title: The use of sonophoresis in the administration of drugs throughout the skin.
abstract: Transdermal drug delivery offers an attractive alternative to the conventional drug delivery methods of oral administration and injection. However, the stratum corneum acts as a barrier that limits the penetration of substances through the skin. Application of ultrasound to the skin increases its permeability (sonophoresis) and enables the delivery of various substances into and through the skin. Ultrasound has been used extensively for medical diagnostics and to a certain extent in medical therapy (physiotherapy, ultrasonic surgery, hyperthermia). Nevertheless, it has only recently become popular as a technique to enhance drug release from drug delivery systems. A number of studies suggest the use of ultrasound as an external mean of delivering drugs at increased rates and at desired times. This review presents the main findings in the field of sonophoresis, namely transdermal drug delivery and transdermal monitoring. Particular attention is paid to proposed enhancement mechanisms and trends in the field of topical and transdermal delivery.
authors.affiliation: División de Estudios de Posgrado (Tecnología Farmacéutica), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México, México. josejuanescobar@gmail.com
authors.forename: José Juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Escobar-Chávez
authors.forename: Dalia
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bonilla-Martínez
authors.forename: Martha Angélica
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Villegas-González
authors.forename: Isabel Marlen
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Cruz
authors.forename: Clara Luisa
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Domínguez-Delgado
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D015195:Drug Design; D010539:Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations