title: Effects of deep sedation or general anesthesia on cardiac function in mice undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetically engineered mouse models of human cardiovascular disease provide an opportunity to understand critical pathophysiological mechanisms. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) provides precise reproducible assessment of cardiac structure and function, but, in contrast to echocardiography, requires that the animal be immobilized during image acquisition. General anesthetic regimens yield satisfactory images, but have the potential to significantly perturb cardiac function. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of general anesthesia and a new deep sedation regimen, respectively, on cardiac function in mice as determined by CMR, and to compare them to results obtained in mildly sedated conscious mice by echocardiography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 6 mildly sedated normal conscious mice assessed by echo, heart rate was 615 +/- 25 min-1 (mean +/- SE) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 0.94 +/- 0.01. In the CMR studies of normal mice, heart rate was slightly lower during deep sedation with morphine/midazolam (583 +/- 30 min-1), but the difference was not statistically significant. General anesthesia with 1% inhaled isoflurane significantly depressed heart rate (468 +/- 7 min-1, p < 0.05 vs. conscious sedation). In 6 additional mice with ischemic LV failure, trends in heart rate were similar, but not statistically significant. In normal mice, deep sedation depressed LVEF (0.79 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05 compared to light sedation), but to a significantly lesser extent than general anesthesia (0.60 +/- 0.04, p < 0.05 vs. deep sedation). In mice with ischemic LV failure, ejection fraction measurements were comparable when performed during light sedation, deep sedation, and general anesthesia, respectively. Contrast-to-noise ratios were similar during deep sedation and during general anesthesia, indicating comparable image quality. Left ventricular mass measurements made by CMR during deep sedation were nearly identical to those made during general anesthesia (r2 = 0.99, mean absolute difference < 4%), indicating equivalent quantitative accuracy obtained with the two methods. The imaging procedures were well-tolerated in all mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In mice with normal cardiac function, CMR during deep sedation causes significantly less depression of heart rate and ejection fraction than imaging during general anesthesia with isoflurane. In mice with heart failure, the sedation/anesthesia regimen had no clear impact on cardiac function. Deep sedation and general anesthesia produced CMR with comparable image quality and quantitative accuracy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Roy J, and Lucille A, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA. christopher-j-berry@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Daniel R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Thedens
authors.forename: KellyAnn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Light-McGroary
authors.forename: Jordan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kutschke
authors.forename: Kathy A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Zimmerman
authors.forename: Robert M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000187:drug effects; D016292:Procedural Sedation; D054810:Deep Sedation; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018619:Echocardiography, Doppler, Pulsed; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000503:physiopathology; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000187:drug effects*; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008874:Midazolam / Q000494:pharmacology; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000187:drug effects; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000172:deficiency / Q000235:genetics; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D016753:Interleukin-10; D009020:Morphine; D007530:Isoflurane; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D008874:Midazolam