title: Role of T cells in nonimmediate allergic drug reactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This review presents the current knowledge of the role of T cells in drug allergy manifesting as exanthematous, pustular and bullous skin diseases, collectively referred to as nonimmediate allergic drug reactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells producing type 1 and type 2 cytokines and endowed with cytotoxic properties are involved in nonimmediate allergic drug reactions. Recent studies have confirmed that CD8+ T cells play a major role in the pathophysiology of nonimmediate allergic drug reactions, and have characterized new cytotoxic molecular pathways responsible for the severity of the bullous forms of nonimmediate allergic drug reactions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonimmediate allergic drug reactions are mediated by T cells and mostly affect the skin. Nonimmediate allergic drug reactions comprise several diseases ranging from the frequent and benign maculo-papular exanthema to the severe and rare toxic epidermal necrolysis. Progress in the knowledge of the pathophysiology of nonimmediate allergic drug reactions comes from a better understanding of the mechanisms of drug recognition by T cells and from a careful analysis of the phenotype and functions of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the skin lesions. Recent studies have confirmed that the different clinical forms of nonimmediate allergic drug reactions are associated with distinct types of T cell-mediated skin inflammation. However, CD8+ T cells appear as major effector T cells in most of the nonimmediate allergic drug reactions. Future studies to analyze the early cellular and molecular events leading to the development of the allergic skin reaction will be helpful in order to define diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
authors.affiliation: Université Lyon1, UFR Lyon Sud, Oullins 69600, France.
authors.forename: Aurore
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rozieres
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vocanson
authors.forename: Benoit Ben
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Saïd
authors.forename: Audrey
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nosbaum
authors.forename: Jean-Francois
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Nicolas
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003875:Drug Eruptions; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D005076:Exanthema; D006801:Humans; D006968:Hypersensitivity, Delayed / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008221:Lymphoid Tissue / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology