title: Human brain glycogen metabolism during and after hypoglycemia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We tested the hypotheses that human brain glycogen is mobilized during hypoglycemia and its content increases above normal levels ("supercompensates") after hypoglycemia.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized in vivo (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in conjunction with intravenous infusions of [(13)C]glucose in healthy volunteers to measure brain glycogen metabolism during and after euglycemic and hypoglycemic clamps.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After an overnight intravenous infusion of 99% enriched [1-(13)C]glucose to prelabel glycogen, the rate of label wash-out from [1-(13)C]glycogen was higher (0.12 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.03 +/- 0.06 micromol x g(-1) x h(-1), means +/- SD, P < 0.02, n = 5) during a 2-h hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp (glucose concentration 57.2 +/- 9.7 mg/dl) than during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (95.3 +/- 3.3 mg/dl), indicating mobilization of glucose units from glycogen during moderate hypoglycemia. Five additional healthy volunteers received intravenous 25-50% enriched [1-(13)C]glucose over 22-54 h after undergoing hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (glucose concentration 92.4 +/- 2.3 mg/dl) and hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic (52.9 +/- 4.8 mg/dl) clamps separated by at least 1 month. Levels of newly synthesized glycogen measured from 4 to 80 h were higher after hypoglycemia than after euglycemia (P <or= 0.01 for each subject), indicating increased brain glycogen synthesis after moderate hypoglycemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data indicate that brain glycogen supports energy metabolism when glucose supply from the blood is inadequate and that its levels rebound to levels higher than normal after a single episode of moderate hypoglycemia in humans.
authors.affiliation: Center for MR Research, Department of Radiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. gulin@cmrr.umn.edu
authors.forename: Gülin
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Oz
authors.forename: Anjali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumar
authors.forename: Jyothi P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Rao
authors.forename: Christopher T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Kodl
authors.forename: Lisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Lynn E
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Eberly
authors.forename: Elizabeth R
authors.initials: ER
authors.lastname: Seaquist
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000502:physiology; D000328:Adult; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005947:Glucose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015309:Glucose Clamp Technique; D006003:Glycogen / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D006946:Hyperinsulinism / Q000378:metabolism; D007003:Hypoglycemia / Q000378:metabolism*; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D006003:Glycogen; D005947:Glucose