title: Identification and characterization of antibiotic resistance genes in Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study aimed to identify the resistance genes mediating atypical minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin and chloramphenicol within two sets of representative strains of the species Lactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus plantarum and to characterize identified genes by means of gene location and sequencing of flanking regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A tet(W) gene was found in 24 of the 28 Lact. reuteri strains with atypical MIC for tetracycline, whereas four of the six strains with atypical MIC for erythromycin were positive for erm(B) and one strain each was positive for erm(C) and erm(T). The two Lact. plantarum strains with atypical MIC for tetracycline harboured a plasmid-encoded tet(M) gene. The majority of the tet(W)-positive Lact. reuteri strains and all erm-positive Lact. reuteri strains carried the genes on plasmids, as determined by Southern blot and a real-time PCR method developed in this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most of the antibiotic-resistant strains of Lact. reuteri and Lact. plantarum harboured known plasmid-encoded resistance genes. Examples of putative transfer machineries adjacent to both plasmid- and chromosome-located resistance genes were also demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data provide some of the knowledge required for assessing the possible risk of using Lact. reuteri and Lact. plantarum strains carrying antibiotic resistance genes as starter cultures and probiotics.
authors.affiliation: Microbiology Division, National Food Administration, Uppsala, Sweden. mia.egervarn@slv.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Egervärn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lindmark
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D015139:Blotting, Southern; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D021901:DNA, Intergenic / Q000032:analysis; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000235:genetics*; D048191:Lactiplantibacillus plantarum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D052200:Limosilactobacillus reuteri / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D021901:DNA, Intergenic; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S