title: Intratumoural GM-CSF microspheres and CTLA-4 blockade enhance the antitumour immunity induced by thermal ablation in a subcutaneous murine hepatoma model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated the effect of a new antitumour immunity regimen that included microwave ablation, intratumoural microspheres encapsulating granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and blockade of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4).
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL6 mice with an established subcutaneous Hepa 1-6 hepatoma underwent microwave ablation, followed by intratumoural injection of GM-CSF microspheres, and intraperitoneal injection of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by tumour growth, survival analysis, and cytotoxicity of T lymphocytes against Hepa 1-6.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The co-administration of microwave thermal ablation, GM-CSF microspheres, and anti-CTLA-4 rejected tumour rechallenge in 90% of treated mice in a subcutaneous murine Hepa 1-6 model, and cured established distant tumour in 50% of the treated mice. This antitumour immune response was tumour-specific and mediated by natural killer (NK), CD4+, and CD8+ T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microwave ablation, followed by intratumoural GM-CSF microspheres, and anti-CTLA-4 antibodies results in the local eradication of tumours, rejection of tumours following rechallenge, and cures established distant tumours, suggesting that this is a promising regimen and one that is readily applicable in the clinic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China. chenzubing@yahoo.com.cn
authors.forename: Zubing
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Shiqiang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Baogang
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: Jianpin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tao
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000276:immunology*; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008114:Liver Neoplasms, Experimental / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008863:Microspheres; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D060908:CTLA-4 Antigen; C556707:Ctla4 protein, mouse; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor