title: Did duty hour reform lead to better outcomes among the highest risk patients?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Earlier work demonstrated that ACGME duty hour reform did not adversely affect mortality, with slight improvement noted among specific subgroups.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether resident duty hour reform differentially affected the mortality risk of high severity patients or patients who experienced post-operative complications (failure-to-rescue).
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study using interrupted time series analysis with data from July 1, 2000 - June 30, 2005. Fixed effects logistic regression was used to examine the change in the odds of mortality or failure-to-rescue (FTR) in more versus less teaching-intensive hospitals before and after duty hour reform.
  
  
  METHODS
  All unique Medicare patients (n = 8,529,595) admitted to short-term acute care non-federal hospitals and all unique VA patients (n = 318,636 patients) with principal diagnoses of acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, stroke or a DRG classification of general, orthopedic or vascular surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We measured mortality within 30 days of hospital admission and FTR, measured by death among patients who experienced a surgical complication. The odds of mortality and FTR generally changed at similar rates for higher and lower risk patients in more vs. less teaching intensive hospitals. For example, comparing the mortality risk for the 10% of Medicare patients with highest risk to the other 90% of patients in post-reform year 1 for combined medical an OR of 1.01 [95% CI 0.90, 1.13], for combined surgical an OR of 0.91 [95% CI 0.80, 1.04], and for FTR an OR of 0.94 [95% CI 0.80, 1.09]. Findings were similar in year 2 for both Medicare and VA. The two exceptions were a relative increase in mortality for the highest risk medical (OR 1.63 [95% CI 1.08, 2.46]) and a relative decrease in the high risk surgical patients within VA in post-reform year 1 (OR 0.52 [95% CI 0.29, 0.96]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ACGME duty hour reform was not associated with any consistent improvements or worsening in mortality or failure-to-rescue rates for high risk medical or surgical patients.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Veterans Administration Hospital, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA. volpp70@wharton.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Kevin G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Volpp
authors.forename: Amy K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Rosen
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Rosenbaum
authors.forename: Patrick S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Kamal M F
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Itani
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bellini
authors.forename: Orit
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Even-Shoshan
authors.forename: Liyi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cen
authors.forename: Yanli
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Halenar
authors.forename: Jeffrey H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Silber
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006787:Hospitals, Veterans / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D008297:Male; D006278:Medicare / Q000592:standards / Q000639:trends; D005791:Patient Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D010561:Personnel Staffing and Scheduling / Q000592:standards* / Q000639:trends; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States