface of amorphous nifedipine (NIF) was at least 1 order of magnitude faster than that through the bulk below the glass transition temperature Tg (42 degrees C). A thin coating of gold (10 nm) reduced the surface crystal growth rate to the bulk crystal growth rate. Surface-enhanced crystal growth was more pronounced near and below Tg than substantially above Tg, which suggests that this growth mode is more important for the glassy state. Our results support the view that a thin layer of molecules near the surface have higher mobility than the bulk molecules and can enable faster crystal growth. The higher mobility of surface molecules and the resulting fast crystal growth can be suppressed by an ultrathin coating.
School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 777 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2222, USA.
Lei
L
Zhu
Letitia
L
Wong
Lian
L
Yu
D003460:Crystallization; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006046:Gold / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000379:methods*; D009543:Nifedipine / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D006046:Gold; D009543:Nifedipine