title: Concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from surface water and drinking water by continuous separation channel centrifugation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of continuous separation channel centrifugation for concentrating Toxoplasma gondii and Cyclospora cayetanensis from drinking water and environmental waters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ready-to-seed vials with known quantities of T. gondii and C. cayetanensis oocysts were prepared by flow cytometry. Oocysts were seeded at densities ranging from 1 to 1000 oocysts l(-1) into 10 to 100 l test volumes of finished drinking water, water with manipulated turbidity, and the source waters from nine drinking water utilities. Oocysts were recovered using continuous separation channel centrifugation and counted on membrane filters using epifluorescent microscopy. Recovery efficiencies of both parasites were > or =84% in 10 l volumes of drinking water. In source waters, recoveries ranged from 64% to 100%, with the lowest recoveries in the most turbid waters. Method precision was between 10% and 20% coefficient of variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Toxoplasma gondii and C. cayetanensis are effectively concentrated from various water matrices by continuous separation channel centrifugation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Waterborne transmission of T. gondii and C. cayetanensis presents another challenge in producing clean drinking water and protecting public health. Detection of these parasites relies on effectively concentrating oocysts from ambient water, otherwise false negatives may result. Validation data specific to T. gondii and C. cayetanensis concentration methods are limited. Continuous separation channel centrifugation recovers oocysts with high efficiency and precision, the method attributes required to accurately assess the risk of waterborne transmission.
authors.affiliation: Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, 1000 North Oak Avenue, Marshfield, WI 54449, USA. borchardt.mark@mcrf.mfldclin.edu
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Borchardt
authors.forename: S K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Spencer
authors.forename: P D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Bertz
authors.forename: M W
authors.initials: MW
authors.lastname: Ware
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Dubey
authors.forename: H D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Alan Lindquist
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002498:Centrifugation / Q000379:methods*; D021744:Cyclospora / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000469:parasitology*; D033661:Oocysts / Q000469:parasitology; D014122:Toxoplasma / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D014871:Water Microbiology; D014881:Water Supply / Q000592:standards