title: Treatment of neuromuscular and syndrome-associated (nonidiopathic) clubfeet using the Ponseti method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clubfeet are associated with many neuromuscular and congenital conditions. Nonidiopathic clubfeet are typically thought to be resistant to nonoperative management. The Ponseti method has revolutionized the treatment of patients with idiopathic clubfeet. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of the Ponseti method in the treatment of patients whose clubfeet are associated with a neuromuscular diagnosis or a syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with clubfeet who were treated at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, from 2001 to 2005 were reviewed. Patients were included only if a neuromuscular condition or a syndrome associated with clubfeet could be identified and if the primary treatment was at our institution. Twenty-three patients with 40 nonidiopathic clubfeet and 171 patients with 249 idiopathic clubfeet have been treated with a minimum follow-up time of 1 year. The outcomes evaluated included the number of casts, the percentage of patients requiring percutaneous Achilles tendon lengthening (tenotomy of the Achilles tendon [TAT]), rate of recurrences, rate of failures, and the need for additional secondary procedures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age at presentation for nonidiopathic clubfeet was 11 weeks. The mean follow-up time was 33 months, and the mean number of casts was 6.4; a percutaneous TAT was necessary in 27 (68%) of 40 feet. Failure of the Ponseti casting occurred in 4 (10%) of the 40 feet. Recurrence requiring additional treatment occurred in 16 (44%) of 36 feet. Additional procedures included second percutaneous TAT, limited posterior/plantar release, or complete posteromedial release totaling 11 (28%) of 40. When compared with idiopathic clubfeet, nonidiopathic clubfeet required more casts and had a higher rate of failures, recurrences, and additional procedures than idiopathic clubfeet.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although not as successful as for idiopathic clubfeet, when the Ponseti technique is applied to nonidiopathic clubfeet, correction can be achieved and maintained in most patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic level 2.
authors.affiliation: Orthopaedic Surgery, Children's Memorial Hospital, Chicago, IL 60614-3394, USA. jjanicki@childrensmemorial.org
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Janicki
authors.forename: Unni G
authors.initials: UG
authors.lastname: Narayanan
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: Anvesh
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Leonhard E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Ramseier
authors.forename: James G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Wright
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000601:surgery; D002370:Casts, Surgical; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003025:Clubfoot / Q000628:therapy*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006776:Hospitals, Pediatric; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013577:Syndrome; D016896:Treatment Outcome