title: Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders: a review of the evidence-based treatments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide a review of the evidence-based treatments for obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (OCSD), a group of conditions related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) by phenomenological and etiological similarities, the morbidity of which is increasingly recognized.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature relating to the following disorders: body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, trichotillomania, onychophagia, psychogenic excoriation, compulsive buying, kleptomania, and pathological gambling, and published between January 1965 and October 2007, was found using PubMed. Included in this review were 107 treatment reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) have shown benefits as first-line, short-term treatments for body dysmorphic disorder, hypochondriasis, onychophagia, and psychogenic excoriation, with some benefits in trichotillomania, pathological gambling, and compulsive buying. There are also suggested benefits for several atypical antipsychotics in disorders with a high degree of impulsivity, including trichotillomania and pathological gambling, and to a lesser extent, kleptomania and psychogenic excoriation. Cognitive-behavioural interventions have generally shown evidence for use as first-line treatment across the spectrum, with some variability in degree of benefit.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As in OCD, several conditions in the proposed OCSD benefit from SRIs and (or) cognitive-behavioural interventions. However, the treatment literature is generally limited, and more randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are needed to evaluate individual and combination treatments, for short-term use and as maintenance.
authors.affiliation: University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. arun_ravindran@camh.net
authors.forename: Arun V
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.forename: Tricia L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: Lakshmi N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Ravindran
authors.forename: Margaret A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Neil A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rector
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009771:Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors