title: Kinematic analysis of surgical dexterity in intraocular surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential of motion analysis as a discriminator of surgical skill during intraocular surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four subjects were divided into 3 groups (n = 8 each) based on the number of completed phacoemulsification procedures: novice (n < 10), intermediate (n = 10-150), and expert (n > 150). The Qualisys motion-capture system obtained data from the surgeons performing (1) corneal wound construction (incision), (2) continuous curvilinear capsulorrhexis (CCC), and (3) phacoemulsification lens extraction on artificial eyes. The main outcome measures were time, overall path length, and total number of movements. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the incision task, significant differences between the levels of experience were found for time (P = .001), number of movements (P = .001), and path length (P = .05). For the CCC task, significant differences were found between groups for time (P = .03) and number of movements (P = .03), but not for path length (P = .08). For the phacoemulsification task, significant differences were found between the 3 groups for time (P = .04), path length (P = .02), and number of movements (P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motion analysis differentiated between surgeons with varying levels of experience performing phacoemulsification tasks, thus demonstrating construct validity. This technique may be useful in the objective quantitative measurement of microsurgical skill with potential applications for training and research.
authors.affiliation: Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, England. drgmsaleh@yahoo.co.uk
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Saleh
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Lindfield
authors.forename: Dawn
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sim
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Tsesmetzoglou
authors.forename: Vinod
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gauba
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Gartry
authors.forename: Salim
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghoussayni
mesh_terms: D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D016544:Patient Simulation; D018918:Phacoemulsification; D015397:Program Evaluation; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis