The inhibitory co-receptors: a way to save from anergy the HIV-specific T cells.
The functional impairment of HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells during chronic HIV infection is thought to be closely linked to viral replication and to T cell exhaustion. T cell exhaustion in the presence of ongoing antigen exposure is a common feature of chronic viral infection, in which dysfunctional T cells fail to eliminate the virus. Otherwise, antiviral T cell function impairment is a poorly understood mechanism. Increasing evidences show that HIV-specific T lymphocytes up-regulated inducible co-receptors, such as the Cytoxic T Lymphocyte Antigen-4, (CTLA-4, or CD152) and Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) and that blockade of the CD152 or PD-1 pathway restores HIV-specific CD4(+) T cell function in HIV infection. This review will focus on finding a possible role for inhibitory receptors on virus-specific CD4(+) T cells. The analysis of the role of CD152 and PD-1 in HIV-1 infection could provide important insight into the mechanism of viral induced immune dysfunction and lead to immunotherapeutic strategies to reverse immune suppression in this pathology.
Simone
Rita
R
Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, DiMeS, Sezione di Anatomia Umana, Universitá degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy.
Piatti
Gabriella
G
Saverino
Daniele
D
D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor
D015703:Antigens, CD; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556706:CTLA4 protein, human; C105992:PDCD1 protein, human; D061026:Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor