title: Vascular disrupting agents: a novel mechanism of action in the battle against non-small cell lung cancer.
abstract: Targeting vasculature, essential in oxygen and nutrient supply, represents a new frontier in the treatment of cancer. Apart from angiogenesis inhibitors that compromise the formation of new blood vessels, a second class of vascular disrupting agents (VDAs) targets endothelial cells and pericytes of the already established tumor vasculature, resulting in tumor ischemia and necrosis. VDAs have been divided into two types: ligand-directed VDAs and small molecules. Ligand-directed VDAs consist of targeting and effector moieties that are linked together. Their clinical efficacy appears limited because of cost and a lack of specificity and toxicity. Small molecules include two classes: the synthetic flavonoids, which work through induction of local cytokine production, and the tubulin-binding agents. The aim of this review is to discuss the hypothesized molecular mechanisms of action of VDAs and their early preclinical and clinical results, emphasizing ASA404, combretastatin A-4 disodium phosphate, ABT-751, and NPI-2358, reported in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, which is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide, and also to discuss future developments in this cancer population.
authors.affiliation: Division of Medical Oncology, SG Moscati Hospital, Contrada Amoretta, Città Ospedaliera, 83100 Avellino, Italy. cgridelli@libero.it
authors.forename: Cesare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gridelli
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maione
authors.forename: Emanuela
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Castaldo
authors.forename: Paola Claudia
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Colantuoni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D054659:Diketopiperazines; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020286:Pericytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013267:Stilbenes / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044004:Xanthones / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: C490492:ABT751; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D054659:Diketopiperazines; D007093:Imidazoles; C514351:NPI 2358; D010879:Piperazines; D013267:Stilbenes; D013449:Sulfonamides; D044004:Xanthones; C066668:vadimezan; C058728:fosbretabulin