title: QDs versus Alexa: reality of promising tools for immunocytochemistry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The unique photonic properties of the recently developed fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals (QDs) have made them a potential tool in biological research. However, QDs are not yet a part of routine laboratory techniques. Double and triple immunocytochemistries were performed in HeLa cell cultures with commercial CdSe QDs conjugated to antibodies. The optical characteristics, due to which QDs can be used as immunolabels, were evaluated in terms of emission spectra, photostability and specificity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  QDs were used as secondary and tertiary antibodies to detect beta-tubulin (microtubule network), GM130 (Golgi complex) and EEA1 (endosomal system). The data obtained were compared to homologous Alexa Fluor 594 organic dyes. It was found that QDs are excellent fluorochromes with higher intensity, narrower bandwidth values and higher photostability than Alexa dyes in an immunocytochemical process. In terms of specificity, QDs showed high specificity against GM130 and EEA1 primary antibodies, but poor specificity against beta-tubulin. Alexa dyes showed good specificity for all the targets tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates the great potential of QDs, as they are shown to have superior properties to Alexa dyes. Although their specificity still needs to be improved in some cases, QDs conjugated to antibodies can be used instead of organic molecules in routine immunocytochemistry.
authors.affiliation: Servei de Microscòpia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Campus, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain. monica.roldan@uab.cat.
authors.forename: Helena
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Montón
authors.forename: Carme
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nogués
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rossinyol
authors.forename: Onofre
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Castell
authors.forename: Mònica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roldán