title: Different sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine increase oxidative stress in the brain of rats.
abstract: Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder in which symptoms can be classified as either positive, such as delusions and hallucinations, or negative, such as blunted affect and social withdrawal. However, the mechanisms underlying this disease are poorly understood. There is evidence that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the pathogenesis of many diseases, particularly those which are neurological and psychiatric in nature. Ketamine has been used to induce a schizophrenia-like condition as an animal model in which to study this condition. In the present study we tested the effects of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine on various parameters of oxidative stress in the brain of rats. Our results indicate that lipid peroxidation and tissue protein oxidation were affected by varying sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine in multiple cerebral structures. Additionally, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD was measured and was also found to be altered in most of the structures tested. In conclusion, we observe an increase in oxidative damage marked by an increase in lipid peroxidation, oxidative protein damage and a decrease in enzymatic defenses, in an animal model of schizophrenia. Given that oxidative stress could be related to schizophrenia, these findings may explain, at least in part, the mechanisms underlying in this disease.
authors.affiliation: Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratório de Neurociências, Criciúma, SC, Brazil.
authors.forename: Larissa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Cecília Marly dos S
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Spiazzi
authors.forename: Thaize
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bortolin
authors.forename: Leila
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Canever
authors.forename: Fabricia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Petronilho
authors.forename: Franciele Gonçalves
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Mina
authors.forename: Felipe
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Dal-Pizzol
authors.forename: João
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Quevedo
authors.forename: Alexandra I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Zugno
mesh_terms: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002374:Catalase / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000778:Anesthetics, Dissociative; D007649:Ketamine; D002374:Catalase; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase