title: Coupling of solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental liquid samples.
abstract: A residue analytical method combining solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with external micellar desorption (MD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to various therapeutic categories in water samples. Target compounds include antiinflamatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an analgesic (phenazone), a lipid regulator (bezafibrate) and an antiepileptic (carbamazepine). A detailed study of the experimental conditions of extraction and desorption with different surfactants was performed in order to obtain the best results during instrumental analysis. Of the different fibers and surfactants investigated, 65 microm polydimethysiloxane-divinilbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber and polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and polyoxyethylene 6 lauryl ether (C(12)E(6)) as desorbing agents produced the optimal response to pharmaceutical residues. Recoveries obtained were generally higher than 80% and the variability of the method was below 16% for all compounds in both surfactants. Method detection limits were 0.05-12 ng mL(-1) for POLE and 0.1-5 ng mL(-1) for C(12)E(6). The developed method was compared using external desorption with organic solvent and it was successfully applied to the determination of these pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from different origin. Solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption (SPME-MD) represents a new approach for the extraction of different pharmaceutical compounds in natural waters because it combines shorter handling time, better efficiency, safety and more environmentally friendly process than the traditional methods.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
authors.forename: M E Torres
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Padrón
authors.forename: Z Sosa
authors.initials: ZS
authors.lastname: Ferrera
authors.forename: J J Santana
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Rodríguez
mesh_terms: D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D004350:Drug Residues / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D008823:Micelles; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D052617:Solid Phase Microextraction; D012995:Solubility; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D008823:Micelles; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D004364:Pharmaceutical Preparations; D012997:Solvents; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical