title: Design, synthesis, and investigation of protein kinase C inhibitors: total syntheses of (+)-calphostin D, (+)-phleichrome, cercosporin, and new photoactive perylenequinones.
abstract: The total syntheses of the PKC inhibitors (+)-calphostin D, (+)-phleichrome, cercosporin, and 10 novel perylenequinones are detailed. The highly convergent and flexible strategy developed employed an enantioselective oxidative biaryl coupling and a double cuprate epoxide opening, allowing the selective syntheses of all the possible stereoisomers in pure form. In addition, this strategy permitted rapid access to a broad range of analogues, including those not accessible from the natural products. These compounds provided a powerful means for evaluation of the perylenequinone structural features necessary to PKC activity. Simpler analogues were discovered with superior PKC inhibitory properties and superior photopotentiation in cancer cell lines relative to the more complex natural products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
authors.forename: Barbara J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Morgan
authors.forename: Sangeeta
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dey
authors.forename: Steven W
authors.initials: SW
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Marisa C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kozlowski
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D015195:Drug Design; D006801:Humans; D008958:Models, Molecular; D015394:Molecular Structure; D009281:Naphthalenes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D010569:Perylene / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D011809:Quinones / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013237:Stereoisomerism; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D000964:Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic; D009281:Naphthalenes; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011809:Quinones; D010569:Perylene; C026363:cercosporin; D011493:Protein Kinase C; C061463:calphostin D