title: Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and mass balance of radiolabeled dihydroartemisinin in male rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a powerful anti-malarial drug, has been used as monotherapy and artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) for more than decades. So far, however, the tissue distribution and metabolic profile of DHA data are not available from animal and humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, mass balance, and elimination of [14C] DHA have been studieded in rats following a single intravenous administration. Protein binding was performed with rat and human plasma. Drug concentrations were obtained up to 192 hr from measurements of total radioactivity and drug concentration to determine the contribution by the parent and metabolites to the total dose of drug injected from whole blood, plasma, urine and faecal samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug was widely distributed after 1 hr and rapidly declined at 24 hr in all tissues except spleen until 96 hrs. Only 0.81% of the total radioactivity was detected in rat brain tissue. DHA revealed a high binding capacity with both rat and human plasma proteins (76-82%). The concentration of total radioactivity in the plasma fraction was less than 25% of that in blood total. Metabolism of DHA was observed with high excretion via bile into intestines and approximately 89-95% dose of all conjugations were accounted for in blood, urine and faeces. However, the majority of elimination of [14C] DHA was through urinary excretion (52% dose). The mean terminal half-lives of plasma and blood radioactivity (75.57-122.13 h) were significantly prolonged compared with that of unchanged DHA (1.03 h).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In rat brain, the total concentration of [14C] was 2-fold higher than that in plasma, indicating the radioactivity could easily penetrate the brain-blood barrier. Total radioactivity distributed in RBC was about three- to four-fold higher than that in plasma, suggesting that the powerful anti-malarial potency of DHA in the treatment of blood stage malaria may relate to the high RBC binding. Biliary excretion and multiple concentration peaks of DHA have been demonstrated with high urinary excretion due to a most likely drug re-absorption in the intestines (enterohepatic circulation). The long lasting metabolites of DHA (> 192 hr) in the rats may be also related to the enterohepatic circulation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910-7500, USA. lisa.xie@amedd.army.mil
authors.forename: Lisa H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Qigui
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jing
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Weina
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008657:Metabolic Clearance Rate; D055442:Metabolome / Q000187:drug effects; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; C039060:artenimol