title: Smoking and The Simpsons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of smoking on The Simpsons television show, and the relationship with the sex and age groups of characters shown smoking, and with positive, negative and neutral connotations associated with instances of smoking.
  
  
  METHODS
  Content analysis (performed from January to October 2008) of instances of smoking that appeared in the first 18 seasons of The Simpsons television show, which aired from 1989 to 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  Frequency, impact (positive, negative, neutral) of instances of smoking; and frequency associated with age (child or adolescent versus adult characters), sex and types of characters on the show.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 795 instances of smoking in the 400 episodes observed. Most (498; 63%) involved male characters. Only 8% of instances of smoking (63) involved child or adolescent characters. Just over a third of instances of smoking (275; 35%) reflected smoking in a negative way, compared with the majority, which reflected smoking in a neutral way (504; 63%) and the minority, which reflected smoking in a positive way (16; 2%). Child and adolescent characters were much more likely to be involved in instances of smoking reflected in a negative way compared with adult characters (odds ratio, 44.93; 95% CI, 16.15-172.18).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There are a large number of instances of smoking in The Simpsons television show. Child and adolescent characters are much more likely to be portrayed in instances of smoking reflected in a negative way than adult characters. Viewing The Simpsons characters smoking may prompt children to consider smoking at an early age.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Mass, USA. eslickg@med.usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Guy D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Eslick
authors.forename: Marielle G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Eslick
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007100:Imitative Behavior; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009040:Motion Pictures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013690:Television; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult