Submandibular approach to the C2-3 disc level: microsurgical anatomy with clinical application.
OBJECTIVE
Approaching the C2-3 disc level is challenging because of its location behind the mandible and the vital neurovascular structures overlying the area. The purpose of this study was to illustrate in a stepwise fashion the microsurgical anatomy of the submandibular approach to the C2-3 disc.


METHODS
Ten adult formalin-fixed cadaveric specimens (20 sides) were studied. Particular attention was paid to the structures limiting the exposure. The authors measured the distance between the inferior border of the mandible and the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve running inferior to the mandible, the distance between the horizontal segment of the hypoglossal nerve and the hyoid bone, and the distance between the horizontal segment of the hypoglossal nerve and the mandible. They compared the location of the superior laryngeal nerve with regard to the submandibular and the standard Smith-Robinson approaches. A clinical case illustrating the usefulness of the surgical technique in this region is presented.


RESULTS
The mean distance between the inferior border of the mandible and the lowest point of the marginal mandibular branch of the facial nerve was 6.7 +/- 1.69 mm. The hypoglossal nerve's mean distance above the hyoid bone was 8.4 +/- 1.78 mm and below the mandible was 19.6 +/- 6.39 mm. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, with respect to the cervical spine, always entered the thyrohyoid membrane just inferior to the C-3 vertebral body. The superior laryngeal nerve was found to be an impediment to approaching the C2-3 disc through the standard Smith-Robinson approach.


CONCLUSIONS
The submandibular approach provides excellent exposure, with a perpendicular view of the C2-3 disc level. This approach is one of the options to be considered when dealing with high cervical pathologies.
Mercer University School of Medicine, Georgia Neurosurgical Institute, Macon, Georgia 31201, USA. russoneurosurgery@yahoo.it
Antonino
A
Russo
Erminia
E
Albanese
Monica
M
Quiroga
Arthur J
AJ
Ulm
D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D005154:Facial Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D006928:Hyoid Bone / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D007823:Laryngeal Nerves / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000294:innervation; D008866:Microsurgery / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000294:innervation / Q000601:surgery*; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods