title: Dual-frequency ultrasound detection of stationary microbubbles in tissue.
abstract: Indirect evidence suggests that microbubbles that exist normally in tissue may play a key role in decompression sickness (DCS). Their sizes and locations are unknown. Dual-frequency ultrasound (DFU) exploits bubble resonance to detect bubbles over a wide size range and could potentially detect stationary tissue microbubbles. To test this capability, DFU was used to detect stationary microbubbles of known size (2-3 microm mean diameter) over a range of ultrasound pressures and microbubble concentrations. In gelatin phantoms doped with microbubbles and in ex vivo porcine tissue, signals indicative of bubbles were detected for microbubble concentrations of 5x10(5) per mL and greater. Signals were not returned from solid particle microspheres of similar size to the microbubbles or from saline controls. In the thigh of an anesthetized swine, signals were detected for concentrations of 5x10(7) per mL and greater. Because of its ability to detect bubbles over a wide range of sizes, this technique could potentially detect naturally-existing microbubbles in tissue and lead to (a) an improved understanding of the mechanics of bubble formation during decompression and (b) a new metric for evaluating DCS.
authors.affiliation: Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
authors.forename: B R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Bollinger
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wilbur
authors.forename: T G
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Donoghue
authors.forename: S D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Knaus
authors.forename: P J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Magari
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Alvarenga
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Buckey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003665:Decompression Sickness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005780:Gelatin; D045423:Microbubbles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013552:Swine; D013848:Thigh / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D005780:Gelatin