title: Basic kinematics of the saddle and rider in high-level dressage horses trotting on a treadmill.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A comprehensive kinematic description of rider and saddle movements is not yet present in the scientific literature.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe saddle and rider movements in a group of high-level dressage horses and riders.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven high-level dressage horses and riders were subjected to kinematic measurements while performing collected trot on a treadmill. For analysis a rigid body model for the saddle and core rider segments, projection angles of the rider's extremities and the neck and trunk of the horse, and distances between markers selected to indicate rider position were used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For a majority of the variables measured it was possible to describe a common pattern for the group. Rotations around the transverse axis (pitch) were generally biphasic for each diagonal. During the first half of stance the saddle rotated anti-clockwise and the rider's pelvis clockwise viewed from the right and the rider's lumbar back extended. During the later part of stance and the suspension phase reverse pitch rotations were observed. Rotations of the saddle and core rider segments around the longitudinal (roll) and vertical axes (yaw) changed direction only around time of contact of each diagonal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The saddles and riders of high-level dressage horses follow a common movement pattern at collected trot. The movements of the saddle and rider are clearly related to the movements of the horse and saddle movements also seem to be influenced by the rider.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Knowledge about rider and saddle movements can further our understanding of, and hence possibilities to prevent, orthopaedic injuries related to the exposure of the horse to a rider and saddle.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byström
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhodin
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Peinen
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roepstorff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005080:Exercise Test; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*