title: Characterization of a whole, inactivated influenza (H5N1) vaccine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Effective vaccines against the highly pathogenic influenza A/H5N1 virus are being developed worldwide. In Japan, two adjuvanted, inactivated, whole-virion influenza vaccines were recently developed and licensed as mock-up, pre-pandemic vaccine formulations by the Ministry of Health and Labor Welfare of Japan. During the vaccine design and development process, various obstacles were overcome and, in this report, we introduce the non clinical production, immunogenicity data in human and development process that was associated with egg-derived adjuvanted, inactivated, whole-virion influenza A (H5N1) vaccine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pilot lots of H5N1 vaccine were produced using the avirulent H5N1 reference strain A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) NIBRG-14 and administered following adsorption with aluminum hydroxide as an adjuvant. Quality control and formulation stability tests were performed before clinical trials were initiated (phase I-III). The research foundation for microbial diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN) carried out vaccine production, quality control, stability testing and the phase I clinical trial in addition to overseeing the licensing of this vaccine. Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd. carried out the non clinical pharmacological toxicity and safety studies and the Japanese medical association carried out the phase II/III trials. Phase I-III trials took place in 2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The production processes were well controlled by established tests and validations. Vaccine quality was confirmed by quality control, stability and pre-clinical tests, and the vaccine was approved as a mock-up, pre-pandemic vaccine by the Ministry of Health and Labor Welfare of Japan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Numerous safety and efficacy procedures were carried out prior to the approval of the described vaccine formulation. Some of these procedures were of particular importance e.g., vaccine development, validation, and quality control tests that included strict monitoring of the hemagglutinin (HA) content of the vaccine formulations. Improving vaccine productivity, shortening the production period and improving antigen yield of the avirulent vaccine strains were also considered important vaccine development criteria.
authors.affiliation: The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University, BIKEN, Osaka, Japan. ytada@mail.biken.or.jp
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tada
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000328:Adult; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000276:immunology*; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology*; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D000536:Aluminum Hydroxide