Fruit and vegetable intakes and subsequent changes in body weight in European populations: results from the project on Diet, Obesity, and Genes (DiOGenes).
BACKGROUND
High fruit and vegetable intakes may limit weight gain, particularly in susceptible persons, such as those who stop smoking.


OBJECTIVE
The objective was to assess the association of fruit and vegetable intake with subsequent weight change in a large-scale prospective study.


METHODS
The data used were from 89,432 men and women from 5 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). The association between fruit and vegetable intake and weight change after a mean follow-up of 6.5 y was assessed by linear regression. Polytomous logistic regression was used to evaluate whether fruit and vegetable intake relates to weight gain, weight loss, or both.


RESULTS
Per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables, weight change was -14 g/y (95% CI: -19, -9 g/y). In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, this value was -37 g/y (95% CI: -58, -15 g/y; P for interaction < 0.0001). When weight gain and loss were analyzed separately per 100-g intake of fruit and vegetables in a combined model, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.97 (0.95, 0.98) for weight gain > or =0.5 and <1 kg/y, 0.94 (0.92, 0.96) for weight gain > or =1 kg/y, and 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) for weight loss > or =0.5 kg/y. In those who stopped smoking during follow-up, the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 0.93 (0.88, 0.99), 0.87 (0.81, 0.92), and 0.97 (0.88, 1.07), respectively (P for interaction < 0.0001).


CONCLUSIONS
Fruit and vegetable intake relates significantly, albeit weakly inversely, to weight change. For persons who stop smoking, high fruit and vegetable intakes may be recommended to reduce the risk of weight gain.
Buijsse
Brian
B
German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Department of Epidemiology, Nuthetal, Germany. brian.buijsse@dife.de
Feskens
Edith J M
EJ
Schulze
Matthias B
MB
Forouhi
Nita G
NG
Wareham
Nicholas J
NJ
Sharp
Stephen
S
Palli
Domenico
D
Tognon
Gianluca
G
Halkjaer
Jytte
J
Tjønneland
Anne
A
Jakobsen
Marianne U
MU
Overvad
Kim
K
van der A
Daphne L
DL
Du
Huaidong
H
Sørensen
Thorkild I A
TI
Boeing
Heiner
H
D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D014675:Vegetables; D015430:Weight Gain; D015431:Weight Loss