title: Tryptophan in wasting diseases: at the crossing between immune function and behaviour.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Wasting diseases are characterized by progressive deterioration of nutritional status that negatively influences patients' outcome. The better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of wasting may lead to effective therapies. Tryptophan metabolism has unique features suggesting a critical role in influencing human metabolism under normal and pathological conditions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During disease, inflammatory response favours the local depletion of the essential amino acid tryptophan, thereby inhibiting cellular proliferation. Tryptophan depletion may also mediate immunotolerance to foreign antigens. In contrast, brain accumulation of tryptophan contributes to wasting by increasing oxidative stress and hypothalamic serotonin neurotransmission, and thereby triggering the onset of sickness behaviour followed by depressive-like behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tryptophan metabolism is critical in mediating a number of important biological responses. Restoring tryptophan metabolism may well result in enhanced recovery from disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy. alessandro.laviano@uniroma1.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Laviano
authors.forename: Michael M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meguid
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cascino
authors.forename: Alessio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molfino
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rossi Fanelli
mesh_terms: D000855:Anorexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D002100:Cachexia / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007108:Immune Tolerance; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000172:deficiency / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019282:Wasting Syndrome / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014364:Tryptophan