title: Urological complications after kidney transplantation: experience of more than 1,000 transplantations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Urinary fistulas and stenoses are the most common complications that may require surgical revision after kidney transplantation. The aim of this study was to retrospectively assess the incidence of and risk factors for early (within 30 days) or late major urological complications (stenoses and fistulas) after kidney transplantation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population comprised 1142 consecutive patients who underwent kidney transplantation between January 1990 and September 2007. Endpoints were early and late urological complications (stenoses and fistulas). The variables considered upon multivariate and univariate analyses were: recipient age, sex, etiology of renal failure, number (first/second) and type (single/double/combined with other organs) of kidney transplantations, cold ischemia time, type of urinary reconstruction, stent positioning, as well as donor cause of death, sex, age, and serum creatinine and clearance. We also examined the presence of graft polar arteries, acute rejection episodes, and postoperative graft function.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1142 transplantation performed at our center, 100 patients (8.7%) experienced 107 urological complications: 85 (79.4%) were early (56 fistulas, 29 stenoses) and 22 (20.5%) late (7 fistulas and 15 stenoses). Multivariate analysis for all complications revealed significant associations with male recipient sex (P = .00, HR = 2), while first kidney transplantation was protective (P = .00, HR = .4). Male gender both of the recipient and of the donor was significantly associated with early fistulas (P = .01, HR = 2.5 and P = .02, HR = 2, respectively). First (versus second) kidney transplantation had a protective effect on early stenoses (P = .01, HR = .27). Late fistulas were associated with anastomotic stenting (P = .03) in univariate but not multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis for late stenoses did not demonstrate any significant association with the considered variables; however, the late stenosis cases showed significantly higher recipient and donor ages (P < .05) and a lower donor creatinine clearance (P < .05). The type of urinary anastomosis, stenting, cold ischemia time, presence of polar arterial branches, and type of transplantation did not influence the incidence of urinary fistulas or stenoses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data confirmed that older recipients and organs from older donors, especially of male gender, and retransplantations are to be considered risk factors for urological complications. The present analysis cannot suggest any modification of the actual surgical strategy that would prevent urological complications in kidney transplantation.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Unit of Kidney Transplantations, Bologna Transplant Center, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. flavia_neri84@hotmail.it
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Neri
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tsivian
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coccolini
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bertelli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Cavallari
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nardo
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fuga
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Faenza
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D050377:Cold Ischemia / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D015607:Stents; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014548:Urinary Fistula / Q000453:epidemiology*