title: Detecting seronegative-early HIV infections among adult versus student Kenyan blood donors, by using Stimmunology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undetectable HIV infection in blood banks poses a serious threat to public health. Thus, donations from high school students are preferred over adult samples in Kenyan blood banks, due to lower HIV infection prevalence within this population, as detected by conventional serology testing. However, the number of recently infected individuals remains difficult to identify, as HIV-induced immunological window periods can span months. This study focuses on the potential contribution of a novel mode of diagnostic testing in revealing early, seronegative HIV carriers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimmunology, an in vitro lymphocyte stimulation technique, was used to detect early HIV infection among random samples of adult and adolescent blood donors. The Stimmunology protocol unveiled a significant number of early, pre-seroconversion HIV carriers both among adult and teenage Kenyan populations, undetected by typical serological diagnostic kits. Both populations demonstrated a significant increase in HIV-specific antibody formation following activation using the Stimmunology assay. The younger population exhibited a higher proportion of early HIV infection (0.45) than the adult (0.27) population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While blood samples of young donors are preferred over adult donations, these data demonstrate a worrisome ratio of early, seronegative HIV carriers within this population. This simple, cost-effective, and reliable HIV-boosting antibody assay can be used in a resource-poor setting to increase blood supply safety and quality. Incorporation of Stimmunology into basic blood bank testing and into diagnostic protocols can also decrease undesirable disease transmission.
authors.affiliation: The Department of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
authors.forename: Jasper
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mumo
authors.forename: Ami
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vansover
authors.forename: Tamar
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jehuda-Cohen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001782:Blood Donors; D015153:Blotting, Western; D019937:Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000276:immunology; D018023:HIV Seronegativity / Q000276:immunology*; D006679:HIV Seropositivity / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D013334:Students
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies