title: Induction of chronic inflammation in mice treated with titanium dioxide nanoparticles by intratracheal instillation.
abstract: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNP) are nanomaterials which have various applications including photocatalysts, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals because of their high stability, anticorrosiveness, and photocatalytic properties. Induction of cytokines and potential chronic inflammation were investigated in mice treated with TNP (5 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg) by a single intratracheal instillation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, TNF-a, and IL-6 were significantly induced in a dose-dependent manner at day 1 after instillation. The levels of Th1-type cytokines (IL-12 and IFN-gamma) and Th2-type cytokines (IL4, IL-5 and IL-10) were also elevated dose-dependently at day 1 and the inflammatory responses were sustained until the remainder of experimental period for 14 days. By the induction of Th2-type cytokines, the increased B cell distributions both in spleen and in blood, and increased IgE production in BAL fluid and serum were observed. In lung tissue, increase of inflammatory proteins (MIP and MCP) and granuloma formation were observed. Furthermore, the expressions of genes related with antigen presentation (H2-T23, H2-T17, H2-K1, and H2-Eb1) and genes related with the induction of chemotaxis of immune cells (Ccl7, Ccl3, Cxcl1, Ccl4, Ccl2) were markedly increased using microarray analysis. From these data, it could be suggested that TNP possibly cause chronic inflammatory diseases through Th2-mediated pathway in mice.
authors.affiliation: College of Pharmacy, Dongduk Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Eun-Jung
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Junheon
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yoon
authors.forename: Kyunghee
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jongheop
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yi
authors.forename: Kwangsik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Park
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D007073:Immunoglobulin E / Q000097:blood; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D016130:Immunophenotyping; D019570:Inhalation Exposure; D016131:Lymphocyte Subsets / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000633:toxicity*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011009:Pneumoconiosis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology; D012313:RNA / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D014025:Titanium / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; C009495:titanium dioxide; D007073:Immunoglobulin E; D012313:RNA; D014025:Titanium