title: Muscle ultrasound density in human fetuses with spina bifida aperta.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In fetal spina bifida aperta (SBA), leg movements caudal to the meningomyelocele (MMC) are transiently present, but they disappear shortly after birth. Insight in the underlying mechanism could help to improve treatment strategies. In fetal SBA, the pathogenesis of neuromuscular damage prior to movement loss is still unknown. We reasoned that prenatal assessment of muscle ultrasound density (fetal-MUD) could help to reveal whether progressive neuromuscular damage is present in fetal SBA, or not.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To reveal whether prenatal neuromuscular damage is progressively present in SBA.
  
  
  METHODS
  In SBA fetuses (n=6; 22-37 weeks gestational age), we assessed fetal-MUD in myotomes caudal to the MMC and compared measurements between myotomes cranial to the MMC and controls (n=11; 17-36 weeks gestational age). Furthermore, we intra-individually compared MUD and muscle histology between the pre- and postnatal period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Despite persistently present fetal leg movements caudal to the MMC, fetal-MUD was higher caudal to the MMC than in controls (p<0.05). Fetal-MUD caudal to the MMC did not increase with gestational age, whereas fetal-MUD in controls and cranial to the MMC increased with gestational age (p<0.05). In 5 of 6 patients assessed, comparison between pre- and postnatal MUD and/or muscle histology indicated consistent findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In fetal SBA, persistent leg movements concur with stable, non-progressively increased fetal-MUD. These data may implicate that early postnatal loss of leg movements is associated with the impact of additional neuromuscular damage after the prenatal period.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Verbeek
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: van der Hoeven
authors.forename: K M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Sollie
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Maurits
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Bos
authors.forename: W F A
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: den Dunnen
authors.forename: O F
authors.initials: OF
authors.lastname: Brouwer
authors.forename: D A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Sival
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D008591:Meningomyelocele / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D009468:Neuromuscular Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D011247:Pregnancy; D016137:Spina Bifida Cystica / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000196:embryology / Q000473:pathology; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal