title: Parkinson's disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Around 1% of adults have Parkinson's disease, with a median time of 9 years between diagnosis and death.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of drug treatments in people with early-stage Parkinson's disease? What are the effects of adding other treatments in people with Parkinson's disease who have motor complications from levodopa? What are the effects of surgery in people with later Parkinson's disease? What are the effects of nursing and rehabilitation treatments in people with Parkinson's disease? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to November 2006 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 59 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adding a catechol-methyl transferase inhibitor, or dopamine agonist to levodopa; amantadine; dopamine agonists; levodopa (immediate-release, modified-release); monoamine oxidase B inhibitors; occupational therapy; pallidal deep brain stimulation; pallidotomy; Parkinson's disease nurse specialist interventions; physiotherapy; speech and language therapy; subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation; subthalamotomy; swallowing therapy; thalamic deep brain stimulation; and thalamotomy.
authors.affiliation: University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
authors.forename: Carl E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: A Peter
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Moore
mesh_terms: D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D005917:Globus Pallidus / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007980:Levodopa / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000601:surgery
chemical_list: D007980:Levodopa