title: Imaging tumour-bearing animals using clinical scanners.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the capability of small animal imaging in clinical scanners for cancer research focusing on positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  We summarise basic principles, benefits and drawbacks of imaging modalities and discuss issues associated with animal welfare during imaging and its related effects on imaging results based on data from literature supplemented by own experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI of tumour-bearing mice and rats in the clinical scanner is well-established for morphological and functional imaging in oncology. Clinical PET/CT did not yet establish as a research tool due to limited resolution and sensitivity, but its feasibility for tumour imaging has been demonstrated in mice. Anesthesia, animal handling and application of substances (e.g., contrast media) may alter animal physiology and, thus, also influence imaging results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Small animal imaging in clinical scanners offers good image quality and presents an alternative to dedicated small animal scanners for numerous applications in cancer research. Successful and meaningful small animal imaging in clinical as well as dedicated scanners prerequisites a thorough knowledge of animal morphology and physiology, a deep understanding of likely influences of animal manipulation on imaging and an adequate care for animal welfare.
authors.affiliation: OncoRay, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, University of Technology-Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, Dresden, Germany.
authors.forename: Gunter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Nasreddin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Abolmaali
mesh_terms: D000827:Animal Welfare; D000818:Animals; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed