Chrysanthemum indicum Linné extract inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing NF-kappaB and MAPKs activation in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.
OBJECTIVE
Although the flowers of Chrysanthemum indicum Linné (Asteraceae) have long been used in traditional Korean and Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, the underlying mechanism(s) by which these effects are induced remains to be defined. We investigated the effects of a 70% ethanolic extract of C. indicum (CIE) on the activities of cellular signaling molecules that mediate inflammatory responses.


METHODS
Production of NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta by ELISA, mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2, phosphorylation of MAPKs, and activation of NF-kappaB by RT-PCR and Western blotting were examined in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages.


RESULTS
The CIE strongly inhibited NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta production, and also significantly inhibited mRNA and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the CIE clearly suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65 subunits, which correlated with an inhibitory effect on IkappaBalpha phosphorylation. The CIE also attenuated the activation of ERK1/2 and JNK in a dose-dependent manner.


CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of CIE might result from the inhibition of inflammatory mediators, such as NO, PGE(2), TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, via suppression of MAPKs and NF-kappaB-dependent pathways.
Department of Herbal Resources Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
Myeong Sook
MS
Cheon
Taesook
T
Yoon
Do Yeon
DY
Lee
Goya
G
Choi
Byeong Cheol
BC
Moon
A-Yeong
AY
Lee
Byung Kil
BK
Choo
Ho Kyoung
HK
Kim
D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D031202:Chrysanthemum; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D035264:Flowers; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism
D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D020672:I-kappa B Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D015232:Dinoprostone