title: Analysis of ErbB receptors in pulmonary carcinoid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to investigate the expression of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases in pulmonary typical carcinoid and atypical carcinoid tumors and to understand the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling in pulmonary carcinoid tumor proliferation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Surgically resected typical carcinoid (n = 24) and atypical carcinoid (n = 7) tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, and ErbB4. Sequencing of tumor DNA of exons 18 to 21 of the EGFR gene and the KRAS gene was carried out. Biochemical analysis of lung carcinoid cell lines was used to investigate EGFR signal transduction and response to erlotinib inhibition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The analysis showed that 45.8% of typical carcinoid and 28.6% of atypical carcinoid tumors express EGFR, 100% of the tumors lack expression of ErbB2, and 100% have moderate to intense staining for ErbB3 and ErbB4. Sequencing of tumor DNA of exons 18 to 21 of the EGFR gene revealed the absence of tyrosine kinase domain mutations in these tumors. Instead, 80.6% tumors harbored a synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism in exon 20. Because EGFR and KRAS mutations tend not to be present at the same time, we sequenced the KRAS gene from pulmonary carcinoid tumor DNA and found that 100% were wild-type. Using a lung carcinoid cell line that expresses EGFR, we found that erlotinib reduced proliferation by inhibiting EGFR signal transduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest clinical potential for the use of EGFR inhibitors in the treatment of patients with pulmonary carcinoid tumors, particularly for patients with EGFR-positive pulmonary carcinoid tumors not amenable to surgical resection.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
authors.forename: Otis B
authors.initials: OB
authors.lastname: Rickman
authors.forename: Pawan K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Vohra
authors.forename: Bharati
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sanyal
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Vrana
authors.forename: Marie-Christine
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Aubry
authors.forename: Dennis A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Wigle
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Thomas
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001483:Base Sequence; D002276:Carcinoid Tumor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D004252:DNA Mutational Analysis; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000032:analysis* / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases / Q000032:analysis*; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3 / Q000032:analysis*; D066247:Receptor, ErbB-4; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D011799:Quinazolines; D018719:Erb-b2 Receptor Tyrosine Kinases; D020893:Receptor, ErbB-3; D066247:Receptor, ErbB-4; D018631:ras Proteins; C508053:ERBB2 protein, human; C587689:ERBB4 protein, human