title: Ketamine delays mortality in an experimental model of hemorrhagic shock and subsequent sepsis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In previous studies ketamine was reported to improve survival and decrease serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration after sepsis alone and after burn injury followed by sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine whether ketamine alters survival and/or IL-6 after hemorrhagic shock alone or hemorrhagic shock followed by sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were subjected to hemorrhagic shock with or without subsequent Gram-negative bacterial sepsis and were either treated with ketamine 5 mg/kg or were not treated. Blood was sampled for IL-6 determination prior to hemorrhage, at the completion of resuscitation, and at 6 and 30 h later. Mortality was recorded for 7 days following hemorrhage or hemorrhage+sepsis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After hemorrhage+sepsis the time to median mortality was significantly later in the ketamine-treated group (36 h) than in the control group (12 h). At 12h the survival rate of the ketamine-treated group (100%) was significantly higher than in the control group (55%). There were no significant differences between groups with respect to IL-6 or 7-day survival after either hemorrhage+sepsis or hemorrhage alone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketamine improved 12h survival and delayed mortality after hemorrhage+sepsis without significantly altering IL-6, and did not alter survival or IL-6 after hemorrhage alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery and Trauma Unit, Soroka Medical Centre and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.
authors.forename: Gad
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shaked
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Grinberg
authors.forename: Yuval
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sufaro
authors.forename: Amos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Douvdevani
authors.forename: Yoram
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Shapira
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Artru
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Czeiger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality*; D015996:Survival Rate; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D015850:Interleukin-6; D007649:Ketamine