title: N-4-tert-butyl benzyl haloperidol chloride suppresses Ca2+-dependent Egr-1 expression and subsequently inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation induced by angiotensin II.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  N-4-Tert-Butyl benzyl haloperidol chloride (C(3)) was a novel calcium antagonist synthesized in our laboratory. The present study is to explore the effect of C(3) on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and the mechanism involved.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effects of C(3) on Ang II-induced cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration change, VSMC proliferation, the key early growth response factor 1 (Egr-1) were evaluated by laser scanning confocal microscopy, microtiter tetrazolium (MTT) proliferation assay, flow cytometry analysis, Western blot and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. An extracellular Ca(2+) chelator EGTA and antisense Egr-1 oligodeoxyribonucleotides (ODNs) were used to establish the relation between Ca(2+)-dependent Egr-1 expression induced by Ang II and VSMC proliferation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  C(3) attenuated the Ang II-induced extracellular Ca(2+) influx, inhibited VSMCs proliferation and arrested VSMCs in G(1)-phase. C(3) also triggered a significant reduction in PDGF-A and cyclin D1, Cdk2 along with an overexpression of p21Cip1. Antisense Egr-1 ODNs inhibited VSMCs proliferation, which was related to G(1)-phase arrest, due to inhibiting the expression of Egr-1 and C(3) inhibited the overexpression of Egr-1.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Egr-1 may play a key role in Ang II-induced proliferation of VSMCs. C(3) inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and the mechanism is involved with the inhibition of over-expression of Egr-1.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China.
authors.forename: Yicun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Jinhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yanmei
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Jinzhi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Qing
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhanqin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Fenfei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Yanqiong
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Ganggang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shi
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21 / Q000378:metabolism; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D016193:G1 Phase; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D009131:Muscle, Smooth, Vascular / Q000502:physiology*; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D015220:Calcium Channels; C493958:Cdkn1a protein, rat; D050759:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21; D051766:Early Growth Response Protein 1; C542462:N-(4-tert-butylbenzyl)haloperidol; D010982:Platelet-Derived Growth Factor; C075278:platelet-derived growth factor A; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051357:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2; D006220:Haloperidol; D002118:Calcium