title: Effects of a warmer climate on seed germination in the subarctic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In a future warmer subarctic climate, the soil temperatures experienced by dispersed seeds are likely to increase during summer but may decrease during winter due to expected changes in snow depth, duration and quality. Because little is known about the dormancy-breaking and germination requirements of subarctic species, how warming may influence the timing and level of germination in these species was examined.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under controlled conditions, how colder winter and warmer summer soil temperatures influenced germination was tested in 23 subarctic species. The cold stratification and warm incubation temperatures were derived from real soil temperature measurements in subarctic tundra and the temperatures were gradually changed over time to simulate different months of the year.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Moderate summer warming (+2.5 degrees C) substantially accelerated germination in all but four species but did not affect germination percentages. Optimum germination temperatures (20/10 degrees C) further decreased germination time and increased germination percentages in three species. Colder winter soil temperatures delayed the germination in ten species and decreased the germination percentage in four species, whereas the opposite was found in Silene acaulis. In most species, the combined effect of a reduced snow cover and summer warming resulted in earlier germination and thus a longer first growing season, which improves the chance of seedling survival. In particular the recruitment of (dwarf) shrubs (Vaccinium myrtillus, V. vitis-idaea, Betula nana), trees (Alnus incana, Betula pubescens) and grasses (Calamagrostis lapponica, C. purpurea) is likely to benefit from a warmer subarctic climate.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Seedling establishment is expected to improve in a future warmer subarctic climate, mainly by considerably earlier germination. The magnitudes of the responses are species-specific, which should be taken into account when modelling population growth and migration of subarctic species.
authors.affiliation: Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, Belgium. ann.milbau@emg.umu.se
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Milbau
authors.forename: Bente Jessen
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Graae
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shevtsova
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nijs
mesh_terms: D001110:Arctic Regions; D018525:Germination / Q000502:physiology*; D017752:Greenhouse Effect; D006358:Hot Temperature; D012639:Seeds / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D029800:Vaccinium myrtillus / Q000254:growth & development*