title: Quantification of pulmonary to systemic flow ratio by a Doppler echocardiographic method in the normal dog: Repeatability, reproducibility, and reference ranges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) could be assessed in healthy awake dogs using Doppler echocardiography.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Qp/Qs could provide reliable information in assessing the severity of intracardiac shunts (ICS) by quantifying pulmonary overcirculation. Qp/Qs has been validated against electromagnetic flowmeter methods in experimental canine models. However, its clinical applicability in awake dogs has never been assessed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy dogs were used to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of the technique (Study 1); Qp/Qs was then prospectively assessed in 50 healthy dogs (Study 2). In both studies Qp/Qs was calculated in awake animals using a standardized Doppler echocardiographic method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Within- and between-day coefficients of variation for Qp/Qs were <10% (Study 1). For Study 2, a relatively wide range of Qp/Qs was found (reference range=0.71-1.29; mean+/-SD=1.00+/-0.15).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Qp/Qs can be assessed with good repeatability and reproducibility in healthy dogs. However, the wide range of Qp/Qs obtained in the healthy population may suggest a limited usefulness of this variable for accurately assessing ICS severity in diseased animals. This needs to be assessed in further prospective and longitudinal studies including a large number of animals with ICS of various grades.
authors.affiliation: Unité de Cardiologie d'Alfort, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94 704 Maisons-Alfort cedex, France.
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Serres
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chetboul
authors.forename: Renaud
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tissier
authors.forename: Vassiliki
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gouni
authors.forename: Aude
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Desmyter
authors.forename: Carolina Carlos
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Sampedrano
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Pouchelon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs / Q000502:physiology*; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012039:Regional Blood Flow; D015203:Reproducibility of Results