The RASopathies: developmental syndromes of Ras/MAPK pathway dysregulation.
The Ras/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is essential in the regulation of the cell cycle, differentiation, growth and cell senescence, all of which are critical to normal development. It is therefore not surprising that its dysregulation has profound effects on development. A class of developmental syndromes, the 'RASopathies', is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the Ras/MAPK pathway. The vast majority of these mutations result in increased signal transduction down the Ras/MAPK pathway, but usually to a lesser extent than somatic mutations associated with oncogenesis. Each syndrome exhibits unique phenotypic features, however, since they all cause dysregulation of the Ras/MAPK pathway, there are numerous overlapping phenotypic features between the syndromes, including characteristic facial features, cardiac defects, cutaneous abnormalities, neurocognitive delay and a predisposition to malignancies. Here we review the clinical and underlying molecular basis for each of these syndromes.
Tidyman
William E
WE
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA. William.tidyman@ucsf.edu
Rauen
Katherine A
KA
D000818:Animals; D018095:Germ-Line Mutation; D006801:Humans; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D009634:Noonan Syndrome / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D020837:SOS1 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D013577:Syndrome; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
D020837:SOS1 Protein; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D018631:ras Proteins