title: Modulation of cortical activity in patients suffering from upper arm spasticity following stroke and treated with botulinum toxin A: an fMRI study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Botulinum toxin (BTX) treatment can relieve focal arm spasticity after stroke, presumably through dynamic changes at multiple levels of the motor system, including the cerebral cortex. However, the neuroanatomical correlate of BTX spasticity relief is not known and should be reflected in changes of cortical activation during motor tasks assessed using repeated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients (2 males, 2 females, mean age 25.5 years) with hemiplegia and distal arm spasticity after chronic ischemic stroke sparing the motor cortex were studied. fMRI during mental movement simulation of the impaired hand was performed in 2 sessions before and 4 weeks after BTX treatment. The change in arm spasticity was assessed using the modified Ashworth scale (MAS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  BTX treatment significantly decreased arm spasticity across the group (mean MAS change 2.1). Whereas fMRI during imagined movement pre-BTX treatment showed extensive bilateral network of active areas, post-BTX activation was confined to the midline and contralateral sensorimotor cortices. The pre- > post-BTX contrast revealed a significant decrease in activation of the posterior cingulate/precuneus region after BTX treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This small study suggests that structures outside the classical motor system, such as the posterior cingulate/precuneus region, may be associated with the relief of poststroke arm spasticity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University and University Hospital, Olomouc, Czech Republic. zsenkarova@email.cz
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Senkárová
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hlustík
authors.forename: Pavel
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Otruba
authors.forename: Roman
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Herzig
authors.forename: Petr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kanovský
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001132:Arm / Q000503:physiopathology; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009128:Muscle Spasticity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000150:complications* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A