title: An association between incident disability and depressive symptoms over 3 years of follow-up among older women: the Women's Health and Aging Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of new disability on the incidence of depressive symptoms, with 3-year biannual data from The Woman's Health and Aging Study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects (n=671) were selected if they were independent at baseline in 5 basic activities of daily living (ADLs) and were not depressed [scored <14 on the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS; range 0 to 30)]. During the follow-ups, worsening of ADL disability (needed help on an increased number of ADLs) and onset of depressive symptoms (GDS score > or =14) were defined. For each pair of consecutive interviews in which depressive symptoms were not present in the first interview in the pair, we assessed incidence of worsening disability and depressive symptoms in the second interview of the pair. We also summarized the incidence of depressive symptoms 6 months later among the people who did not develop depressive symptoms at the time they reported a new disability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with those not developing disability, after adjusting for demographic characteristics, number of diseases, and ADL difficulty level at the moment of onset of the disability, the odds ratio (OR) for developing depressive symptoms at disability onset was 2.2 (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.1-4.3). For those developing new disability without depressive symptoms, the adjusted OR for developing depressive symptoms 6 months later was 1.7 (CI 0.6-4.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Onset of new disability in basic ADLs had a significant impact on the development of depressive symptoms at the moment of onset. Our results demonstrate that clinicians should carefully evaluate depressive symptoms in patients with new onset of disability.
authors.affiliation: Geriatric Research Center, Landspitali University Hospital, Landakot, Reykjavik, Iceland. changmi@landspitali.is
authors.forename: Milan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Phillips
authors.forename: Antonia K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Coppin
authors.forename: Michiel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van der Linden
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ferrucci
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fried
authors.forename: Jack M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Guralnik
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health