title: Clinical approaches to special issues related to opioid therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the unique characteristics of methadone and the putative mechanisms of rapid-onset opioid formulations for breakthrough pain; to outline the principles underlying opioid rotation; and to describe elements of risk assessment in opioid therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Published research articles and clinical experience.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Risk management for opioid therapy should involve multiple approaches, tools, and regular patient interactions; urine toxicology can be used to confirm suspicion of aberrant behavior. Yet, some aberrant drug-related behaviors can reflect opioid efficacy failure or a deterioration of the underlying condition. Opioid rotation can be an effective tool to manage cases where opioids have not effectively controlled pain or were associated with intolerable side effects. However, dose conversion requires careful calculation and continuing follow-up care. Treatment of both baseline pain and breakthrough pain is essential as both can erode an individual's quality of life.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oncology nurses can better address challenging clinical scenarios associated with opioid therapy.
authors.affiliation: Pain Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA.
authors.forename: Perry G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D008691:Methadone / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000451:nursing; D024802:Nurse's Role; D009730:Nursing Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D015404:Nursing Methodology Research; D009859:Oncology Nursing / Q000379:methods*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects / Q000451:nursing*; D010148:Intractable Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D010353:Patient Education as Topic
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D008691:Methadone