title: Animal evolution, bioturbation, and the sulfate concentration of the oceans.
abstract: As recognized already by Charles Darwin, animals are geobiological agents. Darwin observed that worms aerate and mix soils on a massive scale, aiding in the decomposition of soil organic matter. A similar statement can be made about marine benthic animals. This mixing, also known as bioturbation, not only aides in the decomposition of sedimentary organic material, but as contended here, it has also significantly influenced the chemistry of seawater. In particular, it is proposed that sediment mixing by bioturbating organisms resulted in a severalfold increase in seawater sulfate concentration. For this reason, the evolution of bioturbation is linked to the significant deposition of sulfate evaporate minerals, which is largely a phenomena of the Phanerozoic, the last 542 million years and the time over which animals rose to prominence.
authors.affiliation: Nordic Center for Earth Evolution, and Institute of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark. dec@biology.sdu.dk
authors.forename: Donald E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Canfield
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Farquhar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000845:Annelida; D001522:Behavior, Animal; D005075:Biological Evolution; D002133:Calcium Sulfate; D019015:Geologic Sediments; D007448:Invertebrates; D008386:Marine Biology; D009792:Oceans and Seas; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012623:Seawater / Q000737:chemistry*; D013431:Sulfates / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D002133:Calcium Sulfate