title: Mutations in conserved amino acids in the KCNQ1 channel and risk of cardiac events in type-1 long-QT syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Type-1 long-QT syndrome (LQT1) is caused by mutations in the KCNQ1 gene. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether KCNQ1 mutations in highly conserved amino acid residues within the voltage-gated potassium channel family are associated with an increased risk of cardiac events.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study population involved 492 LQT1 patients with 54 missense mutations in the transmembrane region of the KCNQ1 channel. The amino acid sequences of the transmembrane region of 38 human voltage-gated potassium channels were aligned. An adjusted Shannon entropy score for each amino acid residue was calculated ranging from 0 (no conservation) to 1.0 (full conservation). Cox analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with the first cardiac event (syncope, aborted cardiac arrest, or death). Patients were subcategorized into tertiles by their adjusted Shannon entropy scores. The lowest tertile (score 0-0.469; n = 146) was used as a reference group; patients with intermediate tertile scores (0.470-0.665; n = 150) had no increased risk of cardiac events (HR = 1.19, P = 0.42) or aborted cardiac arrest/sudden cardiac death (HR = 1.58, P = 0.26), and those with the highest tertile scores (>0.665; n = 196) showed significantly increased risk of cardiac events (HR = 3.32, P <0.001) and aborted cardiac arrest/sudden cardiac death (HR = 2.62, P = 0.04). The increased risk in patients with the highest conservation scores was independent of QTc, gender, age, and beta-blocker therapy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mutations in highly conserved amino acid residues in the KCNQ1 gene are associated with a significant risk of cardiac events independent of QTc, gender, and beta-blocker therapy.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA. christian.jons@heart.rochester.edu
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jons
authors.forename: Arthur J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Moss
authors.forename: Coeli M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Lopes
authors.forename: Scott
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: McNitt
authors.forename: Wojciech
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zareba
authors.forename: Ilan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Goldenberg
authors.forename: Ming
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Arthur A M
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Wilde
authors.forename: Wataru
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Jorgen K
authors.initials: JK
authors.lastname: Kanters
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Towbin
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Ackerman
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Robinson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019295:Computational Biology / Q000379:methods; D017124:Conserved Sequence; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D012307:Risk Factors; D029597:Romano-Ward Syndrome / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051657:KCNQ1 Potassium Channel