title: Electroencephalographic responses to concussive non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning in halothane - anaesthetised calves.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) and cardiovascular responses of halothane-anaesthetised calves to non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten calves were minimally anaesthetised with halothane, using an established anaesthesia protocol. The EEG, blood pressure and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded before and after non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning. Visual inspection and alterations in the total power of the EEG (Ptot) were used to investigate the effects of stunning.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Captive-bolt stunning significantly altered cerebrocortical function in all animals. In four animals, Ptot decreased immediately following stunning and remained low throughout the recording period. In another five animals, Ptot responded to stunning in a biphasic manner characterised by an immediate decrease followed by a transient increase and then a final decrease to values similar to those of the non-biphasic animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Non-penetrative captive-bolt stunning significantly altered cerebrocortical function in halothane-anaesthetised calves. The changes in cerebrocortical function would be sufficient to produce insensibility within 0 to 14 seconds in conscious animals.
authors.affiliation: Animal Welfare Science and Bioethics Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
authors.forename: T J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Murrell
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Mitchinson
authors.forename: K J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Stafford
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Mellor
mesh_terms: D000003:Abattoirs / Q000592:standards*; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D001924:Brain Concussion / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004562:Electrocardiography / Q000662:veterinary; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000187:drug effects / Q000662:veterinary*; D006221:Halothane / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D006221:Halothane