title: Psychotropic drugs and renal failure: translating the evidence for clinical practice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The kidney is a primary route of drug elimination; abnormal kidney function is predicted to alter the pharmacokinetics of agents metabolized and/or excreted predominantly through this route. The high prevalence of mental disorders associated with psychotropic drug use in individuals with deteriorating renal function suggests there is a need to investigate the effects of renal failure on psychotropic pharmacokinetics. The aim of this review is to provide a clinically accessible overview of the effect of chronic renal failure on the pharmacokinetics for each of the major classes of prescribed psychotropic agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  All English language articles published between 1977 and 2008 were searched through PubMed, using the following keywords: "renal," "kidney," "pharmacokinetics," "renal impairment," "renal insufficiency," and "renal failure." Each of these search words was cross-referenced with the non-proprietary name of each psychotropic agent. The manufacturer's product insert was also reviewed for some agents for updated dosing. Owing to the lack of adequately powered studies, an inclusive manner was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Chronic renal failure variably affects the pharmacokinetic parameters of psychotropic drugs. A review of each psychotropic drug is provided, with an emphasis on the individual pharmacokinetic parameters and recommended dosing.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The adjudication of safe and effective doses for any psychotropic agent needs to be individualized. Tactics including dosage adjustment, slow titration, and careful monitoring for serious adverse events should be incorporated into practice.
authors.affiliation: King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
authors.forename: Nour T
authors.initials: NT
authors.lastname: Baghdady
authors.forename: Suman
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: Shari A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Swartz
authors.forename: Roger S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McIntyre
mesh_terms: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000378:metabolism*; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D018579:Patient Selection; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012449:Safety; D018490:Serotonin Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018765:Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs; D018490:Serotonin Agents