title: Retinal vascular caliber and diabetes in a multiethnic Asian population.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to examine the relationship of retinal vascular caliber with diabetes and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in a multiethnic Asian population.
  
  
  METHODS
  This work was a population-based cross-sectional study comprising 3,404 Singaporean Chinese, Indian, and Malay participants. Retinal arteriolar and venular diameters, CRAE and CRVE, respectively were measured from digital retinal photographs. Diabetes was defined as physician-diagnosis of diabetes, self-reported use of diabetic medication, or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) > or = 7 mmol/L; IFG as FPG 6.1-6.9 mmol/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, smoking, and vascular caliber (Model 3), participants with diabetes had both larger CRAE and CRVE, compared to those with normal fasting glucose (NFG) or IFG. In a multivariate analysis, including clinical risk factors and CRVE, mean CRAE increased from 143.6 microm in NFG to 145.3 microm with diabetes (P for trend = 0.01). On the other hand, each mmol/L increase in FPG was associated with a 0.51-microm increase in CRVE (P=0.006). In a subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity, the association between FPG and larger CRVE was predominantly present among ethnic Indians (0.9-microm increase in CRVE per mmol/L increase in FPG).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diabetes was associated with larger retinal arteriolar diameters and glucose level was associated with larger retinal venular diameters in this multiethnic Asian population. The magnitude of association between glucose level and venular widening was stronger among ethnic Indians.
authors.affiliation: Center for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: V Swetha E
authors.initials: VS
authors.lastname: Jeganathan
authors.forename: Charumathi
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sabanayagam
authors.forename: E Shyong
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Tai
authors.forename: Jeannette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Ecosse
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lamoureux
authors.forename: Cong
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Ryo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kawasaki
authors.forename: Tien Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D044466:Asian People; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D005006:Ethnicity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012171:Retinal Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore; D014699:Venules / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000473:pathology; D044465:White People; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose