title: Endogenous noradrenergic activation and memory for emotional material in men and women.
abstract: A plethora of evidence from the animal and human literature suggests that emotionally arousing material is often remembered better than is neutral material, and that this effect critically involves noradrenergic activation during and soon after exposure to the emotional material. A crucial prediction of this hypothesis is that endogenous adrenergic activation should relate positively and selectively to memory for emotional events in humans. Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), a biomarker for adrenergic activity was measured in response to viewing a series of mixed emotional and neutral images to test this prediction in healthy men and women. One week after viewing these images subjects returned for a surprise free recall test. Endogenous noradrenergic activation, defined as an increase in sAA immediately after versus before slide viewing, occurred in 24 of 67 subjects. Regression analysis of the data revealed a significant positive correlation between the increase in sAA and the percentage of emotional pictures recalled. No correlation existed in the same subjects between sAA and the percentage of neutral pictures recalled. Additionally, the difference between these two correlations closely approached significance. The findings therefore demonstrate a relationship between a measure of endogenous noradrenergic activation and long-term memory performance in humans. The results support the view that adrenergic activation underlies enhanced memory for emotional material in humans, namely, that endogenous adrenergic activation in response to an emotional event should predict long-term memory for the event. The selectivity of the relationship for emotional, and not neutral, material supports the view derived from earlier research that stress activation does not necessarily enhance memory for all aspects of an emotional event; rather, that it acts disproportionately to influence memory for the more emotional aspects of an event. These findings are the first involving human subjects to indicate that the degree of endogenous noradrenergic activation in response to emotionally arousing stimuli predicts the strength of long-term memory for those stimuli.
authors.affiliation: 200 Bonney Research Labs, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. ssegal@uci.edu
authors.forename: Sabrina K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Segal
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Cahill
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004644:Emotions / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000502:physiology*; D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases / Q000378:metabolism; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D055291:Salivary alpha-Amylases; D009638:Norepinephrine