title: Adverse effects of nicotine and immunosuppression on proximal tubular epithelial cell viability, tissue repair and oxidative stress gene expression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Renal dysfunction in non-renal transplantation is a major arbiter of poor late allograft outcomes. Tobacco recidivism is an important modifiable risk marker for cardiac allograft loss, but its effects on renal dysfunction remain poorly studied.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a 96-well plate, 10(-5) proximal tubular epithelial (PTE) cells (HK-2, American Type Culture Collection) were cultured overnight and treated with sirolimus (SRL; 100 nmol/liter), nicotine (N; 10(-7) mol/liter) and mycophenolate mofetil (MMF; 10 micromol/liter), alone or in combination for 24 hours. Cell viability was quantified by treatment with tetrazolium salt WST-1 and calculated as the difference in percent inhibition with respect to the optical densitometry (OD) of treated and untreated cells. Gene and protein expression was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  OD decreased with SRL (-52.7 +/- 2.85%), N (-47.3 +/- 3.84%) and MMF (-53.3 +/- 2.4%) in isolation. Further reduction in OD occurred when N was combined with SRL (-63 +/- 2.3%, p < 0.04), MMF (-64.3 +/- 1.45%, p < 0.02) or the combination of SRL and MMF (-78.2%, p < 0.007). Compared with control, treatment of PTE cells with N increased mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta; 10-fold), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF; 25-fold), osteopontin (OPN; 10-fold) and NADPH oxidase components (p22(phox), NOX-1 and Rac-1 at 18-, 16- and 12-fold, respectively). The pre-treatment of cells with inhibitor of superoxide generator diphenylene iodonium (DPI) reversed these effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nicotine adversely amplified the effects of SRL and MMF on tissue repair and oxidative stress markers, subsequently modulating PTE viability. However, caution is advised in extrapolating these in vitro findings to the human model.
authors.affiliation: Tobacco Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
authors.forename: Ashwani K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Khanna
authors.forename: Jianping
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Baquet
authors.forename: Mandeep R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Mehra
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D004347:Drug Interactions; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007687:Kidney Tubules, Proximal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D019255:NADPH Oxidases / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology; D053495:Osteopontin / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects*; D012083:Renin / Q000378:metabolism; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000378:metabolism; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C526317:CCN2 protein, human; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053495:Osteopontin; D055513:Connective Tissue Growth Factor; D013879:Thioredoxins; D009538:Nicotine; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000074624:NADPH Oxidase 1; D019255:NADPH Oxidases; C402799:NOX1 protein, human; C086986:CYBA protein, human; D012083:Renin; D009173:Mycophenolic Acid; D020123:Sirolimus