title: Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression reveals specific signaling pathways associated with platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cisplatin and carboplatin are the primary first-line therapies for the treatment of ovarian cancer. However, resistance to these platinum-based drugs occurs in the large majority of initially responsive tumors, resulting in fully chemoresistant, fatal disease. Although the precise mechanism(s) underlying the development of platinum resistance in late-stage ovarian cancer patients currently remains unknown, CpG-island (CGI) methylation, a phenomenon strongly associated with aberrant gene silencing and ovarian tumorigenesis, may contribute to this devastating condition.
  
  
  METHODS
  To model the onset of drug resistance, and investigate DNA methylation and gene expression alterations associated with platinum resistance, we treated clonally derived, drug-sensitive A2780 epithelial ovarian cancer cells with increasing concentrations of cisplatin. After several cycles of drug selection, the isogenic drug-sensitive and -resistant pairs were subjected to global CGI methylation and mRNA expression microarray analyses. To identify chemoresistance-associated, biological pathways likely impacted by DNA methylation, promoter CGI methylation and mRNA expression profiles were integrated and subjected to pathway enrichment analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Promoter CGI methylation revealed a positive association (Spearman correlation of 0.99) between the total number of hypermethylated CGIs and GI50 values (i.e., increased drug resistance) following successive cisplatin treatment cycles. In accord with that result, chemoresistance was reversible by DNA methylation inhibitors. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed hypermethylation-mediated repression of cell adhesion and tight junction pathways and hypomethylation-mediated activation of the cell growth-promoting pathways PI3K/Akt, TGF-beta, and cell cycle progression, which may contribute to the onset of chemoresistance in ovarian cancer cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Selective epigenetic disruption of distinct biological pathways was observed during development of platinum resistance in ovarian cancer. Integrated analysis of DNA methylation and gene expression may allow for the identification of new therapeutic targets and/or biomarkers prognostic of disease response. Finally, our results suggest that epigenetic therapies may facilitate the prevention or reversal of transcriptional repression responsible for chemoresistance and the restoration of sensitivity to platinum-based chemotherapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Medical Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA. menli@indiana.edu
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Curt
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Balch
authors.forename: John S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Montgomery
authors.forename: Mikyoung
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Jeong
authors.forename: Jae Hoon
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Pearlly
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Yan
authors.forename: Tim H M
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Sun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kenneth P
authors.initials: KP
authors.lastname: Nephew