title: An update on central nervous system stimulant formulations in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review recent literature on the different stimulant preparations regarding efficacy and safety in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and describe advantages and disadvantages of the many available dosage formulations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature retrieval was performed through PubMed/MEDLINE (2005-December 2008) using the terms methylphenidate, amphetamines, central nervous system stimulants, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In addition, reference citations from publications identified were reviewed and drug manufacturers were contacted for any possible additional references.
  
  
  METHODS
  Double-blind clinical trials found using the search criteria listed above were included for review. Open-label studies and studies prior to 2005 were included if no double-blind trials were published for that formulation within the time period reviewed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature reviewed here demonstrates the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications in children and adolescents with ADHD. However, there are 19 different formulations of stimulants, leading to confusion and errors in prescribing and dispensing of these drugs. Knowing and understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the different formulations can lead to individualized treatment. Formulations like Concerta, Focalin-XR, Adderall-XR, and Vyvanse provide the convenience of once-daily dosing. Each of these provides varying amount of stimulants at different times of the day. Vyvanse has a unique delivery system that may lower the risk of patients abusing their medication. Daytrana gives patients more control over their dosing by being able to choose when the patch is removed; it is also a feasible alternative for children who cannot swallow pills. For patients who cannot swallow tablets or capsules, the capsules of Focalin-XR, Adderall-XR, Metadate-CD, and Ritalin-LA can be opened and sprinkled on applesauce.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Stimulants are effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD. The multiple available dosage forms allow for individualization of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 07740, USA. bchavez@rci.rutgers.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chavez
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Sopko
authors.forename: Megan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ehret
authors.forename: Raphael E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Paulino
authors.forename: Kyle R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Angstadt
authors.forename: Gregory T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Bogart
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000662:Amphetamines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D064699:Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride; D004304:Dosage Forms; D006801:Humans; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D004304:Dosage Forms; D064699:Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride; D008774:Methylphenidate