title: Giardia lamblia: a report of drug effects under cell differentiation.
abstract: The Giardia lamblia life cycle is characterized by two phases during which two major cell differentiation processes take place: encystation and excystation. During encystation, the trophozoites transform into cysts, the resistance form. Once ingested by a susceptible host, the cysts are stimulated to excyst in the stomach, and the excysted trophozoites adhere to the epithelium of the upper small intestine. Our work analyses the effects of four benzimidazole derivatives during Giardia differentiation into cysts and evaluates the excystation efficiency of water resistant cysts. Albendazole (AB) showed the most significant results by inhibiting encystation about 30% and a decreasing rate of excystation efficiency. The ultrastructural organization of the cyst adhesive disk was notably affected by AB treatment. Although other benzimidazoles showed some effect on encystation, they were not able to inhibit the excystation process. It is known that the benzimidazoles affect the cytoskeleton of many organisms but how it interferes in Giardia differentiation processes is our main focus. The importance of studying Giardia's differentiation under drug action is reinforced by the following arguments: (1) Cysts eliminated by hosts undergoing treatment could still be potentially infective; (2) once the host has been treated, it would be desirable that the shedding of cysts into the environment is avoided; (3) the prevention of Giardia dissemination is a question of extreme importance mainly in underdeveloped countries, where poor sanitary conditions are related to high rates of giardiasis. This report concerns the importance of keeping the environment free from infective cysts and on Giardia's drug resistance and differentiating abilities.
authors.affiliation: Laboratório de Microscopia e Processamento de Imagens, Departamento de Histologia e Embriologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 20550-170, Brazil.
authors.forename: Moema A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hausen
authors.forename: Richard Pereira
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: de Oliveira
authors.forename: Ana Paula Rocha
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.forename: Loraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campanati
authors.forename: Jorge José
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Laís
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: de Carvalho
authors.forename: Helene Santos
authors.initials: HS
authors.lastname: Barbosa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016829:Giardia lamblia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008853:Microscopy / Q000379:methods; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D053058:Trophozoites / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D001562:Benzimidazoles