title: Skim milk compared with a fruit drink acutely reduces appetite and energy intake in overweight men and women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Several studies show that proteins, including whey and casein, are more satiating than carbohydrates. It follows that skim milk would be more satiating than sugar-rich beverages. However, this has yet to be shown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the effects of drinking skim milk in comparison with a fruit drink at breakfast on self-reported postmeal satiety and energy intake at lunch.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a randomized crossover trial, 34 overweight women (n = 21) and men (n = 13) attended 2 sessions 1 wk apart. At each session, participants consumed a fixed-energy breakfast together with either 600 mL skim milk (25 g protein, 36 g lactose, <1 g fat; 1062 kJ) or 600 mL fruit drink (<1 g protein, 63 g sugar, <1 g fat; approximately 1062 kJ). Participants provided satiety ratings throughout the morning. Four hours after breakfast they consumed an ad libitum lunch, and energy intake was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants consumed significantly less energy at lunch after consuming skim milk (mean: 2432 kJ; 95% CI: 2160, 2704 kJ) than after consuming the fruit drink (mean: 2658 kJ; 95% CI: 2386, 2930 kJ), with a mean difference of approximately 8.5% (P < 0.05). In addition, self-reports of satiety were higher throughout the morning after consumption of skim milk than after consumption of the fruit drink (P < 0.05) with the differences becoming larger over the 4 h (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Consumption of skim milk, in comparison with a fruit drink, leads to increased perceptions of satiety and to decreased energy intake at a subsequent meal. This trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry at (www.anzctr.org.au) as ACTRN12608000510347.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia. emma.dove@uwa.edu.au
authors.forename: Emma R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Dove
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Hodgson
authors.forename: Ian B
authors.initials: IB
authors.lastname: Puddey
authors.forename: Lawrence J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Beilin
authors.forename: Ya P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Trevor A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Mori
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001066:Appetite; D001628:Beverages; D015992:Body Mass Index; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D002149:Energy Intake; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008892:Milk / Q000737:chemistry*; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy*; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids