title: Screening for syphilis infection in pregnant women: evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force reaffirmation recommendation statement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In 2004, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force strongly recommended that clinicians screen all pregnant women for syphilis infection.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To update the evidence on screening pregnant women for syphilis infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE searches from 1 January 2003 through 31 July 2008, recent systematic reviews, reference lists of retrieved articles, and expert suggestions.
  
  
  METHODS
  English-language studies were selected to answer the following 2 questions: Does screening for syphilis in pregnancy reduce the prevalence of congenital syphilis in neonates? Are there harms of screening for syphilis or harms of treatment with penicillin in pregnancy to women or neonates? Randomized, controlled trials; meta-analyses; systematic reviews; cohort studies; and ecologic studies were selected for the potential benefits question. Randomized, controlled trials; meta-analyses; systematic reviews; cohort studies; case-control studies; and large case series were selected for the potential harms question.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on the study design, selection criteria, demographic characteristics, and clinical outcomes was extracted from each study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One study on benefits evaluated the effect before and after the implementation of a universal syphilis screening program for pregnant women and found reductions in rates of congenital syphilis. Two studies on screening accuracy for syphilis reported false-positive rates of less than 1%. One study that used a large insurance claims database reported an incidence of anaphylaxis after oral penicillin of 0.1 per 10,000 dispensings. In a study from Hungary, oral penicillin in pregnancy was not associated with orofacial clefts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This was a targeted literature search and could have missed small studies on the benefits and harms of screening for syphilis in pregnancy. We did not review evidence on interventions to improve rates of prenatal screening.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New evidence from a study of universal screening supports previous evidence on the effectiveness of screening for syphilis in pregnancy to prevent congenital syphilis. Harms include testing and follow-up for false-positive test results and adverse effects from penicillin treatment.
authors.affiliation: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
authors.forename: Tracy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wolff
authors.forename: Erica
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shelton
authors.forename: Cecili
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sessions
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000009:adverse effects; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011247:Pregnancy; D011251:Pregnancy Complications, Infectious / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013590:Syphilis, Congenital / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D010401:Penicillin G Benzathine