title: Incorporating voluntary unilateral knee flexion into balance corrections elicited by multi-directional perturbations to stance.
abstract: Positive effects on lateral center of mass (CoM) shifts during balance recovery have been seen with voluntarily unilateral arm raising but not with voluntarily bilateral knee flexion. To determine whether unilateral voluntary knee movements can be effectively incorporated into balance corrections we perturbed the balance of 30 young healthy subjects using multi-directional rotations of the support surface while they simultaneously executed unilateral knee flexion. Combined pitch and roll rotations (7.5 degrees and 60 degrees/s) were presented randomly in six different directions. Subjects were tested in four stance conditions: balance perturbation only (PO); cued flexion of one knee only (KO); combined support surface rotation and cued (at rotation onset) flexion of the uphill knee, contralateral to tilt (CONT), or of the downhill knee, ipsilateral to tilt (IPS). Outcome measures were CoM motion and biomechanical and electromyography (EMG) responses of the legs, arms and trunk. Predicted measures (PO+KO) were compared with combined measures (CONT or IPS). Unilateral knee flexion of the uphill knee (CONT) provided considerable benefit in balance recovery. Subjects rotated their pelvis more to the uphill side than predicted. Downhill knee bending (IPS) also had a positive effect on CoM motion because of a greater than predicted simultaneous lateral shift of the pelvis uphill. KO leg muscle activity showed anticipatory postural activity (APA) with similar profiles to early balance correcting responses. Onsets of muscle responses and knee velocities were earlier for PO, CONT, and IPS compared to KO conditions. EMG response amplitudes for CONT and IPS conditions were generally not different from the PO condition and therefore smaller than predicted. Later stabilizing responses at 400 ms had activation amplitudes generally equal to those predicted from the PO+KO conditions. Our results suggest that because EMG patterns of anticipatory postural activity of voluntary unilateral knee flexion and early balance corrections have similar profiles, the CNS is easily able to incorporate voluntary activation associated with unilateral knee flexion into automatic postural responses. Furthermore, the effect on movement strategies appears to be non-linear. These findings may have important implications for the rehabilitation of balance deficits.
authors.affiliation: Department of ORL, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
authors.forename: U M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Küng
authors.forename: C G C
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Horlings
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Honegger
authors.forename: J H J
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Allum
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D004576:Electromyography; D018466:Gravity Sensing / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007717:Knee / Q000502:physiology*; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D010388:Pelvis / Q000502:physiology; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012399:Rotation; D013997:Time Factors; D014836:Volition / Q000502:physiology*