title: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of ethanol and aqueous extracts of Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of the ethanol and aqueous extracts of a Tibetan herb Pterocephalus hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck to provide experimental evidence for its traditional use such as cold, flu and rheumatoid arthritis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Investigations on the analgesic effects of P. hookeri (C.B. Clarke) Höeck were carried out, including hot-plate test and acetic acid-induced writhing. The anti-inflammatory activities were observed by utilizing the following models: carrageenin-induced edema of the hind paw of rats, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats, acetic acid-induced permeability, and xylene-induced ear edema in mice. The effects of the administration of indomethacin were also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It has been shown that the ethanol and aqueous extracts significantly increased the hot-plate pain threshold and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing response in mice. The ethanol and aqueous extracts remarkably inhibited the increase in vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and ear edema induced by xylene. The ethanol extract also significantly decreased the carrageenin-induced rat paw edema perimeter and inhibited the increase of granuloma weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that the ethanol and aqueous extracts have both central and peripheral analgesic activities and as anti-inflammatory effects, supporting the traditional application of this herb in treating various diseases associated with inflammation and pain.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Juan-Juan
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Jian-Wei
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Wei-Shuo
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Guan-Hua
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Du
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D000700:Analgesics / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002351:Carrageenan; D049917:Dipsacaceae / Q000737:chemistry; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006099:Granuloma / Q000188:drug therapy; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy; D008297:Male; D038861:Medicine, Tibetan Traditional; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010946:Plants, Medicinal; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D014992:Xylenes
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D014992:Xylenes; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid