title: Raynaud's phenomenon (secondary).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Raynaud's phenomenon is episodic vasospasm of the peripheral vessels, causing pallor followed by cyanosis and redness with pain and sometimes paraesthesia, and, rarely, ulceration of the fingers and toes. It presents as episodic colour changes of the digits, usually in response to cold exposure or stress. The classic triphasic colour change is white (ischaemia), then blue (deoxygenation), then red (reperfusion). Raynaud's phenomenon can be primary (idiopathic) or secondary to several different conditions and causes. This review deals with secondary Raynaud's phenomenon.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of self-help measures for secondary Raynaud's phenomenon? What are the effects of drug treatments for secondary Raynaud's phenomenon? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2007 (BMJ Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found 25 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this systematic review we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: alpha-blockers; angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; angiotensin II receptor antagonists; antithrombotics/inhibitors of platelet aggregation; biofeedback; calcium channel blockers; endothelin-1 receptor anatagonists; glyceryl trinitrate (transdermal); hand exercises; inositol nicotinate; moxisylyte; nafitidrofuryl oxylate; phosphodiesterase inhibitors; prostaglandins (oral, intravenous); relaxation therapy; serotonin reuptake inhibitors SRIs; smoking cessation; and warming hands and feet.
authors.affiliation: Rheumatic Diseases Centre, University of Manchester, Salford, UK.
authors.forename: Ariane
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Herrick
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011928:Raynaud Disease / Q000188:drug therapy; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A
chemical_list: D057911:Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D065128:Endothelin Receptor Antagonists; D010726:Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors; D044022:Receptor, Endothelin A