title: How bad is depression? Preference score estimates from depressed patients and the general population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare depression health state preference scores across four groups: (1) general population, (2) previous history of depression but not currently depressed, (3) less severe current depression, and (4) more severe current depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary data were collected from 95 general population, 163 primary care, and 83 specialty mental health subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Stratified sampling frames were used to recruit general population and patient subjects. Subjects completed cross-sectional surveys. Key variables included rating scale and standard gamble scores assigned to depression health state descriptions developed from the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and SF-12.
  
  
  METHODS
  Each subject completed an in-person interview. Forty-nine subjects completed test/retest reliability interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Depressed patient preference scores for three of six SF-12 depression health states were significantly lower than the general population using the rating scale and two of six were significantly lower using standard gamble. Depressed patient scores for five of six PHQ-9 depression health states were significantly lower than the general population using the rating scale and two of six were significantly lower using standard gamble.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depressed patients report lower preference scores for depression health states than the general population. In effect, they perceived depression to be worse than the general public perceived it to be. Additional research is needed to examine the implications for cost-effectiveness ratios using general population preference scores versus depressed patient preference scores.
authors.affiliation: Psychiatric Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA. jmpyne@uams.edu
authors.forename: Jeffrey M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Pyne
authors.forename: John C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fortney
authors.forename: Shanti
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Feeny
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ubel
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brazier
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001131:Arkansas / Q000453:epidemiology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult