title: Coordinated changes in energy intake and expenditure following hypothalamic administration of neuropeptides involved in energy balance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The hypothalamic control of energy balance is regulated by a complex network of neuropeptide-releasing neurons. Although the effect of these neuropeptides on individual aspects of energy homoeostasis has been studied, the coordinated response of these effects has not been comprehensively investigated. We have simultaneously monitored a number of metabolic parameters following intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of 1 and 3 nmol of neuropeptides with established roles in the regulation of feeding, activity and metabolism. Ad libitum- fed rats received the orexigenic neuropeptides neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related protein (AgRP), melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) or orexin-A. Overnight-food-deprived rats received an ICV injection of the anorectic peptides alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) or neuromedin U (NMU).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results reveal the temporal sequence of the effects of these neuropeptides on both energy intake and expenditure, highlighting key differences in their function as mediators of energy balance. NPY and AgRP increased feeding and decreased oxygen consumption, with the effects of AgRP being more prolonged. In contrast, orexin-A increased both feeding and oxygen consumption, consistent with an observed increase in activity. The potent anorexigenic effects of CRF were accompanied by a prolonged increase in activity, whereas NMU injection resulted in significant but short-lasting inhibition of food intake, ambulatory activity and oxygen consumption. alpha-MSH injection resulted in significant increases in both ambulatory activity and oxygen consumption, and reduced food intake following administration of 3 nmol of the peptide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have for the first time, simultaneously measured several metabolic parameters following hypothalamic administration of a number of neuropeptides within the same experimental system. This work has shown the interrelated effects of these neuropeotides on activity, energy expenditure and food intake, thus facilitating comparison between the different hypothalamic systems.
authors.affiliation: Department of Investigative Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: N M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Semjonous
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: J R C
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: D J L
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Gunner
authors.forename: Y-L
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: K G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Ghatei
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Bloom
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Small
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000187:drug effects*; D004734:Energy Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D007031:Hypothalamus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects*; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar
chemical_list: D009479:Neuropeptides