title: Identification of the protein components displaying immunomodulatory activity in aged garlic extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Traditionally, garlic (Allium sativum L.; Alliaceae) has been known to boost the immune system. Aged garlic has more potent immunomodulatory effects than raw garlic. These effects have been attributed to the transformed organosulfur compounds; the identity of the immunomodulatory proteins in aged garlic extract (AGE) is not known.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The major aims are to examine the changes occurring in the protein fraction during ageing of garlic and to identify the immunomodulatory proteins.
  
  
  METHODS
  Changes occurring in garlic during ageing have been examined by protein quantitation and gel electrophoresis. Purification and identification of the immunomodulatory proteins have been achieved by Q-Sepharose chromatography and mitogenic activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only two major proteins (12-14 kDa range by SDS-PAGE) are observed in AGE. The purified protein components QA-1, QA-2, and QA-3 display immunomodulatory and mannose-binding activity; QA-2 shows the highest mitogenic activity. The identity of QA-2 and QA-1 proteins with the garlic lectins ASA I and ASA II, respectively, has been confirmed by hemagglutination analysis. QA-3 exhibits mitogenic activity, but no hemagglutination activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The immunomodulatory activity of AGE is also contributed by immunomodulatory proteins. The major immunomodulatory proteins have been identified as the well-known garlic lectins.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR Laboratory), Mysore-570020, Karnataka State, India.
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Chandrashekar
authors.forename: Y P
authors.initials: YP
authors.lastname: Venkatesh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002852:Chromatography, Ion Exchange; D004396:Coloring Agents; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; D005737:Garlic / Q000737:chemistry*; D006023:Glycoproteins / Q000378:metabolism; D006386:Hemagglutination Tests; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011485:Protein Binding; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013154:Spleen / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D006023:Glycoproteins; D007155:Immunologic Factors; D010936:Plant Extracts; D010940:Plant Proteins; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue