Persistent comorbid symptoms of depression and anxiety predict mortality in heart disease.
BACKGROUND
Incident anxiety and depression are associated separately with cardiac events and mortality in patients after acute coronary syndromes, but the influence of persistent comorbid depression and anxiety on mortality remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of comorbid persistent depressive and anxious symptoms in individuals with ischemic heart disease and to evaluate effects on mortality.


METHODS
Prospective, longitudinal cohort design in the context of a randomized trial to decrease patient delay in seeking treatment for ischemic heart symptoms (PROMOTION trial) was used, with twelve-month follow-up of 2325 individuals with stable ischemic heart disease. Participants were assessed on enrollment and at 3 months using the Multiple Adjective Affect Checklist and the Brief Symptom Inventory for depressive and anxious symptoms, respectively.


RESULTS
At 3 months, 608 individuals (61.7%) reported persistent symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both. Three hundred seventy-nine (42.5%) and 1056 (45.4%) had persistent anxious and depressive symptoms, respectively. Those with persistent, comorbid symptoms had higher mortality compared to others (p=.029). The combined presence of anxious and depressive symptoms contributed significantly to mortality when compared to symptom-free participants (OR 2.35, 95% CI 1.23-4.47, p=.010). The presence of persistent depressive symptoms only and persistent anxious symptoms only were not associated with death, when other demographic and clinical variables were considered.


CONCLUSIONS
Persistent symptoms of anxiety and depression increased substantially the risk of death in patients with ischemic heart disease. Future research into shared and unique pathways and treatments is needed.
Doering
Lynn V
LV
University of California, Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, United States. Electronic address: ldoering@sonnet.ucla.edu.
Moser
Debra K
DK
University of Kentucky, Lexington, CA, United States.
Riegel
Barbara
B
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
McKinley
Sharon
S
University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Davidson
Patricia
P
Curtin University of Technology, Sydney, Australia.
Baker
Heather
H
University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Meischke
Hendrika
H
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States.
Dracup
Kathleen
K
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001007:Anxiety / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors