title: Prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors among National Football League players.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Concern exists about the cardiovascular health implications of large size among professional football players and those players who aspire to professional status.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in active National Football League (NFL) players and to compare these findings with data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 504 active, veteran football players from a convenience sample of 12 NFL teams at professional athletic training facilities between April and July 2007. Data were compared with men of the same age in the general US population (CARDIA study, a population-based observational study of 1959 participants aged 23 to 35 years recruited in 1985-1986).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of CVD risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and smoking).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NFL players were less likely to smoke when compared with the CARDIA group (0.1% [n = 1]; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0%-1.4%; vs 30.5% [n = 597]; 95% CI, 28.5%-32.5%; P < .001). Despite being taller and heavier, NFL players had significantly lower prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (6.7% [n = 24]; 95% CI, 4.6%-8.7%; vs 15.5% [n = 267]; 95% CI, 13.8%-17.3%; P < .001). The groups did not differ in prevalence of high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), or high triglycerides. Hypertension (13.8% [n = 67]; 95% CI, 11.0%-16.7%; vs 5.5% [n = 108]; 95% CI, 4.6%-6.6%) and prehypertension (64.5% [n = 310]; 95% CI, 58.3%-70.7%; vs 24.2% [n = 473]; 95% CI, 22.3%-26.1%) were significantly more common in NFL players than in the CARDIA group (both P < .001). Large size measured by body mass index (BMI) was associated with increased blood pressure, LDL-C, triglycerides, and fasting glucose, and decreased HDL-C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared with a sample of healthy young-adult men, a sample of substantially larger NFL players had a lower prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, less reported smoking, a similar prevalence of dyslipidemia, and a higher prevalence of hypertension. Increased size measured by BMI was associated with increased CVD risk factors in this combined population.
authors.affiliation: Union Memorial Sports Medicine, Union Memorial Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. andrew.tucker@medstar.net
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Tucker
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Vogel
authors.forename: Andrew E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Lincoln
authors.forename: Reginald E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Dunn
authors.forename: Debra C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Ahrensfield
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Allen
authors.forename: Lon W
authors.initials: LW
authors.lastname: Castle
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Heyer
authors.forename: Elliot J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Pellman
authors.forename: Patrick J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Strollo
authors.forename: Peter W F
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Anthony P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Yates
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D015992:Body Mass Index; D049628:Body Size; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D050171:Dyslipidemias / Q000453:epidemiology; D005538:Football; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D014481:United States; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult