title: Evaluation of modified Yfiler amplification strategy for compromised samples.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the data produced using a modified amplification protocol for the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR Amplification Kit (Applied Biosystems) and explore the potential of Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (Y-STR) recovery from severely degraded skeletal remains encountered at the Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experiments were performed using two sets of Yfiler amplification parameters. One set of parameters reflected the manufacturer's recommendations. The second set of parameters included twice the recommended Taq concentration and 6 additional cycles. Recovery of authentic alleles and the incidence of drop-in alleles were assessed for 3 data sets: 8 different quantities of pristine DNA, 8 artificially-degraded samples, and 31 non-probative case samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Samples tested with both protocols from all 3 data sets yielded twice as many authentic alleles under the modified parameters than under the standard parameters (62% vs 31%), with only a nominal associated increase in the occurrence of non-authentic alleles (1.36% of all alleles detected). When applied to a range of representative casework samples, the modified protocol leveraged 9 or more reproducible alleles from over half of the specimens tested.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reproducible and informative Y-STR profiles can be recovered from a broad range of degraded and inhibited skeletal remains extracts when a commercially available kit is employed under modified amplification parameters.
authors.affiliation: Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory, 1413 Research Blvd., Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
authors.forename: Kimberly A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Sturk
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Coble
authors.forename: Suzanne M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Barritt
authors.forename: Jodi A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Irwin
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D041322:Chromosomes, Human, Y; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D053803:Forensic Genetics; D006801:Humans; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004247:DNA