title: Self-reported ADHD and adjustment in college: cross-sectional and longitudinal findings.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the association between self-reported ADHD and college adjustment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study 1 included nearly 3400 undergraduates attending a public and private university. Study 2 included 846 students who participated during freshman and sophomore year.
  
  
  METHODS
  Students completed a web-based survey that assessed diagnostic status and adjustment in multiple domains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Relative to other students, those with self-reported ADHD had lower GPAs and reported more academic concerns, depressive symptoms, social concerns, emotional instability, and substance use. Overall, however, most were making satisfactory adjustments in these domains. Benefits of medication treatment were not found. Freshman year ADHD predicted lower GPA, increased academic concerns and alcohol use, and smoking initiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Students with ADHD struggled relative to peers but most were adjusting reasonably well across multiple domains. Future research should move beyond the use of self-reported diagnosis and more carefully examine the impact of medication treatment in this population.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
authors.forename: Stacey L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Blase
authors.forename: Adrianne N
authors.initials: AN
authors.lastname: Gilbert
authors.forename: Arthur D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Anastopoulos
authors.forename: E Jane
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Rick H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hoyle
authors.forename: H Scott
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Swartzwelder
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Rabiner
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010379:Peer Group; D012649:Self Concept; D012917:Social Adjustment; D012919:Social Behavior; D012931:Social Environment; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014495:Universities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*