title: Improvement in out-of-hours outcomes following the implementation of Hospital at Night.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hospital at Night (H@N) is a Department of Health (England) driven programme being widely implemented across UK. It aims to redefine how medical cover is provided in hospitals during the out-of-hours period.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the implementation of H@N is associated with significant change in system or clinical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational study for 14 consecutive nights before, and 14 consecutive nights after the implementation of H@N. Data were collected from the Combined surgical and medical Assessment Unit (CAU), the 18 medical/surgical wards (The Ward Arc) and the four High Dependency Units (The Critical Care corridor) within the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following an overnight episode of clinical concern, data were gathered on response time, seniority of reviewing staff, patient outcome and the use of Standardized Early Warning Score (SEWS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and nine episodes of clinical concern were recorded before the implementation of H@N and 216 episodes afterwards. There was no significant change in response time in the CAU, Ward Arc or Critical Care corridor. However, significant inter-speciality differences in response time were eradicated, particularly in the Critical Care corridor. Following the implementation of H@N, patients were reviewed more frequently by senior medical staff in CAU (28% vs. 4%, P < 0.05) and the Critical Care corridor (50% vs. 22%, P < 0.001). Finally there was a reduction in adverse outcome (defined as unplanned transfer to critical care/cardiac arrest) in the Ward Arc and CAU from 17% to 6% of patients reviewed overnight (P < 0.01). SEWS was more frequently and accurately recorded in CAU.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first study that we are aware of directly comparing out-of-hours performance before and after the implementation of H@N. Significant improvements in both patient and system outcomes were observed, with no adverse effects noted.
authors.affiliation: Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SA, UK. dbeckett@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Beckett
authors.forename: C F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paterson
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chalkley
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bell
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D009551:Night Care / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000592:standards*; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000458:organization & administration* / Q000592:standards; D016730:Program Development; D015397:Program Evaluation / Q000592:standards*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome