title: Rehabilitation of the central executive of working memory after severe traumatic brain injury: two single-case studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A deficit of the central executive of working memory is a frequent finding in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of a rehabilitation programme of the central executive after severe TBI.
  
  
  METHODS
  An experimental single-case design was used in two patients with remote severe TBI suffering from an isolated central executive deficit. Outcome was assessed with specific working memory tests (spans, Brown Peterson, n-back), non-specific cognitive tasks requiring working memory (dual-task, arithmetic solving problem), an ecological questionnaire to assess generalization to everyday life and non-target tasks not requiring working memory, to assess the specificity of the therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance was stable on two baseline sessions before therapy. For both patients, an improvement was found for target measures, mainly for central executive tasks, and for the questionnaire on attention failures in everyday life. In opposition, no change was found for non-target measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Improvement was not seemingly related to spontaneous recovery, nor to re-test effects. This study suggests that specific cognitive training may improve the central executive of working memory in patients with remote severe TBI.
authors.affiliation: UGECAM-Antenne UEROS, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches 92380, France.
authors.forename: Claire
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Vallat-Azouvi
authors.forename: Pascale
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pradat-Diehl
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Azouvi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D056344:Executive Function / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D016896:Treatment Outcome