title: Ancient nigella seeds from Boyali Höyük in north-central Turkey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The seeds of nigella (black cumin) (Nigella sativa L.) have been widely used as a natural remedy, either alone or in combination with bee products, for the treatment of many acute as well as chronic conditions for centuries, especially in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. In consideration of potential utilization, in recent years the seeds have been extensively studied in terms of pharmacological effects. It has been shown that the seeds have significant effects on multiple biological systems. In addition, the protective roles of the seeds with bee products (honey and wax) have been recently proved. This study reports the palaeoethnobotanical find of nigella seeds recovered in a pilgrim flask from the Old Hittite Period level of Boyali Höyük (Mound), dating from around 1650 BC, in north-central Turkey. The study also deals with a comparison between the chemical properties of the Boyali Höyük nigella seeds (ancient seeds) and those of modern nigella seeds. The results of chemical analysis of the debris found in the pilgrim flask to test the presence of bee product are also presented here.
  
  
  METHODS
  All macro-remains found in the pilgrim flask were first examined under a zoom stereomicroscope for specific determination and all were identified as nigella seeds using the reference collection of modern seeds. Ethyl alcohol and dichloromethane (Aldrich, Buch-Switzerland) were used for the extraction of the ancient seeds and modern nigella seeds to trace both polar and non-polar chemical compounds by a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) system. Characterization of the chemical compounds in propolis extracts was also made by GC-MS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The GC-MS chromatograms showed that the ancient and modern seed samples were similar in essential oil acids. Many organic compounds of bee products, such as wax and phenolic antioxidants, were also detected in the container.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study indicated that the Hittite pilgrim flask contained a pure cache of nigella seeds mixed with bee products, wax and propolis. There has been no direct archaeological evidence for medicinal use of nigella seeds with bee products by the inhabitants of Boyali Höyük or the Hittities so far. However, in view of the folkloric use of nigella seeds in combination with bee products for treatments of disorders and promotion of health, it is thought that the Boyali Höyük material would represent a remedy used by the Hittites in Anatolia about 3600 years ago.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Salih
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sipahi
authors.forename: E Oybak
authors.initials: EO
authors.lastname: Dönmez
mesh_terms: D001106:Archaeology; D020834:Ethnopharmacology; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D049690:History, Ancient; D031844:Nigella / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000145:classification; D008517:Phytotherapy / Q000266:history*; D011429:Propolis / Q000737:chemistry; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry; D014421:Turkey
chemical_list: D011429:Propolis