title: Anti-retroviral therapy reduces incident tuberculosis in HIV-infected children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to estimate the effect of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) on incident tuberculosis (TB) in a cohort of HIV-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analysed data from ART-naïve, TB disease-free children enrolled between December 2004 and April 2008 into an HIV care program in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. To estimate the effect of ART on TB incidence while accounting for time-dependent confounders affected by exposure, a Cox proportional hazards marginal structural model was used.
  
  
  RESULTS
  364 children contributed 596.0 person-years of follow-up. At baseline, the median age was 6.9 years; 163 (44.8%) were in HIV clinical stage 3 or 4. During follow-up, 242 (66.5%) children initiated ART and 81 (22.3%) developed TB. At TB diagnosis, 41 (50.6%) were receiving ART. The TB incidence rate in those receiving ART was 10.2 per 100 person-years [95% confidence interval (CI) 7.4-13.9] compared with 20.4 per 100 person-years (95% CI 14.6-27.8) in those receiving only primary HIV care. TB incidence decreased with time on ART, from 18.9 per 100 person-years in the first 6 months to 5.3 per 100 person-years after 12 months of ART. The model-estimated TB hazard ratio for ART was 0.51 (95% CI 0.27-0.94).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For HIV-infected children in TB-endemic areas, ART reduces the hazard of developing TB by 50%.
authors.affiliation: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. aedmonds@email.unc.edu
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Edmonds
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lusiama
authors.forename: Sonia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Napravnik
authors.forename: Faustin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kitetele
authors.forename: Annelies
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Rie
authors.forename: Frieda
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Behets
mesh_terms: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015023:Democratic Republic of the Congo / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents