title: Emotions and sport performance: an exploration of happiness, hope, and anger.
abstract: We conducted three experiments to examine the relationships between emotions and subcomponents of performance. Experiment 1 revealed that anger was associated with enhanced gross muscular peak force performance but that happiness did not influence grammatical reasoning performance. Following Lazarus (1991, 2000a), we examined hope rather than happiness in Experiment 2. As hypothesized, hope yielded faster soccer-related reaction times in soccer players. Experiment 3 was an examination of extraversion as a moderator of the anger-performance relationship. When angry, extraverts' peak force increased more than introverts'. Results are discussed and future research directions are offered in relation to Lazarus's framework.
authors.affiliation: School of Sport, Health, and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Woodman
authors.forename: Paul A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Lew
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hardy
authors.forename: Nichola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Callow
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Glasscock
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yuill-Proctor
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000786:Anger / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003071:Cognition / Q000502:physiology; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005120:Extraversion, Psychological; D005260:Female; D006240:Happiness; D006801:Humans; D007439:Introversion, Psychological; D008037:Linguistics; D008297:Male; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012916:Soccer / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013334:Students; D055815:Young Adult