Postnatal conversion of cross phrenic activity from an active to latent state.
Spinal cord hemisection rostral to the phrenic nucleus leads to paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm and respiratory insufficiency. Recovery of the paralyzed hemidiaphragm may be induced by activating a latent respiratory motor pathway in adult rats. Although the pathway is latent in adults, it may not be latent in neonatal rats as shown by the spontaneous expression of activity over this pathway in an earlier in vitro study. Activity mediated over the latent pathway is known as "crossed phrenic activity". Whether crossed phrenic activity following C2 spinal cord hemisection occurs spontaneously in the neonatal rat in vivo is still unknown. We hypothesized that crossed phrenic activity may be spontaneously expressed in neonates in vivo and may be converted from a spontaneously active state to a latent and nonfunctional state during postnatal development. Thus, a time course study was designed to analyze this activity in rat pups at different ages. The functional status of the ipsilateral and contralateral hemidiaphragms was tested by EMG analysis following hemisection. Crossed phrenic activity was expressed in ventral, lateral, and dorsal parts of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm in P2 and some P3 and P4 neonatal rats. During postnatal development, the activity was observed only in the ventral area of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm in P7, P14, P21 and P28 animals. Significant decreases in the extent of ventral crossed phrenic activity were observed from P2 to P28. The pathway generating this activity becomes latent by postnatal day 35. The present results suggest that spontaneous crossed phrenic activity occurs in vivo following C2 hemisection and the activity gradually decreases during the first four postnatal weeks.
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, 540 East Canfield, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
Yonglu
Y
Huang
Harry G
HG
Goshgarian
D000367:Age Factors; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004525:Efferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries / Q000502:physiology; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D020439:Growth Cones / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D010791:Phrenic Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000502:physiology; D012131:Respiratory Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013997:Time Factors