title: Evaluation of cadaveric renal vein lengths and their extension loss with three types of ligature and section.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The right kidney has been less frequently used in live donor nephrectomy, because of the shorter length of the right renal vein (RRV) that is associated with technical difficulties and higher rates of venous thrombosis. In live open donor or deceased donor transplant nephrectomy, an additional cuff of the inferior vena cava is usually removed, but this is a more difficult and risky maneuver in laparoscopic nephrectomy. For this reason, laparoscopic right nephrectomy (LRN) for renal transplantation (RT) is not frequently performed in most medical institutions. We evaluate the difference between RRV and left renal vein (LRV) lengths in cadavers, as harvested for RT by three clamping methods. Our objective was to obtain information that could clarify when LRN for RT should be encouraged or avoided with regard to conventional surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety adult fresh unfrozen cadavers were randomly divided into three groups of 30, according to the clamping device used: Satinsky, stapler, and Hem-o-lok clip. The abdominal viscera were removed through a median xyphopubic incision, and the veins were measured on the bench. Two lateral limits were used: The renal hilum and the tangential line of the renal poles. As for medial limits, the inferior vena cava or the laparoscopic clipping device on the RRV were used on the right side, while on the LRV, the medial border of the emergence of the adrenal vein was considered. After section of the renal vein, a slight traction of the extremity was applied for the measurement. All measurements were obtained three times using a metallic millimetric ruler, and the arithmetic mean was considered. The chi-square, one-way analysis of variance, and paired t tests were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at P <or= 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The groups of cadavers were homogeneous in demographic characteristics. Regardless of the clamping method and considering the useful length of the LRV, the RRV was statistically smaller. The evaluation of the vein length did not depend on the lateral limit considered. Independent of the clamping method, on both sides, the lengths after the vein section were larger than before the section, a fact attributed to traction. Use of a stapler and a single Hem-o-lok presented the same waste of vein length on the right side. On average, the RRV was 13.7% shorter than the LRV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With the wide acceptance of laparoscopic live donor nephrectomy, the length difference between the veins of both kidneys is an important issue, and the right kidney is therefore used less than the left, compared with conventional surgery. This article represents the first step to quantify the anatomic length of renal veins in different situations. Certainly, more imagenologic or surgical studies should be carried out before decisions can be made for better selection of patients for LRN.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Murilo Spinelli
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Pinto
authors.forename: Anuar Ibrahim
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Mitre
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sheepmaker
authors.forename: William Carlos
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Nahas
authors.forename: Francisco Tibor
authors.initials: FT
authors.lastname: Dénes
authors.forename: Rafael Ferreira
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Elias
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: David Neto
authors.forename: Miguel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Srougi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008026:Ligation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*