title: Characterization and clinical evaluation of a novel IMRT quality assurance system.
abstract: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) is a complex procedure that involves the delivery of complex intensity patterns from various gantry angles. Due to the complexity of the treatment plans, the standard-of-care is to perform measurement based patient-specific quality assurance (QA). IMRT QA is traditionally done with film for relative dose in a plane and an ion chamber for absolute dose. This is a laborious and time-consuming process. In this work, we characterized, commissioned, and evaluated the QA capabilities of a novel commercial IMRT device Delta4, (Scandidos, Uppsala, Sweden). This device consists of diode matrices in 2 orthogonal planes inserted in a cylindrical acrylic phantom that is 22 cm in diameter. Although the system has detectors in only 2 planes, it provides a novel interpolation algorithm that is capable of estimating doses at points where no detectors are present. Each diode is sampled per beam pulse so that the dose distribution can be evaluated on segment-by-segment, beam-by-beam, or as a composite plan from a single set of measurements. The end user can calibrate the system to perform absolute dosimetry eliminating the need for additional ion chamber measurements. The patient's IMRT plan is imported into the device over the hospital LAN and the results of measurements can be displayed as gamma profiles, distance-to-agreement maps, dose difference maps, or the measured dose distribution can be superimposed of the patient's anatomy to display an as-delivered plan. We evaluated the system's reproducibility, stability, pulse-rate dependence, dose-rate dependence, angular dependence, linearity of dose response and energy response using carefully planned measurements. We also validated the system's interpolation algorithm by measuring a complex dose distribution from an IMRT treatment. Several simple and complex isodose distributions planned using a treatment planning system were delivered to the QA device; the planned and measured dose distributions were then compared and analyzed. In addition, the dose distributions measured by conventional IMRT QA, which uses an ion chamber and film, were compared. We found that this device is accurate and reproducible and that its interpolation algorithm is valid. In addition the supplied software and network interface allow a streamlined IMRT QA process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Ramaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadagopan
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Jose A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Bencomo
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela.
authors.forename: Rafael L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.affiliation: ScandiDos, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Gorgen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nilsson
authors.affiliation: ScandiDos, Uppsala, Sweden.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Matzen
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Physics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Balter
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results