title: Analysis of seawater microbiological quality data in Greece from 1997 to 2006: association of risk factors with bacterial indicators.
abstract: This study deals with the examination of quality of seawater bathing areas in Greece over a 10-year period and identifies risk factors for high bacteria indicator organism concentrations. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied and the microbiological test results of 231,205 water samples were associated with pollution markers and other parameters. Measurements of Escherichia coli (99.6%) and enterococci (100%) were found to be in accordance with the mandatory value guidelines set by the new European Directive. An increasing trend for the yearly mean value of faecal streptococci was noted. Using logistic regression analysis, phenolic smell (OR = 2.10, CI = 2.04-2.16), rainfall the day before sampling (OR = 1.67, CI = 1.64-1.74), high seas (OR = 1.42, CI = 1.39-1.46) and rainfall on the day of sampling (OR = 1.27, CI = 1.20-1.33) were positively independently associated with high levels of bacterial indicators (total coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and E. coli). The highest risk, absolute risk value 42.8% (RR = 3.17, CI = 2.97-3.38), was measured when previous day rainfall, phenolic smell and high seas were simultaneously recorded. Such parameters should be further investigated as predetermining factors for the assessment of beach bathing water quality, providing a timely indication of water risk assessment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa 41221, Greece.
authors.forename: Panagiotis
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Papastergiou
authors.forename: Varvara
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Mouchtouri
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Karanika
authors.forename: Elina
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kostara
authors.forename: Foteini
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kolokythopoulou
authors.forename: Nikos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mpitsolas
authors.forename: Angelos
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Papaioannou
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hadjichristodoulou
mesh_terms: D001493:Bathing Beaches; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016983:Enterococcus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006115:Greece; D006801:Humans; D012307:Risk Factors; D012623:Seawater / Q000382:microbiology*