Regulation of chemokine gene expression by hypoxia via cooperative activation of NF-kappaB and histone deacetylase.
Hypoxia is a microenvironmental factor frequently associated with tumors and inflammation. This study addresses the question of how hypoxia modulates the basal and IL-1 beta-induced production of cytokines and aims to identify the underlying mechanism of hypoxic transcriptional repression. We found that despite the similarities of the promoter structures of IL-8 and MCP-1, these chemokines were differently regulated by hypoxia (an increase in IL-8, but a decrease in MCP-1 mRNA and protein expression). Such differences were not observed in a reporter gene assay, in which both of the promoters were activated by hypoxia. The difference in the response to hypoxia between MCP-1 expression and the promoter assay was not due to mRNA instability. Using proteosome inhibitor MG132 and I kappaB overexpression we demonstrated that an NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism was involved in both the activation of IL-8 and the repression of MCP-1 mRNA expression in response to hypoxia. The histone deacetylase inhibitor Trihostatin A abolished the inhibitory actions of hypoxia on IL-1 beta-induced MCP-1 gene expression. Furthermore, hypoxia induced histone deacetylase activity in the nuclear extracts. Although stimulation with IL-1 beta and/or hypoxia increased the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 in the presence of Trihostatin A, histone acetylation remained unchanged when the cells were treated without histone deacetylase inhibitor. Collectively, our findings suggest that transiently transfected promoters are not subject to the same NF-kappaB regulatory mechanisms as their chromatinized counterparts. NF-kappaB, activated by hypoxia, can act as a transcriptional repressor via a mechanism that involves deacetylation of histones.
Safronova
Olga
O
Department of Cellular Physiological Chemistry, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
Pluemsampant
Sireerat
S
Nakahama
Ken-ichi
K
Morita
Ikuo
I
D000818:Animals; D019556:COS Cells; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002522:Chlorocebus aethiops; D003513:Cycloheximide / Q000494:pharmacology; D003609:Dactinomycin / Q000494:pharmacology; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D014176:Protein Biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D020871:RNA Stability / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects; D014162:Transfection; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000494:pharmacology
C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D016209:Interleukin-8; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D051996:Transcription Factor RelA; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D003609:Dactinomycin; D003513:Cycloheximide; D056464:Histone Deacetylase 2