title: Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-9 with doxycycline reduces pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Severe lung injury, responsible for up to 15% of mortality in acute necrotizing pancreatitis patients, is promoted by neutrophil (PMN) migration into the lung. We have previously demonstrated that pulmonary injury in acute pancreatitis is mediated by PMN-derived matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). This study was conducted to evaluate the ability of the broad-spectrum MMP inhibitor doxycycline to prevent secondary pulmonary injury in acute pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen rats were randomized into three groups: severe pancreatitis (SAP), severe pancreatitis + doxycycline (SAP+Dox) (30 mg/kg body mass) or control. Acute pancreatitis was induced by intraductal glycodesoxycholic acid and i.v. stimulation with cerulein. Lung sections were histologically graded for edema, microthrombi, atelectasis and hemorrhage. Active MMP-9 in lung tissue was measured with fluorescent assay (ELISA). Naphtol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase staining was used to determine pulmonary PMN infiltration. The inhibitory effect of doxycycline on MMP-9-induced transmigration was confirmed in a Matrigel transmigration assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Addition of doxycycline significantly reduced TNF-alpha-induced PMN transmigration across Matrigel membrane (12.6 +/- 2.6 vs. 20.1 +/- 3.9 PMNs; p < 0.05). SAP+Dox showed decreased concentration of active MMP-9 in lung tissue (37.89 +/- 1.75 vs. 46.29 +/- 3.68 ng/ml; p < 0.05) and as a result decreased pulmonary infiltration of PMNs (21.2 +/- 5.1 vs. 32.5 +/- 6.8; p < 0.05). Histological evaluation revealed decreased pulmonary edema (1.83 +/- 0.41 vs. 2.33 +/- 0.51, p < 0.05), atelectasis (1.67 +/- 0.52 vs. 2.33 +/- 0.52; p < 0.05) and pulmonary hemorrhage (2.5 +/- 0.55 vs. 1.83 +/- 0.41; p < 0.05) in SAP+Dox vs. SAP. These findings were paralleled by reduced pulmonary expression of active MMP-9.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Inhibition of MMP-9 activity with doxycycline reduced pancreatitis-associated lung injury and expression of MMP-9 in pulmonary tissue. Doxycycline reduced PMN migration in vitro and in vivo and therefore might represent a novel strategy for the prevention of secondary pulmonary complications in acute pancreatitis.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Visceral Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sochor
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schmidt
authors.forename: Silke
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hempel
authors.forename: Ulrich T
authors.initials: UT
authors.lastname: Hopt
authors.forename: Tobias
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keck
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004318:Doxycycline / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000378:metabolism*; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D012128:Respiratory Distress Syndrome / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9; D004318:Doxycycline