title: Pain assessment by children and adolescents during intraosseous anaesthesia using a computerized system (QuickSleeper).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Intraosseous (IO) anaesthesia has been shown to be effective in children. However, the pain associated with anaesthetic injections, and its acceptance by children, have never been studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the pain associated with the IO injection of 4% articaine with 1 : 200 000 epinephrine using the computerized QuickSleeper' system in a population of children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  IO anaesthesia was performed on patients aged 10.4 +/- 2.6 years of age. The patients assessed their pain on a faces pain scale (FPS) and on a visual analogue scale (VAS). The operators were also asked to assess signs of patient pain/discomfort.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No pain or mild discomfort was reported by, respectively, 81.8% (FPS) and 83.9% (VAS) of the patients. Some 58.9% of children with previous experience of dental anaesthesia reported that computerized IO anaesthesia was more comfortable than traditional infiltration methods. Operators noted signs of discomfort during penetration and injection in 18.3% and 25.3% of the patients, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that the majority of children reported no pain or mild pain when anaesthetic was administered by computerized needle rotation and solution deposition. This technique holds promise for use by trained paediatric dentists.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Dentistry, UFR d'Odontologie de l'Université de Rennes 1 and CHU de Rennes, 35043 Rennes Cedex, France. jean-louis.sixou@univ-rennes1.fr
authors.forename: Jean-Louis
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Sixou
authors.forename: Alexia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marie-Cousin
authors.forename: Adeline
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Huet
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Hingant
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Robert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000539:Alveolar Process; D000766:Anesthesia, Dental / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002355:Carticaine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002648:Child; D019140:Dental Care for Children / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008334:Mandible; D008437:Maxilla; D010146:Pain / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013813:Therapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D004338:Drug Combinations; D002355:Carticaine; D004837:Epinephrine