title: Differentials and income-related inequalities in maternal depression during the first two years after childbirth: birth cohort studies from Brazil and the UK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is a prevalent health problem among women during the childbearing years. To obtain a more accurate global picture of maternal postnatal depression, studies that explore maternal depression with comparable measurements are needed. The aims of the study are: (1) to compare the prevalence of maternal depression in the first and second year postpartum between a UK and Brazilian birth cohort study; (2) to explore the extent to which variations in the rates were explained by maternal and infant characteristics, and (3) to investigate income-related inequalities in maternal depression after childbirth in both settings.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based birth cohort studies were carried out in Avon, UK in 1991 (ALSPAC) and in the city of Pelotas, Brazil in 2004, where 13 798 and 4109 women were analysed, respectively. Self-completion questionnaires were used in the ALSPAC study while questionnaires completed by interviewers were used in the Pelotas cohort study. Three repeated measures of maternal depression were obtained using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale in the first and second year after delivery in each cohort. Unadjusted and adjusted analyses were carried out. The Relative index of Inequality was used for the analysis of income-relate inequalities so that results were comparable between cohorts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At both the second and third time assessments, the likelihood of being depressed was higher among women from the Pelotas cohort study. These differences were not completely explained by differences in maternal and infant characteristics. Income-related inequalities in maternal depression after childbirth were high and of similar magnitude in both cohort studies at the three time assessments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The burden of maternal depression after childbirth varies between and within populations. Strategies to reduce income-related inequalities in maternal depression should be targeted to low-income women in both developed and developing countries.
authors.affiliation: Post Graduate Programme in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. amatija@yahoo.com.
authors.forename: Alicia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Matijasevich
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Golding
authors.forename: George Davey
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Iná S
authors.initials: IS
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Aluísio Jd
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Barros
authors.forename: Cesar G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Victora