title: Ligands for retinoic acid receptors are elevated in osteoarthritis and may contribute to pathologic processes in the osteoarthritic joint.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vitamin A derivatives, including all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), have a well-established role during skeletal development and limb formation and have been shown to have profound effects on chondrocyte phenotype. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of retinoids and components of the retinoid metabolic pathway on chondrocyte phenotype in the tibiofemoral joints of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), to show that the retinoids can have multiple effects relevant to the OA disease process.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human explant tissue and a chondrocyte-like cell line were treated with ATRA, and the responses of 4 key markers of chondrocyte phenotype were analyzed. In addition, the effects of ATRA on a number of novel genes associated with OA were assessed using a low-density microarray containing 80 disease marker genes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitamin A metabolite levels were elevated in synovial fluid, serum, and cartilage from patients with OA. Expression profiling of a retinoic acid receptor alpha coactivator protein, P/CAF, demonstrated elevated expression in patients with OA, suggesting the potential for increased signaling via the retinoid receptors in the disease. ATRA increased the levels of matrix metalloproteinase 13 and aggrecanase activity in human cartilage explants and in a human chondrocyte cell line. Furthermore, ATRA altered the expression of a wide range of relevant genes, including the types I, II, IX, and XI collagen genes, toward a nonchondrogenic and OA-like phenotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that retinoid signaling could have a central role in OA, and that components of the pathway may provide potential disease biomarkers or targets for therapeutic intervention.
authors.affiliation: AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Cheshire, UK.
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Davies
authors.forename: Lyn Rosenbrier
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Downey-Jones
authors.forename: Maurice R C
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Needham
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Oakley
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wardale
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002460:Cell Line; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D010450:Endopeptidases / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008024:Ligands; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13 / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D010641:Phenotype; D040081:Protein Array Analysis; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D012176:Retinoids / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D008024:Ligands; D018168:Receptors, Retinoic Acid; D012176:Retinoids; D003094:Collagen; D010450:Endopeptidases; D053509:Matrix Metalloproteinase 13; C083641:aggrecanase