title: Differential regulation of dopamine transporter function and location by low concentrations of environmental estrogens and 17beta-estradiol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The effects of 17beta-estradiol (E2) and xenoestrogens (XEs) on dopamine transport may have important implications for the increased incidence of neurologic disorders, especially in women during life stages characterized by frequent hormonal fluctuations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined low concentrations of XEs [dieldrin, endosulfan, o', p'-dichlorodiphenyl-ethylene (DDE), nonylphenol (NP), and bisphenol A (BPA)] for nongenomic actions via action of membrane estrogen receptors (ERs).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured activity of the dopamine transporter (DAT) by the efflux of 3H-dopamine in nontransfected nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 rat pheochromocytoma cells expressing membrane DAT, ER-alpha, ER-beta, and G-protein-coupled receptor 30. We used a plate immunoassay to monitor trafficking of these proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All compounds at 1 nM either caused efflux or inhibited efflux, or both; each compound evoked a distinct oscillatory pattern. At optimal times for each effect, we examined different concentrations of XEs. All XEs were active at some concentration < 10 nM, and dose responses were all nonmonotonic. For example, 10(-14) to 10(-11) M DDE caused significant efflux inhibition, whereas NP and BPA enhanced or inhibited efflux at several concentrations. We also measured the effects of E2/XE combinations; DDE potentiated E(2)-mediated dopamine efflux, whereas BPA inhibited it. In E2-induced efflux, 15% more ER-alpha trafficked to the membrane, whereas ER-beta waned; during BPA-induced efflux, 20% more DAT was trafficked to the plasma membrane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low levels of environmental estrogen contaminants acting as endocrine disruptors via membrane ERs can alter dopamine efflux temporal patterning and the trafficking of DAT and membrane ERs, providing a cellular mechanism that could explain the disruption of physiologic neurotransmitter function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0645, USA.
authors.forename: Rebecca A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Alyea
authors.forename: Cheryl S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D004958:Estradiol / Q000633:toxicity*; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000378:metabolism; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D004967:Estrogens / Q000633:toxicity*; D005260:Female; D016716:PC12 Cells; D010636:Phenols / Q000633:toxicity; D051381:Rats; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D004958:Estradiol; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D004967:Estrogens; D010636:Phenols; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C025256:nonylphenol; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds