title: Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: results of a national study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our 2001 study in 5 states found that medical problems contributed to at least 46.2% of all bankruptcies. Since then, health costs and the numbers of un- and underinsured have increased, and bankruptcy laws have tightened.
  
  
  METHODS
  We surveyed a random national sample of 2314 bankruptcy filers in 2007, abstracted their court records, and interviewed 1032 of them. We designated bankruptcies as "medical" based on debtors' stated reasons for filing, income loss due to illness, and the magnitude of their medical debts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using a conservative definition, 62.1% of all bankruptcies in 2007 were medical; 92% of these medical debtors had medical debts over $5000, or 10% of pretax family income. The rest met criteria for medical bankruptcy because they had lost significant income due to illness or mortgaged a home to pay medical bills. Most medical debtors were well educated, owned homes, and had middle-class occupations. Three quarters had health insurance. Using identical definitions in 2001 and 2007, the share of bankruptcies attributable to medical problems rose by 49.6%. In logistic regression analysis controlling for demographic factors, the odds that a bankruptcy had a medical cause was 2.38-fold higher in 2007 than in 2001.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Illness and medical bills contribute to a large and increasing share of US bankruptcies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Cambridge Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Mass 02139, USA. dhimmelstein@challiance.org
authors.forename: David U
authors.initials: DU
authors.lastname: Himmelstein
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Thorne
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Warren
authors.forename: Steffie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Woolhandler
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016361:Bankruptcy / Q000191:economics* / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003625:Data Collection; D004467:Economics; D017048:Health Care Costs; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D017057:Medically Uninsured / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States