title: Coculture of synovium-derived stem cells and nucleus pulposus cells in serum-free defined medium with supplementation of transforming growth factor-beta1: a potential application of tissue-specific stem cells in disc regeneration.
abstract: METHODS
  A coculture of synovium-derived stem cells (SDSCs) and nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) in a serum-free pellet system was treated with varying doses of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta). Cultures of either SDSCs or NPCs alone served as controls.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to assess the feasibility of using SDSCs to supplement and replenish NPC population for disc regeneration.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  SDSCs have been proven to be a tissue-specific type of mesenchymal stem cell capable of chondrogenesis. NPCs are chondrocyte-like cells with a high ratio of aggrecan. However, the capacity of SDSCs to complement the NPC population is not known.
  
  
  METHODS
  SDSCs were negatively isolated from porcine knee joint synovial tissue and NPCs were isolated from porcine lumbar spines (L1-L5). SDSCs and NPCs were cocultured (50:50) in a serum-free pellet system with the supplementation of varying doses (0, 3, 10, and 30 ng/mL) of TGF-beta1 for 14 days. SDSCs or NPCs cultured alone served as controls. Chondrogenic differentiation markers were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry, biochemistry, and TaqMan PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coculture of SDSCs and NPCs in a pellet system displayed comparable differentiation properties (high levels of collagen II, aggrecan and Sox 9, a low level of collagen I, and no collagen X detectable) to NPCs alone when treated with high doses of TGF-beta1. Moreover, the coculture and NPCs alone shared a similar higher ratio of aggrecan to collagen II. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) was also observed to be up-regulated in coculture pellets at day 7 and had decreased at day 14 with the time of pellet tissue maturation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SDSCs may act as a potential mesenchymal stem cell candidate for NP regeneration. Further studies are needed to evaluate the in vivo effect of SDSCs on disc regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, WV University, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA.
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Sanford E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Emery
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pei
mesh_terms: D053674:Aggrecans / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D002450:Cell Communication / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018920:Coculture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000601:surgery*; D045164:Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D013347:Subcellular Fractions; D034421:Sus scrofa; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D015415:Biomarkers; D024043:Collagen Type II; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D055758:SOX9 Transcription Factor; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1