title: An Apgar scoring system for routine assessment of newborn puppy viability and short-term survival prognosis.
abstract: The Apgar scoring system is an easy and reliable method for evaluating both human and animal neonates. However, its use is not widespread in veterinary medicine. The current study assessed a modified Apgar scoring system for routine evaluation of newborn puppies. Heart rate, respiratory effort, reflex irritability, motility, and mucus color have been evaluated in the score. Specifically, we used 5 min after birth Apgar score to assess newborn viability and short-term survival prognosis, as well as related characteristics, in 193 puppies from 42 litters, 65 born by spontaneous delivery, 66 by assisted delivery, and 62 by cesarean section. The percentage of puppies that were dead 2h after birth was higher in the 4 to 6 Apgar score group versus that in the 7 to 10 score group (P<0.01) and in the 0 to 3 score group versus that in the 7 to 10 score group (P<0.0001). Delivery method did not affect survival. There was a marked reduction in the number of puppies searching for the mammary gland in the 0 to 3 and 4 to 6 Apgar score groups compared with that in the 7 to 10 score group (P<0.0001); there was a difference between the 0 to 3 and the 4 to 6 score groups as well (P<0.05). Suckling/swallowing reflexes were present in fewer puppies in the 0 to 3 and 4 to 6 score groups compared with that in the 7 to 10 group (P<0.0001), with no significant differences between the 0 to 3 and the 4 to 6 score groups.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Via G. Celoria, 10 20133 Milan, Italy. maria.veronesi@unimi.it
authors.forename: M C
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Panzani
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Faustini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rota
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn / Q000502:physiology*; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D005328:Fetal Viability / Q000502:physiology; D008098:Litter Size; D011247:Pregnancy; D011379:Prognosis; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors