title: Spousal suffering and partner's depression and cardiovascular disease: the Cardiovascular Health Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effects of suffering in a spouse on prevalent and incident psychiatric (depression) and physical morbidity (cardiovascular disease [CVD]) in their partner, controlling for known risk factors for depression and CVD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,330 older married couples enrolled in the Cardiovascular Health Study, a large epidemiologic study of the elderly.
  
  
  METHODS
  Predictor variables were physical, psychological, and existential/spiritual indicators of suffering. Primary outcomes were prevalent and incident depression and CVD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Controlling for known risk factors for depression, the authors found a dose-response relationship between suffering in a spouse and concurrent depression in their partner as well as a relationship between suffering and the partner's future risk for depression. With respect to CVD, and controlling for subclinical CVD at baseline, husbands whose wives reported high levels of suffering also had higher rates of prevalent CVD, but there were no significant associations between wives suffering and husbands incident CVD. There were no associations between husbands' suffering and wives' prevalent or incident CVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to spousal suffering is an independent and unique source of distress in married couples that contributes to psychiatric and physical morbidity. More attention should be paid to the interpersonal effects of suffering in married couples and to its role in contributing to morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and University Center for Social and Urban Research, University of Pittsburgh, 121 University Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. schulz@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Scott R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Beach
authors.forename: Randy S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Hebert
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.forename: Joan K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Monin
authors.forename: Connie A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tompkins
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Albert
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D018454:Spouses / Q000523:psychology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires