title: Preclinical evaluation of a novel fiber compound MR guidewire in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Interventional magnetic resonance imaging requires dedicated and MR-compatible devices. The guidewire is a key item for intravascular interventions. Mechanical stability, good visibility during real-time imaging, and RF safety are essential. A novel fiber-compound MR guidewire (GW) was evaluated in different MR-guided interventional scenarios.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GW (diameter 0.032") consists of a fiber-compound produced using a micropultrusion technique doped with iron particles and a 10-cm Nitinol tip. Several iron splints are additionally attached at regular distances to visualize GW-movement. A protective polymer jacket with hydrophilic coating covers the core material. As approved by the government committee on animal investigations, the GW was evaluated in 5 pigs. Under complete MR-guidance, catheterization of the carotid and renal arteries, segmental arteries of the kidneys, the contralateral inguinal artery, and the left ventricle was performed using real-time gradient echo sequences in a 1.5 Tesla scanner. Different interventional applications including balloon dilatation, stent deployment, and embolization of small vessels were investigated. The time to probe the vessels under magnetic resonance imaging guidance and visibility of the GW are assessed. Handling and visibility under fluoroscopy were compared with a standard Nitinol guidewire as a benchmark.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On real-time magnetic resonance imaging, the iron-induced artifacts enabled a distinct visualization of the GW shaft and of its markings with a mean size of 2.6 mm and 5.4 mm, respectively. This facilitated fast navigation to the target vessels (averages: renal arteries 16 seconds, carotid artery 5 seconds, and contralateral inguinal artery 42 seconds.) with an exact depiction of the respective vessel. All interventional procedures were performed successfully. No GW-related side effects as kinking or breakage of the wire or GW induced blood-clotting were observed. All interventionalists assessed handling of the GW to be nearly equal in terms of stiffness, flexibility, and guidance compared with a standard Nitinol guidewire. X-ray visibility was less distinct but still diagnostically good.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the aid of the GW, different fully real-time MR-guided endovascular interventions become feasible.
authors.affiliation: Clinic of Diagnostic Radiology, University of Technology Aachen, Aachen, Germany. kraemer@rad.rwth-aachen.de
authors.forename: Nils A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Sascha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Krüger
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schmitz
authors.forename: Marita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Linssen
authors.forename: Heinz
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schade
authors.forename: Steffen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Weiss
authors.forename: Elmar
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spüntrup
authors.forename: Rolf W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Günther
authors.forename: Arno
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bücker
authors.forename: Gabriele A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Krombach
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002404:Catheterization; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013552:Swine