title: Evaluation of muscle atrophy after axillary lymph node dissection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Axillary node status is the most important prognostic factor for patients with primary breast carcinoma, making axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) a standard surgical treatment of breast cancer. Postoperative sequelae to ALND is frequently reported. In this study we aimed to find out objectively, how much damage is caused to these nerves during ALND.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 50 breast cancer patients who underwent surgical treatment in our Breast and Endocrine Surgery Unit between March 1998 and July 2004 were included in the study. Surgical treatment of these patients consisted of breast conserving surgery or total mastectomy combined with ALND. To compare operated patients with non-operated patients as a control, only patients who had undergone unilateral surgery were included in the study so that the non-operated side served as the normal control for each patient. All patients had a postoperative review with an anatomical and functional examination at least 6 months after the operation. Computed tomography was then performed and the M. latissimus dorsi (MLD), M. pectoralis major (MPM) and M. serratus anterior (MSA) thicknesses were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On physical examination, the aforementioned muscles in all the patients were found to be intact and functional. Sixty-four percent of the operated patients group were found to have various degrees of hypoesthesia. MLD, MPM and MSA amongst the non-operated patients group were found to be significantly thicker than the corresponding muscles amongst operated patients group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that a significant amount of reduction in the thickness of the MLD, MPM and MSA occurs after ALND. Also, sensory deficit occurs, especially on the upper medial portion of the arm, showing damage to the intercostobrachial nerves.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey. drgyedu@gmail.com
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gyedu
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kepenekci
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Alic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Akyar
mesh_terms: D001365:Axilla; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008408:Mastectomy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed