title: A unifying concept: pancreatic ductal anatomy both predicts and determines the major complications resulting from pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Precepts about acute pancreatitis, necrotizing pancreatitis, and pancreatic fluid collections or pseudocyst rarely include the impact of pancreatic ductal injuries on their natural course and outcomes. We previously examined and established a system to categorize ductal changes. We sought a unifying concept that may predict course and direct therapies in these complex patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We use our system categorizing ductal changes in pseudocyst of the pancreas and severe necrotizing pancreatitis (type I, normal duct; type II, duct stricture; type III, duct occlusion or "disconnected duct"; and type IV, chronic pancreatitis). From 1985 to 2006, a policy was implemented of routine imaging (cross-sectional, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography). Clinical outcomes were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 563 patients with pseudocyst, 142 resolved spontaneously (87% of type I, 5% of type II, and no type III, and 3% of type IV). Percutaneous drainage was successful in 83% of type I, 49% of type II, and no type III or type IV. Among 174 patients with severe acute pancreatitis percutaneous drainage was successful in 64% of type I, 38% of type II, and no type III. Operative debridement was required in 39% of type I and 83% and 85% of types II and III, respectively. Persistent fistula after debridement occurred in 27%, 54%, and 85% of types I, II, and III ducts, respectively. Late complications correlated with duct injury.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pancreatic ductal changes predict spontaneous resolution, success of nonoperative measures, and direct therapies in pseudocyst. Ductal changes also predict patients with necrotizing pancreatitis who are most likely to have immediate and delayed complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0544, USA.
authors.forename: William H
authors.initials: WH
authors.lastname: Nealon
authors.forename: Manoop
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bhutani
authors.forename: Taylor S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Riall
authors.forename: Gottumukkala
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: Orhan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ozkan
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Neilan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D049448:Cholangiopancreatography, Magnetic Resonance; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D003646:Debridement; D004322:Drainage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009336:Necrosis; D010183:Pancreatic Ducts / Q000473:pathology*; D010192:Pancreatic Pseudocyst / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D050500:Pancreatitis, Chronic / Q000473:pathology; D012189:Retrospective Studies