title: A carbon dioxide, heat and chemical lure trap for the  bedbug, Cimex lectularius.
abstract: A trap for the collection of bedbugs, Cimex lectularius Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), is described. The trap was baited with CO2 (50-400 mL/min), heat (37.2-42.2 degrees C) and a chemical lure comprised of 33.0 microg proprionic acid, 0.33 microg butyric acid, 0.33 microg valeric acid, 100 microg octenol and 100 microg L-lactic acid, impregnated into a gel. Laboratory studies, conducted in a square arena measuring 183 cm on each side, showed that traps with and without baits captured adult bedbugs, but traps with CO2 emissions of 50-400 mL/min caught significantly (P < 0.05) more bedbugs than traps without CO2. In an infested unoccupied apartment, traps with heat and with or without the chemical lure were tested without CO2 on 29 trap-days and with CO2 on 9 trap-days. The numbers of bedbugs captured were 656 and 5898 in traps without and with CO2, respectively. The numbers of bedbugs of all development stages captured were significantly greater in traps with CO2 (chi2 = 15 942, d.f. = 1, P < 10(-9)). A non-parametric two-way analysis of variance evaluation of six different traps with or without CO2, heat or a chemical lure monitored over 19 trap-days in an infested apartment showed that trap type was highly significant (n = 2833 bedbugs collected) (P < 10(-7)). The trap with CO2, heat and a chemical lure captured more bedbugs than the other traps, but only caught significantly more fourth and fifth instar nymphs than all other traps. Otherwise, the catches in this trap did not differ significantly from those caught by traps that contained CO2 and heat only. The total numbers of bedbugs collected for each trapping date (pooling all six traps) followed an exponential decline over the trapping period. This type of trap, which caught bedbugs in unoccupied apartments with and without furniture, and in an occupied apartment, may have utility in studying the ecology of bedbugs, in detecting bedbug infestations and in reducing numbers of bites by trapping host-seeking bedbugs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA. john.f.anderson@po.state.ct.us
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Ferrandino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McKnight
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nolen
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001511:Bedbugs / Q000502:physiology*; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D005260:Female; D006358:Hot Temperature; D007300:Insect Control / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide