title: Effects of different peep levels on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions in rats during mechanical ventilation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mechanical ventilation with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves oxygenation and treats acute pulmonary failure. However, increased intrathoracic pressure may cause regional blood flow alterations that may contribute to mesenteric ischemia and gastrointestinal failure. We investigated the effects of different PEEP levels on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty-four male Wistar rats were initially anesthetized (Pentobarbital I.P. 50 mg/kg) and randomly assigned to one of the following groups: 1) NAIVE (only anesthesia; n=9), 2) PEEP 0 (PEEP of 0 cmH2O, n=13), 3) PEEP 5 (PEEP of 5 cmH2O, n=12), and 4) PEEP 10 (PEEP of 10 cmH2O, n=13). Positive end expiratory pressure groups were tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated with a tidal volume of 10 mL/kg, respiratory rate of 70 rpm, and inspired oxygen fraction of 1. Animals were maintained under isoflurane anesthesia. After two hours, laparotomy was performed, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions were evaluated by intravital microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No significant changes were observed in mean arterial blood pressure among groups during the study. Tracheal peak pressure was smaller in PEEP 5 compared with PEEP 0 and PEEP 10 groups (11, 15, and 16 cmH2O, respectively; p<0.05). After two hours of MV, there were no differences among NAIVE, PEEP 0 and PEEP 5 groups in the number of rollers (118+/-9,127+/-14 and 147+/-26 cells/10 minutes, respectively), adherent leukocytes (3+/-1,3+/-1 and 4+/-2 cells/100 microm venule length, respectively), and migrated leukocytes (2+/-1,2+/-1 and 2+/-1 cells/5,000 microm(2), respectively) at the mesentery. However, the PEEP 10 group exhibited an increase in the number of rolling, adherent and migrated leukocytes (188+/-15 cells / 10 min, 8+/-1 cells / 100 microm and 12+/-1 cells / 5,000 microm(2), respectively; p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High intrathoracic pressure was harmful to mesenteric microcirculation in the experimental model of rats with normal lungs and stable systemic blood pressure, a finding that may have relevance for complications related to mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: LIM-34, Department of Physiotherapy, Communication Science & Disorders and Occupacional Therapy, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors.forename: Priscila
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aikawa
authors.forename: Sandra Helena Poliselli
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Farsky
authors.forename: Maria Aparecida de
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: Rogério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pazetti
authors.forename: Thaís
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mauad
authors.forename: Paulina
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Sannomiya
authors.forename: Naomi Kondo
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Nakagawa
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D011175:Positive-Pressure Respiration / Q000379:methods*; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013152:Splanchnic Circulation / Q000502:physiology*