Media reporting of the emergence of the 1968 influenza pandemic in Hong Kong: implications for modern-day situational awareness.
OBJECTIVE
We investigated local media reporting during the emergence of influenza A/Hong Kong/68 in Hong Kong to understand how indolent social awareness contributed to delays in warning of the pandemic.


METHODS
Daily output from 1 English-language and 4 local Chinese-language newspapers published in Hong Kong between July 1 and August 31, 1968 were manually reviewed for all references to the presence of respiratory disease or influenza in southern China and Hong Kong. Public announcements from the World Health Organization Weekly Epidemiological Record were used to approximate international awareness.


RESULTS
Influenza A/Hong Kong/68 appeared abruptly in Hong Kong and within 1 week began to affect the functioning of the health care sector as well as civil infrastructure due to worker infection and absenteeism. Substantial delays in communication between Guangzhou, China, and Hong Kong officials contributed to delays in warning globally.


CONCLUSIONS
The 1968 experience emphasizes the need to use the news media in the operational setting as a critical component in warning of a pandemic.
Veratect Corporation, 401 Parkplace Center, Suite 200, Kirkland, WA 98033, USA. jim@veratect.com
James M
JM
Wilson
Marissa
M
Iannarone
Chunhui
C
Wang
D000041:Absenteeism; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003142:Communication; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D014943:Global Health; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006282:Health Personnel; D006723:Hong Kong / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008402:Mass Media; D014944:World Health Organization