The role of allergy in rhinosinusitis.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the current evidence for IgE and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms in acute and chronic rhinosinusitis.


RESULTS
Epidemiological studies show that classical IgE-mediated allergy is present in a proportion of acute rhinosinusitis patients. There is conflicting evidence whether the prevalence of IgE-mediated allergy is greater in chronic rhinosinusitis than in individuals without chronic rhinosinusitis. Despite presence of classical IgE-mediated allergy, based on elevated allergen-specific serum IgE levels and positive skin prick tests, currently there is no direct evidence for allergy as a major cause of sinonasal inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis. There is increasing evidence that non-IgE-mediated fungal hypersensitivity and nonallergic IgE-associated inflammation may contribute to the pathogenesis in some forms of chronic rhinosinusitis, including allergic fungal sinusitis. Specific IgE to bacterial superantigens may also be elevated in nasal polyps and modulate eosinophilic inflammation. Recent insights into mucosal immune mechanisms yield intriguing prospects for the roles of mucosal IgE, mast cells and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms that require further examination in rhinosinusitis.


CONCLUSIONS
There is a need for further immunological studies of the systemic and mucosal cellular and humoral mechanisms in well defined patient groups and controls to better understand the role of IgE and non-IgE-mediated hypersensitivity mechanisms and nonhypersensitivity functions of IgE in rhinosinusitis.
Pant
Harshita
H
University of Pittsburgh Physicians, University of Pittsburgh Medical Centre, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, Eye and Ear Institute, Suite 500, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. mail@hpant.com
Ferguson
Berrylin J
BJ
Macardle
Peter J
PJ
D000208:Acute Disease; D000485:Allergens / Q000276:immunology; D000918:Antibody Specificity; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000276:immunology; D000946:Antigens, Fungal / Q000276:immunology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D006801:Humans; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007428:Intradermal Tests; D009297:Nasal Mucosa / Q000276:immunology; D012220:Rhinitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012221:Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D006255:Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology; D012852:Sinusitis / Q000209:etiology*; D018089:Superantigens / Q000276:immunology
D000485:Allergens; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D000946:Antigens, Fungal; D018089:Superantigens; D007073:Immunoglobulin E