title: Management strategies for recurrent ependymoma in the paediatric population.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The management of recurrent ependymoma within the paediatric population remains a therapeutic challenge. The options available are varied and patients may have already received prior radio- or chemotherapy. As yet, no consensus exists regarding their optimal treatment. We review the literature and present our contemporary management strategies for this interesting group of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Survival following recurrence is poor and those prognostic factors that predispose to recurrence include extent of surgical resection and the timing of administration of adjuvant therapy. The extent of resection at re-operation can confer a survival advantage, without a necessary increase in morbidity. Strategies aimed at improving surgical resection at first diagnosis include improving and centralising post-surgical radiological review, defining what are true residuals, and centralising surgical review of incompletely resected tumours. Re-irradiation can improve survival, and with the use of conformal radiation fields need not necessarily lead to neuropsychological damage. Cisplatin and etoposide remain the most effective chemotherapeutic agents to date and with an increase in the understanding of tumour biology this may improve further. Because of the complex nature of this group of patients, decisions regarding their management require the involvement of a paediatric neurosurgeon, paediatric neuro-oncologist and paediatric radiation oncologist.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Liverpool Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK. rsangra@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sangra
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thorp
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: May
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pizer
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mallucci
mesh_terms: D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D004806:Ependymoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D013125:Spinal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy