title: Principles of antibacterial dosing in continuous renal replacement therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To outline the concepts involved in optimizing antibacterial dosing in critically ill patients with acute renal failure undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), provide a strategy for optimizing dosing, and summarize the data required to implement the strategy.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE search from February 1986 to 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optimal dosing of antibacterials is dependent on achieving pharmacokinetic targets associated with maximal killing of bacteria and improved outcomes. The initial dose is dependent on the volume of distribution. Maintenance doses are dependent on clearance. Both should be adjusted according to the pharmacokinetic target associated with optimal bacterial killing, when known. The volume of distribution of some antibacterials is altered by critical illness or acute renal failure or both. Clearance by CRRT is dependent on the dose and mode of CRRT and the sieving or saturation coefficient of the drug. Both sieving and saturation coefficient are related to the plasma protein binding and thus may be altered in renal failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Appropriate dose calculation requires knowledge of the pharmacokinetic target and the usual minimum inhibitory concentration of the suspected organism in the patient's locality (or if unavailable, the break point for the organism), published pharmacokinetic data (volume of distribution, non-CRRT clearance) on critically ill patients receiving CRRT (which may differ substantially from noncritically ill patients or those without renal failure), the sieving or saturation coefficient of the relevant drug in critically ill patients, the dose and mode of CRRT being used, and the actual dose of CRRT that is delivered. This large number of variables results in considerable inter- and intrapatient heterogeneity in dose requirements. This article provides basic principles and relevant data to guide the clinician in prescribing individualized dosing regimes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Charles D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Gomersall
authors.forename: Qi
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.forename: Gavin M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Joynt
authors.forename: Ross
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freebairn
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lipman
mesh_terms: D058186:Acute Kidney Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000628:therapy*; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006440:Hemofiltration; D006801:Humans; D006435:Renal Dialysis
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents