title: Massive transfusion--evaluation of current clinical practice and outcome in two large teaching hospital trusts in Northern England.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Although numerous guidelines exist for the management of massive blood loss, there have been few data confirming whether these guidelines are observed in practice or whether compliance results in improved outcome. We have performed a retrospective audit of cases of massive transfusion in two major teaching hospital trusts in Northern England to investigate the use of blood components and patient outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  The massive transfusion population was electronically derived from a list of all blood component transfusions in 2006. Data from the intensive care and patient administration databases established hospital outcome. Factors independently predictive of survival were identified by logistic regression. Data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges. Odds ratios (OR) are given with 95% confidence intervals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two hundred and four patients had a massive transfusion. Although only 1.3% of all transfused patients, the massive transfusion group used 10% of the total blood products. Their mortality rate was 34%. Factors independently predictive of survival were: a ratio of fresh frozen plasma: red blood cells > 1.1, OR 7.22 (1.95-26.68), and elective surgery, OR 4.56 (1.88-11.05). Factors independently predictive of death were: age (per year), OR 0.97 (0.95-0.99), liver disease, OR 0.25 (0.09-0.70), male gender, OR 0.41 (0.19-0.89), vascular surgery, OR 0.34 (0.12-0.96) and number of adult packs of platelets transfused, OR 0.69 (0.57-0.83).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Massive transfusion occurs rarely but has a high mortality and requires a disproportionate amount of blood products. An increased ratio of fresh frozen plasma to red blood cells was associated with improved outcome.
authors.affiliation: Intensive Care Unit, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.
authors.forename: A H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Rose
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kotzé
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Doolan
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Norfolk
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Bellamy
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D001803:Blood Transfusion / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008485:Medical Audit; D008875:Middle Aged; D010949:Plasma; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012771:Shock, Hemorrhagic / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D016019:Survival Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data