title: The HAC Trial (Harmonic for Acute Cholecystitis) Study. Randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of Harmonic(H) versus Monopolar Diathermy (M) for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) for acute cholecystitis (AC) in adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the developmental stage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) it was considered 'unsafe' or 'technically difficult' to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (AC). With increasing experience in laparoscopic surgery, a number of centers have reported on the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, suggesting that it is technically feasible but at the expense of a high conversion rate, which can be up to 35 per cent and common bile duct lesions.The HARMONIC SCALPEL (H) is the leading ultrasonic cutting and coagulating surgical device, offering surgeons important benefits including: minimal lateral thermal tissue damage, minimal charring and desiccation.Harmonic Scalpel technology reduces the need for ligatures with simultaneous cutting and coagulation: moreover there is not electricity to or through the patient Harmonic Scalpel has a greater precision near vital structures and it produces minimal smoke with improved visibility in the surgical field.In retrospective series LC performed with H was demonstrated feasible and effective with minimal operating time and blood loss: it was reported also a low conversion rate (3.9%).However there are not prospective randomized controlled trials showing the advantages of H compared to MD (the commonly used electrical scalpel) in LC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aim of this RCT is to demonstrate that H can decrease the conversion rate compared to MD in LC for AC, without a significant increase of morbidity.The patients will be allocated in two groups: in the first group the patient will be submitted to early LC within 72 hours after the diagnosis with H while in the second group will be submitted to early LC within 72 hours with MD.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00746850.
authors.affiliation: Orsola Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy. fausto.catena@aosp.bo.it
authors.forename: Fausto
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Catena
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ansaloni
authors.forename: Salomone
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Di Saverio
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Gazzotti
authors.forename: Federico
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Coccolini
authors.forename: Antonio Daniele
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Pinna
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D041881:Cholecystitis, Acute / Q000601:surgery*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004564:Electrocoagulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D004867:Equipment Design; D006801:Humans; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012107:Research Design; D013525:Surgical Instruments; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014465:Ultrasonics / Q000009:adverse effects