Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome among HIV-infected South African infants initiating antiretroviral therapy.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the incidence, clinical manifestations and risk factors for immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) in young children initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).


METHODS
A prospective cohort of antiretroviral-naïve HIV-infected children less than 24 months of age enrolled in a treatment strategies trial in Johannesburg, South Africa.


METHODS
Among 169 HIV-infected children initiating HAART, April 2005 to November 2006, the records of 83 children suspected to have IRIS within 6 months of starting treatment were reviewed to determine whether they met criteria for IRIS. Seven were excluded due to incomplete follow-up. Pretreatment and post-treatment characteristics of children with and without IRIS were compared.


RESULTS
Overall, 34/162 (21%) children developed IRIS at a median of 16 days (range 7-115 days) post-HAART initiation. Bacille Calmette-Guérin reaction was most common occurring in 24/34 (71%) children, primarily injection site lesions and/or ipsilateral axillary lymphadenitis with abscess. Other IRIS conditions (not mutually exclusive) included Mycobacterium tuberculosis (n = 12), cytomegalovirus pneumonia (n = 1), Streptococcus pneumonia sepsis (n = 1), and severe seborrheic dermatitis (n = 1). Children with IRIS were younger (median age 7 vs. 10 months, P = 0.007) with a lower CD4 cell percentage (median 13.9 vs. 19.2, P = 0.009) at HAART initiation than controls. After 24 weeks on HAART, 62% of IRIS cases vs. 28% of controls had HIV RNA more than 400 copies/ml (P = 0.001), odds ratio = 2.88 (95% confidence interval = 1.14-7.29) after adjusting for baseline factors.


CONCLUSIONS
Infants and young children with advanced HIV disease initiating HAART are at high risk for developing IRIS, leading to additional morbidity and possibly impairing virologic response to antiretroviral treatment.
Smith
Kelly
K
Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.
Kuhn
Louise
L
Coovadia
Ashraf
A
Meyers
Tammy
T
Hu
Chih-Chi
CC
Reitz
Cordula
C
Barry
Gillian
G
Strehlau
Renate
R
Sherman
Gayle
G
Abrams
Elaine J
EJ
D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001500:BCG Vaccine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D005260:Female; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D054019:Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000276:immunology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013019:South Africa; D019562:Viral Load
D001500:BCG Vaccine