title: Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the crt-o and mdr1 genes of Plasmodium vivax among chloroquine-resistant isolates from the Brazilian Amazon region.
abstract: Plasmodium vivax parasites with chloroquine resistance (CQR) are already circulating in the Brazilian Amazon. Complete single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analyses of coding and noncoding sequences of the pvmdr1 and pvcrt-o genes revealed no associations with CQR, even if some mutations had not been randomly selected. In addition, striking differences in the topologies and numbers of SNPs in these transporter genes between P. vivax and P. falciparum reinforce the idea that mechanisms other than mutations may explain this virulent phenotype in P. vivax.
authors.affiliation: Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Orjuela-Sánchez
authors.forename: Franklin Simões
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: de Santana Filho
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Machado-Lima
authors.forename: Yonne Francis
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chehuan
authors.forename: Mônica Regina Farias
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Maria das Graças Costa
authors.initials: Md
authors.lastname: Alecrim
authors.forename: Hernando A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: del Portillo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology; D001938:Brazil; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics*; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D002738:Chloroquine; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; C541685:Crt-o protein, Plasmodium vivax; C541684:Mdr1 protein, Plasmodium vivax