title: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA mutations in D-loop region in thyroid lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mitochondrial defects have been associated with various human conditions including cancers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the mutations at the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in patients with different thyroid lesions. In particular, in order to investigate if the accumulation of mtDNA mutations play a role in tumor progression, we studied the highly variable main control region of mtDNA, the displacement-loop (D-loop) in patients with non-tumor nodular goiters, with benign thyroid adenomas, and with malignant thyroid carcinomas. Total thyroid tumor or goiter samples were obtained from 101 patients, matched with nearby normal tissue and blood from the same subject.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Noticeably, mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) was detected in 2 of 19 nodular goiters (10.53%), and 8 of 77 (10.39%) malignant thyroid carcinomas. In addition, 6 patients, including 5 (6.49%) with malignant thyroid carcinomas and 1 (5.26%) with nodular goiter, were found to harbor point mutations. The majority of the mutations detected were heteroplasmic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that mtDNA alterations in the D-loop region could happen before tumorigenesis in thyroid, and they might also accumulate during tumorigenesis.
authors.affiliation: Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China.
authors.forename: Zhinan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Jingzhang
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ji
authors.forename: Guorong
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hezhi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Shihui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Jia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: Kaiyan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Jianxin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Yidong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Bai
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006042:Goiter / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D006044:Goiter, Nodular / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D009154:Mutation; D017354:Point Mutation; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012016:Reference Values; D013959:Thyroid Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial