title: Evidence of fetal central nervous system injury in isolated congenital heart defects: microcephaly at birth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to ascertain the risk of reduced fetal brain growth in cases of isolated congenital heart defect (CHD) based on microcephaly at birth.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study, head circumference was compared in 401 newborns with isolated CHD with 401 control subjects. Microcephaly was defined as head circumference below third percentile. The rates of microcephaly in multiple different categories of major CHD were ascertained along with logistic regression analyses to determine the specific types of cardiac defects that were significantly associated with microcephaly.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isolated CHD in the fetus was associated with an increased risk of microcephaly as were tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation/aortic arch hypoplasia, and hypoplastic left ventricle syndrome. Tetralogy of Fallot odds ratio, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-6.3; P < .04 and coarctation/aortic arch hypoplasia, odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.5-5.1; P < .001 were significant independent predictors of microcephaly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding of microcephaly at birth in nonsyndromic CHD provides strong evidence in support of intrauterine hypoxic central nervous system damage. Potential changes in prenatal management including aggressive antepartum surveillance and earlier delivery warrant urgent consideration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
authors.forename: Diana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barbu
authors.forename: Ismail
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mert
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kruger
authors.forename: Ray O
authors.initials: RO
authors.lastname: Bahado-Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001017:Aortic Coarctation / Q000453:epidemiology; D001921:Brain / Q000196:embryology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D006330:Heart Defects, Congenital / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000453:epidemiology; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008831:Microcephaly / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D012307:Risk Factors; D013771:Tetralogy of Fallot / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult