title: Problem gamblers share deficits in impulsive decision-making with alcohol-dependent individuals.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Problem gambling has been proposed to represent a 'behavioural addiction' that may provide key insights into vulnerability mechanisms underlying addiction in brains that are not affected by the damaging effects of drugs. Our aim was to investigate the neurocognitive profile of problem gambling in comparison with alcohol dependence. We reasoned that shared deficits across the two conditions may reflect underlying vulnerability mechanisms, whereas impairments specific to alcohol dependence may reflect cumulative effects of alcohol consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out-patient addiction treatment centres and university behavioural testing facilities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A naturalistic sample of 21 male problem and pathological gamblers, 21 male alcohol-dependent out-patients and 21 healthy male control participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Neurocognitive battery assessing decision-making, impulsivity and working memory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The problem gamblers and alcohol-dependent groups displayed impairments in risky decision-making and cognitive impulsivity relative to controls. Working memory deficits and slowed deliberation times were specific to the alcohol-dependent group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gambling and alcohol-dependent groups shared deficits in tasks linked to ventral prefrontal cortical dysfunction. Tasks loading on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were selectively impaired in the alcohol-dependent group, presumably as a consequence of long-term alcohol use.
authors.affiliation: Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luty
authors.forename: Nadine A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Bogdan
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Sahakian
authors.forename: Luke
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Clark
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D016739:Behavior, Addictive / Q000523:psychology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003657:Decision Making; D005715:Gambling / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult