title: Novel mutations in TLR genes cause hyporesponsiveness to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Toll like receptors (TLR) play the central role in the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Mutations in the TLR1, TLR2 and TLR4 genes may change the ability to recognize PAMPs and cause altered responsiveness to the bacterial pathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study presents association between TLR gene mutations and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection. Novel mutations in TLR genes (TLR1- Ser150Gly and Val220Met; TLR2 - Phe670Leu) were statistically correlated with the hindrance in recognition of MAP legends. This correlation was confirmed subsequently by measuring the expression levels of cytokines (IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12 and IFN-gamma) in the mutant and wild type moDCs (mocyte derived dendritic cells) after challenge with MAP cell lysate or LPS. Further in silico analysis of the TLR1 and TLR4 ectodomains (ECD) revealed the polymorphic nature of the central ECD and irregularities in the central LRR (leucine rich repeat) motifs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most critical positions that may alter the pathogen recognition ability of TLR were: the 9th amino acid position in LRR motif (TLR1-LRR10) and 4th residue downstream to LRR domain (exta-LRR region of TLR4). The study describes novel mutations in the TLRs and presents their association with the MAP infection.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Biomedical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Komenskeho-73, Kosice, Slovakia. mangeshbhide@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Mangesh R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Bhide
authors.forename: Rastislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mucha
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikula
authors.forename: Lucia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kisova
authors.forename: Rostislav
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Skrabana
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Novak
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mikula
mesh_terms: D020816:Amino Acid Motifs / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D016927:Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis / Q000276:immunology; D010283:Paratuberculosis / Q000276:immunology*; D018807:Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012756:Sheep / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D012757:Sheep Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051193:Toll-Like Receptors