title: High-resolution ultrasound confirms reduced synovial hyperplasia following rituximab treatment in rheumatoid arthritis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the response of RA patients to rituximab (RTX) treatment using a sensitive imaging technique for synovitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three RA patients were treated with two 1000-mg infusions of the B-cell depleting antibody, RTX, in an observational protocol. Clinical response was assessed by the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria. High-resolution grey-scale and colour-coded power Doppler (PD) ultrasonography was performed at baseline and 6 months after RTX. The second to fifth MCP and PIP joints were bilaterally examined with joints in a neutral 0 position from a palmar view and scored from 0 to 3.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Median disease activity score (DAS28) improved from 5.03 to 3.56 (P = 0.001), which corresponded to a EULAR moderate response in 11 of 23 patients and a EULAR good response in another 6 patients. Improved control of disease activity by RTX was also indicated by tapering of median daily corticosteroid doses from 10 to 5 mg, without flare ups. Mean grey-scale scores correlated with the swollen joint count at baseline (r = 0.484, P = 0.022) and month 6 (r = 0.519, P = 0.011). Mean grey-scale scores improved upon RTX from a 0.90 median (range 0.13-1.87) to 0.75 (range 0.19-1.50, P = 0.023). Frequency of PD positive joints was low (6.1%) at baseline and did not significantly change following RTX treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High-resolution grey-scale ultrasonography (US) examination confirmed reduced synovial hyperplasia, but the applied PD method displayed no significant changes. Therefore, only grey-scale US is recommended in follow-up examinations after RTX treatment.
authors.affiliation: Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Clinics for Rheumatology, Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Bern, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Hans-Rudolf
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Ziswiler
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aeberli
authors.forename: Peter M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Villiger
authors.forename: Burkhard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Möller
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005384:Finger Joint / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006965:Hyperplasia; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000069283:Rituximab; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013583:Synovial Membrane / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D058846:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D000069283:Rituximab