title: The relationship between smoking machine derived tar yields and biomarkers of exposure in adult cigarette smokers in the US.
abstract: Comprehensive data on human exposure to smoke constituents from different machine-measured tar yield cigarettes is limited.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study used a stratified, cross-sectional, multi-center design to estimate biomarkers of exposure (BOE) from nicotine, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), pyrene, CO, acrolein, and 1,3-butadiene and their relationship to tar yield categories of cigarette in adult smokers in the U.S. 3625 adults smokers were enrolled into four tar categories < or =2.9 mg (T1), 3.0-6.9 mg (T2), 7.0-12.9 mg (T3), and > or =13.0mg (T4). Biomarkers were measured in blood (carboxyhemoglobin, 4-aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin (4-ABP-Hb)-adducts, serum cotinine) and 24h urine (nicotine and five metabolites, calculated as nicotine equivalents (NE), NNAL, 1-OH-pyrene, 3-HPMA, MHBMA and DHBMA). Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Tar was a significant factor for most biomarkers in the ANCOVA models. The largest least square mean differences between tar categories was 35% for NE per day, 28% for NE per cigarette, 36% for serum cotinine, 42% for NNAL per day, 29% for NNAL per cigarette, 26% for 1-OHP, 24% for COHb, 14% for 3-HPMA and 40% for 4-ABP-Hb. Variability in BOE ranged from 41% to 154% CV.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a statistically significant effect of machine-measured tar yield on most BOE, which were generally lower with lower tar yield.
authors.affiliation: Altria Client Services, 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA. Paul.Mendes@altria.com
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mendes
authors.forename: Qiwei
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Kimberly
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Frost-Pineda
authors.forename: Sagar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Munjal
authors.forename: Ruediger-A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Walk
authors.forename: Hans J
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Roethig
mesh_terms: D000171:Acrolein / Q000032:analysis; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002070:Butadienes / Q000032:analysis; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000295:instrumentation; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009538:Nicotine / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D009602:Nitrosamines / Q000032:analysis; D019370:Observation; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000032:analysis; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012907:Smoking / Q000378:metabolism*; D013638:Tars / Q000032:analysis* / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002070:Butadienes; D009602:Nitrosamines; D011721:Pyrenes; D013638:Tars; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D009538:Nicotine; D000171:Acrolein; C016583:4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone; C030984:pyrene; C031763:1,3-butadiene