title: Effect of hesperidin on the oral pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was to investigate the effect of hesperidin, an antioxidant, on the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its active major metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  A single dose of diltiazem was administered orally (15 mg/kg) in the presence or absence of hesperidin (1, 5 or 15 mg/kg), which was administered 30 min before diltiazem.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the control group (given diltiazem alone), hesperidin (5 or 15 mg/kg) significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem, except for 1 mg/kg hesperidin. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 h to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) was significantly (5 mg/kg, P < 0.05; 15 mg/kg, P < 0.01) increased by 48.9-65.3% and the peak plasma concentration (C(max)) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 46.7-62.4% in the presence of hesperidin (5 or 15 mg/kg). Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (F) of diltiazem with hesperidin was significantly (5 mg/kg, P < 0.05; 15 mg/kg, P < 0.01) higher than that in the control group. Hesperidin (5 or 15 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) increased the AUC(0-infinity) and 15 mg/kg of hesperidin significantly (P < 0.05) increased the C(max) of desacetyldiltiazem. However, the metabolite-parent ratio (MR) of desacetyldiltiazem was not significantly changed in the presence of hesperidin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hesperidin significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of diltiazem in rats. It might be considered that hesperidin increased the intestinal absorption and reduced the first-pass metabolism of diltiazem in the intestine and in the liver via an inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A or P-glycoprotein.
authors.affiliation: BK21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Young-Ah
authors.initials: YA
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Dong-Hyun
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jun-Shik
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Choi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006569:Hesperidin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; C037769:deacetyldiltiazem; D006569:Hesperidin; D004110:Diltiazem