title: Association between lithium serum level, mood state, and patient-reported adverse drug reactions during long-term lithium treatment: a naturalistic follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the association between mood state and the prevalence and the severity of lithium adverse drug reactions (ADRs).
  
  
  METHODS
  A 26-year follow-up study was conducted among patients > or =18 years treated at the outpatient lithium clinic of the University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands, between November 1973 and December 2000. At each monthly scheduled visit, patients were questioned by a research nurse in a standardized manner about the presence and the severity of nine specific ADRs that frequently occur as a consequence of lithium treatment and that can be identified by the patients themselves. In addition, lithium serum level was measured and mood state was rated at each visit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 186 patients participated and the median duration of follow-up was 5.7 years (interquartile range 2.2-11.8 years). We observed an increased prevalence and severity of ADRs with increased lithium serum level (p < 0.05), also when adjusting for mood state. The prevalence and the severity of ADRs increased with decreasing mood state into the depressive range and decreased with mood state increasing into the manic range (p < 0.05), also when adjusting for lithium serum level. Taking into account the intraindividual dependency of the data resulted in a statistically significant (p < 0.001) association between, respectively, lithium serum level, mood state, and the prevalence and severity of ADRs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both physicians and researchers need to be aware that lithium serum level and mood state are independently associated with patient reporting and severity scoring of ADRs, which may complicate objective assessment of ADRs.
authors.affiliation: Utrecht University, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands. a.c.g.egberts@uu.nl
authors.forename: Ingeborg
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Wilting
authors.forename: Eibert R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Heerdink
authors.forename: Peter-Paul A
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Mersch
authors.forename: Johannes A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: den Boer
authors.forename: Antoine C G
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Egberts
authors.forename: Willem A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Nolen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016907:Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000368:Aged; D018692:Antimanic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis / Q000379:methods; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018021:Lithium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D018692:Antimanic Agents; D018021:Lithium Chloride