Tranilast inhibits hormone refractory prostate cancer cell proliferation and suppresses transforming growth factor beta1-associated osteoblastic changes.
BACKGROUND
Tranilast is a therapeutic agent used in treatment of allergic diseases, although it has been reported to show anti-tumor effects on some cancer cells. To elucidate the effects of tranilast on prostate cancer, we investigated the mechanisms of its anti-tumor effect on prostate cancer.


METHODS
The anti-tumor effects and related mechanisms of tranilast were investigated both in vitro on prostate cancer cell lines and bone-derived stromal cells, and in vivo on severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. We verified its clinical effect in patients with advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC).


RESULTS
Tranilast inhibited the proliferation of LNCaP, LNCaP-SF, and PC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner and growth of the tumor formed by inoculation of LNCaP-SF in the dorsal subcutis and in the tibia of castrated SCID mice. Flow cytometry and TUNEL assay revealed induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis by tranilast. Tranilast increased expression of proteins involved in induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Coculture with bone-derived stromal cells induced proliferation of LNCaP-SF cells. Tranilast also suppressed secretion of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) from bone-derived stromal cells, which induced their differentiation. Moreover, tranilast inhibited TGF-beta1-mediated differentiation of bone-derived stromal cells and LNCaP-SF cell migration induced by osteopontin. In the clinical investigation, PSA progression was inhibited in 4 of 16 patients with advanced HRPC.


CONCLUSIONS
These observations suggest that tranilast may be a useful therapeutic agent for treatment of HRPC via the direct inhibitory effect on cancer cells and suppression of TGF-beta1-associated osteoblastic changes in bone metastasis.
Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan.
Kouji
K
Izumi
Atsushi
A
Mizokami
You Qiang
YQ
Li
Kazutaka
K
Narimoto
Kazuhiro
K
Sugimoto
Yoshifumi
Y
Kadono
Yasuhide
Y
Kitagawa
Hiroyuki
H
Konaka
Eitetsu
E
Koh
Evan T
ET
Keller
Mikio
M
Namiki
D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002369:Castration; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D012516:Osteosarcoma / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
D018926:Anti-Allergic Agents; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D062367:ortho-Aminobenzoates; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; C012293:tranilast