title: Penetrating cardiac injury: overcoming the limits set by Nature.
abstract: Repair of cardiac wounds was considered impossible little over 100 years ago. Despite progress, penetrating cardiac injury remains a highly lethal form of trauma today. Cardiac tamponade and exsanguination are the greatest immediate and life-threatening risks. Clinical presentation is extremely variable and diagnosis may be highly deceptive. Unlike other forms of trauma, resuscitation is of limited value and urgent operative intervention is the only meaningful treatment. Refinements in cardiothoracic surgery and the simultaneous evolution of trauma care systems have both contributed to saving lives. However, mortality rates for this condition have changed little in the last century, due largely to the rising proportion of more lethal injuries caused by gunshot wounds.
authors.affiliation: Cardiothoracic Surgeon, Green Lane Cardiothoracic Surgical Unit, Auckland, New Zealand. NKang@adhb.govt.nz
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hsee
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rizoli
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Alison
mesh_terms: D002305:Cardiac Tamponade / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000379:methods; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration; D004638:Emergency Treatment / Q000379:methods; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*