title: Cortical mapping and frameless stereotactic navigation in the high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging suite.
abstract: Frameless stereotactic neuronavigation provides tracking of surgical instruments on radiographic images and orients the surgeon to tumor margins at surgery. Bipolar electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) delineates safe limits for resection of brain tumors adjacent to eloquent cortex. These standard techniques could complement the capability of intraoperative MR (iMR) imaging to evaluate for occult residual disease during surgery and promote more complete tumor removal. The use of frameless neuronavigation in the high-field iMR imaging suite requires that a few pieces of standard equipment be replaced by nonferromagnetic instruments. Specific use of ESM in a high-field iMR imaging suite has not been reported in the literature. To study whether frameless neuronavigation and electrical stimulation mapping could be successfully integrated in the high-field iMR imaging suite, the authors employed these modalities in 10 consecutive cases involving patients undergoing conscious craniotomy for primary brain tumors located in or adjacent to eloquent cortices. Equipment included a custom high-field MR imaging-compatible head holder and dynamic reference frame attachment, a standard MR imaging-compatible dynamic reference frame, a standard MR imaging machine with a table top that could be translated to a pedestal outside the 5-gauss line for the operative intervention, and standard neuronavigational and cortical stimulation equipment. Both ESM and frameless stereotactic guidance were performed outside the 5-gauss line. The presence of residual neoplasm was evaluated using iMR imaging; resection was continued until eloquent areas were encountered or iMR imaging confirmed complete removal of any residual tumor. Mapping identified essential language (5 patients), sensory (6), and motor (7) areas. The combined use of frameless stereotactic navigation, ESM, and iMR imaging resulted in complete radiographic resection in 7 cases and resection to an eloquent margin in 3 cases. Postoperative MR imaging confirmed final iMR imaging findings. No patient experienced a permanent new neurological deficit. Familiar techniques such as frameless navigation and ESM can be rapidly, inexpensively, safely, and effectively integrated into the high-field iMR imaging suite.
authors.affiliation: Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Building 10, Room 5D37, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Weingarten
authors.forename: Ashok R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Asthagiri
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Butman
authors.forename: Susumu
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sato
authors.forename: Edythe A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Wiggs
authors.forename: Bonita
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Damaska
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Heiss
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D003399:Craniotomy / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D013525:Surgical Instruments