title: Tonsillectomy and steroid pulse (TSP) therapy for patients with IgA nephropathy: a nationwide survey of TSP therapy in Japan and an analysis of the predictive factors for resistance to TSP therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tonsillectomy and steroid pulse (TSP) therapy was proposed as a curative treatment for IgA nephropathy by Hotta et al. (Am J Kidney Dis 38:736-742, 2001) based on data that about 50% of patients achieved clinical remission (CR) of urinary abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  As a primary survey, we sent a questionnaire and letter to 848 hospitals in Japan, each of which employed a Fellow of the Japanese Society of Nephrology between October and December of 2006, in order to gather information about the prevalence and efficacy of TSP therapy for patients with IgA nephropathy. As a secondary survey, we collected data from both low- and high-CR-rate groups to determine which factors predicted resistance to TSP therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2,746 patients received TSP therapy between 2000 and 2006. The CR rates, calculated by measuring urinary criteria 6 and 12 months after TSP therapy, were 32.0% (347/1,085) and 45.6% (452/991), respectively. Analysis of the 30 hospitals in which TSP therapy had been performed on at least ten patients revealed that the CR rates varied from below 10% to 100%. A secondary survey of ten hospitals revealed that, after correction of the CR rate from each hospital, patients could be categorized into three groups: those with a low CR rate (122 patients in four hospitals), a middle CR rate (78 patients in four hospitals), and a high CR rate (103 patients in two hospitals). The CR rate of all patients (N = 303) was 54.1%. A comparison of patient data between the low- and high-CR-rate groups showed a significant difference in age at onset (years; P = 0.05), amount of proteinuria (g/day; P = 0.02), total protein (g/dl; P = 0.02), pathological grade (P = 0.009), and prognostic score as described by Wakai et al. [Nephrol Dial Transplant 21:2800-2808, 2006, (P = 0.04)]. Univariate analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between non-CR and CR subgroups in duration from diagnosis until TSP therapy (6.9 +/- 6.8 versus 5.3 +/- 5.2 years; P = 0.02), amount of proteinuria (1.5 +/- 1.6 versus 0.8 +/- 0.8 g/day; P < 0.0001), serum creatinine (0.99 +/- 0.40 versus 0.87 +/- 0.34 mg/dl; P = 0.006), pathological grade (P = 0.0006), and Wakai et al.'s prognostic score (37.4 +/- 17.8 versus 28.1 +/- 15.1; P < 0.0001). A multivariate logistic analysis demonstrated that resistance to TSP therapy depends on age at onset, amount of proteinuria, hematuria grade, and pathological grade, and a score predicting resistance to TSP therapy could be derived by the formula: [(-0.0330) x (age) + (0.4772) x log (amount of proteinuria) - (0.0273) x (hematuria grade: 0, 1, 2, and 3) + (0.7604) x (pathological grade: 1, 2, 3, and 4) - 0.1894]. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed that patients with a resistance score of greater than -0.02 easily resist TSP therapy (sensitivity 69%, specificity 75%, positive likelihood ratio 2.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TSP therapy shows promise as a treatment that can bring about CR of urinary abnormalities, but unfortunately the average CR rate is about 50% at 1 year after treatment. Predictive factors for resistance to TSP therapy are age at onset, amount of proteinuria, hematuria grade, and pathological grade. The present study suggests that patients with either early-stage or mild to moderate IgA nephropathy easily achieve CR following TSP therapy, whereas patients with late-stage or severe disease are prone to TSP therapy resistance.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoto
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Miura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan. imaihiro@aichi-med-u.ac.jp.
authors.forename: Hirokazu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Imai
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.affiliation: Medical Education Center, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
authors.forename: Shogo
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hayashi
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Kanagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Endoh
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, Jikei University, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Tetsuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kawamura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tomino
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio Renal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kumiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Moriwaki
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio Renal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Miki, Kagawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Hideyasu
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kiyomoto
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Nephrology and Neurology, University of the Ryukyus School of Medicine, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.
authors.forename: Kentaro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kohagura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiko
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nakazawa
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan.
authors.forename: Eiji
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kusano
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
authors.forename: Toshio
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mochizuki
authors.affiliation: Departments of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan.
authors.forename: Shinsuke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nomura
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Tamaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sasaki
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kashihara
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology, Iwate Prefectural Central Hospital, Morioka, Iwate, Japan.
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Soma
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine II, Oita University Faculty of Medicine, Yufu, Oita, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tomo
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Iwao
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Nakabayashi
authors.affiliation: Renal Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Hachioji Medical Center, Tokyo Medical University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
authors.forename: Masaharu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yoshida
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine III, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Fukushima, Japan.
authors.forename: Tsuyoshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Watanabe
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003625:Data Collection; D005260:Female; D005922:Glomerulonephritis, IGA / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012074:Remission Induction; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014068:Tonsillectomy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids