title: Remifentanil for INSURE in preterm infants: a pilot study for evaluation of efficacy and safety aspects.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate intubating conditions, extubation times and outcome in preterm infants receiving remifentanil as induction agent for the INSURE procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  In twenty-one preterm infants of 29 to 32 weeks gestation and signs of respiratory distress, we utilized remifentanil as induction agent for the INSURE procedure. Following intubation and surfactant application, the infants were mechanically ventilated until respiratory drive was judged to be satisfactory for continuing CPAP therapy. Intubating conditions were classified by our own scoring system by rating limb movements, coughing and breathing. Heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation were recorded during the entire INSURE procedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Remifentanil provided excellent or good intubating conditions in all patients. We observed no serious side effects after remifentanil infusion, in particular, no thorax rigidity, clinically significant bradycardia or arterial hypotension. Average extubation time after surfactant administration was 16.9 min (1-45 min); none of the infants had to be reintubated. Following extubation, the infants required only 3.3 days (1-8 days) of CPAP therapy. None exhibited serious complications of prematurity like periventricular leucomalacia, intraventricular haemorrhage >I degree, necrotizing enterocolitis or retinopathy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this pilot study, INSURE with remifentanil was associated with good intubating conditions and early extubation resulting in an excellent neonatal outcome.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care, Childrens' Hospital, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany. lars.welzing@uk-koeln.de
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Welzing
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kribs
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Huenseler
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Eifinger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Mehler
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Roth
mesh_terms: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000077208:Remifentanil; D012121:Respiration, Artificial; D012127:Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn / Q000628:therapy*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D010880:Piperidines; D011663:Pulmonary Surfactants; D000077208:Remifentanil