title: Age related macular degeneration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sight-threatening (late) age-related macular degeneration (AMD) occurs in 2% of people aged over 50 years in industrialised countries, with prevalence increasing with age. Early-stage disease is marked by normal vision, but retinal changes (drusen and pigment changes). Disease progression leads to worsening central vision, but peripheral vision is preserved.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of interventions to prevent progression of early- or late-stage age-related macular degeneration; and exudative age-related macular degeneration? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to March 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 45 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: antiangiogenesis (using pegaptanib, ranibizumab, interferon alfa-2a, or anecortave acetate), antioxidant vitamins plus zinc, external beam radiation, laser treatment to drusen, photodynamic therapy with verteporfin, submacular surgery, thermal laser photocoagulation, transpupillary thermotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Marsden Eye Specialists, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia.
authors.forename: Jennifer J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Wilson
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Heriot
mesh_terms: D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D000069579:Ranibizumab; D014792:Visual Acuity
chemical_list: D000069579:Ranibizumab