title: Review article: visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although development of visceral pain is an important defensive mechanism, hypersensitivity results in a significant clinical problem and is likely to be one of the major factors involved in the pathogenesis of abdominal and chest pain in functional bowel disorders (FBDs). Understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in peripheral sensitization of visceral nociceptors has advanced as a result of the experimental studies, especially in animal models, which have led to knowledge and identification of key mediators and receptors.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide a comprehensive review focused on the peripheral mechanisms believed to be responsible for sensitization and potential molecular targets for a disorder which is common, distressing and has sub-optimal treatment options.
  
  
  METHODS
  Literature review using Ovid and Pubmed from 1966.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There is substantial interest in the development of new drugs for treatment of FBDs in the background of advances in understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms of visceral hypersensitivity. The potential drug targets include TPRV1, ASICs, voltage-gated sodium channels, ATP, PAR-2, cannabinoid, prostaglandin, tachykinin and 5HT(3) receptors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is anticipated that with advancing molecular understanding of the basis of visceral hypersensitivity, the next decade will see accelerated development of new molecules for treatment of functional bowel diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Akbar
authors.forename: J R F
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Walters
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ghosh
mesh_terms: D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D043183:Irritable Bowel Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009619:Nociceptors; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015222:Sodium Channels / Q000627:therapeutic use; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017833:Visceral Afferents / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D011982:Receptors, Prostaglandin; D044462:Receptors, Proteinase-Activated; D015222:Sodium Channels; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C494484:TRPV1 receptor; D015740:Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide