title: Role of the hypoglossal nerve in equine nasopharyngeal stability.
abstract: The equine upper airway is highly adapted to provide the extremely high oxygen demand associated with strenuous aerobic exercise in this species. The tongue musculature, innervated by the hypoglossal nerve, plays an important role in airway stability in humans who also have a highly adapted upper airway to allow speech. The role of the hypoglossal nerve in stabilizing the equine upper airway has not been established. Isolated tongues from eight mature horses were dissected to determine the distal anatomy and branching of the equine hypoglossal nerve. Using this information, a peripheral nerve location technique was used to perform bilateral block of the common trunk of the hypoglossal nerve in 10 horses. Each horse was subjected to two trials with bilateral hypoglossal nerve block and two control trials (unblocked). Upper airway stability at exercise was determined using videoendoscopy and measurement of tracheal and pharyngeal pressure. Three main nerve branches were identified, medial and lateral branches and a discrete branch that innervated the geniohyoid muscle alone. Bilateral hypoglossal block induced nasopharyngeal instability in 10/19 trials, and none of the control trials (0/18) resulted in instability (P<0.001). Mean treadmill speed (+/-SD) at the onset of instability was 10.8+/-2.5 m/s. Following its onset, nasopharyngeal instability persisted until the end of the treadmill test. This instability, induced by hypoglossal nerve block, produced an expiratory obstruction similar to that seen in a naturally occurring equine disease (dorsal displacement of the soft palate, DDSP) with reduced inspiratory and expiratory pharyngeal pressure and increased expiratory tracheal pressure. These data suggest that stability of the equine upper airway at exercise may be mediated through the hypoglossal nerve. Naturally occurring DDSP in the horse shares a number of anatomic similarities with obstructive sleep apnea. Study of species with extreme respiratory adaptation, such as the horse, may provide insight into respiratory functioning in humans.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA. jc485@cornell.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cheetham
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Pigott
authors.forename: John W
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Hermanson
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Campoy
authors.forename: Leo V
authors.initials: LV
authors.lastname: Soderholm
authors.forename: Lisa M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Thorson
authors.forename: Norm G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Ducharme
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D006736:Horses; D007002:Hypoglossal Nerve / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000502:physiology*; D007828:Laryngoscopy; D007830:Larynx / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000294:innervation*; D009407:Nerve Block; D010609:Pharyngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation*; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011312:Pressure; D012119:Respiration; D014059:Tongue / Q000294:innervation*; D014132:Trachea / Q000502:physiology; D014741:Video Recording