title: Involvement of Per-Arnt-Sim Kinase and extracellular-regulated kinases-1/2 in palmitate inhibition of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prolonged exposure of pancreatic beta-cells to simultaneously elevated levels of fatty acids and glucose (glucolipotoxicity) impairs insulin gene transcription. However, the intracellular signaling pathways mediating these effects are mostly unknown. This study aimed to ascertain the role of extracellular-regulated kinases (ERKs)1/2, protein kinase B (PKB), and Per-Arnt-Sim kinase (PASK) in palmitate inhibition of insulin gene expression in pancreatic beta-cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  MIN6 cells and isolated rat islets were cultured in the presence of elevated glucose, with or without palmitate or ceramide. ERK1/2 phosphorylation, PKB phosphorylation, and PASK expression were examined by immunoblotting and real-time PCR. The role of these kinases in insulin gene expression was assessed using pharmacological and molecular approaches.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure of MIN6 cells and islets to elevated glucose induced ERK1/2 and PKB phosphorylation, which was further enhanced by palmitate. Inhibition of ERK1/2, but not of PKB, partially prevented the inhibition of insulin gene expression in the presence of palmitate or ceramide. Glucose-induced expression of PASK mRNA and protein levels was reduced in the presence of palmitate. Overexpression of wild-type PASK increased insulin and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 gene expression in MIN6 cells and rat islets incubated with glucose and palmitate, whereas overexpression of a kinase-dead PASK mutant in rat islets decreased expression of insulin and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1 and increased C/EBPbeta expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both the PASK and ERK1/2 signaling pathways mediate palmitate inhibition of insulin gene expression. These findings identify PASK as a novel mediator of glucolipotoxicity on the insulin gene in pancreatic beta-cells.
authors.affiliation: Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM, University of Montréal, Québec, Canada.
authors.forename: Ghislaine
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fontés
authors.forename: Meriem
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Semache
authors.forename: Derek K
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Hagman
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tremblay
authors.forename: Ramila
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Shah
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Rhodes
authors.forename: Jared
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rutter
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Poitout
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005937:Glucaric Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000235:genetics*; D050417:Insulin-Secreting Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007515:Islets of Langerhans / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012322:RNA Precursors / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D005937:Glucaric Acid; D007328:Insulin; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; D048370:MAP Kinase Kinase 2; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D010168:Palmitates; D019869:Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D012322:RNA Precursors; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D013110:Sphingosine; C064769:N-acetylsphingosine; C116037:PAS domain kinases; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; C482129:Map2k2 protein, mouse