title: Adverse rearing experiences enhance responding to both aversive and rewarding stimuli in juvenile rhesus monkeys.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While adverse rearing is thought to alter threat responding, the effects on appetitive behavior remains minimally explored. This study examines the effects that early life emotional adversity has on response to both threatening and appetitive stimuli in juvenile rhesus monkeys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four, 2-year-old monkeys with differential rearing histories were tested for fear-potentiated startle responding and consumption of an artificially sweetened solution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to monkeys reared under typical conditions, monkeys removed from their mothers at birth and reared with peers demonstrated both increases in reward responding, as evidenced by greater consumption of a palatable solution in a free choice test, and increased threat responding, as evidenced by enhanced fear-potentiated startle responding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings suggest that early rearing impacts juvenile manifestations of both appetitive and aversive emotional systems. Results are discussed in the context of development, anxiety, depression, and substance abuse.
authors.affiliation: Mood and Anxiety Disorders Program, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda 20892, USA. nelsone@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Khalisa N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Herman
authors.forename: Catherine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Barrett
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Noble
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wojteczko
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Chisholm
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Delaney
authors.forename: Monique
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ernst
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Fox
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Suomi
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Winslow
authors.forename: Daniel S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Pine
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001218:Aspartame / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D003214:Conditioning, Classical / Q000502:physiology; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology; D005239:Fear; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000502:physiology; D008253:Macaca mulatta; D008297:Male; D008426:Maternal Deprivation; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology*; D012201:Reward; D012934:Social Isolation; D013549:Sweetening Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D013549:Sweetening Agents; D001218:Aspartame