title: In vitro absorption of metal powders through intact and damaged human skin.
abstract: The bioavailability of metals, which are known as important contact allergens, is decisive for the development and the maintenance of contact dermatitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the percutaneous penetration of metal powders of cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni) and chromium (Cr) and the effect of skin lesions on skin absorption. In vitro permeation experiments were performed using the Franz diffusion cells with intact and damaged human skin. Physiological solution was used as receiving phase and metal powders (Co, Ni and Cr) dispersed in synthetic sweat at pH 4.5 were applied as donor phase to the outer surface of the skin for 24h. The amount of each metal permeating the skin was analysed by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). Donor solution analysis demonstrated that metals were present as ions. Measurements of metals skin content were also exploited. Median Co and Ni concentrations found in the receiving phase were significantly higher when Co and Ni powders were applied on the abraded skin than after application on the intact skin (3566 and 2631ngcm(-2) vs. 8.4 and 31ngcm(-2), respectively). No significant difference was found in Cr permeation through intact and damaged skin. The measurement of metals skin content showed that Co, Ni and Cr concentrations were significantly higher in the damaged skin than in the intact skin. Co and Ni ions concentrations increased significantly when the donor solutions were applied on the damaged skin, while Cr ions concentrations did not increase. This study demonstrated that Co and Ni powders can permeate through damaged skin more easily than Cr powder, which has probably a stronger skin proteins binding capacity. Therefore, our results suggest that is necessary to prevent skin contamination when using toxic substances because a small injury to the skin barrier can significantly increase skin absorption.
authors.affiliation: UCO Medicina del Lavoro - Dipartimento di Scienze di Medicina Pubblica - Università di Trieste, Via della Pietà 19, 34129 Trieste, Italy. larese@units.it
authors.forename: Francesca Larese
authors.initials: FL
authors.lastname: Filon
authors.forename: Flavia
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: D'Agostin
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Crosera
authors.forename: Gianpiero
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Adami
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bovenzi
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Maina
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002857:Chromium / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003035:Cobalt / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D004058:Diffusion; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009532:Nickel / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D011208:Powders; D012867:Skin / Q000293:injuries* / Q000378:metabolism; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic
chemical_list: D011208:Powders; D002857:Chromium; D003035:Cobalt; D009532:Nickel