title: Bisphenol A data in NHANES suggest longer than expected half-life, substantial nonfood exposure, or both.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It is commonly stated in the literature on human exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) that food is the predominant BPA exposure source, and that BPA is rapidly and completely cleared from the body. If this is correct, BPA levels in fasting individuals should decrease with increased fasting time.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We set out to investigate the relationship between urine BPA concentration and fasting time in a population-based sample.
  
  
  METHODS
  We modeled log BPA urine concentration as a function of fasting time, adjusted for urine creatinine and other confounders, in 1,469 adult participants in the 2003-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We estimated the BPA "population-based half-life" (pop(1/2)) for a fasting time of 0-24 hr, < 4.5 hr, 4.5-8.5 hr, and > 8.5 hr.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall pop(1/2) for the 0- to 24-hr interval was 43 hr [95% confidence interval (CI), 26-119 hr]. Among those reporting fasting times of 4.5-8.5 hr (n = 441), BPA declined significantly with fasting time, with a pop(1/2) of 4.1 hr (95% CI, 2.6-10.6 hr). However, within the fasting time intervals of 0-4.5 hr (n = 129) and 8.5-24 hr (n = 899), we saw no appreciable decline. Fasting time did not significantly predict highest (> 12 ng/mL) or lowest (below limit of detection) BPA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, BPA levels did not decline rapidly with fasting time in this sample. This suggests substantial nonfood exposure, accumulation in body tissues such as fat, or both. Explaining these findings may require experimental pharmacokinetic studies of chronic BPA exposure, further examination of BPA levels and effects in fat, and a search for important nonfood sources.
authors.affiliation: Environmental Health Sciences Center, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA. richard_stahlhut@urmc. rochester.edu
authors.forename: Richard W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Stahlhut
authors.forename: Wade V
authors.initials: WV
authors.lastname: Welshons
authors.forename: Shanna H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Swan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005215:Fasting; D005260:Female; D006207:Half-Life; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000652:urine*; D055815:Young Adult; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds
chemical_list: D001559:Benzhydryl Compounds; D010636:Phenols; C006780:bisphenol A; D000098826:Bisphenol A Compounds