title: A re-evaluation of the need to stun calves prior to slaughter by ventral-neck incision : an introductory review.
abstract: Commercial slaughter of farm livestock usually employs an extensive incision that severs the soft tissues of the neck including the major blood vessels supplying and draining the brain. It is intended to cause a catastrophic decrease in cerebral blood flow with rapid onset of unconsciousness or insensibility. The tissues of the neck are innervated with nociceptive nerve fibres and their transection will cause a barrage of sensory impulses. Consciousness, and therefore the ability of the animal to feel pain and experience distress after the incision, may persist for 60 seconds or longer in cattle. These observations suggest that livestock may experience pain and distress during the period before they become unconscious (insensible). Psychological shock and fear may also be associated with the extensive tissue damage and blood loss. Pre-incision stunning has been adopted as a precautionary measure to prevent suffering. However, the question remains: How intense and noxious are these experiences? Recent methodological developments related to quantitative analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG) allow the experience of pain to be assessed more directly than has hitherto been possible. This methodology has now been applied to the question of the slaughter of calves by ventral-neck incision. The new information demonstrates clearly for the first time that the act of slaughter by ventral-neck incision is associated with noxious stimulation that would be expected to be perceived as painful in the period between the incision and loss of consciousness. These data provide further support for the value of stunning in preventing pain and distress in animals subjected to this procedure.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. d.j.mellor@massey.ac.nz
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johnson
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000592:standards; D000818:Animals; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000662:veterinary; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary; D004597:Electroshock / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D009333:Neck / Q000601:surgery*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D014474:Unconsciousness / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide