title: Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of Heracleum persicum essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract in animal models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fruits of Heracleum persicum (Apiaceae) are used as pain killer in Iranian folkloric medicine.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of the hydroalcoholic extract and essential oil of the plant fruits and analyzing the essential oil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Essential oil and hydroalcoholic extracts of the fruits were prepared according to standard methods and the components of essential oil were identified using GC-MS method. The acetic acid-induced writhing response and formalin test were used in male mice to assess analgesic activity. For evaluation of anti-inflammatory effect, carrageenan-induced rat paw edema was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hexyl butyrate (56.5%), octyl acetate (16.5%), hexyl 2-methylbutanoate (5.2%) and hexyl isobutyrate (3.4%) were identified as the major constituents of the oil. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of Heracleum persicum essential oil (HPEO) at doses of 50-200 mg/kg and Heracleum persicum hydroalcoholic extract (HPHE) at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg significantly reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions. HPEO and HPHE also significantly attenuated the pain response of the second phase of formalin test. In carrageenan test HPEO at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg and HPHE at a dose of 400 mg/kg induced a significant reduction of paw edema.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results clearly show the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the plant essential oil and hydroalcoholic extract. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanism of action and the components responsible for these pharmacological effects.
authors.affiliation: Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. vhajhashemi@gmail.com
authors.forename: Valiollah
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hajhashemi
authors.forename: Seyed Ebrahim
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Sajjadi
authors.forename: Mojtaba
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Heshmati
mesh_terms: D019342:Acetic Acid; D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002351:Carrageenan; D004487:Edema / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000431:Ethanol; D005557:Formaldehyde; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D030002:Heracleum / Q000737:chemistry*; D007492:Iran; D008297:Male; D008519:Medicine, Traditional; D051379:Mice; D009822:Oils, Volatile / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009822:Oils, Volatile; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D005557:Formaldehyde; D000431:Ethanol; D002351:Carrageenan; D019342:Acetic Acid