Structural specializations of A2, a force-sensing domain in the ultralarge vascular protein von Willebrand factor.
The lengths of von Willebrand factor (VWF) concatamers correlate with hemostatic potency. After secretion in plasma, length is regulated by hydrodynamic shear force-dependent unfolding of the A2 domain, which is then cleaved by a specific protease. The 1.9-A crystal structure of the A2 domain demonstrates evolutionary adaptations to this shear sensor function. Unique among VWF A (VWA) domains, A2 contains a loop in place of the alpha4 helix, and a cis-proline. The central beta4-strand is poorly packed, with multiple side-chain rotamers. The Tyr-Met cleavage site is buried in the beta4-strand in the central hydrophobic core, and the Tyr structurally links to the C-terminal alpha6-helix. The alpha6-helix ends in 2 Cys residues that are linked by an unusual vicinal disulfide bond that is buried in a hydrophobic pocket. These features may narrow the force range over which unfolding occurs and may also slow refolding. Von Willebrand disease mutations, which presumably lower the force at which A2 unfolds, are illuminated by the structure.
Zhang
Qing
Q
Immune Disease Institute, Children's Hospital Boston and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
Zhou
Yan-Feng
YF
Zhang
Cheng-Zhong
CZ
Zhang
Xiaohui
X
Lu
Chafen
C
Springer
Timothy A
TA
D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017510:Protein Folding; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D014842:von Willebrand Diseases / Q000235:genetics; D014841:von Willebrand Factor / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics
D014841:von Willebrand Factor