title: 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is up-regulated by flurbiprofen and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in human colon cancer HT29 cells.
abstract: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to inhibit prostaglandin synthetic enzyme, cyclooxygenases (COXs), as well as to exhibit anti-tumor activity although at much higher concentrations. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehyrogenase (15-PGDH), a key prostaglandin catabolic enzyme, was recently shown to be a tumor suppressor. Effects of NSAIDs on 15-PGDH expression were therefore examined. Flurbiprofen and several other NSAIDs were found to induce 15-PGDH expression in human colon cancer HT29 cells. Flurbiprofen, the most active one, was also shown to induce 15-PGDH expression in other types of cancer cells. Induction of 15-PGDH expression appeared to occur at the stage of mRNA as levels of 15-PGDH mRNA were increased by flurbiprofen in HT29 cells. Levels of 15-PGDH were also found to be regulated at the stage of protein turnover. MEK inhibitors, PD98059 and U-0126, which inhibited ERK phosphorylation were shown to elevate 15-PGDH levels very significantly. These inhibitors did not appear to alter 15-PGDH mRNA levels but down-regulate matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). This protease was shown to degrade and inactivate 15-PGDH suggesting that elevation of 15-PGDH levels could be due to inhibition of MMP-9 expression by these inhibitors. Similarly, flurbiprofen was also demonstrated to inhibit ERK activation and to down-regulate MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, flurbiprofen was shown to induce the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), an inhibitor of MMP-9. The turnover of 15-PGDH was found to prolong in the presence of flurbiprofen as compared to that in the absence of this drug. Taken together, these results indicate that flurbiprofen up-regulates 15-PGDH by increasing the expression and decreasing the degradation of 15-PGDH in HT29 cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, United States.
authors.forename: Xiuling
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chi
authors.forename: Brittany Morgan
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Freeman
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tong
authors.forename: Yuhua
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Hsin-Hsiung
authors.initials: HH
authors.lastname: Tai
mesh_terms: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation; D005480:Flurbiprofen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019073:HT29 Cells; D006801:Humans; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D005480:Flurbiprofen; D006911:Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenases; C035859:15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9