title: Defining global neuroendocrine gene expression patterns associated with reproductive seasonality in fish.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Many vertebrates, including the goldfish, exhibit seasonal reproductive rhythms, which are a result of interactions between external environmental stimuli and internal endocrine systems in the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. While it is long believed that differential expression of neuroendocrine genes contributes to establishing seasonal reproductive rhythms, no systems-level investigation has yet been conducted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the present study, by analyzing multiple female goldfish brain microarray datasets, we have characterized global gene expression patterns for a seasonal cycle. A core set of genes (873 genes) in the hypothalamus were identified to be differentially expressed between May, August and December, which correspond to physiologically distinct stages that are sexually mature (prespawning), sexual regression, and early gonadal redevelopment, respectively. Expression changes of these genes are also shared by another brain region, the telencephalon, as revealed by multivariate analysis. More importantly, by examining one dataset obtained from fish in October who were kept under long-daylength photoperiod (16 h) typical of the springtime breeding season (May), we observed that the expression of identified genes appears regulated by photoperiod, a major factor controlling vertebrate reproductive cyclicity. Gene ontology analysis revealed that hormone genes and genes functionally involved in G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway and transmission of nerve impulses are significantly enriched in an expression pattern, whose transition is located between prespawning and sexually regressed stages. The existence of seasonal expression patterns was verified for several genes including isotocin, ependymin II, GABA(A) gamma2 receptor, calmodulin, and aromatase b by independent samplings of goldfish brains from six seasonal time points and real-time PCR assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Using both theoretical and experimental strategies, we report for the first time global gene expression patterns throughout a breeding season which may account for dynamic neuroendocrine regulation of seasonal reproductive development.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Dapeng
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Huiling
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Xiong
authors.forename: Jan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Mennigen
authors.forename: Jason T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Popesku
authors.forename: Vicki L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Marlatt
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Martyniuk
authors.forename: Kate
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Crump
authors.forename: Andrew R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Cossins
authors.forename: Xuhua
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: Vance L
authors.initials: VL
authors.lastname: Trudeau
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006054:Goldfish / Q000502:physiology*; D006066:Gonads / Q000378:metabolism; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009490:Neurosecretory Systems / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010902:Pituitary Gland / Q000378:metabolism; D012098:Reproduction / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012621:Seasons