title: Successful treatment of primary renal lymphoma using image guided helical tomotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a clinical pilot case of renal lymphoma successfully treated using helical tomotherapy, and to evaluate alternative hypofractionated treatment schedules and their potential applicability to future cases of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  An 82-year-old female patient with a large right perinephric mass encircling the lower pole of the right kidney was treated on the Hi-ART unit (TomoTherapy Inc. Madison, WI, USA) with daily pretreatment megavoltage CT imaging. Gross tumor volumes (GTVs) were outlined on every MVCT study. The Planned Adaptive software was used for calculation of dosimetric parameters for both the target and organs at risk (OARs). In response to observed GTV regression, a hypothetical anatomy changes adjusted plan was generated and analyzed. Six alternative treatment schedules were investigated: 48 Gy in 4 and 3 fractions, and 60 Gy in 30, 5, 4 and 3 fractions, as possible clinical scenarios for RCC. Normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) and tumor control probability (TCP) values were estimated for each scenario in the study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During 30 days, the GTV was reduced by 50.6%. The smaller GTV and the reduced planning target volume (PTV) margins from 15 mm to 10 mm after 12 fractions would allow for a decrease of the planned mean liver and spinal cord dose by 3.8 Gy and 4 Gy, respectively. Improvements to portions of the colon include a 3.3 Gy and 9.2 Gy reduction in planned mean dose to the descending and ascending colons, respectively. NTCP and TCP estimates have shown that hypofractionated treatment schedules provide a much higher probability of local control, but the risk of tissue complication rises simultaneously. For this particular case, hypofractionation would not be suitable due to the potential adverse affects brought on to the liver.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caution should be observed in high dose hypofractionated radiotherapy in right sided, whole kidney carcinoma due to increased risk of liver complication. The accelerated treatment may however be justified by the significantly higher TCP rates for left sided kidney cases. Further investigation of small renal tumors is needed to evaluate control rates, vasculopathy, and residual normal function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physics and Engineering, London Regional Cancer Program, London Health Sciences Centre, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Renaud
authors.forename: Slav
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yartsev
authors.forename: A Rashid
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Dar
authors.forename: Jake
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Dyk
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D015641:Radiography, Interventional; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome