Significance of manipulating intratumor hypoxia in the effect on lung metastases in radiotherapy, with reference to its effect on the sensitivity of intratumor quiescent cells.
OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the effect of manipulating intratumor hypoxia during radiotherapy on lung metastasis, referring to its effect on the sensitivity of quiescent tumor cells.


METHODS
B16-BL6 melanoma tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice were continuously given 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to label all proliferating (P) cells. They received gamma-ray irradiation following loading with the acute hypoxia-releasing agent nicotinamide or local hyperthermia at mild temperatures (MTH). Immediately after the irradiation, cells from some tumors were isolated and incubated with a cytokinesis blocker. The sensitivity of quiescent (Q) cells was assessed in terms of the micronucleus frequency using immunofluorescence staining for BrdU. That of the total (=P + Q) tumor cell population was determined from BrdU non-treated tumors. In other tumor-bearing mice, 17 days after irradiation, macroscopic lung metastases were enumerated.


RESULTS
In the total cells, a more marked enhancement in sensitivity was observed with nicotinamide than MTH. In Q cells, MTH combination induced a more marked enhancement than nicotinamide. Both nicotinamide and MTH reduced the size of the hypoxic fraction in the two cell populations, especially nicotinamide in the total cells and MTH in Q cells. Without gamma-ray irradiation, nicotinamide loading tended to decrease the number of lung metastases. With gamma-ray irradiation, nicotinamide loading and MTH, especially the former, reduced the number of metastases more than gamma-ray irradiation only.


CONCLUSIONS
Hypoxia manipulation in solid tumors has the potential to influence lung metastases. Notably, acute hypoxia-releasing nicotinamide may be promising for reducing the number of lung metastases.
Masunaga
Shin-ichiro
S
Particle Radiation Oncology Research Center, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, 2-1010, Asashiro-nishi, Kumatori-cho, Sennan-gun, Osaka, 590-0494, Japan. smasuna@rri.kyoto-u.ac.jp
Matsumoto
Yoshitaka
Y
Hirayama
Ryoichi
R
Kashino
Genro
G
Tanaka
Hiroki
H
Suzuki
Minoru
M
Kinashi
Yuko
Y
Liu
Yong
Y
Ando
Koichi
K
Ono
Koji
K
D000818:Animals; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000556:secondary*; D008546:Melanoma, Experimental / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL