title: Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography in the assessment of severity of acute pulmonary embolism and right ventricular dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The distinction between severe pulmonary embolism (PE) and right heart dysfunction is important for predicting patient mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify the role of computed tomographic pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in the assessment of the severity of acute PE and right ventricular dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-five patients suspected of having PE, as diagnosed by CTPA and scintigraphy, were divided into three groups: hemodynamically unstable PE (HUPE) (n = 20), hemodynamically stable PE (HSPE) (n = 33), and no PE (n = 32). For each patient, obstruction scores, including short-axis diameters of the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle (LV), main pulmonary artery, and superior vena cava (SVC), were measured. The RV/LV short-axis ratios were calculated. The shapes of the interventricular septum and the reflux of the contrast medium into the inferior vena cava (IVC) were evaluated. The mortality due to PE within a 1-month follow-up period was recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median CTPA obstruction score (HUPE 64%, HSPE 28%, P < 0.001), median RV/LV short-axis ratio (HUPE 1.4, HSPE 1.0, P < 0.01), median RV diameter (HUPE 55 mm, HSPE 42 mm, P < 0.001), median SVC diameter (HUPE 23 mm, HSPE 19 mm, P < 0.01), interventricular septum convex toward the LV (HUPE 70%, HSPE 18%, P < 0.001), and reflux of the contrast medium into the IVC (HUPE 65%, HSPE 33%, p < 0.05) were significantly different between the HUPE and HSPE groups. With ROC analysis, the CTPA obstruction score and RV/LV short-axis ratio threshold values for the HUPE patients were calculated to be 48% (95% sensitivity, 76% specificity) and 1.1 (85% sensitivity, 76% specificity), respectively. Three patients in the HUPE group died within the first 24 hours. Logistic regression methods revealed only the RV diameter as a significant predictor of death (odds ratio 1.24; 95% CI 1.04-1.48; P = 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that the parameters useful for distinguishing HUPE and HSPE included CTPA obstruction score, RV and SVC diameters, RV/LV short-axis ratio, interventricular septum shape, and reflux into the IVC. RV dilatation may be a significant predictor for mortality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey. msnural@omu.edu.tr
authors.forename: M S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Nural
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Elmali
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Findik
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Yapici
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Uzun
authors.forename: A T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Sunter
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Erkan
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography / Q000379:methods; D003287:Contrast Media; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007472:Iohexol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011651:Pulmonary Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D012372:ROC Curve; D011856:Radiographic Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D007472:Iohexol; C038192:iopromide