title: Impairment rating ambiguity in the United States: the Utah Impairment Guides for calculating workers' compensation impairments.
abstract: Since the implementation of workers' compensation, accurately and consistently rating impairment has been a concern for the employee and employer, as well as rating physicians. In an attempt to standardize and classify impairments, the American Medical Association (AMA) publishes the AMA Guides ("Guides"), and recently published its 6th edition of the AMA Guides. Common critiques of the AMA Guides 6th edition are that they are too complex, lacking in evidence-based methods, and rarely yield consistent ratings. Many states mandate use of some edition of the AMA Guides, but few states are adopting the current edition due to the increasing difficulty and frustration with their implementation. A clearer, simpler approach is needed. Some states have begun to develop their own supplemental guides to combat problems in complexity and validity. Likewise studies in Korea show that past methods for rating impairment are outdated and inconsistent, and call for measures to adapt current methods to Korea's specific needs. The Utah Supplemental Guides to the AMA Guides have been effective in increasing consistency in rating impairment. It is estimated that litigation of permanent impairment has fallen below 1% and Utah is now one of the least costly states for obtaining workers' compensation insurance, while maintaining a medical fee schedule above the national average. Utah's guides serve as a model for national or international impairment guides.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic, Central Utah Clinic, Labor Commission of Utah, Utah 84111, USA. acolledge@utah.gov
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Colledge
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Larry D
authors.initials: LD
authors.lastname: Bunkall
authors.forename: Edward B
authors.initials: EB
authors.lastname: Holmes
mesh_terms: D000574:American Medical Association; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D014481:United States; D014589:Utah; D014942:Workers' Compensation