title: A study on chikungunya outbreak during 2007 in Kerala, south India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The first chikungunya outbreak occurred in Kerala during 2006 affecting 14 districts, followed by another during May 2007 affecting almost whole of the State. Four of the worst affected districts viz, Pathanamthitta, Idukki, Kottayam and Thrissur were surveyed during 2007 to understand the magnitude of the problem of chikungunya fever, particularly clinical signs and symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1265 persons from 310 houses were surveyed door-to-door in 20 different localities representing four affected districts. The history and examination findings from 354 clinically diagnosed chikungunya cases were recorded. The symptoms recorded were fever, headache, myalgia, arthralgia, itch/rash, oedema, eye congestion, eye pain, oral ulcers, distaste, nausea, vomiting and haemorrhage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The major symptoms were fever (100%), headache (97.5%), arthralgia (99.4%) and myalgia (99.4%). A significant difference was observed in oedema, distaste, nausea and headache among different age groups and these symptoms were reported to be lower (12.2-89.8%) in younger age group than in older age group (90.4-100%). No genderwise difference was observed for any of the symptoms. In clinically diagnosed chikungunya cases higher age group (>35 years) found with higher rate of severity with symptoms of oedema, distaste, nausea and headache when compared with lower age group (1-35 yr).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chikungunya invaded Kerala State for the first time in 2006 and continues to be a major vector borne disease in the State. The clinical symptoms in affected cases highlighted high fever, sever myalgia and prolonged arthralgia, with occasional history of skin itch/rash (petechiae).
authors.affiliation: Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (ICMR), Madurai, India.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kannan
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rajendran
authors.forename: I P
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: Sunish
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Balasubramaniam
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Arunachalam
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paramsivan
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Tewari
authors.forename: P Philip
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Samuel
authors.forename: B K
authors.initials: BK
authors.lastname: Tyagi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D018354:Alphavirus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D000818:Animals; D002646:Chikungunya virus; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D009033:Culicidae / Q000821:virology*; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D055815:Young Adult