title: Evaluation of toxic and interactive toxic effects of three agrochemicals and copper using a battery of microbiotests.
abstract: Three commonly used test organisms of different trophic levels (Vibrio fischeri, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Daphnia magna) were exposed to selected agrochemicals (fosthiazate, metalaxyl-M, imidacloprid) and copper, in single doses or in binary mixtures. The toxicity of each single compound varied up to two orders of magnitude, depending on the test species examined. V. fischeri was the most sensitive test organism regarding fosthiazate and metalaxyl-M, indicating an IC(50) value of 0.20 mg/L (0.17-0.25 mg/L) and 0.88 mg/L (0.35-1.57 mg/L), respectively. Imidacloprid was the least toxic compound, indicating an EC(50) value on D. magna of 64.6 mg/L (43.3-122.5 mg/L) and an IC(50) value on V. fischeri of 226 mg/L (159-322 mg/L), while for imidacloprid at a concentration of 1000 mg/L the effect on P. subcapitata was lower than 50%. Copper was the most toxic compound towards all test organisms exhibiting the highest toxic effect on P. subcapitata, with an IC(50) value of 0.05 mg/L (0.003-0.008 mg/L). The toxic effects of the binary mixtures have been compared to the theoretically expected effect, resulting from a simple mathematical model based on the theory of probabilities. The independent action model was used in order to predict the theoretically expected effect. The interactive effects were mostly antagonistic or additive, while in few cases (interactive effects of metalaxyl-M and copper on V. fischeri) a synergistic mode of action was observed for some concentration combinations. Experiments showed that interactive effects of chemicals may vary depending on the test species used as well as on the chemicals and their respective concentrations. Although most of the concentrations of chemicals tested in this study are higher than the ones usually found in natural environment, the evaluation of their interactive toxic effects using a battery of bioassays may comprise a useful tool for the estimation of the environmental hazard of chemicals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 38334, Volos, Greece.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kungolos
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Emmanouil
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Tsiridis
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tsiropoulos
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000633:toxicity*; D000409:Alanine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000633:toxicity; D048908:Aliivibrio fischeri / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D045424:Complex Mixtures / Q000633:toxicity; D003300:Copper / Q000633:toxicity*; D003621:Daphnia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D056890:Eukaryota / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000633:toxicity; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds / Q000633:toxicity; D012044:Regression Analysis; D053778:Thiazolidines / Q000633:toxicity; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D045424:Complex Mixtures; D007093:Imidazoles; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D009943:Organophosphorus Compounds; D053778:Thiazolidines; C028175:metalaxyl; C082359:imidacloprid; D003300:Copper; C493102:fosthiazate; D000409:Alanine; C029892:cupric chloride