title: Platinum, palladium, and rhodium deposition to the Prunus laurus cerasus leaf surface as an indicator of the vehicular traffic pollution in the city of Varese area: an easy and reliable method to detect PGEs released from automobile catalytic converters.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The widespread use of some platinum group elements as catalysts to minimize emission of pollutants from combustion engines produced a constantly growing increase of the concentration of these elements in the environment; their potential toxicological properties explain the increasing interest in routine easy monitoring. We have found that leaves of Prunus laurus cerasus are efficient collectors of particulate with a dimension <60-80 mum, and a simple and reliable procedure was developed to reveal traces of platinum, palladium, and rhodium released from automotive catalysts. The analysis of the dust deposited on the foliage is a direct indicator of traffic pollution.
  
  
  METHODS
  Leaves of P. laurus cerasus were washed by sonication in a mixture of water and 2-propanol and the washings, to be discarded, were separated by centrifugation to yield typically 0.05-1.2 g of dust that, after mineralization, was directly submitted for atomic absorption analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparison of the 2007 and 2004-2005 results showed a dramatic reduction of the platinum levels and revealed that palladium is now the main component of this traffic-related pollution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results are consistent with the increasing diffusion of cars with a diesel engine whose catalysts are made up of Pt and/or Pd alone, and gives a significant insight into the recent evolution in catalyst design that replaces platinum for palladium.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The proposed analytical procedure is simple, with short preparation times, and greatly reduces matrix effects so that atomic absorption spectroscopy can easily detect the three noble metals at the ng/g level in the dust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results clearly show that Pd concentrations have increased over time, and must be cause for concern.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Biologia Strutturale e Funzionale, Università dell'Insubria, Varese, Italy. alessandro.fumagalli@uninsubria.it
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fumagalli
authors.forename: Bruno
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Faggion
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ronchini
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Terzaghi
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lanfranchi
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chirico
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cherchi
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D002947:Cities; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D007558:Italy; D019216:Metals, Heavy / Q000032:analysis*; D010165:Palladium / Q000032:analysis; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry*; D010984:Platinum / Q000032:analysis; D027861:Prunus / Q000737:chemistry*; D011891:Rain; D012238:Rhodium / Q000032:analysis; D001335:Vehicle Emissions / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D019216:Metals, Heavy; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions; D010984:Platinum; D010165:Palladium; D012238:Rhodium