title: No association of multiple type 2 diabetes loci with type 1 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used recently confirmed type 2 diabetes gene regions to investigate the genetic relationship between type 1 and type 2 diabetes, in an average of 7,606 type 1 diabetic individuals and 8,218 controls, providing >80% power to detect effects as small as an OR of 1.11 at a false-positive rate of 0.003.
  
  
  METHODS
  The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the most convincing evidence of association in 12 type 2 diabetes-associated gene regions, PPARG, CDKAL1, HNF1B, WFS1, SLC30A8, CDKN2A-CDKN2B, IGF2BP2, KCNJ11, TCF7L2, FTO, HHEX-IDE and THADA, were analysed in type 1 diabetes cases and controls. PPARG and HHEX-IDE were additionally tested for association in 3,851 type 1 diabetes families. Tests for interaction with HLA class II genotypes, autoantibody status, sex, and age-at-diagnosis of type 1 diabetes were performed with all 12 gene regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only PPARG and HHEX-IDE showed any evidence of association with type 1 diabetes cases and controls (p = 0.004 and p = 0.003, respectively; p > 0.05 for other SNPs). The potential association of PPARG was supported by family analyses (p = 0.003; p (combined) = 1.0 x 10(-4)). No SNPs showed evidence of interaction with any covariate (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found no convincing genetic link between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. An association of PPARG (rs1801282/Pro12Ala) could be consistent with its known function in inflammation. Hence, our results reinforce evidence suggesting that type 1 diabetes is a disease of the immune system, rather than being due to inherited defects in beta cell function or regeneration or insulin resistance.
authors.affiliation: Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: J M M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Howson
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Cooper
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smyth
authors.forename: S F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Field
authors.forename: H E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Todd
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics*; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D047495:PPAR gamma / Q000235:genetics; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D047495:PPAR gamma