title: Analysis of magnetic elements in otoliths of the macula lagena in homing pigeons with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The macula lagena in birds is located at the apical end of the cochlea and contains many tiny otoliths. The macula lagena is innervated and has neural projections to the brainstem, but its physiological function is still unclear. It remains disputable that it is because otoliths in the lagena are rich in elements Fe and Zn that birds can obtain geomagnetic information for homing. To clarify this issue, we carried out a study to determine whether or not otoliths in the lagena of homing pigeons are richer in magnetic elements than those in the saccule and the utricle.
  
  
  METHODS
  The contents of ferromagnetic elements (Fe, Co, Ni) and other metal elements in lagenal otoliths of adult homing pigeons were precisely analyzed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) of high sensitivity, and then they were compared with those in saccular and utricular otoliths (all the contents were normalized to Ca).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In adult homing pigeons, the contents of ferromagnetic elements (Fe, Co, Ni) in lagenal otoliths were less than 0.7% (normalized to Ca element) and were the same order in magnitude as those in saccular and utricular otoliths. The content of Fe in lagenal otoliths was not significantly different from that in utricular otoliths and was even lower than that in saccular otoliths. The content of Co in lagenal otoliths was lower than that in saccular otoliths and higher than that in utricular otoliths. The content of Ni in lagenal otoliths was not significantly different from that in saccular otoliths and was higher than that in utricular otoliths. The contents of other metal elements Na, Mg, K, Al, Mn and Pb in lagenal otoliths were not significantly different from those in utricular and saccular otoliths. The contents of metal elements Zn, Ba and Cu in lagenal otoliths were lower than those in saccular otoliths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The contents of magnetic elements in lagenal otoliths of homing pigeons are not much higher than those in utricular and saccular otoliths, which does not support the hypothesis that birds depend on high contents of Fe and Zn in lagenal otoliths for sensation of geomagnetic information. Similarities in morphology, element ingredient and element content between lagenal otoliths and utricular otoliths suggest that the two types of otolithic organs may play similar roles in sensing gravitational and acceleration signals.
authors.affiliation: Auditory Research Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Yi-Na
authors.initials: YN
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Lv
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D008267:Acoustic Maculae / Q000166:cytology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D010856:Columbidae / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004602:Elements; D005260:Female; D008280:Magnetics; D008297:Male; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D010037:Otolithic Membrane / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004602:Elements