title: Increased TLR7 expression in the adenoids among children with otitis media with effusion.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) is present in the adenoids in young children and might play a role in the immunological response behind the development of otitis media with effusion (OME).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of the TLRs TLR4 and TLR7 in adenoids from children with OME and to compare the results with data obtained from healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a controlled, prospective study. Eleven young children with long-standing OME and 10 controls with healthy middle ears were recruited consecutively when scheduled for adenoidectomy. mRNA was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the localization of the corresponding proteins was assessed by immunohistochemistry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  mRNA for TLR4 and TLR7 could be obtained from all samples tested along with their corresponding proteins. The mRNA levels for TLR7 were increased among the children with a history of OME. No such increase was found for TLR4.
authors.affiliation: Division of ENT Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. anna.granath@karolinska.se
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granath
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Uddman
authors.forename: Lars-Olaf
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Cardell
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy; D000234:Adenoids / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4 / Q000235:genetics; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495345:TLR4 protein, human; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; D051197:Toll-Like Receptor 4; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7