title: Fibromyalgia symptoms are reduced by low-dose naltrexone: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain disorder that is characterized by diffuse musculoskeletal pain and sensitivity to mechanical stimulation. In this pilot clinical trial, we tested the effectiveness of low-dose naltrexone in treating the symptoms of fibromyalgia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed a single-blind, crossover trial with the following time line: baseline (2 weeks), placebo (2 weeks), drug (8 weeks), and washout (2 weeks).
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten women meeting criteria for fibromyalgia and not taking an opioid medication.
  
  
  METHODS
  Naltrexone, in addition to antagonizing opioid receptors on neurons, also inhibits microglia activity in the central nervous system. At low doses (4.5 mg), naltrexone may inhibit the activity of microglia and reverse central and peripheral inflammation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants completed reports of symptom severity everyday, using a handheld computer. In addition, participants visited the lab every 2 weeks for tests of mechanical, heat, and cold pain sensitivity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-dose naltrexone reduced fibromyalgia symptoms in the entire cohort, with a greater than 30% reduction of symptoms over placebo. In addition, laboratory visits showed that mechanical and heat pain thresholds were improved by the drug. Side effects (including insomnia and vivid dreams) were rare, and described as minor and transient. Baseline erythrocyte sedimentation rate predicted over 80% of the variance in drug response. Individuals with higher sedimentation rates (indicating general inflammatory processes) had the greatest reduction of symptoms in response to low-dose naltrexone.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that low-dose naltrexone may be an effective, highly tolerable, and inexpensive treatment for fibromyalgia.
authors.affiliation: School of Medicine, Department of Anesthesia, Division of Pain Management, Stanford University, 780 Welch Road, Suite 208, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1573, USA. jarred.younger@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Jarred
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Younger
authors.forename: Sean
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mackey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005356:Fibromyalgia / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D007249:Inflammation / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009271:Naltrexone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015990:Placebo Effect; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009271:Naltrexone