Prospective evaluation of PF4/heparin immunoassays for the diagnosis of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.
BACKGROUND
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse complication of heparin caused by HIT antibodies that recognize platelet factor 4-heparin (PF4/hep) complexes leading to platelet activation. Several methods are available for the identification of HIT antibodies.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical usefulness of different antigen-binding assays for detection of antibodies against PF4/hep complexes in a prospective study.


METHODS
A prospective cohort of 500 surgical and medical patients suspected of having HIT was evaluated. The laboratory assessment included particle gel immunoassay (PaGIA), polyspecific ELISA recognizing IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies (Poly-ELISA), IgG-specific ELISA (IgG-ELISA) and the HIPA test. The pretest probability of HIT was determined using the 4T's model. Positive and negative predictive values (PPV, NPV) of each immunoassay were determined depending upon the heparin-induced platelet activation (HIPA) results and the clinical scoring. The operating characteristics of each immunoassay were determined using the receiver-operation characteristic (ROC) curve.


RESULTS
Platelet-activating antibodies were identified in 35/500 patients, all of whom had intermediate to high clinical probability. PF4/hep antibodies were detected in 124, 86 and 90 sera using Poly-ELISA (PPV = 28), IgG-ELISA (PPV = 40.6) and PaGIA (PPV = 36.6). NPV was 100% for Poly- and IgG-ELISA, but only 99.5% for PaGIA. ROC analysis revealed that PaGIA is less informative than ELISA. The IgG-ELISA provides better diagnostic information than the other assays. In addition, there is a clear correlation between optical density (OD) value and the probability of having HIT.


CONCLUSIONS
Our observation indicates that an IgG-ELISA provides the best diagnostic information of all antigen-binding assays.
Institute for Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
T
T
Bakchoul
A
A
Giptner
A
A
Najaoui
G
G
Bein
S
S
Santoso
U J H
UJ
Sachs
D000906:Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006493:Heparin / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D010978:Platelet Factor 4 / Q000276:immunology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013921:Thrombocytopenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000175:diagnosis*
D000906:Antibodies; D010978:Platelet Factor 4; D006493:Heparin