title: MR imaging of late radiation therapy- and chemotherapy-induced injury: a pictorial essay.
abstract: Radiation to the brain and adjuvant chemotherapy may produce late delayed changes from several months to years after treatment of intracranial malignancies with a reported prevalence of 5-24%. The pattern of treatment-related injury may vary from diffuse periventricular white matter lesions to focal or multifocal lesions. Differentiation of treatment-related injury from tumor progression/recurrence may be difficult with conventional MR imaging (MRI). With both disease processes, the characteristic but nonspecific imaging features are vasogenic edema, contrast enhancement, and mass effect. This pictorial essay presents MRI spectra of late therapy-induced injuries in the brain with a particular emphasis on radiation necrosis, the most common and severe form. Novel MRI techniques, such as diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), proton MR spectroscopy (MRS), and perfusion MRI, improve the possibilities of better characterization of treatment-related changes. Advanced MRI techniques allow for the assessment of metabolism and physiology and may increase specificity for therapy-induced changes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Derer's University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia. lubicap7@gmail.com
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pruzincová
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Steno
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srbecký
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kalina
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rychlý
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boljesíková
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chorváth
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novotný
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Procka
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makaiová
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Belan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis / Q000473:pathology; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents