title: Urban minority children with asthma: substantial morbidity, compromised quality and access to specialists, and the importance of poverty and specialty care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Asthma disproportionately affects minorities, but not enough is known about morbidity and specialist access in asthmatic minority children.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine asthma morbidity and access to specialty care in urban minority children.
  
  
  METHODS
  A consecutive series was recruited in 2004-2007 of urban minority children 2 to 18 years old seen for asthma in four emergency departments (EDs) or admitted to a children's hospital. Outcomes assessed included asthma symptom and attack frequency; missed school and parental work; asthma ED visits and hospitalizations; severity of illness; and asthma specialty care.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 648 children assessed, 220 were eligible. The mean age was 7 years; 68% were poor, 83% had Medicaid, 84% were African-American, and 16% were Latino. Sixty-eight percent of children were not in excellent/very good health, 73% had persistent asthma (moderate/severe = 52%), and only 44% had asthma care plans. The mean number of asthma attacks in the past year was 12, and of monthly daytime and nighttime asthma symptoms, is 12 and 12, respectively. The mean annual number of asthma doctor visits was 6; of ED asthma visits, 3; hospitalizations, 1; missed school days, 7; and missed parent work days, 6. Eighty-three percent of children have no asthma specialist, and 62% use EDs as the usual asthma care source. Poor children were less likely than the non-poor to have asthma specialists (13 vs. 26%; p < 0.03). African-Americans were more likely than Latinos to use EDs for usual asthma care (68% vs. 44%; p < 0.01). In multivariable analyses, poverty was associated with greater odds and having an asthma care plan with lower odds of an asthma attack in the past year; poverty also was associated with half the odds of having an asthma specialist. African-American children were significantly more likely to report the ED as the usual source of asthma care, and having an asthma specialist and male gender were associated with greater odds of having an asthma care plan.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Urban minority children with asthma average 1 asthma symptom daily, 1 exacerbation monthly, and 7 missed school days, 6 missed parental work days, 3 ED visits, and 1 hospitalization yearly; most receive their usual asthma care in EDs and have no asthma care plan or asthma specialist. Urban minority asthmatic children need interventions to reduce morbidity and improve access to specialists and asthma care plans, especially among the poor and African-Americans.
authors.affiliation: Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA. glenn.flores@utsouthwestern.edu
authors.forename: Glenn
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Flores
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Snowden-Bridon
authors.forename: Sylvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torres
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Perez
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Walter
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Brotanek
authors.forename: Hua
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Sandy
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tomany-Korman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000639:trends; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008511:Medicine; D008913:Minority Groups / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011336:Probability; D011787:Quality of Health Care; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000639:trends*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013038:Specialization; D013781:Texas; D014505:Urban Population
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents