The silent estrogen receptor--can we make it speak?
One of the most common cancers in women world wide, breast cancer is classically an endocrine-dependent cancer. It has been known for over a century that development, progression and metastasis of breast cancer are strongly influenced by hormonal factors. Indeed about two-thirds of breast cancers express the estrogen receptor α (ERα) protein, a key predictor of prognosis and response to endocrine therapy. These cancers are frequently amenable to therapies that target estrogen signaling pathways, including selective estrogen receptor modulators like tamoxifen, selective estrogen receptor downregulators like fulvestrant; and agents that reduce estrogen ligand like aromatase inhibitors and ovarian suppression through luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists. It is likely that these approaches, especially adjuvant tamoxifen, have contributed to the reduction in breast cancer mortality that has been observed in recent years. However, data from clinical studies have suggested that only about 60% of ERα-positive breast cancers respond to hormonal therapy. Further, those tumors that lack expression of ERα and the estrogen-regulated progesterone receptor (PgR) are unresponsive to hormone therapy. Thus the problem of acquired or de novo endocrine resistance is a substantial one. Recent molecular and biological advances have contributed to our understanding about potential underlying mechanisms. Here we will focus especially on silencing the expression of ERα as one such endocrine-resistance mechanism and how it might be exploited clinically.
Billam
Madhavi
M
The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center Johns Hopkins University, 1650 Orleans St., Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
Witt
Abigail E
AE
Davidson
Nancy E
NE
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044127:Epigenesis, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D020868:Gene Silencing / Q000187:drug effects; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D020845:Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators