title: Local anaesthesia for manipulation of nasal fractures: systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the most effective local anaesthetic method for manipulation of nasal fractures, and to compare the efficacy of local anaesthesia with that of general anaesthesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review and meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, National Research Register and metaRegister of Controlled Trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomised, controlled trials comparing general anaesthesia with local anaesthesia or comparing different local anaesthetic techniques. Non-randomised studies were also systematically reviewed and appraised. No language restrictions were applied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five randomised, controlled trials were included, three comparing general anaesthesia versus local anaesthesia and two comparing different local anaesthetic methods. No significant differences were found between local anaesthesia and general anaesthesia as regards pain, cosmesis or nasal patency. The least painful local anaesthetic method was topical tetracaine gel applied to the nasal dorsum together with topical intranasal cocaine solution. Minimal adverse events were reported with local anaesthesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Local anaesthesia appears to be a safe and effective alternative to general anaesthesia for pain relief during nasal fracture manipulation, with no evidence of inferior outcomes. The least uncomfortable local anaesthetic method included topical tetracaine gel.
authors.affiliation: Department of ENT, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK. neil@chadhanet.com
authors.forename: Neil K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Chadha
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Repanos
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Carswell
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000379:methods*; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000379:methods*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008349:Manipulation, Orthopedic / Q000379:methods*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000293:injuries*; D015508:Nasal Obstruction / Q000628:therapy*; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic