title: Heart rate as a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease: longitudinal analysis of a screened cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High heart rate and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are both risk factors for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The relationship between heart rate and the risk of developing CKD, however, has not been studied in a large screened cohort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We examined the relationship between heart rate and the risk of developing CKD in participants in a health evaluation program. CKD was diagnosed as glomerular filtration rate of less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) study equation or dipstick proteinuria. Among 7,958 subjects, 1,199 subjects diagnosed with CKD or with arrhythmia at baseline examination were excluded. A total of 6,759 subjects (4,268 men, 2,491 women, 20-84 years of age) were evaluated. The subjects were quadrisected according to baseline heart rate. The subjects were followed up for a mean of 47 +/- 16 months (range 7-71 months). Seven hundred and thirty-four subjects developed CKD over the 5-year follow-up period. Subjects with a high heart rate had greater magnitude of decreasing glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and higher odds ratio of developing proteinuria. Cox analysis indicated that each heart rate category increment led to approximately 1.1 times increase in the risk of developing CKD, eGFR less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2), and 1.2 times increase of the risk of developing proteinuria in middle-aged or older subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High heart rate is a risk factor for developing CKD in middle-aged or older subjects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan. imtak-ryk@umin.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Taku
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.affiliation: Dialysis Unit, University Hospital of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Kunitoshi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.affiliation: Dialysis Unit, University Hospital of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Chiho
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Iseki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Yusuke
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohya
authors.affiliation: Okinawa General Health Maintenance Association, 212 Miyahira, Haebaru, Okinawa, 901-1192, Japan.
authors.forename: Kozen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kinjo
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-0215, Japan.
authors.forename: Shuichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takishita
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult