title: Relationship between hospital volume, system clinical resources, and mortality in pancreatic resection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The relationship between hospital volume and perioperative mortality in pancreaticoduodenectomy has been well established. We studied whether associations exist between hospital volume and hospital clinical resources and between both of these factors to mortality to help explain this relationship.
  
  
  METHODS
  This two-part study reviewed publicly available hospital information from the Leapfrog Group, HealthGrades, and hospital Web sites. Hospitals were evaluated for Leapfrog ICU staffing criteria and Safe Practice Score; HealthGrades five-star rating for complex gastrointestinal procedures and operations; and presence of a general surgery residency, gastroenterology fellowship, and interventional radiology. Evaluation used trend analysis and multiple logistic regression analysis. The second part determined the mortality rate for pancreaticoduodenectomy using inpatient mortality data from the National Inpatient Sample and Leapfrog. Hospitals were categorized by low volume (< or = 10/year), high volume (> or = 11/year), strong clinical support (presence of all support factors), and weak clinical support (absence of any factor). Data were correlated by number of pancreatic resections per hospital, hospital system clinical resources, and operative mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  As hospital volume increased, statistically significant increases occurred in the frequency of hospitals meeting Leapfrog ICU staffing criteria (p < 0.0001), Leapfrog Safe Practice Score (p = 0.0004), HealthGrades 5-star rating (p < 0.00001), general surgery residency (p < 0.00001), gastroenterology fellowship (p < 0.00001), and interventional radiology services (p < 0.00001). No significant relationships were found between resection volume and any one of the clinical support factors and perioperative death. Presence of strong clinical support was associated with lower mortality (odds ratio = 0.32; p = 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  System clinical resources were more influential in operative mortality for pancreatic resection. This might help explain why high-volume hospitals, low-volume surgeons in high-volume institutions, and some lower-volume hospitals with excellent clinical resources have lower perioperative mortality rates for pancreatic resection.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Surgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
authors.forename: Bellal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joseph
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Morton
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hernandez-Boussard
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Rubinfeld
authors.forename: Chadi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Faraj
authors.forename: Vic
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Velanovich
mesh_terms: D005257:Fellowships and Scholarships; D005762:Gastroenterology / Q000193:education; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D016015:Logistic Models; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D016577:Pancreaticoduodenectomy / Q000401:mortality / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D015642:Radiology, Interventional; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014481:United States