title: Residential segregation and access to surgical care by minority populations in US counties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Minority groups in the US have comparatively poorer access to a range of health care services. Access can be considered a function of opportunity and use and can vary with the level of segregation within a county. We hypothesized that with varying levels of segregation, increasing the proportion of the minority population within a county was accompanied by decreasing levels of access to surgical care.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional analysis was performed on data from the 2004 Area Resource File. Each county in the US was categorized into one of three levels: most, moderately, or least segregated, using the Isolation Index. Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to examine the association between access to surgical services and proportion of minority population with varying levels of segregation adjusting for socioeconomic and health characteristics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the most segregated counties, each percentage point increase in Hispanic or African-American population was associated with a statistically significant decrease in outpatient surgery volume (p < 0.0001), ambulatory surgical facilities (p < 0.0001), and number of general surgeons (p < 0.0001). In the least segregated counties, these associations showed no statistical significance. A significant increase (p < 0.0001) in the volume of emergency medical visits was associated with increasing proportions of African-American and Hispanic populations within the most segregated counties.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the most segregated counties, an increase in the African-American or Hispanic population was associated with a decrease in the availability and use of surgical services and an increase in emergency visits after adjustment for socioeconomic and health characteristics.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Awori Jeremiah
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hayanga
authors.forename: Heather E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Kaiser
authors.forename: Rakhi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sinha
authors.forename: Sean M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Berenholtz
authors.forename: Marty
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Makary
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000556:Ambulatory Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D013502:General Surgery; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006798:Housing; D006801:Humans; D008913:Minority Groups; D011287:Prejudice; D012934:Social Isolation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D000078329:Workforce