African pouched rats for the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum samples.
METHODS
Resource-limited settings in sub-Saharan African countries.


OBJECTIVE
To utilise African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) for the diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in human sputum.


METHODS
A specially designed cage with 10 sniffing holes and cassette-carrier was used. The sputum samples were put in the sample cassette, containing 10 samples in line, placed under matching sniffing holes. Rats were trained to sniff each consecutive sample, and indicate TB positives by fixing their nose for 5 seconds at the sniffing hole. This behaviour was maintained by food reinforcement upon correct indications. A total of 3416 samples were used.


RESULTS
Of the 20 trained rats, 18 were able to discriminate positive from negative sputum samples, with average daily sensitivities ranging from 72% to 100%, and average daily false-positives ranging from 0.7% to 8.1%. The use of multiple rats significantly increased sensitivity and negative predictive value.


CONCLUSIONS
Utilising trained sniffer rats for TB detection is a potentially faster screening method and is at least as sensitive as smear microscopy. This method could therefore be suitable for active case finding, especially where large numbers of samples are to be analysed in resource-limited settings, to complement existing diagnostic techniques.
Weetjens
Bart Jan Christiane
BJ
Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikelling (APOPO), Antwerp, Belgium. bart.weetjens@gmail.com
Mgode
G F
GF
Machang'u
R S
RS
Kazwala
R
R
Mfinanga
G
G
Lwilla
F
F
Cox
C
C
Jubitana
M
M
Kanyagha
H
H
Mtandu
R
R
Kahwa
A
A
Mwessongo
J
J
Makingi
G
G
Mfaume
S
S
Van Steenberge
J
J
Beyene
N W
NW
Billet
M
M
Verhagen
R
R
D000818:Animals; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D006801:Humans; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012903:Smell; D013183:Sputum; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis*