title: Biomarkers of periodontal inflammation in the Australian adult population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several inflammatory biomarkers are implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis including interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and C-reactive protein (CRP). This study investigated the presence of these factors in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and their relationship to clinical and social determinants of periodontitis in the Australian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Equal numbers of periodontitis cases and non-cases were sampled during oral epidemiologic examination in the National Survey of Adult Oral Health. GCF was sampled from four sites where probing pocket depth (PPD) and recession were recorded. From these, IL-1beta and CRP were quantified by ELISA and the log amount of GCF IL-1beta (pg) per person and the proportion of adults with detectable CRP was computed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Periodontitis cases (n = 511) had significantly higher levels of IL-1beta and CRP than non-cases (n = 562). PPD, clinical attachment loss, plaque and gingivitis indices were positively associated with elevated levels of both biomarkers. Levels of both were positively associated with age, low socio-economic position and non-Australian birth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of IL-1beta and CRP in GCF are associated with periodontal disease parameters within the Australian population. The levels of both biomarkers are influenced by age, education and eligibility for public dental care.
authors.affiliation: Colgate Australian Clinical Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, South Australia. tracy.fitzsimmons@adelaide.edu.au
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Fitzsimmons
authors.forename: A E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: G D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Slade
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Bartold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005260:Female; D005883:Gingival Crevicular Fluid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012016:Reference Values; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D002097:C-Reactive Protein