title: Regulatory T cells ameliorate hyperhomocysteinaemia-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with T cell-driven immunoinflammatory responses contributing to disease initiation and progression. We investigated the potential role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  apoE-/- mice were fed normal mouse chow supplemented with or without a high level of homocysteine (Hcy) (1.8 g/L) in drinking water for 2, 4, and 6 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesion area was slightly increased at 2 weeks and substantially elevated at 4 and 6 weeks in HHcy apoE-/- mice. Cotransfer of normal Tregs significantly attenuated atherosclerotic lesion size and infiltration of T cells and macrophages into plaque. Furthermore, Treg cotransfer reversed HHcy-accelerated proliferation of T cells, -increased pro-inflammatory, and -decreased anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion from activated splenic T cells. With a clinically relevant level of plasma Hcy, the proportion of Tregs and suppressive activity in splenic T cells were reduced in HHcy apoE-/- mice, which was associated with reduced mRNA and protein expression of Foxp3, a factor governing mouse Treg development and function. In addition, Hcy significantly attenuated the proportion and suppressive effects of Tregs in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HHcy suppresses the function of Tregs, which may be responsible for HHcy-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PR China.
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Feng
authors.forename: Zhenmin
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Qingbo
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xian
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000818:Animals; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000502:physiology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005260:Female; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D020138:Hyperhomocysteinemia / Q000150:complications*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000502:physiology; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000502:physiology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D016207:Cytokines; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; C498833:Foxp3 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10