title: BRCA2 heterozygosity delays cytokinesis in primary human fibroblasts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Inherited mutations in the tumour suppressor gene BRCA2 greatly increase the risk of developing breast, ovarian and other types of cancers. So far, most studies have focused on the role of BRCA-pathways in the maintenance of genomic stability. In this study we investigated the potential role of the BRCA2 protein in cytokinesis in unmodified primary human fibroblast carrying a heterozygous mutation in the BRCA2 gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell divisions were monitored with time lapse live-cell imaging. BRCA2 mRNA expression levels in BRCA2+/- and BRCA2+/+ cells were quantified with quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To investigate the localization of the BRCA2 protein during cytokinesis, immunofluorescence staining using antibody directed against BRCA2 was carried out. Immunofluorescence staining was performed directly after live-cell imaging and cells with delayed cytokinesis, of which the co-ordinates were saved, were automatically repositioned and visualized.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We demonstrate that unmodified primary human fibroblasts derived from heterozygous BRCA2 mutation carriers show significantly prolonged cytokinesis. A Subset of the BRCA2+/- cells had delayed cytokinesis (40 min or longer) making the mean cell division time 6 min longer compared with BRCA2+/+ cells, 33 min versus 27 min, respectively. Lower BRCA2 mRNA expression levels were observed in the BRCA2 heterozygous samples compared with the BRCA2 wild type samples. The BRCA2 protein localizes and accumulates to the midbody during cytokinesis, and no difference was detected in distribution and localization of the protein between BRCA2+/- and BRCA2+/+ samples or cells with delayed cytokinesis and normal division time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The delayed cytokinesis phenotype of the BRCA2 heterozygous cells and localization of the BRCA2 protein to the midbody confirms that BRCA2 plays a role in cytokinesis. Our observations indicate that in a subset of cells the presence of only one wild type BRCA2 allele is insufficient for efficient cytokinesis.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland.
authors.forename: Asta Björk
authors.initials: AB
authors.lastname: Jonsdottir
authors.forename: Maaike P G
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Vreeswijk
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Wolterbeek
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Devilee
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Tanke
authors.forename: Jorunn E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Eyfjörd
authors.forename: Karoly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szuhai
mesh_terms: D024682:BRCA2 Protein / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048749:Cytokinesis; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009154:Mutation
chemical_list: D024682:BRCA2 Protein