Age determination enhanced by embryonic foot bud and foot plate measurements in relation to Carnegie stages, and the influence of maternal cigarette smoking.
BACKGROUND
Reliable age determination of first-trimester human embryos and fetuses is an important parameter for clinical use and basic science. Age determination by ultrasound or morphometric parameters of embryos 4-6 weeks post conception (p.c.) have been questioned, and more accurate methods are required. Data on whether and how maternal smoking and alcohol consumption influence embryonic and fetal foot growth is also lacking.


METHODS
Embryonic tissue from 102 first-trimester legal abortions (aged 35-69 days p.c.) were collected. All women answered a questionnaire concerning smoking and drinking habits, and delivered a urine sample for cotinine analysis. Embryonic age was evaluated by vaginal ultrasound measurements and by post-termination foot length and compared with the Carnegie stages.


RESULTS
Foot bud and foot plate were defined and measured as foot length in embryos aged 35-47 days p.c. (range 0.8-2.1 mm). In embryos and fetuses aged 41-69 days p.c., heel-toe length was measured (range 2.5-7.5 mm). We found a significant linear correlation between foot length and age. Morphology of the feet was compared visually with the Carnegie collection, and we found that the mean ages of the two collections correlated well. Foot length was independent of gender, Environmental Tobacco Smoke, maternal smoking and alcohol consumption.


CONCLUSIONS
Foot length correlated linearly to embryonic and foetal age, and was unaffected by gender, ETS, maternal smoking and alcohol consumption.
Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, The Juliane Marie Centre for Women, Children and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark. melissa.lutterodt@rh.regionh.dk
M C
MC
Lutterodt
M
M
Rosendahl
C
C
Yding Andersen
S O
SO
Skouby
A G
AG
Byskov
D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000196:embryology*; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D011247:Pregnancy; D011261:Pregnancy Trimester, First; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal
D003367:Cotinine