title: Urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) assessment: valuable tools to improve verification of abstention in alcohol-dependent patients during in-patient treatment and at follow-ups.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this study were (i) to assess the effect of additional urinary ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulphate (EtS) assessment on diagnosed relapse rates in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients; and (ii) to compare dropout rates between EtG- and EtS-negative and -positive patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two studies on detoxified alcohol-dependent patients. If patients had no indication of relapse they were asked for a urinary sample at discharge from in-patient treatment 3, 6 and 12 weeks after discharge (study 1) and 1, 3 and 6 weeks after discharge (study 2), respectively.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Psychiatry, University of Luebeck, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 107 and 32 detoxified alcohol-dependent patients having participated in a 3-week in-patient motivation enhancement programme.
  
  
  METHODS
  Personal interviews, breathalyzer tests, assessment of urinary EtG and EtS with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Urinary EtG and EtS were always positive at the same time. In the first study 13.5% of the patients were already positive before being discharged from hospital. At the follow-ups 3, 6 and 12 weeks after discharge 12.2, 19.4 and 28.0%, respectively, of the patients coming to the follow-up and denying relapse were positive on urinary EtG and EtS. In the second study, of those patients showing up for follow-up after 1 week and denying relapse, EtG and EtS were positive in four cases (17.4%). Only one EtG- and EtS-positive relapser (3.1%) came to the next follow-ups. In both studies the rates of detected relapses were significantly higher for early follow-ups if urinary EtG and EtS results were considered additionally. Dropout rates until the next follow-up were significantly higher among positive than EtG- and EtS-negative patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urinary EtG and EtS improve verification of abstinence in studies of alcohol-dependent patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Luebeck, Germany. klaus.junghanns@psychiatrie.uk-sh.de
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Junghanns
authors.forename: Iris
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Graf
authors.forename: Juliane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pflüger
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wetterling
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ziems
authors.forename: Dieter
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Ehrenthal
authors.forename: Maike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zöllner
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dibbelt
authors.forename: Jutta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Backhaus
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Weinmann
authors.forename: Friedrich M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Wurst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany; D005965:Glucuronates / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection / Q000379:methods*; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters / Q000652:urine*; D013695:Temperance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005965:Glucuronates; D013463:Sulfuric Acid Esters; C093924:ethyl glucuronide; C011612:diethyl sulfate