title: Effects of sulfur on PCDD/F formation under stable and transient combustion conditions during MSW incineration.
abstract: SO(2) levels in the flue gas from a laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor combusting artificial municipal solid waste (MSW) were varied (resulting in four different SO(2):HCl ratios 0, 0.2, 0.7 and 2.7 (by mass)) to study the effects of sulfur on the formation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated dibenzothiophenes (PCDTs). Sampling was performed simultaneously at three fixed points in the post-combustion zone with temperatures of 400, 300 and 200 degrees C, under normal combustion conditions and both during and after transient combustion conditions. The findings indicate that sulfur has a greater inhibitory effect on PCDF formation than on PCDD formation and that the PCDD/PCDF ratio in the flue gas depends on both the SO(2):HCl ratio in the flue gas and memory effects arising from transient combustion conditions. The results also indicate that the relative importance of different pathways shifts in the post-combustion zone; condensation products increasing with reductions in temperature and increases in residence time. However, these changes appear to depend on the SO(2):HCl ratio in the flue gas and combustion conditions. Sulfur seems to inhibit the chlorination of PCDFs. A tendency for increased SO(2) levels in the flue gas to increase levels of PCDTs was also detected, but the increases were much less significant than the reductions in PCDF levels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden. johanna.aurell@chem.umu.se
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Aurell
authors.forename: Jerker
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fick
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Haglund
authors.forename: Stellan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Marklund
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D001572:Benzofurans / Q000032:analysis*; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000737:chemistry; D017745:Incineration; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013876:Thiophenes / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D001572:Benzofurans; D000072338:Dibenzofurans, Polychlorinated; D000072317:Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins; D013876:Thiophenes; D013458:Sulfur Dioxide; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; C016366:dibenzothiophene