title: Hemoglobin glutathionylation can occur through cysteine sulfenic acid intermediate: electrospray ionization LTQ-Orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometry studies.
abstract: Glutathionylated hemoglobin (Hb-SSG) is now recognized as a promising biomarker of systemic oxidative stress. Aim of this study is to gain a mechanistic insight into its formation. The ability of GSSG to form Hb-SSG through a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism was firstly examined. For this purpose, GSSG (ranging from 0.23 to 230micromol/g Hb, 15microM-15mM final concentrations) was incubated with 1mM Hb and the relative content of Hb-SSG determined by direct infusion mass spectrometry (Orbitrap as analyzer). No detectable Hb-SSG was observed at a GSSG concentration range found in physiopathological conditions (0.13-0.23micromol/g Hb). To reach a detectable Hb-SSG signal, the GSSG concentration was raised to 2.3micromol/g Hb (0.5% relative abundance). The relative content of Hb-GSSG dose-dependently increased to 6% and 11% at 77 and 153micromol/g Hb, respectively. The second step was to demonstrate whether Hb-SSG is formed through a sulfenic acid intermediate, a well-recognized mechanism of S-protein glutathionylation. Cys beta93 sulfenic acid was found to be formed by oxidizing Hb with 1mM H(2)O(2), as demonstrated by direct infusion and LC-ESI-MS/MS experiments and using dimedone as derivatazing agent. When H(2)O(2)-treated Hb was incubated with physiological concentrations of GSH (9micromol/g Hb), the corresponding Hb-SSG form was detected, reaching 15% of relative abundance. In summary, we here demonstrate that Hb glutathionylation can occur through a Cys sulfenic acid intermediate which is formed in oxidizing conditions. Hb glutathionylation is also mediated by a thiol-disulfide transfer mechanism, but this requires a concentration of GSSG which is far to be achieved in physiopathological conditions.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche Pietro Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Regazzoni
authors.forename: Alessia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panusa
authors.forename: Kyung-Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Yeum
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carini
authors.forename: Giancarlo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Aldini
mesh_terms: D003545:Cysteine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide / Q000737:chemistry*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D021241:Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization / Q000379:methods*; D013434:Sulfenic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins; D013434:Sulfenic Acids; C100870:cysteinesulfenic acid; D003545:Cysteine; D019803:Glutathione Disulfide