title: Covert reorganization of implicit task representations by slow wave sleep.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is evidence that slow wave sleep (SWS) promotes the consolidation of memories that are subserved by mediotemporal- and hippocampo-cortical neural networks. In contrast to implicit memories, explicit memories are accompanied by conscious (attentive and controlled) processing. Awareness at pre-sleep encoding has been recognized as critical for the off-line memory consolidation. The present study elucidated the role of task-dependent cortical activation guided by attentional control at pre-sleep encoding for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories during sleep.
  
  
  METHODS
  A task with a hidden regularity was used (Number Reduction Task, NRT), in which the responses that can be implicitly predicted by the hidden regularity activate hippocampo-cortical networks more strongly than responses that cannot be predicted. Task performance was evaluated before and after early-night sleep, rich in SWS, and late-night sleep, rich in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In implicit conditions, slow cortical potentials (SPs) were analyzed to reflect the amount of controlled processing and the localization of activated neural task representations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During implicit learning before sleep, the amount of controlled processing did not differ between unpredictable and predictable responses, nor between early- and late-night sleep groups. A topographic re-distribution of SPs indicating a spatial reorganization occurred only after early, not after late sleep, and only for predictable responses. These SP changes correlated with the amount of SWS and were covert because off-line RT decrease did not differentiate response types or sleep groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that SWS promotes the neural reorganization of task representations that rely on the hippocampal system despite absence of conscious access to these representations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Original neurophysiologic evidence is provided for the role of SWS in the consolidation of memories encoded with hippocampo-cortical interaction before sleep. It is demonstrated that this SWS-mediated mechanism does not depend critically on explicitness at learning nor on the amount of controlled executive processing during pre-sleep encoding.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany. jyord@gmx.net
authors.forename: Juliana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yordanova
authors.forename: Vasil
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kolev
authors.forename: Ullrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Verleger
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001288:Attention / Q000502:physiology; D001519:Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D003243:Consciousness / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D012894:Sleep Stages / Q000502:physiology; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D013997:Time Factors