Intakes of fruit, vegetables, and carotenoids and renal cell cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies.
Fruit and vegetable consumption has been hypothesized to reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. We conducted a pooled analysis of 13 prospective studies, including 1,478 incident cases of renal cell cancer (709 women and 769 men) among 530,469 women and 244,483 men followed for up to 7 to 20 years. Participants completed a validated food-frequency questionnaire at baseline. Using the primary data from each study, the study-specific relative risks (RR) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model and then pooled using a random effects model. We found that fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with a reduced risk of renal cell cancer. Compared with <200 g/d of fruit and vegetable intake, the pooled multivariate RR for >or=600 g/d was 0.68 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.54-0.87; P for between-studies heterogeneity = 0.86; P for trend = 0.001]. Compared with <100 g/d, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CI) for >or=400 g/d were 0.79 (0.63-0.99; P for trend = 0.03) for total fruit and 0.72 (0.48-1.08; P for trend = 0.07) for total vegetables. For specific carotenoids, the pooled multivariate RRs (95% CIs) comparing the highest and lowest quintiles were 0.87 (0.73-1.03) for alpha-carotene, 0.82 (0.69-0.98) for beta-carotene, 0.86 (0.73-1.01) for beta-cryptoxanthin, 0.82 (0.64-1.06) for lutein/zeaxanthin, and 1.13 (0.95-1.34) for lycopene. In conclusion, increasing fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with decreasing risk of renal cell cancer; carotenoids present in fruit and vegetables may partly contribute to this protection.
Lee
Jung Eun
JE
Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. jung.lee@channing.harvard.edu
Männistö
Satu
S
Spiegelman
Donna
D
Hunter
David J
DJ
Bernstein
Leslie
L
van den Brandt
Piet A
PA
Buring
Julie E
JE
Cho
Eunyoung
E
English
Dallas R
DR
Flood
Andrew
A
Freudenheim
Jo L
JL
Giles
Graham G
GG
Giovannucci
Edward
E
Håkansson
Niclas
N
Horn-Ross
Pamela L
PL
Jacobs
Eric J
EJ
Leitzmann
Michael F
MF
Marshall
James R
JR
McCullough
Marjorie L
ML
Miller
Anthony B
AB
Rohan
Thomas E
TE
Ross
Julie A
JA
Schatzkin
Arthur
A
Schouten
Leo J
LJ
Virtamo
Jarmo
J
Wolk
Alicja
A
Zhang
Shumin M
SM
Smith-Warner
Stephanie A
SA
D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002338:Carotenoids; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables
D002338:Carotenoids