title: Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 and genistein together adeptly down regulated survival factors and activated cysteine proteases for apoptosis in human malignant neuroblastoma SK-N-BE2 and SH-SY5Y cells.
abstract: Neuroblastoma is a pediatric extracranial tumor and a major cause of death in children under age 2. Conventional therapy shows inefficacy in most cases and thus development of new therapeutic strategies is urgently needed. We explored the efficacy of combination of the small molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1 (HA) and the isoflavonoid genistein (GST) in human malignant neuroblastoma SK-N-BE2 and SH-SY5Y cells. Combination of 10 microM HA and 250 microM GST was optimal for SK-N-BE2 cells and combination of 5 microM HA and 100 microM GST was optimal for SH-SY5Y cells for induction of apoptosis. Phase-contrast microscopy and Wright staining showed morphological features of apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis and Annexin V-FITC/PI binding assay showed that combination of HA and GST was more effective in inducing apoptosis in both cell lines than either HA or GST alone. Western blotting showed that combination of HA and GST caused upregulation of Bax and down regulation of Bcl-2 resulting in increased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, Smac, and AIF. Down regulation of survival factors such as NF-kappaB, N-Myc, and survivin promoted apoptosis. Activation of caspase-8, calpain, and caspase-3 occurred in course of apoptosis. Increased calpain and caspase-3 activities were confirmed in the degradation of alpha-spectrin to 145 kD spectrin break down product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. Thus, combination of HA and GST could serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for increasing apoptosis in different human malignant neuroblastoma cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA.
authors.forename: Nishant
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mohan
authors.forename: Surajit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Karmakar
authors.forename: Subhasree Roy
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Choudhury
authors.forename: Naren L
authors.initials: NL
authors.lastname: Banik
authors.forename: Swapan K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Ray
mesh_terms: D017304:Annexin A5 / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D001578:Benzopyrans / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D009447:Neuroblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D001578:Benzopyrans; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D009570:Nitriles; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C456800:ethyl 2-amino-6-bromo-4-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate; D019833:Genistein; D003546:Cysteine Endopeptidases