title: Driving behaviors among community-dwelling persons with multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The current study examined driver behaviors and patterns among drivers with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a function of disease severity and in comparison to drivers without MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between-group comparisons of participants with and without MS and cohorts of MS groups at varying levels of severity.
  
  
  METHODS
  All data were collected in an outpatient research setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-dwelling persons (n=66) with clinically definite MS who were active drivers and healthy controls (n=30) were included.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Driving characteristics' measures included (1) driving frequency defined in days and miles driven per week, (2) self-reports of voluntarily limited driving behaviors, (3) changes in driving since MS diagnosis, and (4) self-rating as a driver. Driving performance was also assessed by using pass/borderline performance on a clinical behind-the-wheel evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mann-Whitney U tests showed a significant difference in driving frequency (P=.021) with MS participants reporting they drove fewer days per week than healthy control group. This was also seen between cohorts of MS drivers (P=.014), with high Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) participants driving less frequently than the low EDSS group. Descriptive observations suggested that participants with moderate EDSS scores drove less and engaged in more self-limiting behaviors. Chi-square tests showed that participants with high EDSS scores were more likely to report changing their driving behavior after diagnosis (P=.01) and were more likely to not pass the behind-the-wheel evaluation (P<.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current findings suggest that as disease severity progresses, differences in frequency of driving (days per week) and the use of self-limiting driving behaviors may vary. Furthermore, the findings also raise questions regarding the overall sensitivity of the most commonly used clinical driving assessment method (the behind-the-wheel evaluation) to accurately capture driving capacity in the milder stages of the disease process. The results indicate the need to consider issues related to driving as MS severity progresses, and, given the progressive nature of MS and the concerns of the validity of the most common clinical driving assessment measures (the behind-the-wheel evaluation), repeated assessment of driving ability may be the most effective approach for identifying driving difficulties among persons with MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. sg94g745@drexel.edu
authors.forename: Maria T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Schultheis
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Weisser
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Manning
authors.forename: Allison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Blasco
authors.forename: Jocelyn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001334:Automobile Driving; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index