title: Dermal penetration and metabolism of p-aminophenol and p-phenylenediamine: application of the EpiDerm human reconstructed epidermis model.
abstract: To address the provision of the 7th Amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive banning the use of in vivo genotoxicity assays for testing cosmetic ingredients in 2009, the 3D EpiDerm reconstructed human skin micronucleus assay has been developed. To further characterise the EpiDerm tissue for potential use in genotoxicity testing, we have evaluated the dermal penetration and metabolism of two hair dye ingredients, p-aminophenol (PAP) and p-phenylenediamine (PPD) in this reconstructed epidermis model. When EpiDerm tissue was topically exposed to PAP or PPD for 30 min (typical for a hair dye exposure), the majority (80->90%) of PAP or PPD was excluded from skin tissue and removed by rinsing. After a 23.5h recovery period, the PAP fraction that did penetrate was completely N-acetylated to acetaminophen (APAP). Similarly, 30 min topical application of PPD resulted in the formation of the N-mono- and N,N'-diacetylated metabolites of PPD. These results are consistent with published data on the dermal metabolism of these compounds from other in vitro systems as well as from in vivo studies. When tissue was exposed topically (PAP) or via the culture media (PPD) for 24h, there was good batch-to-batch and donor-to-donor reproducibility in the penetration and metabolism of PAP and PPD. Overall, the results demonstrate that these two aromatic amines are biotransformed in 3D EpiDerm tissue via N-acetylation. Characterising the metabolic capability of EpiDerm tissue is important for the evaluation of this model for use in genotoxicity testing.
authors.affiliation: The Procter & Gamble Company, Miami Valley Innovation Center, Cincinnati, OH 45253, USA.
authors.forename: Ting
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ruth E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Stephen W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Morrall
authors.forename: Marilyn J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Aardema
authors.forename: Lesley A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Stanley
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Skare
mesh_terms: D000627:Aminophenols / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D001711:Biotransformation; D002138:Calibration; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D004817:Epidermis / Q000378:metabolism*; D006202:Hair Dyes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000633:toxicity; D006801:Humans; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D008954:Models, Biological; D009924:Organ Culture Techniques; D010655:Phenylenediamines / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D000627:Aminophenols; D006202:Hair Dyes; D010655:Phenylenediamines; D012996:Solutions; C026729:4-aminophenol; C029728:4-phenylenediamine