title: [Does any evidence exist to treat heart failure based on race or ethnicity?].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess if there is evidence to support different interventions for treatment of heart failure based upon race/ethnicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of randomized clinical trials permitted comparisons between blacks and whites with systolic heart failure concerning the efficacy of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, beta blockers and a combination of hydralazine/ nitrate to reduce the risks of death and hospitalization. The literature search was based on articles published between 1980 and December 2006 cited in MEDLINE or LILACS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three studies fulfilled the criteria of the reiew. In SOLVD, enalapril was efficient in reducing the risks of death or hospitalization similarly in whites (relative risk reduction (RRR) =18%) and blacks (RRR=17%). In US Carvedilol, carvediol was also associated with significant reduction in the risk of death or hospitalization both in whites (RRR=49%) and blacks (RRR=43%). In V-HeFT II, enalapril was superior to the combination hydralazine with nitrate in reducing the death risk only in whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  According to the data ACE inhibitors and beta blockers should be considered as the essential drugs to improve the prognosis of heart failure both in blacks and whites. The A-HeFT study was not included in the review because it was restricted to blacks; however, it should be viewed as evidence that the combination hydralazine/nitrate is beneficial to improve survival in patients with advanced heart failure. Data support development of a clinical trial especially designed to assess if the combination hydralazine/nitrate is also efficient in patients not classified as blacks, with advanced heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Núcleo de Epidemiologia Clínica e Medicina Baseada em Evidências, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA. adrianalatado@cardiol.br
authors.forename: Adriana Lopes
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Latado
authors.forename: Marcelo Barreto
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Luiz Carlos Santana
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.forename: Antonio Alberto
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044383:Black People; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077261:Carvedilol; D004656:Enalapril / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D011412:Propanolamines / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D044465:White People
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D002227:Carbazoles; D011412:Propanolamines; D000077261:Carvedilol; D004656:Enalapril