title: Renin-angiotensin system polymorphisms and the association between use of angiotensin II receptor blockers or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and the risk of diabetes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the influence of genetic polymorphisms in the renin-angiotensin system on the risk of diabetes associated with the use of angiotensin II receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a matched case-control study among antihypertensive drug users. Pharmacy records and questionnaires were used to ascertain incident diabetes (cases), antihypertensive drug use, and risk factors. Controls did not (yet) have diabetes.We genotyped ACE (G4656C, which is in complete linkage disequilibrium with the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism), angiotensinogen (M235T), and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (A1166C).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 495 cases of incident diabetes and 2,624 controls, homozygous 1166C carriers of angiotensin II type 1 receptor who used angiotensin II receptor blockers had an increased risk of diabetes compared to 1166A carriers (interaction odds ratio 5.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.8-16.1]). Homozygous ACE GG subjects who used ACE inhibitors >or= 1 defined daily dose/day had a higher risk of diabetes compared to subjects with the ACE C allele (interaction odds ratio 2.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.2-4.5]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiotensin II receptor blockers increase the occurrence of diabetes in homozygous 1166C carriers of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, but not in 1166A carriers. ACE inhibitors at doses >or= 1 defined daily dose/day increase the risk of diabetes among homozygous ACE GG carriers, but not in 4656C carriers.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacotherapy, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Ozlem
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bozkurt
authors.forename: Anthonius
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: de Boer
authors.forename: Diederik E
authors.initials: DE
authors.lastname: Grobbee
authors.forename: Abraham A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Kroon
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schiffers
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: de Leeuw
authors.forename: Olaf H
authors.initials: OH
authors.lastname: Klungel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000235:genetics*; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D044140:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A