title: Validity and reliability of Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  "Social nicotine dependence" is a newly-coined phrase for describing a psychological and psychosocial state associated with smoking. That new dependence is defined as a misperception of smoking caused by smokers' attempts, for example, to deny the ill effects of tobacco and/or to justify themselves by regarding smoking as acceptable cultural and social behavior. It can be quantified by a 10-item questionnaire, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND). We examined the internal consistency as well as the criterion-related and construct validity and factor structure of KTSND.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered questionnaires including the KTSND, smoking status, and stages in quitting smoking only for current smokers were collected from 666 industrial workers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The internal consistency of the KTSND assessed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.77. In addition, we found that an 8-item combination from among 10 items had a higher coefficient of 0.80. KTSND scores differed among three groups of smoking status as a criterion. Factor analysis clarified two potential factors: "an overestimation of smoking's effects to enhance physical and mental status" and "an insistence on smoking as acceptable cultural and social behavior."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The KTSND proved to be valid in terms of the internal consistency and the inclusion of two key aspects of the misperception of smoking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan. tetsuya-otani@umin.ac.jp
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Otani
authors.forename: Chiharu
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yoshii
authors.forename: Masato
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kano
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kitada
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Narito
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kurioka
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Isomura
authors.forename: Megumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hara
authors.forename: Yukitoshi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okubo
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D010054:Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*