title: Synovial tissue and serum biomarkers of disease activity, therapeutic response and radiographic progression: analysis of a proof-of-concept randomised clinical trial of cytokine blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate synovial tissue and serum biomarkers of disease activity, therapeutic response and radiographic progression during biological therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with active RA entered a randomised study of anakinra 100 mg/day, administered as monotherapy or in combination with pegsunercept 800 microg/kg twice a week. Arthroscopic synovial tissue biopsies were obtained at baseline and two further time points. Following immunohistochemical staining, selected mediators of RA pathophysiology were quantified using digital image analysis. Selected mediators were also measured in the serum.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-two patients were randomly assigned: 11 received monotherapy and 11 combination therapy. American College of Rheumatology 20, 50 and 70 response rates were 64%, 64% and 46% with combination therapy and 36%, 9% and 0% with monotherapy, respectively. In synovial tissue, T-cell infiltration, vascularity and transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) expression demonstrated significant utility as biomarkers of disease activity and therapeutic response. In serum, interleukin 6 (IL-6), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, MMP-3 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) were most useful in this regard. An early decrease in serum levels of TIMP-1 was predictive of the later therapeutic outcome. Pretreatment tissue levels of T-cell infiltration and the growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor/TGFbeta, and serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, MMP-1, TIMP-1, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor types I and II and IL-18 correlated with radiographic progression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Synovial tissue analysis identified biomarkers of disease activity, therapeutic response and radiographic progression. Biomarker expression in tissue was independent of the levels measured in the serum.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rheumatology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland. rooneyterence@gmail.com
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rooney
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Roux-Lombard
authors.forename: Douglas J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Veale
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: FitzGerald
authors.forename: Jean-Michel
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Dayer
authors.forename: Barry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bresnihan
mesh_terms: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology; D001182:Arthroscopy; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011859:Radiography; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000378:metabolism*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D053590:Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein; C496217:PEGylated tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor 1; D047888:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols