title: Effect of the quality and outcomes framework on diabetes care in the United Kingdom: retrospective cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the management of diabetes between 2001 and 2007 in the United Kingdom and to assess whether changes in the quality of care reflect existing temporal trends or are a direct result of the implementation of the quality and outcomes framework.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  147 general practices (annual list size over 1 million) across the UK. Patients People with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Annual prevalence of diabetes and attainment of process and clinical outcomes over the three years before and the three years after the introduction of the quality and outcomes framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant improvements in process and intermediate outcome measures were observed during the six year period, with consecutive annual improvements observed before the introduction of incentives. However, the current diagnostic case definition for the quality and outcomes framework does not capture up to two thirds of people with type 1 diabetes and a third of people with type 2 diabetes. After the introduction of the quality and outcomes framework, existing trends of improvement in glycaemic control, cholesterol levels, and blood pressure were attenuated, particularly in people with diabetes who did not meet the case definition of the quality and outcomes framework. The introduction of the quality and outcomes framework did not lead to improvement in the management of patients with type 1 diabetes, nor to a reduction in the number of patients with type 2 diabetes who had HbA(1c) levels greater than 10%. Introduction of the quality and outcomes framework may have increased the number of patients with type 2 diabetes with HbA(1c) levels of <or=7.5%; odds ratio 1.05 (95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.09; P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The management of people with diabetes has improved since the late 1990s, but the impact of the quality and outcomes framework on care is not straightforward; upper thresholds may need to be removed or targets made more challenging if people are to benefit. Many patients in whom care may be suboptimal may not be captured in the quality and outcomes framework assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care and General Practice, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT. m.calvert@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Melanie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Calvert
authors.forename: Aparna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shankar
authors.forename: Richard J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: McManus
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lester
authors.forename: Nick
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Freemantle
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002784:Cholesterol; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents