title: Low creatine kinase is associated with a high population incidence of fainting.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vasoconstrictor capacity, skeletal muscle tone, and renal sodium retention are involved in the pathogenesis of fainting. As muscle contractility and ion transport are highly energy-demanding processes, we hypothesized that a low activity of the energy-generating enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is associated with a higher risk of fainting. The aim of this observational study was to explore the association of vasovagal syncope with low CK.
  
  
  METHODS
  A random sample of 1,000 subjects aged 34-60 years was drawn from the general population, with 442 subjects eventually included in the study. Data on fainting history were collected with the investigators blinded to participants' CK level. We prepared this report according to the "Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology" (STROBE) statement. The main outcome was the lifetime cumulative incidence of vasovagal syncope in subjects with low versus high-normal serum CK after a 3 days rest.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of fainters within the high CK group was 29 out of 130 (22%) versus 121 out of 312 (39%) in the low CK group; a 73% greater occurrence of fainting with low CK (P = 0.0005). This finding was consistent across recurrent fainters, and in men and women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low CK is associated with a 73% higher incidence of fainting in a random population sample. The association is biologically plausible, as CK enhances cardiovascular and skeletal muscle contractility and salt retention. The presented data suggest that low CK activity is a potential new risk factor for vasovagal syncope.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands. l.m.brewster@amc.uva.nl
authors.forename: Lizzy M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Brewster
authors.forename: Gideon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mairuhu
authors.forename: Karin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ganzeboom
authors.forename: Nynke
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: van Dijk
authors.forename: Gert A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: van Montfrans
authors.forename: Wouter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wieling
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003402:Creatine Kinase / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012737:Sex Factors; D019462:Syncope, Vasovagal / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D003402:Creatine Kinase