title: Antibiotic prescribing for presumed nonbacterial acute respiratory tract infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of the study was to identify patient and provider factors associated with prescribing antibiotics for outpatients with acute respiratory tract infections of likely nonbacterial etiology.
  
  
  METHODS
  We identified outpatients who were diagnosed in the emergency department with nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) and acute bronchitis at the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System from June 15, 2003, to June 14, 2004, and the Philadelphia VA Medical Center from November 30, 2003, to March 31, 2004. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify factors independently associated with antibiotic prescribing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 26% of the 667 eligible patients with URIs and/or acute bronchitis received antibiotics. Antibiotics were prescribed significantly more frequently for acute bronchitis at one site (97% vs 65%, P < .001). Using multivariable analysis, the following factors were independently associated with antibiotic prescribing (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval): presence of 1 or more comorbidities (2.1, 1.2-3.5), fever (2.5, 1.4-4.4), purulent sputum (2.5, 1.5-4.4), shortness of breath (2.8, 1.4-5.4), altered breath sounds (4.6, 2.4-8.6), diagnosis of acute bronchitis (15.9, 8.0-31.8), provider age > or = 30 years (2.6, 1.1-6.3), and noninternal medicine specialty (2.7, 1.2-6.0).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antibiotic use was high and varied substantially for URIs and acute bronchitis. Specific signs and symptoms, a diagnosis of acute bronchitis, and provider age and specialty were associated with antibiotic prescribing. Interventions to decrease inappropriate prescribing should address the perceived utility of antibiotics in acute bronchitis and the accuracy of signs and symptoms in diagnosing a bacterial respiratory infection.
authors.affiliation: VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion (151C-H), Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA. sherrie.aspinall@va.gov
authors.forename: Sherrie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Aspinall
authors.forename: Chester B
authors.initials: CB
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Joshua P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Metlay
authors.forename: Maria K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Mor
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Fine
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015897:Comorbidity; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012141:Respiratory Tract Infections / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents