title: 17q21.31 microduplication patients are characterised by behavioural problems and poor social interaction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Microdeletions at 17q21.31 have recently been shown to cause a novel syndrome. Here we identify the reciprocal 17q21.31 duplication syndrome in 4 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with the 17q21.31 duplication were identified by screening a large cohort of patients (n = 13,070) with mental retardation and congenital malformation by comparative genomic hybridisation microarray. Parental origin was investigated in 3 patients by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and microsatellite genotyping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In three cases it was possible to show that duplication arose de novo. Intellectual skills range from normal to mild mental retardation. Patients are characterised by poor social interaction, with relationship difficulties, reminiscent of autistic spectrum disorders. Other features are rather variable with no striking common phenotypic features. Parental origin was investigated for 3 patients. In all cases duplication was of maternal origin either through interchromosomal (2 cases) or interchromatid (1 case) rearrangement. The 3 mothers are all carriers of the inverted H2 haplotype, emphasising the role of local genomic architecture alteration as a predisposing factor for this duplication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Autistic features observed in our patients suggest that genes in the duplicated interval should be considered as candidates for disorders in the autistic spectrum. Other phenotypic observations are rather variable or aspecific. This adds 17q21.31 duplications to a growing group of recently identified genomic disorders with variable penetrance and expressivity.
authors.affiliation: Centre de Génétique Humaine, Institut de Pathologie et de Génétique, B-6041 Charleroi, Belgium. bernard.grisart@ipg.be
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grisart
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Willatt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Destrée
authors.forename: J-P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Fryns
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Rack
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: de Ravel
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rosenfeld
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Vermeesch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Verellen-Dumoulin
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sandford
mesh_terms: D001321:Autistic Disorder / Q000235:genetics*; D002648:Child; D002886:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 17 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D007398:Interpersonal Relations; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000235:genetics*; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010641:Phenotype; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction