title: Positive- and negative peer modelling effects on young children's consumption of novel blue foods.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The effects of positive- and negative peer modelling on children's consumption of a novel blue food, presented in each of four snack meals during an "activity" day, were evaluated. It was predicted that: (i) novel food consumption would increase after positive modelling, but decrease after negative modelling; (ii) modelling effects would generalise to a second novel blue food when participants were alone when they ate their snack; (iii) that positive modelling would reverse the effects of negative modelling.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed design was employed with random assignment to either Groups A, B, or C (equal numbers of males and females per group). Within groups, each participant received the novel food on four snack occasions. Group A received positive modelling of blue food consumption on the first and third occasions, but were alone when they received the foods on the second and fourth occasions; Group B had negative modelling on the first occasion, positive modelling on the third, and ate alone on the second and fourth; Group C ate alone on all four occasions. To measure generalisation, an additional blue food was presented in all second and fourth "alone" occasions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-five 5-7-year olds took part in Study 1, and 44 3-4-year olds in Study 2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All main predictions were confirmed except that positive peer modelling did not reverse the effects of negative modelling in the 3-4-year olds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Negative peer modelling inhibits novel food consumption, and its effects are particularly difficult to reverse in younger children.
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK. Electronic address: Janette.Greenhalgh@liverpool.ac.uk.
authors.forename: Janette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Greenhalgh
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Alan J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Dowey
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Pauline J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fergus Lowe
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: John H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.affiliation: School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
authors.forename: Chris J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Whitaker
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D053198:Child Nutrition Sciences / Q000193:education*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004435:Eating; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D015438:Health Behavior; D006266:Health Education; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008960:Models, Psychological; D010379:Peer Group; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests