title: PET of EGFR antibody distribution in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma models.
abstract: Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a well-characterized protooncogene that has been shown to promote tumor progression in solid cancers. Clinical results for EGFR targeting with specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as cetuximab and panitumumab are promising; however, most studies indicate that only a subgroup of patients receiving the mAbs benefit from the immunotherapy, independent of EGFR expression level. To understand the in vivo kinetics of antibody delivery and localization, we performed small-animal PET studies with (64)Cu-labeled panitumumab in xenografts derived from 3 cell lines of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nude mice bearing HNSCC tumors with different levels of EGFR expression were imaged with small-animal PET using (64)Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N'',N'''-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-panitumumab. Antibody distribution in the tumors was confirmed by ex vivo immunostaining using panitumumab and fluorescein 5(6)-isothiocyanate (FITC) panitumumab. CD31 immunostaining and Evans blue assay were also performed to assess the tumor vascular density and permeability.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among these 3 tumor models, UM-SCC-22B tumors with the lowest EGFR protein expression showed the highest (64)Cu-DOTA-panitumumab accumulation, whereas SQB20 tumors with the highest EGFR expression showed the lowest (64)Cu-DOTA-panitumumab accumulation. Ex vivo staining demonstrated that SQB20 cells still had extremely high EGFR expression after forming tumors in nude mice, indicating that the low uptake of (64)Cu-DOTA-panitumumab in SQB20 tumors was not due to the loss of EGFR expression. The results from CD31 immunostaining and Evans blue permeability assay suggest that the low vessel density, poor vascular permeability, and binding site barrier are likely responsible for the overall low tumor uptake of the highly EGFR-expressing SQB20 tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results from this study provide a possible explanation for the lack of an observed correlation between therapeutic efficacy of cetuximab and panitumumab and EGFR expression level as determined by immunohistochemistry or fluorescent in situ hybridization and may shed new light on the complications of anti-EGFR mAb therapy for HNSCC and other malignancies.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5484, USA.
authors.forename: Gang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Niu
authors.forename: Zibo
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jin
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Xie
authors.forename: Quynh-Thu
authors.initials: QT
authors.lastname: Le
authors.forename: Xiaoyuan
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000276:immunology / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D000077544:Panitumumab; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000379:methods*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D014018:Tissue Distribution
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D003301:Copper Radioisotopes; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals; D000077544:Panitumumab; D066246:ErbB Receptors