title: Growth and nutrient intake among very-low-birth-weight infants fed fortified human milk during hospitalisation.
abstract: Postnatal growth failure in preterm infants is due to interactions between genetic and environmental factors, which are not fully understood. We assessed dietary supply of nutrients in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW, < 1500 g) infants fed fortified human milk, and examined the association between nutrient intake, medical factors and growth during hospitalisation lasting on average 70 d. We studied 127 VLBW infants during the early neonatal period. Data were obtained from medical records on nutrient intake, growth and growth-related factors. Extra-uterine growth restriction was defined as body weight < 10th percentile of the predicted value at discharge. Using logistic regression, we evaluated nutrient intake and other relevant factors associated with extra-uterine growth restriction in the subgroup of VLBW infants with adequate weight for gestational age at birth. The proportion of growth restriction was 33 % at birth and increased to 58 % at discharge from hospital. Recommended values for energy intake (>500 kJ/kg per d) and intra-uterine growth rate (15 g/kg per d) were not met, neither in the period from birth to 28 weeks post-conceptional age (PCA), nor from 37 weeks PCA to discharge. Factors negatively associated with growth restriction were energy intake (Ptrend = 0.002), non-Caucasian ethnicity (P = 0.04) and weight/predicted birth weight at birth (Ptrend = 0.004). Extra-uterine growth restriction is common in VLBW infants fed primarily fortified human milk. Currently recommended energy and nutrient intake for growing preterm infants was not achieved. Reduced energy supply and non-Caucasian ethnicity were risk factors for growth restriction at discharge from hospital.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. christine.henriksen@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Christine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Henriksen
authors.forename: Ane C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Westerberg
authors.forename: Arild
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rønnestad
authors.forename: Britt
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nakstad
authors.forename: Marit B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Veierød
authors.forename: Christian A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Drevon
authors.forename: Per O
authors.initials: PO
authors.lastname: Iversen
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D000886:Anthropometry; D004032:Diet; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007227:Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D007236:Infant, Small for Gestational Age; D019102:Infant, Very Low Birth Weight / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology