title: Selective targeting of green fluorescent nanodiamond conjugates to mitochondria in HeLa cells.
abstract: Fluorescent cellular biomarkers play a prominent role in biosciences. Most of the available biomarkers have some drawbacks due to either physical and optical or cytotoxic properties. In view of this, we investigated the potential of green fluorescent nanodiamonds as biomarkers in living cells. Nanodiamonds were functionalized by attaching antibodies that target intracellular structures such as actin filaments and mitochondria. Then, the nanodiamond conjugates were transfected into HeLa cells. Transfections were mediated by 4(th)-generation dendrimers, cationic liposomes and protamine sulfate. Using fluorescence microscopy, we confirmed successful transfections of the nanodiamonds into HeLa cells. Nanodiamond fluorescence could be easily differentiated from cellular autofluorescence. Furthermore, nanodiamonds could be targeted selectively to intracellular structures. Therefore, nanodiamonds are a promising tool for intracellular assays.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Genetics, University of Technology Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01217 Dresden, Germany. msau.mkandawire@gmail.com
authors.forename: Msaukiranji
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mkandawire
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pohl
authors.forename: Tatiana
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gubarevich
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lapina
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Appelhans
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rödel
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Pompe
authors.forename: Jürgen
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schreiber
authors.forename: Jörg
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Opitz
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000276:immunology; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D002234:Carbodiimides / Q000737:chemistry; D050091:Dendrimers / Q000737:chemistry; D018130:Diamond / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D018796:Immunoconjugates / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D008081:Liposomes / Q000737:chemistry; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000276:immunology; D015336:Molecular Probe Techniques; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D010316:Particle Size; D011479:Protamines / Q000737:chemistry; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013055:Spectrophotometry, Infrared; D055672:Static Electricity; D013388:Succinimides / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: C518491:1-ethyl-3-(3-(diethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide; D000199:Actins; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D002234:Carbodiimides; D050091:Dendrimers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D018796:Immunoconjugates; D008081:Liposomes; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; C465543:N-hydroxysulfosuccimide; D011479:Protamines; D013388:Succinimides; D018130:Diamond