title: Evaluation of ki-67 staining levels as an independent biomarker of biochemical recurrence after salvage radiation therapy for prostate cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently published a scoring algorithm to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) after salvage radiation therapy (SRT) for prostate cancer. Currently, this algorithm is based on clinicopathologic features and does not incorporate information from tumor-based biomarkers. Herein, we evaluate the ability of Ki-67 staining in primary prostate cancer to independently aid in the prediction of BCR among men undergoing SRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified 147 patients who were treated with SRT between July 1987 and July 2003 at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN; Jacksonville, FL; Scottsdale, AZ). Staining levels of Ki-67 in primary tumor samples were detected by use of a monoclonal antibody and quantified by use of a computer-assisted method. We used Cox proportional hazards models to examine the association of Ki-67 staining and BCR in single-variable models and after multivariable adjustment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The risk of BCR for men with tumors in the highest tertile of Ki-67 staining is approximately two times that for men with tumors in the lower two tertiles (relative risk, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.23-3.32; p = 0.005) after adjustment for the features in our original scoring algorithm. Further adjustment for additional covariates did not attenuate this association. Evidence from concordance index values supports that Ki-67 staining adds to the predictive ability of our existing scoring algorithm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that higher levels of Ki-67 staining are associated with increased risk of BCR after SRT, independent of existing clinicopathologic covariates. Future studies involving larger numbers of patients are required to validate these results and also explore possible means of combining this biomarker with existing prognostic tools.
authors.affiliation: College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA. parker.alexander@mayo.edu
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Parker
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Heckman
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Julia E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Crook
authors.forename: Tracy W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hilton
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Pisansky
authors.forename: Johnny R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Steven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Schild
authors.forename: Li Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Khor
authors.forename: Elizabeth H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Hammond
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pollack
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Buskirk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D006801:Humans; D019394:Ki-67 Antigen / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D012306:Risk; D016879:Salvage Therapy
chemical_list: D019394:Ki-67 Antigen