Influence of smoking on human milk tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at postpartum seventh day.
BACKGROUND
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal smoking during pregnancy on human milk interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels at the postpartum seventh day.


METHODS
Forty-four mothers (age range: 21-34 years) were enrolled in the study. Mothers were interviewed and classified according to their smoking status into one of two groups: the smoking mothers (n= 21) and the nonsmoking mothers (n= 23).


RESULTS
There were no significant differences between study groups with respect to human milk interleukin-1beta (P= 0.12) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 levels (P= 0.83). However, TNF-alpha levels were found to be significantly lower in the smoking mothers compared with the controls (P= 0.002).


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects the levels of TNF-alpha in milk. The protective effect of human milk against infections seems to be impaired in smoking mothers.
Ermis
Bahri
B
Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Karaelmas University, Zonguldak, Turkey. bahriermis@gmail.com
Yildirim
Abdulkadir
A
Tastekin
Ayhan
A
Ors
Rahmi
R
D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000276:immunology*; D049590:Postpartum Period; D011247:Pregnancy; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism*; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D019010:Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1