title: Early neuropsychological signs of childhood adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify the very early signs of childhood cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) in asymptomatic boys.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were 8 neurologically and radiologically asymptomatic CALD patients. They were chosen from 22 ALD patients before hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) treatment. Wechsler Intelligence Scale tests and other neuropsychological tests were performed. Their IQ data were compared with those of symptomatic ALD children with apparent brain lesions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All asymptomatic CALD showed normal FIQ. PIQ was significantly lower than VIQ in 2 patients. Occipital lesioned patients often showed normal VIQ with low PIQ. Gestalt Closure in The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children and Constancy of Shape in the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception seemed to be effective for detecting visual cognitive dysfunction in asymptomatic CALD whose difference of VIQ and PIQ was within the normal range.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Follow-up of asymptomatic ALD boys with neuropsychological tests along with previously reported neurophysiological tests may help in determining the timing of therapeutic intervention. Neuropsychological abnormalities seemed to precede the appearance of clinical and MRI alterations.
authors.affiliation: Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawahigashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan. kaga@ncnp.go.jp
authors.forename: Makiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaga
authors.forename: Wakana
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Furushima
authors.forename: Masumi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Inagaki
authors.forename: Masako
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nakamura
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000326:Adrenoleukodystrophy / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual; D018380:Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; D006801:Humans; D007361:Intelligence Tests; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests