title: Clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate clinical signs, risk factors, and outcomes associated with bromide toxicosis (bromism) in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy treated with potassium or sodium bromide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  83 clinically ill epileptic dogs with (cases; n = 31) and without (controls; 52) bromism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Medical records were reviewed for information regarding signalment, epilepsy history, treatment, diet, clinicopathologic test results, concurrent diseases, clinical signs, and outcome. Case and control dogs were matched by the veterinary hospitals from which they were referred and by month of admission. A presumptive diagnosis of bromism was made in case dogs when treatment for primary clinical signs was limited to induction of diuresis or reduction in the dose of bromide administered, and this diagnosis was supported by serum bromide concentrations. Potential risk factors for bromism were identified via univariate and subsequent multivariate logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Common clinical signs of bromism included alterations in consciousness, ataxia, and upper and lower motor neuron tetraparesis and paraparesis. The multivariate analysis identified bromide dose at admission to the hospital as the only factor significantly associated with bromism. In all dogs with bromism, treatment via dose reduction or facilitated renal excretion of bromide resulted in rapid clinical improvement, although breakthrough seizures happened during treatment in 8 of 31 (26%) dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bromism is a clinically heterogeneous, dose-dependent neurotoxicosis that is largely reversible with treatment. Regular serial monitoring of serum bromide concentrations is recommended to optimize anticonvulsant treatment in dogs with idiopathic epilepsy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Rossmeisl
authors.forename: Karen D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Inzana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001965:Bromides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced*; D004285:Dogs; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D017680:Potassium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D017670:Sodium Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000927:Anticonvulsants; D001965:Bromides; D017680:Potassium Compounds; D017670:Sodium Compounds; C027938:sodium bromide; C039004:potassium bromide