title: Clinical assessment and rest and stress echocardiography for prediction of long-term prognosis in African Americans with known or suspected coronary artery disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is limited information on noninvasive risk stratification of African Americans, a high-risk group for cardiovascular events. We investigated the value of clinical assessment and echocardiography for the prediction of a long-term prognosis in African Americans.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dobutamine echocardiography was performed in 324 African Americans. Two-dimensional measurements were performed at rest, and rest and stress wall motion was assessed. A retrospective follow-up was conducted for cardiac events: myocardial infarction (MI) or cardiac death (CD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 59 +/- 12 years, and 83% of patients had hypertension. The follow-up was obtained in 318 (98%) patients for a mean of 5.3 years. The events occurred in 107 (33%) subjects. The independent predictors of events were history of MI (P = 0.001, risk ratio [RR] 2.04), ischemia (P = 0.007, RR 1.97), fractional shortening (P = 0.033, RR 0.08), and left atrial (LA) dimension (P = 0.034, RR 1.39). An LA size of 3.6 cm and a fractional shortening of 0.30 were the best cutoff values for the prediction of events. Prior MI, ischemia, LA size >3.6 cm, and fractional shortening <0.30 were each considered independent risk predictors for events. The event rates were 13%, 21%, 38%, 59%, and 57% in patients with 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 risk predictors, respectively. Event-free survival progressively worsened with an increasing number of predictors: 0 or 1 versus 2 predictors, P < 0.001; 2 versus 3 or 4 predictors, P = 0.003.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The long-term prognosis of African Americans can be accurately predicted by clinical assessment combined with rest and stress echocardiography.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA. ssawada@iupui.edu
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Sawada
authors.forename: Samer
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sayyed
authors.forename: Azad
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raiesdana
authors.forename: Irmina
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gradus-Pizlo
authors.forename: Jothiharan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mahenthiran
authors.forename: Harvey
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Feigenbaum
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000208:ethnology*; D004280:Dobutamine; D004452:Echocardiography / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005080:Exercise Test / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana / Q000208:ethnology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012146:Rest; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D004280:Dobutamine