A proposed eye irritation testing strategy to reduce and replace in vivo studies using Bottom-Up and Top-Down approaches.
In spite of over 20 years of effort, no single in vitro assay has been developed and validated as a full regulatory replacement for the Draize Eye Irritation test. However, companies have been using in vitro methods to screen new formulations and in some cases as their primary assessment of eye irritation potential for many years. The present report shows the outcome of an Expert Meeting convened by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods in February 2005 to identify test strategies for eye irritation. In this workshop test developers/users were requested to nominate methods to be considered as a basis for the identification of such testing strategies. Assays were evaluated and categorized based on their proposed applicability domains (e.g., categories of irritation severity, modes of action, chemical class, physicochemical compatibility). The analyses were based on the data developed from current practice and published studies, the ability to predict depth of injury (within the applicable range of severity), modes of action that could be addressed and compatibility with different physiochemical forms. The difficulty in predicting the middle category of irritancy (e.g. R36, GHS Categories 2A and 2B) was recognized. The testing scheme proposes using a Bottom-Up (begin with using test methods that can accurately identify non-irritants) or Top-Down (begin with using test methods that can accurately identify severe irritants) progression of in vitro tests (based on expected irritancy). Irrespective of the starting point, the approach would identify non-irritants and severe irritants, leaving all others to the (mild/moderate) irritant GHS 2/R36 categories.
Scott
Laurie
L
The Procter & Gamble Company, Brussels, Belgium.
Eskes
Chantra
C
Hoffmann
Sebastian
S
Adriaens
Els
E
Alepée
Nathalie
N
Bufo
Monica
M
Clothier
Richard
R
Facchini
Davide
D
Faller
Claudine
C
Guest
Robert
R
Harbell
John
J
Hartung
Thomas
T
Kamp
Hennicke
H
Varlet
Béatrice Le
BL
Meloni
Marisa
M
McNamee
Pauline
P
Osborne
Rosemarie
R
Pape
Wolfgang
W
Pfannenbecker
Uwe
U
Prinsen
Menk
M
Seaman
Christopher
C
Spielmann
Horst
H
Stokes
William
W
Trouba
Kevin
K
Berghe
Christine Van den
CV
Goethem
Freddy Van
FV
Vassallo
Marco
M
Vinardell
Pilar
P
Zuang
Valérie
V
D000826:Animal Testing Alternatives; D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002645:Chickens; D019573:Epithelium, Corneal / Q000473:pathology; D005062:European Union; D005123:Eye / Q000473:pathology; D005128:Eye Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007509:Irritants / Q000633:toxicity*; D007880:Legislation, Drug; D011817:Rabbits; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine; D014116:Toxicology / Q000379:methods*
D007509:Irritants