title: Long-term outcome of transcatheter embolotherapy for acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to assess the safety, short- and long-term efficacy, and durability of transcatheter embolization for lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage (LGH) unresponsive to endoscopic therapy and to analyze the overall survival of the embolized patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and January 2008, 122 patients were referred for angiographic evaluation to control major LGH. Overall, 43 patients (35.3%) presented with angiographic signs of contrast extravasation. In 39 patients (26 men, 13 women; mean age 67.7 years), a transcatheter embolization was performed to stop the bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all 39 patients, no contrast extravasation could be depicted on completion of angiography after embolization. Rebleeding occurred in eight patients (20%), in six of them within the first 30 days after embolization. Ischemic intestinal complications requiring surgery occurred in four patients (10%) within 24 h after embolization. Long-term follow-up depicted estimated survival rates of 70.6, 56.5, and 50.8% after 1, 3, and 5 years, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcatheter embolotherapy to treat lower gastrointestinal bleeding is very effective, with a relatively low rebleeding and ischemic complication rate, mostly occurring within the first month after the embolization. Long-term follow-up shows a very low late rebleeding rate, and half of the embolized patients survive more than 5 years. This study shows that the majority of patients presenting with lower gastrointestinal bleeding, unresponsive to endoscopic therapy, do not benefit from transcatheter embolization. In cases of angiography extravasation, a good immediate clinical outcome-defined as high immediate success with acceptable rebleeding-and ischemic complication rate may be obtained.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven B-3000, Belgium. geert.maleux@uzleuven.be
authors.forename: Geert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maleux
authors.forename: Filip
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Roeflaer
authors.forename: Sam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heye
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vandersmissen
authors.forename: Anne-Sophie
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Vliegen
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Demedts
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wilmer
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002404:Catheterization; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors