title: Deep venous thrombosis in Asian traumatic brain injury patients during rehabilitation: prevalence and risk factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence and risk factors of asymptomatic lower-limb deep venous thrombosis (DVT) among Asians in inpatient rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  a prospective observational study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-six (35 males and 21 females) Asian individuals with TBI with a median of 25 days to rehabilitation. The mean age was 49.3 +/- 20.4 years and 64.3% (36) were Chinese, 19.6% (11) were Malay, 10.7% (6) were Indian, and 5.4% (3) were of other races.
  
  
  METHODS
  quantitative D-dimer assay (DDA) and targeted hemiplegic/weaker lower extremity venous duplex ultrasonography (VDU) for patients with elevated DDA levels (>or=0.34 microg/mL). Outcome measures included the incidence of DVT based on VDU diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 34 (60.7%) patients who had elevated DDA levels underwent single limb VDU, revealing an incidence of 5.4% (3) of lower-limb DVT, including 1 case of proximal and 2 of distal DVT. Logistic regression analyses did not reveal any significant predictive factors for DVT, but tracheostomy, higher admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, and lower Functional Independence Measure (FIM)-walk scores correlated significantly with elevated DDA levels (P < .05). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that cutoff DDA levels of 1.37 mg/mL resulted in a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 67.7%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Asymptomatic DVT is uncommon in Asian TBI rehabilitation patients. Our low incidence could be related to the small sample size, ethnic protective factors, early walking during rehabilitation, and timing of VDU during possible declining thrombotic risk.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore. Karen_Chua@ttsh.com.sg
authors.forename: Karen S G
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Keng-He
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Earnest
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arul
mesh_terms: D044466:Asian People; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012047:Rehabilitation Centers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000453:epidemiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D