title: Resource utilisation and costs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with insulin glargine or conventional basal insulin under real-world conditions in Germany: LIVE-SPP study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess and compare the total costs relevant to diabetes care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) treated at specialised diabetes practices with either insulin glargine- or conventional basal insulin (neutral protamine Hagedorn [NPH])-based therapies from the German statutory health insurance (SHI) perspective.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Long Acting Insulin Glargine Versus NPH Cost Evaluation in Specialised Practices (LIVE-SPP) study is an observational, retrolective, multicentre longitudinal cost comparison in adults with T2D. Costs were evaluated from the German SHI perspective based on official 2005 prices. Average total costs per patient for insulin glargine-versus NPH-based therapies were compared using multivariate general linear modelling. Sensitivity analyses were performed by varying the main cost factors by +/- 25%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients (n=1,024, 512 patients per cohort) were on average 62 years of age, with an average 8-year diabetes history at study start. The average unadjusted total annual costs per patient were euro 1,868.41 (95% CI 1,744.27-1,992.56) for insulin glargine-based vs. euro 2,063.72 (95% CI 1,922.91-2,204.54) for NPH-based therapies. Average adjusted total annual costs per patient between insulin glargine- (euro 1,241.13) and NPH-based therapies (euro 1,607.86) were statistically significantly different (p=0.0004). The economic advantage for insulin glargine-based therapies resulted mainly from fewer blood glucose measurements and other diabetes-related materials (e.g. needles). The savings remained stable in one-way sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The LIVE-SPP study suggests that insulin glargine-based therapies may offer an economic advantage over NPH-based therapies.
authors.affiliation: Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schöffski
authors.forename: Lusine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Breitscheidel
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Benter
authors.forename: Franz-Werner
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Dippel
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Volk
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfohl
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006295:Health Resources / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine