title: Topographical and quantitative distribution of the projecting neurons to main divisions of the septal area.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Septal area is a limbic structure that is involved in the regulation of several autonomic, learning-related and behavioral functions. Participation of this area in various physiologic functions is indicative of its extensive connections with different brain areas. It contains two major divisions: lateral septum (LS) and medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DBB). In the present work, we examined topographical distribution of projecting neurons to these divisions and quantitatively verified them.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde tract tracing was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results show that about two-thirds of projections to the septal area terminate in the LS. They mostly originate ipsilaterally from the septal area itself (8%), hippocampal formation (38%), non-specific thalamic nuclei (23%), lateral pre-optic area, lateral hypothalamus, perifornical area and mammillary complex in hypothalamus (20%), ventral tegmental area, raphe and tegmental nuclei, and also locus coeruleus in brainstem (10%). Most afferents to the MS come ipsilaterally from the septal area itself (18%), hippocampal formation (12%), lateral pre-optic area, lateral hypothalamus and mammillary complex in hypothalamus (42%), ventral tegmental area, raphe and tegmental nuclei, central gray matter and also locus coeruleus in brainstem (20%). Some afferents to the septal area originate contralaterally from the lateral hypothalamus, supramammillary area, raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Afferents from the interanterodorsal and mediodorsal thalamic nuclei, which increase the role of the septal area in arousal and awareness, are reported for the first time. Projecting cells to the MS support the learning-related function of this area. Projecting cells to the LS that are more scattered throughout the brain indicate its involvement in more diverse functions.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. hhaghdoost@qum.ac.ir
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Haghdoost-Yazdi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pasbakhsh
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vatanparast
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rajaei
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Behzadi
mesh_terms: D000344:Afferent Pathways / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology; D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D020667:Diagonal Band of Broca / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology; D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D016548:Prosencephalon / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020665:Septum of Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D006735:Horseradish Peroxidase