title: Heart failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Heart failure occurs in 3-4% of adults aged over 65 years, usually as a consequence of coronary artery disease or hypertension, and causes breathlessness, effort intolerance, fluid retention, and increased mortality. The 5-year mortality in people with systolic heart failure ranges from 25-75%, often due to sudden death following ventricular arrhythmia. Risks of cardiovascular events are increased in people with LVSD or heart failure.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of non-drug treatments, and of drug and invasive treatments for heart failure? What are the effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in people at high risk of heart failure? What are the effects of treatments for diastolic heart failure? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library and other important databases up to January 2007 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 72 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: amiodarone, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor blockers, anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, cardiac resynchronisation therapy, digoxin (in people already receiving diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), eplerenone, exercise, implantable cardiac defibrillators, multidisciplinary interventions, non-amiodarone antiarrhythmic drugs, positive inotropes (other than digoxin), and spironolactone.
authors.affiliation: McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
authors.forename: Robert Samuel
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: McKelvie
mesh_terms: D006333:Heart Failure; D014481:United States