title: Persistent measles virus infection of mouse neural  cells lacking known human entry receptors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infection of the mouse central nervous system with wild type (WT) and vaccine strains of measles virus (MV) results in lack of clinical signs and limited antigen detection. It is considered that cell entry receptors for these viruses are not present on murine neural cells and infection is restricted at cell entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  To examine this hypothesis, virus antigen and caspase 3 expression (for apoptosis) was compared in primary mixed, neural cell cultures infected in vitro or prepared from mice infected intracerebrally with WT, vaccine or rodent neuroadapted viruses. Viral RNA levels were examined in mouse brain by nested and real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  WT and vaccine strains were demonstrated for the first time to infect murine oligodendrocytes in addition to neurones despite a lack of the known MV cell receptors. Unexpectedly, the percentage of cells positive for viral antigen was higher for WT MV than neuroadapted virus in both in vitro and ex vivo cultures. In the latter the percentage of positive cells increased with time after mouse infection. Viral RNA (total and mRNA) was detected in brain for up to 20 days, while cultures were negative for caspase 3 in WT and vaccine virus infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  WT and vaccine MV strains can use an endogenous cell entry receptor(s) or alternative virus uptake mechanism in murine neural cells. However, viral replication occurs at a low level and is associated with limited apoptosis. WT MV mouse infection may provide a model for the initial stages of persistent MV human central nervous system infections.
authors.affiliation: Queen's University Belfast, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Centre for Infection and Immunity, Belfast, UK.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Abdullah
authors.forename: J A P
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Earle
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Gardiner
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tangy
authors.forename: S L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Cosby
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000956:Antigens, Viral; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000821:virology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008457:Measles / Q000821:virology*; D008459:Measles virus / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009474:Neurons / Q000821:virology*; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000821:virology*; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013344:Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis / Q000821:virology; D014779:Virus Replication
chemical_list: D000956:Antigens, Viral; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011991:Receptors, Virus