title: Optimal sequencing of treatments for patients with myelodysplastic syndromes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are characterized by chronic cytopenias and a high risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia. To date, only allogeneic stem cell transplantation has shown curative potential in MDS. The heterogeneous nature of MDS, and the paucity of randomized studies make individual therapeutic decisions, still largely based on the international prognostic scoring system, difficult.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In lower-risk MDS, recent advances include demonstration of a possible survival advantage with erythropoiesis stimulating agents, the role of lenalidomide in cases with del 5q (which lead to its approval in the treatment of lower-risk MDS with del 5q by the Food and Drug Administration), and recognition of the importance of iron overload on prognosis. In higher-risk patients, progress has come from the use of reduced intensity conditioning allogeneic SCT in elderly patients, and from results obtained with the hypomethylating agents azacytidine and decitabine, leading to their approval for the treatment of symptomatic MDS by the Food and Drug Administration. In particular, results of a phase III trial show a significant survival benefit for azacytidine over conventional treatments in higher-risk MDS. This is the first time a drug demonstrates a survival impact in higher-risk MDS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We review these recent advances in this paper.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Avicenne, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris University, Bobigny, France.
authors.forename: Raphael
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Itzykson
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fenaux
mesh_terms: D001374:Azacitidine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000077209:Decitabine; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000628:therapy*; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D013792:Thalidomide; D000077209:Decitabine; D000077269:Lenalidomide; D001374:Azacitidine