title: Flow patterns and heat convection in a rectangular water bolus for use in superficial hyperthermia.
abstract: This paper investigates both numerically and experimentally the spatio-temporal effects of water flow in a custom-made water bolus used for superficial hyperthermia generated by a 915-MHz, 4 x 3 microwave applicator array. Similar hyperthermia models referenced in the literature use a constant water temperature and uniform heat flux to describe conduction and convection energy exchange within the heating apparatus available to cool the tissue surface. The results presented in this paper show that the spatially varying flow pattern and rate are vital factors for the overall heat control applicability of the 5 mm thick bolus under study. Regions with low flow rates and low heat convection clearly put restrictions on the maximum microwave energy possible within the limits of skin temperature rise under the bolus. Our analysis is illustrated by experimental flow front studies using a contrast liquid set-up monitored by high definition video and complemented by numerical analysis of liquid flow and heat exchange within the rectangular water bolus loaded by malignant tissue. Important factors for the improvement of future bolus designs are also discussed in terms of diameter and configuration of the water input and output tubing network.
authors.affiliation: Electrical Engineering Group, Department of Physics and Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway. Yngve.Birkelund@uit.no
authors.forename: Yngve
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Birkelund
authors.forename: Svein
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jacobsen
authors.forename: Kavitha
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Arunachalam
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Maccarini
authors.forename: Paul R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Stauffer
mesh_terms: D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D004735:Energy Transfer; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006358:Hot Temperature; D006979:Hyperthermia, Induced / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008872:Microwaves / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012212:Rheology / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D013814:Thermal Conductivity; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D014867:Water