title: Effects of bladder distension on organs at risk in 3D image-based planning of intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the effects of bladder distension on organs at risk (OARs) in the image-based planning of intracavitary brachytherapy for cervical cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirteen patients with cancer of the cervix were treated with high-dose radiation brachytherapy (800 cGy/fraction for 3 fractions). For the three-dimensional (3D) analysis, pelvic CT scans were obtained from patients with indwelling catheters in place (defined as empty bladder) and from patients who received 180-cc injections of sterile water in their bladders (defined as full bladder). To compare the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) point doses with 3D-volume doses, the volume dose was defined by using two different criteria, D(2cc) (the minimum dose value in a 2.0-cm(3) volume receiving the highest dose) and D(50%) (the dose received by 50% of the volume of the OAR) for OARs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The bladder D(2cc) was located more cranially in the bladder base and was distributed in multiple spots in 46% of patients. The rectal D(2cc) was located in the area of the ICRU point as a single "hot spot." For patients with a full bladder, the mean bladder D(2cc) increased from 634 to 799 cGy (28.8%, p = 0.002). However, the bowel D(2cc) decreased from 475 to 261 cGy (45.0%, p < 0.001). There were no substantial differences in rectal and sigmoid D(2cc) values. However, the mean D(50%) values of both the bladder and the bowel decreased from 108 to 80 cGy (23.7%, p < 0.001) and from 282 to 221 cGy (19.7%, p = 0.004) with a full bladder, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in bladder volume resulted in a significant reduction in bowel D(2cc) values at the expense of an increase in bladder D(2cc) values. Treatment with a distended bladder is preferable to protect the bowel.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35249-6832, USA.
authors.forename: Robert Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Sui
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hui-Yi
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Sharon A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: De Los Santos
mesh_terms: D001918:Brachytherapy / Q000379:methods*; D012809:Colon, Sigmoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012007:Rectum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*