title: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 promotes the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells in vivo and in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) is a member of the superfamily of transforming growth factor-beta. Recent studies show that it is an indispensable factor in hematopoiesis. To better characterize the effect of recombinant human BMP (rhBMP)-2 in hematopoiesis, we set out to determine whether rhBMP-2 could promote the proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and increase the levels of hematopoietic cytokines in MSCs.
  
  
  METHODS
  2, 3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-((phenylamino) carbonyl)-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to detect the effects of rhBMP-2 on the proliferation and hematopoietic cytokine levels of MSCs. In addition, MSCs marked with Hoechst33342 were transplanted into BALB/c mice by the intravenous route or intra-bone marrow transplantation, and cluster numbers were counted.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The XTT test revealed that rhBMP-2 significantly induced proliferation of MSCs in doses ranging from 10 ng/ml to 0.1 mg/ml in a dose-dependent manner. The experiments in vivo showed that there were more clusters of donor cells in bone marrow, spleen, liver and lung of the BMP group than those in the control group after both intra-bone marrow transplantation (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P = 0.001, respectively) and intravenous transplantation (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001 respectively). The results of real-time PCR and ELISA revealed that rhBMP-2 significantly increased mRNA expressions and protein levels of IL-6, IL-7, IL-11, G-CSF, M-CSF and SCF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment with rhBMP-2 promotes the proliferation of MSCs in vivo and in vitro and increases the levels of hematopoietic cytokines in MSCs, which may contribute to the improvement of hematopoietic function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China.
authors.forename: Shui-Bing
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Pei-Zhen
authors.initials: PZ
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hou
authors.forename: Peng
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Qiong
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Tian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000235:genetics; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics; D015851:Interleukin-7 / Q000235:genetics; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000235:genetics; D059630:Mesenchymal Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019089:Stem Cell Factor / Q000235:genetics; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D055396:Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2; D019485:Bone Morphogenetic Proteins; D017370:Interleukin-11; D015850:Interleukin-6; D015851:Interleukin-7; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D019089:Stem Cell Factor; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; C499469:recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; D016173:Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor