title: The effect of different head and neck positions on the caudal back and hindlimb kinematics in the elite dressage horse at trot.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dressage involves training of the horse with the head and neck placed in a position defined by the rider. The best position for dressage training is currently under debate among riders and trainers, but there are few scientific data available to confirm or disprove the different views.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the kinematic effects of different head and neck positions (HNPs) in elite dressage horses ridden at trot.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seven high-level dressage horses were subjected to kinetic and kinematic measurements when ridden on a treadmill with the head and neck in 5 different positions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to free trot on loose reins the HNP desired for collected trot at dressage competitions increased T6 vertical excursion, increased sacral flexion and decreased limb retraction after lift-off. Further increasing head or head and neck flexion caused few additional changes while an extremely elevated neck position increased hindlimb flexion and lumbar back extension during stance, increased hindlimb flexion during swing and further increased trunk vertical excursion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The movements of the horse are significantly different when ridden on loose reins compared to the position used in collected trot. The exact degree of neck flexion is, however, not consistently correlated to the movements of the horse's limbs and trunk at collected trot. An extremely elevated neck position can produce some effects commonly associated with increased degree of collection, but the increased back extension observed with this position may place the horse at risk of injury if ridden in this position for a prolonged period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Head and neck positions influence significantly the kinematics of the ridden horse. It is important for riders and trainers to be aware of these effects in dressage training.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rhodin
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Gómez Alvarez
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Byström
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Roepstorff
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology*; D006257:Head; D006614:Hindlimb / Q000502:physiology*; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck