title: Detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 by ethidium monoazide real-time PCR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a novel method that combines ethidium bromide monoazide (EMA) staining with real-time PCR for the detection of viable Escherichia coli O157:H7 in ground beef. EMA can penetrate dead cells and bind to intracellular DNA, preventing its amplification via PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples were stained with EMA for 5 min, iced for 1 min and exposed to bright visible light for 10 min prior to DNA extraction, to allow EMA binding of the DNA from dead cells. DNA was then extracted and amplified by TaqMan real-time PCR to detect only viable E. coli O157:H7 cells. The primers and TaqMan probe used in this study target the uidA gene in E. coli O157:H7. An internal amplification control (IAC), consisting of 0.25 pg of plasmid pUC19, was added in each reaction to prevent the occurrence of false-negative results. Results showed a reproducible application of this technique to detect viable cells in both broth culture and ground beef. EMA, at a final concentration of 10 microg ml(-1), was demonstrated to effectively bind DNA from 10(8) CFU ml(-1) dead cells, and the optimized method could detect as low as 10(4) CFU g(-1) of viable E. coli O157:H7 cells in ground beef without interference from 10(8) CFU g(-1) of dead cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EMA real-time PCR with IAC can effectively separate dead cells from viable E. coli O157:H7 and prevent amplification of DNA in the dead cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The EMA real-time PCR has the potential to be a highly sensitive quantitative detection technique to assess the contamination of viable E. coli O157:H7 in ground beef and other meat or food products.
authors.affiliation: Food Science Program, Division of Food Systems and Bioengineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mustapha
mesh_terms: D000345:Affinity Labels; D001386:Azides; D003080:Cold Temperature; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial / Q000379:methods*; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D019453:Escherichia coli O157 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008460:Meat / Q000382:microbiology*; D050296:Microbial Viability; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000345:Affinity Labels; D001386:Azides; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; C014535:8-azidoethidium