title: Integrated pre- and intraoperative imaging in a patient with an arteriovenous malformation located in eloquent cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The use of integrated pre- and intraoperative imaging may be useful when resecting brain lesions in close proximity to eloquent areas, such as the primary motor cortex and language cortices.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 32-year-old woman with an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) located in the primary motor cortex underwent surgery using functional neuronavigation. Blood-oxygenation-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) were used for preoperative mapping of primary motor areas and the corticospinal tracts, respectively. The BOLD fMRI activations and DTT tractograms were integrated into the neuronavigation system and visualized intraoperatively throughout the operation. Furthermore, stereoscopic visualizations of the angioarchitecture based on 3D MRI angiograms were used to rehearse the surgical approach to the feeder vessels. Finally, intraoperative ultrasound was used to locate and clip the feeding vessels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The AVM was carefully resected with the aid of the above-mentioned imaging techniques, and the intuitive usefulness of the techniques was further substantiated by the rewarding postoperative outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. emb@stud.ntnu.no
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Berntsen
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gulati
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Solheim
authors.forename: K A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Kvistad
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lindseth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Unsgaard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D002538:Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods*; D011712:Pyramidal Tracts / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods