title: Effect of artificial saliva storage on microhardness and fracture toughness of a hydrothermal glass-ceramic.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the effect of artificial saliva storage on the hardness, crack length, and fracture toughness of a glazed, polished, and bleached hydrothermal low-fusing glass-ceramic (Duceram LFC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty ceramic discs were constructed. The discs were assigned to four groups (n = 10) according to their surface finish: Gp1 -- Autoglaze, Gp2 -- Autoglaze/ground/diamond-polished, Gp3 -- Overglaze, Gp4 -- Overglaze/ground/diamond-polished. Each group was further divided into two subgroups forming eight total subgroups (n = 5). Subgroup A was unbleached; Subgroup B was bleached. Testing was performed before and after 21 days of artificial saliva storage. Data were presented as means and standard deviation (SD). ANOVA was used, along with Duncan's post hoc test for pairwise comparison between the means when ANOVA test was found significant (p< or = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surface treatments such as glazing, polishing, and bleaching, saliva storage, and the interaction between these variables had a statistically significant effect on mean values of microhardness, crack length, and fracture toughness of the specimens. There was a statistically significant increase in microhardness and fracture toughness mean values, while crack length values decreased after saliva storage. Polished specimens recorded the smallest crack lengths and fracture toughness, and highest hardness values before and after saliva storage. No difference in fracture toughness values was evident between glazed and polished specimens. Mean crack lengths decreased after saliva storage in all the tested specimens. Hardness values increased after saliva storage. The autoglazed group showed significantly higher fracture toughness, lower crack length, and microhardness than the overglazed group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Surface finishing procedures and artificial saliva storage had a statistically significant effect on mean values of microhardness, crack length, and fracture toughness. This in vitro study suggests that fracture toughness of ceramics may be affected by different surface treatments such as glazing, polishing, bleaching, or a combination; however, in this study Duceram LFC proved its self-healing property after 3-week storage in artificial saliva.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt. nadiafahmy@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nadia Z
authors.initials: NZ
authors.lastname: Fahmy
authors.forename: Jylan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El Guindy
authors.forename: Mohamed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zamzam
mesh_terms: D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D002516:Ceramics / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D018130:Diamond / Q000737:chemistry; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D016877:Oxidants / Q000737:chemistry; D010545:Peroxides / Q000737:chemistry; D012464:Saliva, Artificial / Q000737:chemistry*; D013499:Surface Properties; D013997:Time Factors; D014508:Urea / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003764:Dental Materials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C095718:Duceram; D016877:Oxidants; D010545:Peroxides; D012464:Saliva, Artificial; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D000077463:Carbamide Peroxide; D018130:Diamond; C023506:Glass ceramics; D014508:Urea