Extraneural versus intraneural stimulation thresholds during ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block.
BACKGROUND
A stimulation current of no more than 0.5 mA is regarded as safe in avoiding nerve injury and delivering adequate stimulus to provoke a motor response. However, there is no consistent level of stimulating threshold that reliably indicates intraneural placement of the needle. The authors determined the minimally required stimulation threshold to elicit a motor response outside and inside the most superficial part of the brachial plexus during high-resolution, ultrasound-guided, supraclavicular block.


METHODS
After institutional review board approval, ultrasound-guided, supraclavicular block was performed on 55 patients. Patients with neurologic dysfunction were excluded. Criteria for extraneural and intraneural stimulation were defined and assessed by independent experts. To determine success rate and any residual neurologic deficit, qualitative sensory and motor examinations were performed before and after block placement. At 6 month follow-up, the patients were examined for any neurologic deficit.


RESULTS
Thirty-nine patients met all set stimulation criteria. Median +/- SD (interquartile range) minimum stimulation threshold outside was 0.60 +/- 0.37 mA (0.40, 1.0) and inside 0.30 +/- 0.19 mA (0.20, 0.40). The difference of 0.30 mA was statistically significant (P < 0.0001). Stimulation currents of 0.2 mA or less were not observed outside the trunk in any patient. Significantly higher thresholds were observed in diabetic patients. Success rate was 100% after 20 min. Thirty-four patients had normal sensory and motor examination at 6 months. Five patients were lost to follow-up.


CONCLUSIONS
Within the limitations of this study and the use of ultrasound, a stimulation current of 0.2 mA or less is reliable to detect intraneural placement of the needle. Furthermore, stimulation currents of more than 0.2 and no more than 0.5 mA could not rule out intraneural position.
Bigeleisen
Paul E
PE
Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. Paul_Bigeleisen@urmc.rochester.edu
Moayeri
Nizar
N
Groen
Gerbrand J
GJ
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000503:physiopathology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006225:Hand / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009339:Needles; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D017288:Pain Threshold; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014953:Wrist / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult