title: Levator defects can be detected by 2D translabial ultrasound.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Childbirth-related morphological abnormalities or defects of the puborectalis muscle ("avulsion") can be diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, but neither method is universally available. In this study, we tested validity and reproducibility of a new method for diagnosing levator avulsion by 2D translabial ultrasound.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five women were examined for major morphological abnormalities of the puborectalis muscle by palpation, 2D and 3D ultrasound (US). For 2D US, we used an oblique parasagittal translabial approach. The operator using 2D US was blinded against all other findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Agreement between observers for diagnosis of avulsion by 2D US was 87% (Cohen's kappa 0.56, CI 0.33-0.80). Agreement between tomographic 3D US and 2D US was 87% (kappa 0.61, CI 0.45-0.77).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Defects of the puborectalis muscle can be diagnosed with 2D US. The finding of a discontinuity between the hyperechogenic muscle and the pelvic sidewall is moderately reproducible and agrees moderately well with palpation and 3D US.
authors.affiliation: Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nepean Clinical School, Nepean Hospital, University of Sydney, Penrith, NSW, 2750, Australia. hpdietz@optusnet.com.au
authors.forename: H P
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: K L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Shek
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000293:injuries*; D036801:Parturition; D017773:Pelvic Floor; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*