title: Reflex pathways connect receptors in the human lower leg to the erector spinae muscles of the lower back.
abstract: Reflex pathways connect all four limbs in humans. Presently, we tested the hypothesis that reflexes also link sensory receptors in the lower leg with muscles of the lower back (erector spinae; ES). Taps were applied to the right Achilles' tendon and electromyographic activity was recorded from the right soleus and bilaterally from ES. Reflexes were compared between sitting and standing and between standing with the eyes open versus closed. Reflexes were evoked bilaterally in ES and consisted of an early latency excitation, a medium latency inhibition, and a longer latency excitation. During sitting but not standing, the early excitation was larger in the ES muscle ipsilateral to the stimulation (iES) than in the contralateral ES (cES). During standing but not sitting, the longer latency excitation in cES was larger than in iES. This response in cES was also larger during standing compared to sitting. Responses were not significantly different between the eyes open and eyes closed conditions. Taps applied to the lateral calcaneus (heel taps) evoked responses in ES that were not significantly different in amplitude or latency than those evoked by tendon taps, despite a 75-94% reduction in the amplitude of the soleus stretch reflex evoked by the heel taps. Electrical stimulation of the sural nerve, a purely cutaneous nerve at the ankle, evoked ES reflexes that were not significantly different in amplitude but had significantly longer latencies than those evoked by the tendon and heel taps. These results support the hypothesis that reflex pathways connect receptors in the lower leg with muscles of the lower back and show that that the amplitude of these reflexes is modulated by task. Responses evoked by stimulation of the sural nerve establish that reflex pathways connect the ES muscles with cutaneous receptors of the foot. In contrast, the large volley in muscle spindle afferents induced by the tendon taps compared to the heel taps did not alter the ES responses, suggesting that the reflex connection between triceps surae muscle spindles and the ES muscles may be relatively weak. These heteronymous reflexes may play a role in stabilizing the trunk for maintaining posture and balance.
authors.affiliation: Human Neurophysiology Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Alberta, E-488 Van Vliet Centre, AB, Canada.
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Clair
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Okuma
authors.forename: J E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Misiaszek
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Collins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001415:Back; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology*; D011984:Sensory Receptor Cells / Q000502:physiology*; D013497:Sural Nerve / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014785:Vision, Ocular; D055815:Young Adult