title: Product development studies of amino acid conjugate of Aceclofenac.
abstract: The prodrugs designed by classical approach increase lipophilicity of the drug, which decreases the water solubility thus decreasing the concentration gradient, which controls drug absorption. To overcome the limitations of traditional prodrug approach, water soluble prodrugs can be designed by adding selected amino acid to the drug moiety that are the substrates for the enzyme located at the intestinal brush border thus overcoming pharmaceutical problem without compromising bioavailability. ACaa (Amino acid conjugate of Aceclofenac) was synthesized by conjugation with l-phenylalanine by conventional coupling method using N, N-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and ACaa was characterized by melting point, TLC, photomicrograph, UV, FT-IR, FT-NMR, MS-FAB, XRD and DSC. As a part of product development study ACaa was subjected to studies like In-vivo in albino rats and in-vitro like ACaa reversion to AC (Aceclofenac) in aqueous buffers of pH 1.21, 2.38. 3.10, 6.22 and 7.41, at a constant concentration (0.05M), ionic strength (micro = 0.5) and at a temperature of 37 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C, ACaa showed negligible reversion (2.15 %) up to 24 hrs study at acidic pH thus suggesting stability in acidic environment of stomach, the rate of reversion increased as pH of medium increased. pH- partition profile, pH- solubility profile and micromeritic studies were also carried out in comparison to pure drug. The solubility and lipophilicity of ACaa exhibited higher values at all pH range when compared to AC. The micromeritic properties also evaluated in terms of particle shape and size, IQCS and kurtosis. Resulting IQCS value approached zero thus suggesting reducing in the degree of skewness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Arab Medical University, Benghazi, Libya, P.O. 5341, Libya. ajaykansana@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: Ajay Pal
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Wafa Mossa
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Ramadan
authors.forename: Rajiv
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dahiya
authors.forename: A S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Sarpal
authors.forename: Kamla
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pathak
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001682:Biological Availability; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D003461:Crystallography; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D005260:Female; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D008297:Male; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D010316:Particle Size; D010649:Phenylalanine / Q000737:chemistry*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains; D012995:Solubility; D013056:Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared; D013270:Stomach / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D044366:Transition Temperature; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D011355:Prodrugs; D004008:Diclofenac; D010649:Phenylalanine; C056498:aceclofenac