title: Has urbanization become a risk factor for dental caries in Kerala, India: a cross-sectional study of children aged 6 and 12 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to: (i) test the hypothesis that urbanization is a risk factor for dental caries in children aged 6 and 12 years in Kollam, Kerala; and (ii) identify other possible risk factors for dental caries.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study design was followed. The subjects were stratified by socio-demographic status into urban middle class, urban poor, and rural poor. Caries experience was measured by visual examination of teeth according to the World Health Organization criteria. Data on potential risk factors were collected using a close-ended, structured, and interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data modelling was conducted using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight hundred seventy-six children were examined; 53% of 6-year-olds and 90% of 12-year-olds examined were caries free. The caries experience rates were 1.40 decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth and 0.15 Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth (DMFT) for the 6- and 12-year-olds, respectively. Urban children did not have a higher caries experience compared with rural children. The only risk factor associated with a significant difference in DMFT scores was the dental visiting pattern. Children who visited the dentist had a significantly higher mean DMFT score (P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was no evidence that urbanization is a risk factor for dental caries in Kerala. Dental caries experience was low, against any standard, in Kollam. Risk factors for caries were not identified.
authors.affiliation: Community Oral Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia. bchr0064@usyd.edu.au
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Christian
authors.forename: R Wendell
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Evans
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003733:Dental Caries Susceptibility; D003753:Dental Health Surveys; D004037:Diet, Cariogenic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D011203:Poverty; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014507:Urbanization