The immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a type of multipotent progenitor cell, originally isolated from the bone marrow. In addition to multilineage differentiation and participation in the hematopoietic niche, they exert powerful immunomodulatory effects, which include inhibition of proliferation and function of T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. These unique properties make MSC of great interest for clinical applications in tissue engineering and immunosuppression. Underlying the MSC-mediated immunomodulatory mechanisms is a nonspecific antiproliferative effect, which is the consequence of cyclin D2 inhibition. Of special interest are the molecular mechanisms, by which MSC influence their target cells. Several studies have been conducted in this field, and the current data suggest roles for indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, prostaglandin E2, nitric oxide, histocompatibility locus antigen-G, insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins, and tolerogenic antigen-presenting cells. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for future use of MSC in research and clinical applications.
Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany.
Georg
G
Siegel
Richard
R
Schäfer
Francesco
F
Dazzi
D000818:Animals; D001854:Bone Marrow Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D002455:Cell Division; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000502:physiology; D006680:HLA Antigens / Q000502:physiology; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D006410:Hematopoiesis; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase / Q000378:metabolism; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology; D007694:Killer Cells, Natural / Q000276:immunology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
D006680:HLA Antigens; D059951:HLA-G Antigens; D015395:Histocompatibility Antigens Class I; D050503:Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase; D018969:Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Proteins; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D015232:Dinoprostone