title: Acute pain and availability of analgesia in the prehospital emergency setting in Italy: a problem to be solved.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The treatment of acute pain in the prehospital emergency setting remains a significant problem. We evaluated the incidence, site, and possible cause of acute pain in the prehospital period and also the current state of prehospital pain management by evaluating analgesic availability in emergency vehicles in Italy.
  
  
  METHODS
  First aid volunteers documented the presence, intensity, and site of acute pain by questionnaire for over 3 months. Emergency service operations completed a questionnaire on analgesic availability in ambulances and helicopters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain symptoms were present in two-thirds of the patients (n = 383) and ranked as moderate to unbearable in 41.75%. Results of the analgesic availability survey indicate that 10.6% of the ambulance services carry no pain killers (including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDs] and/or paracetamol) and 11.5% are without an opioid. The emergency helicopter survey showed a significant difference in analgesic availability compared with ambulances, with 97.6% having at least one opioid agent available (weak or strong). A wide geographical variation in the availability of analgesic agents in ambulance and helicopter services was seen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a high prevalence of pain among patients receiving prehospital emergency treatment in Italy and treatment for acute pain during emergency treatment of trauma patients is inadequate. All emergency vehicles, without distinction, should carry opioids and other analgesic drugs (NSAIDs and paracetamol) and there should be no geographic differences in the availability of pain medications.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Treatment, University of L'Aquila, Italy. francomarinangeli@gmail.com
authors.forename: Franco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Marinangeli
authors.forename: Cristiano
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Narducci
authors.forename: Maria Laura
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ursini
authors.forename: Antonella
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Paladini
authors.forename: Alberto
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasqualucci
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gatti
authors.forename: Giustino
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Varrassi
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy; D017732:Air Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000552:Ambulances / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000700:Analgesics / Q000600:supply & distribution* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000600:supply & distribution / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003466:Cultural Characteristics; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D004634:Emergency Medical Technicians / Q000639:trends; D005843:Geography; D006297:Health Services Accessibility / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends; D006758:Hospital Volunteers / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D015995:Prevalence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011785:Quality Assurance, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D011787:Quality of Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid