title: Characterization of CTX-M ESBLs in Enterobacter cloacae, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates from Cairo, Egypt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A high rate of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins among Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Egypt has been previously reported. This study aims to characterize the resistance mechanism (s) to extended spectrum cephalosporins among resistant clinical isolates at a medical institute in Cairo, Egypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nonconsecutive Klebsiella pneumoniae (Kp), Enterobacter cloacae (ENT) and Escherichia coli (EC) isolates were obtained from the clinical laboratory at the medical institute. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by CLSI disk diffusion and ESBL confirmatory tests. MICs were determined using broth microdilution. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) was used to determine the pI values, inhibitor profiles, and cefotaxime (CTX) hydrolysis by the beta-lactamases. PCR and sequencing were performed using blaCTX-M and ISEcp1-specific primers, with DNA obtained from the clinical isolates. Conjugation experiments were done to determine the mobility of blaCTX-M.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All five clinical isolates were resistant to CTX, and were positive for ESBL screening. IEF revealed multiple beta-lactamases produced by each isolate, including a beta-lactamase with a pI of 8.0 in Kp and ENT and a beta-lactamase with a pI of 9.0 in EC. Both beta-lactamases were inhibited by clavulanic acid and hydrolyzed CTX. PCR and sequence analysis identified blaCTX-M-14 in Kp and ENT and a blaCTX-M-15 in EC. Both blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-15 were preceded by ISEcp1 elements as revealed by partial sequence analysis of the upstream region of the blaCTX-M genes. blaCTX-M-15 was transferable but not blaCTX-M-14.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This is the first report of CTX-M-14 in Kp and ENT isolates from Egypt, the Middle East and North Africa.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt. ng_khalaf@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Noha G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Khalaf
authors.forename: Mona M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Eletreby
authors.forename: Nancy D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Hanson
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D003227:Conjugation, Genetic; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004534:Egypt; D016972:Enterobacter cloacae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C456080:beta-lactamase CTX-M-14; D001618:beta-Lactamases