title: An anatomic and radiographic study of lumbar facets relevant to percutaneous transfacet fixation.
abstract: METHODS
  An anatomic study of lumbar facet anatomy for transfacet fixation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Describe the ideal starting point and trajectory for percutaneous transfacet fixation.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Percutaneous transfacet fixation is gaining popularity for posterior stabilization after anterior lumbar interbody fusion. Despite biomechanical and clinical studies, there are no anatomic guidelines for safe placement of percuatenous transfacet screws.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty L3-S1 facet joints from embalmed cadaveric spines were analyzed. Linear and angular measurements of the facets were recorded. Under direct visualization, the segments were pinned with an ipsilateral transfacet technique. The degrees of angulation in the sagittal and axial plane were recorded. The distances of the starting point relative to landmarks of the superior body were measured. Under fluoroscopy, radiographic parameters for ideal visualization of the pin and pin ending points were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inferior and superior facet heights ranged from 15.7 to 17.5 mm at all levels. The percentage of inferior facet extending below the L3 and L4 end plates was 84% and 86% respectively and decreased at L5 to 72%. The percentage of superior facet extending above the end plate ranged from 36% to 44% at all levels. The transverse facet angle progressively increased from L3 to S1. The L2-L3 segments could not be instrumented from the ipsilateral side due to the vertical facet orientation. For L3-S1 segments, the starting point in the coronal plane is based on the superior body of the instrumented segment and should be in line with the medial border of the pedicle in the medial-lateral direction and in line with the inferior end plate in the cranial-caudal direction. The screw should be laterally angulated approximately 15 degrees in the axial plane approximately 30 degrees caudally in the sagittal plane. The screw should end in the inferolateral quadrant of the pedicle on the AP radiograph and at the pedicle-vertebral body junction on the lateral radiograph. 35 degrees of axial rotation is the optimal fluoroscopic view for confirming screw placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ipsilateral transfacet fixation can be successfully performed in the L3-S1 segments by using the inferior end plate and medial pedicle wall of the superiorly instrumented level as anatomic landmarks in conjunction with axial and sagittal angles of insertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, NY Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10032, USA. Bws7@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Brian W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Su
authors.forename: Thomas D
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ernest W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: April
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Weidenbaum
authors.forename: Todd J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Albert
authors.forename: Alexander R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Vaccaro
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001858:Bone Nails; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011859:Radiography