title: Bladder carcinoma: MDCT cystography and virtual cystoscopy.
abstract: Bladder carcinoma is the most common tumor among the low urinary tract, accounting for 90% of cancer cases. Conventional cystoscopy represents the gold standard for diagnosis and local management of bladder carcinoma. As the prevalence of transitional cell carcinoma is four-fold greater in men than in women, the endoscopic procedure presents objective difficulties related to the length and bending of male urethra. The most important problems are represented by intense discomfort for the patient and bleeding; furthermore, the high cost, invasivity, and local complications such as infections and mechanical lesions are well-known drawbacks. Additionally, conventional cystoscopy does not provide information about extravescical extensions of the tumor. CT cystography, combined with virtual cystoscopy, is mandatory for TNM staging of the tumor and also is useful when conventional cystoscopy is inconclusive or cannot be performed. We presents the CT cystography findings with virtual endoscopy correlation and bladder carcinoma appearance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiological Sciences, University of Rome, Italy. valeria.panebianco@gmail.com
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panebianco
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sciarra
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Di Martino
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernardo
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vergari
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gentilucci
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Passariello
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology; D003558:Cystoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology