title: Velopharyngeal insufficiency: diagnosis and management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Journal articles relevant to the diagnosis and treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency were reviewed. All studies ascertained by PubMed search were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Studies reported on the application of magnetic resonance scanning, reliability tests of the International Working Group diagnostic protocol, the use of nasometry, and techniques designed to assess the function of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Treatment studies focused on outcomes in small samples of cases and complication rates from pharyngeal flap. One study discussed ineffective speech therapy procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were relatively few studies this past year. Those that were published were hindered by small and heterogeneous sample sizes and occasionally by inappropriate methods for assessing outcomes. None of the findings will have a major impact on the current state-of-the-art for diagnosis of velopharyngeal insufficiency. The speech therapy study has a very important message that should be taken to heart by all clinicians involved in the management of children with clefts and craniofacial disorders.
authors.affiliation: Velo-Cardio-Facial Syndrome International Center, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210, USA. shprintr@upstate.edu
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Shprintzen
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Marrinan
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D014833:Voice Quality