title: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 genotypic drug resistance among volunteer blood donors in Yunnan, China.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Drug resistance profiles of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) in treatment-naïve infections have been reported in developed countries. However, little is known in developing countries, including China, especially in treatment-naïve volunteer blood donors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two HIV-1-positive samples of blood donors were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Yunnan, China. Recent and long-term infections were distinguished by the HIV-1 subtypes B, E, and D immunoglobulin G-capture enzyme immunoassay assay. The nucleotide sequences of pol genes were amplified and sequenced. Phylogenetic tree and drug resistance analyses were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 49 samples successfully analyzed, circulating strains were circulating recombinant form (CRF)08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%), and B (4.1%). No protease inhibitors (PI) major drug resistance mutation (DRM) was detected. Six samples (12.2%) displayed seven minor PI DRMs. Nine samples (18.4%) displayed 10 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor DRMs, and DRMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors were present in one sample (2.0%). There was only one sample of the 49 (2.0%) in which the DRMs were of sufficient magnitude to result in a clinical change to drug susceptibility, but even in this sample, the clinical effect of these DRMs was predicted to be low. Significant differences were not observed between the long-term and recent infected population. Differences in DRMs were not observed between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and plasma within an individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CRF_BC was the dominant subtype circulating in HIV-1-infected donors in Yunnan. Prevalence of genotypic drug resistances among donors in Yunnan was low in this study. Surveillance on HIV-1 infections among blood donors should be continued in China.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunopharmacology, Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Yunnan Kunming Blood Center, Kunming, China.
authors.forename: Yuan-Quan
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Tu
authors.forename: Min-Jie
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yao
authors.forename: Xiang-Ming
authors.initials: XM
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Pin-Liang
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Pan
authors.forename: Wen-Ge
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Xing
authors.forename: Gao-Hong
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Rong-Ge
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Yong-Tang
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Zheng
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Jiang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D002681:China; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D015751:Genes, pol / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D055815:Young Adult; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D017320:HIV Protease Inhibitors; D054302:pol Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus