title: First demonstration of combined kV/MV image-guided real-time dynamic multileaf-collimator target tracking.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For intrafraction motion management, a real-time tracking system was developed by combining fiducial marker-based tracking via simultaneous kilovoltage (kV) and megavoltage (MV) imaging and a dynamic multileaf collimator (DMLC) beam-tracking system.
  
  
  METHODS
  The integrated tracking system employed a Varian Trilogy system equipped with kV/MV imaging systems and a Millennium 120-leaf MLC. A gold marker in elliptical motion (2-cm superior-inferior, 1-cm left-right, 10 cycles/min) was simultaneously imaged by the kV and MV imagers at 6.7 Hz and segmented in real time. With these two-dimensional projections, the tracking software triangulated the three-dimensional marker position and repositioned the MLC leaves to follow the motion. Phantom studies were performed to evaluate time delay from image acquisition to MLC adjustment, tracking error, and dosimetric impact of target motion with and without tracking.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time delay of the integrated tracking system was approximately 450 ms. The tracking error using a prediction algorithm was 0.9 +/- 0.5 mm for the elliptical motion. The dose distribution with tracking showed better target coverage and less dose to surrounding region over no tracking. The failure rate of the gamma test (3%/3-mm criteria) was 22.5% without tracking but was reduced to 0.2% with tracking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For the first time, a complete tracking system combining kV/MV image-guided target tracking and DMLC beam tracking was demonstrated. The average geometric error was less than 1 mm, and the dosimetric error was negligible. This system is a promising method for intrafraction motion management.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5847, USA. bccho@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Byungchul
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Per R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Poulsen
authors.forename: Alex
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sloutsky
authors.forename: Amit
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sawant
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D003199:Computer Systems; D004867:Equipment Design; D005373:Film Dosimetry / Q000379:methods; D009068:Movement; D010315:Particle Accelerators / Q000295:instrumentation*; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation