title: Effects of thymol and diphenyliodonium chloride against Campylobacter spp. during pure and mixed culture in vitro.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine if the purported deaminase inhibitors diphenyliodonium chloride (DIC) and thymol reduce the growth and survivability of Campylobacter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Growth rates of Campylobacter jejuni and Camp. coli were reduced compared to unsupplemented controls during culture in Muellar-Hinton broth supplemented with 0.25 micromol DIC or thymol ml(-1) but not with 0.01 micromol monensin ml(-1) or 1% ethanol. Recovery of Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli was reduced >5 log(10) CFU from controls after 24 h pure culture in Bolton broth supplemented with 0.25 or 1.0 micromol DIC ml(-1) or with 1.0 micromol thymol ml(-1). Similarly, each test Campylobacter strain was reduced >3 log(10) CFU from controls after 24 h mixed culture with porcine faecal microbes in Bolton broth supplemented with 0.25 or 1.0 micromol DIC ml(-1) or with 1.0 micromol thymol ml(-1). Treatments with 0.25 micromol thymol ml(-1), 0.01 micromol monensin ml(-1) or 1% ethanol were less effective. Ammonia production during culture or incubation of cell lysates was reduced by 0.25 or 1.0 micromol DIC ml(-1) but only intermittently reduced, if at all, by the other treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diphenyliodonium chloride and thymol reduced growth, survivability and ammonia production of Camp. jejuni and Camp. coli.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results suggest a potential physiological characteristic that may be exploited to develop interventions.
authors.affiliation: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, Texas, USA. Robin.Anderson@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Byrd
authors.forename: R B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Harvey
authors.forename: T R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Callaway
authors.forename: T S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Edrington
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002167:Campylobacter / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D002470:Cell Survival; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D005243:Feces / Q000382:microbiology; D009861:Onium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013552:Swine; D013943:Thymol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D001713:Biphenyl Compounds; D009861:Onium Compounds; C031291:diphenyliodonium; D013943:Thymol; D000641:Ammonia