title: Prospective surveillance of streptococcal sore throat in a tropical country.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease cause a high burden of disease in Fiji and surrounding Pacific Island countries, but little is known about the epidemiology of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis in the region. We designed a study to estimate the prevalence of carriage of beta-hemolytic streptococci (BHS) and the incidence of BHS culture-positive sore throat in school aged children in Fiji.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted twice-weekly prospective surveillance of school children aged 5 to 14 years in 4 schools in Fiji during a 9-month period in 2006, after an initial phase of pharyngeal swabbing to determine the prevalence of BHS carriage.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We enrolled 685 children. The prevalence of GAS carriage was 6.0%, while the prevalence of group C streptococcal (GCS) and group G streptococcal (GGS) carriage was 6.9% and 12%, respectively. There were 61 episodes of GAS culture-positive sore throat during the study period equating to an incidence of 14.7 cases per 100 child-years (95% CI, 11.2-18.8). The incidence of GCS/GGS culture-positive sore throat was 28.8 cases per 100 child-years (95% CI, 23.9-34.5). The clinical nature of GAS culture-positive sore throat was more severe than culture-negative sore throat, but overall was mild compared with that found in previous studies. Of the 101 GAS isolates that emm sequence typed there were 45 emm types with no dominant types. There were very few emm types commonly encountered in industrialized nations and only 9 of the 45 emm types found in this study are emm types included in the 26-valent GAS vaccine undergoing clinical trials.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GAS culture-positive sore throat was more common than expected. Group C and group G streptococci were frequently isolated in throat cultures, although their contribution to pharyngeal infection is not clear. The molecular epidemiology of pharyngeal GAS in our study differed greatly from that in industrialized nations and this has implications for GAS vaccine clinical research in Fiji and other tropical developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. andrew.steer@rch.org.au
authors.forename: Andrew C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Steer
authors.forename: Adam W J
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Jenney
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kado
authors.forename: Michael F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Good
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Batzloff
authors.forename: Graham
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Magor
authors.forename: Roselyn
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ritika
authors.forename: Kim E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Mulholland
authors.forename: Jonathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Carapetis
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005367:Fiji / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010612:Pharyngitis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D013290:Streptococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D013291:Streptococcus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D013297:Streptococcus pyogenes / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D014329:Tropical Climate
chemical_list: D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; D001425:Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins