title: DNA-like class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs) preferentially block autoantigen-induced B-cell and dendritic cell activation in vitro and autoantibody production in lupus-prone MRL-Fas(lpr/lpr) mice in vivo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  B cells have many different roles in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), ranging from autoantigen recognition and processing to effector functions (for example, autoantibody and cytokine secretion). Recent studies have shown that intracellular nucleic acid-sensing receptors, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9, play an important role in the pathogenesis of SLE. Dual engagement of rheumatoid factor-specific AM14 B cells through the B-cell receptor (BCR) and TLR7/9 results in marked proliferation of autoimmune B cells. Thus, strategies to preferentially block innate activation through TLRs in autoimmune B cells may be preferred over non-selective B-cell depletion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We have developed a new generation of DNA-like compounds named class R inhibitory oligonucleotides (INH-ODNs). We tested their effectiveness in autoimmune B cells and interferon-alpha-producing dendritic cells in vitro and in lupus-prone MRL-Faslpr/lpr mice in vivo.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Class R INH-ODNs have 10- to 30-fold higher inhibitory potency when autoreactive B cells are synergistically activated through the BCR and associated TLR7 or 9 than when stimulation occurs via non-BCR-engaged TLR7/9. Inhibition of TLR9 requires the presence of both CCT and GGG triplets in an INH-ODN, whereas the inhibition of the TLR7 pathway appears to be sequence-independent but dependent on the phosphorothioate backbone. This difference was also observed in the MRL-Faslpr/lpr mice in vivo, where the prototypic class R INH-ODN was more effective in curtailing abnormal autoantibody secretion and prolonging survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased potency of class R INH-ODNs for autoreactive B cells and dendritic cells may be beneficial for lupus patients by providing pathway-specific inhibition yet allowing them to generate protective immune response when needed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA. petar-lenert@uiowa.edu
authors.forename: Petar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lenert
authors.forename: Kei
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yasuda
authors.forename: Liliana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Busconi
authors.forename: Patrice
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Courtney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Fleenor
authors.forename: Radhika S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Ratnabalasuriar
authors.forename: Peter L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Nagy
authors.forename: Robert F
authors.initials: RF
authors.lastname: Ashman
authors.forename: Ian R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Rifkin
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Marshak-Rothstein
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D001324:Autoantigens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D019463:Mice, Inbred MRL lpr; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000145:classification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D001324:Autoantigens; C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D004247:DNA