title: Macroprolactinaemia: prevalence and aetiologies in a large group of hospital workers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macroprolactinaemia is one of the causes of hyperprolactinaemia and often leads to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment, but the aetiologies are unclear. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of macroprolactinaemia in a healthy population and to investigate the mechanisms underlying the development of macroprolactin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational study of the prevalence, causes, mechanisms and diagnosis of disease using excess sera after hepatitis B virus screening tests at a hospital in Japan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1330 hospital workers (1010 women and 320 men) participated in this study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Macroprolactinaemia was screened using the polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation method. Sera containing macroprolactin were further examined by binding studies for possible aetiologies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1330 subjects, 49 (3.68%) were diagnosed with macroprolactinaemia. The frequency of hyperprolactinaemia in untreated samples in subjects with macroprolactinaemia (30.6%) was significantly higher than in individuals without macroprolactinaemia (2.26%). Of the 49 subjects with macroprolactinaemia, all had a normal monomeric PRL concentration following PEG removal of macroprolactin. Of 44 hyperprolactinaemias found, 15 (34.1%) had macroprolactinaemia. IgG-bound prolactin was detected in all sera containing macroprolactin. The levels of IgG-bound prolactin positively correlated with those of macroprolactin, suggesting that IgG-bound prolactin forms macroprolactin. Approximately three quarters of the subjects with macroprolactinaemia had anti-prolactin autoantibodies. Glycosylation, aggregation and covalent/noncovalent binding were also involved in the formation of macroprolactin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Macroprolactinaemia is a common disorder and causes hyperprolactinaemia in a healthy population. The major aetiology of macroprolactin in our subjects was complexes of prolactin-IgG comprising mainly anti-prolactin autoantibodies, and other minor complex prolactin species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu-city, Shiga, Japan. hattorin@fc.ritsumei.ac.jp
authors.forename: Naoki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hattori
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ishihara
authors.forename: Yasuhiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saiki
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000276:immunology; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; C060678:prolactin, polymeric; D011388:Prolactin