title: Meat, eggs, dairy products, and risk of breast cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  A Western diet is associated with breast cancer risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We investigated the relation of meat, egg, and dairy product consumption with breast cancer risk by using data from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1992 and 2003, information on diet was collected from 319,826 women. Disease hazard ratios were estimated with multivariate Cox proportional hazard models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Breast cancer cases (n = 7119) were observed during 8.8 y (median) of follow-up. No consistent association was found between breast cancer risk and the consumption of any of the food groups under study, when analyzed by both categorical and continuous exposure variable models. High processed meat consumption was associated with a modest increase in breast cancer risk in the categorical model (hazard ratio: 1.10; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.20; highest compared with lowest quintile: P for trend = 0.07). Subgroup analyses suggested an association with butter consumption, limited to premenopausal women (hazard ratio: 1.28; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.53; highest compared with lowest quintile: P for trend = 0.21). Between-country heterogeneity was found for red meat (Q statistic = 18.03; P = 0.05) and was significantly explained (P = 0.023) by the proportion of meat cooked at high temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have not consistently identified intakes of meat, eggs, or dairy products as risk factors for breast cancer. Future studies should investigate the possible role of high-temperature cooking in the relation of red meat intake with breast cancer risk.
authors.affiliation: Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Valeria
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authors.forename: Giovanna
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authors.lastname: Amiano
authors.forename: Carlos Alberto Gonzalez
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authors.lastname: Svatetz
authors.forename: Laudina
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authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Elisabet
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authors.lastname: Wirfält
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authors.lastname: Manjer
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authors.lastname: van Duijnhoven
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authors.lastname: Spencer
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authors.lastname: Bingham
authors.forename: Kay-Tee
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authors.lastname: Khaw
authors.forename: Pietro
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authors.lastname: Ferrari
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authors.forename: Sabina
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mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002079:Butter / Q000009:adverse effects; D003611:Dairy Products / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004032:Diet; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000009:adverse effects; D004531:Eggs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005511:Food Handling; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008460:Meat / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D002079:Butter