title: Cost consequences of HIV-associated lipoatrophy.
abstract: HIV-associated lipoatrophy may affect up to 35% of patients who have received antiretroviral (ARV) regimens for more than one year, and may result in depression, social isolation, and career barriers. Interventions including the injection of dermal fillers for restoration of facial fat loss are being used for treating HIV-associated lipoatrophy. Since reimbursement is often lacking, patients must consider the pros and cons of such interventions, weighed against the other costs of daily life. The primary goal of the study is to provide reliable estimates of the costs of treating HIV-associated lipoatrophy, specifically facial lipoatrophy. Costs are provided for a single site and are estimated from published studies reporting administration patterns of dermal fillers, publicly available list prices, and physician service fees for similar subcutaneous injections of the face. Fourteen studies were identified that reported experience with five dermal fillers used to treat HIV-associated facial lipoatrophy: poly-L-lactic acid, calcium hydroxylapatite, polyalkylimide gel, hyaluronic acid, and silicone oil. Typical courses involve four physician visits, but could vary from 1 to 13. The cost of a course of dermal filler treatment at a single site ranges across four products (all other than hyaluronic acid) from $3690 to $16,544, and is typically not covered by the payers. Physician fees for an entire course of similar outpatient procedures reimbursed by insurers are approximately $500, and may vary according to location, specialty, and market conditions. These procedures need to be repeated per site injected with intervals of 1-3 years. Treatment of HIV-associated lipoatrophy may represent a considerable out-of-pocket expense for many patients with HIV. This could have implications for deciding whether to undergo a restorative procedure, which procedure to undergo, and whether to pursue other options that may include switching ARV regimens.
authors.affiliation: Cedar Associates LLC, Menlo Park, CA, USA. jhornberger@cedarecon.com
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hornberger
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajagopalan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shewade
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Loutfy
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000191:economics*; D005145:Face / Q000601:surgery*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008060:Lipodystrophy / Q000191:economics* / Q000209:etiology
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D001672:Biocompatible Materials