title: Risk factors and viruses associated with hospitalization due to lower respiratory tract infections in Canadian Inuit children : a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors for lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) hospital admission in the Canadian Arctic.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a case-control study during a 14-month period among children less than 2 years of age. Cases were admitted to the Baffin Regional Hospital in Iqaluit, Nunavut with LRTI. Controls were age matched and came from Iqaluit and 2 communities. Odds ratios (ORs) of hospital admission for LRTI were estimated through multivariate conditional logistic regression modeling for following risk factors: smoking in pregnancy, Inuit race, prematurity, adoption status, breast-feeding, overcrowding, and residing outside of Iqaluit. Viruses in nasophayngeal aspirates were sought at the time of each hospital admission.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 101 age-matched cases and controls. The following risk factors were significantly associated with an increased risk of admission for LRTI (adjusted OR): smoking in pregnancy (OR = 4.0; 95% CI: 1.1-14.6), residence outside of Iqaluit (OR = 2.7; 95% CI: 1.0 -7.2), full Inuit race (OR = 3.8; 95% CI: 1.1-12.8), and overcrowding (OR = 2.5, 95% CI: 1.1- 6.1). Non-breast-fed children had a 3.6-fold risk of being admitted for LRTI (95% CI: 1.2-11.5) and non-breast-fed adopted children had a 4.4-fold increased risk (95% CI: 1.1-17.6) when compared with breast-fed, nonadopted children. Prematurity was not associated with an increased risk of admission. Viruses were identified in 88 (72.7%) of admissions, with respiratory syncytial virus being identified in the majority of admissions, 62 (51.2%). Multiple viruses were isolated in 19 (15.7%) admissions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking during pregnancy, place of residence, Inuit race, lack of breast-feeding, and overcrowding were all independently associated with increased risk of hospital admission for LRTI among Inuit children less than 2 years of age. Future research on the role of adoption and genetics on the health of Inuit children are required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, St. Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. anna.banerji@utoronto.ca
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banerji
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Laura Forsberg
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: White
authors.forename: W Alexander
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Macdonald
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saxton
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Douglas
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sage
authors.forename: Muhammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mamdani
authors.forename: Krista L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Lanctôt
authors.forename: James B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Mahony
authors.forename: Mia
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dingle
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roberts
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D004930:Inuit; D016015:Logistic Models; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012136:Respiratory Syncytial Viruses / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000821:virology*; D012229:Rhinovirus / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000821:virology*