title: Occurrence of HSV-1-induced pneumonitis in patients under standard immunosuppressive therapy for rheumatic, vasculitic, and connective tissue disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) has been described to cause respiratory tract infections in critically ill patients or in individuals that are immunocompromised. It is a continuing matter of debate under which circumstances HSV-1 is a relevant pathogen for pneumonitis. While its role during critical illness has been investigated by prospective interventional studies, comparatively little systematic data is available on the role of HSV-1 for pneumonitis in outpatients with autoimmune disease under a maintenance regimen of immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively reviewed the charts of approximately 1400 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that were followed at the outpatient clinic of a German University hospital during the years 2000-2007. Episodes of admission to a ward resulting in the diagnosis of pneumonia/pneumonitis were identified, and the type of pneumonia and clinical features retrospectively studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  63 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis, or SLE were admitted to a ward and diagnosed to have pneumonia/pneumonitis. Using bronchoscopy a total of 6 cases of pulmonary infection associated with HSV-1 in the lower respiratory tract were identified. Among those, 2 cases suggested a causative role of HSV-1 as the sole agent causing pneumonitis that proved clinically responsive to antiviral treatment. In the remaining 4 cases HSV-1 appeared as a bystander of bacterial infection. Maintenance therapy with leflunomide, which inhibits HSV-1 assembly in vitro, was associated with a milder course of pneumonitis in one patient. Detection of HSV-1 was associated with stronger immunosuppressive regimens and vasculitic disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study analyzed the frequency and hallmarks of cases of HSV-1 associated pneumonitis that occurred in a comparatively large cohort of patients with rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. In an area of controversy, this study provides further evidence that HSV-1 causes isolated pneumonitis in the immunocompromised. The study may provide an estimate on the frequency of relevant HSV-1 infection and bacterial agents in outpatients with autoimmune disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Medical Policlinic, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. matthias.witt@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Matthias N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Witt
authors.forename: Gerald S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Braun
authors.forename: Stephan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ihrler
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schmid
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003240:Connective Tissue Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006561:Herpes Simplex / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D018259:Herpesvirus 1, Human / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D006801:Humans; D016867:Immunocompromised Host; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000821:virology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012216:Rheumatic Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014657:Vasculitis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents