title: The relationship between established coronary risk factors and serum copper and zinc concentrations in a large Persian cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between demographic and biochemical characteristics, including several established coronary risk factors, and serum copper and zinc was assessed in a large Iranian population sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  A group of 2233 individuals, 15-65 years of age [1106 (49.5%) males and 1127 (50.5%) females] was recruited from residents of the Greater Khorasan province in northeast of Iran. Demographic data were collected using questionnaires. Coronary risk factors were determined using standard protocols, and trace elements were measured in serum using atomic absorption spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Degree of glucose tolerance and smoking habit were not associated with serum zinc and copper levels. Serum copper levels were significantly higher in obese and hypertensive than in normal subjects (p<0.001). In the whole group and for the female subgroup, serum zinc (p<0.01) and copper (p<0.001) were both significantly lower in individuals with normal versus high levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A strong positive correlation was found between serum copper and body mass index (BMI) (r=0.85, p<0.001). Weaker positive associations were found between serum copper and calculated 10 years' coronary risk (r=0.11, p<0.001). Serum zinc/copper ratio was strongly inversely associated with calculated 10 years' coronary risk (r=-0.10, p<0.001). The partial Eta squared (PES) values for factors determining serum zinc were hypertension (0.007, p=0.01) and BMI (0.004, p=0.01); and for serum copper, they were gender (0.02, p=0.001), hypertension (0.004, p=0.009), and 10 years' coronary risk for men (0.003, p=0.03) and women (0.002, p=0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Significant associations between serum trace element concentrations and several coronary risk factors, including calculated 10 years' coronary risk scores, were found.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovasular Research Center, Avicenna (Bu-Ali) Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Science (MUMS), Mashhad, Iran. GhayourM@mums.ac.ir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghayour-Mobarhan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shapouri-Moghaddam
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Azimi-Nezhad
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Esmaeili
authors.forename: S M R
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Parizadeh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Safarian
authors.forename: S M R
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Kazemi-Bajestani
authors.forename: G H
authors.initials: GH
authors.lastname: Khodaei
authors.forename: S J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Hosseini
authors.forename: S M J
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Parizadeh
authors.forename: G A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Ferns
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003300:Copper / Q000097:blood*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D015032:Zinc / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc