title: Ease of imagination, message framing, and physical activity messages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this research was to replicate a study that examined how message framing and ease of imagination interact to influence attitudes towards the prevention of heart disease through physical activity and a healthy diet. Changes were made such that only physical activity behaviour was profiled and assessed as a moderating variable. It was hypothesized that gain-framed messages would positively influence attitudes with hard to imagine symptoms, that loss-framed messages would positively influence attitudes with easy to imagine symptoms and exercise frequency would moderate the findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study employed a 2 (easy or hard to imagine symptoms) by 2 (gain- or loss-framed) Solomon square design whereby participants, half of whom completed a pre-test, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: easy to imagine/gain-framed, hard to imagine/gain-framed, easy to imagine/loss-framed, or hard to imagine/loss-framed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants included adults over the age of 55 years (N=57) and undergraduate students (18-22 years; N=118). They were described either hard to imagine or easy to imagine symptoms of heart disease and diabetes and asked to imagine them. Participants then read either a gain- or loss-framed physical activity message followed by post-test questionnaires that assessed attitudes, exercise frequency, and demographics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Regression analyses showed no significant framing effects but significant effects for ease of imagination and exercise frequency as a moderating variable.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study failed to replicate the original research findings but showed that participants who exercised the least and were in the hard to imagine condition had the worst attitudes towards physical activity.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Tanya.berry@ualberta.ca
authors.forename: Tanya R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Berry
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Carson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D007092:Imagination / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D010565:Persuasive Communication; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult