title: Acute hyperglycemia and early hemorrhagic transformation in ischemic stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia has been claimed to be associated with hemorrhagic transformation (HT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke treated with thrombolysis. The aim of this study was to assess whether the admission blood glucose level is related to HT in a prospective study in consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients admitted for ischemic stroke to 4 Italian hospitals were included in this prospective cohort study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 1,125 consecutive patients included in the analysis, 98 (8.7%) had HT: 62 (5.5%) had hemorrhagic infarction (HI) and 36 (3.2%) parenchymal hematoma (PH). A blood glucose level >110 mg/dl was found in 42.4% of the patients, a level between 110 and 149 mg/dl in 25.2%, and a level >150 mg/dl in 17.2%. At 3 months, 7 patients were lost at follow-up, 326 patients (29.2%) were disabled (modified Rankin score > or = 3) and 129 died (11.5%). PH was associated with an increased risk of death or disability (OR 15.29, 95% CI 2.35-99.35). However, this was not the case for HT overall and HI. At logistic regression analysis, PH was predicted by high levels of admission blood glucose (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.01 for 1 added mg/dl). The rate of PH was 2.1% in patients with <110 mg/dl, 3.6% in patients with a level between 110 and 149 mg/dl and 6.4% in patients with a level >150 mg/dl. The curve estimation regression model showed a significant linear increase in the risk of PH related to an increase in blood glucose levels (R(2) = 0.007, p = 0.007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyperglycemia during acute ischemic stroke predisposes to PH, which in turn determines a non-favorable outcome at 3 months. This relationship seems to be linear.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Unit, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy. mpaciaroni@med.unipg.it
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Paciaroni
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agnelli
authors.forename: Valeria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Caso
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Corea
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ageno
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alberti
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lanari
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Micheli
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bertolani
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Venti
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Palmerini
authors.forename: Antonia M R
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Billeci
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Comi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Previdi
authors.forename: Giorgio
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Silvestrelli
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000097:blood / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D007558:Italy; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000401:mortality; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose