title: Complex developmental patterns of histone modifications associated with the human beta-globin switch in primary cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The regulation of the beta-globin switch remains undetermined, and understanding this mechanism has important benefits for clinical and basic science. Histone modifications regulate gene expression and this study determines the presence of three important histone modifications across the beta-globin locus in erythroblasts with different beta-like globin-expression profiles. Understanding the chromatin associated with weak gamma gene expression in bone marrow cells is an important objective, with the goal of ultimately inducing postnatal expression of weak gamma-globin to cure beta-hemoglobinopathies.
  
  
  METHODS
  These studies use uncultured primary fetal and bone marrow erythroblasts and human embryonic stem cell-derived primitive-like erythroblasts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation with antibodies against modified histones reveals DNA associated with such histones. Precipitated DNA is quantitated by real-time polymerase chain reaction for 40 sites across the locus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distribution of histone modifications differs at each developmental stage. The most highly expressed genes at each stage are embedded within large domains of modifications associated with expression (acetylated histone H3 [H3ac] and dimethyl lysine 4 of histone H3 [H3K4me2]). Moderately expressed genes have H3ac and H3K4me2 in the immediate area around the gene. Dimethyl lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9me2), a mark associated with gene suppression, is present at the epsilon and gamma genes in bone marrow cells, suggesting active suppression of these genes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study reveals complex patterns of histone modifications associated with highly expressed, moderately expressed, and unexpressed genes. Activation of gamma postnatally will likely require extensive modification of the histones in a large domain around the gamma genes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03756, USA.
authors.forename: Mei
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hsu
authors.forename: Christine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Emmanuel
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Olivier
authors.forename: Caihong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Eric E
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Bouhassira
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Lowrey
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fiering
mesh_terms: D002478:Cells, Cultured; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D055544:beta-Globins