title: Clinical performance diagnosing alleged exposure to falanga--a phantom study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Falanga torture involves repetitive blunt trauma to the soles of the feet and typically leaves few detectable changes. Reduced elasticity in the heel pads has been reported as characteristic sequelae and palpatory testing of heel pad elasticity is therefore part of medicolegal assessment of alleged torture victims.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal was to test the accuracy of two experienced investigators in determining whether a heel pad model was soft, medium or hard. The skin-to-bone distance in the models varied within the human range.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two blinded investigators independently palpated nine different heel pad models with three different elasticities combined with three different skin-to-bone distances in five consecutive trials and categorized the models as soft, medium or hard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two experienced investigators were able to identify three known elasticities correctly in approximately two thirds of the cases. The skin-to-bone distance affected the accuracy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of clinical examination in documenting alleged exposure to torture warrants a high diagnostic accuracy of the applied tests. The study implies that palpatory testing of the human heel pad may not meet this demand. It is therefore recommended that a device able to perform an accurate measurement of the viscous-elastic properties of the heel pad be developed.
authors.affiliation: The Parker Institute, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. stp@frh.regionh.dk
authors.forename: Søren
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Torp-Pedersen
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Matteoli
authors.forename: Jens E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Wilhjelm
authors.forename: Kirstine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Amris
authors.forename: Jacob I
authors.initials: JI
authors.lastname: Bech
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Christensen
authors.forename: Bente
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Danneskiold-Samsøe
mesh_terms: D004548:Elasticity; D018409:Foot Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology; D006365:Heel / Q000293:injuries* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D010173:Palpation / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014104:Torture; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology