title: A randomized controlled trial of rivastigmine for chronic sequels of traumatic brain injury-what it showed and taught?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of rivastigmine for chronic sequels of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of 772 outpatients with TBI treated during 1993-2002, all eligible patients were contacted and 102 patients volunteered. They were randomized to receive either rivastigmine (Exelon) or placebo. The study included two periods with titration to the highest tolerated or maximum dose (12 mg rivastigmine daily) and a maintenance period of 8 weeks, separated by a 4-week washout. Computerized neuropsychological testing and standardized clinical interviews were used to assess the outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-nine patients completed the study and 17 withdrew because of adverse effects. In two measures of computerized testing (subtraction test, p = 0.034 and correct answers in the 10-15 minute vigilance test, p = 0.048) rivastigmine was better than placebo. The clinical interviews did not yield significant results. After the study, 45% of patients considered rivastigmine beneficial compared to 20% with placebo.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A weak trend favouring rivastigmine for chronic symptoms of TBI was observed. The clinical significance of the results and the problems in conducting drug trials for chronic TBI symptoms are discussed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, Turku 20520, Finland. olli.tenovuo@tyks.fi
authors.forename: Olli
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Tenovuo
authors.forename: Jouni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Alin
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Helenius
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000150:complications*; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D048448:Phenylcarbamates / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D000068836:Rivastigmine; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D048448:Phenylcarbamates; D000068836:Rivastigmine