title: Scientific assessment of over-the-counter foot orthoses to determine their effects on pain, balance, and foot deformities.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A scientific study was conducted to evaluate the effects of non-custom-molded (over-the-counter) foot orthoses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Several parameters were examined, including foot, knee, hip, and back pain; balance; and reduction in flexible deformities, such as hammer toes and hallux valgus. Wherever possible, objective measurements were used, including measurements of shifts in center of pressure to assess balance and changes in bone position examined on radiographs. Forty-one individuals were analyzed using one of two types of prefabricated, non-custom insoles. Insoles were fit by an assistant trained to follow the fitting recommendations of the manufacturer under the direct supervision of a podiatric physician.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Use of these arch supports resulted in a significant reduction in some types of foot pain associated with hallux valgus (P = .04) and pain in the arch area (P = .004), knee (P = .002), and back (P = .007) by week 4. We also measured changes in foot position documented by radiography, although some changes may be attributed to parallax associated with measurement techniques. Improvement in balance was not observed to be significant when the orthoses were worn.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using both subjective and objective measures, we found that these over-the-counter foot orthoses were effective in bringing about changes in foot shape and concomitant relief of certain specific painful conditions. This study indicates that there is a scientific basis for attempting to relieve pain with orthoses.
authors.affiliation: Podiatric Surgery, Harvard Medical School/Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Baker 3, 1 Deaconess Rd, Boston, MA 02215, USA. alandsma@bidmc.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Landsman
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Defronzo
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roukis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D018771:Arthralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D005530:Foot Deformities / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009989:Orthotic Devices / Q000592:standards*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography