title: Closed loop control of inspired oxygen concentration in trauma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transport of mechanically ventilated patients in a combat zone presents challenges, including conservation of resources. In the battlefield setting, provision of oxygen supplies remains an important issue. Autonomous control of oxygen concentration can allow a reduction in oxygen usage and reduced mission weight.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trauma patients requiring ventilation and inspired oxygen concentration (FIO(2)) > 0.40 were evaluated for study. Patients were randomized to consecutive 4-hour periods of closed loop control or standard care. The system for autonomous control consisted of a ventilator, oximeter, and a portable computer. The computer housed the control algorithm and collected data every 5 seconds. The controller goal was to maintain pulse oximetry (SpO(2)) at 94 +/- 2% through discrete changes of 1% to 5% every 30 seconds. Ventilator settings and SpO(2) were recorded every 5 seconds for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five patients were enrolled in this study. Oxygen saturation was maintained in the 92% to 96% saturation range 33 +/- 36% of the time during clinician control versus 83 +/- 21% during closed loop control. Time spent at the target SpO(2) 92% to 96% was 193.3 +/- 59.18 minutes during closed loop control and 87.08 +/- 87.95 minutes during clinician control (p < 0.001). Hyperoxemia was more frequent during clinician control (144.29 +/- 90.09 minutes) than during closed loop control (38.91 +/- 55.86 minutes; p < 0.001). There were no differences in the number of episodes of SpO(2) < 88%. Oxygen usage was reduced by 32% during closed loop control.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closed loop control of FIO(2) offers the opportunity for maximizing oxygen resources, reducing mission weight, and providing targeted normoxemia without increasing risk of hypoxemia in ventilated trauma patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558, USA. jay.johannigman@uc.edu
authors.forename: Jay A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Johannigman
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Branson
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000517:prevention & control; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010092:Oximetry; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D010102:Oxygen Inhalation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000379:methods*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D010100:Oxygen