title: Predictors of cardiovascular damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: data from LUMINA (LXVIII), a multiethnic US cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the features predictive of atherosclerotic cardiovascular damage in patients with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  SLE LUMINA (LUpus in MInorities: NAture vs nurture) patients (n = 637), aged >or=16 years, disease duration <or=5 years at baseline (T0), of African-American, Hispanic and Caucasian ethnicity were studied. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular damage was defined by the following items of the SLICC Damage Index (SDI) cardiovascular domain: angina or coronary artery by pass surgery, myocardial infarction and/or congestive heart failure; factors associated with its occurrence were examined by univariable and multivariable regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three (6.8%) of 637 patients developed cardiovascular damage over a mean +/- S.D. total disease duration of 6.6 +/- 3.6 years. Nearly 90% of the patients were women with a mean +/- s.d. age of 36.5 (12.6) years; all ethnic groups were represented. By multivariable analyses, after adjusting for the cardiovascular manifestations present, age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.06; 95% CI 1.03, 1.09], male gender (OR = 3.57; 95% CI 1.35, 9.09) SDI at baseline (OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.09, 1.50) and CRP levels [highest tertile (OR = 2.63; 95% CI 1.17, 5.91)] were associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular damage, whereas the number of years of education was negatively associated with such outcome (OR = 0.85; 95% CI 0.74, 0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that atherosclerotic cardiovascular damage in SLE is multifactorial; traditional (age, gender) and disease-related factors (CRP levels, SDI at baseline) appear to be important contributors to such an occurrence. Tight control of the inflammatory process must be achieved to prevent it.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
authors.forename: Guillermo J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Pons-Estel
authors.forename: Luis A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: González
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Paula I
authors.initials: PI
authors.lastname: Burgos
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Reveille
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilá
authors.forename: Graciela S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Alarcón
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000150:complications* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D002097:C-Reactive Protein