Smoking trajectories, health, and mortality across the adult lifespan.
This study extends research on the association between smoking behavior and chronic disease by following a cohort from the time of initiation of regular smoking patterns into old age and by examining the association of lifetime smoking trajectories with chronic disease and mortality. Participants consisted of 232 males selected from the Harvard classes of 1942-1944 and followed biennially through 2003. Five distinct smoking trajectories were identified based on the age at which participants quit daily smoking. Participants following smoking trajectories with later cessation had a higher likelihood of developing lung disease and lived shorter lives than those who quit smoking at an earlier age. This study confirms that the earlier a smoker quits, the greater the health benefits, and that these benefits are observed even decades after smoking cessation. Additionally, by showing different survival rates between trajectory groups 25 and 40 years after quitting, the results run counter to previous work that has found no difference in mortality between smokers and non-smokers 15 years after cessation.
Wesleyan University Department of Psychology, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT 06459, United States.
Zachary A K
ZA
Frosch
Lisa C
LC
Dierker
Jennifer S
JS
Rose
Robert J
RJ
Waldinger
D000367:Age Factors; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008404:Massachusetts / Q000453:epidemiology; D015233:Models, Statistical; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000401:mortality*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult