title: Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity of anionic dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine conjugates in activated microglial cells.
abstract: Dendrimers are emerging as potential intracellular drug delivery vehicles. Understanding and improving the cellular efficacy of dendrimer-drug conjugates, can lead to significant in vivo benefits. This study explores efficacy of anionic polyamidoamine (PAMAM-COOH) dendrimer-N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) conjugates for applications in neuroinflammation. The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate is evaluated on microglial cells in vitro. Cell entry and localization of PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate in BV-2 microglial cells were assessed using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. ELISA assays were used to evaluate markers of oxidative stress (ROS, NO) and inflammation (TNF-alpha) after stimulation of microglial cells with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), following treatment with increasing doses of free N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate containing an equivalent molar concentration of NAC. Flow cytometry and confocal microscopy demonstrated the PAMAM-(COOH)(62)-(FITC)(2) conjugate entered BV-2 cells rapidly with significant increase in fluorescence within 15 min and localized mostly in the cytoplasm. PAMAM-(COOH)(46)-(NAC)(18) conjugate was non-toxic, and significantly reduced ROS, NO and TNF-alpha release by activated microglial cells after 24 h and 72 h stimulation of LPS following 3h pre-treatment when compared to the same concentration of free NAC (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Anionic PAMAM dendrimer-NAC conjugate was synthesized with a glutathione sensitive linker for intracellular release. The non-toxic conjugate is a more effective anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agent when compared to free NAC in vitro. The conjugate showed significant efficacy even at the lowest dose (0.5mM NAC), where the activity was comparable or better than that of free drug at 8mM (16x higher dosage). The improved efficacy of the conjugate, when combined with the intrinsic neuroinflammation-targeting ability of the PAMAM dendrimers, may provide new opportunities for in vivo applications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics (Critical Care Medicine), Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Raghavendra S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Navath
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Romero
authors.forename: Sujatha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: Rangaramanujam
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kannan
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000838:Anions; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D050091:Dendrimers; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; C104700:PAMAM Starburst; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D011073:Polyamines; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D000111:Acetylcysteine