title: Control of ACAT2 liver expression by HNF4{alpha}: lesson from MODY1 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  ACAT2 is thought to be responsible for cholesteryl ester production in chylomicron and VLDL assembly. Recently, we identified HNF1alpha as an important regulator of the human ACAT2 promoter. Thus, we hypothesized that MODY3 (HNF1alpha gene mutations) and possibly MODY1 (HNF4alpha, upstream regulator of HNF1alpha, gene mutations) subjects may have lower VLDL esterified cholesterol.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum analysis and lipoprotein separation using size-exclusion chromatography were performed in controls and MODY1 and MODY3 subjects. In vitro analyses included mutagenesis and cotransfections in HuH7 cells. Finally, the relevance in vivo of these findings was tested by ChIP assays in human liver. Whereas patients with MODY3 had normal lipoprotein composition, those with MODY1 had lower levels of VLDL and LDL esterified cholesterol, as well as of VLDL triglyceride. Mutagenesis revealed one important HNF4 binding site in the human ACAT2 promoter. ChIP assays and protein-to-protein interaction studies showed that HNF4alpha, directly or indirectly (via HNF1alpha), can bind to the ACAT2 promoter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We identified HNF4alpha as an important regulator of the hepatocyte-specific expression of the human ACAT2 promoter. Our results suggest that the lower levels of esterified cholesterol in VLDL- and LDL-particles in patients with MODY1 may-at least in part-be attributable to lower ACAT2 activity in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, C1-74, Karolinska Institutet at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, S-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pramfalk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Karlsson
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Groop
authors.forename: L L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Rudel
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Angelin
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eriksson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Parini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D015151:Immunoblotting; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015243:Cholesterol, VLDL; D051557:Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4; D002785:Sterol O-Acyltransferase; D000097587:Sterol O-Acyltransferase 2; C496592:HNF4A protein, human