title: Incidence and risk factors of intracranial atherosclerotic stroke: the Northern Manhattan Stroke Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To assess the prevalence of risk factors as determinants of intracranial atherosclerosis (IATH)-related stroke in a multi-ethnic community-based cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study included a population-based incidence study and a nested case-control study. Incident cases of first ischemic stroke were 1:2 when matched to community controls by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Vascular risk factors were assessed among controls and compared against the following stroke subtypes: IATH, extracranial atherosclerosis (EATH), and non-atherosclerotic (NATH: cardioembolic, lacunar, and cryptogenic). Conditional logistic-regression was used to determine the association between risk factors and stroke subtypes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The crude incidence of IATH was 8/100,000 per year and the relative incidence of IATH was higher than that of EATH in blacks (5.9 vs. 3.2/100,000 per year) and in Hispanics (5.0 vs. 1.7/100,000 per year). The IATH group had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM; 67% IATH, 60% EATH, 48% NATH, and 23% controls; p < 0.05 IATH vs. control) and of metabolic syndrome (62% IATH, 40% EATH, 40% NATH, and 35% controls; p < 0.05 IATH vs. control). In multivariate analysis, DM conferred a higher risk for IATH versus NATH stroke (OR, 10.8; 95% CI, 2.0-57 vs. OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.9-3.9; p < 0.05) and much lower for EATH (OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 1.2-32). The metabolic syndrome conferred a higher risk for IATH stroke subtype (OR, 4.6; 95% CI, 1.1-18.7) when compared to EATH (OR, 2.3; CI, 0.6-9.1) and NATH (OR, 2.4; CI, 1.7-3.3).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DM is a more important determinant for IATH-related stroke than EATH or NATH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care and Cardiovascular Medicine, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, UMDNJ, Camden, NJ 08103, USA. rincon-fred@cooperhealth.edu
authors.forename: Fred
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rincon
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: Grace
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kranwinkel
authors.forename: Qiu
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Myungee C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Paik
authors.forename: Bernadette
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Boden-Albala
authors.forename: Mitchell S V
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Elkind
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D001213:Asian / Q000208:ethnology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D002537:Intracranial Arteriosclerosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology