Early family and child-care antecedents of awakening cortisol levels in adolescence.
This study examined early observed parenting and child-care experiences in relation to functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis over the long term. Consistent with the attenuation hypothesis, individuals (n = 863) who experienced: (a) higher levels of maternal insensitivity and (b) more time in child-care centers in the first 3 years of life had lower awakening cortisol levels at age 15. Associations were small in magnitude. Nonetheless, results were (a) additive in that both higher levels of maternal insensitivity and more experience with center-based care uniquely (but not interactively) predicted lower awakening cortisol, (b) not accounted for by later caregiving experiences measured concurrently with awakening cortisol at age 15 or by early demographic variables, and (c) not moderated by sex or by difficult temperament.
Roisman
Glenn I
GI
Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. roisman@uiuc.edu
Susman
Elizabeth
E
Barnett-Walker
Kortnee
K
Booth-LaForce
Cathryn
C
Owen
Margaret Tresch
MT
Belsky
Jay
J
Bradley
Robert H
RH
Houts
Renate
R
Steinberg
Laurence
L
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002654:Child Care / Q000523:psychology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000378:metabolism*; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000378:metabolism; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000378:metabolism; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States; D014851:Wakefulness
D006854:Hydrocortisone