title: Consistency in size and asymmetry of the psoas major muscle among elite footballers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine, using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the psoas major (PM) muscle across multiple vertebral levels, to examine any asymmetry of the PM muscle and investigate the consistency across vertebral levels, and to determine whether a relationship exists between low back pain (LBP) and the size or asymmetry of the PM muscle among elite Australian Rules football (AFL) players.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Assessments and MRI examinations were carried out in a hospital setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-one male elite AFL players aged between 20 and 32 years participated in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The independent factors in the study were "asymmetry" (coded as ipsilateral or contralateral to kicking leg) and "group" (current LBP versus no current LBP).
  
  
  METHODS
  The dependent variable in the study was the CSA of the PM muscle.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The PM muscle was larger on the side of the dominant kicking leg at all four vertebral levels measured (F = 7.28, p = 0.012). Participants who reported current LBP had larger PM muscles than the remainder of the players (F = 4.63, p = 0.041).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Additional investigation into the underlying mechanisms of the observed differences in PM muscle size could help to develop treatment and rehabilitation programmes aimed at reducing the incidence of LBP among AFL players. Furthermore, asymmetry of the PM muscle was observed at multiple vertebral levels and therefore future studies may only need to take single-level measurements to assess for asymmetry.
authors.affiliation: Division of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Stewart
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Stanton
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hides
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001315:Australia; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005538:Football; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000473:pathology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009929:Organ Size; D016658:Psoas Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult