Polyamine receptors containing dipyridine or phenanthroline units: clues for the design of fluorescent chemosensors for metal ions.
The synthesis of the macrocyclic receptor L1, which contains a tetraamine chain linking the 6,6'-positions of a 2,2'-dipyridine moiety, is reported. Its basicity properties and complexation features toward Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) have been studied in aqueous solutions by means of potentiometric, UV/Vis spectroscopy and fluorescence emission measurements and compared with those of ligand L2, in which a 1,10-phenanthroline moiety replaces the dipyridine unit of L1. In metal coordination, L1 shows a marked selectivity toward Cd(II) over Zn(II) and Pb(II). The crystal structures of its metal complexes shows that L1 possesses a preferential tetradentate binding site for metal cations, composed of the dipyridine unit and the two adjacent benzylic amine groups. This binding site has the proper dimension and conformation to selectively coordinate the Cd(II) ion, as confirmed by DFT calculations carried out on the complexes. This coordinative zone is lost in L2. The rigidity of phenanthroline does not allow the simultaneous binding of both the benzylic amine groups to Zn(II) and Cd(II) and, in fact, one benzylic amine is not coordinated to these metal cations. The fluorescence emission properties of the L1 and L2 complexes are strongly pH dependent. Only the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with L1 display fluorescence emission at neutral pH. This feature is related to the formation in solution at pH 7 of emissive protonated complexes of the type [M(H(x)L)]((2+x)+) (x=1-3), in which all the nitrogen donors are involved in metal or proton binding. The emissive characteristics of these protonated complexes are confirmed by the fluorescence emission spectra collected on the [Zn(HL1)Br][ClO(4)](2) and [Cd(HL1)Br][ClO(4)](2) solid compounds dissolved in CH(3)CN. Conversely, the Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes with L2 are not emissive; in fact, they contain a benzylic amine group not involved in metal or proton binding that can quench the fluorescence emission of the fluorophore, thanks to a photoinduced electron-transfer process.
Bazzicalupi
Carla
C
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Bencini
Andrea
A
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Biagini
Silvia
S
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Bianchi
Antonio
A
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Faggi
Enrico
E
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Giorgi
Claudia
C
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Marchetta
Melania
M
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Totti
Federico
F
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
Valtancoli
Barbara
B
Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0554573364.
D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D002104:Cadmium / Q000737:chemistry*; D003300:Copper / Q000737:chemistry*; D005453:Fluorescence; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D007854:Lead / Q000737:chemistry*; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010618:Phenanthrolines / Q000737:chemistry*; D011073:Polyamines / Q000737:chemistry*; D015032:Zinc / Q000737:chemistry*
D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D010618:Phenanthrolines; D011073:Polyamines; D002104:Cadmium; D007854:Lead; D015082:2,2'-Dipyridyl; D003300:Copper; D015032:Zinc