title: Review article: anatomical considerations for ultrasound guidance for regional anesthesia of the neck and upper limb.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this narrative review is to describe an anatomical approach for residents-in-training and anesthesiologists who are learning techniques of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia of the neck and upper limb.
  
  
  METHODS
  Relevant articles relating anatomy and anatomical variation to the emerging practice of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia for the neck and upper limb were sourced via both Medline and PubMed databases. Also, our approach to teaching ultrasound technique has developed from using anatomical resources and cadaveric workshops. This approach emphasizes precise image acquisition, a detailed knowledge of anatomy and anatomical variations, and, importantly, visual interpretation of sonographic landmarks based on pattern recognition when interpreting sonograms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Typical sonographic patterns orient the examiner to nerve position, which is necessary for executing successful regional anesthesia of the neck and upper limb. Only by understanding the typical anatomical arrangement can the examiner then visually interpret any individual anatomical variation that may occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Simple sonographic anatomical patterns can provide a strategy to correctly locate nerves when performing ultrasound-guided cervical and brachial plexus anesthesia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Medicine, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Grattan Street, Parkville, 3001, VIC, Australia. paulsoeding@bigpond.com.au
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Soeding
authors.forename: Norman
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Eizenberg
mesh_terms: D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002572:Cervical Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D006801:Humans; D009333:Neck / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology