title: Embodied emotion modulates neural signature of performance monitoring.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent research on the "embodiment of emotion" implies that experiencing an emotion may involve perceptual, somatovisceral, and motor feedback aspects. For example, manipulations of facial expression and posture appear to induce emotional states and influence how affective information is processed. The present study investigates whether performance monitoring, a cognitive process known to be under heavy control of the dopaminergic system, is modulated by induced facial expressions. In particular, we focused on the error-related negativity, an electrophysiological correlate of performance monitoring.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During a choice reaction task, participants held a Chinese chop stick either horizontally between the teeth ("smile" condition) or, in different runs, vertically ("no smile") with the upper lip. In a third control condition, no chop stick was used ("no stick"). It could be shown on a separate sample that the facial feedback procedure is feasible to induce mild changes in positive affect. In the ERP sample, the smile condition, hypothesized to lead to an increase in dopaminergic activity, was associated with a decrease of ERN amplitude relative to "no smile" and "no stick" conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embodying emotions by induced facial expressions leads to a changes in the neural correlates of error detection. We suggest that this is due to the joint influence of the dopaminergic system on positive affect and performance monitoring.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychology, Otto-von Guericke Universität Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Wiswede
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Münte
authors.forename: Ulrike M
authors.initials: UM
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Jascha
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rüsseler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008606:Mental Processes; D008875:Middle Aged; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires