title: Rib fractures identified at post-mortem examination in sudden unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI).
abstract: Rib fractures may be associated with non-accidental injury (NAI) in infancy, but the possible significance of fresh rib fractures in relation to resuscitation remains undetermined. Consequently, it is important to detect and confirm the presence of rib fractures when performing a post-mortem examination, particularly in the context of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI). At our centre, it has been local policy to perform routine radiological skeletal surveys and detailed post-mortem examination of the ribs in all SUDI autopsies. The aim of this study is to establish the characteristics of all rib fractures identified at autopsy in the setting of SUDI from a large series of cases examined at a single specialist centre. As part of a larger review of paediatric post-mortem examinations performed at a single specialist institution over a 10-year period (1996-2005), all cases presenting as SUDI (aged 7-365 days) were identified and their anonymised records searched to identify all cases in which rib fractures were recorded. Over the 10-year period, 546 post-mortem examinations were performed for the indication of SUDI, including 94 forensic autopsies. Rib fractures were identified in 24 cases (4%). 15 infants (3% of SUDI) demonstrated healing rib fractures, of which 10 infants (67%) showed additional features suggestive of NAI. The other 9 infants (2% of SUDI) demonstrated fresh rib fractures only with no surrounding tissue reaction histologically; in 7 (78%) of these there were no other injuries and the fresh fractures were interpreted to have been caused by resuscitation-related trauma. All of the resuscitation-related fractures were situated in the anterolateral chest, in contrast to NAI-associated fractures, which were located in the anterolateral and/or posterior chest. Anterior costochondral junction fractures were also seen in a minority of NAI-associated cases, but such fractures were not seen in apparent resuscitation-related cases. Compared to healing rib fractures, which were detected on skeletal survey in 93%, fresh rib fractures were only detected in 22% of skeletal surveys. Rib fractures are uncommon in infancy and may indicate NAI, particularly when healed or healing, posterior or involving the costochondral junction. Fresh rib fractures may be missed on skeletal survey, but can be reliably detected at post-mortem examination following stripping of the pleura and detailed examination of each rib. Fresh anterolateral fractures, which may be multiple, contiguous and even bilateral, are highly likely to be related to resuscitation if there are no other associated injuries.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Pathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and UCL Institute of Child Health, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK.
authors.forename: Martin A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Weber
authors.forename: R Anthony
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Risdon
authors.forename: Amaka C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Offiah
authors.forename: Marian
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Malone
authors.forename: Neil J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Sebire
mesh_terms: D001344:Autopsy; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000009:adverse effects; D002649:Child Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis; D049429:Forensic Pathology; D017102:Fracture Healing; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D011859:Radiography; D012253:Rib Fractures / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology*; D012272:Ribs / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013398:Sudden Infant Death