title: Effect of tobacco smoke on the oral health of U.S. women of childbearing age.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the oral health status of US women of childbearing age and to analyze the effect of tobacco smoke on their oral health.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were evaluated for women 15-44 years of age. The association of exposure to tobacco smoke with untreated caries, mean DMFS, gingivitis, and periodontitis were examined in bivariate and regression analyses controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of untreated caries was 25%, for gingivitis 49%, and for periodontitis 6%. After adjusting for potential confounders, self-reported current smoking was a strong independent risk indicator for untreated caries, periodontitis, and to a lesser extent for greater DMFS count. Women with detectable cotinine levels below 15 ng/mL presented with an increased risk for gingivitis. Independent factors associated with increased risk for untreated caries were being Black, having less than a high school education, Medicaid or no health insurance, previous live births, and infrequent and episodic dental visits. Characteristics associated with gingivitis were being Mexican-American, obese, pregnant, and having infrequent dental visits. Older age, no insurance, and the last dental visit for treatment were independently associated with periodontitis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental caries and periodontitis were prevalent among certain subgroups of women of reproductive age. Smoking was found to be a significant risk indicator for various negative oral health outcomes. Barriers to accessing to dental care that were manifested by untreated caries among Black women, mothers, and Medicaid beneficiaries must be better understood.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, USA. iidah@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Hiroko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iida
authors.forename: Jayanth V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Dorota T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Kopycka-Kedzierawski
authors.forename: Ronald J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Billings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004245:DMF Index; D003729:Dental Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult