title: TiF(4) and NaF at pH 1.2 but not at pH 3.5 are able to reduce dentin erosion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study aimed to analyse and compare the protective effect of buffered (pH 3.5) and native (pH 1.2) TiF(4) in comparison to NaF solutions of same pH on dentin erosion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bovine samples were pretreated with 1.50% TiF(4) or 2.02% NaF (both 0.48M F) solutions, each with a pH of 1.2 and 3.5. The control group received no fluoride pretreatment. Ten samples in each group were eroded with HCl (pH 2.6) for 10x60s. Erosion was analysed by determination of calcium release into the acid. Additionally, the surface and the elemental surface composition were examined by scanning electron microscopy (two samples in each group) and X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy in fluoridated but not eroded samples (six samples in each group). Cumulative calcium release (nmol/mm(2)) was statistically analysed by repeated measures ANOVA and one-way ANOVA at t=10min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  TiF(4) and NaF at pH 1.2 decreased calcium release significantly, while TiF(4) and NaF at pH 3.5 were not effective. Samples treated with TiF(4) at pH 1.2 showed a significant increase of Ti, while NaF pretreatment increased F concentration significantly. TiF(4) at pH 1.2 led to the formation of globular precipitates occluding dentinal tubules, which could not be observed on samples treated with TiF(4) at pH 3.5. NaF at pH 1.2 but not at pH 3.5 induced the formation of surface precipitates covering dentinal tubules.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentin erosion can be significantly reduced by TiF(4) and NaF at pH 1.2, but not at pH 3.5.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University of Zürich, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032 Zürich, Switzerland. annette.wiegand@zzmk.uzh.ch
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wiegand
authors.forename: Ana Carolina
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Magalhães
authors.forename: Beatrice
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Sener
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Waldheim
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Attin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002326:Cariogenic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002417:Cattle; D011232:Chemical Precipitation; D003804:Dentin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D005459:Fluorides / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008422:Materials Testing; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D016369:Smear Layer; D012969:Sodium Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014025:Titanium / Q000032:analysis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D014077:Tooth Erosion / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D002326:Cariogenic Agents; D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D012969:Sodium Fluoride; D014025:Titanium; D005459:Fluorides; D006851:Hydrochloric Acid; D002118:Calcium; C032240:titanium tetrafluoride