title: Constipation in people prescribed opioids.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Constipation is reported in 52% of people with advanced malignancy. This figure rises to 87% in people who are terminally ill and taking opioids. Constipation may be the most common adverse effect of opioids. There is no reason to believe that people with chronic non-malignant disease who take opioids will be any less troubled by this adverse effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of: oral laxatives; rectally applied medications; and opioid antagonists for constipation in people prescribed opioids? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to August 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 19 systematic reviews, RCTs or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: arachis oil enemas, bisacodyl, co-danthrusate/co-danthramer, docusate, glycerol suppositories, ispaghula husk, lactulose, liquid paraffin, macrogols plus electrolyte solutions, magnesium salts, methylcellulose, opioid antagonists, phosphate enemas, senna, sodium citrate micro-enema, sodium picosulfate.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Supportive Care, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
authors.forename: Sam H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Ahmedzai
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Boland
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D003248:Constipation; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid