title: Aberrant cell cycle progression and endoreplication in regenerating livers of mice that lack a single E-type cyclin.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  E-cyclins control the transition of quiescent cells into the cell cycle. Two E-cyclins, CcnE1 and CcnE2, have been described, but their specific contributions to cell cycle reentry in vivo are poorly understood. Liver regeneration following partial hepatectomy is an excellent in vivo model for the study of cell cycle reentry of quiescent cells. We investigated the relevance of E-cyclins in directing resting hepatocytes into the cell cycle after partial hepatectomy using CcnE1 and CcnE2 knockout mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Partial hepatectomy (70%) was performed in CcnE1 (E1(-/-)) and CcnE2 (E2(-/-)) knockout and wild-type mice. Liver regeneration was monitored by cell cycle markers for G(1)/S phase, S phase, and M phase as well as by determining the liver/body weight ratio after partial hepatectomy. Ploidy of hepatocytes was determined by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and fluorescent in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CcnE1 deletion resulted in normal liver regeneration with a slight delay of the G(1)/S-phase transition and a defect in endoreplication of otherwise polyploid hepatocytes. Surprisingly, E2(-/-) mice displayed accelerated and sustained DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy, excessive endoreplication in hepatocytes, and a liver mass that was 45% greater than that of wild-type mice after termination of the regeneration process. CcnE2 depletion induced overexpression of CcnE1 and prolonged cdk2 kinase activity after partial hepatectomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CcnE2 has an unexpected role in repressing CcnE1; the phenotype of E2(-/-) mice appears to result from CcnE1 overexpression and cdk2 hyperactivation. CcnE1 and CcnE2 therefore have nonredundant functions for S-phase entry and endoreplication during liver regeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
authors.forename: Yulia A
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Nevzorova
authors.forename: Darjus
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Tschaharganeh
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gassler
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Weiskirchen
authors.forename: Piotr
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sicinski
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trautwein
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Liedtke
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D019927:Cyclin E / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004261:DNA Replication / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006498:Hepatectomy; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology; D008115:Liver Regeneration / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011897:Random Allocation; D012016:Reference Values; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: C475820:CCNE1 protein, human; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D019927:Cyclin E; D015513:Oncogene Proteins