Event trauma in early childhood: symptoms, assessment, intervention.
Expanding research over the last two decades has documented that very young children's responses to an event trauma will involve the same three basic categories of posttraumatic symptomatology observed in older children and adults that is, reexperiencing, numbing/avoidance, and hyperarousal. The ways in which these three symptom clusters will be manifested in very young children and recent progress in the establishment of developmentally sensitive and reliable criteria for the diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this age group are described. In addition to PTSD symptomatology, three additional factors that differentiate young children's responses to a trauma from those of older children and adults-their cognitive immaturity, their developmental vulnerability, and the relational context of early trauma given young children's dependence on caregivers-also are discussed. Principles of assessment and treatment are then described. These discussions emphasize the importance of normalizing traumatic responses, supporting the parent-child relationship and restoring trust, desensitizing the child's distress to traumatic reminders, helping the child and parents to process and develop a meaningful narrative of the traumatic event through expressive therapeutic techniques, and promoting effective strategies of restoration and repair.
Coates
Susan
S
Department of Psychology in Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 205 West 89th Street, New York, New York, USA. swcoates@gmail.com
Gaensbauer
Theodore J
TJ
D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D003071:Cognition; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications