title: Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation after percutaneous ventricular lead removal.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study sought to evaluate the incidence, risk factors, and outcome of traumatic tricuspid regurgitation (TTR) induced by percutaneous removal of chronically implanted transvenous leads.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Although lead removal using modern tools has been shown to be highly effective and safe, TTR has not been systematically evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients undergoing ventricular lead removal at our center were studied. Lead removal was performed by simple traction, laser sheath, and/or lasso technique. Presence of a new TTR after removal was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Pre-defined clinical and technical parameters were studied for their association with TTR. Patients were followed up by outpatient visits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We removed 237 ventricular leads in 208 patients. Median time from lead implantation was 46.4 months (range 0.7 to 260.5 months). A TTR occurred in 19 patients (9.1%), severe in 14. Three independent risk factors of TTR were found: use of laser sheath (p = 0.004), use of both laser sheath and lasso (p = 0.02), and female sex (p = 0.02). After a follow-up of 4,130 person-months (median 17.9 months), 5 TTR patients were medically treated for new right-sided heart failure symptoms, 2 had undergone surgical repair of the tricuspid valve, and 6 had died (2 from heart failure and 4 from noncardiac causes). Right-sided heart failure occurred only in patients with severe TTR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study found that TTR is not uncommon after percutaneous lead removal. It is strongly associated with the use of additional tools beyond simple traction and also with female sex. In the long term, right-sided heart failure is frequent in patients with severe TTR.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, University Hospital La Timone, Marseilles, France.
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Franceschi
authors.forename: Franck
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Thuny
authors.forename: Roch
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Giorgi
authors.forename: Islem
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sanaa
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Peyrouse
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Assouan
authors.forename: Sébastien
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prévôt
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bastard
authors.forename: Gilbert
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Habib
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Deharo
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020878:Device Removal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D004452:Echocardiography; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014262:Tricuspid Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*