title: Segmental colitis associated with diverticula: a rare clinical entity and a new challenge for the gastroenterologist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Segmental colitis associated with diverticula (SCAD) has recently drawn a particular attention in the field of rare forms of colitis because of some peculiarities suggesting both its autonomy as a clinical entity and a resemblance with the most relevant forms of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Aim of this review was to report the state of art on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidemiological, clinical, endoscopic/histological and diagnostic features are described. Moreover, from both the pathogenetic and therapeutic point of view, new relevant information is highlighted regarding the possible role of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in mucosal inflammation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCAD would appear as a rare autonomous clinical entity distinctive of old age, although it is still not well defined. It is likely that prevalence of SCAD could have been underestimated in the past since its main clinical presentation (namely bleeding without pain) is often found in elderly patients with diverticula. Endoscopy and histology could be helpful to discriminate it from infectious diverticulitis. Increasing evidence encourages the concept that SCAD includes pathogenetic and therapeutic aspects peculiar of IBD. This could be relevant for clinical management of SCAD. Indeed, the resolution of a severe, refractory case of SCAD has been recently reported with biological drugs used for IBD therapy. This observation could encourage, in the near future, the use of biological therapy in severe forms of SCAD as an alternative to surgery.
authors.affiliation: Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy. enzo.ierardi@fastwebnet.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ierardi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hassan
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zullo
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: De Francesco
authors.forename: N Della
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prencipe
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Rosania
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Morini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Panella
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003093:Colitis, Ulcerative / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D003424:Crohn Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D004239:Diverticulitis, Colonic / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha