title: Assessment of mitral valve anatomy and geometry with multislice computed tomography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present study was to assess the anatomy and geometry of the mitral valve by using 64-slice multislice computed tomography (MSCT).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Because it yields detailed anatomic information, MSCT may provide more insight into the underlying mechanisms of functional mitral regurgitation (FMR).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 151 patients, including 67 patients with heart failure (HF) and 29 patients with moderate to severe FMR, 64-slice MSCT coronary angiography was performed. The anatomy of the subvalvular apparatus of the mitral valve was assessed; mitral valve geometry, comprising the mitral valve tenting height and leaflet tethering, was evaluated at the anterolateral, central, and posteromedial levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the majority of patients, the anatomy of the subvalvular apparatus was highly variable because of multiple anatomic variations in the posterior papillary muscle (PM): the anterior PM had a single insertion, whereas the posterior PM showed multiple heads and insertions (n = 114; 83%). The assessment of mitral valve geometry demonstrated that patients with HF with moderate to severe FMR had significantly increased posterior leaflet angles and mitral valve tenting heights at the central (44.4 degrees +/- 11.9 degrees vs. 37.1 degrees +/- 9.0 degrees, p = 0.008; 6.6 +/- 1.4 mm/m(2) vs. 5.3 +/- 1.3 mm/m(2), p < 0.0001, respectively) and posteromedial levels (35.9 degrees +/- 10.6 degrees vs. 26.8 degrees +/- 10.1 degrees, p = 0.04; 5.4 +/- 1.6 mm/m(2) vs. 4.1 +/- 1.2 mm/m(2), p < 0.0001, respectively), as compared with patients with HF without FMR. In addition, a more outward displacement of the PMs, reflected by a higher mitral valve sphericity index, was observed in patients with HF with FMR (1.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.2 +/- 0.3, p = 0.004). Mitral valve tenting height at the central level and mitral valve sphericity index were the strongest determinants of FMR severity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MSCT provides anatomic and geometric information on the mitral valve apparatus. In patients with HF with moderate to severe FMR, a more pronounced tethering of the mitral leaflets at the central and posteromedial levels was demonstrated using MSCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Delgado
authors.forename: Laurens F
authors.initials: LF
authors.lastname: Tops
authors.forename: Joanne D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Schuijf
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Roos
authors.forename: Josep
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brugada
authors.forename: Martin J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Schalij
authors.forename: James D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Jeroen J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bax
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D018618:Echocardiography, Doppler, Color; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015588:Observer Variation; D010210:Papillary Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed