The immunopathogenesis of alcoholic and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: two triggers for one disease?
Alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic liver disease represent a leading cause of liver disease and share similar pathogenic mechanisms among which activation of the immune system plays a key role. The main events consist in (a) activation of Kupffer cells via TLR-4 by LPS and fatty acids (b) complement activation (c) increased release of proinflammatory mediators (d) alteration in NK and NKT cell number/activity (e) activation of the adaptive immune system. At the same time, activation of intracellular pro-inflammatory pathways by cytokines and bacterial products, inhibit insulin signaling favoring lipogenesis, metabolic alterations, and cell damage.
Valenti
Luca
L
Department of Internal Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Padiglione Granelli, Ospedale Policlinico IRCCS, via F Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.
Fracanzani
Anna Ludovica
AL
Fargion
Silvia
S
D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D003167:Complement Activation / Q000276:immunology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance / Q000276:immunology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000276:immunology; D008108:Liver Diseases, Alcoholic / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
D016207:Cytokines; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4