title: Post-concussion symptoms after traumatic brain injury at 3 and 12 months post-injury: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine self-reported post-concussion symptoms from 3-12 months post-injury in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to identify predictors of these symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 1-year prospective study in Eastern Norway including 115 persons (16-55 years), with mild, moderate and severe TBI. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire (RPQ) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were administered. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed at 12 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the whole sample of TBI, 27.8% of cases developed post-concussion syndrome (PCS) at 3 months and 23.6% at 12 months post-injury. The mild and moderate groups showed a decline of PCS symptoms over time, in contrast to the severe TBI group. Greater levels of somatic, cognitive and anxiety symptoms at 3 months, as well as shorter PTA duration, were found to be important predictors for the severity of PCS symptoms at 12 months. Intracranial pathology, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and demographic variables were not related to the severity of PCS symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCS symptoms were reported to a greater degree in persons with mild TBI at 3 months post-injury. One year after injury, no differences were found between TBI groups on the presence of PCS.
authors.affiliation: Sunnaas Rehabilitation Hospital, University of Oslo, Nesoddtangen 1450, Norway. solrun.sigurdardottir@sunnaas.no
authors.forename: Solrun
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sigurdardottir
authors.forename: Nada
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Andelic
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Roe
authors.forename: Tone
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Jerstad
authors.forename: Anne-Kristine
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Schanke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D038223:Post-Concussion Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult