title: Electrocardiographic abnormalities in opiate addicts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine in a cross-sectional study the prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities in opiate addicts who were therapy-seeking and its association with demographic, clinical and drug-specific parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  In consecutive therapy-seeking opiate addicts, a 12-lead ECG was registered within 24 hours after admission and evaluated according to a pre-set protocol between October 2004 and August 2006. Additionally, demographic, clinical and drug-specific parameters were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Included were 511 opiate-addicts, 25% female, with a mean age of 29 years (range 17-59 years). One or more ECG abnormalities were found in 314 patients (61%). In the 511 patients we found most commonly ST abnormalities (19%), QTc prolongation (13%), tall R- and/or S-waves (11%) and missing R progression (10%). ECG abnormalities were more common in males than in females (64 versus 54%, P < 0.05), and in patients with positive than negative urine findings for cannabis (68 versus 57%, P < 0.05). Patients with ST abnormalities were more often males than females (21 versus 11%, P < 0.05), had a history of seizures less often (16 versus 27%, P < 0.05), had positive than negative urine findings for cannabis more often (26 versus 15%, P < 0.01) and had negative than positive urine findings for methadone more often (21 versus 11%, P < 0.05). QTc prolongation was more frequent in patients with high dosages of maintenance drugs than in patients with medium or low dosages (27 versus 12 versus 10%, P < 0.05) and in patients whose urine findings were positive than negative for methadone (23 versus 11%, P < 0.001) as well as for benzodiazepines (17 versus 9%, P < 0.05). Limitations of the data are that in most cases other risk factors for the cardiac abnormalities were not known.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ECG abnormalities are frequent in opiate addicts. The most frequent ECG abnormalities are ST abnormalities, QTc prolongation and tall R- and/or S-waves. ST abnormalities are associated with cannabis, and QTc prolongation with methadone and benzodiazepines.
authors.affiliation: Drug Addiction Centre, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria. christina.wallner@wienkav.at
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Wallner
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stöllberger
authors.forename: Anton
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hlavin
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Finsterer
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Hager
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hermann
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000139:chemically induced*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008691:Methadone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008875:Middle Aged; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000534:rehabilitation; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D008691:Methadone