title: Pathways of acid mine drainage to Clear Lake: implications for mercury cycling.
abstract: Pore fluids from Clear Lake sediments collected near the abandoned Sulphur Bank Mercury Mine have low pH (locally <4) and elevated sulfate (> or =197 mmol/L), aluminum (> or =52 mmol/L), and iron (> or =28 mmol/L) contents derived from oxidation of sulfide minerals at the mine site. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is entering Clear Lake by advective subsurface flow nearest the mine and by diffusion at greater distances. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, combined with pore fluid compositions, constrain the sources and pathways of contaminated fluids. Sediment cores taken nearest the mine have the highest concentrations of dissolved sulfate, aluminum, and iron, which are contributed by direct subsurface flow of AMD from sulfide-bearing waste rock. Sediment cores as far as 100 m west of the Clear Lake shoreline show the presence of AMD that originated in the acidic lake that occupies the abandoned Herman Pit at the mine site. High sulfate content in the AMD has the potential to promote the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the organic-rich lake sediments, which leads to methylation of Hg+2, making it both more toxic and bioavailable. Quantitative depletion of pore water sulfate at depth and sulfur isotope values of diagenetic pyrite near 0 per thousand indicate that sulfate availability limits the extent of sulfate reduction in the lake sediments away from the mine. Profiles of pore water sulfate in the sediments near the mine show that excess sulfate is available to support the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria near the mine site. Enriched isotope values of dissolved sulfate (as high as 17.1 per thousand) and highly depleted isotope values for diagenetic pyrite (as low as -22.6 per thousand) indicate active bacterial sulfate reduction in the AMD-contaminated sediments. Sulfate- and iron-rich acid mine drainage entering Clear Lake by shallow subsurface flow likely needs to be controlled in order to lower the environmental impacts of Hg in the Clear Lake ecosystem.
authors.affiliation: Department of Geology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, USA.
authors.forename: William G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Shipp
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Zierenberg
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000378:metabolism; D001895:Boron / Q000737:chemistry; D002140:California; D017753:Ecosystem; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008628:Mercury / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D008906:Mining; D013431:Sulfates / Q000378:metabolism; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D014877:Water Pollution, Chemical
chemical_list: D013431:Sulfates; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D008628:Mercury; D001895:Boron