title: HIV disease progression by hormonal contraceptive method: secondary analysis of a randomized trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected women need access to safe contraception. We hypothesized that women using depomedroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) contraception would have faster HIV disease progression than women using oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) and nonhormonal methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a previously reported trial, we randomized 599 HIV-infected women to the intrauterine device (IUD) or hormonal contraception. Women randomized to hormonal contraception chose between OCPs and DMPA. This analysis investigates the relationship between exposure to hormonal contraception and HIV disease progression [defined as death, becoming eligible for antiretroviral therapy (ART), or both].
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 595 women not on ART at the time of randomization, 302 were allocated to hormonal contraception, of whom 190 (63%) initiated DMPA and 112 (37%) initiated OCPs. Women starting IUD, OCPs, or DMPA were similar at baseline. Compared with women using the IUD, the adjusted hazard of death was not significantly increased among women using OCPs [1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.42-3.63] or DMPA (1.83; 95% CI 0.82-4.08). However, women using OCPs (adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 1.69; 95% CI 1.09-2.64) or DMPA (AHR 1.56; 95% CI 1.08-2.26) trended toward an increased likelihood of becoming eligible for ART. Women exposed to OCPs (AHR 1.67; 95% CI 1.10-2.51) and DMPA (AHR 1.62; 95% CI 1.16-2.28) also had an increased hazard of meeting our composite disease progression outcome (death or becoming ART eligible) than women using the IUD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this secondary analysis, exposure to OCPs or DMPA was associated with HIV disease progression among women not yet on ART. This finding, if confirmed elsewhere, would have global implications and requires urgent further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Infectious Disease Research, Lusaka, Zambia. eli@uab.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Stringer
authors.forename: Jens
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Moses
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sinkala
authors.forename: Benjamin H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Inutu
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Matongo
authors.forename: Namwinga
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chintu
authors.forename: Jeffrey S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Stringer
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D003268:Contraception Behavior; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D049168:Pregnancy, Unplanned; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal