title: How active resisters and organizational constipators affect health care-acquired infection prevention efforts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As of October 2008, hospitals in the United States no longer receive Medicare reimbursement for certain types of health care-associated infection (HAI), thereby heightening the need for effective prevention efforts. The mere existence of evidence-based practices, however, does not always result in the use of such practices because of the complexities inherent in translating evidence into practice. A qualitative study was conducted to determine the barriers to implementing evidence-based practices to prevent HAI, with a specific focus on the role played by hospital personnel.
  
  
  METHODS
  In-depth phone and in-person interviews were conducted between October 2006 and September 2007 with 86 participants (31 physicians) including chief executive officers, chiefs of staff, hospital epidemiologists, infection control professionals, intensive care unit directors, nurse managers, and frontline physicians and nurses, in 14 hospitals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Active resistance to evidence-based practice change was pervasive. Successful efforts to overcome active resisters included benchmarking infection rates, identifying effective champions, and participating in collaborative efforts. Organizational constipators-mid- to high-level executives who act as insidious barriers to change-also increased the difficulty in implementing change. Recognizing the presence of constipators is often the first step in addressing the problem but can be followed with including the organizational constipator early in group discussions to improve communication and obtain buy-in, working around the individual, and terminating the constipator's employment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two types of personnel-active resistors and organizational constipators-impeded HAI prevention activities, and several approaches were used to overcome those barriers. Hospital administrators and patient safety leaders can use the findings to more successfully structure activities that prevent HAI in their hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor HSR&D Center of Excellence, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, MI, USA. saint@umich.edu
authors.forename: Sanjay
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saint
authors.forename: Christine P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Kowalski
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Banaszak-Holl
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Damschroder
authors.forename: Sarah L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Krein
mesh_terms: D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004059:Diffusion of Innovation; D004469:Economics, Hospital; D055317:Evidence-Based Practice; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D019300:Medical Errors / Q000517:prevention & control; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology; D017751:Safety Management / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States