title: Mitochondrial targets for stroke: focusing basic science research toward development of clinically translatable therapeutics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stroke is a major cause of death and disability, and it is imperative to develop therapeutics to mitigate stroke-related injury. Despite many promising prospects, attempts at translating neuroprotective agents that show success in animal models of stroke have resulted in very limited clinical success.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This review discusses reasons for the lack of translational success based on the therapeutic targets tested and the pathophysiology of stroke. New recanalization therapies and alternative therapeutic strategies are discussed concerning mitochondria-mediated cell death. Mitochondrial death-regulation pathways are divided into 3 categories: Upstream signaling pathways, agents that target mitochondria directly, and downstream death-execution effectors. The apoptosis signal-related kinase/c-Jun-terminal kinase pathway is used as an example to provide rationale as to why inhibiting signaling pathway upstream of mitochondrial dysfunction is a promising therapeutic approach. Finally, the mechanisms of autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are discussed in relation to stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing evidence suggests that reperfusion is necessary for improved neurological outcomes after stroke. Development of improved recanalization methods with increased therapeutic windows will aid in improving clinical outcome. Adjunct neuroprotective interventions must also be developed to ensure maximal brain tissue salvage. Targeting prodeath signaling pathways upstream of mitochondrial damage is promising for potential clinically effective treatment. Further understanding of the roles of equilibrium of autophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in the pathogenesis of stroke could also lead to novel therapeutics.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Peter S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Vosler
authors.forename: Steven H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Graham
authors.forename: Lawrence R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wechsler
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis; D006801:Humans; D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D020521:Stroke / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*
chemical_list: D048031:JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases