title: [Recommendations for analgesia and sedation in neonatal intensive care].
abstract: The purpose of the study was to present recommendations, relevant to the management of neonates and infants aged 0-1 years, treated in intensive care settings. They include general principles and recommendations for pain and sedation assessment, sedation and pain management and advice on the use of pharmacological strategies. The bolus (on demand) administration of sedative agents should be avoided because of increased risk of cardiovascular depression and/or neurological complications. Midazolam administration time should be limited to 72 hours because of tachyphylaxis, and the possibility of development of a withdrawal syndrome and neurological complications (grade A, LOE 1b). The level of sedation and pain should be regularly assessed and documented, using presented scales; the COMFORT scale is preferred. Opioids, given in continuous infusion, are the drugs of choice for neonatal sedation. To avoid withdrawal syndrome, the total doses and time of administration of sedative agents should be limited. Methadone is a drug of choice in the treatment of a withdrawal (Grade B, LOE 2). Intravenous ketamine is recommended, when short-term sedation/anaesthesia is required (Grade C, LOE 3) for painful and/or stressful intensive care procedures. (Grade C, LOE 2). Muscle relaxants should be used for endotracheal intubation and in the situations when mechanical ventilation is not possible due to maximal respiratory effort of the patient.
authors.affiliation: Klinika Anestezjologii i Intensywnej Terapii Dzieciścej Warszawskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego, 00-576 Warszawa. rawicz@supermedia.pl
authors.forename: Marcin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rawicz
mesh_terms: D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008874:Midazolam / Q000008:administration & dosage; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D011044:Poland; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007649:Ketamine; D008874:Midazolam; D008691:Methadone