title: Akt signals through the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway to regulate CNS myelination.
abstract: Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a well known Akt substrate, regulates multiple cellular functions including cell growth and protein synthesis. The current study identifies a novel role of the Akt/mTOR pathway as a regulator of CNS myelination. Previously, we showed that overexpressing constitutively active Akt in oligodendrocytes in a transgenic mouse model induces enhanced CNS myelination, with no changes in the proliferation or survival of oligodendrocyte progenitor or mature cells. The present study focused on the signaling mechanisms regulating this hypermyelination induced by Akt. Activation of mTOR and its downstream substrates (p70S6 kinase and S6 ribosomal protein) was observed in Akt-overexpressing oligodendrocytes. When mTOR signaling was inhibited chronically in vivo with rapamycin starting at 6 weeks of age, the observed hypermyelination was reduced to approximately the amount of myelin seen in wild-type mice. mTOR inhibition had little impact on wild-type myelination between 6 and 12 weeks of age, suggesting that, in normal adults, myelination is relatively complete and is no longer regulated by mTOR signaling. However, when mTOR was chronically inhibited in young adult wild-type mice, myelination was reduced. These results suggest that, during active myelination, the major Akt signal regulating CNS myelination is the mTOR pathway.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: S Priyadarshini
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Wendy B
authors.initials: WB
authors.lastname: Macklin
mesh_terms: D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission / Q000379:methods; D009185:Myelin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018991:Myelin Proteolipid Protein / Q000235:genetics; D009186:Myelin Sheath / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015087:2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D009185:Myelin Proteins; D018991:Myelin Proteolipid Protein; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D000076104:Oligodendrocyte Transcription Factor 2; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D011494:Protein Kinases; D020123:Sirolimus; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; C512773:Olig2 protein, mouse; C047516:Plp1 protein, mouse; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse