title: Induction of protein tyrosine kinase 6 in mouse intestinal crypt epithelial cells promotes DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein tyrosine kinase 6 (PTK6) is expressed in epithelial linings of the gastrointestinal tract. PTK6 sensitizes the nontransformed Rat1a fibroblast cell line to apoptotic stimuli. The aim of this study was to determine if PTK6 regulates apoptosis in vivo after DNA damage in the small intestine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Wild-type and Ptk6(-/-) mice were subjected to gamma-irradiation; intestinal tissues were collected, protein was isolated, and samples were fixed for immunohistochemical analyses at 0, 6, and 72 hours after the mice were irradiated. Expression of PTK6 was examined in the small intestine before and after irradiation. Apoptosis and proliferation were compared between wild-type and Ptk6(-/-) mice. Expression and activation of prosurvival signaling proteins were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irradiation induced PTK6 in crypt epithelial cells of the small intestine in wild-type mice. Induction of PTK6 corresponded with DNA damage-induced apoptosis in the wild-type small intestine. Following irradiation, the apoptotic response was impaired in the intestinal crypts of Ptk6(-/-) mice. Increased activation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and increased inhibitory phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein BAD were detected in Ptk6(-/-) mice after irradiation. In response to the induction of apoptosis, compensatory proliferation increased in the small intestines of wild-type mice but not in Ptk6(-/-) mice at 6 hours after irradiation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PTK6 is a stress-induced kinase that promotes apoptosis by inhibiting prosurvival signaling. After DNA damage, induction of PTK6 is required for efficient apoptosis and inhibition of AKT and ERK1/2.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA.
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haegebarth
authors.forename: Ansu O
authors.initials: AO
authors.lastname: Perekatt
authors.forename: Wenjun
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Bie
authors.forename: Jessica J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Gierut
authors.forename: Angela L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Tyner
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002470:Cell Survival; D004249:DNA Damage / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D004789:Enzyme Activation; D005720:Gamma Rays; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D019061:src-Family Kinases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D011505:Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; C000598269:Ptk6 protein, mouse; D019061:src-Family Kinases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D053148:Caspase 3