title: Fetuses of obese mothers develop insulin resistance in utero.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Offspring of obese mothers have an increased risk for obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fetuses of obese women have increased obesity, insulin resistance, and markers of inflammation, supporting the concept of fetal programming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-three lean and 68 obese women with singleton term pregnancies were evaluated at elective cesarean delivery. Maternal and umbilical cord blood was obtained for measures of insulin resistance and cytokines. Neonatal body composition was estimated using anthropometric measurements within 24 h of delivery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The fetuses of obese mothers had greater percent body fat (13.1 +/- 3.4 vs. 11.6 +/- 2.9%, P = 0.02), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (1.51 +/- 0.86 vs. 1.06 +/- 0.70, P = 0.003), cord leptin (14.5 +/- 13.5 vs. 8.2 +/- 4.7 ng/ml, P = 0.001), and interleukin-6 (3.5 +/- 2.3 vs. 2.4 +/- 1.4 pg/ml, P = 0.02) than fetuses of lean women. There was a strong positive correlation between fetal adiposity and insulin resistance (r = 0.32, P = 0.0008) as well as maternal pregravid BMI and fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.31, P = 0.007) even with adjustment for potential confounders. Cord leptin had a significant correlation with fetal insulin resistance (r = 0.30, P = 0.001), but there was no significant correlation between any other umbilical cord cytokines and fetal insulin resistance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that maternal obesity creates a significant risk for the next generations with metabolic compromise already apparent at birth. Therefore, if prevention of obesity is the goal rather than treatment, the perinatal period may be an important focus of future research.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Biology, Case Western Reserve University at Metro Health Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA. pcatalano@metrohealth.org
authors.forename: Patrick M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Larraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Presley
authors.forename: Judi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Minium
authors.forename: Sylvie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hauguel-de Mouzon
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology; D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000502:physiology; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007249:Inflammation / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000196:embryology / Q000503:physiopathology; D009929:Organ Size; D010920:Placenta / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013851:Thinness; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin