Antagonism of the mammalian target of rapamycin selectively mediates metabolic effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition and protects human malignant glioma cells from hypoxia-induced cell death.
Although inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor is a plausible therapy for malignant gliomas that, in vitro, enhances apoptosis, the results of clinical trials have been disappointing. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that integrates starvation signals and generates adaptive responses that aim at the maintenance of energy homeostasis. Antagonism of mTOR has been suggested as a strategy to augment the efficacy of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by interfering with deregulated signalling cascades downstream of Akt. Here we compared effects of antagonism of mTOR utilizing rapamycin or a small hairpin RNA-mediated gene silencing to those of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition or combined inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and mTOR in human malignant glioma cells. In contrast to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition, mTOR antagonism neither induced cell death nor enhanced apoptosis induced by CD95 ligand or chemotherapeutic drugs. However, mTOR inhibition mimicked the hypoxia-protective effects of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition by maintaining adenosine triphosphate levels. These in vitro experiments thus challenge the current view of mTOR as a downstream target of Akt that mediates antiapoptotic stimuli. Under the conditions of the tumour microenvironment, metabolic effects of inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor, Akt and mTOR may adversely affect outcome by protecting the hypoxic tumour cell fraction.
Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Neurooncology, Centre of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Schleusenweg 2-16, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Michael W
MW
Ronellenfitsch
Daniel P
DP
Brucker
Michael C
MC
Burger
Stefan
S
Wolking
Felix
F
Tritschler
Johannes
J
Rieger
Wolfgang
W
Wick
Michael
M
Weller
Joachim P
JP
Steinbach
D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein / Q000494:pharmacology; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005910:Glioma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
D000903:Antibiotics, Antineoplastic; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053222:Fas Ligand Protein; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D038762:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus