title: African-American and low-socioeconomic status patients have a worse prognosis for invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma: do screening criteria need to change?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Determine the effect of race, socioeconomic status (SES) and other demographic variables on outcomes of patients with invasive ductal and lobular breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Florida cancer registry and inpatient hospital data were queried for patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from 1998 to 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 63,472 patients with breast cancer were identified. Overall, 90.5% of patients were Caucasian, 7.6% African American, and 8.7% Hispanic. African-American patients presented at a younger age and with more-advanced disease, 10.5% presented with breast cancer before the age of 40 years, and 22.4% before 45 years of age. African-American patients were less likely to undergo operations. Similarly, low-SES patients were less likely to have operations and presented more often with larger tumors. Stepwise multivariate analysis revealed a substantial drop in the hazard ratio for African-American patients once correction for stage of presentation was made, suggesting that disparities in breast cancer outcomes are, in part, a result of advanced stage at presentation. Race and low SES were independent predictors of worse prognosis when controlling for patient comorbidities and treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dramatic disparities by patient race and SES exist in breast cancer. Our study integrates previous smaller studies, providing comprehensive insight into African-American patients and their outcomes for breast cancer. Earlier screening programs and greater access to cancer care for the poor and African Americans are needed. Successful institution of such programs will not completely erase disparities in outcomes for breast cancer in African-American patients.
authors.affiliation: DeWitt Daughtry Family Department of Surgery, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
authors.forename: Relin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Michael C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Cheung
authors.forename: Dido
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hurley
authors.forename: Youjie
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Alan S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Livingstone
authors.forename: Leonidas G
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Koniaris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018270:Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D018275:Carcinoma, Lobular / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000517:prevention & control; D005260:Female; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012923:Social Class; D016019:Survival Analysis; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult