title: Anesthetic management of an off-pump open-heart surgery in a dog.
abstract: METHODS
  A 9 year-old, 40 kg, female spayed Bouvier des Flandres was anesthetized for surgical removal of an intra-cardiac mass. Pre-anesthetic work-up included thoracic radiographs, which revealed moderate pleural effusion, and cardiac ultrasound, which identified a mass attached to the wall of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT). The mass caused dynamic obstruction of the RVOT during systole. The dog was pre-medicated with intravenous (IV) hydromorphone (0.05 mg kg(-1)). Following pre-oxygenation, anesthesia was induced with ketamine (3.75 mg kg(-1), IV) and diazepam (0.18 mg kg(-1), IV). Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen, an intravenous constant rate infusion (CRI) of fentanyl (10-30 microg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and a CRI of lidocaine (50-200 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)). A right lateral thoracotomy was performed. The heart was stopped transiently with a cold cardioplegic solution for 7.83 minutes to allow the removal of the mass through an open-heart procedure. No cardiopulmonary bypass was used. The heart was successfully restarted after cardiopulmonary resuscitation with internal cardiac massage and internal defibrillation. The dog recovered uneventfully from anesthesia without any apparent neurological sequelae. Post-operative analgesia consisted of intercostal nerve blocks with bupivacaine, CRIs of fentanyl (2-5 microg kg(-1) hour(-1)) and lidocaine (40 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)) and with oral meloxicam (0.1 mg kg(-1)). Five days following surgery, the dog was discharged from the hospital. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the mass identified an ectopic thyroid carcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case showed the feasibility of whole body hypothermia and using a cold cardioplegic solution to induce cardiac arrest for a short open-heart procedure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada. evrioja@uoguelph.ca
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rioja
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Beaulieu
authors.forename: David L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Holmberg
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary*; D018681:Anesthetics, General / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D006338:Heart Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary
chemical_list: D018681:Anesthetics, General