title: Balance capabilities after lateral ankle trauma and intervention: a meta-analysis.
abstract: Despite the high incidence of lateral ankle sprains, the issue about whether postural control is impaired after acute or chronic injury is still unresolved. In addition, the literature is unclear if balance training, a commonly prescribed intervention, improves postural control after a history of lateral ankle trauma.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To conduct a meta-analysis on studies reporting the effects of lateral ankle trauma on postural control and how balance training affects postural control after acute and chronic lateral ankle trauma cumulatively and separately as moderating variables.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven postural control studies qualified for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Twenty-five studies investigated postural control independent of an intervention, and 15 studies administered balance-training interventions. Separate analyses on the two types of studies calculated Hedges' g individual effect sizes (ES). Further, we explored moderating variables for both the postural stability and the intervention studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant cumulative effect size (ES) indicated that postural stability is impaired after a history of ankle injury (ES = 0.492, P < 0.0001). Moderator analysis revealed that both acute and chronic lateral ankle trauma negatively affected balance: a) acute: ES = 0.419, P < 0.0001, and b chronic, ES = 0.570, P < 0.0001. A third meta-analysis showed that balance training improves postural control (ES = -0.857, P < 0.0001). In addition, moderator variables indicated large ES for both types of ankle trauma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postural control impairments are present in patients with a history of lateral ankle trauma. However, clinicians should exercise caution when using the uninjured contralateral limb as a reference of normal postural control. In addition, balance training improves postural control scores after both acute and lateral ankle trauma. However, further research should determine the optimal dosage, intensity, type of training, and a risk reduction/preventative effect associated with balance training after both acute and chronic ankle trauma.
authors.affiliation: Biodynamics Research Laboratory, Kinesiology Department, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA. ewikstrom@uncc.edu
authors.forename: Erik A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wikstrom
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naik
authors.forename: Neha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lodha
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Cauraugh
mesh_terms: D016512:Ankle Injuries; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability; D004856:Postural Balance; D013180:Sprains and Strains; D014947:Wounds and Injuries