title: Effects of case management for frail older people or those with chronic illness: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Financial constraints and quality requirements demand that interventions selected are most effective. A previous systematic review of the effectiveness of the patient advocacy case management model was not found.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of patient advocacy case management on service use and healthcare costs for impaired older people or adults with a chronic somatic disease living in the community.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature search was conducted in Medline, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. Included were English-language randomized controlled trials evaluating service use and costs of the patient advocacy case management model for people with a chronic somatic disease or for impaired older people living in the community.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight relevant studies were identified and included after evaluation of methodological quality. All studies concerned frail or impaired older people, and one study also included people with a somatic chronic disease. In none of the studies was evidence found for clinically relevant increase of service use and costs, whereas in two studies, it was reported that patient advocacy case management led to decreased service use and to savings in costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient advocacy case management does not increase service use and costs and was effective in decreasing service use and costs in two studies. These conclusions are an indication for quality improvement through the combination of its organizational benefits. Therefore, there should be more priority given to further implementation of patient advocacy case management for those with chronic illness and impaired older people. Nursing can play an important role in this development.
authors.affiliation: Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School for Health Research, Wenckebach Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Barth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Oeseburg
authors.forename: Klaske
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wynia
authors.forename: Berry
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Middel
authors.forename: Sijmen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Reijneveld
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D019090:Case Management / Q000458:organization & administration*; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003152:Community Health Nursing / Q000458:organization & administration; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016330:Frail Elderly; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay; D016294:Models, Nursing; D017146:Models, Organizational; D015401:Nursing Administration Research; D015403:Nursing Evaluation Research; D009735:Nursing Homes / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010343:Patient Admission; D010344:Patient Advocacy; D018802:Patient-Centered Care / Q000458:organization & administration; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design