title: Effects of caffeine and theophylline on coronary hyperemia induced by adenosine or dipyridamole.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aims of this review are to examine the biochemical features of theophylline, caffeine, adenosine, and dipyridamole, their effects on coronary hyperemia, and to make recommendations on performing hyperemic lesion assessment after taking caffeine or theophylline.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  It is commonly thought that caffeine and theophylline interfere with adenosine and dipyridamole induced coronary hyperemia, thus frequently delaying scheduled assessments after inadvertent consumption. However, a limited amount of studies address the interactions of these substances thus leaving no clear consensus on when to delay coronary assessment after their intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  For biochemical information on each substance, online and textbook references were utilized. For studies on the interactions of the substances with coronary hyperemia, broad search terms such as "caffeine AND adenosine" were applied in the major research data bases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A serum caffeine level of 3 to 4 mg/L at the time of an adenosine-hyperemia study does not affect the ability of perfusion stress imaging to detect coronary artery disease. The interactions of theophylline with adenosine-hyperemia are less clear while both caffeine and theophylline show significant interaction with dipyridamole-hyperemia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For dipyridamole-stress myocardial perfusion studies, caffeine products and theophylline medications should be discontinued for 24 hr. For adenosine-stress myocardial perfusion studies, theophylline medications should be discontinued for 12 hr; however, one cup of coffee may be taken up to 1 hr before the test without necessitating a delay or cancellation of the study. These same considerations hold true for patients undergoing cardiac catheterization and intravenous adenosine-induced hyperemia.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine Medical Center, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
authors.forename: Jonathan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Salcedo
authors.forename: Morton J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Kern
mesh_terms: D000241:Adenosine; D000818:Animals; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004176:Dipyridamole; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015150:Echocardiography, Doppler; D006801:Humans; D006940:Hyperemia / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055414:Myocardial Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D013806:Theophylline / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014665:Vasodilator Agents
chemical_list: D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D002110:Caffeine; D004176:Dipyridamole; D013806:Theophylline; D000241:Adenosine