title: Cardiac fibroblast paracrine factors alter impulse conduction and ion channel expression of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The pathological proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) in response to heart injury results in fibrosis, which correlates with arrhythmia generation and heart failure. Here we systematically examined the effect of fibroblast-derived paracrine factors on electrical propagation in cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonatal rat cardiac monolayers were exposed for 24 h to media conditioned by CFs. Optical mapping, sharp microelectrode recordings, quantitative RT-PCR, and immunostaining were used to assess the changes in the propagation and shape of the action potential and underlying changes in gene and protein expression. The fibroblast paracrine factors produced a 52% reduction in cardiac conduction velocity, a 217% prolongation of action potential duration, a 64% decrease of maximum capture rate, a 21% increase in membrane resting potential, and an 80% decrease of action potential upstroke velocity. These effects were dose dependent and partially reversible with removal of the conditioned media. No fibroblast proliferation, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, or decreased connexin-43 expression, phosphorylation, and function were found in conditioned cardiac cultures. In contrast, the expression of the fast sodium, inward rectifying potassium, and transient outward potassium channels were, respectively, reduced 3.8-, 6.6-fold, and to undetectable levels. The expression of beta-myosin heavy chain increased 17.4-fold. No electrophysiological changes were observed from media conditioned by CFs in the presence of cardiomyocytes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Paracrine factors from neonatal CFs alone produced significant electrophysiological changes in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes resembling those found in several cardiac pathologies.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Hudson Hall 136, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
authors.forename: Dawn M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Pedrotty
authors.forename: Rebecca Y
authors.initials: RY
authors.lastname: Klinger
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Kirkton
authors.forename: Nenad
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bursac
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D018031:Connexin 43 / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D055724:Electrophysiological Phenomena; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008564:Membrane Potentials; D009206:Myocardium / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains / Q000235:genetics; D019899:Paracrine Communication / Q000502:physiology; D010766:Phosphorylation; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D018031:Connexin 43; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D007473:Ion Channels; D018995:Myosin Heavy Chains