title: Randomized-controlled clinical trial of customized zirconia and titanium implant abutments for single-tooth implants in canine and posterior regions: 3-year results.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to test whether or not zirconia abutments exhibit the same survival and technical/biological outcome as titanium abutments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two patients receiving 40 single-tooth implants in canine and posterior regions were included. The implant sites were randomly assigned to 20 zirconia and 20 titanium abutments. All-ceramic and metal-ceramic crowns were fabricated. At baseline, 6, 12 and 36 months, the reconstructions were examined for technical and biological problems. Probing pocket depth (PPD), plaque control record (PCR) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed at abutments (test) and analogous contralateral teeth (control). Standardized radiographs of the implants were made and the bone level (BL) was measured referring to the implant shoulder on mesial (mBL) and distal sides (dBL). The difference of color (DeltaE) of the peri-implant mucosa and the gingiva of control teeth was assessed with a spectrophotometer. The data were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney Rank and Student's unpaired t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighteen patients with 18 zirconia and 10 titanium abutments were examined at a mean follow-up of 36 months (range 31.5-53.3 months). No fracture of an abutment or loss of a reconstruction was found. Hence, both exhibited 100% survival. At two metal-ceramic crowns supported by titanium abutments chipping of the veneering ceramic occurred. No difference of the biological outcome of zirconia and titanium abutments was observed: PPD (meanPPD(ZrO(2)) 3.2 +/- 1 mm, mPPD(Ti) 3.4 +/- 0.5 mm), PCR (mPCR(ZrO(2)) 0.1 +/- 0.2, mPCR(Ti) 0.1 +/- 0.2) and BOP (mBOP(ZrO(2)) 0.4 +/- 0.4, mBOP(Ti) 0.2 +/- 0.3). Furthermore, the BL was similar at implants supporting zirconia and titanium abutments (mBL(ZrO(2)) 1.7 +/- 1, dBL(ZrO(2)) 1.6 +/- 1; mBL(Ti) 2 +/- 1, dBL(Ti) 2.1 +/- 1). Both, zirconia and titanium abutments induced a similar amount of discoloration of the mucosa compared with the gingiva at natural teeth (DeltaE(ZrO(2)) 9.3 +/- 3.8, DeltaE(Ti) 6.8 +/- 3.8).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At 3 years, zirconia and titanium abutments exhibited same survival and technical, biological and esthetical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Material Science, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anja
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zembic
authors.forename: Irena
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sailer
authors.forename: Ronald Ernst
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Jung
authors.forename: Christoph Hans Franz
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Hämmerle
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003442:Crowns; D003481:Cuspid; D000044:Dental Abutments; D019250:Dental Implants, Single-Tooth; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003793:Dental Restoration, Permanent / Q000379:methods*; D004955:Esthetics, Dental; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016348:Osseointegration; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014025:Titanium; D015040:Zirconium
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide