title: Long-term hormone replacement therapy preserves bone mineral density in Turner syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fractures are present in many women with Turner syndrome (TS).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine longitudinal changes in BMD in TS and relate changes to biochemical parameters.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective, pragmatic, and observational study. Examinations at baseline and follow-up (5.9+/-0.7 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-four women with TS (43.0+/-9.95 years). Interventions Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and calcium and vitamin D supplementation. Main outcome measures BMD (g/cm(2)) measured at lumbar spine, hip, and the non-dominant forearm. Bone formation and resorption markers, sex hormones, IGF1, and maximal oxygen uptake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At follow-up, forearm BMD, radius ultradistal BMD, and hip BMD remained unchanged, radius 1/3 BMD declined (0.601+/-0.059 vs 0.592+/-0.059, P=0.03), while spine BMD increased (0.972+/-0.139 vs 1.010+/-0.144, P<0.0005). Bone formation markers did not change over time in TS. Bone resorption markers decreased over time in TS. Testosterone, IGF1, and maximal oxygen uptake was significantly reduced in TS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Longitudinal changes in BMD in TS were slight. BMD can be maintained at most sites in well-informed women with TS, being encouraged to maintain a healthy lifestyle, including HRT and intake of calcium and vitamin D.
authors.affiliation: Pediatric Unit, Nordsjaellands Hospital Hillerød, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark.
authors.forename: Line
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cleemann
authors.forename: Britta E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Hjerrild
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Lauridsen
authors.forename: Lene
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heickendorff
authors.forename: Jens S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Christiansen
authors.forename: Leif
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mosekilde
authors.forename: Claus H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Gravholt
mesh_terms: D015502:Absorptiometry, Photon; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015519:Bone Density / Q000187:drug effects*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D002118:Calcium / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014424:Turner Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D014807:Vitamin D; D002118:Calcium