Clinical collection and protein properties of expressed prostatic secretions as a source for biomarkers of prostatic disease.
The prostate gland secretes many proteins in a prostatic fluid that combines with seminal vesicle derived fluids to promote sperm activation and function. Proximal fluids of the prostate that can be collected clinically are seminal plasma and expressed-prostatic secretion (EPS) fluids. EPS represents the fluid being secreted by the prostate following a digital rectal prostate massage, which in turn can be collected in voided urine post-exam. This collection is not disruptive to a standard urological exam, and it can be repeatedly collected from men across all prostatic disease states. A direct EPS fluid can also be collected under anesthesia prior to prostatectomy. While multiple genetic assays for prostate cancer detection are being developed for the shed epithelial cell fraction of EPS urines, the remaining fluid that contains many prostate-derived proteins has been minimally characterized. Approaches to optimization and standardization of EPS collection consistent with current urological exam and surgical practices are described, and initial proteomic and glycomic evaluations of the of EPS fluid are summarized for prostate specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Continued characterization of the prostate specific protein components of EPS urine combined with optimization of clinical collection procedures should facilitate discovery of new biomarkers for prostate cancer.
Drake
Richard R
RR
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Biomedical Proteomics, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA. drakerr@evms.edu
White
Krista Y
KY
Fuller
Thomas W
TW
Igwe
Elena
E
Clements
Mary Ann
MA
Nyalwidhe
Julius O
JO
Given
Robert W
RW
Lance
Raymond S
RS
Semmes
O John
OJ
D000135:Acid Phosphatase; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001826:Body Fluids; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D054794:Glycomics / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011467:Prostate / Q000378:metabolism*; D011469:Prostatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000652:urine; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases / Q000737:chemistry; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods*; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; D013997:Time Factors
D015415:Biomarkers; D000135:Acid Phosphatase; C428439:prostatic acid phosphatase; D017027:Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases