title: Differential effects of protein quality on postprandial lipemia in response to a fat-rich meal in type 2 diabetes: comparison of whey, casein, gluten, and cod protein.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Enhanced and prolonged postprandial triglyceride responses involve increased cardiovascular disease risk in type 2 diabetes. Dietary fat and carbohydrates profoundly influence postprandial hypertriglyceridemia, whereas little information exists on the effect of proteins.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to compare the effects of the proteins casein, whey, cod, and gluten on postprandial lipid and incretin responses to a high-fat meal in persons with type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A crossover study was conducted in 12 patients with type 2 diabetes. Blood samples were collected over 8 h after ingestion of a test meal containing 100 g butter and 45 g carbohydrate in combination with 45 g casein (Cas-meal), whey (Whe-meal), cod (Cod-meal), or gluten (Glu-meal). We measured plasma concentrations of triglycerides, retinyl palmitate (RP), free fatty acids, insulin, glucose, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incremental area under the curve for triglyceride was significantly lower after the Whe-meal than after the other meals. The RP response was lower after the Whe-meal than after the Cas-meal and Cod-meal in the chylomicron-rich fraction and higher after the Whe-meal than after Cod- and Glu-meals in the chylomicron-poor fraction. Free fatty acids were most pronouncedly suppressed after the Whe-meal. The glucose response was lower after the Whe-meal than after the other meals, whereas no significant differences were found in insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide responses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data suggest that as a supplement to a fat-rich meal in patients with type 2 diabetes, whey protein seems to outperform other proteins in terms of postprandial lipemia improvement, possibly because of the formation of fewer chylomicrons or increased clearance of chylomicrons. The trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov as NCT00817973.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. lene.sundahl@ki.au.dk
authors.forename: Lene S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Mortensen
authors.forename: Merete L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hartvigsen
authors.forename: Lea J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Brader
authors.forename: Arne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Astrup
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schrezenmeir
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Holst
authors.forename: Claus
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Thomsen
authors.forename: Kjeld
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hermansen
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D002364:Caseins; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood*; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000592:standards*; D004224:Diterpenes; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005399:Fishes; D005934:Glucagon / Q000097:blood; D005983:Glutens; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008460:Meat; D008875:Middle Aged; D008894:Milk Proteins / Q000097:blood*; D019518:Postprandial Period / Q000502:physiology*; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014801:Vitamin A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D000067816:Whey Proteins
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002364:Caseins; D004041:Dietary Fats; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D004224:Diterpenes; D005230:Fatty Acids, Nonesterified; D005934:Glucagon; D005983:Glutens; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007328:Insulin; D008055:Lipids; D008894:Milk Proteins; D000084562:Retinyl Esters; D014280:Triglycerides; D014801:Vitamin A; D000067816:Whey Proteins; C014794:retinol palmitate