title: Effects of self-hypnosis training and EMG biofeedback relaxation training on chronic pain in persons with spinal-cord injury.
abstract: Thirty-seven adults with spinal-cord injury and chronic pain were randomly assigned to receive 10 sessions of self-hypnosis (HYP) or EMG biofeedback relaxation (BIO) training for pain management. Participants in both treatment conditions reported substantial, but similar, decreases in pain intensity from before to after the treatment sessions. However, participants in the HYP condition, but not the BIO condition, reported statistically significant decreases in daily average pain pre- to posttreatment. These pre- to posttreatment decreases in pain reported by the HYP participants were maintained at 3-month follow-up. Participants in the HYP condition, but not the BIO condition, also reported significant pre- to posttreatment increases in perceived control over pain, but this change was not maintained at the 3-month follow-up.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-6490, USA.
authors.forename: Mark P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Jensen
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: Joan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Romano
authors.forename: Marisol A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Hanley
authors.forename: Katherine A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Raichle
authors.forename: Ivan R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Molton
authors.forename: Joyce M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Engel
authors.forename: Travis L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Osborne
authors.forename: Brenda L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Stoelb
authors.forename: Diana D
authors.initials: DD
authors.lastname: Cardenas
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Patterson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001326:Autogenic Training / Q000379:methods*; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology / Q000379:methods*; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006990:Hypnosis / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009437:Neuralgia / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult