title: Relationship between amphiregulin and airway inflammation in children with asthma and eosinophilic bronchitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Amphiregulin, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, has been shown to promote the growth of fibroblasts, to be associated with the T-helper type 2 cell adaptive immune response, and to up-regulate mucin gene expression. We aimed to determine whether sputum amphiregulin is expressed at elevated levels in patients with asthma or eosinophilic bronchitis (EB), and whether it is associated with eosinophilic inflammation, pulmonary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 117 children with asthma, 77 with EB, and 84 control subjects were enrolled in this study. Amphiregulin and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were measured in sputum supernatants. We performed pulmonary function and methacholine challenge tests while measuring total eosinophil count, and serum levels of total IgE and ECP in all children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The children with asthma had significantly higher levels of sputum amphiregulin (mean, 10.80 pg/mL; range, 4.07 to 38.75 pg/mL) than both the children with EB (mean, 5.76 pg/mL; range, 0.61 to 21.65 pg/mL; p = 0.013) and the control subjects (mean, 6.56 pg/mL; range, 0.51 to 17.98 pg/mL; p = 0.003). Sputum amphiregulin levels positively correlated with levels of sputum eosinophils (gamma = 0.221; p = 0.007) and sputum ECP (gamma = 0.601; p < 0.0001). Negative significant correlations were found between sputum amphiregulin and FEV(1) (gamma = -0.181; p = 0.006) or post-bronchodilator therapy FEV(1) (gamma = -0.233; p = 0.002). In children with asthma who were not receiving any controller medications, sputum amphiregulin level was negatively correlated with the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV(1) (r = -0.398; p = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that childhood asthma is associated with sputum amphiregulin, whereas EB is not, and that sputum amphiregulin would be a supportive marker of airway inflammation in asthma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyung Won
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hye Mi
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Jee
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Yeo Hoon
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Park
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Bong Seok
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. Electronic address: mhsohn@yuhs.ac.
authors.forename: Myung Hyun
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Sohn
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Allergy, BK21 Project for Medical Science, Research Center for Human Natural Defense System, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Kyu-Earn
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D066258:Amphiregulin; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001249:Asthma / Q000378:metabolism*; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000378:metabolism*; D001985:Bronchial Provocation Tests; D001991:Bronchitis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D004804:Eosinophils; D005260:Female; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D007958:Leukocyte Count; D008297:Male; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D009077:Mucins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C587848:AREG protein, human; D066258:Amphiregulin; D066255:EGF Family of Proteins; D006023:Glycoproteins; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D009077:Mucins; D016210:Methacholine Chloride; D007073:Immunoglobulin E