title: A phase 0 trial of riluzole in patients with resectable stage III and IV melanoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ectopic expression of GRM1 in murine melanocytes results in transformation into a form of melanoma, and more than 60% of human melanoma samples tested ectopically express GRM1. Stimulation of this receptor in vitro results in up-regulation of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Furthermore, a xenograft model of melanoma treated with riluzole, an oral GRM1 blocking agent, showed decreased tumor growth compared with the untreated controls. We have now completed a phase 0 trial of riluzole in patients with melanoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients enrolled on this trial underwent a pretreatment biopsy, took 200 mg of oral riluzole per day for 14 days, and then underwent resection of their remaining tumor. We compared the levels of pERK and pAKT in the pretreatment and post-treatment samples and assessed the metabolic activity of pretreatment and post-treatment tumors using fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scanning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We accrued 12 patients and all expressed GRM1. We found a significant decrease in pAKT and/or pERK in post-treatment tumor samples as compared with pretreatment samples in 4 (34%) patients. These four patients had a significant decrease in FDG-PET intensity post-treatment as well. Two other patients had a clinical response with no corresponding metabolic response; five patients had similar pretreatment and post-treatment FDG-PET scan findings; and one patient had progressive disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data show that glutamate blockade with riluzole can inhibit signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT pathways and suppress the metabolic activity of melanoma. The ectopic expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors may be important in the pathogenesis of human melanoma, and targeting this pathway may be an effective therapy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, USA.
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yip
authors.forename: Maithao N
authors.initials: MN
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Joseph L-K
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Jonathan H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Janice A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mehnert
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yudd
authors.forename: Jeffery
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kempf
authors.forename: Weichung J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Suzie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: James S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Goydos
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000378:metabolism; D019782:Riluzole / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C104077:metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1; D019788:Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; D019782:Riluzole; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D053148:Caspase 3; D018631:ras Proteins