Effect of head posture on pediatric oropharyngeal structures: implications for airway management in infants and children.
OBJECTIVE
Although head and neck posture has direct effects on the upper airway in infants and children, many of these effects remain unclear or not well established. As airway patency and airway access are critical in sedated and/or unconscious children, recent developments in this area should be made known to pediatric anesthesiologists, intensive care physicians and other emergency caregivers.


RESULTS
All recent studies observed large interindividual variability in anatomical measurements, especially in trachea length. More evidence has been gained that lateral position improves upper airway patency in sedated children. Several studies brought indirect information on head posture for laryngoscopy and intubation.


CONCLUSIONS
The site of obstruction of the airway in sedated children in different postures is now more clear. Implications of head flexion and extension in intubated children have been extensively studied, and clinical consequences have been detailed. Due to large interindividual anatomic variability, depth marks set on the tubes by their manufacturers and guidelines regarding calculations of insertion depth should be made with caution in infants and neonates. Despite several studies, there is still little scientific evidence regarding proper head posture for laryngoscopy and intubation.
Réanimation Pédiatrique, Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation, Hôpital Nord, CHU Marseille Chemin des Bourelly, 13 915 Marseille Cedex 20, France. renaud.vialet@ap-hm.fr
Renaud
R
Vialet
André
A
Nau
D000293:Adolescent; D000402:Airway Obstruction / Q000628:therapy; D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D006257:Head; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial