title: Sickle cell disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sickle cell disease causes chronic haemolytic anaemia, dactylitis, and painful acute crises, and increases the risk of stroke, organ damage, bacterial infections, and complications of blood transfusion. In sub-Saharan Africa, up to a third of adults are carriers of the defective sickle cell gene, and 1-2% of babies are born with the disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent sickle cell crisis and other acute complications in people with sickle cell disease? What are the effects of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions to treat pain in people with sickle cell crisis? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to September 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically; please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 38 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: acupuncture, antibiotic prophylaxis in children under 5 years of age, aspirin, avoidance of cold environment, blood transfusion, codeine, corticosteroid (with narcotic analgesics), diflunisal, hydration, hydroxyurea, ibuprofen, ketorolac, limiting physical exercise, malaria chemoprophylaxis, morphine (controlled-release oral after initial intravenous bolus, repeated intravenous doses), oxygen, paracetamol, patient-controlled analgesia, penicillin prophylaxis in children over 5 years of age, piracetam, pneumococcal vaccines, rehydration, and zinc sulphate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatrics, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
authors.forename: Martin M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Meremikwu
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000755:Anemia, Sickle Cell / Q000097:blood; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D006801:Humans; D008288:Malaria; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines