title: Management of meningoencephalic herniation of the temporal bone: Personal experience and literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Temporal bone meningoencephalic herniation is a rare condition with potentially dangerous complications. The aim of this study is to analyze the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, surgical treatment, and postoperative outcome of 133 cases of surgically confirmed temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations. A review of the literature is also presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective case series (quaternary referral otology and skull base center).
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is based on the analysis of the collected data of 133 cases of temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations surgically treated from 1984 to 2006. The follow-up ranged from 12 to 204 months with a mean of 38.4 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Meningoencephalic herniations were divided into four etiologic groups: spontaneous (24.8%), secondary to chronic otitis media (21.8%), iatrogenic (45.9%), and posttraumatic (7.5%). Different surgical techniques were used for treatment: transmastoid approach (27.8%), middle cranial fossa approach (27.8%), combined technique (transmastoid plus minicraniotomy, 3%), and middle ear obliteration with blind sac closure of the external auditory canal (41.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Temporal bone meningoencephalic herniations are potentially life threatening, and surgery must take place expeditiously. The choice of the most appropriate surgical approach must be based on the localization and size of the herniated tissue, preoperative auditory function, the presence of active infection, intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, and concomitant pathology.
authors.affiliation: Otology and Skull Base Surgery, Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sanna
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Fois
authors.forename: Fois
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Paolo
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Falcioni
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002648:Child; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D035301:Cranial Fossa, Middle / Q000601:surgery; D004677:Encephalocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008416:Mastoid / Q000601:surgery; D008588:Meningocele / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000469:parasitology; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015996:Survival Rate; D013701:Temporal Bone / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult