title: Effects of tramadol on the minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effect of tramadol on sevoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC(SEVO)) in dogs. It was hypothesized that tramadol would dose-dependently decrease MAC(SEVO).
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomized crossover experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six healthy, adult female mixed-breed dogs (24.2 +/- 2.6 kg).
  
  
  METHODS
  Each dog was studied on two occasions with a 7-day washout period. Anesthesia was induced using sevoflurane delivered via a mask. Baseline MAC (MAC(B)) was determined starting 45 minutes after tracheal intubation. A noxious stimulus (50 V, 50 Hz, 10 ms) was applied subcutaneously over the mid-humeral area. If purposeful movement occurred, the end-tidal sevoflurane was increased by 0.1%; otherwise, it was decreased by 0.1%, and the stimulus was re-applied after a 20-minute equilibration. After MAC(B) determination, dogs randomly received a tramadol loading dose of either 1.5 mg kg(-1) followed by a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of 1.3 mg kg(-1 )hour(-1) (T1) or 3 mg kg(-1) followed by a 2.6 mg kg(-1 )hour(-1) CRI (T2). Post-treatment MAC determination (MAC(T)) began 45 minutes after starting the CRI. Data were analyzed using a mixed model anova to determine the effect of treatment on percentage change in baseline MAC(SEVO) (p < 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MAC(B) values were 1.80 +/- 0.3 and 1.75 +/- 0.2 for T1 and T2, respectively, and did not differ significantly. MAC(T) decreased by 26 +/- 8% for T1 and 36 +/- 12% for T2. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the decrease between the two treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tramadol significantly reduced MAC(SEVO) but this was not dose dependent at the doses studied.
authors.affiliation: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA. mrsed@utk.edu
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Seddighi
authors.forename: Christine M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Egger
authors.forename: Barton W
authors.initials: BW
authors.lastname: Rohrbach
authors.forename: Sherry K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Cox
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Doherty
mesh_terms: D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000662:veterinary; D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation / Q000662:veterinary; D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D008738:Methyl Ethers / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000494:pharmacology; D011650:Pulmonary Alveoli / Q000378:metabolism*; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014147:Tramadol / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008738:Methyl Ethers; D009294:Narcotics; D000077149:Sevoflurane; D014147:Tramadol