title: Antitumor effects of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a novel nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor, in human liver cancer cells are mediated through a reactive oxygen species-dependent mechanism.
abstract: Activation of the nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been implicated in liver tumorigenesis. We evaluated the effects of a novel NF-kappaB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), in two human liver cancer cell lines HA22T/VGH and HuH-6. DHMEQ treatment dose dependently decreased the DNA-binding capacity of the NF-kappaB p65 subunit, inhibited cell growth and proliferation, and increased apoptosis as shown by caspase activation, release of cytochrome c, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, and down-regulation of survivin. DHMEQ also induced a dose-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, and inhibition of this pathway significantly reduced cell growth. It is noteworthy that we observed that DHMEQ stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in a dose-dependent manner and that pretreatment of the cells with the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) significantly reduced DHMEQ-induced ROS generation. Accordingly, NAC completely reversed the DHMEQ-induced growth inhibition, caspase activation, and cell death. DHMEQ-treated cells exhibited DNA damage, as evaluated by accumulation in nuclear foci of phospho-H2AX, which was completely reversed by NAC. Moreover, DHMEQ induced the expression of genes involved in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response (GRP78, CHOP, TRB3) and promoted the splicing of XBP1 mRNA in a dose-dependent fashion in both cell lines, which was reversed in the presence of NAC. Knockdown of TRB3 mRNA expression by small interference RNA significantly decreased DHMEQ-induced cell growth inhibition. These data suggest that DHMEQ antitumor effects are primarily mediated through ROS generation. Thereby, considering that cancer cells are under increased ER stress and oxidative stress conditions, DHMEQ may greatly improve various anticancer strategies.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Biomedicine and Molecular Immunology Alberto Monroy, National Research Council, Palermo, Italy. lampiasi@ibim.cnr.it
authors.forename: Nadia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lampiasi
authors.forename: Antonina
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azzolina
authors.forename: Natale
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: D'Alessandro
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Umezawa
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: McCubrey
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Montalto
authors.forename: Melchiorre
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cervello
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D020169:Caspases / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D000091342:Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP; C000717247:HSPA5 protein, human; D016328:NF-kappa B; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C464444:dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin; D045304:Cytochromes c; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020169:Caspases