title: Constrained mixture estimation for analysis and robust classification of clinical time series.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Personalized medicine based on molecular aspects of diseases, such as gene expression profiling, has become increasingly popular. However, one faces multiple challenges when analyzing clinical gene expression data; most of the well-known theoretical issues such as high dimension of feature spaces versus few examples, noise and missing data apply. Special care is needed when designing classification procedures that support personalized diagnosis and choice of treatment. Here, we particularly focus on classification of interferon-beta (IFNbeta) treatment response in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients which has attracted substantial attention in the recent past. Half of the patients remain unaffected by IFNbeta treatment, which is still the standard. For them the treatment should be timely ceased to mitigate the side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We propose constrained estimation of mixtures of hidden Markov models as a methodology to classify patient response to IFNbeta treatment. The advantages of our approach are that it takes the temporal nature of the data into account and its robustness with respect to noise, missing data and mislabeled samples. Moreover, mixture estimation enables to explore the presence of response sub-groups of patients on the transcriptional level. We clearly outperformed all prior approaches in terms of prediction accuracy, raising it, for the first time, >90%. Additionally, we were able to identify potentially mislabeled samples and to sub-divide the good responders into two sub-groups that exhibited different transcriptional response programs. This is supported by recent findings on MS pathology and therefore may raise interesting clinical follow-up questions.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The method is implemented in the GQL framework and is available at http://www.ghmm.org/gql. Datasets are available at http://www.cin.ufpe.br/ approximately igcf/MSConst.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
authors.affiliation: Center of Informatics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. igcf@cin.ufpe.br
authors.forename: Ivan G
authors.initials: IG
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schönhuth
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hafemeister
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Schliep
mesh_terms: D002965:Classification / Q000379:methods; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods*; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D016899:Interferon-beta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008390:Markov Chains; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016899:Interferon-beta