title: Robot-based methodology for a kinematic and kinetic analysis of unconstrained, but reproducible upper extremity movement.
abstract: Although arm movements play an important role in everyday life, there is still a lack of procedures for the analysis of upper extremity movement. The main problems for standardizing the procedure are the variety of arm movements and the difficult assessment of external hand forces. The first problem requires the predefinition of motions, and the second one is the prerequisite for calculation of net joint forces and torques arising during motion. A new methodology for measuring external forces during prespecified, reproducible upper extremity movement has been introduced and validated. A robot-arm has been used to define the motion and 6 degrees of freedom (DoF) force sensor has been attached to it for acquiring the external loads acting on the arm. Additionally, force feedback has been used to help keeping external loads constant. Intra-individual reproducibility of joint angles was estimated by using correlation coefficients to compare a goal-directed movement with robot-guided task. Inter-individual reproducibility has been evaluated by using the mean standard deviation of joint angles for both types of movement. The results showed that both inter- and intra-individual reproducibility have significantly improved by using the robot. Also, the effectiveness of using force feedback for keeping a constant external load has been shown. This makes it possible to estimate net joint forces and torques which are important biomechanical information in motion analysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany. Electronic address: n.popovic@hia.rwth-aachen.de.
authors.forename: Nikica
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Popovic
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
authors.forename: Sybele
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Rode
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
authors.forename: Günter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rau
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Germany.
authors.forename: Cantherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Disselhorst-Klug
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm / Q000502:physiology*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000502:physiology; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D004576:Electromyography; D006801:Humans; D007596:Joints / Q000502:physiology; D008954:Models, Biological; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012371:Robotics / Q000379:methods*