title: Violence and post-traumatic stress disorder in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: the protocol for an epidemiological and genetic survey.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  violence is a public health major concern, and it is associated with post-traumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric outcomes. Brazil is one of the most violent countries in the world, and has an extreme social inequality. Research on the association between violence and mental health may support public health policy and thus reduce the burden of disease attributable to violence. The main objectives of this project were: to study the association between violence and mental disorders in the Brazilian population; to estimate the prevalence rates of exposure to violence, post-traumatic stress disorder, common metal disorder, and alcohol hazardous use and dependence: and to identify contextual and individual factors, including genetic factors, associated with the outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  one phase cross-sectional survey carried out in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A multistage probability to size sampling scheme was performed in order to select the participants (3000 and 1500 respectively). The cities were stratified according to homicide rates, and in Sao Paulo the three most violent strata were oversampled. The measurements included exposure to traumatic events, psychiatric diagnoses (CIDI 2.1), contextual (homicide rates and social indicators), and individual factors, such as demographics, social capital, resilience, help seeking behaviours. The interviews were carried between June/2007 February/2008, by a team of lay interviewers. The statistical analyses will be weight-adjusted in order to take account of the design effects. Standardization will be used in order to compare the results between the two centres. Whole genome association analysis will be performed on the 1 million SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) arrays, and additional association analysis will be performed on additional phenotypes. The Ethical Committee of the Federal University of Sao Paulo approved the study, and participants who matched diagnostic criteria have been offered a referral to outpatient clinics at the Federal University of Sao Paulo and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil. andreoli@psiquiatria.epm.br
authors.forename: Sérgio Baxter
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Andreoli
authors.forename: Wagner Silva
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Maria Ines
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Quintana
authors.forename: Camila
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Guindalini
authors.forename: Gerome
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Breen
authors.forename: Sergio Luis
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Blay
authors.forename: Evandro S F
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Coutinho
authors.forename: Trudy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harpham
authors.forename: Miguel Roberto
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Jorge
authors.forename: Diogo Rizzato
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Tais S
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Moriyama
authors.forename: Lucas C
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Quarantini
authors.forename: Ary
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gadelha
authors.forename: Liliane Maria Pereira
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Vilete
authors.forename: Mary S L
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Yeh
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Prince
authors.forename: Ivan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Figueira
authors.forename: Rodrigo A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Bressan
authors.forename: Marcelo F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Mello
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Dewey
authors.forename: Cleusa P
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Ferri
authors.forename: Jair de Jesus
authors.initials: Jde J
authors.lastname: Mari
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D003130:Combat Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D055106:Genome-Wide Association Study; D005838:Genotype; D006306:Health Surveys; D006708:Homicide / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics; D015995:Prevalence; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*