title: The role of anger in adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment in patients infected with HIV.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adherence to highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) is critical to long-term treatment success in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, the relationship between psychological variables and medication adherence is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how anger dimensions in subjects with HIV affect adherence to antiretroviral drugs.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and thirty outpatients with HIV who were nondepressed and receiving HAART were administered the State-Trait Anger Inventory and a compliance self-report questionnaire. They also underwent clinical laboratory tests aimed at investigating immune function and disease stage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients (33%) reported suboptimal adherence. Full compliance with HAART was related to higher age, lower HIV RNA level, lower trait anger, lower outside-directed anger and greater anger control. In a multiple regression analysis, low trait anger (p = 0.02) and high anger control (p = 0.03) were significantly associated with full adherence to HAART.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anger dimensions are linked with, and may affect, adherence to HAART. A better understanding of the psychological determinants of compliance might allow for the identification of patients who are at higher risk of nonadherence. To sustain adherence to HAART, these patients may benefit from increased clinical attention or intervention.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Department, Psychiatry Section, University of Torino, Torino, Italy. paolo.leombruni@unito.it
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Leombruni
authors.forename: Secondo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fassino
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lavagnino
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Orofino
authors.forename: Pierluigi
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Morosini
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Picardi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000786:Anger; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000523:psychology*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055118:Medication Adherence / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010555:Personality Inventory; D012803:Sick Role; D019562:Viral Load