title: Reducing the threat value of chronic pain: A preliminary replicated single-case study of interoceptive exposure versus distraction in six individuals with chronic back pain.
abstract: This paper describes a preliminary experimental evaluation of a technique intended to help people suffering from chronic back pain and low pain acceptance to alter the aversiveness or threat value of their persisting pain. Using a multiple baseline cross-over design six individuals with chronic back pain were taught to use a form of interoceptive exposure as well as a relaxation/distraction breathing-based technique in the presence of their pain. Half the participants used one method for three weeks, and then crossed over to the other method for a further three weeks. The other half did the reverse. Assessments were conducted at pre/post treatment and at a three month follow-up. Daily monitoring of pain-related distress was also completed. The results indicated moderately high improvements in pain acceptance across most participants and corresponding declines in pain-related distress. No clear differences occurred between conditions, but the changes on disability and catastrophising scales for most cases were consistent with those reported after more substantial interventions. The study raises some important clinical and methodological issues that could inform future research in this area.
authors.affiliation: Center for Health and Medical Psychology (CHAMP), School of Law, Psychology and Social work, Orebro University, 701 82 Orebro, Sweden. ida.flink@oru.se
authors.forename: Ida K
authors.initials: IK
authors.lastname: Flink
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Nicholas
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Boersma
authors.forename: Steven J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Linton
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001416:Back Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D059350:Chronic Pain / Q000628:therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007171:Implosive Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012064:Relaxation Therapy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057566:Self Report; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000628:therapy*