Transvaginal NOTES hybrid cholecystectomy: feasibility results in 68 cases with mid-term follow-up.
OBJECTIVE
Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) has been tested in the animal model for a multitude of procedures including cholecystectomy. Clinical experience using flexible endoscopes is, however, very limited. Transvaginal cholecystectomy has been shown to be the most feasible approach in which rigid instruments can be used. We report our experience in all patients treated over a 1-year period.


METHODS
Between June 2007 and June 2008, 68 patients (mean age 50 years) underwent transvaginal cholecystectomy with an additional 5-mm umbilical trocar using rigid laparoscopic instruments. Data about symptoms, operation, and postoperative course were prospectively collected, as were findings of a gynecological follow-up examination 1 week after surgery and the results of an interview at least 3 months after surgery.


RESULTS
All 68 operations were finished successfully without conversion, with a mean operation time of 51 minutes; in three additional cases severe pelvic adhesions prevented further transvaginal progress. There were no intraoperative or immediately postoperative complications, but one patient presented with a Douglas pouch abscess 3 weeks after surgery. Gynecologic follow-up exams 1 week after surgery were unremarkable. All patients were interviewed 3-10 months after surgery and had no abdominal or gynecological complaints including in relation to sexual intercourse.


CONCLUSIONS
Transvaginal NOTES cholecystectomy with rigid instruments can be safely and effectively performed in daily routine.
Department of Surgery, Israelitisches Krankenhaus in Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. zornig@ik-h.de
C
C
Zornig
H
H
Mofid
L
L
Siemssen
A
A
Emmermann
M
M
Alm
H-A
HA
von Waldenfels
C
C
Felixmüller
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002764:Cholecystitis / Q000601:surgery*; D019160:Endosonography; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D042882:Gallstones / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult