title: Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies.
abstract: Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies, including 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer (709 women and 769 men) among 530,469 women and 244,483 men followed for up to 7 to 20 years. Participants completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random effects model. We found that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Compared with <200 g/d of fruit and vegetable intake, the pooled multivariate RR for >or=600 g/d was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.54-0.87; P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.86; P for trend = 0.001]. Compared with <100 g/d, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CI) for >or=400 g/d were 0.79 (0.63-0.99; P for trend = 0.03) for total fruit and 0.72 (0.48-1.08; P for trend = 0.07) for total vegetables. For specific carotenoids, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles were 0.87 (0.73-1.03) for alpha-carotene, 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for beta-carotene, 0.86 (0.73-1.01) for beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.82 (0.64-1.06) for lutein/zeaxanthin, and 1.13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jung.lee@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Jung Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Satu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Männistö
authors.forename: Donna
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Spiegelman
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Piet A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: van den Brandt
authors.forename: Julie E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Buring
authors.forename: Eunyoung
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Dallas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: English
authors.forename: Andrew
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Flood
authors.forename: Jo L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Freudenheim
authors.forename: Graham G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Giles
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
authors.forename: Niclas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Håkansson
authors.forename: Pamela L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Horn-Ross
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Jacobs
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Leitzmann
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Marshall
authors.forename: Marjorie L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: McCullough
authors.forename: Anthony B
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Rohan
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ross
authors.forename: Arthur
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schatzkin
authors.forename: Leo J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Schouten
authors.forename: Jarmo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Virtamo
authors.forename: Alicja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wolk
authors.forename: Shumin M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Stephanie A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Smith-Warner
mesh_terms: D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002338:Carotenoids; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D002338:Carotenoids