title: Moderate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dietary intervention studies suggest that a daily fish meal can improve blood pressure (BP); however, such a dietary regimen might be difficult to sustain. The objective of the present study was to investigate whether salmon consumption three times per week improves BP during energy restriction in young adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 8-wk intervention, 324 subjects (20-40 y of age, body mass index 27.5-32.5kg/m(2), from Iceland, Spain, and Ireland) were randomized to one of four energy-restricted diets (-30% relative to estimated requirements): salmon (150g three times per week, resulting in a daily consumption of 2.1g of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids [omega-3 LC-PUFAs]), cod (150g three times per week, 0.3g of omega-3 LC-PUFAs per day), fish oil capsules (1.3g of omega-3 LC-PUFAs per day), or control (sunflower oil capsules, no seafood). Body weight, diastolic BP (DBP), systolic BP (SBP), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in erythrocyte membrane were measured at baseline and endpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Participants showed weight loss (-5.2+/-3.2kg, P<0.001) and decreases in SBP (-4.4+/-8.6 mmHg, P<0.001) and DBP (-4.1+/-7.4 mmHg, P<0.001) after the intervention. The salmon (B=-2.71, P=0.032) and fish oil (B=-2.48, P=0.044) groups had significantly lower endpoint DPB than the cod group, but not significantly different from control. Lower baseline DHA (percentage) in erythrocytes was associated with greater DBP reductions (B=0.576, P=0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Salmon consumption three times per week can decrease DBP similar to fish oil and significantly more than lean fish during an 8-wk energy restriction in young overweight individuals. A lower DHA content in erythrocyte membrane at baseline, which might indentify infrequent fish eaters, is associated with a greater DBP reduction in the course of an 8-wk dietary intervention providing fatty seafood.
authors.affiliation: Unit for Nutrition Research, Landspitali-University Hospital & Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland. alfons@landspitali.is
authors.forename: Alfons
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramel
authors.forename: J Alfredo
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Martinez
authors.forename: Mairead
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kiely
authors.forename: Narcisa M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Bandarra
authors.forename: Inga
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thorsdottir
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects*; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids / Q000097:blood; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects; D005060:Europe; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D048389:Gadus morhua; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000178:diet therapy*; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000178:diet therapy*; D050177:Overweight / Q000178:diet therapy; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000494:pharmacology; D012474:Salmon; D017747:Seafood; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D005395:Fish Oils; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074242:Sunflower Oil; D004281:Docosahexaenoic Acids