title: Possible role of reactive chlorine in microbial antagonism and organic matter chlorination in terrestrial environments.
abstract: Several studies have demonstrated that extensive formation of organically bound chlorine occurs both in soil and in decaying plant material. Previous studies suggest that enzymatic formation of reactive chlorine outside cells is a major source. However, the ecological role of microbial-induced extracellular chlorination processes remains unclear. In the present paper, we assess whether or not the literature supports the hypothesis that extracellular chlorination is involved in direct antagonism against competitors for the same resources. Our review shows that it is by no means rare that biotic processes create conditions that render biocidal concentrations of reactive chlorine compounds, which suggest that extracellular production of reactive chlorine may have an important role in antagonistic microbial interactions. To test the validity, we searched the UniprotPK database for microorganisms that are known to produce haloperoxidases. It appeared that many of the identified haloperoxidases from terrestrial environments are originating from organisms that are associated with living plants or decomposing plant material. The results of the in silico screening were supported by various field and laboratory studies on natural chlorination. Hence, the ability to produce reactive chlorine seems to be especially common in environments that are known for antibiotic-mediated competition for resources (interference competition). Yet, the ability to produce haloperoxidases is also recorded, for example, for plant endosymbionts and parasites, and there is little or no empirical evidence that suggests that these organisms are antagonistic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
authors.forename: Per
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bengtson
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Bastviken
authors.forename: Wietse
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Gunilla
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oberg
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D000898:Antibiosis; D001419:Bacteria / Q000254:growth & development; D002711:Chloride Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D002713:Chlorine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000254:growth & development; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000378:metabolism; D009930:Organic Chemicals / Q000737:chemistry; D010944:Plants / Q000737:chemistry; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D009930:Organic Chemicals; D012987:Soil; D002713:Chlorine; D006997:Hypochlorous Acid; D002711:Chloride Peroxidase