title: Advertising of OTC products in a Nigerian urban setting: content analysis for indications, targets, and advertising appeal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the indications for which treatments were promoted, the segments of population targeted, and the type and extent of advertising appeal used for over-the-counter (OTC) products in a Nigerian urban setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional design, the content of advertisements for OTC products on radio, television, and billboards in a city in southwestern Nigeria were assessed during a 3-month period. Two coders independently assessed 1,492 advertisements for 49 brands of OTC products (interrater reliability [Cohen's kappa] = 0.83 [95% CI 0.80-0.90]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent indications for OTC products were aches and pain (42.9%), anemia/malnutrition (34.8%), and malaria (22.2%). Of advertisements, 92% were targeted at the primary end user. Use of appeal related to efficacy (100%), psychosocial enhancement (80%), and ease of use (40%) in visual, written, and audio messages was highest in ads on billboards. Efficacy appeal had the highest frequency across the three advertising media (100%); ease-of-use and safety appeal had the lowest frequency (40% and 7.4%, respectively). Nigerian movie stars were used as brand icons in advertisements of OTC products on radio (59.5%), television (52.9%), and billboards (49.6%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The majority of advertisements for OTC products in a Nigerian urban setting used advertising appeal related to efficacy and psychosocial enhancement. Promotional efforts by pharmaceutical manufacturers appear to focus on positive emotional appeal to influence drug purchase and use decisions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. yusuffkby@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: Kazeem B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Yusuff
authors.forename: Akeem
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yusuf
mesh_terms: D000329:Advertising / Q000379:methods*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004345:Drug Industry / Q000379:methods*; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D009549:Nigeria; D004366:Nonprescription Drugs / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011845:Radio; D013690:Television; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D004366:Nonprescription Drugs