Calcium dysregulation induces apoptosis-inducing factor release: cross-talk between PARP-1- and calpain-signaling pathways.
Recent discoveries show that caspase-independent cell death pathways are a pervasive mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases, and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is an important effector of this mode of neuronal death. There are currently two known mechanisms underlying AIF release following excitotoxic stress, PARP-1 and calpain. To test whether there is an interaction between PARP-1 and calpain in triggering AIF release, we used the NMDA toxicity model in rat primary cortical neurons. Exposure to NMDA resulted in AIF truncation and nuclear translocation, and shRNA-mediated knockdown of AIF resulted in neuroprotection. Both calpain and PARP-1 are involved with AIF processing as AIF truncation, nuclear translocation and neuronal death were attenuated by calpain inhibition using adeno-associated virus-mediated overexpression of the endogenous calpain inhibitor, calpastatin, or treatment with the PARP-1 inhibitor 3-ABA. Activation of PARP-1 is necessary for calpain activation as PARP-1 inhibition blocked mitochondrial calpain activation. Finally, NMDA toxicity induces mitochondrial Ca(2+) dysregulation in a PARP-1 dependent manner. Thus, PARP-1 and mitochondrial calpain activation are linked via PARP-1-induced alterations in mitochondrial Ca(2+) homeostasis. Collectively, these findings link the two seemingly independent mechanisms triggering AIF-induced neuronal death.
Vosler
Peter S
PS
Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Diseases Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA 15213, USA.
Sun
Dandan
D
Wang
Suping
S
Gao
Yanqin
Y
Kintner
Douglas B
DB
Signore
Armando P
AP
Cao
Guodong
G
Chen
Jun
J
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000166:cytology; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D005822:Genetic Vectors; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016202:N-Methylaspartate / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D014162:Transfection
D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D018076:DNA, Complementary; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D016202:N-Methylaspartate; C499322:Parp1 protein, rat; D000071137:Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D002154:Calpain; D002118:Calcium