title: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of the new targeted anticancer agents imatinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, sunitinib, sorafenib and lapatinib by LC tandem mass spectrometry.
abstract: The treatment of some cancer patients has shifted from traditional, non-specific cytotoxic chemotherapy to chronic treatment with molecular targeted therapies. Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases (TKIs) is the most prominent example of this new era and has opened the way to the development of several additional TKIs, including sunitinib, nilotinib, dasatinib, sorafenib and lapatinib, in the treatment of various hematological malignancies and solid tumors. All these agents are characterized by an important inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability, are at risk for drug interactions, and are not devoid of toxicity. Additionally, they are administered for prolonged periods, anticipating the careful monitoring of their plasma exposure via Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) to be an important component of patients' follow-up. We have developed a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) requiring 100 microL of plasma for the simultaneous determination of the six major TKIs currently in use. Plasma is purified by protein precipitation and the supernatant is diluted in ammonium formate 20 mM (pH 4.0) 1:2. Reverse-phase chromatographic separation of TKIs is obtained using a gradient elution of 20 mM ammonium formate pH 2.2 and acetonitrile containing 1% formic acid, followed by rinsing and re-equilibration to the initial solvent composition up to 20 min. Analyte quantification, using matrix-matched calibration samples, is performed by electro-spray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry by selected reaction monitoring detection using the positive mode. The method was validated according to FDA recommendations, including assessment of extraction yield, matrix effects variability (<9.6%), overall process efficiency (87.1-104.2%), as well as TKIs short- and long-term stability in plasma. The method is precise (inter-day CV%: 1.3-9.4%), accurate (-9.2 to +9.9%) and sensitive (lower limits of quantification comprised between 1 and 10 ng/mL). This is the first broad-range LC-MS/MS assay covering the major currently in-use TKIs. It is an improvement over previous methods in terms of convenience (a single extraction procedure for six major TKIs, reducing significantly the analytical time), sensitivity, selectivity and throughput. It may contribute to filling the current knowledge gaps in the pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics relationships of the latest TKIs developed after imatinib and better define their therapeutic ranges in different patient populations in order to evaluate whether a systematic TDM-guided dose adjustment of these anticancer drugs could contribute to minimize the risk of major adverse reactions and to increase the probability of efficient, long lasting, therapeutic response.
authors.affiliation: Division de Pharmacologie clinique, Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haouala
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zanolari
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rochat
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Montemurro
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zaman
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Duchosal
authors.forename: H B
authors.initials: HB
authors.lastname: Ris
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Leyvraz
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Widmer
authors.forename: L A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Decosterd
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001549:Benzamides; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D000069439:Dasatinib; D016903:Drug Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D007211:Indoles / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077341:Lapatinib; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010879:Piperazines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011725:Pyridines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011743:Pyrimidines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011758:Pyrroles / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000077210:Sunitinib; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D001549:Benzamides; D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D007211:Indoles; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D010879:Piperazines; D011725:Pyridines; D011743:Pyrimidines; D011758:Pyrroles; D011799:Quinazolines; D013844:Thiazoles; D000077341:Lapatinib; D009536:Niacinamide; D000068877:Imatinib Mesylate; D000077157:Sorafenib; D000069439:Dasatinib; D000077210:Sunitinib