title: Impulsiveness as a timing disturbance: neurocognitive abnormalities in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder during temporal processes and normalization with methylphenidate.
abstract: We argue that impulsiveness is characterized by compromised timing functions such as premature motor timing, decreased tolerance to delays, poor temporal foresight and steeper temporal discounting. A model illustration for the association between impulsiveness and timing deficits is the impulsiveness disorder of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Children with ADHD have deficits in timing processes of several temporal domains and the neural substrates of these compromised timing functions are strikingly similar to the neuropathology of ADHD. We review our published and present novel functional magnetic resonance imaging data to demonstrate that ADHD children show dysfunctions in key timing regions of prefrontal, cingulate, striatal and cerebellar location during temporal processes of several time domains including time discrimination of milliseconds, motor timing to seconds and temporal discounting of longer time intervals. Given that impulsiveness, timing abnormalities and more specifically ADHD have been related to dopamine dysregulation, we tested for and demonstrated a normalization effect of all brain dysfunctions in ADHD children during time discrimination with the dopamine agonist and treatment of choice, methylphenidate. This review together with the new empirical findings demonstrates that neurocognitive dysfunctions in temporal processes are crucial to the impulsiveness disorder of ADHD and provides first evidence for normalization with a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
authors.affiliation: Department of Child Psychiatry/MRC Center for Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry (SGDP), Institute of Psychiatry, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, UK. k.rubia@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Katya
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rubia
authors.forename: Rozmin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Halari
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Christakou
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Taylor
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D006801:Humans; D007175:Impulsive Behavior / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013998:Time Perception / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate