title: Impact of rhinoplasty on objective measurement and psychophysical appreciation of facial symmetry.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of rhinoplasty on the objective measurement and subjective appreciation of facial symmetry and to investigate whether perceptual shifts are correlated with objective changes in facial proportions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frontal view photographs were used to measure bilateral symmetry ratios of the medial and lateral canthi, tragus, ala, and oral commissure in 100 patients before and 6 months after rhinoplasty. Gestalt dichotomous impressions of facial symmetry were also obtained in all cases. Paired t tests and chi(2) tests were used to compare facial proportions and the proportion of faces perceived as symmetrical, respectively, before and after surgery. The receiver operating characteristic and analysis of variance were used to assess whether perceptual shifts in symmetry could be correlated with objectively measurable changes in facial proportion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The number of faces perceived as symmetrical increased from 42 to 62 after rhinoplasty (P < .001, chi(2) test). Objectively, midline-to-ala symmetry increased from an average of 91.1% (5.5%) (mean [SD]) to 93.8% (4.5%) after rhinoplasty (P < .001, paired t test). Other facial proportions did not change significantly (P > .10). The degree of change in midline-to-ala symmetry was the only objective measure that was significantly associated with the subjective perception of the face as symmetrical or asymmetrical (P < .01, 1-way analysis of variance). Most positive perceptual shifts were associated with an objective improvement in nasal symmetry that was greater than 2%. Conversely, most negative perceptual shifts were associated with minimal postoperative improvement or loss of nasal symmetry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rhinoplasty leads to objectively measurable changes in nasal symmetry that correspond with psychophysical modifications in the perception of a face as symmetrical or asymmetrical.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology, Charing Cross Hospital, London, England.
authors.forename: S A Reza
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Nouraei
authors.forename: Maria A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Pulido
authors.forename: Hesham A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Saleh
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D004954:Esthetics; D005145:Face; D005146:Facial Asymmetry / Q000523:psychology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose; D010781:Photography; D012225:Rhinoplasty