title: Effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic fields compared with placebo in the management of osteoarthritis of the knee.
  
  
  METHODS
  A systematic review of PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized, controlled trials reporting on the blinded comparison of pulsed electromagnetic fields with placebo were included. Validity was tested according to the Jadad Scale. Studies were pooled using fixed-effects and random-effects models after exclusion of publication bias and assessment of heterogeneity. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regression were performed to test the stability of our findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine studies, including 483 patients, were pooled. No significant difference could be shown for pain (weighted mean difference 0.2 patients; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.4 to 0.8) or stiffness (weighted mean difference 0.3; 95% CI: -0.3 to 0.9). There was a significant effect on activities of daily living (weighted mean difference 0.8; 95% CI 0.2-1.4, p = 0.014) and scores (standardized mean difference 0.4; 95% CI: 0.05-0.8, p = 0.029). We saw only statistically insignificant differences between studies with different treatment protocols.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pulsed electromagnetic fields improve clinical scores and function in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee and should be considered as adjuvant therapies in their management. There is still equipoise of evidence for an effect on pain in the current literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Enders 1016, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Patrick.vavken@childrens.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vavken
authors.forename: Ferdi
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Arrich
authors.forename: Othmar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schuhfried
authors.forename: Ronald
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dorotka
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D055909:Magnetic Field Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020370:Osteoarthritis, Knee / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D016896:Treatment Outcome