title: [Effects of low spinal morphine doses associated to intravenous and oral ketoprofen in patients submitted to cesarean sections].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Low spinal morphine doses are effective in relieving postoperative pain of patients submitted to Cesarean sections, with low incidence of side-effects. This study aimed at evaluating postoperative analgesia and the incidence of side-effects in patients submitted to Cesarean sections under spinal anesthesia with hyperbaric bupivacaine and 0.05 mg and 0.1 mg morphine associated to intravenous and oral ketoprofen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty pregnant women, physical status ASA I and II, undergoing elective Cesarean sections, were divided in two groups: group 1 patients were given 0.1 mg spinal morphine, while group 2 received 0.05 mg morphine, both associated to 15 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine. All patients received perioperative 100 mg intravenous ketoprofen and oral ketoprofen at 8-hour intervals in the first postoperative day. Patients were assessed at 6, 12 and 24 hours after surgery for pain intensity and side-effects (sedation, pruritus, nausea and vomiting). Side-effects were also evaluated in the perioperative period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both groups were similar in demographics and surgery and anesthesia duration. They were also homogeneous in postoperative pain intensity and presence of pruritus, sedation, nausea and vomiting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spinal 0.05 mg and 0.1 mg morphine associated to intravenous and oral ketoprofen have provided the same postoperative analgesia and have determined the same incidence of side-effects.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Anestesiologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brazil.
authors.forename: Eliana Marisa
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Ganem
authors.forename: Norma Sueli Pinheiro
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Módolo
authors.forename: Fábio
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Francisco Carlos Obata
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Cordon
authors.forename: Edgar Shiguero
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Koguti
authors.forename: Yara Marcondes Machado
authors.initials: YM
authors.lastname: Castiglia