title: Changes in mucosal homeostasis predispose NHE3 knockout mice to increased susceptibility to DSS-induced epithelial injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  NHE3 is a target of inhibition by proinflammatory cytokines and pathogenic bacteria, an event contributing to diarrhea in infectious and idiopathic colitis. In mice, NHE3 deficiency leads to mild diarrhea, increased intestinal expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma, and distal colitis, suggesting its role in epithelial barrier homeostasis. Our aim was to investigate the role of NHE3 in maintaining mucosal integrity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Control or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-treated, 6- to 8-week-old wild-type (WT) and NHE3(-/-) mice were used for the experiments. Small intestines were dissected for further analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NHE3(-/-) mice have elevated numbers of CD8alpha(+) T and natural killer cells in the intraepithelial lymphocytes and lamina propria lymphocytes compartments, representing the source of IFN-gamma. NHE3(-/-) mice display alterations in epithelial gene and protein expression patterns that predispose them to a high susceptibility to DSS, with accelerated mortality resulting from intestinal bleeding, hypovolemic shock, and sepsis, even at a very low DSS concentration. Microarray analysis and intestinal hemorrhage indicate that NHE3 deficiency predisposes mice to DSS-induced small intestinal injury, a segment never reported as affected by DSS, and demonstrate major differences in the colonic response to DSS challenge in WT and NHE3(-/-) mice. In NHE3(-/-) mice, broad-spectrum oral antibiotics or anti-asialo GM1 antibodies reduce the expression of IFN-gamma and iNOS to basal levels and delay but do not prevent severe mortality in response to DSS treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that NHE3 participates in mucosal responses to epithelial damage, acting as a modifier gene determining the extent of the gut inflammatory responses in the face of intestinal injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Steele Children's Research Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
authors.forename: Pawel R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Kiela
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Laubitz
authors.forename: Claire B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Larmonier
authors.forename: Monica T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Midura-Kiela
authors.forename: Maciej A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Lipko
authors.forename: Nona
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Janikashvili
authors.forename: Aiping
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bai
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thurston
authors.forename: Fayez K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Ghishan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001772:Blood Cell Count; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism; D016264:Dextran Sulfate / Q000633:toxicity*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D019332:Endothelin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside / Q000378:metabolism; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced; D006706:Homeostasis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D019332:Endothelin-1; C000613385:SLC9A3 protein, human; C000613386:Slc9a3 protein, mouse; D000074083:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchanger 3; D017923:Sodium-Hydrogen Exchangers; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D005677:G(M1) Ganglioside; C018835:asialo GM1 ganglioside; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D016264:Dextran Sulfate; C496319:NOS2 protein, human; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II