title: World Health Organization Classification (2004)-based re-evaluation of 95 nonfunctioning "malignant" pancreatic endocrine tumors reported in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The World Health Organization (WHO) classification (2004) defines pancreatic endocrine carcinoma as tumors with gross local invasion or metastasis, and the mere occurrence of angioinvasion or perineural invasion constitute insufficient criteria of malignancy. The significance of this classification remains to be assessed in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonfunctioning "malignant" endocrine tumors hitherto reported in Japan were analyzed, reclassified according to the WHO criteria, and thereafter survival analyses were conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-five "malignant" endocrine tumors were reclassified into 40 cases of "well-differentiated endocrine tumor, uncertain behavior (UB)" and 55 cases of "well-differentiated endocrine carcinoma (WEC)" according to the WHO classification. The estimated overall 5-year survival of all patients was 86.0%. A univariate analysis revealed that the following factors were significant for overall survival: WHO classification (UB vs WEC; P = 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.008), distant metastasis (P = 0.023), and curability (P = 0.018). Of these, only the WHO classification was recorded as significant by a multivariate analysis (Cox proportional hazards regression; hazard ratio 6.2, 95% confidence interval 1.3-30, P = 0.025).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data confirm the validity of the malignancy criteria of the WHO classification, thus indicating its impact on the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic endocrine tumors in Japan.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Mito Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Ibaraki, Japan.
authors.forename: Asuka
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tsuchiya
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Haruo
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ohtani
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000145:classification* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014944:World Health Organization