title: Effects of GSM-like radiofrequency on distortion product otoacoustic emissions of rabbits: comparison of infants versus adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study is to investigate the potential hazardous effects of 1800 MHz Global System for Mobile Communications-like (GSM-like) Radiofrequency (RF) exposure on the cochlear functions of female infant and adult rabbits by measuring Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) response amplitudes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighteen each one-month-old New Zealand White female rabbits and eighteen each 13-month-old adult rabbits were included into the study. They were randomly divided into four groups. Nine infant rabbits (Group 1) were not exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF (Infant Control, C-In). Nine infant rabbits (Group 2) were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 days after they reached one-month of age (Infant RF, RF-In). Nine adult rabbits were not exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 (Adult Control, C-Ad). Nine adult rabbits were exposed to 1800 MHz GSM-like RF, 15 min daily for 7 days (Adult RF, RF-Ad). Cochlear functions were assessed by DPOAEs at 1.0-8.0 kHz.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1.0-2.0 and 6.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 2 were significantly higher than that of Group 1. At 3.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 1. At 6.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 2 were significantly higher than that of Group 3. At 1.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 2. At 1.0-8.0 kHz, the mean DPOAE values of Group 4 were significantly lower than that of Group 3.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Harmful effects of GSM-like 1800 MHz RF exposure was detected more in the adult female rabbits than infant female rabbits by DPOAE measurement. Prolonged exposure and hyperthermia related to the power density of applied RFR, increasing the temperature in the ear canal, may decrease the DPOAE amplitudes. Water containing medium in the middle ear of infant rabbits may play the protective role **from the RF damage.
authors.affiliation: Gazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Nanomedicine Research Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Gürer G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Budak
authors.forename: Nuray Bayar
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Muluk
authors.forename: Bilgehan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Budak
authors.forename: Göknur Güler
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Oztürk
authors.forename: Alpaslan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Apan
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Seyhan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D017084:Otoacoustic Emissions, Spontaneous / Q000502:physiology*; D011817:Rabbits; D011846:Radio Waves