title: Painful physical symptoms and treatment outcome in major depressive disorder: a STAR*D (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression) report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Painful physical symptoms (PPS) are both common and reduce the likelihood of remission in major depressive disorder (MDD), based upon results of clinical trials in selected populations. Whether PPS significantly contribute to poorer treatment outcome overall in primary or specialty psychiatric care settings remains unclear.
  
  
  METHODS
  Out-patients (n=2876) with MDD were treated in the first step of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) trial with citalopram up to 60 mg/day for up to 14 weeks. Presence of painful symptoms, as well as severity of depression, physical illness, and demographic and treatment factors were examined. Time to and overall rates of remission were analysed in relation to the presence of PPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the participants, 80% complained of PPS. These patients, both in primary and specialty psychiatric settings, had significantly lower remission rates and took longer to remit. Increasing severity of PPS was associated with greater physical illness burden, lower socio-economic status, absence of private insurance and being female, African-American or Hispanic. After adjustment for these factors, patients with PPS no longer had significantly poorer treatment outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Presence and severity of PPS is an indicator of MDD that may have poorer treatment outcome with an initial selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. These poorer treatment outcomes are multifactorial, however, and are not explained by the presence and severity of pain per se.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90024-1759, USA. afl@ucla.edu
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leuchter
authors.forename: M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Cook
authors.forename: M H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Trivedi
authors.forename: S R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Wisniewski
authors.forename: W S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Gilmer
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Luther
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fava
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Rush
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012074:Remission Induction; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D015283:Citalopram