title: Effect of beer drinking on ultrasound bone mass in women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effect of beer consumption on bone mass in a group of healthy women, by using phalangeal bone ultrasound to evaluate the amplitude-dependent speed of sound.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 1697 healthy women (mean age 48.4 y, body mass index (BMI) 19.0-32.0 kg/m(2)), recruited in a clinical convenience sample and screened for the existence of disease and/or medication that would affect calcium metabolism. Of this total, 710 were premenopausal, 176 were perimenopausal, and 811 were postmenopausal. The women recruited completed a questionnaire that contained detailed sections on current cigarette, alcohol, caffeine, and nutrient consumption. In terms of current alcohol intake, the subjects were classified as moderate drinkers, light drinkers, and nondrinkers. Drinkers were also analyzed according to the kind of alcohol consumed: wine or beer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quantitative bone ultrasound values were greater in the beer drinkers compared with the no beer and/or wine drinkers. Taking the amplitude-dependent speed of sound as a dependent variable, and age, BMI, gonadal status, intake of beer and wine, and number of cigarettes per day as independent variables, we found age (beta = -1.52), BMI (beta = -3.86), gonadal status (beta = -27.47), and beer intake (beta = 1.06) to be significant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The greater bone density found in women beer drinkers might be a result of the phytoestrogen content of this alcoholic drink; this requires further investigation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nursing, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain. jpedrera@unex.es
authors.forename: Juan D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Pedrera-Zamorano
authors.forename: Jesus M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Lavado-Garcia
authors.forename: Raul
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Roncero-Martin
authors.forename: Julian F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Calderon-Garcia
authors.forename: Trinidad
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rodriguez-Dominguez
authors.forename: Maria L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Canal-Macias
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000375:Aging; D000428:Alcohol Drinking; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001515:Beer; D015992:Body Mass Index; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015930:Diet Records; D005260:Female; D050278:Finger Phalanges / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D017698:Postmenopause; D017697:Premenopause; D012907:Smoking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014920:Wine
chemical_list: D002110:Caffeine