Prevalence of severe congenital heart disease after folic acid fortification of grain products: time trend analysis in Quebec, Canada.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate whether the 1998 government policy for mandatory fortification of flour and pasta products with folate was followed by a reduction in the prevalence of severe congenital heart defects.


METHODS
Time trend analysis.


METHODS
Province of Quebec, Canada.


METHODS
Infants born in 1990-2005 identified with severe congenital heart defects (tetralogy of Fallot, endocardial cushion defects, univentricular hearts, truncus arteriosus, or transposition complexes) in Quebec administrative databases.


METHODS
Data analysed in two time periods (before and after fortification). Birth prevalence measured annually as infants (live and stillbirths) with severe congenital heart defects per 1000 births in Quebec. Changes in the birth prevalence from the period before to the period after fortification were estimated with Poisson regression.


RESULTS
Among the 1, 324,440 births in Quebec in 1990-2005 there were 2083 infants born with severe congenital heart defects, corresponding to an average birth prevalence of 1.57/1000 births. Time trend analysis showed no change in the birth prevalence of severe birth defects in the nine years before fortification (rate ratio 1.01, 95% confidence interval 0.99 to 1.03), while in the seven years after fortification there was a significant 6% decrease per year (0.94, 0.90 to 0.97).


CONCLUSIONS
Public health measures to increase folic acid intake were followed by a decrease in the birth prevalence of severe congenital heart defects. These findings support the hypothesis that folic acid has a preventive effect on heart defects.
Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
Raluca
R
Ionescu-Ittu
Ariane J
AJ
Marelli
Andrew S
AS
Mackie
Louise
L
Pilote
D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D015995:Prevalence; D011792:Quebec / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
D005492:Folic Acid