title: Alpha-tomatine inactivates PI3K/Akt and ERK signaling pathways in human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells: effect on metastasis.
abstract: This study first investigates the anti-metastatic effect of alpha-tomatine in the human lung adenocarcinoma cell line: A549. In this study, we first noted alpha-tomatine inhibited A549 cells invasion and migration by wound-healing assay and Boyden chamber assay. The data also showed alpha-tomatine could inhibit phosphorylation of Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), which is involved in the up-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) or urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA), whereas it did not affect phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. Next, alpha-tomatine significantly decreased the nuclear levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), c-Fos, and c-Jun. Also, treating A549 cells with alpha-tomatine also leads to a dose-dependent inhibition on the binding abilities of NF-kappaB and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Further, the treatment of inhibitors specific for PI3K (Wortmannin) or ERK (U0126) to A549 cells could cause reduced activities of MMP-2, MMP-9, and u-PA. These results showed alpha-tomatine could inhibit the metastatic ability of A549 cells by reducing MMP-2, MMP-9, and u-PA activities through suppressing phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/Akt) or ERK1/2 signaling pathway and inhibition NF-kappaB or AP-1 binding activities. These findings proved alpha-tomatine might be an anti-metastatic agent against human lung adenocarcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Science and Technology and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Science, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Yuan-Wei
authors.initials: YW
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Jiunn-Min
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Shieh
authors.forename: Pei-Fen
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Yi-Chieh
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Yi-Zhi
authors.initials: YZ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Tai-An
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Chiang
mesh_terms: D002240:Carbohydrate Sequence; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement / Q000187:drug effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects; D004396:Coloring Agents; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness / Q000473:pathology; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000187:drug effects*; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000187:drug effects*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects*; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; D014053:Tomatine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C484751:alpha-tomatine; D014053:Tomatine; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D014568:Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; C022616:thiazolyl blue