title: Effects of different brazing and welding methods on the fracture load of various orthodontic joining configurations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to compare the fracture load of different joints made by conventional brazing, tungston inert gas (TIG) and laser welding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six standardized joining configurations of spring hard quality orthodontic wire were investigated: end-to-end, round, cross, 3 mm length, 9 mm length and 6.5 mm to orthodontic band. The joints were made by five different methods: brazing with universal silver solder, two TIG and two laser welding devices. The fracture loads were measured with a universal testing machine (Zwick 005). Data were analysed with the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests. The significance level was set at P<0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In all cases brazed joints were ruptured at a low level of fracture load (186-407 N). Significant differences between brazing and TIG or laser welding (P<0.05) were found. The highest mean fracture loads were observed for laser welding (826 N). No differences between the various TIG or laser welding devices were demonstrated, although it was not possible to join an orthodontic wire to an orthodontic band using TIG welding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For orthodontic purposes laser and TIG welding are solder free alternatives. TIG welding and laser welding showed similar results. The laser technique is an expensive, but sophisticated and simple method.
authors.affiliation: Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, Halle, Germany. drbock@web.de
authors.forename: Jens J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Bock
authors.forename: Jacqueline
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bailly
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Fuhrmann
mesh_terms: D001128:Argon; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry*; D012994:Dental Soldering / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D007834:Lasers; D008422:Materials Testing; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009969:Orthodontic Wires; D012834:Silver; D013193:Stainless Steel / Q000737:chemistry*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D014414:Tungsten
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D013193:Stainless Steel; D012834:Silver; D001128:Argon; D014414:Tungsten