title: The impact of oral premedication with midazolam on respiratory function in children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Premedication with midazolam is commonly used in children to reduce anxiety and improve cooperation before anesthesia. However, it has the potential to alter respiratory function because of its muscle relaxant properties. We assessed functional residual capacity (FRC), ventilation homogeneity, using a lung clearance index (LCI), and respiratory mechanics in children awake and 20 min after oral premedication with midazolam (0.3 mg/kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  FRC and LCI were measured using a SF(6) multibreath washout technique while respiratory resistance and elastance were extracted from the input impedance obtained by forced oscillation technique in 18 children (3-8 yr) before and after oral premedication with midazolam.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Premedication led to a small (6.5%) but statistically significant decrease in group mean FRC from 25.0 (SD 1.4) to 23.4 (1.9) mL/kg and an associated increase in LCI by 7.8% from 6.4 (0.4) to 6.9 (0.4), indicating increased ventilation inhomogeneities. Furthermore, midazolam resulted in a statistically significant increase in respiratory resistance by 7.4% from 3.38 (0.6) to 3.62 (0.6) cm H(2)O s/L (P < 0.001) and in respiratory elastance by 9.2% from 48.8 to 52.9 cm H(2)O s/L (P < 0.001). The changes in FRC, LCI, resistance and elastance were significantly correlated (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In children with normal lungs, premedication with a relatively small-dose of midazolam led to mild changes in respiratory variables shortly after its administration. However, the anesthesiologist should be aware that using midazolam in children at high risk of respiratory complications under anesthesia might lead to a greater decrease in respiratory function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesia, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Perth, Australia. britta.regli-vonungern@health.wa.gov.au
authors.forename: Britta S
authors.initials: BS
authors.lastname: von Ungern-Sternberg
authors.forename: Thomas O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Erb
authors.forename: Walid
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Habre
authors.forename: Peter D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Sly
authors.forename: Zoltan
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Hantos
mesh_terms: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D000403:Airway Resistance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000758:Anesthesia; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004548:Elasticity; D005260:Female; D005652:Functional Residual Capacity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008176:Lung Volume Measurements; D008297:Male; D008874:Midazolam; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D015656:Respiratory Mechanics / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000759:Adjuvants, Anesthesia; D008874:Midazolam