title: Racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy: impact of patient and provider factors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prior work documented racial and ethnic disparities in incidence of stroke, stroke risk factors, and use of carotid endarterectomy. Less is known about disparities in outcomes and appropriateness of carotid endarterectomy or reasons for such inequalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based cohort of carotid endarterectomy performed in Medicare beneficiaries in New York. Clinical data were abstracted from medical charts to assess sociodemographics, clinical indication for carotid endarterectomy, disease severity, comorbidities, and deaths and strokes within 30 days of surgery. Appropriateness was based on validated criteria from a national expert panel. Differences in patients, providers, outcomes, and appropriateness were compared using chi(2) tests. Differences in risk-adjusted rates of death or nonfatal stroke were compared using multiple logistic regression accounting for patient, physician, and hospital-level risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 95.3% of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy were white, 2.5% black, and 2.2% Hispanic (N=9093). Minorities had more severe neurological disease and more comorbidities and were more likely to be cared for by lower-volume surgeons and hospitals (P<0.0001). Rates of 30-day death/stroke were higher in Hispanics (9.5%) and blacks (6.9%) than whites (3.8%; P<0.0001). Multivariable analyses that adjusted for presurgical patient risk and provider characteristics found that blacks no longer had significantly worse outcomes (OR=1.37; CI, 0.78 to 2.40), although the higher risk of death/stroke in Hispanics persisted (OR=1.87; CI, 1.09 to 3.19). Minorities had higher rates of inappropriate surgery (Hispanics 17.6%, black 13.0%, white 7.9%; P<0.0001) largely due to higher comorbidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Minorities had worse outcomes and higher rates of inappropriate surgery. Differences in underlying presurgical risk factors and provider characteristics explained the higher risk of complications in blacks, but not Hispanics.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8889, USA. Ethan.Halm@UTsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Ethan A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Halm
authors.forename: Stanley
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuhrim
authors.forename: Jason J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mary
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rojas
authors.forename: Caron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rockman
authors.forename: Thomas S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Riles
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Chassin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D044383:Black People / Q000208:ethnology*; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054525:Minority Health / Q000208:ethnology; D009518:New York / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000517:prevention & control; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology*; D001741:Black or African American