title: Treatment for tobacco dependence for rural, lower-income smokers: outcomes, predictors, and measurement considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Outcomes from a statewide program that delivered evidence-based, intensive treatment for tobacco dependence to a rural population of lower socioeconomic status (SES) were evaluated. Factors that predicted success and measurement considerations were examined. DESIGN AND ANALYSES: Data were collected at intake, at all treatment sessions, and at 3- and 12-months posttreatment. Abstinence rates were calculated using complete-case analysis and intention-to-treat analysis, and they were estimated for all participants. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the predictive significance of demographic and clinical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty health care sites across Arkansas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 2,350 predominantly rural, lower SES, Arkansas residents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Evidence-based, six-session, multi-component cognitive-behavioral therapy with relapse prevention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The estimated percent abstinent was 26.47% at 3-months and 21.73% at 12-months posttreatment; 51.02% of patients completed treatment and demonstrated markedly higher quit rates. Although numerous factors predicted outcomes at different points, self-efficacy and dependence levels at intake were robust predictors across time and methods of calculating outcomes. Sex, partner smoking status, and educational level were significant predictors of long-term abstinence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that intensive, evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence can be successfully delivered in a statewide program and can yield long-term outcomes that approximate those seen in more controlled settings. Overall sample estimates may be more appropriate for the assessment of outcomes in this context.
authors.affiliation: College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Health Behavior and Health Education, Slot 820, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. cesheffer@uams.edu
authors.forename: Christine E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Sheffer
authors.forename: Maxine
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stitzer
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Payne
authors.forename: Bradford W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Applegate
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bourne
authors.forename: J Gary
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wheeler
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001131:Arkansas / Q000453:epidemiology; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011203:Poverty / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012907:Smoking / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000074606:Smoking Prevention; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000191:economics / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult