title: Influential nutrient in urolithiasis incidence: protein or meat?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the relationship between dietary regimen and the incidence of urolithiasis in various regions.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a population-based, cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The setting involved 787 imaging centers in 12 socioeconomic regions in Iran.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a multistage, stratified sampling during 4 seasonal phases, 6127 cases of urolithiasis were detected from referrals to 787 radiology centers in 30 provinces across Iran. The dietary style of the provinces was obtained from an accredited registry, and its relationship with the incidence of urolithiasis in the same region was evaluated by meta-regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant relationship was detected between urolithiasis incidence and daily intake of calcium, sodium chloride, or dairy products in univariate models. In contrast, the daily consumption of meat and protein had a significant correlation with the regional incidence of urolithiasis. Meat consumption had a direct correlation with the incidence of urolithiasis. Protein intake had a significant U-shaped correlation with the incidence of urolithiasis, indicating a high incidence in regions with a high-protein diet, as well as with a low-protein diet. The proportion of meat consumption to total protein intake was similar in both regions, and higher than in regions with a medium-protein intake and low incidence of urolithiasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high proportion of meat consumption, in conjunction with either a low or high total protein intake, was correlated with a high regional incidence of urolithiasis.
authors.affiliation: Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Basiri
authors.forename: Nasser
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shakhssalim
authors.forename: Ali Reza
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Khoshdel
authors.forename: Mohammad Hadi
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Radfar
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Pakmanesh
mesh_terms: D002136:Calcium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003611:Dairy Products; D004032:Diet / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage; D052878:Urolithiasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D002136:Calcium, Dietary; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D017673:Sodium Chloride, Dietary