title: Ureteral stone location at emergency room presentation with colic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is thought that the 3 narrowest points of the ureter are the ureteropelvic junction, the point where the ureter crosses anterior to the iliac vessels and the ureterovesical junction. Textbooks describe these 3 sites as the most likely places for ureteral stones to lodge. We defined the stone position in the ureter when patients first present to the emergency department with colic.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the records of 94 consecutive patients who presented to the emergency department with a chief complaint of colic and computerized tomography showing a single unilateral ureteral calculus. Axial, coronal and 3-dimensional reformatted computerized tomography scans were evaluated, and stone position and size (maximal axial and coronal diameters) were recorded, as were the position of the ureteropelvic junction, the iliac vessels (where the ureter crosses anterior to the iliac vessels) and the ureterovesical junction. Patients with a history of nephrolithiasis, shock wave lithotripsy, ureteroscopy or percutaneous nephrolithotripsy were excluded from study. Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t test and Pearson's correlation coefficient.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the time of emergency department presentation for colic ureteral stone position was the ureteropelvic junction in 10.6% cases, between the ureteropelvic junction and the iliac vessels in 23.4%, where the ureter crosses anterior to the iliac vessels in 1.1%, between the iliac vessels and the ureterovesical junction in 4.3% and at the ureterovesical junction in 60.6%. Proximal calculi had a greater axial diameter than distal calculi (mean 6.1 vs 4.0 mm) and a greater coronal diameter than distal calculi (6.8 vs 4.1 mm, each p <0.001). Axial and coronal diameters moderately correlated with stone position (r = -0.47 and -0.55, respectively, each p <0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Proximal ureteral stones were larger in axial and coronal diameter than distal ureteral stones. At emergency department presentation for colic most stones were at the ureterovesical junction and in the proximal ureter between the ureteropelvic junction and the iliac vessels. A few stones were at the ureteropelvic junction and only 1 lodged at the level where the ureter crosses anterior to the iliac vessels, despite the literature stating that these locations are 2 of the 3 most likely places for stones to become lodged.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA. eisnerbh@urology.ucsf.edu
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Eisner
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Reese
authors.forename: Sonali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sheth
authors.forename: Marshall L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stoller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003085:Colic / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008096:Lithotripsy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014514:Ureteral Calculi / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D018666:Ureteroscopy / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult