title: Maternal obesity and markers of inflammation in pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate whether obesity is associated with changes in pro-inflammatory and immunomodulatory cytokines in pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional study using maternal serum from the early second trimester to examine biomarkers associated with inflammation in relation to maternal body mass index (n=80 total).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Leptin and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were significantly different between groups and increased with increasing body mass index. MCP-1 was significantly increased in the morbidly obese mothers. Interleukin-2 exhibited a U-shaped relationship with body mass index; transforming growth factor-beta1 demonstrated a nonsignificant negative trend with body mass index; and the levels of hepatocyte growth factor and tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not differ appreciably between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Maternal obesity in pregnancy is associated with changes in cytokines, protein hormones and acute phase proteins in the second trimester, with an increase in MCP-1 in the morbid obesity category, and an increase in Leptin and hsCRP with increasing BMI category.
authors.affiliation: Division of Neonatology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, United States. Juliette.C.Madan@Hitchcock.Org
authors.forename: Juliette C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Jonathan M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Wendy Y
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Craig
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Allan
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Quinn
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Dammann
mesh_terms: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000097:blood; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood*; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000097:blood; D020738:Leptin / Q000097:blood; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood*; D009767:Obesity, Morbid / Q000097:blood; D036361:Peptide Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000097:blood*; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second / Q000097:blood; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000097:blood; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000209:Acute-Phase Proteins; D015415:Biomarkers; C111835:CCL2 protein, human; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D016207:Cytokines; C066855:HGF protein, human; D007376:Interleukin-2; D020738:Leptin; D036361:Peptide Hormones; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D017228:Hepatocyte Growth Factor; D002097:C-Reactive Protein