title: A two-step model for colon adenoma initiation and progression caused by APC loss.
abstract: Aberrant Wnt/beta-catenin signaling following loss of the tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is thought to initiate colon adenoma formation. Using zebrafish and human cells, we show that homozygous loss of APC causes failed intestinal cell differentiation but that this occurs in the absence of nuclear beta-catenin and increased intestinal cell proliferation. Therefore, loss of APC is insufficient for causing beta-catenin nuclear localization. APC mutation-induced intestinal differentiation defects instead depend on the transcriptional corepressor C-terminal binding protein-1 (CtBP1), whereas proliferation defects and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin require the additional activation of KRAS. These findings suggest that, following APC loss, CtBP1 contributes to adenoma initiation as a first step, whereas KRAS activation and beta-catenin nuclear localization promote adenoma progression to carcinomas as a second step. Consistent with this model, human FAP adenomas showed robust upregulation of CtBP1 in the absence of detectable nuclear beta-catenin, whereas nuclear beta-catenin was detected in carcinomas.
authors.affiliation: Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
authors.forename: Reid A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chidester
authors.forename: Somaye
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dehghanizadeh
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Phelps
authors.forename: Imelda T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Sandoval
authors.forename: Kunal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rai
authors.forename: Talmage
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Broadbent
authors.forename: Sharmistha
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sarkar
authors.forename: Randall W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Burt
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000236:Adenoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011125:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli / Q000473:pathology; D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000378:metabolism; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015027:Zebrafish; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D025601:Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C403751:Rac1 GTP-binding protein (17-32); D051176:beta Catenin; D000429:Alcohol Oxidoreductases; C096794:C-terminal binding protein; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein; D018631:ras Proteins