The decline of malaria in Finland--the impact of the vector and social variables.
BACKGROUND
Malaria was prevalent in Finland in the 18th century. It declined slowly without deliberate counter-measures and the last indigenous case was reported in 1954. In the present analysis of indigenous malaria in Finland, an effort was made to construct a data set on annual malaria cases of maximum temporal length to be able to evaluate the significance of different factors assumed to affect malaria trends.


METHODS
To analyse the long-term trend malaria statistics were collected from 1750-2008. During that time, malaria frequency decreased from about 20,000-50,000 per 1,000,000 people to less than 1 per 1,000,000 people. To assess the cause of the decline, a correlation analysis was performed between malaria frequency per million people and temperature data, animal husbandry, consolidation of land by redistribution and household size.


RESULTS
Anopheles messeae and Anopheles beklemishevi exist only as larvae in June and most of July. The females seek an overwintering place in August. Those that overwinter together with humans may act as vectors. They have to stay in their overwintering place from September to May because of the cold climate. The temperatures between June and July determine the number of malaria cases during the following transmission season. This did not, however, have an impact on the long-term trend of malaria. The change in animal husbandry and reclamation of wetlands may also be excluded as a possible cause for the decline of malaria. The long-term social changes, such as land consolidation and decreasing household size, showed a strong correlation with the decline of Plasmodium.


CONCLUSIONS
The indigenous malaria in Finland faded out evenly in the whole country during 200 years with limited or no counter-measures or medication. It appears that malaria in Finland was basically a social disease and that malaria trends were strongly linked to changes in human behaviour. Decreasing household size caused fewer interactions between families and accordingly decreasing recolonization possibilities for Plasmodium. The permanent drop of the household size was the precondition for a permanent eradication of malaria.
Hulden
Lena
L
Department of Forest Ecology, PO Box 26, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland. lena.hulden@helsinki.fi
Hulden
Larry
L
D000383:Agriculture; D000822:Animal Husbandry; D000818:Animals; D000852:Anopheles / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development*; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D017753:Ecosystem; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D049671:History, 18th Century; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D007303:Insect Vectors / Q000145:classification / Q000254:growth & development / Q000469:parasitology; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history* / Q000635:transmission; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000302:isolation & purification; D011157:Population Dynamics; D012621:Seasons; D012924:Social Conditions; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013696:Temperature