title: Sub-optimal CD4 recovery on long-term suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy is associated with favourable outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine risk factors for sub-optimal CD4 recovery on suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and assess long-term clinical and immunological outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis of 286 HIV-positive patients from a university clinic who initiated HAART with CD4 count <350 cells/microL between January 1996 and July 2006 and achieved > or =52 weeks of viral suppression (VS). Sub-optimal and optimal CD4 count recovery were defined by gains of <150 and > or =150 cells/microL during the first year of VS, respectively. Risk factors were analysed by multivariate logistic regression and markers of immune maturation and activation were evaluated prospectively for a sub-group of patients with prolonged (>5 years) VS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred and two (36%) patients had sub-optimal CD4 recovery. Male gender, lower pre-HAART viral load, HAART toxicity and use of opportunistic infection (OI) prophylaxis were independent risk factors on multivariate analysis (P<0.05). Outcomes of duration of VS on HAART (4 years), new OI events (1%) and mortality (5%) were similar between groups. Markers of immune maturation and activation were higher among patients with sub-optimal CD4 recovery (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among HIV-positive patients with long-term VS, sub-optimal CD4 recovery was common but morbidity and mortality remained low. In addition, persistent CD4 T-cell activation appeared to blunt long-term CD4 gains.
authors.affiliation: Department of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Box 8051, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. nonen@im.wustl.edu
authors.forename: N F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Onen
authors.forename: E T
authors.initials: ET
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Presti
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blair
authors.forename: W G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Powderly
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mondy
mesh_terms: D000163:Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000401:mortality; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000401:mortality; D006801:Humans; D007156:Immunologic Memory; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D019562:Viral Load / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents