Soluble epoxide inhibition is protective against cerebral ischemia via vascular and neural protection.
Inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (SEH), the enzyme responsible for degradation of vasoactive epoxides, protects against cerebral ischemia in rats. However, the molecular and biological mechanisms that confer protection in normotension and hypertension remain unclear. Here we show that 6 weeks of SEH inhibition via 2 mg/day of 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido) dodecanoic acid (AUDA) in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone (SHRSP) rats protects against cerebral ischemia induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion, reducing percent hemispheric infarct and neurodeficit score without decreasing blood pressure. This level of cerebral protection was similar to that of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, enalapril, which significantly lowered blood pressure. SEH inhibition is also protective in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rats, reducing both hemispheric infarct and neurodeficit score. In SHRSP rats, SEH inhibition reduced wall-to-lumen ratio and collagen deposition and increased cerebral microvessel density, although AUDA did not alter middle cerebral artery structure or microvessel density in WKY rats. An apoptosis mRNA expression microarray of brain tissues from AUDA-treated rats revealed that AUDA modulates gene expression of mediators involved in the regulation of apoptosis in neural tissues of both WKY and SHRSP rats. Hence, we conclude that chronic SEH inhibition protects against cerebral ischemia via vascular protection in SHRSP rats and neural protection in both the SHRSP and WKY rats, indicating that SEH inhibition has broad pharmacological potential for treating ischemic stroke.
Simpkins
Alexis N
AN
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
Rudic
R Daniel
RD
Schreihofer
Derek A
DA
Roy
Sid
S
Manhiani
Marlina
M
Tsai
Hsing-Ju
HJ
Hammock
Bruce D
BD
Imig
John D
JD
D000218:Adamantane / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D007850:Lauric Acids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D055806:Microvessels / Q000187:drug effects; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D011918:Rats, Inbred SHR; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
C504897:12-(3-adamantan-1-ylureido)dodecanoic acid; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007850:Lauric Acids; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D004851:Epoxide Hydrolases; D000218:Adamantane