The effect of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on the glycaemic response to small intestinal nutrient in the critically ill: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled cross over study.
BACKGROUND
Hyperglycaemia occurs frequently in the critically ill, affects outcome adversely, and is exacerbated by enteral feeding. Furthermore, treatment with insulin in this group is frequently complicated by hypoglycaemia. In healthy patients and those with type 2 diabetes, exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) decreases blood glucose by suppressing glucagon, stimulating insulin and slowing gastric emptying. Because the former effects are glucose-dependent, the use of GLP-1 is not associated with hypoglycaemia. The objective of this study was to establish if exogenous GLP-1 attenuates the glycaemic response to enteral nutrition in patients with critical illness induced hyperglycaemia.


METHODS
Seven mechanically ventilated critically ill patients, not previously known to have diabetes, received two intravenous infusions of GLP-1 (1.2 pmol/kg/min) and placebo (4% albumin) over 270 minutes. Infusions were administered on consecutive days in a randomised, double-blind fashion. On both days a mixed nutrient liquid was infused, via a post-pyloric feeding catheter, at a rate of 1.5 kcal/min between 30 and 270 minutes. Blood glucose and plasma GLP-1, insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured.


RESULTS
In all patients, exogenous GLP-1 infusion reduced the overall glycaemic response during enteral nutrient stimulation (AUC30-270 min GLP-1 (2077 +/- 144 mmol/l min) vs placebo (2568 +/- 208 mmol/l min); P = 0.02) and the peak blood glucose (GLP-1 (10.1 +/- 0.7 mmol/l) vs placebo (12.7 +/- 1.0 mmol/l); P < 0.01). The insulin/glucose ratio at 270 minutes was increased with GLP-1 infusion (GLP-1 (9.1 +/- 2.7) vs. placebo (5.8 +/- 1.8); P = 0.02) but there was no difference in absolute insulin concentrations. There was a transient, non-sustained, reduction in plasma glucagon concentrations during GLP-1 infusion (t = 30 minutes GLP-1 (90 +/- 12 pmol/ml) vs. placebo (104 +/- 10 pmol/ml); P < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
Acute, exogenous GLP-1 infusion markedly attenuates the glycaemic response to enteral nutrition in the critically ill. These observations suggest that GLP-1 and/or its analogues have the potential to manage hyperglycaemia in the critically ill.


BACKGROUND
Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number: ACTRN12609000093280.
Deane
Adam M
AM
University of Adelaide, Discipline of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000 South Australia, Australia. adam.deane@adelaide.edu.au
Chapman
Marianne J
MJ
Fraser
Robert J L
RJ
Burgstad
Carly M
CM
Besanko
Laura K
LK
Horowitz
Michael
M
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D016638:Critical Illness; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004750:Enteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000517:prevention & control; D054795:Incretins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
D001786:Blood Glucose; D054795:Incretins; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D005934:Glucagon