title: Risk factors for chronic ulceration in patients with varicose veins: a case control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Identifying which patients with varicose veins are at risk of progressing to more severe forms of chronic venous disease could help in assigning clinical priorities and targeting appropriate treatments. The aim of this study was to determine, in subjects with varicose veins, the characteristics of venous disease and other factors associated with an increased risk of ulceration.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred twenty subjects with varicose veins and an open or healed venous leg ulcer were compared with 120 controls with varicose veins and no history of venous ulcer on this case control study. Subjects were recruited from hospital settings and primary care. Each subject completed a questionnaire on lifestyle and medical history and underwent an examination comprising of clinical classification of venous disease (CEAP), duplex scanning, quantitative digital photoplethysmography, and measurement of dorsiflexion. Multiple logistic regression analyses and calculation of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to identify the combination of factors which most accurately predicted which patients with varicose veins will develop leg ulcers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An increased risk of ulceration was associated with the severity of clinical venous disease, especially with the presence of skin changes (P < .0001). Other significant risk factors included history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) (P = .001), higher body mass index (BMI) (P = .006), smoking (P = .009), and reflux in the deep veins (P = .0001). Ulceration was associated with reduced volume of blood displaced as reflected by photoplethysmography and a limited range of ankle movement (not wholly due to the effects of an active ulcer) (both P < .05). Multivariate analyses showed that skin changes including lipodermatosclerosis (odds ratio [OR] 8.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.44-54.8), corona phlebectatica (OR 4.52, 95% CI 1.81-11.3) and eczema (OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.12-7.07), higher BMI (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01-1.15), and popliteal vein reflux (OR 2.82, 95% CI 1.03-7.75) remained independently associated with increased risk of ulceration while good dorsiflexion of the ankle (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.81-0.97) and an effective calf muscle pump (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99) remained protective factors. ROC curve analyses indicated that a model based on clinical observation of skin changes, duplex scanning for popliteal reflux, and calf muscle pump tests would be the most accurate in determining which patients with varicose veins develop leg ulcers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study confirm that, in patients with varicose veins, those with skin changes of chronic venous insufficiency and deep vein incompetence are at greatly increased risk of ulceration. However, the risks may also be increased in those who smoke, are obese, and have restricted ankle movement and reduced calf muscle pump power.
authors.affiliation: University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Lindsay.Robertson@ed.ac.uk
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Robertson
authors.forename: Amanda J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Gallagher
authors.forename: Sarah Jane
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Carmichael
authors.forename: Christine J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Evans
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.forename: Simon C A
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Paul L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Weller
authors.forename: Charles V
authors.initials: CV
authors.lastname: Ruckley
authors.forename: Francis G
authors.initials: FG
authors.lastname: Fowkes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000843:Ankle Joint / Q000503:physiopathology; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000503:physiopathology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017156:Photoplethysmography; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012867:Skin / Q000473:pathology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014648:Varicose Veins / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000503:physiopathology; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000150:complications; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000150:complications