title: Prevalence and type of pain during conventional and self-ligating orthodontic treatment.
abstract: This study investigated the prevalence and type of pain experienced during orthodontic treatment in 30 subjects (12 males, 18 females, aged 12-18 years) with crowding. Fifteen patients were treated with conventional brackets (Victory Series) and 15 with self-ligating brackets (Damon SL II). The first archwire for all patients was a 0.014 inch nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwire with a force of approximately 100 g. Conventional brackets were ligated with elastomeric modules. A visual analogue scale (VAS) was used daily to assess the intensity of pain; the use of pain medication was also reported in a specially designed daybook for a total period of 3 months. Pearson's chi-square was used to investigate the difference between groups in the frequency of pain experience, its nature, and the use of analgesia. Non-parametric statistics (Mann-Whitney U-test) were computed to compare pain intensity between the groups. To investigate reported pain assessments, Friedman's two-way analysis of variance was used and the differences were estimated using Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. The results showed that pain was reported for a period of 9 days after archwire insertion. Patients treated with self-ligating brackets reported the highest pain intensity on the day following placement of the first archwire (VAS mean = 42.6), while those treated with conventional brackets experienced the greatest pain intensity at placement of the first archwire (VAS mean = 52) and after the second orthodontic appointment (VAS mean = 59.6). Analgesics were used by 16.5 per cent of patients treated with self-ligating brackets and by 10 per cent of those treated with conventional brackets, most often during the first 2 days after archwire placement. Patients treated with conventional brackets reported significantly more 'constant' pain than those treated with self-ligating brackets who complained of 'chewing/biting' pain. Pain appears to be common during orthodontic treatment but perhaps less intense when self-ligating brackets are used, although no difference was observed in the use of analgesics between those treated with self-ligating or conventional brackets. There were no reports of pain after 7-9 days in either group.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral Science, University G.D'Annunzio, Pescara Italy. simtecc@tin.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tecco
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: D'Attilio
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tetè
authors.forename: Felice
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Festa
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000628:therapy; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology; D008499:Medical Records; D009532:Nickel; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D016910:Orthodontic Brackets; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D010146:Pain / Q000145:classification / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013193:Stainless Steel; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013997:Time Factors; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D003722:Dental Alloys; D020724:Elastomers; C040654:titanium nickelide; D013193:Stainless Steel; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium