title: Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular disease--a potential therapeutic target?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This paper aims to summarize the scientific rationale and future perspectives in the development of effective matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) modulators in the management of patients with arterial and venous disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pubmed, Embase and Cinahl databases were searched using the search terms 'MMP', 'matrix metalloproteinase', 'arterial disease', 'venous disease', 'aneurysm', 'vascular disease', 'atherosclerosis' and 'varicose veins'. Articles focussing on aneurysm disease, peripheral arterial disease, carotid stenosis and venous disorders were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Animal studies assessing MMP expression have demonstrated that MMP-2 and MMP-9 may contribute to arterial aneurysm formation and in atherosclerosis. Human studies and animal models have shown that MMP-3 and MMP-9 may have a protective role against plaque development and destabilization whereas MMP-12 might promote these changes. In venous disease, increased expression of MMP-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 have been shown in human varicose veins. MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also shown to be upregulated in experimentally induced venous hypertension and higher concentrations of MMP-2 in wound exudate and biopsies have been shown to correlate with impaired venous ulcer healing. The use of statins has become widespread in patients with arterial disease and MMP inhibition is likely to contribute to the mechanism of action. More selective MMP modulators are currently being developed, although clinical studies are currently lacking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MMPs have been directly implicated in the pathophysiology of many arterial and venous disorders and remain an important potential therapeutic target. Studies are needed to further develop and demonstrate the clinical benefits of MMP modulating agents.
authors.affiliation: Imperial Vascular Unit, Charing Cross Campus, Imperial College, London, UK.
authors.forename: Chung S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Lim
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shalhoub
authors.forename: Manjit S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gohel
authors.forename: Armanda C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Shepherd
authors.forename: Alun H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Davies
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology*; D011480:Protease Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000502:physiology; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D019161:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D011480:Protease Inhibitors; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases