title: CpG island methylation affects accessibility of the proximal BRCA1 promoter to transcription factors.
abstract: To understand the mechanism of transcriptional down-regulation of BRCA1 by promoter methylation, we screened 51 breast cancer cell lines and identified HCC38 as another BRCA1 promoter-methylated cell line in addition to UACC3199. There was low expression of BRCA1 mRNA and BRCA1 protein in both cell lines as measured by quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analysis. After transient treatment with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) and trichostatin A (TSA), re-expression of BRCA1 mRNA and BRCA1 protein was detected in UACC3199 cells, but not in HCC38 cells. Another demethylating agent, zebularine, did not induce BRCA1 re-expression in either cell line. To test the hypothesis that methylation of CpG sites may affect accessibility of the BRCA1 promoter to transcription factors and consequently cause down-regulation of BRCA1, we analyzed the binding of four transcription factors (CTCF, Sp1, E2F1 and E2F6) to the BRCA1 promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP) and quantitative PCR. CTCF and E2F1 were enriched at the unmethylated BRCA1 promoter in MCF-7 cells. In contrast, these two transcription factors were not enriched at the methylated BRCA1 promoter in UACC3199 and HCC38 cells. Following demethylating drug treatment, E2F1 was enriched at the BRCA1 promoter in the demethylated UACC3199 cells. This indicates that reduced accessibility of transcription factors to the methylated promoter is one of the mechanisms for down-regulation of BRCA1 in heavily methylated cancer cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637-1463, USA.
authors.forename: Jinhua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Dezheng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Huo
authors.forename: Yinghua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Chika
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Nwachukwu
authors.forename: Cindy
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Janelle
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rowell
authors.forename: Dennis J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Slamon
authors.forename: Olufunmilayo I
authors.initials: OI
authors.lastname: Olopade
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D019313:BRCA1 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases / Q000032:analysis; D019175:DNA Methylation; D000077209:Decitabine; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D019398:Genes, BRCA1; D006801:Humans; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D011485:Protein Binding; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism*; D014158:Transcription, Genetic / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D019313:BRCA1 Protein; C492913:BRCA1 protein, human; D006877:Hydroxamic Acids; D009363:Neoplasm Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C012589:trichostatin A; D000077209:Decitabine; D004248:DNA (Cytosine-5-)-Methyltransferases; D001374:Azacitidine