title: The development of sleep disordered breathing from 4 to 12 years and dental arch morphology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To track the development of sleep disordered breathing (SDB) as well as dento-facial morphology in cohort of children by having them complete a questionnaire at ages 4, 6 and 12. Clinical examination, sleep studies (at ages 4 and 12) and orthodontic evaluation were carried out on all who were reported to snore regularly and children who did not snore at all.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of the original group of 615 children, 64% (393) answered the inquiry on all three occasions. Of those, 27 snored regularly and 231 did not snore at all at the age of 12. There were differences between those groups on all answers, especially prevalence of oral breathing: 78% versus 5% (p<0.001). The prevalence of OSA decreased from 3.1% at the age of 4 to 0.8% at age 12 and the severity decreased from a mean AHI 14.8 at 4 to a mean AHI of 1.95 at age 12. The minimum prevalence of snoring regularly was estimated to 4.2% at 12 years compared to 5.3% at 4, calculated for the original cohort of 644 children. The odds for a child who snored regularly at 4 or 6 years to be snoring regularly also at age 12 was 3.7 times greater than for a not snoring child in spite of surgery (OR 3.7, 95% CI 2.4-5.7). 63 children had undergone surgery due to snoring by age 12. 14 of them never snored and 17 snored regularly at the age 12. The dental arch was narrower in the children snoring regularly at 4, 6 and 12 years compared to not snoring children. Cross-bites were more common among snoring children than among non-snoring children, at 4 and 6 as well as at 12.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prevalence of regular snoring is about the same from 4 to 12 years independent of surgery, but the prevalence of OSA decreased considerably. The children snoring regularly generally have a narrower maxilla compared to children not snoring. Surgery in young children is necessary but "cures" the snoring only temporary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden. elihu@inr.liu.se
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Hultcrantz
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Löfstrand Tideström
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D003724:Dental Arch / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology*; D013517:Otorhinolaryngologic Surgical Procedures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012913:Snoring / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome