title: The effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis infection on cytokine levels in type 2 diabetic mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several studies have shown that diabetes mellitus increases the severity of periodontitis. Conversely, periodontitis has been shown to have an impact on diabetes, although the underlying mechanisms of this are unclear. The aim of this study was to compare the inflammatory response to Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in normal and diabetic mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Porphyromonas gingivalis were inoculated adjacent to the periosteum, at a point on the midline of the skull located between the ears, in C57BL/6 (normal) and KKAy (diabetic) mice. After induction, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and adiponectin in the mice were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The KKAy mice showed significant increases in blood glucose, serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 levels after inoculation with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and a significant decrease in adiponectin to 35.7%. Similar results were observed at the mRNA level in liver and visceral adipose tissue.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These observations suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6 and adiponectin are an integral part of the link between diabetes mellitus and Porphyromonas gingivalis infection.
authors.affiliation: Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nishihara
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sugano
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takano
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimada
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ito
mesh_terms: D000038:Abscess / Q000382:microbiology; D052242:Adiponectin / Q000097:blood; D000818:Animals; D016866:Bacteroidaceae Infections / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology*; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin; D001786:Blood Glucose; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha