title: The prevalence of hypoactive sexual desire disorder in surgically menopausal women: an epidemiological study of women in four European countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Insufficient documentation exists regarding the prevalence of hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in surgically menopausal (SM) women in European countries. Women who have undergone hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy experience a loss of ovarian hormones. Inclusion of these women in an epidemiological study provided the opportunity to study biological and cultural impacts on sexual function.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of HSDD among SM women in France, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom, as well as the relationship between low sexual desire and sexual activity or behavior, and sexual or partner relationship satisfaction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 427 SM women aged 20-70 years. Main Outcome Measures. The desire domain of the Profile of Female Sexual Function (PFSF) to identify women with low sexual desire, Personal Distress Scale (PDS) to measure distress caused by low sexual desire, and a sexual activities measure. Women with low sexual desire who were distressed were classified as having HSDD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SM women having low sexual desire ranged from 35% (United Kingdom) to 44% (Italy); of these women, 16% (Germany) to 56% (France) were distressed because of their low sexual desire. Overall, SM women classified with HSDD ranged from 7% (Germany) to 22% (France). A strong positive correlation was observed between sexual desire and arousal, orgasm, and sexual pleasure in all countries (P < 0.001). Low sexual desire leads to less sexual activity, more dissatisfaction with sex life and partner relationship, and more negative emotional or psychological states, than normal desire in each country.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A similar percentage of SM women with low sexual desire were found across countries suggesting the role of biological factors (i.e., losing ovarian hormones) in determining sexual desire. Differences in the percentage of SM women with HSDD suggest a role for cultural factors in determining how low sexual desire is perceived.
authors.affiliation: Centre of Gynecology and Medical Sexology, H. San Raffaele Resnati, Milan, Italy. graziott@tin.it
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Graziottin
authors.forename: Patricia E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Koochaki
authors.forename: Cynthia A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Rodenberg
authors.forename: Lorraine
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dennerstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005060:Europe / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010052:Ovariectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D017698:Postmenopause; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires