Viruses selectively mutate their CD8+ T-cell epitopes--a large-scale immunomic analysis.
BACKGROUND
Viruses employ various means to evade immune detection. One common evasion strategy is the removal of CD8+cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes. We here use a combination of multiple bioinformatic tools and large amount of genomic data to compute the epitope repertoire presented by over 1300 viruses in many HLA alleles. We define the 'Size of Immune Repertoire score', which represents the ratio between the epitope density within a protein and the expected density. This score is used to study viral immune evasion.


RESULTS
We show that viral proteins in general have a higher epitope density than human proteins. This difference is due to a good fit of the human MHC molecules to the typical amino-acid usage of viruses. Among different viruses, viruses infecting humans present less epitopes than non-human viruses. This selection is not at the amino-acid usage level, but through the removal of specific epitopes. Within a single virus, not all proteins express the same epitopes density. Proteins expressed early in the viral life cycle have a lower epitope density than late proteins. Such a difference is not observed in non-human viruses. The removal of early epitopes and the targeting of the cellular immune response to late viral proteins, allow the virus a time interval to propagate before its host cells are destroyed by T cells.
Vider-Shalit
Tal
T
Department of Mathematics and Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Sarid
Ronit
R
Maman
Kobi
K
Tsaban
Lea
L
Levi
Ran
R
Louzoun
Yoram
Y
D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology*; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte / Q000235:genetics* / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D017735:Virus Latency
D000956:Antigens, Viral; D018984:Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte; D014764:Viral Proteins