title: A complex Enrichment Diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri).
abstract: The endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) suffers nutrition related pathologies including poor growth and feeding difficulties from squamous metaplasia. Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite multi-vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P<0.05) than those fed the Vitamin Diet, and at 22 weeks either the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet produced greater weight (P<0.05) than those on the Vitamin Diet. Toads fed the Vitamin Diet ingested significantly (P<0.01) less crickets (approximately 105 g/toad) compared with those fed the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet (approximately 121 g/toad). Approximately 50% of either Reptivite multi-vitamin/mineral or calcium/vitamin D powder was lost within 90 sec of dusting. The Enrichment Diet produced the same strike rate (approximately 25 strikes in 5 min.) but higher (P<0.01) IS (38.3+/-4.2%) than those fed the Vitamin Diet (24.2+/-1.8%) or Control Diet (20.1+/-1.5). 1)Results showed that the Enrichment Diet provided superior growth, enrichment of feeder crickets provides an attractive alternative to the use of topical powders alone, and crickets lose approximately 50% of topical powders within minutes. Feeding a diet highly enriched in retinol and unsaturated fatty acids resulted in improved growth and health for young Wyoming toads.
authors.affiliation: Shanghai Zoo, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Vaughan
authors.forename: R K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Browne
mesh_terms: D000824:Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D001824:Body Constitution / Q000502:physiology; D001835:Body Weight; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002025:Bufonidae / Q000254:growth & development*; D004032:Diet; D006135:Gryllidae; D011859:Radiography; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins