title: A comparison of kidney oxygenation profiles between partial and complete renal artery clamping during nephron sparing surgery in a porcine model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare kidney oxygenation profiles between partial and complete renal artery clamping during nephron sparing surgery (NSS) in a porcine model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve female farm pigs underwent a laparoscopic nephrectomy. Subsequently, an open partial nephrectomy was performed on the remaining kidney using either total (n = 6, TC) or partial (n = 6, PC) clamping of the renal artery. Real time renal partial oxygen pressure (rPO2) was monitored using a Licox probe (Integra, San Diego, CA). Creatinine levels were measured prior to open partial nephrectomy and on POD #3 and #7. The remaining kidney was harvested for pathologic evaluation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to TC, the PC group demonstrated a more favorable renal oxygenation profile during the NSS. Specifically, rPO2 decreased less from baseline (58% versus 84%, p = 0.03), took a longer interval to nadir (23.1 min versus 8.7 min, p = 0.04), and experienced a more rapid recovery to maximal or baseline values (4.8 min versus 10.4 min, p = 0.03) in the PC group. Furthermore animals undergoing TC had significantly higher creatinine levels at POD #3 (2.2 mg/dl versus 1.6 mg/dl, p = 0.03) and POD #7 (2.5 mg/dl versus 1.7 mg/dl, p = 0.009). Histological analysis demonstrated varying levels of acute inflammation in the two groups. Finally, the intraoperative blood loss was greater in the PC versus TC group (40 cc versus 10 cc, p = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this porcine model, partial clamping of the renal artery during NSS was feasible and demonstrated a favorable renal oxygenation profile. Theoretically, intraoperative rPO2 monitoring may provide a novel means to allow real time assessment and titration of kidney perfusion during partial nephrectomy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bensalah
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Ilia S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Zeltser
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagrodia
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lucas
authors.forename: Wareef
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kabbani
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D005260:Female; D007668:Kidney / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000601:surgery*; D010535:Laparoscopy; D023421:Models, Animal; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D012077:Renal Artery / Q000601:surgery*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen