title: Nuclear factor-[kappa]B inhibition provides additional protection against ischaemia/reperfusion injury in delayed sevoflurane preconditioning.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Sevoflurane anaesthetic preconditioning (SPC) has been shown to limit nuclear factor-[kappa]B (NF-[kappa]B) activation and the production of inflammatory cytokines during myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). Similarly, pharmacological inhibition of NF-[kappa]B using parthenolide is effective in limiting I/R injury. We, therefore, postulated that the protective effect of delayed SPC would be enhanced by pharmacological NF-[kappa]B inhibition during I/R.
  
  
  METHODS
  Hearts from 2-month-old male Fisher 344 rats were exposed to 25 min global ischaemia followed by 60 min reperfusion. Rats were divided into four groups prior to I/R: control group; parthenolide group, treated with the I[kappa]B kinase inhibitor parthenolide intraperitoneally 10 min prior to heart isolation; SPC group, treated for 60 min with sevoflurane 48 h prior to heart isolation; and SPC + parthenolide group, treated with SPC for 1 h followed by parthenolide 48 h later. Infarct area, left ventricular function and Ca2+(i) were measured after I/R.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Delayed SPC + parthenolide resulted in greater protection than either intervention alone, resulting in a significant reduction in infarct area and left ventricular developed pressure (mmHg; 84 +/- 19 compared with 15 +/- 14 in control hearts; P = 0.007). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure also remained close to baseline values (9 +/- 2 mmHg, P = 0.02) during I/R, and the increase in Ca2+(i) seen with I/R was significantly blunted (P = 0.005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SPC followed by parthenolide provides a significant protection from I/R injury in this model. As each intervention alone limits NF-[kappa]B activation with I/R, these data are consistent with additive effects of these dual modalities in limiting I/R injury due to NF-[kappa]B activation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: Mojca Remskar
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Konia
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaefer
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002985:Clinical Protocols; D019157:Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015428:Myocardial Reperfusion Injury / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000187:drug effects; D016278:Ventricular Function, Right / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C002669:parthenolide; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D002118:Calcium