Gender differences in anxiety and concerns about the cardioverter defibrillator.
BACKGROUND
Little is known about gender differences in the response to implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy. We compared female and male ICD patients on anxiety, depression, health-related quality of life (HRQL), ICD concerns, and ICD acceptance.


METHODS
A cohort of consecutive, surviving patients (n = 535; mean age = 61.5 +/- 14.4, 81.9% male) implanted with an ICD between 1989 and 2006 completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), the ICD concerns questionnaire, and the Florida Patient Acceptance Survey.


RESULTS
High levels of anxiety (52% vs 34%, P < 0.001) and ICD concerns (34% vs 16%, P = 0.001) were more prevalent in women than men, whereas no significant differences were found on depression and device acceptance (Ps > 0.05). Women were more anxious (odds ratio [OR]: 2.60 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-4.64], P < 0.01) and had more ICD concerns (OR: 1.81 [95% CI: 1.09-3.00], P < 0.05) than men, adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics. Those ICD patients experiencing shocks were also more anxious (OR: 2.02 [95% CI: 1.20-3.42], P < 0.01) and had higher levels of ICD concerns (OR: 2.70 [95% CI: 1.76-4.16], P < 0.01). In multivariable analysis of variance, significant gender differences were found for only three of the eight subscales of the SF-36 (the physical social functioning and the mental health subscale), with women reporting poorer HRQL on all three subscales.


CONCLUSIONS
Women were more prone to experience anxiety and ICD concerns compared to men regardless of whether they had experienced shocks. In clinical practice, female ICD patients should be closely monitored, and if warranted offered psychosocial intervention, as increased anxiety has been shown to precipitate arrhythmic events in defibrillator patients.
Spindler
Helle
H
Department of Psychology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark. hellesp@psy.au.dk
Johansen
Jens B
JB
Andersen
Kirsten
K
Mortensen
Peter
P
Pedersen
Susanne S
SS
D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011788:Quality of Life; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D017678:Sex Distribution