title: Steroid-free immunosuppression in pediatric renal transplantation: rationale for and [corrected] outcomes following conversion to steroid based therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Short-term outcomes using steroid-free immunosuppression after renal transplantation have been promising. No studies have examined the incidence of and reasons for steroid-avoidance protocol failures.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present a single-center analysis of steroid-free immunosuppression failures among 129 pediatric renal transplant recipients with mean follow-up of 5 years. We analyzed causes for failure and examined reasons for conversion to steroid-based therapy. We compared actual patient and allograft survival and allograft function in the cohort of patients who required conversion to steroid-based immunosuppression with that of the cohort maintaining steroid-free immunosuppression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13.2% (17/129) of patients failed steroid-free immunosuppression. Actual patient survival was equivalent in the two cohorts, 96.4% for the cohort maintaining steroid-free immunosuppression and 94.1% for those requiring conversion. Actual allograft survival was lower in patients requiring conversion to a steroid-based protocol, 76.5% vs. 95.5% (P=0.004). Estimated glomerular filtration rates 12-months and 24-months posttransplant were greater in patients maintaining steroid-free immunosuppression (P=0.003). Most patients (52.9%, 9/17) who broke the steroid-free protocol did so because of refractory acute rejection. The second most common reason was recurrence of glomerulonephritis (GN; 35.3%, 6/17).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The failure rate of steroid-free immunosuppression among selective pediatric patients undergoing renal transplantation is low. Patients maintaining steroid-free immunosuppression have better allograft survival and function than those requiring conversion to steroid-based therapy. The most common reasons for failure of steroid-free immunosuppression are recalcitrant or recurrent allograft rejection and recurrent GN; the role of conversion to steroid-based immunosuppression after episodes of acute rejection and recurrent GN requires additional analysis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. suthersm@stanford.edu
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Waldo
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Concepcion
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Salvatierra
authors.forename: Minnie M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Sarwal
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001706:Biopsy; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D005921:Glomerulonephritis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D019520:Living Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents