Enhanced operation of femtosecond lasers and applications in cell transfection.
In this work we present a review and discussion on the enhancement of femtosecond (fs) lasers for use within biophotonics with a particular focus on their use in optical transfection techniques. We describe the broad range of source options now available for the generation of femtosecond pulses before briefly reviewing the application of fs laser in optical transfection studies. We show that major performance enhancements may be obtained by optimising the spatial and temporal performance of the laser source before considering possible future directions in this field. In relation to optical transfection we describe how such laser sources initiate a multiphoton process to permeate the cell membrane in a transient fashion. We look at aspects of this technique including the ability to combine transfection with optical trapping. For future implementation of such transfection we explore the role of new sources and "nondiffracting" light fields.
Brown
Christian T A
CT
Scottish Universities Physics Alliance, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9SS, UK. ctab@st-and.ac.uk
Stevenson
David J
DJ
Tsampoula
Xanthi
X
McDougall
Craig
C
Lagatsky
Alexander A
AA
Sibbett
Wilson
W
Gunn-Moore
Frank J
FJ
Dholakia
Kishan
K
D018922:HL-60 Cells; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor; D055096:Optical Devices; D055100:Optical Fibers; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D052898:Optical Tweezers; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods*