title: The impact of human superoxide dismutase 1 expression in a mouse model on the embryotoxicity of hydroxyurea.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Oxidative stress is hypothesized to mediate embryotoxicity during organogenesis, yet the reactive oxygen species involved are not defined. The superoxide oxygen radical is converted to hydrogen peroxide, a less reactive species, by superoxide dismutases (SODs). If superoxide is important in mediating embryotoxicity, increased SOD expression should protect embryos against insult. Exposure to hydroxyurea during organogenesis causes brain defects, cleft palate, tail anomalies, and limb defects; administration of D-mannitol, a free radical scavenger, ameliorates hydroxyurea embryotoxicity, suggesting that oxidative stress is important. To elucidate the role of superoxide in mediating hydroxyurea embryotoxicity, we assessed the impact of human SOD1 expression in a murine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  hSOD1 hemizygous male mice, carrying the human SOD1 gene, were mated to wild-type or hSOD1 hemizygous females. Dams were treated on gestation day (GD) 9 with saline (control) or 400 (low) or 600 (high) mg/kg hydroxyurea (n = 8-13/group). Mice were euthanized on GD 18 and developmental toxicity was assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Exposure to hydroxyurea caused a dose-dependent increase in fetal deaths that was not affected by hSOD1 expression; hydroxyurea decreased fetal weights in litters from wild-type but not hemizygous dams. Hydroxyurea increased the incidence of external and skeletal malformations; fetuses from hemizygous dams treated with high-dose hydroxyurea had fewer malformations compared to wild-type dams. There was no correlation between embryonic phenotype and genotype or SOD activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal hSOD1 expression protected fetuses against malformations induced by hydroxyurea, providing evidence that superoxide plays a role in mediating the response of organogenesis stage embryos to this teratogen.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada, H3G 1Y6.
authors.forename: Geneviève
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Larouche
authors.forename: Barbara F
authors.initials: BF
authors.lastname: Hales
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D000818:Animals; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D005313:Fetal Death / Q000139:chemically induced; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental / Q000187:drug effects*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D006918:Hydroxyurea / Q000633:toxicity*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011247:Pregnancy; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; C000606290:SOD1 protein, human; C000606291:Sod1 protein, mouse; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000072105:Superoxide Dismutase-1; D006918:Hydroxyurea