title: Cardiac dysfunction after left permanent cerebral focal ischemia: the brain and heart connection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke can lead to cerebrogenic cardiac arrhythmias. We sought to investigate the effect of ischemic stroke on cardiac function in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four hours after the induction of focal ischemia, cardiac function was measured in mice by endovascular catheterization of the heart. Immediately after hemodynamic measurements, mice were euthanized and brains were excised and sectioned to measure infarct volume and the severity of insular cortex injury. Myocardial damage was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Serum and heart levels of norepinephrine (NE) were also determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cardiac dysfunction occurred in 9 out of 14 mice that underwent left pMCAO. In these 9 mice, the severity of left insular cortex lesion was greater than the mice with normal heart function. The serum and heart levels of NE were significantly higher in left pMCAO mice with heart dysfunction. Liner regression analysis indicates significant inverse correlation between the severity of left insular cortex damage and heart dysfunction. Mice that underwent right pMCAO did not exhibit cardiac dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that left focal cerebral ischemia can produce cardiac dysfunction, which is associated with the extent of left insular cortex damage. Furthermore, mice exhibiting cardiac dysfunction had elevated levels of NE in the serum and heart.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Sparrow Health System, Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
authors.forename: Jiangyong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Muhammad U
authors.initials: MU
authors.lastname: Farooq
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Greenberg
authors.forename: Feras
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Aloka
authors.forename: Archit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bhatt
authors.forename: Mounzer
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kassab
authors.forename: James P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Arshad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Majid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006321:Heart / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D012044:Regression Analysis
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine