Antiphospholipid (Hughes) syndrome: beyond pregnancy morbidity and thrombosis.
The antiphospholipid syndrome is an autoimmune disease characterised by recurrent arterial or venous thrombosis, pregnancy morbidity and the persistence of positive antiphospholipid antibodies. Many other clinical manifestations may occur including heart valve disease, livedo reticularis, thrombocytopenia and neurological manifestations such as migraine and seizures. We review a number of other manifestations including stenotic lesions, coronary artery disease and accelerated atherosclerosis, skeletal disorders and the concept of seronegative antiphospholipid syndrome.
Mialdea
Maria
M
The Lupus Research Unit, The Rayne Institute, 4thFloor, Lambeth Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, London SE17EH, UK.
Sangle
Shirish R
SR
D'Cruz
David P
DP