title: Dry heat, moist heat and body fat: are heating modalities really effective in people who are overweight?
abstract: Surface heating modalities are commonly used in physical therapy and physical medicine for increasing circulation, especially in deep tissues, to promote healing. However, recent evidence seems to indicate that in people who are overweight, heat transfer is impaired by the subcutaneous fat layer. The present investigation was conducted on 10 subjects aged 22-54 years, whose body mass index averaged 25.8+/-4.6. Subcutaneous fat above the quadriceps muscle varied from 0.51 to 0.86 cm of thickness. Three heating modalities were examined: the application of dry heat with a commercial chemical heat pack, hydrocollator heat packs (providing a type of moist heat), and a whirlpool, where conductive heat loss through water contact would be very high. The temperature of the skin and the temperature in the muscle (25 mm below the skin surface) were assessed by thermocouples. The results of the experiments showed that for heating modalities that are maintained in skin contact for long periods of time, such as dry heat packs (in place for 6 hours), subcutaneous fat did not impair the change in deep muscle temperature. In contrast, when rapid heat modalities were used, such as the hydrocollator and the whirlpool (15 minutes of sustained skin contact), the transfer of heat from the skin to deep muscle was significantly impaired in people with thicker subcutaneous fat layers. We observed that the greater the impairment in heat transfer to muscle from skin covered by body fat, the warmer the skin temperature increase during the modality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Therapy, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA. jpetrofsky@llu.edu
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Petrofsky
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bains
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prowse
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gunda
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Berk
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Raju
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ethiraju
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vanarasa
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Madani
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D006875:Hydrotherapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000502:physiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000502:physiology*; D013008:Somatotypes / Q000502:physiology; D050151:Subcutaneous Fat / Q000502:physiology; D055471:Thermal Diffusion / Q000502:physiology