title: The absence of Candida albicans in milk samples of women with clinical symptoms of ductal candidiasis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this prospective study was to determine if Candida albicans is present in the milk of women suffering from symptoms of severe nipple and deep breast pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  The symptomatic group included women who reported sore, inflamed, or traumatized nipples or intense stabbing or burning pain. The control group included breastfeeding women without symptoms. The skin of the nipple and areola were washed with detergent and thoroughly rinsed. Milk samples were analyzed for (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan and grown on Candida growth medium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was no significant difference in (1 --> 3)-beta-D-glucan levels between the control and symptomatic group. No Candida species were culturable either before or after the addition of iron to stimulate growth, with the exception of one patient. The addition of pure C. albicans to milk samples suggested that milk does not inhibit Candida growth.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that C. albicans is not present in milk ducts and may not be associated with this syndrome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University School of Medicine, 1400 Coulter Boulevard, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA.
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Hale
authors.forename: Tiffany L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Bateman
authors.forename: Malcolm A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Finkelman
authors.forename: Pamela D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Berens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008413:Mastitis / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000382:microbiology*; D009558:Nipples / Q000382:microbiology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D047071:beta-Glucans / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D047071:beta-Glucans