title: In vivo anterior cruciate ligament elongation in response to axial tibial loads.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The knowledge of in vivo anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deformation is fundamental for understanding ACL injury mechanisms and for improving surgical reconstruction of the injured ACL. This study investigated the relative elongation of the ACL when the knee is subject to no load (<10 N) and then to full body weight (axial tibial load) at various flexion angles using a combined dual fluoroscopic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nine healthy subjects were scanned with MRI and imaged when one knee was subject to no load and then to full body weight using a dual fluoroscopic system (0 degrees-45 degrees flexion angles). The ACL was analyzed using three models: a single central bundle; an anteromedial and posterolateral (double functional) bundle; and multiple (eight) surface fiber bundles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anteromedial bundle had a peak relative elongation of 4.4% +/- 3.4% at 30 degrees and that of the posterolateral bundle was 5.9% +/- 3.4% at 15 degrees. The ACL surface fiber bundles at the posterior portion of the ACL were shorter in length than those at the anterior portion. However, the peak relative elongation of one posterolateral fiber bundle reached more than 13% whereas one anteromedial fiber bundle reached a peak relative elongation of only about 3% at 30 degrees of flexion by increasing the axial tibial load from no load to full body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The data quantitatively demonstrated that under external loading the ACL experiences nonhomogeneous elongation, with the posterior fiber bundles stretching more than the anterior fiber bundles.
authors.affiliation: Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, GRJ 1215, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Gill
authors.forename: Guoan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D016474:Weight-Bearing / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult