title: Prescription of antihypertensive agents to haemodialysis patients: time trends and associations with patient characteristics, country and survival in the DOPPS.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Haemodialysis patients were studied in 12 countries to identify practice patterns of prescription of antihypertensive agents (AHA) associated with survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  The sample included 28 513 patients enrolled in DOPPS I and II. The classes of AHA studied were beta blocker (BB), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), peripheral blocker, central antagonist, vasodilator, long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker (CCB), short-acting dihydropyridine CCB and non-dihydropyridine CCB. To reduce bias due to unmeasured confounders, the associations with mortality were assessed by separate Cox models based on patient-level prescription and facility prescription practice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increase in prescription of ARBs (9.5%) and BBs (9.1%) was observed from DOPPS I to II. Prescription of AHA classes varied significantly by country, ranging for BBs from 9.7% in Japan to 52.7% in Sweden and for ARBs from 5.5% in Italy to 21.3% in Japan in DOPPS II. Facilities that treated 10% more patients with ARBs had, on average, 7% lower all-cause mortality, independent of patient characteristics and the prescription patterns of other antihypertensive medications (P = 0.05). Significant and independent associations with reduction in cardiovascular mortality were observed for ARBs (RR = 0.79; P = 0.005) and BBs (RR = 0.87, P = 0.004) in analyses of patient-level prescriptions. These associations in the facility-level model followed the same direction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DOPPS data show large variations across countries in AHA prescription for haemodialysis patients. The data suggest an association between ARB use and reduction in all-cause mortality, as well as with the use of BBs and reduction in cardiovascular mortality among haemodialysis patients.
authors.affiliation: Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bragg-Gresham
authors.forename: Sylvia P B
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Ramirez
authors.forename: Vittorio E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Andreucci
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Akiba
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Saito
authors.forename: Stefan H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Jacobson
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: Friedrich K
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Port
authors.forename: Nancy A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Eric W
authors.initials: EW
authors.lastname: Young
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000379:methods / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000959:Antihypertensive Agents