title: Two milligrams i.v. hydromorphone is efficacious for treating pain but is associated with oxygen desaturation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a single dose of 2 mg i.v. hydromorphone administered to emergency department patients in acute severe pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective interventional.
  
  
  METHODS
  Urban academic emergency department. PATIENT, PARTICIPANTS: Nonelderly adults (21- 64-years-old) with acute severe pain and baseline oxygen saturation (SO2) > or = 95 percent.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two milligrams i.v. hydromorphone administered over 2-3 minutes.
  
  
  METHODS
  The primary outcome was use of naloxone as a reversal agent. Secondary outcomes included degree of pain relief as measured on a numerical rating scale, frequency of oxygen desaturation (SO2 < 95 percent), and side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 269 patients, none received i.v. naloxone. Median pain scores fell from 10 (worst pain possible) at baseline to 1 within 5 minutes and to 0 (no pain) at 30 minutes. SO2 was > or = 95 percent at all time points in 68 percent of patients (95 percent CI 62-73 percent), while 26 percent (95 percent CI 21-32 percent) had one or more SO2 levels between 90-94 percent, and 6 percent (95 percent CI 4-10 percent) had SO2 values below 90 percent at one or more time points. The lowest SO2 was 82 percent. The incidence of nausea and vomiting were 16 percent and 7 percent, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Two milligrams i.v. hydromorphone provides efficacious and rapid pain relief in nonelderly adults presenting to the ED with acute severe pain. However, oxygen desaturation below 95 percent occurred in about one third of patients. Although no noticeable clinical signs of hypoxemia occurred, a conservative interpretation of this finding suggests that 2 mg i.v. hydromorphone is too much opioid to be given routinely to patients in pain as a single initial dose.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Polly E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Bijur
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Napolitano
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lupow
authors.forename: E John
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Gallagher
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000328:Adult; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000932:Antiemetics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009270:Naloxone / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009519:New York City; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood*; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000932:Antiemetics; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009270:Naloxone; D004091:Hydromorphone; D010100:Oxygen