title: Drug testing in Australian schools: policy implications and considerations of punitive, deterrence and/or prevention measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been increasing national and international calls for the introduction of drug testing as a policy measure to address harmful drug use. Such strategies have been applied in workplaces, sporting arenas, prisons and more latterly school settings. They are predicated on a belief in their efficacy in reducing drug-related harm, a need to 'send the right' message to potential users and to reassure the community at large that 'something is being done.' Rigorous examination is required of purported benefits of drug testing in schools.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive examination was made of testing efficacy and accuracy. Australian legal and ethical issues, encompassing duty of care, rights of the child and privacy determinations, were juxtaposed with that of the United States of America.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Evidence examined indicates no compelling case for the application of drug testing and that caution should be applied when considering drug testing as a drug detection and prevention strategy in the school setting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While this review did not support school drug testing, there are alternative evidence-based strategies that schools can implement to prevent drug-related problems among student populations.
authors.affiliation: National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia. ann.roche@flinders.edu.au
authors.forename: Ann M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Roche
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bywood
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Pidd
authors.forename: Toby
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Tania
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Steenson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002651:Child Advocacy; D003415:Crime / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control; D033161:Government Regulation; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D006801:Humans; D018907:Privacy; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011640:Public Policy; D011678:Punishment; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012574:Schools / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D013334:Students / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000941:ethics / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017132:Workplace / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence