title: Time course and nature of brain atrophy in the MRL mouse model of central nervous system lupus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Similar to patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune MRL/lpr mice spontaneously develop behavioral deficits and pathologic changes in the brain. Given that the disease-associated brain atrophy in this model is not well understood, the present study was undertaken to determine the time course of morphometric changes in major brain structures of autoimmune MRL/lpr mice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Computerized planimetry and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to compare the areas and volumes of brain structures in cohorts of mice that differ in severity of lupus-like disease.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A thinner cerebral cortex and smaller cerebellum were observed in the MRL/lpr substrain, even before severe autoimmunity developed. With progression of the disease, the brain area of coronal sections became smaller and the growth of the hippocampus was retarded, which likely contributed to the increase in the ventricle area:brain area ratio. MRI revealed reduced volume across different brain regions, with the structures in the vicinity of the ventricular system particularly affected. The superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray matter, pons, and midbrain were among the regions most affected, whereas the volumes of the parietal-temporal lobe, parts of the cerebellum, and lateral ventricles in autoimmune MRL/lpr mice were comparable with values in congenic controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that morphologic alterations in the brains of MRL/lpr mice are a consequence of several factors, including spontaneous development of lupus-like disease. A periventricular pattern of parenchymal damage is consistent with the cerebrospinal fluid neurotoxicity, limbic system pathologic features, and deficits in emotional reactivity previously documented in this model.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Sick Children, and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: John G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Sled
authors.forename: Shoshana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Spring
authors.forename: Matthijs
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: van Eede
authors.forename: Jason P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Lerch
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ullal
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sakic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001284:Atrophy; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002552:Cerebral Ventricles / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000473:pathology; D020945:Lupus Vasculitis, Central Nervous System / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D013997:Time Factors