title: MR imaging of bone metastases and choice of sequence: spin echo, in-phase gradient echo, diffusion, and contrast medium.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the only imaging technique allowing the direct visualization of the bone marrow and is the most sensitive to detect bone metastases. Sensitivity is high, but a good understanding and an informed choice of acquisition sequences can easily improve specificity. Fat and water distribution (spin echo), indirect visualization of bone trabeculae (in-phase gradient echo), evaluation of bone edema and cell density (diffusion), and the study of vascularization (contrast medium) should be cleverly combined to enable good detection and lesion characterization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Institut Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanel
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Casadei
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Alberghini
authors.forename: Manel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Razgallah
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Busacca
authors.forename: Ugo
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Albisinni
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology*; D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000556:secondary*; D003287:Contrast Media; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016103:Spinal Fractures / Q000175:diagnosis
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media