title: Mechanisms of bone metastases of breast cancer.
abstract: Cancer development is a multi-step process driven by genetic alterations that elicit the progressive transformation of normal human cells into highly malignant derivatives. The altered cell proliferation phenotype of cancer involves a poorly characterized sequence of molecular events, which often result in the development of distant metastasis. In the case of breast cancer, the skeleton is among the most common of metastatic sites. In spite of its clinical importance, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms driving bone metastasis remain elusive. Despite advances in our understanding of the phenotype of cancer cells, the increased focus on the contribution of the tumor microenvironment and the recent revival of interest in the role of tumor-propagating cells (so called cancer stem cells) that may originate or be related to normal stem cells produced in the bone marrow, many important questions remain unanswered. As such, a more complete understanding of the influences of both the microenvironment and the tumor phenotype, which impact the entire multi-step metastatic cascade, is required. In this review, the importance of tumor heterogeneity, tumor-propagating cells, the microenvironment of breast cancer metastasis to bone as well as many current endocrine therapies for the prevention and treatment of metastatic breast cancer is discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Barton Research Institute, Center for Orthopaedic Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA. suvalarryj@uams.edu
authors.forename: Larry J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Suva
authors.forename: Robert J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Griffin
authors.forename: Issam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Makhoul
mesh_terms: D001859:Bone Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D002471:Cell Transformation, Neoplastic / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics