title: A novel technique for selective NF-kappaB inhibition in Kupffer cells: contrary effects in fulminant hepatitis and ischaemia-reperfusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) has risen as a promising target for anti-inflammatory therapeutics. In the liver, however, NF-kappaB inhibition mediates both damaging and protective effects. The outcome is deemed to depend on the liver cell type addressed. Recent gene knock-out studies focused on the role of NF-kappaB in hepatocytes, whereas the role of NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells has not yet been investigated in vivo. Here we present a novel approach, which may be suitable for clinical application, to selectively target NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells and analyse the effects in experimental models of liver injury.
  
  
  METHODS
  NF-kappaB inhibiting decoy oligodeoxynucleotides were loaded upon gelatin nanoparticles (D-NPs) and their in vivo distribution was determined by confocal microscopy. Liver damage, NF-kappaB activity, cytokine levels and apoptotic protein expression were evaluated after lipopolysaccharide (LPS), d-galactosamine (GalN)/LPS, or concanavalin A (ConA) challenge and partial warm ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  D-NPs were selectively taken up by Kupffer cells and inhibited NF-kappaB activation. Inhibition of NF-kappaB in Kupffer cells improved survival and reduced liver injury after GalN/LPS as well as after ConA challenge. While anti-apoptotic protein expression in liver tissue was not reduced, pro-apoptotic players such as cJun N-terminal kinase (JNK) were inhibited. In contrast, selective inhibition of NF-kappaB augmented reperfusion injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NF-kappaB inhibiting decoy oligodeoxynucleotide-loaded gelatin nanoparticles is a novel tool to selectively inhibit NF-kappaB activation in Kupffer cells in vivo. Thus, liver injury can be reduced in experimental fulminant hepatitis, but increased at ischaemia-reperfusion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacy, Center of Drug Research, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sass
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zillies
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zahler
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tiegs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hartkorn
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fuchs
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Winter
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Coester
authors.forename: A L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gerbes
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Vollmar
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005780:Gelatin / Q000378:metabolism; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000379:methods; D007728:Kupffer Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D008099:Liver / Q000098:blood supply; D017114:Liver Failure, Acute / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D053758:Nanoparticles; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014178:Translocation, Genetic
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; C468119:NF-kappaB decoy; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D005780:Gelatin