title: Incidence of early neonatal mortality and morbidity after late-preterm and term cesarean delivery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the age-stratified risk of intrapartum and neonatal mortality as well as morbidities of clinical relevance after elective cesarean delivery (ECD).
  
  
  METHODS
  This work was a cohort study including 56 549 prospectively recorded late-preterm and term deliveries. We analyzed the effect of cesarean delivery (CD) before the onset of labor on the following multiple neonatal outcomes before hospital discharge, compared with planned vaginal delivery (PVD) and emergency CD: mortality, birth depression, special care admission, and respiratory morbidity. We adjusted for confounders by multivariate analysis and stratified the risk according to gestational age (GA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mortality and morbidities had a strong GA-related trend with the lowest incidences consistently found between 38 and 40 weeks of gestation independent of delivery mode. Compared with infants delivered via PVD, infants delivered via ECD had significantly higher rates of mortality (adjusted risk ratio [aRR]: 2.1), risk of special care admission (aRR: 1.4), and respiratory morbidity (aRR: 1.8) but not of depression at birth (aRR: 1.1). Compared with emergency CD, newborns delivered via ECD had less depression at birth (aRR: 0.6) and admission to special care (aRR: 0.8), but mortality (aRR: 0.8) and respiratory morbidity (aRR: 1.0) rates were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gestational age-specific risk estimates are lowest between 38 and 40 weeks and should be included in the informed-consent process. The information should also be used to allow for appropriate preparation with respect to adequate staff and equipment. ECD is consistently associated with increased intrapartum and neonatal mortality, risk of admission, and respiratory morbidity compared with PVD and has no advantage over emergency CD in terms of mortality. Neonatal morbidities are lower after ECD than emergency CD only with term births. Our data provide evidence that ECD should not be performed before term.
authors.affiliation: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Roberta
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Boulvain
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Irion
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Berner
authors.forename: Riccardo Erennio
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Pfister
mesh_terms: D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000401:mortality*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000401:mortality*; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010343:Patient Admission / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000401:mortality; D012307:Risk Factors; D047929:Term Birth