title: Immunogenicity of a reduced dose of A/H3N2 in the 2005 southern hemisphere formulation of inactivated split influenza vaccine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The 2005 southern hemisphere formulation of the inactivated split-virion influenza vaccine Vaxigrip unintentionally contained a lower concentration of haemagglutinin (HA) than European Pharmacopoeia (EP) and WHO specifications for one of the three strains.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the immunogenicity of the 2005 southern hemisphere formulation of an influenza vaccine containing 9 microg/dose of HA for A/Wellington/1/2004(H3N2) strain, and 15 microg/dose for each of the A/New Caledonia/20/99(H1N1) strain and B/Shanghai/361/2002-like strains.
  
  
  METHODS
  In an open, non-controlled multicentre clinical trial, 75 healthy adults (18-59 years) and 65 healthy older adults (> or =60 years) were vaccinated once. Serum samples were obtained on D0 and 21 for haemagglutination inhibition (HAI) antibody titration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A high proportion of adults (64%) and elderly (68%) were already seroprotected (HAI titre of > or =40) against A/Wellington/1/2004(H3N2) before vaccination, probably due to high circulation of an antigenically similar H3N2 strain and a high 2004 vaccination rate. By D21, seroprotection rates against H3N2 attained 93.8% and 96.0% in adults and elderly respectively. The other two immunogenicity criteria for annual licensure of influenza vaccines in Europe were also met in both age groups for the H3N2 strain, and also for the H1N1 and B strains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results enabled the 2005 southern hemisphere vaccine to be used in expectation that it would provide satisfactory protection against influenza, despite the reduced H3N2 antigen content.
authors.affiliation: The University of Adelaide, Australia.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Burrell
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Booy
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Anne-Marie
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Egan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Taverner
authors.forename: Ken
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Winston
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Liauw
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Moskwa
authors.forename: Stephanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pepin-Covatta
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Saville
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood; D017277:Drug Approval; D005260:Female; D006385:Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology; D053122:Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D009981:Influenza B virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000276:immunology; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D022223:Vaccines, Subunit; C478242:vaxigrip