title: The consequences of substance use among gay and bisexual men: a Consensual Qualitative Research analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Substance use is common among gay/bisexual men and is associated with significant health risks (e.g. HIV transmission). The consequences of substance use, across the range of substances commonly used, have received little attention. The purpose of this study is to map participant's beliefs about the effects of substance use to inform prevention, health promotion and clinical interventions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were interviewed about experiences regarding their substance use and recruited through medical and sexual health clinics. Data were collected though a consumer panel and individual interviews. Responses regarding perceived consequences of substance use were coded using Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) methodology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Most participants reported lifetime use of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants and amyl nitrite, and recent alcohol and cannabis use. A wide range of themes were identified regarding participant's thoughts, emotions and behaviours (including sexual behaviours) secondary to substance use, including: cognitive functioning, mood, social interaction, physical effects, sexual activity, sexual risk-taking, perception of sexual experience, arousal, sensation, relaxation, disinhibition, energy/activity level and numbing. Analyses indicated several consequences were consistent across substance types (e.g. cognitive impairment, enhanced mood), whereas others were highly specific to a given substance (e.g. heightened arousal post amyl nitrite use).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Prevention and interventions need to consider the variety of effects of substance use in tailoring effective education programs to reduce harms. A diversity of consequences appear to have direct and indirect impacts on decision-making, sexual activity and risk-taking. Findings lend support for the role of specific beliefs (e.g. expectancies) related to substance use on risk-related cognitions, emotions and behaviours.
authors.affiliation: Sexual Health and HIV Service, Brisbane, Qld 4000, Australia. ab.mullens@student.qut.edu.au
authors.forename: Amy B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Mullens
authors.forename: Ross McD
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Elisabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hamernik
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dunne
mesh_terms: D001315:Australia; D001727:Bisexuality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D018451:Homosexuality, Male / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012309:Risk-Taking; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D047568:Unsafe Sex / Q000706:statistics & numerical data