title: Isthmus dependent atrial flutter cycle length correlates with right atrial cross-sectional area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Right atrial flutter cycle length can prolong in the presence of antiarrhythmic drug therapy. We hypothesized that the cycle length of right atrial isthmus dependent flutter would correlate with right atrial cross-sectional area measurements.
  
  
  METHODS
  60 patients who underwent ablation for electrophysiologically proven isthmus dependent right atrial flutter, who were not on Class I or Class III antiarrhythmic drugs and had recent 2-dimensional echocardiographic data comprised the study group. Right atrial length and width were measured in the apical four chamber view. Cross-sectional area was estimated by multiplying the length and width. 35 patients had an atrial flutter rate >/= 250 bpm (Normal Flutter Group) and 25 patients had an atrial flutter rate < 250 bpm (Slow Flutter Group).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean atrial flutter rate was 283 bpm in the normal flutter group and 227 bpm in the slow flutter group. Mean atrial flutter cycle length was 213 ms in the Normal Flutter Group and 265 ms in the Slow Flutter Group (p< 0.0001). Mean right atrial cross sectional area was 1845 mm(2) in the Normal Flutter group and 2378 mm(2) in the Slow Flutter Group, (p< 0.0001). Using linear regression, CSA was a significant predictor of cycle length (beta =0.014 p = 0.0045). For every 1 mm(2) increase in cross-sectional area, cycle length is 0.014 ms longer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the absence of antiarrhythmic medications, right atrial cross sectional area enlargement correlates with atrial flutter cycle length. These findings provide further evidence that historical rate-related definitions of typical isthmus dependent right atrial are not mechanistically valid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology Service, 1750 W. Harrison, Suite 983 Jelke, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA. kousik_krishnan@rush.edu
authors.forename: Kousik
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Krishnan
authors.forename: Akshay
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Halleran
authors.forename: Dave
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chawla
authors.forename: Elizabeth F
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: Julia L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bienias
authors.forename: Richard G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Trohman