Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A(H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans.
Since its identification in April 2009, an A(H1N1) virus containing a unique combination of gene segments from both North American and Eurasian swine lineages has continued to circulate in humans. The lack of similarity between the 2009 A(H1N1) virus and its nearest relatives indicates that its gene segments have been circulating undetected for an extended period. Its low genetic diversity suggests that the introduction into humans was a single event or multiple events of similar viruses. Molecular markers predictive of adaptation to humans are not currently present in 2009 A(H1N1) viruses, suggesting that previously unrecognized molecular determinants could be responsible for the transmission among humans. Antigenically the viruses are homogeneous and similar to North American swine A(H1N1) viruses but distinct from seasonal human A(H1N1).
Garten
Rebecca J
RJ
WHO Collaborating Center for Influenza, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
Davis
C Todd
CT
Russell
Colin A
CA
Shu
Bo
B
Lindstrom
Stephen
S
Balish
Amanda
A
Sessions
Wendy M
WM
Xu
Xiyan
X
Skepner
Eugene
E
Deyde
Varough
V
Okomo-Adhiambo
Margaret
M
Gubareva
Larisa
L
Barnes
John
J
Smith
Catherine B
CB
Emery
Shannon L
SL
Hillman
Michael J
MJ
Rivailler
Pierre
P
Smagala
James
J
de Graaf
Miranda
M
Burke
David F
DF
Fouchier
Ron A M
RA
Pappas
Claudia
C
Alpuche-Aranda
Celia M
CM
López-Gatell
Hugo
H
Olivera
Hiram
H
López
Irma
I
Myers
Christopher A
CA
Faix
Dennis
D
Blair
Patrick J
PJ
Yu
Cindy
C
Keene
Kimberly M
KM
Dotson
P David
PD
Boxrud
David
D
Sambol
Anthony R
AR
Abid
Syed H
SH
St George
Kirsten
K
Bannerman
Tammy
T
Moore
Amanda L
AL
Stringer
David J
DJ
Blevins
Patricia
P
Demmler-Harrison
Gail J
GJ
Ginsberg
Michele
M
Kriner
Paula
P
Waterman
Steve
S
Smole
Sandra
S
Guevara
Hugo F
HF
Belongia
Edward A
EA
Clark
Patricia A
PA
Beatrice
Sara T
ST
Donis
Ruben
R
Katz
Jacqueline
J
Finelli
Lyn
L
Bridges
Carolyn B
CB
Shaw
Michael
M
Jernigan
Daniel B
DB
Uyeki
Timothy M
TM
Smith
Derek J
DJ
Klimov
Alexander I
AI
Cox
Nancy J
NJ
D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005814:Genes, Viral; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016679:Genome, Viral; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000235:genetics; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000235:genetics; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology*; D009154:Mutation; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000235:genetics; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins / Q000235:genetics
D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D019267:Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; C108309:NS protein, influenza virus; D014763:Viral Matrix Proteins; D017361:Viral Nonstructural Proteins; D009439:Neuraminidase