title: Correlates of unsafe equipment sharing among injecting drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess among injecting drug users (IDUs) in St. Petersburg, Russia, the urban environment, social norms and individual correlates of unsafe injecting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between December 2004 and January 2007, 446 IDUs were interviewed in St. Petersburg, Russia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Prevalence of HCV was 96% and HIV 44%. 17% reported receptive syringe sharing after an HIV-infected IDU, 49% distributive syringe sharing, 76% sharing cookers, 73% sharing filters and 71% syringe-mediated drug sharing when not all syringes were new. Urban environmental characteristics correlated with sharing cookers and syringe-mediated sharing, and social norms correlated with receptive and distributive syringe sharing and sharing cookers. Individual correlates included cleaning used syringes (all 5 dependent variables) and self-report of HIV infection (receptive and distributive syringe sharing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV status disclosure is an unreliable but frequently used HIV prevention method among IDUs in St. Petersburg, who reported alarmingly high levels of injecting equipment sharing. Voluntary counseling and testing should be widely available for this population. Ethnography is needed to assess the effectiveness of the syringe cleaning process. Prevention interventions need to be ongoing among IDUs in St. Petersburg, and should incorporate urban environmental factors and social norms, which may involve peer education and social network interventions.
authors.affiliation: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Lisbon, Portugal. anna.gyarmathy@emcdda.europa.eu
authors.forename: V Anna
authors.initials: VA
authors.lastname: Gyarmathy
authors.forename: Nan
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Karin E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Tobin
authors.forename: Irving F
authors.initials: IF
authors.lastname: Hoffman
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Sokolov
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Levchenko
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Batluk
authors.forename: Andrei A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.forename: Andrei P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Kozlov
authors.forename: Carl A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Latkin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D016485:Needle Sharing / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012426:Russia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology*