title: Single-shot spinal anaesthesia, combined spinal-epidural and epidural volume extension for elective caesarean section: a randomized comparison.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Single-shot spinal and combined spinal-epidural block, with or without epidural volume extension, can be used for caesarean section. There is no trial comparing their block characteristics and adverse effects under identical conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 ASA I or II parturients with gestational age 37 weeks or more, scheduled for elective caesarean section under regional anaesthesia, were included in the trial. Women were randomized to three groups: group SSS: single-shot spinal; group CSE: combined spinal-epidural; group EVE: epidural volume extension of a combined spinal-epidural. Intrathecal injection was identical in the three groups (0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine 9 mg with fentanyl 10 microg) and was injected via a 25-gauge pencil-point spinal needle, either as a single-shot spinal or through the spinal needle of the needle-through-needle CSE set. In group EVE, 5 mL of normal saline was injected through the epidural catheter. All blocks were performed with the women sitting. Haemodynamic parameters and block characteristics were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The onset of maximum sensory and motor block was significantly faster in the SSS group than in the other two. Extent and duration of sensory and motor block and the incidence of adverse effects were similar in the three groups (P>0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intrathecal block is similar in extent and duration whether given as a single-shot spinal or a combined spinal-epidural with or without epidural volume extension when performed for elective caesarean section using hyperbaric bupivacaine in the sitting position.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesiology & Critical Care, University College of Medical Sciences & Guru Teg Bahadur Hospital, Shahadra, Delhi-110095, India. drashatyagi@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tyagi
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Girotra
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: A Kumar
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Sethi
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mohta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural / Q000379:methods*; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000379:methods*; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002585:Cesarean Section; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D005260:Female; D005283:Fentanyl / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D009294:Narcotics; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009294:Narcotics; D005283:Fentanyl; D002045:Bupivacaine