title: Creatine supplementation enhances muscle force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eccentric exercise-induced damage leads to reductions in muscle force, increased soreness, and impaired muscle function. Creatine monohydrate's (Cr) ergogenic potential is well established; however few studies have directly examined the effects of Cr supplementation on recovery after damage. We examined the effects of Cr supplementation on muscle proteins and force recovery after eccentrically-induced muscle damage in healthy individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen untrained male participants (22.1 +/- 2.3 yrs, 173 +/- 7.7 cm, 76.2 +/- 9.3 kg) were randomly separated into 2 supplement groups: i) Cr and carbohydrate (Cr-CHO; n = 7); or ii) carbohydrate (CHO; n = 7). Participants consumed their supplement for a period of 5 days prior to, and 14 days following a resistance exercise session. Participants performed 4 sets of 10 eccentric-only repetitions at 120% of their maximum concentric 1-RM on the leg press, leg extension and leg flexion exercise machine. Plasma creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were assessed as relevant blood markers of muscle damage. Muscle strength was examined by voluntary isokinetic knee extension using a Cybex dynamometer. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA with an alpha of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Cr-supplemented group had significantly greater isokinetic (10% higher) and isometric (21% higher) knee extension strength during recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage. Furthermore, plasma CK activity was significantly lower (by an average of 84%) after 48 hrs (P < 0.01), 72 hrs (P < 0.001), 96 hrs (P < 0.0001), and 7 days (P < 0.001) recovery in the Cr-supplemented group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The major finding of this investigation was a significant improvement in the rate of recovery of knee extensor muscle function after Cr supplementation following injury.
authors.affiliation: Exercise Metabolism Unit, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.|Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Center for Exercise, Nutrition and Preventive Health, Department of Health, Human Performance & Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA.
authors.forename: Matthew B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Cooke
authors.affiliation: Exercise Metabolism Unit, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Emma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rybalka
authors.affiliation: School of Human Life Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania.
authors.forename: Andrew D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.affiliation: Exercise Metabolism Unit, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Cribb
authors.affiliation: Exercise Metabolism Unit, Centre for Ageing, Rehabilitation, Exercise and Sport, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hayes