title: Genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses isolated from pigs during 2000 to 2005 in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have revealed the existence of genetic diversity in swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in the world. In Thailand, there has been a little information on the molecular characteristics of the SIVs since the first isolation of viruses of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes in the late 1970s. Our previous study demonstrated that Thai H1N1 SIVs possessed the classical swine H1 and avian-like swine N1 genes (Takemae et al., Proceedings of the Options for the Control of Influenza VI.2007;350-353).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we genetically characterized 12 SIVs including those of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes isolated between 2000 and 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the entire nucleotide sequences of the eight gene segments of those isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of nine distinct genotypes amongst the Thai SIVs. These genotypes arose from multiple introductions of classical swine, avian-like swine and human viruses. The existence of two distinct sublineages within classical swine H1 and NS, avian-like swine PA and M and human H3 and N2 genes of the Thai SIVs suggested that introduction of viruses of classical swine, avian-like swine and human origins occurred twice respectively into the Thai pig population. The predominance of avian-like swine genes amongst the Thai SIVs was evident. In particular, three polymerase (PB1, PB2 and PA) and matrix genes of avian-like swine origin were retained in all the Thai SIVs examined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations may suggest that genes of avian-like swine lineages have some advantages to be maintained in pigs as seen in the SIVs established through multiple introductions in other regions.
authors.affiliation: Thailand-Japan Zoonotic Diseases Collaboration Center, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Nobuhiro
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takemae
authors.forename: Sujira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Parchariyanon
authors.forename: Sudarat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Damrongwatanapokin
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Ruttapong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ruttanapumma
authors.forename: Chiaki
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Watanabe
authors.forename: Shigeo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Takehiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D017385:Sequence Homology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology*; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral