title: The influence of urea feeding on the bacterial and archaeal community in the forestomach of collared peccary (Artiodactyla, Tayassuidae).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was carried out to test whether bacterial and archaeal populations, and products of fermentation in each compartment of collared peccary stomach, vary significantly with urea feeding. Bacteria and archaeal population variation among the four stomach compartments were also compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Archaeal and bacterial communities in the forestomach of four individuals per treatment - peccaries fed diets with and without urea - were analysed at molecular level using PCR followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Volatile fatty acids profiles in the three different compartments of the forestomach were also compared. The bacterial community composition varied considerably among each compartment and with urea provision, but no variation was observed between archaeal populations. Differences in bacterial communities between treatments - with and without urea - were greater than amongst stomach compartments. The acetate: propionate proportion decreased with urea provision in diet. Some differences in bacterial but not archaeal community composition were observed in each compartment of the collared peccary forestomach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are some differences in bacterial but not archaeal populations in each compartment of collared peccary stomach. Use of urea in the diet of peccary can substantially modify the profile of volatile fatty acids released in its forestomach, but does not influence the archaeal community composition. Urea has an important effect on bacterial population DGGE profile present in the peccary's forestomach.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results demonstrate the ability of the collared peccary to use urea as source of nonprotein nitrogen, and confirm a hypothesis that the collared peccary has a digestive physiology more similar to ruminant than nonruminant animals.
authors.affiliation: Departmento de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus, Brazil.
authors.forename: E G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: A C F
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: J C T
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: R P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Rezende
authors.forename: S L G
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Nogueira-Filho
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gross
mesh_terms: D000821:Animal Feed; D000818:Animals; D001105:Archaea / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D019641:DNA, Archaeal / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D004587:Electrophoresis, Agar Gel; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000235:genetics; D013270:Stomach / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D013552:Swine / Q000382:microbiology*; D014508:Urea / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D019641:DNA, Archaeal; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D005232:Fatty Acids, Volatile; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; D014508:Urea