title: Wound levobupivacaine continuous infusion for postoperative analgesia in living kidney donors: case-control study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of an analgesic regimen based on levobupivacaine continuous infusion into the surgical wound of living kidney donors (LKDs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty adult LKDs (mean age, 53.1 +/- 5.3 years; age range, 52-68 years) were retrospectively assigned to a no wound infusion (NWI) group (n = 25) or a wound infusion (WI) group (n = 25). At the end of surgery, patients in the WI group received 10 mg intramuscular morphine; a peridural catheter was placed 10 cm between the intercostal muscles fibers close to the lower rib extremity, and a solution of levobupivacaine, 150 mg/100 mL, was started at 5 ml/h(-1). Patients in the NWI group received intramuscular morphine, 10 mg, every 8 hours; intravenous tramadole, 100 mg, was planned as a rescue drug for incidental pain. Pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) ranging from 1 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) in both the basal condition (VASb) and during coughing (VASc) at 1 hour after leaving the operating room and 6, 12, and 24 hours thereafter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours, VASb values in the NWI vs the WI group were 5.2 vs 3.1, 6.8 vs 4.1, 5.8 vs 4.9 (all p < .01), and 5.4 vs 5.1, respectively, and VASc values were 8.2 vs 6.3, 8.8 vs 5.9, 7.1 vs 5.3, and 6.8 vs 5.1 (all p < .01). Mean VAS score was significantly higher between 1 and 6 hours in the NWI group for all VASb measurements vs VASc values. Tramadole consumption was higher in the NWI group than in the WI group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continuous wound infusion with 5 mL/h(-1) levobupivacaine, 1.5 mg/mL(-1), resulted in a safe and effective analgesic protocol in LKDs both in the immediate postoperative period and in the first day after surgery, a result that was more effective than a morphine-tramadole regimen. No adverse effects were recorded, which confirmed the safety of the technique. It is probable that better results could be achieved with dedicated administration devices.
authors.affiliation: Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy. mveroux@libero.it
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sorbello
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paratore
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Morello
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tindaro Sidoti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Rinzivillo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Molino
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Di Tommaso
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Parrinello
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Veroux
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Corona
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Giuffrida
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zerbo
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Veroux
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D036502:Infusions, Intralesional; D016030:Kidney Transplantation; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D019520:Living Donors; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine