title: Vitamin D receptor polymorphisms in differentiated thyroid carcinoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression has been shown to be upregulated in several tumors and is supposed to represent an important endogenous response to tumor progression. To investigate the role of the VDR gene and its influence on 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) plasma levels in thyroid carcinoma, we analyzed four VDR polymorphisms in patients and healthy controls (HC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with thyroid carcinoma (n = 172) (n = 132 for papillary and n = 40 for follicular) and HC (n = 321) were genotyped for the ApaI (rs7975232), TaqI (rs731236), BsmI (rs1544410), and FokI (rs10735810) polymorphisms within the VDR gene and correlated with 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) plasma levels.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The genotypes AA of the ApaI (rs7975232) and FF of the FokI (rs10735810) polymorphisms were significantly less frequent (12.5% vs. 35.2% and 25% vs. 42.1%, respectively, both corrected p [p(c)] = 0.04) in patients with follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) than in HC. Additionally, the haplotypes, Ta (57.5% vs. 41.4%; p(c) = 0.0207), af (24.6% vs. 14.3%; p(c) = 0.0116), Tab (51.1% vs. 36.8%; p(c) = 0.0495), and Tabf (18.7% vs. 13.6%; p(c) = 0.0240) were more frequent, whereas the haplotypes AF (17.1% vs. 37.2%; p(c) = 0.0008), BF (11.4% vs. 31.9%; p(c) = 0.012), tF (7.9% vs. 25.5%; p(c) = 0.0016), and tABF (7.6% vs. 23%; p(c) = 0.0115) were less frequent in the FTC patients compared to HC. Neither genotype nor haplotype frequencies differed between patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and HC. Further, individuals with PTC and FTC had a significantly lower level of circulating 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) compared to controls. In contrast, no differences of the 25(OH)D(3) concentration between patients and HC were observed. VDR polymorphisms were not associated with 25(OH)D(3) and 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) plasma levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lower circulating levels of 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) are observed in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Further, while the alleles AA and FF of the ApaI (rs7975232) and FokI (rs10735810) VDR polymorphisms and the haplotype tABF confer to protection from follicular carcinoma, the haplotype Tabf appeared to be associated with an increased FTC risk. Since this is the first report associating VDR polymorphisms with thyroid carcinoma, these findings need to be confirmed in studies with larger numbers of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
authors.forename: Marissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Penna-Martinez
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ramos-Lopez
authors.forename: Julienne
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stern
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hinsch
authors.forename: Martin-Leo
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Hansmann
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Selkinski
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Grünwald
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vorländer
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Wahl
authors.forename: Wolf O
authors.initials: WO
authors.lastname: Bechstein
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zeuzem
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Holzer
authors.forename: Klaus
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Badenhoop
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002112:Calcifediol / Q000378:metabolism; D002117:Calcitriol / Q000378:metabolism; D018265:Carcinoma, Papillary, Follicular / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D020556:Neutrophil Infiltration; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol / Q000235:genetics*; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000276:immunology; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D018167:Receptors, Calcitriol; D014807:Vitamin D; D002117:Calcitriol; D002112:Calcifediol