title: Serum sex hormone levels in pre- and postmenopausal breast cancer patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study was conducted to determine the association between serum sex hormone levels and breast cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted on newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients who had not received any treatment. Controls were women not known to have any breast disease or hormone-related tumours. Serum hormones were divided into quartiles. Logistic regression adjusting for age and race were done to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 percent confidence interval (CI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 207 subjects were recruited; 73 premenopausal (37 cases, 36 controls) and 134 postmenopausal (68 cases and 66 controls) women. In the premenopausal women, only serum testosterone was positively associated with breast cancer (OR 1.72, 95 percent CI 0.40-7.40), but this was not a significant finding (p-value is 0.468). In the postmenopausal women, oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone were positively associated with breast cancer with a highest to lowest quartile OR of 1.48, 2.35 and 4.23 (95 percent CI 0.59-3.69, 1.11-4.95 and 1.52-11.78, respectively). The OR was significant for both progesterone and testosterone (p-values of 0.025 and 0.006, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There were no statistically significant findings among the premenopausal cases. In postmenopausal women, serum progesterone and testosterone levels were significantly associated positively with the odds of having breast cancer.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia. chrisckho2002@yahoo.com
authors.forename: C C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohaizak
authors.forename: S Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Zulkifli
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Siti-Aishah
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Nor-Aini
authors.forename: S H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Sharifah-Noor-Akmal
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D004958:Estradiol / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008296:Malaysia / Q000453:epidemiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D011374:Progesterone / Q000097:blood*; D011388:Prolactin / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; D011388:Prolactin