title: Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae isolated from intractable acute otitis media internalized into cultured human epithelial cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to examine the internalization of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) into human epithelial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bactericidal assay was applied to examine the effects of antibiotics against cell-adherent NTHi using HEp-2 cells. A trans-well chamber assay was applied to examine the internalization and penetration of NTHi using Detroit562 cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The adherence of NTHi to HEp-2 cells was noted after 2h of incubation. Azithromycin had a strong bactericidal effect against both cell-associated and non-adherent NTHi, while ceftriaxone did not show bactericidal effects on NTHi adhered to the HEp-2 cells. Three (60.0%) out of five NTHi isolates from the nasopharynx of children with intractable acute otitis media (AOM) internalized into and subsequently penetrated through the epithelial cells at various degrees. Azithromycin had a strong bactericidal effect against the cell-internalized NTHi, while ceftriaxone was bactericidal only against extracellular NTHi.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential of NTHi as the intracellular pathogen may contribute to the persistent existence of this pathogen that result in the prolonged and intractable clinical course of AOM. Azithromycin may be a therapeutically significant antibiotic for patients with prolonged respiratory tract infections due to NTHi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, 811-1 Kimiidera, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama, Japan.
authors.forename: Muneki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hotomi
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Dewan S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Billal
authors.forename: Shin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Takei
authors.forename: Yorihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ikeda
authors.forename: Masashi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ogami
authors.forename: Masamitsu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kono
authors.forename: Levent B
authors.initials: LB
authors.lastname: Beder
authors.forename: Kazuo
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Toya
authors.forename: Michio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Noboru
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yamanaka
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017963:Azithromycin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects*; D018407:Bacterial Physiological Phenomena / Q000187:drug effects*; D002443:Ceftriaxone / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002460:Cell Line; D002648:Child; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology*; D005839:Gentamicins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification* / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D005839:Gentamicins; D002443:Ceftriaxone; D017963:Azithromycin