title: Melatonin in treatment of chronic sleep disorders in adults with autism: a retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Melatonin may be used to treat sleep disorders in both children and adults with intellectual disability. The evidence for its efficacy, potential adverse effects and drug interactions are reviewed in the context of prescription of melatonin to patients with autism.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study presents the use of melatonin to treat severe circadian sleep-wake disturbances in 6 adults with autism. Melatonin was initiated at a daily dose of 3 mg at nocturnal bedtime. If this proved ineffective, the melatonin dose was titrated over the following 4 weeks at increments of 3 mg/2 weeks up to a maximum of 9 mg, unless it was tolerated. Assessments included Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) and CGI-Improvement (CGI-I).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Melatonin administered in the evening dramatically improved the sleep-wake pattern in all patients. Melatonin appears to be effective in reducing sleep onset latency and is probably effective in improving nocturnal awakenings and total sleep time in adults with autism. Its effectiveness remained stable for the 6-month period of administration. Melatonin was well tolerated in all patients and no side effects were noted during the therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Melatonin appears to be promising as an efficient and seemingly safe alternative for treatment of severe circadian sleep disturbances in adults with autism. There may be heterogeneity of response depending on the nature of the sleep problem and cause of the intellectual disability or associated disabilities. Further studies are necessary before firm conclusions can be drawn and guidelines for the use of melatonin in people with autism formulated.
authors.affiliation: Division of adult psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. Giuliana.GalliCarminati@hcuge.ch
authors.forename: Giuliana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Galli-Carminati
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Deriaz
authors.forename: Gilles
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bertschy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000150:complications*; D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002492:Central Nervous System Depressants; D008550:Melatonin