The measurement of the QT and QTc on the neonatal and infant electrocardiogram: a comprehensive reliability assessment.
BACKGROUND
An electrocardiogram has been proposed to screen for prolonged QT interval that may predispose infants to sudden death in the first year of life. Understanding the reliability of QT interval measurement will inform the design of a screening program.


METHODS
Three pediatric cardiologists measured the QT/RR intervals on 60 infant electrocardiograms (median age 46 days), from leads II, V5 and V6 on three separate occasions, 7 days apart, according to a standard protocol. The QTc was corrected by Bazett's (QTcB), Fridericia's (QT(CFrid)), and Hodges' (QTcH) formulae. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were assessed by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), limits of agreement and repeatability coefficients for single, average of two and average of three measures. Agreement for QTc prolongation (> 440 msec) was assessed by kappa coefficients.


RESULTS
QT interval intraobserver ICC was 0.86 and repeatability coefficient was 25.9 msec; interobserver ICC increased from 0.88 for single observations to 0.94 for the average of 3 measurements and repeatability coefficients decreased from 22.5 to 16.7 msec. For QTcB, intraobserver ICC was 0.67, and repeatability was 39.6 msec. Best interobserver reliability for QTcB was for the average of three measurements (ICC 0.83, reproducibility coefficient 25.8 msec), with further improvement for QTcH (ICC 0.92, reproducibility coefficient 16.69 msec). Maximum interobserver kappa for prolonged QTc was 0.77. Misclassification around specific cut points occurs because of the repeatability coefficients.


CONCLUSIONS
Uncorrected QT measures are more reliable than QTcB and QT(CFrid). An average of three independent measures provides the most reliable QT and QTc measurements, with QTcH better than QTcB.
Gow
Robert M
RM
The Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa Faculty of Medicine, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. rgow@cheo.on.ca
Ewald
Benjamin
B
Lai
Lillian
L
Gardin
Letizia
L
Lougheed
Jane
J
D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008133:Long QT Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D015588:Observer Variation; D015203:Reproducibility of Results