Normative monocular visual acuity for early treatment diabetic retinopathy study charts in emmetropic children 5 to 12 years of age.
OBJECTIVE
To provide normative data for children tested with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts.


METHODS
Cross-sectional study.


METHODS
A total of 252 Native American (Tohono O'odham) children aged 5 to 12 years. On the basis of cycloplegic refraction conducted on the day of testing, all were emmetropic (myopia < or =0.25 diopter [D] spherical equivalent, hyperopia < or =1.00 D spherical equivalent, and astigmatism < or =0.50 D in both eyes).


METHODS
Monocular visual acuity was tested at 4 m, using 1 ETDRS chart for the right eye (RE) and another for the left eye (LE).


METHODS
Visual acuity was scored as the total number of letters correctly identified, by naming or matching to letters on a lap card, and as the smallest letter size for which the child identified 3 of 5 letters correctly.


RESULTS
Visual acuity results did not differ for the RE versus the LE, so data are reported for the RE only. Mean visual acuity for 5-year-olds (0.16 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [20/29]) was significantly worse than for 8-, 9-, 10-, 11-, and 12-year-olds (0.05 logMAR [20/22] or better at each age). The lower 95% prediction limit for determining whether a child has visual acuity within the normal range was 0.38 (20/48) for 5-year-olds and 0.30 (20/40) for 6- to 12-year-olds, which was reduced to 0.32 (20/42) for 5-year-olds and 0.21 (20/32) for 6- to 12-year-olds when recalculated with outlying data points removed. Mean interocular acuity difference did not vary by age, averaging less than 1 logMAR line at each age, with a lower 95% prediction limit of 0.17 log unit (1.7 logMAR lines) across all ages.


CONCLUSIONS
For monocular visual acuity based on ETDRS charts to be in the normal range, it must be better than 20/50 for 5-year-olds and better than 20/40 for 6- to 12-year-olds. Normal interocular acuity difference includes values of less than 2 logMAR lines. Normative ETDRS visual acuity values are not as good as norms reported for adults, suggesting that a child's visual acuity results should be compared with norms based on data from children, not with adult norms.
Dobson
Velma
V
Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85711, USA. vdobson@eyes.arizona.edu
Clifford-Donaldson
Candice E
CE
Green
Tina K
TK
Miller
Joseph M
JM
Harvey
Erin M
EM
D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000175:diagnosis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D042262:Retinoscopy; D014787:Vision Tests / Q000295:instrumentation*; D015349:Vision, Monocular; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology*