title: Survey on recent suicidal ideation among female university hospital physicians in Sweden and Italy (the HOUPE study): cross-sectional associations with work stressors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Suicide rates among physicians are higher than in the general population, and rates among female physicians are particularly high. More female than male physicians report suicidal thoughts, with suicidal ideation being a well-recognized precursor of suicide. The urgent need to find the reasons for suicide risk in female physicians is underscored by society's increasing dependence on this group of health care providers.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this paper was to identify potential risk and protective factors associated with recent suicidal ideation in female physicians.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey analysis of work-related health, organizational culture, career paths, and working conditions was performed among permanently employed female physicians from the HOUPE (Health and Organisation among University Physicians in four European countries) study: 385 in Sweden and 126 in Italy. The main outcome measure was recent (within the prior 12 months) suicidal thoughts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 13.7% and 14.3% of the participants from Sweden and Italy, respectively, reported suicidal thoughts within the prior 12 months. Among the physicians from Sweden, the most powerful multivariate model for such thoughts included 2 independent variables related to work: degrading experiences/harassment at work (odds ratio [OR], 3.03; 95% CI, 1.48-6.23), and work meetings to discuss stressful situations (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.69). The model included self-diagnosis and self-treatment as a significant factor. Work meetings to discuss stressful situations were also in the multivariate model for the Italian physicians (OR, 0.21; 95% CI, 0.05-0.86), together with being given work assignments without adequate resources (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.32-18.8). Significant non-work-related factors in the Italian model were younger age and seeking professional help for depression or burnout.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In both Sweden and Italy, work stressors have been identified that may increase the risk for suicide for female physicians. A potential protective factor was meetings to discuss stressful work experiences. These findings suggest that such meetings should be more broadly implemented.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden. ann.fridner@psychology.su.se
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fridner
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Belkic
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marini
authors.forename: Daria
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Minucci
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pavan
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schenck-Gustafsson
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008875:Middle Aged; D010564:Personnel, Hospital / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010822:Physicians, Women / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D017406:Sexual Harassment / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden