title: Cylindrospermopsin induces alterations of root histology and microtubule organization in common reed (Phragmites australis) plantlets cultured in vitro.
abstract: We aimed to study the histological and cytological alterations induced by cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a protein synthesis inhibitory cyanotoxin in roots of common reed (Phragmites australis). Reed is an ecologically important emergent aquatic macrophyte, a model for studying cyanotoxin effects. We analyzed the histology and cytology of reed roots originated from tissue cultures and treated with 0.5-40 microg ml(-1) (1.2-96.4 microM) CYN. The cyanotoxin decreased root elongation at significantly lower concentrations than the elongation of shoots. As general stress responses of plants to phytotoxins, CYN increased root number and induced the formation of a callus-like tissue and necrosis in root cortex. Callus-like root cortex consisted of radially swollen cells that correlated with the reorientation of microtubules (MTs) and the decrease of MT density in the elongation zone. Concomitantly, the cyanotoxin did not decrease, rather it increased the amount of beta-tubulin in reed plantlets. CYN caused the formation of double preprophase bands; the disruption of mitotic spindles led to incomplete sister chromatid separation and disrupted phragmoplasts in root tip meristems. This work shows that CYN alters reed growth and anatomy through the alteration of MT organization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary.
authors.forename: Dániel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Gyula
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Surányi
authors.forename: Gábor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vasas
authors.forename: János
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roszik
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Erdodi
authors.forename: Márta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: M-Hamvas
authors.forename: István
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Bácsi
authors.forename: Róbert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bátori
authors.forename: Zoltán
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Serfozo
authors.forename: Zsuzsa M
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Szigeti
authors.forename: György
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Vereb
authors.forename: Zita
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Demeter
authors.forename: Sándor
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gonda
authors.forename: Csaba
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Máthé
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002843:Chromatin / Q000187:drug effects; D000458:Cyanobacteria; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008870:Microtubules / Q000187:drug effects; D008938:Mitosis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development; D006109:Poaceae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000648:ultrastructure; D014498:Uracil / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D002843:Chromatin; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; C089595:cylindrospermopsin; D014498:Uracil