title: Apoptotic body engulfment by hepatic stellate cells promotes their survival by the JAK/STAT and Akt/NF-kappaB-dependent pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We have previously shown that phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies (AB) by hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is profibrogenic. As HSC survival is central to the progression of liver fibrosis, our goal was to investigate if phagocytosis induces HSC survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  Apoptosis of phagocytosing HSC was studied in the presence of known apoptotic agents. The JAK/STAT- and PI3K/Akt-dependent pathways, NF-kappaB activation and expression of the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1 and A1 were evaluated. Apoptosis was assessed after blocking A1 by an siRNA approach.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phagocytosing HSC were resistant to FasL/cycloheximide or TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of the JAK/STAT or PI3K-mediated pathways induced apoptosis of HSC. Phagocytosis induced JAK1/STAT3 phosphorylation, and this was prevented by inhibiting JAK. Translocation of STAT3 to the nucleus was also blocked by JAK inhibition. Mcl-1 expression was upregulated in a JAK-dependent manner. PI3K-dependent phosphorylation of Akt depended on NADPH oxidase activity and superoxide production. NF-kappaB activation and subsequent upregulation of A1 was observed, and A1 inhibition induced apoptosis of HSC.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phagocytosis of AB promotes HSC survival by two pathways, of which the A1 dependent is more significant. This represents a new mechanism by which engulfment of AB contributes to the propagation of liver fibrosis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UC Davis Medical Center, Patient Support Services Building, 4150 V Street, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA.
authors.forename: Joy X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Kenichiro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mikami
authors.forename: Senthil
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Venugopal
authors.forename: Yong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Natalie J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Török
mesh_terms: D021581:Active Transport, Cell Nucleus; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D055166:Hepatic Stellate Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D053613:Janus Kinase 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000502:physiology*; D010587:Phagocytosis; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000502:physiology*; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000502:physiology*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: C096816:BCL2-related protein A1; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D064549:Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein; D016328:NF-kappa B; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D053221:TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D053613:Janus Kinase 1; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt