title: fMRI in the presence of task-correlated breathing variations.
abstract: Variations in the subject's heart rate and breathing pattern have been shown to result in significant fMRI signal changes, mediated in part by non-neuronal physiological mechanisms such as global changes in levels of arterial CO(2). When these physiological changes are correlated with a task, as may happen in response to emotional stimuli or tasks that change levels of arousal, a concern arises that non-neuronal physiologically-induced signal changes may be misinterpreted as reflecting task-related neuronal activation. The purpose of this study is to provide information that can help in determining whether task activation maps are influenced by task-correlated physiological noise, particularly task-correlated breathing changes. We also compare different strategies to reduce the influence of physiological noise. Two paradigms are investigated--1) a lexical decision task where some subjects showed task-related breathing changes, and 2) a task where subjects were instructed to hold their breath during the presentation of contrast-reversing checkerboard, an extreme case of task-correlated physiological noise. Consistent with previous literature, we find that MRI signal changes correlated with variations in breathing depth and rate have a characteristic spatial and temporal profile that is different from the typical activation-induced BOLD response. The delineation of activation in the presence of task correlated breathing changes was improved either by independent component analysis, or by including specific nuisance regressors in a regression analysis. The difference in the spatial and temporal characteristics of physiological-induced and neuronal-induced fluctuations exploited by these strategies suggests that activation can be studied even in the presence of task-correlated physiological changes.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH, 10 Center Dr., Bldg 10, Rm 1D80, Bethesda, MD 20892-1148, USA. rbirn@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Rasmus M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Birn
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Daniel A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Handwerker
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Bandettini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007090:Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D012119:Respiration; D055815:Young Adult