title: Effects of a topical anaesthetic formulation and systemic carprofen, given singly or in combination, on the cortisol and behavioural responses of Merino lambs to castration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effectiveness of a topical anaesthetic formulation (Tri-Solfen) with or without the administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (carprofen) on the pain and distress response associated with ring or surgical castration of ram lambs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Merino ram lambs (n = 78) were allocated to 10 treatment groups: 4 groups of knife-castrated lambs and 4 groups of ring-castrated lambs received carprofen (4 mg/kg SC) and Tri-Solfen; 2 control groups (sham) received carprofen at 0 or 4 mg/kg SC. Measurements included plasma cortisol and haptoglobin concentrations, haematology, and behaviour, including posture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Knife-castrated lambs had higher peak cortisol and integrated cortisol responses for the first 6 h after treatment and greater concentration s of circulating acute phase proteins than ring-castrated lambs, both of which were significantly different from the sham controls. Tri-Solfen applied to the knife castration wound significantly reduced both the peak plasma cortisol concentration and the integrated cortisol response for the first 6 h and improved lying behaviour in the first 12 h. Carprofen reduced the cortisol response to knife castration at 30 min, but elevated the cortisol responses at 24 and 48 h. Carprofen nearly halved the number of acute pain behaviours associated with ring castration. There were no significant additive or synergistic effects from combining the analgesic treatments. Tri-Solfen applied to the tail wound provided no detectible benefits during ring castration + tail docking.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physiological and behavioural responses suggest that ring castration has less impact on the lamb than knife castration. The specific analgesic treatments can provide modest amelioration of the pain and discomfort associated with castration. Alternative doses or application methods may enhance their efficacy.
authors.affiliation: CSIRO FD McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSE, Australia.
authors.forename: D R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Paull
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: I G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Colditz
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Fisher
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects*; D002227:Carbazoles / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002369:Castration / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005163:Factor Analysis, Statistical; D006242:Haptoglobins / Q000032:analysis; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000662:veterinary*; D012756:Sheep / Q000097:blood / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D002227:Carbazoles; D006242:Haptoglobins; C007005:carprofen; D006854:Hydrocortisone