title: Patient and operator exposure during percutaneous vertebroplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to compare exposure of patient and operator to ionising radiation during percutaneous vertebroplasty performed under combined computed tomography (CT) and fluoroscopic guidance or fluoroscopic guidance alone.
  
  
  METHODS
  With the collaboration of our physics department, we measured exposure on ten patients undergoing vertebroplasty with combined CT and fluoroscopic guidance and on ten undergoing vertebroplasty with fluoroscopic guidance alone.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean operator dose was approximately 0.8 microSv during vertebroplasty done with combined CT and fluoroscopic guidance and 5.8 microSv in procedures with fluoroscopic guidance alone. Mean patient dose was approximately 6 mSv for combined guidance and 8 mSv for fluoroscopic guidance, a difference that was not found to be statistically significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although combined CT and fluoroscopic guidance is normally preferred for difficult areas such as the cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae, to ensure operator radiation protection, the technique should also be considered for areas normally treated under fluoroscopic guidance alone. However, a larger patient series is needed to correctly evaluate the real contribution of low-dose CT to patient exposure.
authors.affiliation: ASO Molinette, Istituto Radiologia Universitaria, Via Genova 3, 10126, Torino, Italy. c.tappero@gmail.com
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tappero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Barbero
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Costantino
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergui
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ropolo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bradac
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gandini
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D005471:Fluoroscopy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D054854:Vertebroplasty / Q000379:methods*