title: Abnormal striatal and thalamic dopamine neurotransmission: Genotype-related features of dystonia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether changes in D(2) receptor availability are present in carriers of genetic mutations for primary dystonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Manifesting and nonmanifesting carriers of the DYT1 and DYT6 dystonia mutations were scanned with [(11)C] raclopride (RAC) and PET. Measures of D(2) receptor availability in the caudate nucleus and putamen were determined using an automated region-of-interest approach. Values from mutation carriers and healthy controls were compared using analysis of variance to assess the effects of genotype and phenotype. Additionally, voxel-based whole brain searches were conducted to detect group differences in extrastriatal regions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant reductions in caudate and putamen D(2) receptor availability were evident in both groups of mutation carriers relative to healthy controls (p < 0.001). The changes were greater in DYT6 relative to DYT1 carriers (-38.0 +/- 3.0% vs -15.0 +/- 3.0%, p < 0.001). By contrast, there was no significant difference between manifesting and nonmanifesting carriers of either genotype. Voxel-based analysis confirmed these findings and additionally revealed reduced RAC binding in the ventrolateral thalamus of both groups of mutation carriers. As in the striatum, the thalamic binding reductions were more pronounced in DYT6 carriers and were not influenced by the presence of clinical manifestations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reduced D(2) receptor availability in carriers of dystonia genes is compatible with dysfunction or loss of D(2)-bearing neurons, increased synaptic dopamine levels, or both. These changes, which may be present to different degrees in the DYT1 and DYT6 genotypes, are likely to represent susceptibility factors for the development of clinical manifestations in mutation carriers.
authors.affiliation: Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Carbon
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Niethammer
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Dhawan
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chaly
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ma
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bressman
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Eidelberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001667:Binding, Competitive / Q000502:physiology; D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003342:Corpus Striatum / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism; D004421:Dystonia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D020891:Raclopride / Q000378:metabolism; D011869:Radioligand Assay; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000235:genetics*; D013788:Thalamus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002250:Carbon Radioisotopes; D018492:Dopamine Antagonists; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D017448:Receptors, Dopamine D2; C108175:TOR1A protein, human; D020891:Raclopride; D004298:Dopamine