The legacy of mercury cycling from mining sources in an aquatic ecosystem: from ore to organism.
Clear Lake is the site of an abandoned mercury (Hg) mine (active intermittently from 1873 to 1957), now a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund Site. Mining activities, including bulldozing waste rock and tailings into the lake, resulted in approximately 100 Mg of Hg entering the lake's ecosystem. This series of papers represents the culmination of approximately 15 years of Hg-related studies on this ecosystem, following Hg from the ore body to the highest trophic levels. A series of physical, chemical, biological, and limnological studies elucidate how ongoing Hg loading to the lake is influenced by acid mine drainage and how wind-driven currents and baroclinic circulation patterns redistribute Hg throughout the lake. Methylmercury (MeHg) production in this system is controlled by both sulfate-reducing bacteria as well as newly identified iron-reducing bacteria. Sediment cores (dated with dichlorodiphenyldichlorethane [DDD], 210pb, and 14C) to approximately 250 cm depth (representing up to approximately 3000 years before present) elucidate a record of total Hg (TotHg) loading to the lake from natural sources and mining and demonstrate how MeHg remains stable at depth within the sediment column for decades to millenia. Core data also identify other stresses that have influenced the Clear Lake Basin especially over the past 150 years. Although Clear Lake is one of the most Hg-contaminated lakes in the world, biota do not exhibit MeHg concentrations as high as would be predicted based on the gross level of Hg loading. We compare Clear Lake's TotHg and MeHg concentrations with other sites worldwide and suggest several hypotheses to explain why this discrepancy exists. Based on our data, together with state and federal water and sediment quality criteria, we predict potential resulting environmental and human health effects and provide data that can assist remediation efforts.
Suchanek
Thomas H
TH
Department of Wildlife, Fish and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA. tsuchanek@usgs.gov
Richerson
Peter J
PJ
Zierenberg
R A
RA
Eagles-Smith
Collin A
CA
Slotton
Darell G
DG
Harner
E James
EJ
Osleger
David A
DA
Anderson
Daniel W
DW
Cech
Joseph J
JJ
Schladow
S Geoffrey
SG
Colwell
Arthur E
AE
Mount
Jeffrey F
JF
King
Peggie S
PS
Adam
David P
DP
McElroy
Kenneth J
KJ
D002140:California; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006802:Human Activities; D006801:Humans; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008630:Mercury Poisoning; D008906:Mining / Q000266:history*; D013997:Time Factors; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014919:Wind
D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury