title: 99mTcO(MAG2-3G3-dimer): a new integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-targeted SPECT radiotracer with high tumor uptake and favorable pharmacokinetics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report presents the synthesis of a cyclic RGD dimer conjugate, MAG(2)-G(3)-E[G(3)-c(RGDfK)](2) (MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer, G(3) = Gly-Gly-Gly, MAG(2) = S-benzoyl mercaptoacetylglycylglycyl), and evaluation of its (99m)Tc complex, (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer), as a new radiotracer for imaging the tumor integrin alpha(v)beta(3) expression.
  
  
  METHODS
  An in vitro displacement assay was used to determine the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) binding affinity of MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer against (125)I-c(RGDyK) bound to U87MG human glioma cells. The athymic nude mice bearing U87MG glioma xenografts were used for biodistribution and planar imaging studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that (1) MAG(2) is such a highly effective bifunctional chelator that (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) can be prepared in high yield (radiochemical purity >95%) and with high specific activity ( approximately 5 Ci/micromol) using a kit formulation; (2) (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) has very high solution stability in the kit matrix; and (3) (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) has very fast clearance kinetics from the intestine, liver, and kidneys. Among the (99m)Tc-labeled cyclic RGD peptides evaluated in the xenografted U87MG glioma models, (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) has the best pharmacokinetics and tumor to background ratios (tumor/liver = 4.29 +/- 1.00 at 30 min postinjection and 8.29 +/- 1.50 at 120 min postinjection; tumor/kidney = 1.16 +/- 0.19 at 30 min postinjection and 2.49 +/- 0.25 at 120 min postinjection). Planar imaging studies showed that tumors in the glioma-bearing mice administered with (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) can be visualized with excellent contrast as early as 15 min postinjection. (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) was able to maintain its chemical integrity in kidneys (>80% intact) and liver (>95% intact) over the 2-h period. However, there was significant metabolism (>50% of the injected radioactivity) detected in both urine and feces samples.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (99m)TcO(MAG(2)-3G(3)-dimer) is a very attractive radiotracer for early detection of integrin alpha(v)beta(3)-positive tumors and has significant advantages over the (18)F-labeled RGD peptide radiotracers with respect to the cost, availability, and easiness for routine clinical preparation.
authors.affiliation: School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
authors.forename: Jiyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shi
authors.forename: Lijun
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Young-Seung
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shizhen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zhai
authors.forename: Bing
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Jia
authors.forename: Fan
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Shuang
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Liu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D009842:Oligopeptides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; D011854:Radiochemistry; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D014018:Tissue Distribution / Q000187:drug effects; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D047368:Tumor Burden
chemical_list: C546608:99mTcO(MAG2-3G3-dimer); D002614:Chelating Agents; D039302:Integrin alphaVbeta3; D009842:Oligopeptides; D015609:Organotechnetium Compounds; D011849:Radioactive Tracers; C047981:arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid