title: The organizational hypothesis and final common pathways: Sexual differentiation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.
abstract: In honor of the 50th anniversary of the "organizational hypothesis," this paper reviews work on sexual differentiation of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. Topics considered include the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, the ejaculation center, the cremaster nucleus, sensory and autonomic neurons, and pain. These relatively simple neural systems offer ample confirmation that early exposure to testicular hormones masculinizes the nervous system, including final common pathways. However, I also discuss findings that challenge, or at least stretch, the organizational hypothesis, with important implications for understanding sex differences throughout the nervous system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology and Center for Neuroendocrine Studies, University of Massachusetts, Amherst MA 01003, USA. nforger@psych.umass.edu
authors.forename: Nancy G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Forger
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009046:Motor Neurons / Q000502:physiology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology*; D017933:Peripheral Nervous System / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D012733:Sex Differentiation / Q000502:physiology*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012739:Gonadal Steroid Hormones