title: Characterization of polyelectrolyte features in polysaccharide systems and mucin.
abstract: This review elucidates several aspects on the behavior of charged polysaccharides and mucin. Viscosification of dilute aqueous solutions of hyaluronan (HA) occurs in the course of time at low shear flow, whereas shear thinning as time evolves is found at moderate shear rates. Hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction play an important role for the emergence of these features. No time effect of the viscosity is observed for semidilute HA solutions. A degradation of HA is observed at low and high pH and this effect continues over long times, and it is only in the approximate interval 5<pH<10 that HA is stable. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements on semidilute aqueous solutions of mucin at pH=7 reveal a fractal dimension of 1.4, and the effect of temperature is insignificant on the fractal structure. This suggests that the mucin chains on a semi-local dimensional scale are rod-like. From various experimental methods on solutions of mucin it was found that at pH values around 2 (uncharged polymer), the intensive hydrophobic interactions lead to large association complexes, whereas at pH>>2 the negative charges suppress the tendency of forming associations. At pH<2, the mucin chains are compressed and they are decorated by some positive charges. In the semidilute regime, a fragmented network is developed. The intense association in semidilute solutions of mucin at pH=2 is further supported by the results from rheo-small angle light scattering measurements. Effects of ionic strength on the radius of gyration (R(g)) for dilute solutions of HA (pH=7) and positively charged hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC(+)) are studied with the aid of Monte Carlo simulations, and essential features of the polyelectrolyte effect on R(g) are captured in the computer simulation. Strong interactions are observed in aqueous mixtures of an anionic polysaccharide (HEC(-)) and an oppositely charged surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; CTAB); this gives rise to extensive associations and macroscopic phase separation is approached. The massive association complexes are disclosed in the SANS experiments by a pronounced upturn in the scattered intensity at low values of the wave vector.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway. bo.nystrom@kjemi.uio.no
authors.forename: Bo
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Nyström
authors.forename: Anna-Lena
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Kjøniksen
authors.forename: Neda
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Beheshti
authors.forename: Atoosa
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maleki
authors.forename: Kaizheng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Kenneth D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Knudsen
authors.forename: Ramón
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pamies
authors.forename: José G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hernández Cifre
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García de la Torre
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D006860:Hydrogen Bonding; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D009077:Mucins / Q000737:chemistry*; D009994:Osmolar Concentration; D011134:Polysaccharides / Q000737:chemistry*; D033081:Shear Strength; D055672:Static Electricity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D009077:Mucins; D011134:Polysaccharides; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D006820:Hyaluronic Acid