Relationships among sleepiness, sleep time, and psychological functioning in adolescents.
OBJECTIVE
This study examined associations among adolescent sleepiness, sleep duration, variability in sleep duration, and psychological functioning (symptoms of anxiety, depression, externalizing behaviors, and perceived health).


METHODS
This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a community-based cohort study of sleep and health. Participants were 247 adolescents (48.6% female, 54.3% ethnic minority, mean age of 13.7 years). Sleep duration and variability in sleep duration were measured by actigraphy and sleepiness was measured by adolescent questionnaire. Primary outcomes were measured by parent, teacher, and adolescent questionnaires.


RESULTS
Sleepiness was associated with higher scores on measures of anxiety (Adjusted partial r(2) = .28, p < .001), depression (Adjusted partial r(2) = .23, p < .001), and perceived health (indicating more negative outcomes) (Adjusted partial r(2) = .19, p < .01). Significant associations between sleep duration or variability in sleep duration with psychological variables were not found.


CONCLUSIONS
Findings highlight the inter-relationships between sleepiness and psychological functioning and the potential importance of addressing sleepiness in health and psychological evaluations of adolescents.
Moore
Melisa
M
Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, USA. mooremel@email.chop.edu
Kirchner
H Lester
HL
Drotar
Dennis
D
Johnson
Nathan
N
Rosen
Carol
C
Ancoli-Israel
Sonia
S
Redline
Susan
S
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D001294:Attitude to Health; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006970:Disorders of Excessive Somnolence / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D012917:Social Adjustment; D013223:Statistics as Topic