title: Postmarketing surveillance of serious adverse events associated with the use of rofecoxib from 1999-2002.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors performed a postmarketing database analysis to evaluate the incidence of cardiovascular and other serious adverse events (SAEs) reported to the US Food and Drug Administration's Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) involving the use of rofecoxib.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors studied all adverse events involving rofecoxib reported to the AERS from inception of the drug until 2002. An emphasis was placed on cardiovascular and other SAEs of interest categorized using the high level group terms hemorrhage, edema, thrombosis, embolism, and death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 31,024 reports of SAEs associated with the use of rofecoxib, which was considered primary suspect in 97.8% of these reports. There were 3915, 3677, 1653, 1917, and 233 reports of hemorrhage, edema, death, thrombosis, and embolism, respectively. Relative to the overall population in this dataset, reports of hemorrhage, death, thrombosis, and embolism consisted of a greater proportion of males. The mean age for patients that reported hemorrhage, death, and thrombosis was older, whereas the mean age for embolism and edema was younger than the overall population in this dataset. Aspirin was the most commonly reported concomitant medication (7.4% of reports) followed by acetaminophen (5.4%). Reports containing concomitant use of anti-coagulants, Cox-1, and nonselective inhibitors (each p < 0.001) but not Cox-2 inhibitors were associated with increased age while only anti-coagulants and Cox-1 inhibitors (each p < 0.001) were associated with more males. Reports containing concomitant use of an anti-coagulant or an NSAID accounted for a disproportionate incidence of hemorrhage, edema, embolism, and death. Most notably, the odds of a hemorrhagic event for those reporting concomitant use of an anti-coagulant, Cox-1, non-selective, or Cox-2 inhibitor was 3.05 (p < 0.001), 3.07 (p < 0.001), 2.07 (p < 0.001), and 1.18 (p < 0.001), respectively. Some weaknesses of this type of analysis are the retrospective nature of such a study, the inability to find causality, and that the data can contains multiple reports from any one individual.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It can be postulated that in addition to the risk of heart attack and stroke, rofecoxib users were at increased risk of hemorrhage, in addition to other thrombotic and embolic adverse events, which was exacerbated in those taking blood thinners or NSAIDs.
authors.affiliation: Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. bionotes@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Frank G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Bottone
authors.forename: William T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Barry
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004347:Drug Interactions / Q000502:physiology; D056736:Drug Recalls; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007783:Lactones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011358:Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000209:etiology; D013450:Sulfones / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D007783:Lactones; D013450:Sulfones; C116926:rofecoxib