title: Personality disorder factors predict recovery of employment functioning among treated cocaine abusers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Identifying treatments that produce specific benefits in nondrug psychosocial functioning areas such as employment functioning has been illusive. Examination of dimensions of clinical status that moderate such effects may be useful in planning more effective interventions.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study is to determine if life stress and four dimensions of personality and psychopathology previously found to predict early post-treatment relapse in diverse groups of substance abusers, predict less recovery in employment functioning among 240 cocaine dependent males after completion of residential treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Latent growth curve analysis was used to determine if antisocial, avoidant, dependent, paranoid-delusional personality dimensions, and life event stress predict employment problem severity evident at drug treatment discharge and change in employment problems over three 3-month follow-up intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with higher employment severity at intake and those who spent less time in treatment tended to have greater employment problems at the predischarge. Two covariates were significant predictors of the linear growth component, and the set of covariates explained approximately 18% of the variation in the linear growth rates. Individuals with higher paranoid/delusional scores and lower educational attainment experienced less improvement in their employment status over follow-up.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Current findings appear consistent with those of McLellan and colleagues who found that greater psychiatric severity predicts poor response to treatment across multiple psychosocial outcomes including employment status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More intensive and long-term psychiatric treatment and vocational-educational rehabilitative services may be required for improvement in employment functioning among those with relatively severe psychopathology.
authors.affiliation: University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA. MCM7798@Bellsouth.net
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: McMahon
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Enders
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D017831:Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry); D004522:Educational Status; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005544:Forecasting; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010552:Personality Assessment; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D012114:Residential Treatment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications* / Q000523:psychology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult