title: Clinical outcome after 450 revascularization procedures for moyamoya disease. Clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease mainly described in the Asian literature. To address a lack of data on clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes in the treatment of MMD in North America, the authors analyzed their experience at Stanford University Medical Center. They report on a consecutive series of patients treated for MMD and detail their demographics, clinical characteristics, and long-term surgical outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data obtained in consecutive series of 329 patients with MMD treated microsurgically by the senior author (G.K.S.) between 1991 and 2008 were analyzed. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were prospectively gathered and neurological outcomes assessed in postoperative follow-up using the modified Rankin Scale. Association of demographic, clinical, and surgical data with postoperative outcome was assessed by chi-square, uni- and multivariate logistic regression, and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors treated a total of 233 adult patients undergoing 389 procedures (mean age 39.5 years) and 96 pediatric patients undergoing 168 procedures (mean age 10.1 years). Direct revascularization technique was used in 95.1% of adults and 76.2% of pediatric patients. In 264 patients undergoing 450 procedures (mean follow-up 4.9 years), the surgical morbidity rate was 3.5% and the mortality rate was 0.7% per treated hemisphere. The cumulative 5-year risk of perioperative or subsequent stroke or death was 5.5%. Of the 171 patients presenting with a transient ischemic attack, 91.8% were free of transient ischemic attacks at 1 year or later. Overall, there was a significant improvement in quality of life in the cohort as measured using the modified Rankin Scale (p < 0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Revascularization surgery in patients with MMD carries a low risk, is effective at preventing future ischemic events, and improves quality of life. Patients in whom symptomatic MMD is diagnosed should be offered revascularization surgery.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5487, USA.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Guzman
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Achal
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Achrol
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Bell-Stephens
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Huy M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Do
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Marks
authors.forename: Gary K
authors.initials: GK
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology; D002548:Cerebral Revascularization; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009072:Moyamoya Disease / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult