title: NV-128, a novel isoflavone derivative, induces caspase-independent cell death through the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Resistance to apoptosis is 1 of the key events that confer chemoresistance and is mediated by the overexpression of antiapoptotic proteins, which inhibit caspase activation. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether the activation of an alternative, caspase-independent cell death pathway could promote death in chemoresistant ovarian cancer cells. The authors report the characterization of NV-128 as an inducer of cell death through a caspase-independent pathway.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary cultures of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells were treated with increasing concentration of NV-128, and the concentration that caused 50% growth inhibition (GI(50)) was determined using a proprietary assay. Apoptotic proteins were characterized by Western blot analyses, assays that measured caspase activity, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. Protein-protein interactions were determined using immunoprecipitation. In vivo activity was measured in a xenograft mice model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NV-128 was able to induce significant cell death in both paclitaxel-resistant and carboplatin-resistant EOC cells with a GI(50) between 1 microg/mL and 5 microg/mL. Cell death was characterized by chromatin condensation but was caspase-independent. The activated pathway involved the down-regulation of phosphorylated AKT, phosphorylated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and phosphorylated ribosomal p70 S6 kinase, and the mitochondrial translocation of beclin-1 followed by nuclear translocation of endonuclease G.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors characterized a novel compound, NV-128, which inhibits mTOR and promotes caspase-independent cell death. The current results indicated that inhibition of mTOR may represent a relevant pathway for the induction of cell death in cells resistant to the classic caspase-dependent apoptosis. These findings demonstrate the possibility of using therapeutic drugs, such as NV-128, which may have beneficial effects in patients with chemoresistant ovarian cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
authors.forename: Ayesha B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Alvero
authors.forename: Michele K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Montagna
authors.forename: Rui
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ki Hyung
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kyungjin
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Visintin
authors.forename: Han-Hsuan
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Fu
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Gil
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mor
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D001343:Autophagy; D020169:Caspases / Q000494:pharmacology; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D002843:Chromatin; D007529:Isoflavones; C542773:NV-128 isoflavone; D011494:Protein Kinases; C546842:MTOR protein, human; C546843:mTOR protein, mouse; D051058:Oncogene Protein v-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D020169:Caspases