title: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have impaired balance function: involvement of somatosensory, visual, and vestibular systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare standing balance performance and sensory organization of balance control in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (combined type) (ADHD-C) and typically developing children.
  
  
  METHODS
  School-aged children (n = 43) with ADHD-C and 50 age- and sex-matched typically developing children participated in the study. Sensory organization of standing balance was evaluated using the Sensory Organization Test (SOT). In addition to the composite equilibrium score, somatosensory, vestibular, and visual ratios, which were indicators of the ability of the child to use information from the respective sensory systems to maintain balance, were computed. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to compare the outcome variables between the 2 groups while controlling for physical activity level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MANCOVA revealed that children with ADHD-C had significantly lower composite equilibrium scores (P < .001) and somatosensory (P = .029), vestibular (P = .037), and visual ratios (P = .001) than control children, by 10.3%, 2.1%, 15.6%, and 16.0%, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with ADHD-C had significant deficits in standing balance performance in all conditions that included a disruption of sensory signals. The visual system tends to be more involved in contributing to the balance deficits in children with ADHD-C than the somatosensory and vestibular systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Selina B M
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Shum
authors.forename: Marco Y C
authors.initials: MY
authors.lastname: Pang
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D020886:Somatosensory Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015837:Vestibular Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014724:Vestibular Function Tests; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*