title: Menopausal symptoms.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Menopause is a physiological event. In the UK, the median age for onset of menopausal symptoms is 45.5-47.5 years. Although endocrine changes are permanent, menopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, which are experienced by about 70% of women, usually resolve with time, but can persist for decades in some women.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of medical treatments for menopausal symptoms? What are the effects of non-prescribed treatments for menopausal symptoms? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to December 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 64 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: angus castus, antidepressants, black cohosh, clonidine, oestrogens, phyto-oestrogens, progestogens, testosterone, and tibolone.
authors.affiliation: Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.
authors.forename: Edward P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rymer
mesh_terms: D014481:United States; D014486:United States Food and Drug Administration