title: The chemokine receptor CCR4 is expressed and associated with a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is increasing evidence that chemokines and chemokine receptors are causally involved in the metastasis of cancer. Little is known about the possible role of chemokine receptors in the metastasis of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of chemokine receptors and their prognostic role in patients with gastric cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  We screened the expression of CCR and CXCR chemokine receptors in 12 gastric cancer cell lines using the semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of CCR4, one of the most commonly expressed chemokines, was confirmed using Western blot and flow cytometry analysis of 8 gastric cancer cell lines. The function of CCR4 was examined using migration and proliferation assays. Then the migratory response of CCR4 was blocked using blocking antibodies. Finally, the clinical significance of the chemokine receptors was explored using tissue microarray methods and immunohistochemical staining of specimens from 753 gastric cancer patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that 6 out of 8 (75.0%) gastric carcinoma cell lines expressed a functional CCR4 for its ligand, chemokine CCL17, as demonstrated by the migration assays, and the migration was inhibited by anti-CCR4 antibodies. The clinical samples evaluated by immunohistochemical assay of tissue microarrays showed that CCR4-positive carcinoma cells were detected in 128 of 753 (17.0%) cases. In addition, there was a significant difference in recurrences between the CCR4-positive and -negative cases (P = 0.009). The patients with CCR4-positive tumors had significantly poorer prognosis than did those with CCR4-negative tumors (5-year survival rate; 71.6% versus 82.5%, respectively, P = 0.008).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that CCR4 and its ligands were associated with increased tumor recurrence and impaired overall survival in patients with gastric cancer.
authors.affiliation: Center for Gastric Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
authors.forename: Jun Ho
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Suk
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Ji Young
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Myoung Cheorl
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Kook
authors.forename: Jong-Whan
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: Byung-Ho
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Jae-Moon
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Bae
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D054414:Chemokine CCL17 / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D054398:Receptors, CCR4 / Q000378:metabolism*; D054387:Receptors, CXCR / Q000378:metabolism; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013274:Stomach Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D054414:Chemokine CCL17; D054398:Receptors, CCR4; D054387:Receptors, CXCR