title: mRNA concentrations of MIF in subcutaneous abdominal adipose cells are associated with adipocyte size and insulin action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether the mRNA concentrations of inflammation response genes in isolated adipocytes and in cultured preadipocytes are related to adipocyte size and in vivo insulin action in obese individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional inpatient study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Obese Pima Indians with normal glucose tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adipocyte diameter (by microscope technique; n=29), expression of candidate genes (by quantitative real-time PCR) in freshly isolated adipocytes (monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) 1 and MCP2, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP) 1alpha, MIP1beta and MIP2, macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 6 and IL8; n=22) and cultured preadipocytes (MCP1, MIP1alpha, MIF, IL6 and matrix metalloproteinase 2; n=33) from subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (by aspiration biopsy, n=34), body fat by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, glucose tolerance by 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and insulin action by euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp (insulin infusion rate 40 mU m(-2) min(-1)) (all n=34).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MIF was the only gene whose expression in both freshly isolated adipocytes and cultured preadipocytes was positively associated with adipocytes diameter and negatively associated with peripheral and hepatic insulin action (all P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, the association between adipocyte MIF mRNA concentrations and adipocytes diameter was independent of the percentage of body fat (P=0.03), whereas adipocyte MIF mRNA concentrations, but not adipocyte diameter, independently predicted peripheral insulin action. The mRNA expression concentrations of the MIF gene in adipocytes were not associated with plasma concentrations of MIF, but were negatively associated with plasma adiponectin concentrations (P=0.004). In multivariate analysis, adipocyte MIF RNA concentrations (P=0.03) but not plasma adiponectin concentrations (P=0.4) remained a significant predictor of insulin action.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased expression of MIF gene in adipose cells may be an important link between obesity characterized by enlarged adipocytes and insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerant people.
authors.affiliation: Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health/DHHS, Phoenix, AZ, USA. juraj.koska@va.gov
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Koska
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stefan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Trinidad
authors.forename: R V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Considine
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Funahashi
authors.forename: J C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Bunt
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ravussin
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Permana
mesh_terms: D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D048429:Cell Size; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050507:Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008263:Macrophage Migration-Inhibitory Factors; D012333:RNA, Messenger