title: The clinical and radiological outcomes of the LISS plate for distal femoral fractures: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this systematic review was to assess the literature evaluating the clinical and radiological outcomes following less invasive surgical stabilisation system (LISS) fixation of distal femoral fractures (AO 32/33).
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of EMBASE, Medline, CINAHL and AMED from their inception to November 2008, sources of grey literature and a pertinent hand search of specialist orthopaedic journals was undertaken.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-one studies assessing 663 patients with 694 fractures were reviewed. The findings suggest that the LISS system may be an appropriate fixation method for the management of distal femoral fractures. However, there remains a high incidence of loss of reduction (n=134; 19%), delayed or non-union (n=40; 6%) and implant failure (n=38; 5%). On analysis, such complications were largely confined to articles published before 2005, therefore during the infancy of the widespread clinical application of this trauma system. On critical appraisal, the evidence-base remains limited by recruiting small, under-powered sample sizes and poorly accounting for confounding variables such as osteoporosis, diabetes, multi-trauma and fracture classification.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further study is required to assess the outcomes of LISS fixation in specific patient populations, and to compare the outcome of this fixation method to condylar plates and intrameduallary devices, to determine the optimal management strategy for this complex patient group.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Orthopaedics, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich NR4 7UY, Norfolk, UK. toby.smith@nnuh.nhs.uk
authors.forename: T O
authors.initials: TO
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Hedges
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: MacNair
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schankat
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Wimhurst
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001860:Bone Plates; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D005260:Female; D005264:Femoral Fractures / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D005593:Fracture Fixation, Internal / Q000295:instrumentation*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011859:Radiography; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult