title: Cyanide, peroxide and nitric oxide formation in solutions of hydroxyurea causes cellular toxicity and may contribute to its therapeutic potency.
abstract: Hydroxyurea (HU) is a potent remedy against a variety of ailments and an efficient inhibitor of DNA synthesis, yet its pharmacology is unclear. HU acts in Escherichia coli by the same mechanism as it does in eukaryotes, via inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase. When examining a controversy about concentrations of HU that prevent thymineless death in E. coli, we found instability in HU solutions that avoided prior detection due to its peculiar nature. In contrast to freshly dissolved HU, which did not affect respiration and was bacteriostatic, 1-day-old HU solutions inhibited respiration and were immediately bactericidal. Respiration was inhibited by two gases, hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and nitric oxide (NO), whose appearance we detected in "aged" HU stocks by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; however, neither gas was bactericidal. While determining the cause of toxicity, we found that HU damages DNA directly. We also demonstrated accumulation of peroxides in HU solutions by enzymatic assays, which explains the toxicity, as both NO and HCN are known to kill bacteria when combined with hydrogen peroxide. Remarkably, we found that bactericidal effects of NO+H(2)O(2) and HCN+H(2)O(2) mixtures were further synergistic. Accumulation of decomposition products in solutions of HU may explain the broad therapeutic effects of this drug.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
authors.forename: Kawai J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Kuong
authors.forename: Andrei
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kuzminov
mesh_terms: D003486:Cyanides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004247:DNA / Q000096:biosynthesis; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects*; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007700:Kinetics; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010545:Peroxides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012996:Solutions; D013941:Thymine / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D003486:Cyanides; D010545:Peroxides; D012996:Solutions; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D004247:DNA; D013941:Thymine; D006918:Hydroxyurea