title: Transgenerational effects of Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the male CRL:CD(SD) rat: added value of assessing multiple offspring per litter.
abstract: In the rat, some phthalates alter sexual differentiation at relatively low dosage levels by altering fetal Leydig cell development and hormone synthesis, thereby inducing abnormalities of the testis, gubernacular ligaments, epididymis, and other androgen-dependent tissues. In order to define the dose-response relationship between di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and the Phthalate Syndrome of reproductive alterations in F1 male rats, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat dams were dosed by gavage from gestational day 8 to day 17 of lactation with 0, 11, 33, 100, or 300 mg/kg/day DEHP (71-93 males per dose from 12 to 14 litters per dose). Some of the male offspring continued to be exposed to DEHP via gavage from 18 days of age to necropsy at 63-65 days of age (PUB cohort; 16-20/dose). Remaining males were not exposed after postnatal day 17 (in utero-lactational [IUL] cohort) and were necropsied after reaching full maturity. Anogenital distance, sperm counts and reproductive organ weights were reduced in F1 males in the 300 mg/kg/day group and they displayed retained nipples. In the IUL cohort, seminal vesicle weight also was reduced at 100 mg/kg/day. In contrast, serum testosterone and estradiol levels were unaffected in either the PUB or IUL cohorts at necropsy. A significant percentage of F1 males displayed one or more Phthalate Syndrome lesions at 11 mg/kg/day DEHP and above. We were able to detect effects in the lower dose groups only because we examined all the males in each litter rather than only one male per litter. Power calculations demonstrate how using multiple males versus one male/litter enhances the detection of the effects of DEHP. The results at 11 mg/kg/day confirm those reported from a National Toxicology Program multigenerational study which reported no observed adverse effect levels-lowest observed adverse effect levels of 5 and 10 mg/kg/day DEHP, respectively, via the diet.
authors.affiliation: Endocrinology Branch, RTD, NHEERL, ORD, USEPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, USA. gray.earl@epa.gov
authors.forename: Leon Earl
authors.initials: LE
authors.lastname: Gray
authors.forename: Norman J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Barlow
authors.forename: Kembra L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Howdeshell
authors.forename: Joseph S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Ostby
authors.forename: Johnathan R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Furr
authors.forename: Clark L
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Gray
mesh_terms: D000014:Abnormalities, Drug-Induced / Q000209:etiology*; D000375:Aging; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001711:Biotransformation; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate / Q000633:toxicity* / Q000652:urine; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D005837:Genitalia, Male / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects*; D005865:Gestational Age; D007774:Lactation; D008098:Litter Size; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D009558:Nipples / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000187:drug effects; D019055:No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level; D009929:Organ Size; D010795:Phthalic Acids / Q000652:urine; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018401:Sample Size; D012741:Sexual Maturation / Q000187:drug effects*; D013076:Sperm Count; D018675:Toxicity Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014886:Weaning
chemical_list: D010795:Phthalic Acids; C522447:hexyl methyl phthalate; D004051:Diethylhexyl Phthalate