title: Hepatocyte growth factor and myopia: genetic association analyses in a Caucasian population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and hepatocyte growth factor receptor (C-MET) genes have previously been reported to be associated with myopia in Asian family-based and case-control association studies, respectively. We examined whether these genes were associated with myopia in a Caucasian family dataset biased towards high myopia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participating families had at least one offspring with high myopia (< or = -5.00 diopters [D]). Genotyping was performed with tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for each candidate gene using Taqman allelic discrimination assays. The data were analyzed with two family-based association methods, the pedigree disequilibrium test (PDT) and the association in the presence of linkage (APL) test. Analyses compared 1) high myopia (<-5.00 D), 2) mild to moderate myopia (-0.50 to -5.00 D), 3) any myopia (<-0.50 D) and 4) extreme high myopia (< or =-10.00 D) versus emmetropia using refractive error as either sphere (SPH) or spherical equivalent (SE=sphere + [cylinder/2]). Bonferroni correction was applied to adjust for multiple testing leading to significance levels of 0.0125 for HGF and 0.008 for C-MET. Two and three-marker sliding window haplotype association tests using APL were also performed for HGF markers. Significance levels for haplotype association testing were set at 0.01 for the global tests, and 0.007 for the three marker haplotype specific tests and 0.0125 for the two marker haplotype specific tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 146 multiplex families consisting of 649 Caucasian subjects were included. The HGF SNP, rs3735520 (APL p=0.002768 for SPH and 0.005609 for SE), and the haplotypes, rs2286194-rs3735520-rs17501108 (APL p=0.007403 for SPH and 0.062685 for SE) and rs12536657-rs2286194 (APL p=0.004219 for SPH and 0.00518 for SE), showed significant association with mild to moderate myopia versus emmetropia. A promising association between extreme high myopia and the HGF SNP, rs2286194, was also found (APL p=0.005763 for SPH and 0.004103 for SE). No evidence of association was found in the SNPs tested for C-MET.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study supports a strong association between the mild to moderate myopia group and the HGF SNP rs3735520 and the HGF haplotypes rs2286194-rs3735520-rs17501108 and rs12536657-rs2286194, and a moderate association of the extreme high myopia with rs2286194. C-MET polymorphism statistical associations with myopia in an Asian study were not replicated in our Caucasian cohort. HGF may be a potential myopia candidate gene for further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Center for Human Genetics, 595 La Salle Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Tammy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Yanovitch
authors.forename: Yi-Ju
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Ravikanth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Metlapally
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Abbott
authors.forename: Khanh-Nhat Tran
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Viet
authors.forename: Terri L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D006239:Haplotypes; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009216:Myopia / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000235:genetics; D044465:White People / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met