Balloon dilation of pulmonary valve stenosis in infants less than 3 kg: a 20-year experience.
OBJECTIVE
This study focused on the anatomical features and outcomes of percutaneous pulmonary valve balloon dilation (PVD) in newborns < or = 3 kg in weight.


BACKGROUND
Although PVD is the treatment of choice for isolated pulmonary valve stenosis, there are no studies detailing technical, anatomical, and outcome variables in the smallest of infants undergoing the procedure.


METHODS
A retrospective, consecutive review of all initial and follow-up echocardiograms, catheterization data, cineangiograms, and surgical records of all neonates less than 3 kg.


RESULTS
Fifty infants underwent 55 PVD's, median age 7 days and weight 2.7 kg. Congestive heart failure and/or cyanosis were present in 55%, 46% prostaglandin dependent, with 28% having a hypoplastic right ventricle. The pulmonary valve diameter median z-score was -2.6, (range -5.8 to 1.2, P < 0.0001 vs. normal). The procedure was accomplished in all but one child, using a balloon to annulus ratio of 1.3 (range 1.1 to 1.7). There was a reduction in both the peak right ventricular systolic pressure (P < 0.0001) and outflow gradient (P < 0.0001). There was no procedure related mortality, although six children died in long-term follow-up (14%). Reintervention was necessary in 15 infants within 8 months of the procedure. Pulmonary regurgitation, present in 36% after the procedure, showed a gradual increase over time while outflow gradients decreased and valve annular dimensions increased toward normal.


CONCLUSIONS
In infants < or = 3 kg, PVD is safe and effective. A large proportion remains free from surgery (76% at 10 years). Small valve annular dimensions show catch up growth with time.
Karagoz
Tevfik
T
The Department of Pediatrics, Division of Cardiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X8.
Asoh
Kentaro
K
Hickey
Edward
E
Chaturvedi
Rajiv
R
Lee
Kyong-Jin
KJ
Nykanen
David
D
Benson
Lee
L
D000015:Abnormalities, Multiple; D001724:Birth Weight; D006328:Cardiac Catheterization; D002404:Catheterization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality; D002932:Cineangiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011665:Pulmonary Valve Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology; D011666:Pulmonary Valve Stenosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D017725:Ventricular Pressure