title: Shame and guilt in preschool depression: evidence for elevations in self-conscious emotions in depression as early as age 3.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Empirical findings from two divergent bodies of literature illustrate that depression can arise in the preschool period and that the complex self-conscious emotions of guilt and shame may develop normatively as early as age 3. Despite these related findings, few studies have examined whether the emotions of shame and guilt are salient in early childhood depression. This is important to further understand the emotional characteristics of preschool depression. Based on the hypothesis that preschool depression would be uniquely associated with higher levels of shame and maladaptive guilt, these emotions were investigated in a sample that included depressed, anxious, and disruptive disordered preschoolers as well as healthy peers using multiple methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Structured psychiatric diagnoses were derived in a sample of N = 305 preschoolers ascertained from community sites. Preschoolers' tendency to experience shame and guilt were explored using a story stem completion task coded by raters blind to symptoms and diagnosis of the subjects. Guilt experience and reparation behaviors were also measured using parent report.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on preschooler's emotion themes during the narrative tasks, gender, age, and depression severity predicted unique and significant portions of the variance in preschoolers' expressions of shame. Parent report measures revealed that increasing depression severity was associated with children's more frequent experiences of guilt feelings and less frequent attempts at guilt reparation (maladaptive guilt).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Findings demonstrated that high levels of shame and maladaptive guilt were related to preschool onset depression when using observational measures of children's internal representations of their self-conscious emotions as well as parent report. These findings demonstrate continuity of these core emotions of depression as early as age 3. These findings suggest that guilt and shame should be explored in clinical assessments of young children and may be an important focus for future studies of the developmental psychopathology of depression.
authors.affiliation: Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. lubyj@psychiatry.wustl.edu
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Luby
authors.forename: Andy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Belden
authors.forename: Jill
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sullivan
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hayen
authors.forename: Amber
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: McCadney
authors.forename: Ed
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Spitznagel
mesh_terms: D001007:Anxiety / Q000523:psychology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006167:Guilt; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010290:Parents; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors; D012752:Shame