title: Urinary fluoride output in children following the use of a dual-fluoride varnish formulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the bioavailability of fluoride after topical application of a dual-fluoride varnish commercially available in Brazil, when compared to Duraphat.
  
  
  METHODS
  The urinary fluoride output was evaluated in seven 5-year-old children after application of the fluoride varnishes, in two different phases. In the first phase (I), children received topical application of the fluoride varnish Duofluorid XII (2.92% fluorine, calcium fluoride + 2.71% fluorine, sodium fluoride, FGM). After 1-month interval (phase II), the same amount (0.2 mL) of the fluoride varnish Duraphat (2.26% fluorine, sodium fluoride, Colgate) was applied. Before each application all the volunteers brushed their teeth with placebo dentifrice for 7 days. Urinary collections were carried out 24 h prior up to 48 h after the applications. Fluoride intake from the diet was also estimated. Fluoride concentration in diet samples and urine was analyzed with the fluoride ion-specific electrode and a miniature calomel reference electrode coupled to a potentiometer. Data were tested by ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant differences in the urinary fluoride output between phases I and II. The use of Duofluorid XII did not significantly increase the urinary fluoride output, when compared to baseline levels. The application of Duraphat caused a transitory increase in the urinary fluoride output, returning to baseline levels 48 h after its use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The tested varnish formulation, which has been shown to be effective in in vitro studies, also can be considered safe.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Kelly Polido Kaneshiro
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Olympio
authors.forename: Vanessa Eid da Silva
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Cardoso
authors.forename: Maria Fernanda Borro
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Bijella
authors.forename: Juliano Pelim
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Pessan
authors.forename: Alberto Carlos Botazzo
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Delbem
authors.forename: Marília Afonso Rabelo
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Buzalaf
mesh_terms: D001682:Biological Availability; D001938:Brazil; D002124:Calcium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005459:Fluorides / Q000652:urine*; D005460:Fluorides, Topical / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D005460:Fluorides, Topical; C023807:sodium fluoride topical preparation; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D002124:Calcium Fluoride; D005459:Fluorides