title: Clinical characteristics and cardiac outcome of acute rheumatic fever in Italy in the last 15 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze clinical characteristics, cardiac outcome and response to therapy of an Italian pediatric population affected with acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in the last 15 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  135 patients with ARF (aged 2-14.9 years, mean 8.4+/-2.5 years) diagnosed from 1992 to 2006 at the Pediatric Rheumatology Centre of the University of Milan (Italy) were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent physical examination, laboratory evaluation, electrocardiogram and echocardiography. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 - patients with complete adherence to updated Jones criteria (107 patients), and group 2 - exceptions (28 patients). Echocardiographic criteria were used to confirm the presence of carditis and to evaluate severity of mitral (MR) and aortic regurgitation (AR) at diagnosis and after treatment with steroids or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)/non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We observed a persistence of ARF in the last 15 years (mean 9 new cases/year with a peak of 19 cases in 2000). Carditis and arthritis were the main major criteria observed (102/135 and 71/135 patients respectively), then chorea (29/135), erythema marginatum (8/135) and subcutaneous nodules (1/135). Arthritis and chorea resolved completely with various therapies. At the last follow-up (> or =5 years) in group 1, loss of MR was observed in 46% steroid-treated (26/56 cases) and in 39% ASA/NSAID-treated (7/18 cases) patients and loss of AR in 59% steroid-treated (22/38) and 2/7 ASA/NSAID-treated patients (p>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Incidence of ARF is clinically important currently in the area of northern Italy. Non-suppurative complications of streptococcal pharyngitis should be considered when deciding therapy in a pediatric patient that presents with sore throat.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Pediatric Rheumatology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan. angela.grassi@libero.it
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Grassi
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fesslovà
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carnelli
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Boati
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell'era
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Salice
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardare
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corona
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012214:Rheumatic Heart Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*