title: Wait times for surgical and adjuvant radiation treatment of breast cancer in Canada and the United States: greater socioeconomic inequity in America.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The demand for cancer care has increased among aging North American populations as cancer treatment innovations have proliferated. Gaps between supply and demand may be growing. This study examined whether socioeconomic status has a differential effect on waits for surgical and adjuvant radiation treatment (RT) of breast cancer in Canada and the US.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ontario and California cancer registries provided 929 and 984 breast cancer cases diagnosed between 1998 and 2000 in diverse urban and rural places. Residence-based socioeconomic data were taken from censuses. Cancer care variables were reliably abstracted from health records: stage, receipt of surgery and RT, and waits from diagnosis to initial and initial to adjuvant treatment. Median waits were compared within- and between-country with the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorically long, age-adjusted wait comparisons used the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significant associations between lower socioeconomic status and longer surgical waits, lower access to adjuvant RT and to longer RT waits across diverse places in California. None were observed in Ontario. The two cohorts did not practically differ on access to surgery or on surgical waits. Compared with their counterparts in California, low-income Ontarians, particularly those in small urban places, gained greater access to RT, while high-income Americans had shorter waits for RT.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This historical study contextualized Canada's "waiting-list problems" with evidence on breast cancer care, where lower income Americans seemed to have waited as long as similar Canadians. Many more low-income Americans seemed to experience the longest wait of all for adjuvant care. They simply did not receive it. In contrast to stark American socioeconomic inequity, this study evidenced remarkable equity in Canadian breast cancer care.
authors.affiliation: School of Social Work, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B3P4, Canada. gorey@uwindsor.ca
authors.forename: Kevin M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Gorey
authors.forename: Isaac N
authors.initials: IN
authors.lastname: Luginaah
authors.forename: Eric J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Holowaty
authors.forename: Karen Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Fung
authors.forename: Caroline
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hamm
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy* / Q000601:surgery*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D012923:Social Class; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014850:Waiting Lists