title: Prospective multi-centre Voxel Based Morphometry study employing scanner specific segmentations: procedure development using CaliBrain structural MRI data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (sMRI) of the brain is employed in the assessment of a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders. In order to improve statistical power in such studies it is desirable to pool scanning resources from multiple centres. The CaliBrain project was designed to provide for an assessment of scanner differences at three centres in Scotland, and to assess the practicality of pooling scans from multiple-centres.
  
  
  METHODS
  We scanned healthy subjects twice on each of the 3 scanners in the CaliBrain project with T1-weighted sequences. The tissue classifier supplied within the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM5) application was used to map the grey and white tissue for each scan. We were thus able to assess within scanner variability and between scanner differences. We have sought to correct for between scanner differences by adjusting the probability mappings of tissue occupancy (tissue priors) used in SPM5 for tissue classification. The adjustment procedure resulted in separate sets of tissue priors being developed for each scanner and we refer to these as scanner specific priors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Voxel Based Morphometry (VBM) analyses and metric tests indicated that the use of scanner specific priors reduced tissue classification differences between scanners. However, the metric results also demonstrated that the between scanner differences were not reduced to the level of within scanner variability, the ideal for scanner harmonisation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate the development of scanner specific priors for SPM can assist in pooling of scan resources from different research centres. This can facilitate improvements in the statistical power of quantitative brain imaging studies.
authors.affiliation: The Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, School of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. bill.moorhead@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: T William J
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Moorhead
authors.forename: Viktoria-Eleni
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Gountouna
authors.forename: Dominic E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Job
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: McIntosh
authors.forename: Liana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Romaniuk
authors.forename: G Katherine S
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Lymer
authors.forename: Heather C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Whalley
authors.forename: Gordon D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Waiter
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Trevor S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Ahearn
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cavanagh
authors.forename: Barrie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Condon
authors.forename: J Douglas
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Steele
authors.forename: Joanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Wardlaw
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lawrie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D002138:Calibration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000592:standards*; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000592:standards*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D006113:United Kingdom