title: Stress-induced ulcer bleeding in critically ill patients.
abstract: Increased knowledge of risk factors and improved ICU care has decreased the incidence of stress-related bleeding. Not all critically ill patients need prophylaxis for SRMD and withholding such prophylaxis in suitable low-risk candidates is a reasonable and cost-effective approach. Mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours and coagulopathy are the main risk factors for stress-induced upper GI bleeding. Although intravenous H2RAs can prevent clinically important bleeding, their benefits seem to be limited by the rapid development of tolerance. The availability of intravenous formulations of PPIs makes it possible to critically compare their prophylactic efficacy and safety to different classes of acid-suppressive agents, such as H2RAs, in critically ill patients. The appropriate dose of PPI and the role of newer PPI formulations need to be further defined along with proposed guidelines for the use of intravenous and oral/enteral formulations of PPIs in patients at risk for stress-related mucosal damage.
authors.affiliation: Section of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1360 WP, 920 SL Young Boulevard, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
authors.forename: Tauseef
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Richard F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Harty
mesh_terms: D016638:Critical Illness; D005753:Gastric Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006633:Histamine Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D013276:Stomach Ulcer / Q000150:complications*; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013315:Stress, Psychological
chemical_list: D006633:Histamine Antagonists; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors