The azo dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 increase the micronuclei frequencies in human lymphocytes and in HepG2 cells.
The use of azo dyes by different industries can cause direct and/or indirect effects on human and environmental health due to the discharge of industrial effluents that contain these toxic compounds. Several studies have demonstrated the genotoxic effects of various azo dyes, but information on the DNA damage caused by Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 is unavailable, although these dyes are used in dyeing processes in many countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the mutagenic activity of Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Orange 1 using the micronucleus (MN) assay in human lymphocytes and in HepG2 cells. In the lymphocyte assay, it was found that the number of MN induced by the lowest concentration of each dye (0.2 microg/mL) was similar to that of the negative control. At the other concentrations, a dose response MN formation was observed up to 1.0 microg/mL. At higher dose levels, the number of MN decreased. For the HepG2 cells the results were similar. With both dyes a dose dependent increase in the frequency of MN was detected. However for the HepG2, the threshold for this increase was 2.0 microg/mL, while at higher doses a reduction in the MN number was observed. The proliferation index was also calculated in order to evaluate acute toxicity during the test. No differences were detected between the different concentrations tested and the negative control.
USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, SP, Brazil. fchequer@fcfrp.usp.br
Farah Maria Drumond
FM
Chequer
José Pedro Friedmann
JP
Angeli
Elisa Raquel Anastácio
ER
Ferraz
Marcela Stefanini
MS
Tsuboy
Juliana Cristina
JC
Marcarini
Mário Sérgio
MS
Mantovani
Danielle Palma
DP
de Oliveira
D001391:Azo Compounds / Q000633:toxicity*; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000187:drug effects*; D017449:Dermatitis, Allergic Contact / Q000209:etiology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D006801:Humans; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D007958:Leukocyte Count / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008214:Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D015162:Micronucleus Tests; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity
D001391:Azo Compounds; D004396:Coloring Agents; D007220:Industrial Waste; D009153:Mutagens; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C069318:Disperse Red 1