title: Alcohol intake and oral cavity cancer risk among men in a prospective study in Kerala, India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to evaluate the role of alcohol drinking and patterns of consumption in oral cancer incidence and mortality in a cohort study using data from the Trivandrum Oral Cancer Screening Study, India.
  
  
  METHODS
  At baseline, the study participants completed a lifestyle questionnaire including items on frequency and duration of alcohol consumption. They were followed up for oral cancer incidence and mortality. Data from 32 347 subjects, of whom 134 eventually developed oral cancer, were analysed to estimate risk of oral cancer incidence and mortality according to drinking patterns, using a Cox regression model adjusted for age, religion, education, occupation, body mass index (BMI), standard of living index, chewing habits, smoking habits, and vegetable and fruit intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current and past drinkers were each associated with significantly increased risk of developing oral cancer. The hazard ratio increased significantly by 49% (95% CI = 1-121%) among current drinkers and 90% (95% CI = 13-218%) among past drinkers. A significant dose-response relationship between intake frequency, duration and oral cancer risk (incidence and mortality) was observed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  As with other lifestyle factors, alcohol intake plays an important role in oral carcinogenesis in this population, and understanding this role is relevant to developing public health policies targeting at-risk population.
authors.affiliation: Screening Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France. sauvagetc@iarc.fr
authors.forename: Marianna de Camargo
authors.initials: Mde C
authors.lastname: Cancela
authors.forename: Kunnambath
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ramadas
authors.forename: Jean-Marie
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Fayette
authors.forename: Gigi
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Muwonge
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Chapuis
authors.forename: Somanathan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thara
authors.forename: Rengaswamy
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sankaranarayanan
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sauvaget
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D004032:Diet; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires