title: Effect of raloxifene on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in breast carcinomas of postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in breast carcinomas of postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixteen postmenopausal patients with operable stage II, oestrogen receptor-positive, infiltrating ductal breast carcinoma were treated with raloxifene at a dose of 60 mg/day, for a period of 28 days prior to definitive surgery. Tumour size varied from 3 to 5 cm (mean 3.7 cm) and mean age of patients was 61.8 years (range 49-72 years). Tumour samples were obtained by incisional biopsy at the time of diagnosis and again at the time of surgery. Immunohistochemical evaluation of VEGF expression was assessed semiquantitatively based on fraction of stained tumour cells and on intensity of staining. McNemar's test of symmetry was used to evaluate agreement between positive or negative classification of VEGF expression prior to and following raloxifene treatment (P < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fourteen of the 16 patients (88%) were classified as positive for VEGF expression prior to raloxifene treatment, while only 5 (31%) were classified as positive following treatment (P < 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raloxifene significantly reduced VEGF expression in these oestrogen receptor-positive breast carcinomas of postmenopausal women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gynecology, Mastology Division, Hospital Getúlio Vargas, Federal University of Piauí, Piauí, Brazil. beneditoborges@globo.com
authors.forename: B B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: da Silva
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: dos Santos
authors.forename: C G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Pires
authors.forename: P V
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Lopes-Costa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride