title: Stress incontinence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress incontinence, involving involuntary leaking of urine on effort, exertion, sneezing, or coughing, affects 17-45% of adult women. Risk factors include pregnancy (especially with vaginal delivery), smoking, and obesity.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-surgical treatments and surgical treatments for women with stress incontinence? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to June 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 97 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: adrenoceptor agonists, anterior vaginal repair, laparoscopic colposuspension, needle suspension, oestrogen supplements, pelvic floor electrical stimulation, pelvic floor muscle exercises, retropubic colposuspension, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (duloxetine), suburethral slings, tension-free vaginal tape, transobturator foramen procedures, and vaginal cones.
authors.affiliation: Springfield Hospital, Chelmsford, UK.
authors.forename: Joseph Loze
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Onwude
mesh_terms: D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D053825:Suburethral Slings; D014550:Urinary Incontinence, Stress; D013520:Urologic Surgical Procedures; D014621:Vagina
chemical_list: D000068736:Duloxetine Hydrochloride; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors