Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, and diabetes.
There is evidence for increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes among cigarette smokers. In addition, smoking-associated health risks can exacerbate major conditions that precede or accompany diabetes, such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Smoking cessation can result in weight gain and a short-term worsening of some diabetic symptoms that may deter smokers with diabetes from attempting to quit. Additionally, there is limited evidence regarding the efficacy/safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in this population and the general effects of smoking cessation, particularly for type 1 diabetes. Smoking cessation in diabetes therefore remains a highly relevant subject for further research.
Tonstad
Serena
S
Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA. stonstad@llu.edu
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D008833:Microcirculation; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects
D001786:Blood Glucose