title: Prevalence of major depressive episode in CKD.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is prevalent in long-term dialysis patients and is associated with death and hospitalization. Whether depression is present through all chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages or appears after dialysis therapy initiation is not clear. We determined the prevalence of a major depressive episode and other psychiatric illnesses by using a structured gold-standard clinical interview and demographic and clinical variables associated with major depressive episode in patients with CKD.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational cross-sectional study using a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)-based structured interview administered by trained persons to 272 consecutive participants. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine demographic and clinical variables associated with major depressive episode.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with stages 2 to 5 CKD not treated by using dialysis were consecutively approached and enrolled from a Veterans Affairs CKD clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic and clinical variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Major depressive episode diagnosed by using a structured Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fourth Edition)-based interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cohort had a mean age of 64.5 +/- 12.0 years. Thirty-eight percent were African American, and 55% had diabetes mellitus. Percentages of patients with stages 2, 3, 4, and 5 CKD were 6%, 38%, 41%, and 14%, respectively. Mean hemoglobin level was 12.5 +/- 2.0 g/dL. The prevalence of a major depressive episode was 21% and did not vary significantly among different CKD stages. Variables associated with a major depressive episode were diabetes mellitus, comorbid psychiatric illness, and history of drug or alcohol abuse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Single-center study composed of primarily male veterans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  One in 5 patients with CKD had a major depressive episode. Patients with CKD should be screened routinely for depression given this high prevalence and the independent association of depression with poor outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease receiving maintenance dialysis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Veterans Affairs North Texas Health Care System, Dallas, TX 75216-7167, USA. susan.hedayati@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: S Susan
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Hedayati
authors.forename: Abu T
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Minhajuddin
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Toto
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: A John
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors