title: The extracellular domain of Smoothened regulates ciliary localization and is required for high-level Hh signaling.
abstract: Members of the Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins function as morphogens to pattern developing tissues and control cell proliferation. The seven-transmembrane domain (7TM) protein Smoothened (Smo) is essential for the activation of all levels of Hh signaling. However, the mechanisms by which Smo differentially activates low- or high-level Hh signaling are not known. Here we show that a newly identified mutation in the extracellular domain (ECD) of zebrafish Smo attenuates Smo signaling. The Smo agonist purmorphamine induces the stabilization, ciliary translocation, and high-level signaling of wild-type Smo. In contrast, purmorphamine induces the stabilization but not the ciliary translocation or high-level signaling of the Smo ECD mutant protein. Surprisingly, a truncated form of Smo that lacks the cysteine-rich domain of the ECD localizes to the cilium but is unable to activate high-level Hh signaling. We also present evidence that cilia may be required for Hh signaling in early zebrafish embryos. These data indicate that the ECD, previously thought to be dispensable for vertebrate Smo function, both regulates Smo ciliary localization and is essential for high-level Hh signaling.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics, and Human Genetics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. pia.aanstad@uibk.ac.at
authors.forename: Pia
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aanstad
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Corbit
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Scherz
authors.forename: Le A
authors.initials: le A
authors.lastname: Trinh
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Salvenmoser
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huisken
authors.forename: Jeremy F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Reiter
authors.forename: Didier Y R
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Stainier
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D002923:Cilia / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053823:Hedgehog Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009025:Morpholines / Q000378:metabolism; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011687:Purines / Q000378:metabolism; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D053823:Hedgehog Proteins; D009025:Morpholines; D011687:Purines; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D000072086:Smoothened Receptor; D029961:Zebrafish Proteins; C491021:smo protein, zebrafish; C470893:purmorphamine