title: The association of immigration and acculturation attributes with oral health among immigrants in New York City.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between immigration and acculturation attributes and oral disease among immigrants.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a large cross-sectional study of 1318 immigrants in New York City. We performed comprehensive interviews and oral examinations of the participants and used linear regression models to assess differences in oral disease levels among immigrant subgroups. We also constructed proportional odds models to evaluate the association of oral disease level with length of stay in the United States, age at immigration, and language preference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After we controlled for most known risk factors, country of birth and age at immigration were associated with variations in oral disease prevalence and need for oral health care. Length of stay was inversely associated with need for treatment of dental caries but not with any other indicator of oral disease. Language preference was not associated with any indicator of oral disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immigrants' country of birth, length of stay in the United States, and age at immigration played important roles in their oral disease prevalence, independently of most known risk factors for oral diseases. Our findings emphasize the need for more studies to elucidate the complex relationships of ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and culturally influenced factors that impact immigrants' oral health.
authors.affiliation: New York University College of Dentistry, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, 250 Park Avenue South, Sixth Floor, New York, NY 10003, USA. gustavo.cruz@nyu.edu
authors.forename: Gustavo D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Yu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Christian R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Salazar
authors.forename: Racquel Z
authors.initials: RZ
authors.lastname: Le Geros
mesh_terms: D000069:Acculturation; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004245:DMF Index; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009910:Oral Hygiene; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult