title: Fenretinide inhibits myeloma cell growth, osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast viability.
abstract: Fenretinide (4HPR), a nontoxic analog of ATRA, has been investigated in various malignancies but not in multiple myeloma (MM), a plasma cell malignancy associated with induction of osteolytic bone disease. Here we show that 4HPR induces apoptosis through increased level of ROS and activation of caspase-8, 9 and 3, and inhibits growth of several MM cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. Serum or co-culture with the supportive osteoclasts partially protects MM cells from 4HPR-induced growth inhibition. Sphingosine-1 phosphate (S1P) significantly protects MM cells from 4HPR-induced apoptosis suggesting that as in other malignancies, this drug up-regulates ceramide in MM cells. 4HPR has no toxic effects on non-malignant cells such as blood mononucleated cells, mesenchymal stem cells and osteoblasts, but markedly reduces viability of endothelial cells and mature osteoclasts and inhibits differentiation of osteoclasts and MM-induced tube formation. 4HPR is a potential anti-MM agent, affecting MM cells and MM-induced bone disease and angiogenesis.
authors.affiliation: Myeloma Institute for Research and Therapy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA. lixin@uams.edu
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wen
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pennisi
authors.forename: Sharmin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Shmuel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yaccoby
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D017313:Fenretinide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007963:Leukocytes, Mononuclear / Q000187:drug effects; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology*; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D009940:Organoids / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D010010:Osteoclasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D017313:Fenretinide; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D020169:Caspases; D013110:Sphingosine