title: Evaluation of risk of falls and orthostatic hypotension in older, long-term topical beta-blocker users.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falls are a serious problem in the elderly, and have recently been described as cardiovascular-mediated side effects of beta-blocker eye drops. Therefore, we investigated the possible association between the long-term use of beta-blockers, prostaglandins and their combinations in eye drops, and falls, dizziness and orthostatic hypotension in older patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  All participants were long-term users of eye drops containing beta-blockers, prostaglandins or their combinations. They underwent a structured falls interview and blood pressure measurement for testing of orthostatic hypotension. The odds ratio for presence of orthostatic hypotension or a positive falls history according to use of beta-blocker eye drops was calculated with a binary logistic regression analysis. The main outcome measures were a positive falls history and the presence of orthostatic hypotension.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 148 of 286 subjects participated. After adjustment for age, gender, and use of fall-risk-increasing drugs other than beta-blocker eye drops, we found no significant difference in fall risk [odds ratio (OR): 0.60; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.268-1.327] between patients using ophthalmic beta-blockers or a combination of ophthalmic beta-blockers and prostaglandins, and patients using ophthalmic prostaglandins only. Although prevalence of orthostatic hypotension was higher in the beta-blocker group (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 0.731-3.793) compared to the prostaglandin group, this was a non-significant difference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, we did not find a significant association between long-term use of beta-blockers eye drops and falls, dizziness or orthostatic hypotension in older ophthalmic outpatients, compared to long-term use of prostaglandin eye drops.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000-CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Wishal D
authors.initials: WD
authors.lastname: Ramdas
authors.forename: Nathalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van der Velde
authors.forename: Tischa J M
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: van der Cammen
authors.forename: Roger C W
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Wolfs
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000287:Administration, Topical; D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D007024:Hypotension, Orthostatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D007429:Intraocular Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009798:Ocular Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy; D016017:Odds Ratio; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions