title: Production of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines by inflammatory cells from periapical lesions in culture.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The role of cytokines in pathogenesis of periapical lesions is not well understood. The aim of this study was to study the correlation between proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines in periapical lesions and their relationship with cellular composition and clinical presentation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Inflammatory cells were isolated from 67 human periapical lesions and cultivated for 24 h. The levels of proinflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and immunoregulatory cytokines: transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and IL-10 were determined in culture supernatants using a fluorescent bead immunoassay or ELISA. The phenotype of cells was analysed by immunocytochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammatory cells from symptomatic lesions which contained higher proportion of granulocytes, secreted higher levels of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 compared with asymptomatic lesions. Large-size lesions contained lower percentages of mononuclear phagocytes, higher percentages of CD8(+) T cells and produced higher levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 compared with small-size lesions. There were negative correlations between the concentrations of TGF-beta and proinflammatory cytokines. TGF-beta, added to cultures, downregulated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines more strongly than IL-10, independently of clinical presentation of the lesions. By contrast, exogenous IL-10 was mainly immunosuppressive in cultures of asymptomatic lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Symptomatic lesions are characterized by higher production of proinflammatory cytokines. Immunoregulatory cytokines are more important for suppression of inflammation in asymptomatic lesions and in this context the effect of TGF-beta is more potent and different from IL-10.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Military Medical Academy, 11002 Belgrade, Serbia.
authors.forename: Dragan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gazivoda
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Dzopalic
authors.forename: Biljana
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bozic
authors.forename: Zeljka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tatomirovic
authors.forename: Zlata
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Brkic
authors.forename: Miodrag
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Colic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007378:Interleukins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010485:Periapical Periodontitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007378:Interleukins; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha