title: Identification of the pollen self-incompatibility determinant in Papaver rhoeas.
abstract: Higher plants produce seed through pollination, using specific interactions between pollen and pistil. Self-incompatibility is an important mechanism used in many species to prevent inbreeding; it is controlled by a multi-allelic S locus. 'Self' (incompatible) pollen is discriminated from 'non-self' (compatible) pollen by interaction of pollen and pistil S locus components, and is subsequently inhibited. In Papaver rhoeas, the pistil S locus product is a small protein that interacts with incompatible pollen, triggering a Ca(2+)-dependent signalling network, resulting in pollen inhibition and programmed cell death. Here we have cloned three alleles of a highly polymorphic pollen-expressed gene, PrpS (Papaver rhoeas pollen S), from Papaver and provide evidence that this encodes the pollen S locus determinant. PrpS is a single-copy gene linked to the pistil S gene (currently called S, but referred to hereafter as PrsS for Papaver rhoeas stigma S determinant). Sequence analysis indicates that PrsS and PrpS are equally ancient and probably co-evolved. PrpS encodes a novel approximately 20-kDa protein. Consistent with predictions that it is a transmembrane protein, PrpS is associated with the plasma membrane. We show that a predicted extracellular loop segment of PrpS interacts with PrsS and, using PrpS antisense oligonucleotides, we demonstrate that PrpS is involved in S-specific inhibition of incompatible pollen. Identification of PrpS represents a major advance in our understanding of the Papaver self-incompatibility system. As a novel cell-cell recognition determinant it contributes to the available information concerning the origins and evolution of cell-cell recognition systems involved in discrimination between self and non-self, which also include histocompatibility systems in primitive chordates and vertebrates.
authors.affiliation: School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Barend H J
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: de Graaf
authors.forename: Natalie
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Hadjiosif
authors.forename: Ruth M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Perry
authors.forename: Natalie S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Poulter
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Osman
authors.forename: Sabina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vatovec
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Harper
authors.forename: F Christopher H
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: Vernonica E
authors.initials: VE
authors.lastname: Franklin-Tong
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D008040:Genetic Linkage; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010207:Papaver / Q000502:physiology*; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011058:Pollen / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D054817:Pollination / Q000502:physiology; D012098:Reproduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010940:Plant Proteins