title: Electroencephalographic responses of halothane - anaesthetised calves to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether the electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to slaughter by ventral-neck incision without prior stunning may be perceived as painful in halothane-anaesthetised calves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen Angus steers were minimally anaesthetised with halothane, using an established anaesthesia protocol. EEG indices were recorded bilaterally for 5 minutes prior to and 5 minutes following ventral-neck incision. A single incision was made in the ventral aspect of the neck, severing all tissues ventral to the vertebral column including the major blood vessels supplying and draining the head. Changes in the median frequency (F50), 95% spectral edge frequency (F95) and total power of the EEG (Ptot) were used to investigate the effects of ventral-neck incision. At the completion of the experiment, brains of calves were examined histologically.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the 30 seconds following ventral-neck incision, the F95 and Ptot showed significant changes (p<0.05) compared with pre-treatment values. The F50 increased significantly from recordings from the right side of the cranium. No gross or histological abnormalities were detected in the brains following slaughter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first investigation of the noxiousness of slaughter by ventral-neck incision, using EEG spectral analysis. It demonstrated that there is a period following slaughter where ventral-neck incision represents a noxious stimulus.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murrell
authors.forename: C M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Hulls
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mitchinson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: A C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Johnstone
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008297:Male; D009333:Neck / Q000601:surgery*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane