title: Trophic garnishes: cat-rat interactions in an urban environment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Community interactions can produce complex dynamics with counterintuitive responses. Synanthropic community members are of increasing practical interest for their effects on biodiversity and public health. Most studies incorporating introduced species have been performed on islands where they may pose a risk to the native fauna. Few have examined their interactions in urban environments where they represent the majority of species. We characterized house cat (Felis catus) predation on wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus), and its population effects in an urban area as a model system. Three aspects of predation likely to influence population dynamics were examined; the stratum of the prey population killed by predators, the intensity of the predation, and the size of the predator population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Predation pressure was estimated from the sizes of the rat and cat populations, and the characteristics of rats killed in 20 alleys. Short and long term responses of rat population to perturbations were examined by removal trapping. Perturbations removed an average of 56% of the rats/alley but had no negative long-term impact on the size of the rat population (49.6+/-12.5 rats/alley and 123.8+/-42.2 rats/alley over two years). The sizes of the cat population during two years (3.5 animals/alley and 2.7 animals/alley) also were unaffected by rat population perturbations. Predation by cats occurred in 9/20 alleys. Predated rats were predominantly juveniles and significantly smaller (144.6 g+/-17.8 g) than the trapped rats (385.0 g+/-135.6 g). Cats rarely preyed on the larger, older portion of the rat population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rat population appears resilient to perturbation from even substantial population reduction using targeted removal. In this area there is a relatively low population density of cats and they only occasionally prey on the rat population. This occasional predation primarily removes the juvenile proportion of the rat population. The top predator in this urban ecosystem appears to have little impact on the size of the prey population, and similarly, reduction in rat populations doesn't impact the size of the cat population. However, the selected targeting of small rats may locally influence the size structure of the population which may have consequences for patterns of pathogen transmission.
authors.affiliation: The W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. gglass@jhsph.edu
authors.forename: Gregory E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Glass
authors.forename: Lynne C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Gardner-Santana
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Holt
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Timothy M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Shields
authors.forename: Manojit
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schachterle
authors.forename: Sabra L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Klein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000835:Animals, Wild; D015142:Baltimore; D002415:Cats / Q000502:physiology*; D002947:Cities; D003163:Competitive Behavior; D017753:Ecosystem; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011156:Population Density; D011157:Population Dynamics; D011235:Predatory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats / Q000502:physiology*