title: Identification, by RT-PCR, of four novel T-1-superfamily conotoxins from the vermivorous snail Conus spurius from the Gulf of Mexico.
abstract: cDNA was prepared from the venom duct of a single Conus spurius specimen collected near the coast of Campeche, Mexico. From it, PCR products were generated, sequenced, and predicted to encode eight distinct precursors of T-1-conotoxins. These precursors contain five different mature toxins, of which four are novel and one (sr5a) has been previously purified and characterized from the venom of this species. Three of the novel toxins are very similar to sr5a: two have one amino acid substitution at position 8, whereas the other is predicted to have one additional residue at the C-terminus; the fourth toxin has five amino acid substitutions and is predicted to have two additional residues at the C-terminus. In general, the precursors include a 22-residue signal peptide, a 24-residue "pro" region, and a 13- to 16-residue mature toxin region; however, the C-termini of two mature toxin regions are predicted to be altered by post-translational processing. Three precursors lack, in the same positions, 15 amino acid residues included in the "pre" (one residue) and "pro" (14 residues) regions, which suggests the existence of an exon encoding the last signal peptide residue and the first 14 residues of the "pro" region. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the T-1-conotoxin precursors and mature toxins of C. spurius are more similar to certain precursors and toxins from molluscivorous Conus species than to any precursors and toxins from vermivorous cones. The results reported here will be useful for synthesizing the novel toxins in order to identify their molecular targets.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Marina, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico.
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Zamora-Bustillos
authors.forename: Manuel B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Aguilar
authors.forename: Andrés
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Falcón
authors.forename: Edgar P
authors.initials: EP
authors.lastname: Heimer de la Cotera
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D020916:Conotoxins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D052078:Conus Snail / Q000378:metabolism*; D018076:DNA, Complementary / Q000235:genetics; D008800:Mexico; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D020916:Conotoxins; D018076:DNA, Complementary