title: The relationship between retinal ganglion cell axon constituents and retinal nerve fiber layer birefringence in the primate.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the degree of correlation between spatial characteristics of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) birefringence (Delta n(RNFL)) surrounding the optic nerve head (ONH) with the corresponding anatomy of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and their respective organelles.
  
  
  METHODS
  RNFL phase retardation per unit depth (PR/UD, proportional to Delta n(RNFL)) was measured in two cynomolgus monkeys by enhanced polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (EPS-OCT). The monkeys were perfused with glutaraldehyde and the eyes were enucleated and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) histologic analysis. Morphologic measurements from TEM images were used to estimate neurotubule density (rho(RNFL)), axoplasmic area (A(x)) mode, axon area (A(a)) mode, slope (u) of the number of neurotubules versus axoplasmic area (neurotubule packing density), fractional area of axoplasm in the nerve fiber bundle (f), mitochondrial fractional area in the nerve fiber bundle (x(m)), mitochondria-containing axon profile fraction (m(p)), and length of axonal membrane profiles per unit of nerve fiber bundle area (L(am)/A(b)). Registered PR/UD and morphologic parameters from corresponding angular sections were then correlated by using Pearson's correlation and multilevel models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In one eye there was a statistically significant correlation between PR/UD and rho(RNFL) (r = 0.67, P = 0.005) and between PR/UD and neurotubule packing density (r = 0.70, P = 0.002). Correlation coefficients of r = 0.81 (P = 0.01) and r = 0.50 (P = 0.05) were observed between the PR/UD and A(x) modes for each respective subject.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neurotubules are the primary source of birefringence in the RNFL of the primate retina.
authors.affiliation: Biomedical Engineering Laser Laboratories, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA.
authors.forename: Ginger M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Pocock
authors.forename: Roberto G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Aranibar
authors.forename: Nate J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Kemp
authors.forename: Charles S
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Specht
authors.forename: Mia K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Markey
authors.forename: H Grady
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Rylander
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D001718:Birefringence; D005260:Female; D008252:Macaca fascicularis; D008870:Microtubules / Q000502:physiology*; D009412:Nerve Fibers / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009898:Optic Disk / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015388:Organelles; D012165:Retinal Ganglion Cells / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence