title: Fruit and vegetable intakes and subsequent changes in body weight in European populations: results from the project on Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High fruit and vegetable intakes may limit weight gain, particularly in susceptible persons, such as those who stop smoking.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to assess the association of fruit and vegetable intake with subsequent weight change in a large-scale prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The data used were from 89,432 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The association between fruit and vegetable intake and weight change after a mean follow-up of 6.5 y was assessed by linear regression. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate whether fruit and vegetable intake relates to weight gain, weight loss, or both.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables, weight change was -14 g/y (95% CI: -19, -9 g/y). In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, this value was -37 g/y (95% CI: -58, -15 g/y; P for interaction < 0.0001). When weight gain and loss were analyzed separately per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables in a combined model, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) for weight gain > or =0.5 and <1 kg/y, 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) for weight gain > or =1 kg/y, and 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) for weight loss > or =0.5 kg/y. In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), 0.87 (0.81, 0.92), and 0.97 (0.88, 1.07), respectively (P for interaction < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fruit and vegetable intake relates significantly, albeit weakly inversely, to weight change. For persons who stop smoking, high fruit and vegetable intakes may be recommended to reduce the risk of weight gain.
authors.affiliation: German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Epidemiology, Nuthetal, Germany. brian.buijsse@dife.de
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buijsse
authors.forename: Edith J M
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Feskens
authors.forename: Matthias B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Schulze
authors.forename: Nita G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Forouhi
authors.forename: Nicholas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Wareham
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sharp
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Palli
authors.forename: Gianluca
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tognon
authors.forename: Jytte
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Halkjaer
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tjønneland
authors.forename: Marianne U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Jakobsen
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Overvad
authors.forename: Daphne L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: van der A
authors.forename: Huaidong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Du
authors.forename: Thorkild I A
authors.initials: TI
authors.lastname: Sørensen
authors.forename: Heiner
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Boeing
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss