title: Non-accidental head injury in New Zealand: the outcome of referral to statutory authorities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the outcome of referral to the statutory authorities for infants under 2 years with non-accidental head injury (NAHI), and to establish whether the authorities held sufficient information to develop a risk profile for these cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of cases admitted to hospital in Auckland, New Zealand from 1988 to 1998. Records from the hospital admission, child protective services and Police were reviewed, up to 19 years from diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 39 infants, 33 survived to leave hospital. Documentation of risk factors was erratic, and sometimes incongruent between agencies. Inter-agency case conferences took place in 17/39 (44%). The Department of Child, Youth and Family Services (CYF) used an informal family agreement to secure safety in 15/33 survivors (45%). Family Group Conferences occurred in 17/33 (52%). Nine of 33 were placed permanently outside the home (27%), two (6%) with unrelated caregivers. Charges were laid in 18/39 cases (46%). Fifteen cases came to trial, with 14 convictions (36%). Of the survivors, 44% were later renotified to CYF. There was no obvious relationship between type of intervention and re-notification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ensuring the safety of an infant with NAHI, and identifying and taking appropriate action with regard to the offender, are complex tasks. In New Zealand, data collection is often incomplete and inter-agency practice and collaboration is variable. Although the rate of prosecution was relatively high by international standards, many children were later notified again for further concerns of abuse or neglect, suggesting that our interventions have been only partially successful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This paper suggests that all infants admitted to hospital with non-accidental head injury should become part of a prospective inter-agency research study, using a standardised data collection instrument. This should include the systematic collection of all data known or suspected to be associated with risk of child abuse, and incorporate long-term prospective follow-up, regardless of child protective or legal outcomes. Without large numbers followed prospectively and according to sound methodology, it is difficult to prove which forms of intervention are better than others at reducing the risk of further abuse.
authors.affiliation: Te Puaruruhau (Child Abuse Assessment Unit), Starship Children's Hospital, Park Road, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kelly
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: MacCormick
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Strange
mesh_terms: D002649:Child Abuse / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D002669:Child Welfare; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006259:Craniocerebral Trauma; D005260:Female; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009520:New Zealand; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D038642:Shaken Baby Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology