title: Transcatheter arterial embolization for the management of iatrogenic and blunt traumatic intercostal artery injuries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) for the management of iatrogenic and blunt traumatic intercostal artery (ICA) injuries associated with hemothorax and clinical deterioration.
  
  
  METHODS
  From May 1999 through April 2007, 24 consecutive patients (17 men, 7 women; mean age 53 years) presenting with active ICA hemorrhage underwent TAE mainly by means of coils combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) particles. Eleven of them had blunt traumatic injuries (group A, n = 11) and 13 had iatrogenic injuries (group B, n = 13). In all patients, ICA injuries resulted in acute bleeding with clinical deterioration and hemothorax. Before discharge, all patients underwent clinical examination, laboratory tests, and chest x-ray. After discharge, no specific follow-up protocol was required, and the patients were questioned on their state of health at regular intervals and underwent CT or chest x-ray as needed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary technical success (PTS) was achieved in 21 of 24 patients (87.5%). In group A, it was achieved in all but one patient (90.9%) and in group B in 11 of 13 patients (84.6%). A total of three patients needed secondary interventions, which failed in one of them, amounting to a secondary technical success rate (STS) of 8.3%. The total cumulative mortality rate was 37.5% (n = 9). In group A, it was 9.1% (n = 1) and in group B, it was 61.5% (n = 8). 30-day-mortality was 9.1% in group A, where one patient died due to multiple severe associated injuries, and 30.8% (n = 4) in group B, where one patient died due to treatment failure and three patients due to severe comorbidities. During follow-up, no more deaths occurred in group A, while in group B, four more patients died due to severe comorbidities, amounting to a late mortality rate of 30.8%. No technical complications and no complications such as chest wall or spinal cord ischemia were observed. The mean observation period was 44.6 months in group A and 23.8 months in group B.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TAE of ICAs is a minimally invasive, safe, and reliable treatment option to control massive intrathoracic hemorrhage, especially in patients with serious comorbidities and/or multiple injuries. However, it should be performed only by experienced interventionalists and exact knowledge of the anatomic features of the affected artery and of collateral pathways is mandatory to avoid complications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
authors.forename: Andreas P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Chemelli
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thauerer
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wiedermann
authors.forename: Alexander
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Strasak
authors.forename: Josef
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Klocker
authors.forename: Iris E
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Chemelli-Steingruber
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013895:Thoracic Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D013997:Time Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011142:Polyvinyl Alcohol