title: Serum oestrogen receptor alpha and beta bioactivity are independently associated with breast cancer: a proof of principle study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oestrogens play a crucial role in breast carcinogenesis. Earlier studies have analysed the serum levels of endogenous hormones measured by conventional assays. In this study, we analysed the capacity of serum from breast cancer cases and controls to transactivate the oestrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) and beta (ER-beta).
  
  
  METHODS
  We used a receptor oestrogen-responsive element (ERE) -- the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-reporter test system in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Oestrogen receptor-alpha or ER-beta bioactivity was determined in serum from 182 randomly chosen postmenopausal women with breast cancer and from 188 age-matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High serum ER-alpha and ER-beta bioactivity were independently associated with the presence of breast cancer. Women whose levels of serum ER-alpha and ER-beta bioactivity were in the highest quintile among controls had a 7.57-(95% confidence interval (CI): 2.46-23.32; P=0.0004) and a 10.14 (95% CI: 3.19-32.23; P<0.0001)-fold risk for general and oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of serum ER-alpha and ER-beta bioactivity assays as clinical tools in the management of breast cancer warrants further research. Future studies will dictate whether surrogate markers of ER-alpha and ER-beta bioactivity will provide a means to monitor the efficacy of anti-endocrine, adjuvant and chemopreventive strategies.
authors.affiliation: The Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, UK. M.Widschwendter@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Widschwendter
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lichtenberg-Frate
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hasenbrink
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schwarzer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dawnay
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lam
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Menon
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Apostolidou
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Raum
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Stegmaier
authors.forename: I J
authors.initials: IJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Brenner
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause / Q000097:blood; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D020218:Response Elements; D012307:Risk Factors; D015533:Transcriptional Activation
chemical_list: D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004958:Estradiol