title: Visual and fine-motor outcomes in adolescent survivors of high-risk congenital diaphragmatic hernia who did not receive extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are at high risk for brain injury, little is known about their neurodevelopment. Studies exploring short-term outcomes in children who received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy suggest an increased risk for abnormalities in tone and/or motor development. This study provides the first detailed examination of visual and fine-motor outcomes in adolescent survivors of high-risk CDH (manifesting within the first 24 h) who did not receive ECMO.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 13 CDH survivors (mean age 12.9 years) and 11 typically developing controls, matched to the CDH sample in terms of age at test, intelligence quotient and socioeconomic status (SES), completed a battery of visual and motor tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CDH survivors performed normally on motor-free tests of visual-perceptual function and on tests requiring visual discrimination and scanning, but were impaired on tests requiring visual-motor integration and oral-motor programming.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survivors of high-risk CDH who did not receive ECMO treatment are at risk for long-term problems with oral motor and visuomotor control.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba, MB, Canada. jakobson@cc.umanitoba.ca
authors.forename: L S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Jakobson
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frisk
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Trachsel
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002658:Developmental Disabilities / Q000209:etiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006548:Hernia, Diaphragmatic / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D065630:Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital; D006612:High-Frequency Ventilation / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009048:Motor Skills; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D017741:Survivors; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000209:etiology*