Statistical assessment for spatio-temporal water quality in Angkor, Cambodia.
Comprehensive water quality monitoring was conducted to assess the water quality conditions and to determine the impact of urban infrastructure on ambient water quality in Angkor, Cambodia. During this study, surface water, groundwater, and sediment samples were collected for two distinctive seasons in 2006-2007 at 58 monitoring sites along and near the Siem Reap River, in Tole Sap Lake (TSL), and West Baray, the primary water resources in this region. To assess the seasonal and spatial variability of 27 water quality parameters, multivariate analysis of variance, hierarchical cluster analysis, and the Kruskal-Wallis test were conducted using the obtained data. Differences and relationships between the surface water and groundwater were also investigated using t-test and correlation analysis, respectively. The results of these tests showed that the bacterial indicators need special attention as the urban infrastructure of the downtown area caused increased levels of these bacterial indicators in both surface water and groundwater. However, for most parameters, though surface water showed strong seasonal variations, groundwater presented relatively stable conditions between seasons (p > 0.05) with site-specific geochemical conditions. Sediment quality illustrated that pollution levels of 10 trace metals were the highest in TSL because of its unique characteristic (river with backward flow), but did not reflect any potential enrichment from urban development. Overall, the results reveal that while the urban infrastructure in this region has not significantly affected most of the water quality parameters, bacteria and coliphages are still a main concern due to their contributions in widespread waterborne diseases. Thus, careful mitigation plans for reducing each pollutant source are needed in the Angkor area.
Ki
Seo Jin
SJ
Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 500-712, South Korea.
Kang
Joo-Hyon
JH
Lee
Young Geun
YG
Lee
Yun Seok
YS
Sthiannopkao
Suthipong
S
Kim
Joon Ha
JH
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002160:Cambodia; D002244:Carbon / Q000032:analysis; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000032:analysis; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D004553:Electric Conductivity; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000382:microbiology*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013696:Temperature; D014881:Water Supply
D002734:Chlorophyll; D010758:Phosphorus; D002244:Carbon; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen; D000077194:Chlorophyll A