title: Extraction of allyl isothiocyanate from horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) and its fumigant insecticidal activity on four stored-product pests of paddy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isothiocyanates (ITCs) extracted from Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., May & Scherb. have been shown previously to have insecticidal activity. Allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), a major component of ITCs with high volatility, was therefore extracted using different methods and tested as a fumigant against four major pest species of stored products, maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais (Motsch.), lesser grain borer Rhizopertha dominica (F.), Tribolium ferrugineum (F.) and book louse Liposcelis entomophila (Enderlein).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whereas there was no significant difference between hydrodistillation and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction in extraction rate for AITC from A. rusticana, both methods resulted in higher extraction efficiency than water extraction. AITC fumigation showed strong toxicity to the four species of stored-product pests. Adult mortality of 100% of all four pest species, recorded after 72 h exposure to AITC fumes at an atmospheric concentration of 3 microg mL(-1), showed no significant difference from that of insects exposed to phosphine at 5 microg mL(-1), the recommended dose for phosphine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results suggest good insecticidal efficacy of AITC against the four stored-product pests, with non-gaseous residuals on stored products. AITC obtained from A. rusticana may be an alternative to phosphine and methyl bromide against the four pest species.
authors.affiliation: College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guo-An
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Shuiyun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeng
authors.forename: Kai-chun
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D031215:Armoracia / Q000737:chemistry*; D005591:Chemical Fractionation / Q000379:methods*; D005651:Fumigation; D007300:Insect Control; D007313:Insecta / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017879:Isothiocyanates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D017879:Isothiocyanates; D010936:Plant Extracts; C004471:allyl isothiocyanate