title: Antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry: results of a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe how various antimicrobials are used in commercial pig herds in Australia and for what disease conditions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Managers of large pig herds (> 200 sows) across Australia and their veterinarians participated in an internet-based survey in 2006. Questions were asked about herd management, the occurrence of bacterial diseases and the type and frequency of antimicrobial use. An antimicrobial usage index for each herd was derived as a summary of the risk of selection for antimicrobial resistance. Relationships between responses were explored with univariate and multivariate analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Responses were received for 197 herds estimated to represent at least 51% of all large pig herds in Australia. Most piggeries relied on drugs of low importance in human medicine (e.g. tetracyclines, penicillins and sulfonamides). For the two drugs of high importance in human medicine that can be legally prescribed to pigs in Australia, ceftiofur use was reported in 25% of herds and virginiamycin in none. Infections attributed to Lawsonia, Mycoplasma and Escherichia coli motivated the most use of antimicrobials. No useful association was found between management factors and the antimicrobial use index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most antimicrobial use in the Australian pig industry is based on drugs of low importance to public health. Enhanced control of E. coli infections without reliance on antimicrobials would further reduce the risk of selecting for antimicrobial resistance relevant to public health. The amount of variation in the usage index between herds suggests that antimicrobial use should be constantly reviewed on a herd by herd basis.
authors.affiliation: New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, New South Wales, Australia. david.jordan@dpi.nsw.gov.au
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jordan
authors.forename: J J-C
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Chin
authors.forename: V A
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Fahy
authors.forename: M D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barton
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Trott
mesh_terms: D000822:Animal Husbandry / Q000379:methods; D000818:Animals; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001315:Australia; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D004363:Drug Utilization; D006306:Health Surveys; D020407:Internet; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents