title: Comparison of anthropometry with photogrammetry based on a standardized clinical photographic technique using a cephalostat and chair.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to standardize clinical photogrammetric techniques, and to compare anthropometry with photogrammetry.
  
  
  METHODS
  To standardize clinical photography, we have developed a photographic cephalostat and chair. We investigated the repeatability of the standardized clinical photogrammetric technique. Then, with 40 landmarks, a total of 96 anthropometric measurement items was obtained from 100 Koreans. Ninety six photogrammetric measurements from the same subjects were also obtained from standardized clinical photographs using Adobe Photoshop version 7.0 (Adobe Systems Corporation, San Jose, CA, USA). The photogrammetric and anthropometric measurement data (mm, degree) were then compared. A coefficient was obtained by dividing the anthropometric measurements by the photogrammetric measurements.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The repeatability of the standardized photography was statistically significantly high (p=0.463). Among the 96 measurement items, 44 items were reliable; for these items the photogrammetric measurements were not different to the anthropometric measurements. The remaining 52 items must be classified as unreliable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By developing a photographic cephalostat and chair, we have standardized clinical photogrammetric techniques. The reliable set of measurement items can be used as anthropometric measurements. For unreliable measurement items, applying a suitable coefficient to the photogrammetric measurement allows the anthropometric measurement to be obtained indirectly.
authors.affiliation: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Centre, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
authors.forename: Kihwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Hyuk Joon
authors.initials: HJ
authors.lastname: Kwon
authors.forename: Tae Hyun
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Jun Hyung
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Daegu
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Son
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D056888:Patient Positioning / Q000295:instrumentation*; D010780:Photogrammetry; D023861:Photography, Dental / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D055815:Young Adult