title: Co-cultivated damp building related microbes Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum induce immunotoxic and genotoxic responses via oxidative stress.
abstract: Oxidative stress has been proposed to be one mechanism behind the adverse health outcomes associated with living in a damp indoor environment. In the present study, the capability of damp building-related microbes Streptomyces californicus and Stachybotrys chartarum to induce oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro. In addition, the role of oxidative stress in provoking the detected cytotoxic, genotoxic, and inflammatory responses was studied by inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) using N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). RAW264.7 macrophages were exposed in a dose- and time-dependent manner to the spores of co-cultivated S. californicus and S. chartarum, to their separately cultivated spore-mixture, or to the spores of these microbes alone. The intracellular peroxide production and cytotoxicity were measured by flow cytometric analysis, nitric oxide production was analyzed by the Griess method, DNA damage was determined by the comet assay, and cytokine production was measured by an immunochemical ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). All the studied microbial exposures triggered oxidative stress and subsequent cellular damage in RAW264.7 macrophages. The ROS scavenger, NAC, prevented growth arrest, apoptosis, DNA damage, and cytokine production induced by the co-culture since it reduced the intracellular level of ROS within macrophages. In contrast, the DNA damage and cell cycle arrest induced by the spores of S. californicus alone could not be prevented by NAC. Bioaerosol-induced oxidative stress in macrophages may be an important mechanism behind the frequent respiratory symptoms and diseases suffered by residents of moisture damaged buildings. Furthermore, microbial interactions during co-cultivation stimulate the production of highly toxic compound(s) which may significantly increase oxidative damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland. Piia.Markkanen@ktl.fi
authors.forename: Piia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Markkanen Penttinen
authors.forename: Jukka
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pelkonen
authors.forename: Maija
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tapanainen
authors.forename: Jorma
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mäki-Paakkanen
authors.forename: Pasi I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Jalava
authors.forename: Maija-Riitta
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hirvonen
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D020552:Comet Assay; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D006801:Humans; D000922:Immunotoxins / Q000633:toxicity*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008264:Macrophages / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D018877:Sick Building Syndrome / Q000382:microbiology*; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D013191:Stachybotrys / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D013302:Streptomyces / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D000922:Immunotoxins; D009153:Mutagens; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D004247:DNA; D000111:Acetylcysteine