title: Differential expression of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 in schizophrenia: a mechanism for antipsychotic drug action?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical and clinical data implicate the group II metabotropic glutamate receptors mGluR2 and mGluR3 in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Moreover, a recent phase II clinical trial demonstrated the antipsychotic efficacy of a mGluR2/mGluR3 agonist. The purpose of the present study was to distinguish the expression of mGluR2 and mGluR3 receptor proteins in schizophrenia and to quantify glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCP II) in order to explore a role for the metabotropic receptors in schizophrenia therapeutics. GCP II is an enzyme that metabolizes N-acetyl-aspartyl-glutamate (NAAG), which is the only known specific endogenous agonist of mGluR3 in the mammalian brain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The normal expression levels of mGluR2, mGluR3, and GCP II were determined for 10 regions of the postmortem human brain using specific antibodies. Differences in expression levels of each protein were examined in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporal cortex, and motor cortex in 15 postmortem schizophrenia subjects and 15 postmortem matched normal comparison subjects. Chronic antipsychotic treatment in rodents was conducted to examine the potential effect of antipsychotic drugs on expression of the three proteins.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings revealed a significant increase in GCP II protein and a reduction in mGluR3 protein in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia subjects, with mGluR2 protein levels unchanged. Chronic antipsychotic treatment in rodents did not influence GCP II or mGluR3 levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased GCP II expression and low mGluR3 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex suggest that NAAG-mediated signaling is impaired in this brain region in schizophrenia. Further, these data implicate the mGluR3 receptor in the antipsychotic action of mGluR2/mGluR3 agonists.
authors.affiliation: University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, NE5.110C, Dallas, TX 75390-9127, USA. subroto.ghose@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Subroto
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghose
authors.forename: Kelly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Gleason
authors.forename: Bryan W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Potts
authors.forename: Kelly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewis-Amezcua
authors.forename: Carol A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Tamminga
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; C108822:metabotropic glutamate receptor 2; C102718:metabotropic glutamate receptor 3; D006220:Haloperidol