title: An item response theory-based assessment of the pain assessment checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC).
abstract: Pain is often undetected in older people with dementia partly due to a deterioration of cognitive functioning. Observational scales enable the measurement of pain by registering physiological changes, facial expressions, or behaviors. Previous research showed that the Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC) is especially useful to measure pain in older people with dementia. PACSLAC was recently translated into Dutch and refined, thus forming PACSLAC-D. The current study uses a different approach to refining PACSLAC by (1) selecting items on the basis of ratings of nursing personnel and (2) applying confirmatory robust maximum likelihood factor analysis and (3) item response theory to investigate the psychometric properties of the selected items. Of the items that nursing personnel frequently registered, 18 valid and reliable items remained. Fourteen of these 18 items were also selected for PACSLAC-D, which confirms that these items are valid and reliable indicators of pain in older people with dementia. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that a 3-factor model is most adequate to describe the data. Differential item functioning analyses indicated that 2 items were biased. Ultimately, a refined version of PACSLAC was created that nursing personnel with different educational backgrounds might use to assess pain in older people with varying degrees of dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This article describes the selection of items of PACSLAC on the basis of ratings of nursing personnel. By comparing this item selection with the items selected for PACSLAC-D, one can confirm that certain items are sound indicators of pain, whereas others need some attention (eg, through the training of raters).
authors.affiliation: Department of Methodology and Statistics, Faculty of Health, Medicine, and Life Sciences, School for Public Health and Primary Care: CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands. stephanie.vannispen@stat.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Stephanie C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: van Nispen tot Pannerden
authors.forename: Math J J M
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Candel
authors.forename: Sandra M G
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zwakhalen
authors.forename: Jan P H
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Hamers
authors.forename: Leopold M G
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Curfs
authors.forename: Martijn P F
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Berger
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003147:Communication Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009726:Nurses; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics / Q000379:methods; D012372:ROC Curve; D055815:Young Adult