title: Long-term results of biofeedback treatment for faecal incontinence: a comparative study with untreated controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Long-term results of biofeedback for faecal incontinence are controversial. Moreover, its value compared with standard care has been recently questioned. The study aimed to analyse the long-term efficacy of biofeedback therapy for faecal incontinence to formed stool and to compare it with no treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-nine patients with faecal incontinence to solid stool were evaluated at baseline and 1, 6, 36 and 60 months after treatment. To compare the long-term results with no treatment, 40 patients initially evaluated but not referred for therapy were used as controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than 80% of patients recovered continence or had a reduction in the number of episodes of incontinence greater than 75% at 1, 6, 36 and 60 months, indicating that the success rate of biofeedback was maintained over time. At 60 months, 86% of patients treated with biofeedback were fully continent or had a > 75% reduction in the number of incontinent episodes compared to 26% of the untreated patients (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Biofeedback therapy is effective in patients with faecal incontinence to formed stool compared with no treatment. Overall, clinical improvement is maintained in the long term.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Motility Unit, Digestive Diseases Institut, Hospital Clinic. Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain. glacima@clinic.ub.es
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lacima
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pera
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Amador
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Escaramís
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Piqué
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000502:physiology*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005243:Feces; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D008875:Middle Aged; D010349:Patient Compliance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013995:Time; D016896:Treatment Outcome