Risk of severe serotonin toxicity following co-administration of methylene blue and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: an update on a case report of post-operative delirium.
In a previous case report, published in this journal, we described a postoperative delirium in a patient during recovery from parathyroidectomy. We noted that the delirium resembled serotonin toxicity and that the patient had been taking paroxetine until 2 days before surgery. We offered several tentative explanations for this event, including an adverse interaction between paroxetine and other agent(s) used in the course of the anaesthesia. Recent developments in characterisation of serotonin toxicity have prompted us to re-examine the clinical details surrounding this life-threatening event. It is now known to be important that the patient was given methylene blue, pre-operatively, to enable visualisation of the parathyroid glands. Methylene blue has been found to be a potent inhibitor of monoamine oxidase (MAO), and several cases of serotonin toxicity have been reported recently following its administration. All these cases are consistent with the well-known risk of serotonin toxicity when drugs that augment serotonergic transmission are given in combination with an MAO inhibitor. Methylene blue is used in a variety of surgical settings as well as for treatment of various types of hypotensive shock and methemoglobinaemia. It is also being studied for treatment of Alzheimer's disease and malaria. In this paper, we outline the pharmacology of methylene blue and the aetiology of serotonin toxicity to help prevent further unintentional co-administration of drugs that risk precipitating this life-threatening drug interaction.
Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
S C
SC
Stanford
B J
BJ
Stanford
P K
PK
Gillman
D000075202:Contraindications; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D003693:Delirium / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D016105:Parathyroidectomy; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000139:chemically induced*; D012306:Risk; D020230:Serotonin Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000209:etiology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
D003287:Contrast Media; D008751:Methylene Blue; D008996:Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors