title: Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking?
abstract: Although higher delay discounting rates have been linked to cigarette smoking, little is known about the stability of delay discounting, whether delay discounting promotes smoking acquisition, whether smoking contributes to impulsive choices, or if different relationships exist in distinct subgroups. This study sought to fill these gaps within a prospective longitudinal cohort study (N=947) spanning mid-adolescence to young adulthood (age 15-21 years old). Smoking and delay discounting were measured across time. Covariates included peer and household smoking, academic performance, depression, novelty seeking, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, and alcohol and marijuana use. The associated processes latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) with paths from the delay discounting level factor (baseline measure) and the trend factor (slope) to the smoking trend factor (slope) fit the data well, chi(2)((19,n=947)) =15.37, p=.70, CFI=1.00, RMSEA=0, WRMR=.36. The results revealed that delay discounting did not change significantly across time. Baseline delay discounting had a significant positive effect on smoking trend (beta=.08, z=2.16, p=.03). A standard deviation (SD=1.41) increase in baseline delay discounting resulted in an 11% increase (OR=1.11, 95% CI=1.03, 1.23) in the odds of smoking uptake. The alternative path LCGM revealed that smoking did not significantly impact delay discounting (p's>.05). Growth mixture modeling identified three smoking trajectories: nonsmokers, early/fast smoking adopters, and slow smoking progressors. Delay discounting was higher in the smoking versus nonsmoking trajectories, but did not discriminate between the smoking trajectories, despite different acquisition patterns. Delay discounting may provide a variable by which to screen for smoking vulnerability and help identify subgroups to target for more intensive smoking prevention efforts that include novel behavioral components directed toward aspects of impulsivity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. audrain@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Audrain-McGovern
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Leonard H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: Epstein
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cuevas
authors.forename: Kelli
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rodgers
authors.forename: E Paul
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Wileyto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008385:Marijuana Smoking; D008960:Models, Psychological; D012201:Reward; D012907:Smoking / Q000523:psychology*; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult