title: Developing leadership interventions for black and minority ethnic staff: A case study of the National Health Service (NHS) in the U.K.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The National Health Service (NHS) is the largest employer in the U.K. but, despite decades of equal opportunities legislation, its senior management workforce does not reflect the diversity of either the wider NHS workforce or the U.K. population. The aim of the paper is to consider the range of management interventions available to organisations like the NHS to deliver change in the area of promotion of Black and minority ethnic staff.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervention programmes in a range of public and private organisations are reviewed and the nature of barriers to promotion and the range of interventions to overcome these are explored. The paper uses the paradigm of institutional racism to examine the ways in which the NHS discriminates against certain sections of its workforce. The methods used include a literature review combined with key stakeholder interviews. A comparative dimension which involved a review of research on leadership initiatives in the U.S.A. was also undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The literature review found that there were a range of initiatives which could be implemented by public organisations such as the NHS to increase the presence of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) staff in senior management positions. Most of these interventions were largely focused on the individual. Much more progress on institutional or organisational change needed to be made before the NHS could be perceived as a model employer in this area. The literature review also indicated that there is little published research on such initiatives within other European Union countries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The paper is targeted at both policy makers and human resource officers responsible for equality and diversity issues within large organisations, who have a remit to improve the career pathways of staff. The analysis provided offers a set of critical tools and interventions that have not hitherto been well examined in the U.K. context.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
authors.forename: V S
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Kalra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Abel
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Esmail
mesh_terms: D044383:Black People; D005006:Ethnicity; D006801:Humans; D007857:Leadership; D008913:Minority Groups; D019982:Organizational Case Studies; D013192:Staff Development / Q000458:organization & administration*; D013222:State Medicine / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom