title: Artifacts in spine magnetic resonance imaging due to different intervertebral test spacers: an in vitro evaluation of magnesium versus titanium and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers as biomaterials.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intervertebral spacers are made of different materials, which can affect the postfusion magnetic imaging (MRI) scans. Susceptibility artifacts especially for metallic implants can decrease the image quality. This study aimed to determine whether magnesium as a lightweight and biocompatible metal is suitable as a biomaterial for spinal implants based on its MRI artifacting behavior.
  
  
  METHODS
  To compare artifacting behaviors, we implanted into one porcine cadaveric spine different test spacers made of magnesium, titanium, and carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP). All test spacers were scanned using two T1-TSE MRI sequences. The artifact dimensions were traced on all scans and statistically analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total artifact volume and median artifact area of the titanium spacers were statistically significantly larger than magnesium spacers (p < 0.001), while magnesium and CFRP spacers produced almost identical artifacting behaviors (p > 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that spinal implants made with magnesium alloys will behave more like CFRP devices in MRI scans. Given its osseoconductive potential as a metal, implant alloys made with magnesium would combine the advantages to the two principal spacer materials currently used but without their limitations, at least in terms of MRI artifacting.
authors.affiliation: Center for Spinal Surgery, Klinikum Bad Bramstedt, Oskar-Alexander-Strasse 26, 24576, Bad Bramstedt, Germany. ernstberger@klinikumbb.de
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ernstberger
authors.forename: Gottfried
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Buchhorn
authors.forename: Gabert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Heidrich
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016477:Artifacts; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D011108:Polymers; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D013131:Spine / Q000473:pathology*; D013552:Swine; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D017616:Magnesium Compounds; D011108:Polymers; D002244:Carbon; D014025:Titanium