title: Shade material evaluation using a cattle response model and meteorological instrumentation.
abstract: Shade structures are often considered as one method of reducing stress in feedlot cattle. Selection of a suitable shade material can be difficult without data that quantify material effectiveness for stress reduction. A summer study was conducted during 2007 using instrumented shade structures in conjunction with meteorological measurements to estimate relative effectiveness of various shade materials. Shade structures were 3.6 m by 6.0 m by 3.0 m high at the peak and 2.0 m high at the sides. Polyethylene shade cloth was used in three of the comparisons and consisted of effective coverings of 100%, 60% with a silver reflective coating, and 60% black material with no reflective coating. Additionally, one of the structures was fitted with a poly snow fence with an effective shade of about 30%. Each shade structure contained a solar radiation meter and a black globe thermometer to measure radiant energy received under the shade material. Additionally, meteorological data were collected as a non-shaded treatment and included temperature, humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation. Data analyses was conducted using a physiological model based on temperature, humidity, solar radiation and wind speed; a second model using black globe temperatures, relative humidity, and wind speed was used as well. Analyses of the data revealed that time spent in the highest stress category was reduced by all shade materials. Moreover, significant differences (P < 0.05) existed between all shade materials (compared to no-shade) for hourly summaries during peak daylight hours and for 'full sun' days.
authors.affiliation: US Meat Animal Research Center, USDA-ARS, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA. roger.eigenberg@ars.usda.gov
authors.forename: Roger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Eigenberg
authors.forename: Tami M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Brown-Brandl
authors.forename: John A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Nienaber
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D011835:Radiation Protection / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D012993:Solar Energy