title: Patent foramen ovale, cardiac valve thickening, and antiphospholipid antibodies as risk factors for subsequent vascular events: the PICSS-APASS study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We sought to estimate risk of recurrent stroke/TIA/death in the subgroup of the Patent Foramen Ovale in the Cryptogenic Stroke Study (PICSS) cohort with patent foramen ovale (PFO) and antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) and to estimate risk of recurrent stroke/TIA/death in aPL-positive patients who have thickened left-side heart valves (VaT). PFO is associated with cryptogenic ischemic stroke. Also, the presence of aPL is associated with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  Combined data from 2 major substudies of the Warfarin Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Trial (WARSS) were evaluated. PICSS subjects were included if they were enrolled in the Antiphospholipid Antibodies and Stroke Study (APASS) and underwent a baseline aPL test (lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin antibodies, or both) within 1 month of the stroke. All patients in PICSS underwent transesophageal echocardiography for PFO as well as VaT, which was performed blinded to aPL status and treatment arm (325 mg/day aspirin or adjusted dose warfarin; target international normalized ratio, 1.4-2.8). The primary outcome event was the 2-year risk of recurrent stroke/TIA/death and was evaluated using Cox proportional hazards model. Because there was no treatment effect, warfarin and aspirin groups were combined to increase power. For the combined end point, power to detect HR of 2 was 47.8% for the PFO and aPL-positive group, and 75.3% for the valve thickening and aPL-positive group, assuming 2-sided type I error of 0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five hundred twenty-five subjects were tested for the combined presence of PFO and aPL and were available for evaluation. The primary outcome event rate was 23.9% (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 0.75-2.59) in the PFO-positive/aPL-positive group, compared to 13.9% (HR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.44-1.56) in the PFO-positive/aPL-negative group, and 19.9% (HR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.68-1.90) in the PFO-negative/aPL-positive group. Five hundred forty-five subjects tested for combined presence of aPL and left-side cardiac VaT were available for evaluation. The primary event rate was 22.6% (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 0.88-3.09) in the VaT-positive/aPL-positive group, compared to 19.4% (HR, 1.50; 95% CI, 0.82-2.75) in the VaT-positive/aPL-negative group, and 20.2% (HR, 1.63; 95% CI, 0.81-3.25) in the VaT-negative/aPL-positive group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combined presence of aPL either with a PFO or with left-side cardiac VaT did not significantly increase risk of subsequent cerebrovascular events in this PICCS/APASS cohort of patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA. krajaman@med.wayne.edu
authors.forename: Kumar
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rajamani
authors.forename: Seemant
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chaturvedi
authors.forename: Zhezhen
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Jin
authors.forename: Shunichi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Homma
authors.forename: Robin L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Brey
authors.forename: Barbara C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Tilley
authors.forename: Ralph L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Sacco
authors.forename: J L P
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mohr
authors.forename: Steven R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Levine
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000097:blood; D016736:Antiphospholipid Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D054092:Foramen Ovale, Patent / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000150:complications* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid