title: Sex differences and representative values for 6 lower extremity alignment measures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A discrepancy in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury rates exists between men and women. Structural differences between the sexes often are implicated as a factor in this discrepancy. Researchers anecdotally assume that men and women tend to display different normative values for certain lower extremity alignments, but published information about these values is limited.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of sex on 6 measures of lower extremity alignment and to report representative values of these measures from a sample of active adults and elite athletes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive cohort design.
  
  
  METHODS
  University research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 118 healthy adults (57 men: age = 21.1 +/- 3.0 years, height = 179.1 +/- 7.3 cm, mass = 79.8 +/- 13.0 kg; 61 women: age = 20.0 +/- 1.6 years, height = 167.7 +/- 6.7 cm, mass = 62.7 +/- 5.5 kg) volunteered.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six common measures of lower extremity posture (navicular drop, tibial varum, quadriceps angle, genu recurvatum, anterior pelvic tilt, femoral anteversion) were collected using established methods. One measurement was taken for each participant for each lower extremity alignment. We measured the right lower extremity only.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with men, women demonstrated larger quadriceps angles, more genu recurvatum, greater anterior pelvic tilt, and more femoral anteversion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We observed differences between men and women for 4 of the 6 lower extremity alignments that we measured. Future researchers should focus on identifying how sex and skeletal alignment affect biomechanical performance of functional tasks and what these differences specifically mean regarding the discrepancy in anterior cruciate ligament injury rates between the sexes.
authors.affiliation: University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. jennifer.medina@uky.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Medina McKeon
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hertel