title: Burn wounds infected by contaminated water: case reports, review of the literature and recommendations for treatment.
abstract: First-aid education for the management of burns advocates cool running water over burnt skin to limit soft tissue damage. However, the water used may itself constitute a risk. We report three cases of severe invasive and necrotizing infection in patients who used or immersed themselves in contaminated water in an attempt to extinguish the fire following acute major burns. Wound cultures from all patients yielded Aeromonas hydrophila and two yielded Bacillus cereus. One patient had a complex polymicrobial infection, including zygomycosis with Rhizomucor variabilis. All patients were treated aggressively with wound débridement, including one patient who required bilateral lower limb amputations to control progressive infection. All infections were successfully treated and all patients survived their burn injuries. We review the management of burns complicated by exposure to contaminated water leading to burn wound infections. We describe commonly reported organisms from various water sources, the appropriate initial empirical antimicrobial chemotherapy and present the clinician with a proposed algorithm for managing these serious infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic Surgery, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia. noel_ribeiro@doctors.org.uk
authors.forename: Noel F F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Christopher H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Heath
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kierath
authors.forename: Suzanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rea
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Duncan-Smith
authors.forename: Fiona M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Wood
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000333:Aeromonas; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001409:Bacillus cereus; D002056:Burns / Q000382:microbiology / Q000628:therapy*; D002648:Child; D005392:First Aid / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000635:transmission; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014876:Water Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000635:transmission; D055815:Young Adult; D020096:Zygomycosis / Q000635:transmission