title: Healthcare-associated hepatitis C virus transmission among patients in an abdominal organ transplant center.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  De novo hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among transplant patients is rarely recognized but can have severe consequences. We investigated the scope, source, and mode of HCV transmission within a transplant center after incident HCV infection was identified in 2 patients who had liver transplantation in late 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients were interviewed, and transplant logs, medical records, and staff practices were reviewed to identify opportunities for HCV transmission. Infection via receipt of blood or organs was evaluated. Molecular epidemiology was used to determine the relatedness between persons with incident and chronic HCV infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HCV from infected blood or organ donors was ruled out. Among the 308 patients who underwent transplant in 2006, no additional incident HCV infections were identified. Eighty-five (28%) had pre-transplant chronic HCV infection; 13 were considered possible HCV source patients based upon shared days on the inpatient unit, nursing assignment, or invasive procedures in common with incident HCV case-patients. Viral isolates from 1 HCV source patient and 1 incident case-patient were found to be highly related by quasispecies analysis, confirming patient-to-patient HCV transmission. Possible modes of transmission identified were the improper use of multidose vials, sharing of blood-contaminated glucometers, and touch contamination.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sporadic transmission or endemic levels of HCV transmission might be overlooked in a setting with high HCV prevalence, such as liver transplant units, where multiple, repeated opportunities for patient-to-patient HCV transmission can occur. Surveillance through pre- and post-transplant screening is necessary to identify incident HCV infection in this setting. Constant, meticulous attention must be paid to maintaining aseptic technique and good infection control practices to eliminate HCV transmission opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Surveillance Branch, Division of Viral Hepatitis, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. ndthompson@cdc.gov
authors.forename: N D
authors.initials: ND
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: W C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Hellinger
authors.forename: R S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kay
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ragan
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Voss
authors.forename: L P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Bacalis
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xia
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Keating
authors.forename: R C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Dickson
authors.forename: C B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: I T
authors.initials: IT
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Perz
mesh_terms: D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D004866:Equipment Contamination; D016174:Hepacivirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission* / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D016031:Liver Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D016035:Pancreas Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects; D015995:Prevalence