The behavioral assessment and alleviation of pain associated with castration in beef calves treated with flunixin meglumine and caudal lidocaine epidural anesthesia with epinephrine.
The objectives of this study were 1) to determine the effects of flunixin megulmine in combination with caudal epidural anesthesia as a postoperative analgesic in beef calves following surgical castration, and 2) to consider stride length and pedometry as potential behavioral assessment tools for detecting postcastration pain. Surgical castration was performed in 101 beef calves randomly assigned to 3 treatment subgroups: 1) castration without anesthesia (SURG); 2) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia (SURG + EPI); 3) castration following lidocaine with epinephrine caudal epidural anesthesia and flunixin meglumine (SURG + EPI + F). Several outcomes, including pedometer counts, changes in stride length, subjective visual assessment of pain, instantaneous scan sampling of the calves' postoperative activities, and the amount of movement and vocalization during the castration procedure, were measured to identify and quantify pain. The results indicated that stride length and the number of steps taken by calves after castration appear to be good measures of pain. Significant differences found between treatment groups for stride length and visual assessments suggest that flunixin meglumine can be considered to provide visible pain relief up to 8 hours postcastration.
Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
Jan M
JM
Currah
Steven H
SH
Hendrick
Joseph M
JM
Stookey
D000763:Anesthesia, Caudal / Q000662:veterinary; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000662:veterinary; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002417:Cattle / Q000601:surgery*; D003002:Clonixin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008124:Locomotion; D008297:Male; D009919:Orchiectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary; D011897:Random Allocation; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D008012:Lidocaine; D003002:Clonixin; D004837:Epinephrine