title: Cross-sectional and longitudinal association of cigarette smoking with carotid atherosclerosis in Chinese adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cross-sectional and longitudinal association of cigarette smoking with carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and older Chinese adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 1132 residents in Beijing (748 women and 384 men) aged 35 to 64 years. Information on baseline smoking characteristics, including smoking status and pack-years was collected in 1993-1994. The cohort was resurveyed in 2002 and common carotid artery intima-media thickness (CCA-IMT) and carotid plaques were measured by B-mode ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The multivariable-adjusted mean CCA-IMT at resurvey was significantly associated with smoking status at both resurvey and baseline, and was 0.72 mm for consistent current smokers, 0.71 mm for former and inconsistent smokers, and 0.70 mm for consistent never smokers at both surveys, respectively (p-trend<0.01). The multivariable-adjusted odds ratio [OR, 95% confidence interval (CI)] of having carotid plaques was 1.5 (1.0-2.1) for consistent current smokers vs consistent never smokers. In addition, there was a significant dose-response relationship between baseline smoking pack-years and multivariable-adjusted mean CCA-IMT and risk of having carotid plaques at resurvey.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Smoking is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in middle-aged and older Chinese adults both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Smoking cessation may play a significant role in prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases in China.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Cardiovascular Institute and Fu Wai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
authors.forename: Li-Rong
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Nathan D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Wong
authors.forename: Ping
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lian-Cheng
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Liu-Xin
authors.initials: LX
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Gao-Qiang
authors.initials: GQ
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Yang-Feng
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography