title: Alcohol consumption and the incidence of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort: the SUN study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess prospectively the association between alcohol consumption, including alcoholic beverage preference and days of consumption per week, and the risk of hypertension in a Mediterranean cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 9,963 Spanish men and women initially without hypertension. Self-reported and validated data on diet and hypertension diagnoses were collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During follow-up (median [interquartile range], 4.2 [2.5-6.1] years), 554 incident cases of hypertension were identified over a total of 43,562 person-years. The hazard ratio for hypertension among those who consumed alcohol on >or=5 days per week was 1.28 (95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.7) compared to abstainers. Among those who drank alcohol >or=5 days per week, the hazard ratio for hypertension associated with consuming >or=1 drink per day was 1.45 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-2) compared with abstainers. The consumption of beer or spirits, but not wine, was associated with an increased risk of hypertension. The hazard ratio associated with consuming >0.5 drinks of beer or spirits per day was 1.53 (95% confidence interval, 1.18-1.99) compared with abstainers. In contrast, there was a nonsignificant inverse association between red wine intake and the risk of hypertension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this Mediterranean population, the consumption of beer or spirits, but not wine, was associated with a higher risk of developing hypertension. However, the weekly pattern of alcohol consumption did not have a significant impact on the risk of hypertension.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, España. jorge.nun@gmail.com
authors.forename: Jorge M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Núñez-Córdoba
authors.forename: Miguel A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martínez-González
authors.forename: Maira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bes-Rastrollo
authors.forename: Estefanía
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Toledo
authors.forename: Juan J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Beunza
authors.forename: Alvaro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Alonso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D019083:Mediterranean Region / Q000453:epidemiology; D012306:Risk