title: Cost and outcomes of patients with solitary pulmonary nodules managed with PET scans.
abstract: No prior study to our knowledge has observed the cost of managing solitary pulmonary nodules of patient groups defined by PET scan results.
  
  
  
  We combined study and administrative data over 2 years of follow-up.
  
  
  
  Of 375 individuals with a definitive diagnosis, 54.4% had a malignant nodule and 62.1% had positive PET scan results. Mortality risk was 5.0 times higher (CI, 3.1-8.2) and cost was greater (50,233 dollars vs 22,461 dollars, P<.0001) among patients with malignant nodule. Mortality risk was 4.1 times higher (CI, 2.4-7.0) and cost was greater (47,823 dollars vs 20,744 dollars, P<.0001) among patients with a positive PET scan result. Among patients with a malignant nodule, 4.9% had a false-negative PET scan, but cost and survival were not different from true positives. Among patients with a benign nodule, 22.8% had a false-positive PET scan. These patients had greater cost (33,783 dollars vs 19,115 dollars, P<.01), more surgeries and biopsies, and 3.8 times the mortality risk (CI, 1.6-9.2) of true negatives. Just over one-half (54.5%) of individuals with positive PET scans received surgery. Most individuals with negative PET scans (85.2%) were managed by watchful waiting. They incurred fewer costs than patients with negative PET scans who were managed more aggressively (19,378 dollars vs 28,611 dollars, P<.01).
  
  
  
  Management of solitary pulmonary nodules is expensive, especially if the nodule is malignant or if the PET scan result is false positive. Among patients with malignant nodules, 2-year survival is poor. Compared with true-positive PET scan results, false-negative results are not associated with lower costs or better outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Health Economics Resource Center, 795 Willow Rd (152), Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. paul.barnett@va.gov
authors.forename: Paul G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Lakshmi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ananth
authors.forename: Michael K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Gould
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics; D008297:Male; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography / Q000191:economics*; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000191:economics; D013997:Time Factors