title: Abnormal glucose metabolism in acute myocardial infarction: influence on left ventricular function and prognosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We studied the influence of abnormal glucose metabolism on left ventricular (LV) function and prognosis in 203 patients with acute myocardial infarction.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Abnormal glucose metabolism is associated with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. This appears to be particularly attributable to an increased incidence of post-infarction congestive heart failure. A relationship between glucose metabolism and LV function could potentially explain this excess mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients without known diabetes, glucose metabolism was determined using an oral glucose tolerance test before discharge. LV function was assessed using echocardiographic measurements (LV end-diastolic volume, LV end-systolic volume, LV ejection fraction, restrictive diastolic filling pattern, early transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio [E/e'], and left atrial volume index) and by measuring plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustment for age and gender, a linear relationship between the degree of abnormal glucose metabolism was observed for each marker of LV dysfunction (p(trend) < 0.05) with the exception of left atrial volume index (p = 0.10). During a median follow-up of 21 months, 32 patients died, and 39 patients met the secondary end point of death or hospitalization for heart failure. After adjustment for differences in LV function, as well as other relevant characteristics, newly detected, as well as known diabetes were independent predictors of both all-cause mortality (hazard ratios [HR]: 4.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1 to 17.1] and HR: 5.7 [95% CI: 1.3 to 25.2], respectively), and the composite of death or hospitalization for heart failure (HR: 4.3 [95% CI: 1.2 to 15.6] and HR: 5.8 [95% CI: 1.5 to 22.3], respectively). Comparable nonsignificant trends were observed for patients with impaired glucose tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although perturbations in glucose metabolism were linearly associated with impairment of LV function in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction, this relationship alone did not explain the excess mortality in patients with newly detected or known diabetes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Research, Funen Hospital, Svendborg, Denmark. dan@hoefsten.dk
authors.forename: Dan E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Høfsten
authors.forename: Brian B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Løgstrup
authors.forename: Jacob E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Møller
authors.forename: Patricia A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Pellikka
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Egstrup
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D018149:Glucose Intolerance / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain / Q000097:blood; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000209:etiology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C109794:pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76); D020097:Natriuretic Peptide, Brain