Constitutively active MEK1 is sufficient to induce epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in intestinal epithelial cells and to promote tumor invasion and metastasis.
Constitutive activation of the MAP kinase kinase MEK1 induces oncogenic transformation in intestinal epithelial cells. Loss of cell-cell adhesion followed by the dissociation of epithelial structures is a prerequisite for increased cell motility and tumor invasion. This phenotypic switch is designated epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT also plays an important role in determining the dissemination of tumors. However, the role of MEK1 in intestinal EMT, tumor invasion and metastasis has not been elucidated. To determine the functions of activated MEK1 in intestinal tumorigenesis, we established intestinal epithelial cell lines that overexpress wild-type MEK1 (wtMEK) or activated MEK1 (caMEK). Our results indicate that expression of caMEK is sufficient to induce EMT as confirmed with the induction of N-cadherin, vimentin, Snail1 and Snail2, whereas a reduction in E-cadherin, occludin, ZO-1 and cortical F-actin was noted. The Snail1 and Snail2 promoter analyses revealed that Egr-1 and Fra-1, an AP-1 protein, are responsible for MEK1-induced Snail1 and Snail2 expression, respectively. Cells expressing activated MEK1 clearly acquired an invasive capacity when compared to wtMEK-expressing cells. Zymography studies confirmed elevated levels of MMP2 and MMP9 activities in media of caMEK-expressing cells. Importantly, cells expressing activated MEK1 induced tumors with short latency in correlation with their ability to induce experimental metastasis in vivo and to express factors known to promote colorectal cancer cell metastasis. In conclusion, our results demonstrate, for the first time, that constitutive activation of MEK1 in intestinal epithelial cells is sufficient to induce an EMT associated with tumor invasion and metastasis.
Lemieux
Etienne
E
CIHR Team on Digestive Epithelium, Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
Bergeron
Sébastien
S
Durand
Véronique
V
Asselin
Claude
C
Saucier
Caroline
C
Rivard
Nathalie
N
D000818:Animals; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000378:metabolism*; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D007422:Intestines; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009154:Mutation; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D051381:Rats; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
C000604429:Snai1 protein, mouse; C000604450:Snai2 protein, rat; D000071250:Snail Family Transcription Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9