title: Integration of temperature-controlled requirements into pharmacy practice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe (a) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulations and guidelines issued by several professional organizations to ensure appropriate storage, handling, and distribution of temperature-controlled prescription drugs from manufacturer to wholesaler to pharmacy to patients; (b) pharmacy business practices that ensure the dispensing of high-quality temperature-controlled drug products; and (c) education that facilitates patients' important role in maintaining product quality.
  
  
  METHODS
  PubMed from 1950 to 2007 using the search terms drug stability in transit, drug stability storage tablet, drug stability testing, drug stability transportation, drug stability relative humidity, and drug storage high temperature. Nonprimary sources included the FDA website (www.fda.gov), presentations from meetings or workshops, and websites of professional organizations. Additional resources were identified from bibliographies collected by the authors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant data were extracted independently by the authors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The important role of pharmacists in ensuring the quality of drugs dispensed to and handled/stored by patients is supported by business practices that (a) promote purchase of quality temperature-controlled drugs (including quality agreements with providers), (b) ensure appropriate handling and storage upon receipt, (c) ensure proper packaging for receipt by patients, (d) provide relevant information to patients, and (e) evaluate issues associated with possible compromised transit, handling, and storage of temperature-controlled drug products.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The transit, handling, and storage of temperature-controlled drug products within complex supply chains provide opportunities for exposure of such drugs to temperatures above or below those recommended by the manufacturer. Pharmacists have opportunities to integrate business practices that facilitate the proper receipt, handling, and storage of temperature-controlled drug products. These practices will enhance the dispensing of high-quality, efficacious drug products to patients and proper handling and storage by patients.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, University of Southern Nevada, Henderson, USA.
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ziance
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Chandler
authors.forename: Rafik H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Bishara
mesh_terms: D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage / Q000592:standards*; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000592:standards; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000458:organization & administration; D010595:Pharmacists; D024382:Professional Role; D013696:Temperature; D014186:Transportation / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration
chemical_list: D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations