title: Changes in hepatic gene expression in response to hepatoprotective levels of zinc.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Zinc (Zn) administration at non-toxic doses protects against the hepatotoxicity produced by many agents, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the basis of Zn-induced generalised hepatoprotective effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats and mice were given Zn at known hepatoprotective levels (100 mumol ZnCl2/kg/day, s.c., for 4 days) and molecular responses were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Zn treatment produced changes in 5% of the genes on custom-designed mouse liver array and Rat Toxicology-II array. Changes in gene expression were further confirmed and extended by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Zn treatment dramatically increased the expression of the metallothionein (Mt), and modestly increased the expression of acute-phase protein genes (ceruloplasmin, Stat3, egr1, Cxc chemokines and heat-shock proteins). For genes encoding for antioxidant enzymes, some were increased (Nrf2 and Nqo1), while others remained unaltered (Cu, Zn SOD and glutathione S-transferases). Expressions of cytokine and pro-inflammatory genes were not affected, while genes related to cell proliferation (cyclin D1) were modestly upregulated. Some metabolic enzyme genes, including cytochrome P450s and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, were modestly suppressed, perhaps to switch cellular metabolic energy to acute-phase responses. Liver Zn content was increased between 1.6- and 2.1-fold, while hepatic MT protein was increased between 50 and 200-fold. Mice typically showed greater responses than rats.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Such gene expression changes, particularly the dramatic induction of MT and Nrf2 antioxidant pathway, occur in the absence of overt liver injury, and are probably important in the hepatoprotective effects of Zn against toxic insults.
authors.affiliation: Inorganic Carcinogenesis Section, Laboratory of Comparative Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC.
authors.forename: Jie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Zhan-Xiang
authors.initials: ZX
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Matthew W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Waalkes
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002712:Chlorides / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008668:Metallothionein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020011:Protective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D002712:Chlorides; D051267:NF-E2-Related Factor 2; C495637:Nfe2l2 protein, rat; D020011:Protective Agents; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C016837:zinc chloride; D008668:Metallothionein