title: Prevalence and determinants of retinopathy in a cohort of Lebanese type II diabetic patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to determine the prevalence and the risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a cohort of type II diabetic patients in Lebanon.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective observational cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred consecutive patients with type II diabetes mellitus followed at the American University of Beirut Medical Center diabetes clinic were enrolled in the study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients 18 years or older with diabetes mellitus who did not have gestational diabetes and who were able to complete the laboratory data and the retinal examination were invited to participate in the study; they were followed up for a period of 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DR was present in 175 patients (35%), 130 (26%), and 45 (9%) having nonproliferative and proliferative DR, respectively. Clinically significant macular edema was present in 42 patients (8%). Microvascular and macrovascular diabetic complications, duration of disease, glycemic control, presence of hypertension (p < 0.003), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.04), and insulin use (p < 0.001) were individually significantly associated with a higher prevalence of DR on bivariate analysis. However, on multivariate regression analysis, only glycosylated hemoglobin >7% (odds ratio [OR] 2.81, 95% CI 1.06-7.43, p = 0.038), duration of diabetes (per 10 years, OR 9.0, 95% CI 4.0-20.0, p < 0.001), macroalbuminuria (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.14-5.96 p = 0.023), and systolic blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg, OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.0-1.56, p = 0.037) were independent risk factors for DR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The elevated prevalence of DR in type II diabetic patients with high risk profiles calls for early medical intervention and education about DR and its identified controllable risk factors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Lebanon. hs06@aub.edu.lb
authors.forename: Haytham I
authors.initials: HI
authors.lastname: Salti
authors.forename: Mona P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Nasrallah
authors.forename: Nadine M
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Taleb
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merheb
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Haddad
authors.forename: Jaafar
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: El-Annan
authors.forename: Albert
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khouri
authors.forename: Ibrahim S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Salti
mesh_terms: D016001:Confidence Intervals; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003930:Diabetic Retinopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007861:Lebanon / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin