title: Religion and gender in a men's hospital and school of nursing, 1866-1969.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article explores religious beliefs, practices, and representations of the Alexian Brothers, a religious order of Catholic nursing brothers, and the role of gender in this discourse.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Nursing in the United States developed within a cultural framework of caring as part of women's roles in families and communities. Yet, a study of the Alexian Brothers challenges the dominance of the "female" in most gender analyses of nursing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Historical methodology is used to evaluate and interpret data within the broader framework of historiographical literature on gender, religion, and nursing. In analyzing nursing, religion, and gender, attention has been paid to representations, mainly of women, through photographs and written literature. In this article, the same sources are used for men.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The story of the Alexian Brothers and the men they educated is a testament to the power of gender and religion in nursing history. These men carved out a system of caring that recognized it as a responsibility not only of women but also of men. As they asserted that their paid work was a Christian calling, they renegotiated dominant notions of masculinity. In doing so, male nurses navigated among an array of representations, from nurse, to school administrator, to military soldier, to religious person, to professional practitioner of scientific medicine. These self-representations in the masculine spaces of the hospital and nursing school were designed to debunk stereotypes of feminine men, and they challenged traditional spatial boundaries.
authors.affiliation: Barbara Bates Center for the Study of theHistory ofNursing,University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. wallbm@nursing.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Barbra Mann
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Wall
mesh_terms: D002410:Catholicism / Q000266:history*; D002641:Chicago; D002977:Clergy / Q000266:history*; D005783:Gender Identity; D005858:Germany; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D016519:Hospitals, Religious / Q000266:history*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009727:Nurses, Male / Q000266:history*; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012579:Schools, Nursing / Q000266:history*; D035621:Secularism / Q000266:history; D013240:Stereotyping