title: Evaluation of potential for mercury volatilization from natural and FGD gypsum products using flux-chamber tests.
abstract: Synthetic gypsum produced by flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) in coal-fired power plants (FGD gypsum) is put to productive use in manufacturing wallboard. FGD gypsum wallboard is widely used, accounting for nearly 30% of wallboard sold in the United States. Mercury is captured in flue gas and thus is one of the trace metals present in FGD gypsum; raising questions about the potential for mercury exposure from wallboard. Mercury is also one of the trace metals present in "natural" mined gypsum used to make wall board. Data available in the literature were not adequate to assess whether mercury in wallboard from either FGD or natural gypsum could volatilize into indoor air. In this study, mercury volatilization was evaluated using small-scale (5 L) glass and Teflon flux chambers, with samples collected using both iodated carbon and gold-coated sand traps. Mercury flux measurements made using iodated carbon traps (n=6) were below the detection limit of 11.5 ng/m2-day for all natural and synthetic gypsum wallboard samples. Mercury flux measurements made using gold-coated sand traps (n=6) were 0.92 +/- 0.11 ng/m2-day for natural gypsum wallboard and 5.9 +/- 2.4 ng/m2-day for synthetic gypsum wallboard. Room air mercury concentrations between 0.028 and 0.28 ng/m3 and between 0.13 and 2.2 ng/m3 were estimated based on the flux-rate data for natural and synthetic gypsum wallboard samples, respectively, and were calculated assuming a 3 m x 4 m x 5 m room, and 10th and 90th percentile air exchange rates of 0.18/hour and 1.26/hour. The resulting concentration estimates are well below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reference concentration for indoor air elemental mercury of 300 ng/m3 and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry minimal risk level (MRL) of 200 ng/m3. Further, these estimates are below background mercury concentrations in indoor air and within or below the range of typical background mercury concentrations in outdoor air.
authors.affiliation: Exponent, 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, Washington 98007, Georgia-Pacific, 133 Peachtree Street NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA. ssshock@exponent.com
authors.forename: Scott S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Shock
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Noggle
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Yost
mesh_terms: D002133:Calcium Sulfate / Q000737:chemistry*; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry*; D014835:Volatilization
chemical_list: D008628:Mercury; D002133:Calcium Sulfate