title: Associations between autoantibodies against apolipoprotein B-100 peptides and vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oxidation of LDL in the arterial extracellular matrix is a key event in the development of atherosclerosis and autoantibodies against oxidised LDL antigens reflect disease severity and the risk of developing acute cardiovascular events. Since type 2 diabetes is associated with increased oxidative stress, we tested the hypothesis that autoantibodies against oxidised LDL antigens are biomarkers for vascular complications in diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 497 patients with type 2 diabetes without clinical signs of coronary heart disease. Oxidised LDL autoantibodies were determined by ELISA detecting IgG and IgM specific for native and malondialdehyde (MDA)-modified apolipoprotein B-100 peptides p45 and p210. The severity of coronary disease was assessed as the coronary artery calcium score.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients affected by retinopathy had significantly higher levels of IgG against MDA-p45 and MDA-p210. In contrast, high levels of autoantibodies against the corresponding native peptides were associated with less coronary calcification and a lower risk of progression of coronary disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our observations suggest that LDL oxidation is involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and that autoantibodies against apolipoprotein B peptides may act as biomarkers for both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Fredrikson
authors.forename: D V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Anand
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hopkins
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Corder
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Alm
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bengtsson
authors.forename: P K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lahiri
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nilsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100 / Q000276:immunology*; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000276:immunology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000097:blood; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000276:immunology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D053299:Apolipoprotein B-100; D001323:Autoantibodies; D015415:Biomarkers; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL; C099252:oxidized low density lipoprotein