title: 14-3-3 proteins, FHA domains and BRCT domains in the DNA damage response.
abstract: The DNA damage response depends on the concerted activity of protein serine/threonine kinases and modular phosphoserine/threonine-binding domains to relay the damage signal and recruit repair proteins. The PIKK family of protein kinases, which includes ATM/ATR/DNA-PK, preferentially phosphorylate Ser-Gln sites, while their basophilic downstream effecter kinases, Chk1/Chk2/MK2 preferentially phosphorylate hydrophobic-X-Arg-X-X-Ser/Thr-hydrophobic sites. A subset of tandem BRCT domains act as phosphopeptide binding modules that bind to ATM/ATR/DNA-PK substrates after DNA damage. Conversely, 14-3-3 proteins interact with substrates of Chk1/Chk2/MK2. FHA domains have been shown to interact with substrates of ATM/ATR/DNA-PK and CK2. In this review we consider how substrate phosphorylation together with BRCT domains, FHA domains and 14-3-3 proteins function to regulate ionizing radiation-induced nuclear foci and help to establish the G(2)/M checkpoint. We discuss the role of MDC1 a molecular scaffold that recruits early proteins to foci, such as NBS1 and RNF8, through distinct phosphodependent interactions. In addition, we consider the role of 14-3-3 proteins and the Chk2 FHA domain in initiating and maintaining cell cycle arrest.
authors.affiliation: David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
authors.forename: Duaa H
authors.initials: DH
authors.lastname: Mohammad
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Yaffe
mesh_terms: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000528:radiation effects; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000528:radiation effects; D004249:DNA Damage; D006801:Humans; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary; D011839:Radiation, Ionizing
chemical_list: D048948:14-3-3 Proteins