title: An ultrasoft X-ray multi-microbeam irradiation system for studies of DNA damage responses by fixed- and live-cell fluorescence microscopy.
abstract: Localized induction of DNA damage is a valuable tool for studying cellular DNA damage responses. In recent decades, methods have been developed to generate DNA damage using radiation of various types, including photons and charged particles. Here we describe a simple ultrasoft X-ray multi-microbeam system for high dose-rate, localized induction of DNA strand breaks in cells at spatially and geometrically adjustable sites. Our system can be combined with fixed- and live-cell microscopy to study responses of cells to DNA damage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Center for Microscopical Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Carel
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: van Oven
authors.forename: Przemek M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Krawczyk
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Stap
authors.forename: Arline M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Melo
authors.forename: Maria H O
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Piazzetta
authors.forename: Angelo L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Gobbi
authors.forename: Henk A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: van Veen
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Verhoeven
authors.forename: Jacob A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Aten
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004247:DNA / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004260:DNA Repair; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry / Q000379:methods; D008856:Microscopy, Fluorescence / Q000379:methods; D014965:X-Rays
chemical_list: D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins; D004247:DNA