title: Novel sorbents for removal of gadolinium-based contrast agents in sorbent dialysis and hemoperfusion: preventive approaches to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
abstract: Many forms of organocomplexed gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents have recently been linked to a debilitating and a potentially fatal skin disease called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with renal failure. Free Gd released from these complexes via transmetallation is believed to be the most important trigger for NSF. In this work, nanostructure silica materials that have been functionalized with 1-hydroxy-2-pyridinone (1,2-HOPO-SAMMS) have been evaluated for selective and effective removal of both free and chelated Gd (gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadodiamide) from dialysate and blood. 1,2-HOPO SAMMS has high affinity, rapid removal rate, and large sorption capacity for both free and chelated Gd, properties that are far superior to those of activated carbon and zirconium phosphate currently used in the state-of-the-art sorbent dialysis and hemoperfusion systems. The SAMMS-based sorbent dialysis and hemoperfusion will potentially provide an effective and predicable strategy for removing the Gd from patients with impaired renal function after Gd exposure, thus allowing for the continued use of Gd-based contrast magnetic resonance imaging while removing the risk of NSF.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Chelated gadolinium (Gd) contrast agents have been linked to a debilitating disease called nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) in patients with renal failure. Free Gd+(3) released from the contrast agents is believed to be the trigger for NSF. In this work, functionalized nanostructured silica materials were evaluated for removal of both free and chelated gadolinium both from dialysate and blood. The new method demonstrated a rapid removal rate and large sorption capacity, and overall was far superior to currently used state-of-the-art sorbent dialysis and hemoperfusion systems.
authors.affiliation: Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA. Yantasee@ohsu.edu
authors.forename: Wassana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yantasee
authors.forename: Glen E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Fryxell
authors.forename: George A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Kanda
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pattamakomsan
authors.forename: Vichaya
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sukwarotwat
authors.forename: Wilaiwan
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Chouyyok
authors.forename: View
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Koonsiripaiboon
authors.forename: Jide
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Kenneth N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Raymond
mesh_terms: D000327:Adsorption; D000818:Animals; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005682:Gadolinium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006464:Hemoperfusion; D007700:Kinetics; D054989:Nephrogenic Fibrosing Dermopathy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; C064925:gadodiamide; D005682:Gadolinium; D019786:Gadolinium DTPA