title: Obesity and changes in urine albumin/creatinine ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes: the DEMAND study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Obesity is a potential risk factor for renal disease in non-diabetic subjects. It remains unclear whether this also applies to diabetic patients. We investigated whether obesity predicted changes in albumin excretion rate in individuals with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty Italian diabetes outpatient clinics enrolled a random sample of 1289 patients. A morning spot urine sample was collected to determine urinary albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR) at baseline and after 1 year from the study initiation. Progression of albumin excretion was defined as a doubling in ACR, while regression was defined as a 50% reduction. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate correlates of these outcomes. Data are expressed as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The risk of progression increased by 7% (OR=1.07; 95%CI 1.00-1.15) for every 5-cm increase in waist circumference measured at baseline, and by 17% (OR=1.17; 95%CI 1.03-1.33) for every one-unit increase in BMI during follow-up. The likelihood of regression was not independently associated with any of the variables investigated. The effect of obesity on progression of ACR was independent of metabolic control, blood pressure, treatment, and baseline level of albumin excretion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found a tight link between obesity and changes in albumin excretion in diabetic subjects, suggesting potential benefits of interventions on body weight on end-organ renal damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Epidemiology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, S. Maria Imbaro, CH, Italy. mrossi@negrisud.it
authors.forename: M C E
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Rossi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nicolucci
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pellegrini
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Comaschi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ceriello
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Cucinotta
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Giorda
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pomili
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Valentini
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vespasiani
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: De Cosmo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D000554:Ambulatory Care Facilities; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003404:Creatinine / Q000652:urine*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000209:etiology* / Q000652:urine; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000652:urine; D016017:Odds Ratio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D003404:Creatinine