title: Human milk adiponectin is associated with infant growth in two independent cohorts.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Adiponectin, a circulating adipocyte protein, is associated with lower obesity. We have previously shown that adiponectin is present in human milk. This study determined whether higher milk adiponectin is associated with infant growth and investigated milk adiponectin's oligomeric form.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a study of two parallel longitudinal cohorts of breastfed infants born between 1998 and 2005. Forty-five mother-infant pairs from Cincinnati, OH and 277 mother-infant pairs from Mexico City, Mexico were analyzed. All participants were healthy, term infants breastfed at least 1 month who completed 6 months of follow-up. Monthly milk samples (n = 1,379) up to 6 months were assayed for adiponectin by radioimmunoassay. Infant weight-for-age, length-for-age, and weight-for-length Z-scores up to 6 months of age were calculated using World Health Organization standards. Repeated-measures analysis was conducted. The structural form of human milk adiponectin was assessed by western blot.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the population studies, initial milk adiponectin was 24.0 +/- 8.6 microg/L and did not differ by cohort. Over the first 6 months, higher milk adiponectin was associated with lower infant weight-for-age Z-score (-0.20 +/- 0.04, p < 0.0001) and weight-for-length Z-score (-0.29 +/- 0.08, p = 0.0002) but not length-for-age Z-score, adjusted for covariates, with no difference by cohort. By western blot, human milk adiponectin was predominantly in the biologically active high-molecular-weight form.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest milk adiponectin may play a role in the early growth and development of breastfed infants.
authors.affiliation: Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229-3039, USA.
authors.forename: Jessica G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Woo
authors.forename: M Lourdes
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Guerrero
authors.forename: Mekibib
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Altaye
authors.forename: Guillermo M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Ruiz-Palacios
authors.forename: Lisa J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Alix
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dubert-Ferrandon
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Newburg
authors.forename: Ardythe L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Morrow
mesh_terms: D052242:Adiponectin / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D001827:Body Height / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006128:Growth; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn / Q000254:growth & development*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008800:Mexico; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D008970:Molecular Weight; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D009820:Ohio; D011863:Radioimmunoassay
chemical_list: D052242:Adiponectin