title: Is it cost effective to introduce paramedic practitioners for older people to the ambulance service? Results of a cluster randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A scheme to train paramedics to undertake a greater role in the care of older people following a call for an emergency ambulance was developed in a large city in the UK.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost effectiveness of the paramedic practitioner (PP) scheme compared with usual emergency care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cluster randomised controlled trial was undertaken of PP compared with usual care. Weeks were allocated to the study group at random to the PP scheme either being active (intervention) or inactive (control). Resource use data were collected from routine sources, and from patient-completed questionnaires for events up to 28 days. EQ-5D data were also collected at 28 days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas the intervention group received more PP contact time, it reduced the proportion of emergency department (ED) attendances (53.3% vs 84.0%) and time in the ED (126.6 vs 211.3 minutes). There was also some evidence of increased use of health services in the days following the incident for patients in the intervention group. Overall, total costs in the intervention group were 140 UK pounds lower when routine data were considered (p = 0.63). When the costs and QALY were considered simultaneously, PP had a greater than 95% chance of being cost effective at 20 000 UK pounds per QALY.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Several changes in resource use are associated with the use of PP. Given these economic results in tandem with the clinical, operational and patient-related benefits, the wider implementation and evaluation of similar schemes should be considered.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics and Decision Science, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Regent Court, 30 Regent Street, Sheffield, UK. s.dixon@sheffield.ac.uk
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dixon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Knowles
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Colwell
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardrope
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Snooks
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gorringe
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Perrin
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nicholl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances / Q000191:economics*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D003625:Data Collection; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000191:economics*; D004739:England; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years