title: Ocular findings among young men: a 12-year prevalence study of military service in Poland.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of ocular diseases among young men and to assess the main ocular causes reflecting discharge from military service in Poland.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of the medical records of 105 017 men undergoing a preliminary examination for military service during the period 1993-2004. Sample size for the study was calculated with 99% confidence within an error margin of 5%. All of the study participants were White men of European origin, most of whom live or lived in Poland. Data regarding the vision status were assessed in 1938 eyes of 969 participants. Two groups were distinguished based on the age of the participants: group I aged 18-24 years, and group II aged 25-34 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Presented visual impairment [visual acuity (VA)<20/40)] followed by colour vision defects were the most common ocular disorders, accounting for 13.2%. There were statistically significant differences in uncorrected VA as well as in the rates of particular refractive errors in between the age groups (p<0.05). The prevalence of glaucoma and ocular hypertension was significantly higher in older participants. Six hundred and sixty-seven (68.8%) participants examined medically in the study period were accepted for military service. However, 302 (31.2%) failed their examination and were temporarily or permanently discharged from duty. Fifty-two of them (17.2%) were discharged because of various ocular disorders. The most common causes were high refractive errors, which accounted for 38.5% of all the ocular discharges, followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of the posterior segment of the eye, which accounted for 19.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of ocular disorders among young men in an unselected military population was closer to the results obtained in other population-based studies comprising both men and women in the same age group. High refractive errors followed by chronic and recurrent diseases of the posterior segment of the eye are important causes of medical discharges from military service in Poland.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Unversity, Lodz, Poland. michaelnovak@interia.pl
authors.forename: Michal S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nowak
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jurowski
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gos
authors.forename: Janusz
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smigielski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008887:Military Medicine / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008889:Military Personnel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019987:Persons with Visual Disabilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult