title: Horizontal moment around the hoof's centre of pressure during walking in a straight line.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Joint congruity and ligaments restrain the distal limb joints from excessive motion in the transverse and frontal planes, but the magnitudes and direction of the horizontal twisting moments around the hoof's centre of pressure (CoP) that induce these motions are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To quantify the horizontal moment around the vertical axis through the hoof's CoP at walk, and to determine whether these are symmetric.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine sound Thoroughbred horses (mean age 53 years; mean mass 502 kg) were led at walk in a straight line across a Kistler force platform. Five trials were collected for each fore and hindlimb. The resultant moment around the hoof's CoP was calculated from the horizontal moment arms between the calculated CoP and the 4 horizontal forces in the transverse (X) and cranio-caudal (Y) directions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The calculated moments were consistent within limbs and horses, but variable between horses. Hindlimbs demonstrated a biphasic moment pattern and the largest moments were typically in the first half of stance. Mean +/- s.d. peak moments were internal under both hindlimbs (L: Int 14.1 +/- 4.6 Nm; R: Int 133 +/- 5.5 Nm). In the forelimbs, 7/9 horses demonstrated an asymmetric moment pattern, with the left forelimb exerting an internal moment (L: Int 6.9 +/- 2.9 Nm) and the right forelimb an external moment (R: Ext 8.4 +/- 4.4 Nm), while the remaining 2 horses exerted internal moments in both forelimbs (L: Int 11.7 +/- 1.4 Nm; R:Int 6.6 +/- 1.9 Nm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In 7/9 horses, the forelimbs exerted asymmetric horizontal moments around the hoof CoP. The hindlimbs appear to behave with mechanical symmetry during stance, exerting an internal moment during retraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Extrasagittal joint motions in the forelimb are unlikely to be symmetric and future studies should account for possible bilateral variations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, UK.
authors.forename: G R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Colborne
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Heaps
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Franklin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006724:Hoof and Claw / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*