title: Single nucleotide polymorphisms and the likelihood of prostate cancer at a given prostate specific antigen level.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate specific antigen is used for prostate cancer screening but its specificity is limited. Specificity might be increased by considering genotype associated prostate specific antigen levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms on chromosomes 10 and 19 (previously shown to be associated with prostate specific antigen) with prostate specific antigen and prostate cancer in 505 men from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In a model with age and date the risk ratio for prostate cancer was 1.18 (95% CI 1.13-1.23) per unit increase in prostate specific antigen. Including the interaction between alleles and prostate specific antigen significantly altered the risk ratio for prostate cancer (Cox proportional hazards p <0.001). Specifically prostate cancer risk per unit increase in prostate specific antigen was significantly different in carriers than in noncarriers of a minor allele (1.28 vs 1.10, respectively, Cox proportional hazards p <0.001), whereas men with a minor allele had a significantly higher risk of prostate cancer at prostate specific antigen levels greater than 6 ng/ml.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that genotype influences the risk of prostate cancer per unit increase in prostate specific antigen. Prostate cancer risk stratification using prostate specific antigen and genotype could improve prostate specific antigen test performance.
authors.affiliation: James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA. stacyloeb@gmail.com
authors.forename: Stacy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Loeb
authors.forename: H Ballentine
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: Patrick C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: William B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Isaacs
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kettermann
authors.forename: Toshiko
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: E Jeffrey
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Metter
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D002879:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10 / Q000235:genetics; D002888:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 19 / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011336:Probability; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016019:Survival Analysis
chemical_list: D017430:Prostate-Specific Antigen