title: MR imaging-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of peripheral venous malformations with a clinical 1.5-T unit: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy of venous malformations (VMs) by using a clinical 1.5-T MR unit and the safety and therapeutic outcome of the performed procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective pilot study with ethical approval and written informed patient consent. Ten MR imaging-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy treatments were performed in 10 patients (one male and nine female patients; age range, 16-47 years; mean age, 30.3 years) with a VM in the foot and/or ankle (n = 5), calf (n = 2), thigh and/or knee (n = 2), and elbow (n = 1). MR imaging was used for needle insertion guidance and real-time monitoring of the injection process by using three-dimensional fast spoiled gradient-echo MR sequences (repetition time msec/echo time msec = 3.7-5.2/1.1-1.6, flip angle = 35 degrees) and meglumine gadoterate/ethanol solutions as the sclerosing agent. The technical success (ie, absence of technical problems, number of needle position corrections) was systematically evaluated along with safety aspects (ie, absence of complications) and the therapeutic outcome (eg, VM volume decrease, relief of symptoms) during a 1-year follow-up period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MR imaging-guided sclerotherapy was technically successful in all patients. A mean of 2.5 +/- 1.85 (range, 1-6) needle position corrections were needed for correct needle placement. The distribution of the sclerosing agent (mean amount, 10.5 mL; range, 0.8-33.0 mL) was clearly visible with real-time MR monitoring. One patient developed a compartment syndrome, which was managed with surgery. No other complications were observed. VM volumes significantly decreased by 53% (range, 24%-86%; P = .02) 12 weeks after therapy. Nine of the 10 patients (90%) noted an improvement of symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this limited preliminary series, 1.5-T MR imaging-guided percutaneous sclerotherapy for the treatment of VMs was feasible with a high degree of technical success, was relatively safe, and had a good therapeutic outcome after 1 year.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Zuerich, Raemistrasse 100, CH- 8091 Zürich, Switzerland. gustav@andreisek.de
authors.forename: Gustav
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Andreisek
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Nanz
authors.forename: Dominik
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weishaupt
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pfammatter
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D012597:Sclerosing Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D015911:Sclerotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D054079:Vascular Malformations / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D014680:Veins / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D012597:Sclerosing Solutions