title: Degradation of proteins by enzymes exuded by Allium porrum roots - a potentially important strategy for acquiring organic nitrogen by plants.
abstract: Nitrogen is one of the crucial elements that regulate plant growth and development. It is well-established that plants can acquire nitrogen from soil in the form of low-molecular-mass compounds, namely nitrate and ammonium, but also as amino acids. Nevertheless, nitrogen in the soil occurs mainly as proteins or proteins complexed with other organic compounds. Proteins are believed not to be available to plants. However, there is increasing evidence to suggest that plants can actively participate in proteolysis by exudation of proteases by roots and can obtain nitrogen from digested proteins. To gain insight into the process of organic nitrogen acquisition from proteins by leek roots (Allium porrum L. cv. Bartek), casein, bovine serum albumin and oxidized B-chain of insulin were used; their degradation products, after exposure to plant culture medium, were studied using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Casein was degraded to a great extent, but the level of degradation of bovine serum albumin and the B-chain of insulin was lower. Proteases exuded by roots cleaved proteins, releasing low-molecular-mass peptides that can be taken up by roots. Various peptide fragments produced by digestion of the oxidized B-chain of insulin suggested that endopeptidase, but also exopeptidase activity was present. After identification, proteases were similar to cysteine protease from Arabidopsis thaliana. In conclusion, proteases exuded by roots may have great potential in the plant nitrogen nutrition.
authors.affiliation: Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P.O. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland. bartek_adamczyk_79@o2.pl
authors.forename: Bartosz
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adamczyk
authors.forename: Mirosław
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Godlewski
authors.forename: Aino
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Smolander
authors.forename: Veikko
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Kitunen
mesh_terms: D000490:Allium / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000378:metabolism; D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins / Q000378:metabolism; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D004798:Enzymes / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism*; D005122:Exudates and Transudates / Q000201:enzymology; D007328:Insulin / Q000378:metabolism; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000201:enzymology*; D011506:Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D002364:Caseins; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D004798:Enzymes; D007328:Insulin; D011506:Proteins; D012710:Serum Albumin, Bovine