title: Pattern of ventricular septal defects and associated complications.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the frequency of various types of Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) in local population and their complications.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Paediatric Cardiac Unit of the Children Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore, from January 2006 to December 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients aged between one day to 18 years presenting to the unit with isolated VSD during the study period were evaluated using 2-D, continuous wave Doppler and colour Doppler techniques on transthoracic echocardiography. Where necessary, transesophageal echocardiography and/or angiography data was used to further clarify the anatomy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 854 patients with isolated VSD, 710 were of perimembranous type (83.1%), 100 were muscular type (11.7%), 25 were doubly committed subarterial (DCSA) type (2.9%) and 19 patients were having inlet VSD (2.2%). The mean age was 2.1+3 years. Females were 332 (38.8%) and males were 522 (61.1%). Aortic Valve Prolapse (AVP) was seen in 77 patients (10.8%). The mean age for this subgroup was 5.8+4 years with 54 (70.1%) males and 23 (29.9%) females. Of those, 36 (47.3%) had various degree of aortic regurgitation. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction of variable severity was found in 4 patients. Two of these patients had echocardiographic evidence of subacute bacterial endocarditis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Perimembranous (PM) VSD is the commonest type of ventricular septal defect presenting to a tertiary care hospital. The incidence of AVP and AR is high (10.8%) and was found almost entirely in perimembranous outlet VSDs rather than DCSA. This observation has special implication in Pakistan where pool of unoperated VSDs is large.
authors.affiliation: Department of Paediatric Cardiology, The Children's Hospital and Institute of Child Health, Lahore. druzmakazmi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Uzma
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kazmi
authors.forename: Masood
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sadiq
authors.forename: Syed Najam
authors.initials: SN
authors.lastname: Hyder
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001022:Aortic Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D001023:Aortic Valve Prolapse / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color