title: A randomized trial comparing conventional swan-neck straight-tip catheters to straight-tip catheters with an artificial subcutaneous swan neck.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of inserting a straight-tip Tenckhoff catheter configured with a subcutaneous artificial swan neck.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical outcomes of conventional swan-neck straight-tip catheters and Tenckhoff straight-tip catheters implanted with an artificial subcutaneous swan neck were compared in a prospective randomized controlled trial in a single-center setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis catheter insertion were randomized to receive either a double-cuff straight-tip Tenckhoff catheter with an artificial subcutaneous swan-neck (TC) or a conventional double-cuff straight-tip swan-neck catheter (SN). The primary outcome was catheter exit-site infection rate; the secondary outcomes were catheter-related mechanical events and surgery-related bleeding.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 39 consecutive patients were enrolled: 20 into the TC group and 19 into the SN group. More exit-site infections were observed in the SN group than in the TC group, although the difference was not statistically significant (0.97 vs 0.51 episodes per patient-year, p = 0.0657). However, there were more peritonitis episodes in the TC group than in the SN group (0.35 vs 0.15 episodes per patient-year, p = 0.0256). Exit-site and main wound bleeding post surgery were generally mild and similar in the 2 groups. No events of dialysate leakage, catheter tip migration, or subcutaneous cuff protrusion were observed in patients of either group. Outflow failure due to mechanical causes occurred in 2 patients in the TC group and in 1 patient in the SN group during the intermittent peritoneal dialysis period; all were corrected successfully by laparoscopic omentectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Placement of the double-cuff straight-tip Tenckhoff catheter configured with an artificial subcutaneous swan neck appears to be an effective and safe procedure. It may be a good alternative to the conventional swan-neck catheter.
authors.affiliation: Renal Department, Centro Hospitalar Conde de São Januário, Macao SAR, China.
authors.forename: Chiu-Leong
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Tai-Gen
authors.initials: TG
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Hong-Bing
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Gan
authors.forename: Kin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Weng-In
authors.initials: WI
authors.lastname: Lio
authors.forename: Un-I
authors.initials: UI
authors.lastname: Kuok
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055499:Catheter-Related Infections / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling; D003906:Developing Countries; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000628:therapy*; D008256:Macau; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome