title: Midcarpal instability: a diagnostic role for dynamic ultrasound?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe the technique of dynamic ultrasound (US) examination of the triquetral clunk, and to illustrate the range of findings in four patients with midcarpal instability (MCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Four patients were identified (3 men, 1 woman). The case notes, plain radiographs, MRI and dynamic US for each patient were reviewed. Digital video files recording the dynamic US of the triquetral clunks were analysed for the following features of abnormal triquetral mobility: direction and speed of triquetral snap, amount of anteroposterior translocation, and flexion or extension during the snap.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five different triquetral clunks were recorded in 4 patients. In four out of five cases the clunk occurred during ulnar translocation of the wrist, and in one during radial translocation. Anteroposterior translocation was anterior (3.4 - 4.7 mm) in three of the clunks and posterior (1 - 10 mm) in two. The degree of flexion or extension varied between 1 and 16 degrees . The snapping phase of the clunk lasted between 0.17 and 0.25 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dynamic US can be used to confirm the diagnosis of midcarpal instability by identifying a triquetral catch-up clunk. Quantification of carpal mobility with US may lead to further insights into the mechanics of MCI.
authors.affiliation: Radiology, Norfolk - Norwich University Hospital. andoni.toms@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Toms
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Chojnowski
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cahir
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001175:Arthrography; D001314:Auscultation; D005260:Female; D051225:Hamate Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008023:Ligaments, Articular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular / Q000502:physiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D051221:Triquetrum Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014955:Wrist Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging