title: Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It has been postulated that castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) commonly remains hormone dependent. Abiraterone acetate is a potent, selective, and orally available inhibitor of CYP17, the key enzyme in androgen and estrogen biosynthesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a phase I/II study of abiraterone acetate in castrate, chemotherapy-naive CRPC patients (n = 54) with phase II expansion at 1,000 mg (n = 42) using a two-stage design to reject the null hypothesis if more than seven patients had a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) decline of > or = 50% (null hypothesis = 0.1; alternative hypothesis = 0.3; alpha = .05; beta = .14). Computed tomography scans every 12 weeks and circulating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration were performed. Prospective reversal of resistance at progression by adding dexamethasone 0.5 mg/d to suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone and upstream steroids was pursued.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A decline in PSA of > or = 50% was observed in 28 (67%) of 42 phase II patients, and declines of > or = 90% were observed in eight (19%) of 42 patients. Independent radiologic evaluation reported partial responses (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors) in nine (37.5%) of 24 phase II patients with measurable disease. Decreases in CTC counts were also documented. The median time to PSA progression (TTPP) on abiraterone acetate alone for all phase II patients was 225 days (95% CI, 162 to 287 days). Exploratory analyses were performed on all 54 phase I/II patients; the addition of dexamethasone at disease progression reversed resistance in 33% of patients regardless of prior treatment with dexamethasone, and pretreatment serum androgen and estradiol levels were associated with a probability of > or = 50% PSA decline and TTPP on abiraterone acetate and dexamethasone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CYP17 blockade by abiraterone acetate results in declines in PSA and CTC counts and radiologic responses, confirming that CRPC commonly remains hormone driven.
authors.affiliation: Royal Marsden National Health Service Foundation Trust, Sutton, Surrey, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: Gerhardt
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Attard
authors.forename: Alison H M
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: A'Hern
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Nikhil Babu
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Oommen
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Folkerd
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Messiou
authors.forename: L Rhoda
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Molife
authors.forename: Gal
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maier
authors.forename: Emilda
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Olmos
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Gloria
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Mitch
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dowsett
authors.forename: Stan B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Kaye
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dearnaley
authors.forename: Thian
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kheoh
authors.forename: Arturo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Molina
authors.forename: Johann S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: de Bono
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000726:Androgen Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000736:Androstenes; D000737:Androstenols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009376:Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D000726:Androgen Antagonists; D000736:Androstenes; D000737:Androstenols; D018931:Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013739:Testosterone; D013254:Steroid 17-alpha-Hydroxylase; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen; C089740:abiraterone