title: Chronic inflammation and coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients without risk factors for coronary artery disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate that exposure to chronic inflammation results in coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using positron emission tomography, resting and hyperaemic (adenosine, 140 microg/kg/min) myocardial blood flow (MBF) was measured in 25 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) or rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Coronary flow reserve (CFR) was calculated as adenosine/resting MBF. Patients had normal or minimally diseased (i.e. <or=20% luminal diameter) coronary arteries at angiography and no cardiovascular risk factors. Twenty five age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers served as controls. Resting MBF was similar in patients and controls (1.25 +/- 0.27 vs. 1.15 +/- 0.24 mL/min/g; P = 0.15) while patients had lower hyperaemic MBF (2.94 +/- 0.83 vs. 4.11 +/- 0.84 mL/min/g; P < 0.001) and CFR (2.44 +/- 0.78 vs. 3.81 +/- 1.07; P < 0.001). CFR was inversely related to disease duration (r = -0.65; P < 0.001) and SLE disease activity (r = -0.69; P = 0.01). Seven patients showed ischaemic electrocardiographic changes during adenosine. They had longer disease duration (21 +/- 7 vs. 14 +/- 5 years; P = 0.03) and lower CFR (1.76 +/- 0.81 vs. 2.49 +/- 0.54; P = 0.006) when compared with patients without changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A reduced CFR in the absence of significant coronary disease is suggestive of CMD. We speculate that this is the consequence of prolonged systemic inflammation, which may precede and contribute to premature coronary artery disease in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Medical Research Council Clinical Sciences Centre and National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College School of Medicine, London W12 0NN, UK.
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Recio-Mayoral
authors.forename: Justin C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Juan C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Kaski
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Rubens
authors.forename: Olivier A
authors.initials: OA
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.forename: Paolo G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Camici
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000328:Adult; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D053805:Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000503:physiopathology; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation / Q000502:physiology*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D000241:Adenosine