title: Contrast-enhanced sonography in early kidney graft dysfunction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was a comparison of contrast-enhanced sonography (CEUS) and power Doppler ultrasound (US) findings in renal grafts within 30 days posttransplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 39 kidney recipients underwent CEUS (SonoVue bolus injection) and US examinations at 5 (T0), 15 (T1), and 30 (T2) days after grafting. The results were correlated with clinical findings and functional evolution. Fourteen patients displayed early acute kidney dysfunction: 10 had acute tubular necrosis (acute tubular necrosis [ATN] group); four acute rejection episodes (ARE group); 25 with normal evolution (as control, C group). Renal biopsies were performed to obtain a diagnosis in the four ATN cases and in all ARE patients. Creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate were used as kidney function parameters. CEUS analysis was performed both on cortical and medullary regions while US resistivity indexes (RI) were obtained on main, infrarenal, and arcuate arteries. From an analysis of CEUS time-intensity curves, we computed peak enhancement (PEAK), time to peak (TTP), mean transit time (MTT), regional blood flow (RBF) and volume (RBV), and cortical to medullary ratio of these indies (RATIO).
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased RI was present in the ATN and ARE groups as well as a reduced PEAK and RBF. RATIO-RBV and RATIO-MTT were lower than C among ATN cases, while TTP was higher compared to C in ARE. No statistical difference was evidence for RI between ATN and ARE groups. MTT (T0) was significantly related to creatinine at follow-up (T2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  US and CEUS identified grafts with early dysfunction, but only some CEUS-derived parameters distinguished ATN from ARE, adding prognostic information.
authors.affiliation: Nephrology Dialysis and Renal Transplantation Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benozzi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cappelli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Granito
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Davoli
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Favali
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Montecchi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grossi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Torricelli
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Albertazzi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003287:Contrast Media; D051799:Delayed Graft Function / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D007683:Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media