The water footprint of bioenergy.
All energy scenarios show a shift toward an increased percentage of renewable energy sources, including biomass. This study gives an overview of water footprints (WFs) of bioenergy from 12 crops that currently contribute the most to global agricultural production: barley, cassava, maize, potato, rapeseed, rice, rye, sorghum, soybean, sugar beet, sugar cane, and wheat. In addition, this study includes jatropha, a suitable energy crop. Since climate and production circumstances differ among regions, calculations have been performed by country. The WF of bioelectricity is smaller than that of biofuels because it is more efficient to use total biomass (e.g., for electricity or heat) than a fraction of the crop (its sugar, starch, or oil content) for biofuel. The WF of bioethanol appears to be smaller than that of biodiesel. For electricity, sugar beet, maize, and sugar cane are the most favorable crops [50 m(3)/gigajoule (GJ)]. Rapeseed and jatropha, typical energy crops, are disadvantageous (400 m(3)/GJ). For ethanol, sugar beet, and potato (60 and 100 m(3)/GJ) are the most advantageous, followed by sugar cane (110 m(3)/GJ); sorghum (400 m(3)/GJ) is the most unfavorable. For biodiesel, soybean and rapeseed show to be the most favorable WF (400 m(3)/GJ); jatropha has an adverse WF (600 m(3)/GJ). When expressed per L, the WF ranges from 1,400 to 20,000 L of water per L of biofuel. If a shift toward a greater contribution of bioenergy to energy supply takes place, the results of this study can be used to select the crops and countries that produce bioenergy in the most water-efficient way.
Gerbens-Leenes
Winnie
W
Department of Water Engineering and Management, Laboratory of Thermal Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands. p.w.gerbens-leenes@ctw.utwente.nl
Hoekstra
Arjen Y
AY
van der Meer
Theo H
TH
D018556:Crops, Agricultural / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D004560:Electricity; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D004736:Energy-Generating Resources; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry; D006358:Hot Temperature; D014867:Water / Q000378:metabolism*
D014867:Water; D000431:Ethanol