title: Biomass reduction and arsenic transformation during composting of arsenic-rich hyperaccumulator Pteris vittata L.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Composting is being proposed as a pretreatment step before disposal of metal-rich biomass after phytoextraction process. This study determined the biomass reduction and arsenic transformation during composting As-rich biomass of hyperaccumulator Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.).
  
  
  METHODS
  High-As fern biomass containing approximately 4,600 mg As kg(-1) was composted for 120 days in a laboratory-scale composter under aerated condition. Solid As speciation was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy equipped with X-ray energy dispersive elemental spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), while liquid As speciation was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Composting reduced the fern biomass by 38%, comparable to 35% reduction of the low-As fern biomass containing approximately 12 mg As kg(-1), indicating that the high As concentration in P. vittata had little detrimental effect on microorganisms involved in composting. Total As on a per composter basis and water-soluble As in composted biomass were lowered by 25% and 32%, respectively. Arsenic loss from the biomass resulted mainly from generation of compost leachate, with less from the As volatilization; whereas As immobilization was due to oxidation of As(III) to As(V), followed by precipitation of hoernesite [Mg(3)(AsO(4))(2).8H(2)O] which was evidenced by XRD and SEM-EDS analysis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results from this study indicate that composting As-rich fern significantly reduced its biomass, As content, and water-soluble As. It seems that composting can be an effective step for treating As-rich biomass before disposal in landfill.
authors.affiliation: School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China. xdcao@sjtu.edu.cn
authors.forename: Xinde
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Cao
authors.forename: Lena
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: Aziz
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Shiralipour
authors.forename: Willie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Harris
mesh_terms: D001151:Arsenic / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D018533:Biomass; D001711:Biotransformation; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D032495:Pteris / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D012989:Soil Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D012989:Soil Pollutants; D001151:Arsenic