title: Homocysteine and holo-transcobalamin and the risk of dementia and Alzheimers disease: a prospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elevated total homocysteine (tHcy) levels may be caused by vitamin B12 deficiency and are linked to Alzheimers disease (AD) in some studies, although the evidence is mixed. Another marker of vitamin B12 deficiency, holo-transcobalamin (holo-TC), has not been studied in a prospective setting.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the association between tHcy and holo-TC and the subsequent development of dementia and AD in a prospective study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A sub-sample of 228 non-demented subjects was taken from the Kungsholmen Project, a population-based longitudinal study amongst persons 75+ years. tHcy and holo-TC were analysed at baseline.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increasing tHcy levels were related to an increased risk of dementia (n = 83) and AD (n = 61) after a mean follow-up time of 6.7 years. Persons with high tHcy (the fourth quartile) had more than twice as high a risk of developing AD than persons with low tHcy, even after adjusting for confounding or mediating factors. The third quartile of holo-TC was associated with a reduced risk of AD, after adjusting for Hcy and other confounders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that Hcy is involved in the development of dementia and AD. The role of holo-TC was less clear and this marker needs to be studied further.
authors.affiliation: Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden. miia.kivipelto@ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kivipelto
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Annerbo
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hultdin
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bäckman
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Viitanen
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fratiglioni
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lökk
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D018672:Community Health Planning; D003704:Dementia / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006710:Homocysteine / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008953:Models, Anatomic; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014155:Transcobalamins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D014155:Transcobalamins; D006710:Homocysteine