Will the NHS continue to function in an influenza pandemic? A survey of healthcare workers in the West Midlands, UK.
BACKGROUND
If UK healthcare services are to respond effectively to pandemic influenza, levels of absenteeism amongst healthcare workers (HCWs) must be minimised. Current estimates of the likelihood that HCWs will continue to attend work during a pandemic are subject to scientific and predictive uncertainty, yet an informed evidence base is needed if contingency plans addressing the issues of HCW absenteeism are to be prepared.


METHODS
This paper reports the findings of a self-completed survey of randomly selected HCWs across three purposively sampled healthcare trusts in the West Midlands. The survey aimed to identify the factors positively or negatively associated with willingness to work during an influenza pandemic, and to evaluate the acceptability of potential interventions or changes to working practice to promote the continued presence at work of those otherwise unwilling or unable to attend. 'Likelihood' and 'persuadability' scores were calculated for each respondent according to indications of whether or not they were likely to work under different circumstances. Binary logistic regression was used to compute bivariate and multivariate odds ratios to evaluate the association of demographic variables and other respondent characteristics with the self-described likelihood of reporting to work.


RESULTS
The survey response rate was 34.4% (n = 1032). Results suggest absenteeism may be as high as 85% at any point during a pandemic, with potential absence particularly concentrated amongst nursing and ancillary workers (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7 and 0.5; 95% CI 0.2 to 0.9 respectively).


CONCLUSIONS
Levels of absenteeism amongst HCWs may be considerably higher than official estimates, with potential absence concentrated amongst certain groups of employees. Although interventions designed to minimise absenteeism should target HCWs with a low stated likelihood of working, members of these groups may also be the least receptive to such interventions. Changes to working conditions which reduce barriers to the ability to work may not address barriers linked to willingness to work, and may fail to overcome HCWs' reluctance to work in the face of what may still be deemed unacceptable risk to self and/or family.
Damery
Sarah
S
Department of Primary Care Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK. s.l.damery@bham.ac.uk
Wilson
Sue
S
Draper
Heather
H
Gratus
Christine
C
Greenfield
Sheila
S
Ives
Jonathan
J
Parry
Jayne
J
Petts
Judith
J
Sorell
Tom
T
D000041:Absenteeism; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D001294:Attitude to Health; D004189:Disaster Planning; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006282:Health Personnel / Q000523:psychology; D006280:Health Workforce; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012637:Security Measures; D013222:State Medicine; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult