title: The intranigral injection of tissue plasminogen activator induced blood-brain barrier disruption, inflammatory process and degeneration of the dopaminergic system of the rat.
abstract: Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only drug approved for the treatment of thromboembolic stroke, but it might lead to some neurotoxic side effects. tPA is a highly specific serine proteinase, one of the two principal plasminogen activators and one of the three trypsin-like serine proteinases of the tissue kallikrein family. We have observed that tPA injection in the SN leads to the degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons in a dose-dependent manner, without affecting the GABAergic neurons. We also found that tPA injected in the substantia nigra of rats produced the disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, the induction of microglial activation, the loss of astroglia and the expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4), as well as an increase in the expression of NMDA receptors and the brain derived neurothrophic factor (BDNF). All these effects, along with the changes produced in the phosphorylated forms of several MAP kinases and the transcription factor CREB, and the increase in the expression of nNOS and iNOS observed under our experimental conditions, could be involved in the loss of dopaminergic neurons.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Bioquímica, Bromatología, Toxicología y Medicina Legal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, c/Profesor García González, 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
authors.forename: Ruth F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Villarán
authors.forename: Rocío M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Pablos
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Argüelles
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Espinosa-Oliva
authors.forename: Mayka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tomás-Camardiel
authors.forename: Antonio J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Herrera
authors.forename: Josefina
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cano
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machado
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001253:Astrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects*; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects; D008845:Microinjections; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013378:Substantia Nigra / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator / Q000633:toxicity*; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000378:metabolism; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
chemical_list: D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D005680:gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D010959:Tissue Plasminogen Activator; D004298:Dopamine