title: Intraoperative multimodality monitoring in adult spinal deformity: analysis of a prospective series of one hundred two cases with independent evaluation.
abstract: METHODS
  A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of 102 consecutive adult patients who underwent intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IOM) during spinal deformity corrective surgery.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To report the sensitivity and specificity of combined IOM in this study population using the postoperative neurologic examination as the "gold standard."
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  IOM is recommended during corrective spinal surgery and has been widely used in the pediatric deformity population. However, there are limited data describing the application of IOM in adults undergoing spinal deformity corrective surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 102 patients undergoing spinal deformity corrective surgery between 2001 and 2004. Patients were monitored using at least 2 or more electrophysiological methods including somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEP), motor-evoked potentials (MEP), and electromyography (EMG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age of patients was 41.5 years (+/-17). The majority of the operative procedures involved instrumented fusion from thoracic to lumbar/sacral spine (n = 55), thoracic-pelvis fusion (n = 26), and a combined total of 32 osteotomies (including 25 pedicle subtraction osteotomies and 7 Smith-Peterson osteotomies). SSEPs were recorded successfully in 101 (99%), EMGs in 89 of 102 (87%), and MEPs in 12 of 16 (75%). Five cases were true positives (4.95%), and these were all detected by combined monitoring (2-SSEP, 2-EMG, 1-MEP). There were no false positives with SSEPs, but EMG resulted in 30 of 89 (34%) false positives. There were 4 false negatives with SSEPs, which reduced its sensitivity to 33%. There was 1 false negative with EMG, and 0 with MEPs. When these results were collated, the overall sensitivity of combined multimodality IOM in this adult deformity series was 100%, specificity 84.3%, PPV 13.9%, and NPV 97%. The combined sensitivity in the osteotomy group (n = 32) was 67%, specificity 98%, PPV 80%, and NPV 96%. In comparison, there were no IOM abnormalities in those patients who had in situ/minor corrective procedures (n = 18; largely adult degenerative scoliosis).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Multimodality IOM of spinal cord sensory and motor function during surgical correction of adult spinal deformity is feasible and provides useful neurophysiological data with an overall sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 84.3% (67% and 98%, respectively in patients undergoing major deformity correction).
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Nasir A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Quraishi
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Michael O
authors.initials: MO
authors.lastname: Kelleher
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sarjeant
authors.forename: Yoga R
authors.initials: YR
authors.lastname: Rampersaud
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Fehlings
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002574:Cervical Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D004576:Electromyography / Q000379:methods; D019054:Evoked Potentials, Motor / Q000502:physiology; D005073:Evoked Potentials, Somatosensory / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009460:Neurologic Examination / Q000379:methods; D010027:Osteotomy / Q000379:methods*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D055815:Young Adult