title: Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, and the risk of recurrent acute and chronic pancreatitis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are associated with alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking. The etiology of RAP and CP is complex, and effects of alcohol and smoking may be limited to specific patient subsets. We examined the current prevalence of alcohol use and smoking and their association with RAP and CP in patients evaluated at US referral centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The North American Pancreatitis Study 2, a multicenter consortium of 20 US centers, prospectively enrolled 540 patients with CP, 460 patients with RAP, and 695 controls from 2000 to 2006. Using self-reported monthly alcohol consumption during the maximum lifetime drinking period, we classified subjects by drinking status: abstainer, light drinker (< or =0.5 drink per day), moderate drinker (women, >0.5 to 1 drink per day; men, >0.5 to 2 drinks per day), heavy drinker (women, >1 to <5 drinks per day; men, >2 to <5 drinks per day), or very heavy drinker (> or =5 drinks per day for both sexes). Smoking was classified as never, past, or current and was quantified (packs per day and pack-years).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, participants' mean (SD) age was 49.7 (15.4) years; 87.5% were white, and 56.5% were women. Approximately one-fourth of both controls and patients were lifetime abstainers. The prevalence of very heavy drinking among men and women was 38.4% and 11.0% for CP, 16.9% and 5.5% for RAP, and 10.0% and 3.6% for controls. Compared with abstaining and light drinking, very heavy drinking was significantly associated with CP (odds ratio, 3.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.87-5.14) after controlling for age, sex, smoking status, and body mass index. Cigarette smoking was an independent, dose-dependent risk factor for CP and RAP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Very heavy alcohol consumption and smoking are independent risks for CP. A minority of patients with pancreatitis currently seen at US referral centers report very heavy drinking.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 3708 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors.forename: Dhiraj
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Yadav
authors.forename: Robert H
authors.initials: RH
authors.lastname: Hawes
authors.forename: Randall E
authors.initials: RE
authors.lastname: Brand
authors.forename: Michelle A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Money
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Banks
authors.forename: Michele D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Bishop
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Baillie
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sherman
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DiSario
authors.forename: Frank R
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Burton
authors.forename: Timothy B
authors.initials: TB
authors.lastname: Gardner
authors.forename: Stephen T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Amann
authors.forename: Andres
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gelrud
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lawrence
authors.forename: Beth
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Elinoff
authors.forename: Julia B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Greer
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: O'Connell
authors.forename: M Michael
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Barmada
authors.forename: Adam
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Slivka
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Whitcomb
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000209:etiology*; D012008:Recurrence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*