title: [Epidemiological situation of infectious diseases in Lvov and Cracow during and after World War I (until the year 1922)].
abstract: In Lvov and Cracow at the times of World War I, the infectious diseases such as tuberculosis followed by typhus fever, typhoid fever, dysentery, as well as scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles, whooping cough, smallpox, cholera and venereal diseases (particularly syphilis) posed one of the most significant and dangerous problems for inhabitants. Their increased prevalence was the result of deteriorating sanitary and living conditions of the city population. The spread of epidemic infectious diseases was enhanced by marching troops, migration of civilians and war prisoners, return of large groups of displaced people and demobilized soldiers after regaining independence in November 1918. Additionally, unfavorable epidemiological situation in Lvov deteriorated at the time of the war with Ukrainians (November 1918-April 1919) and Bolsheviks (July-August 1920). The control of infectious diseases was in the hands of regional local physicians who referred patients to hospitals, isolated homes, bath and disinfection institutions, and conducted vaccinations against smallpox. A decrease in infectious diseases prevalence and deaths to the prewar levels occurred in 1922.
authors.affiliation: Katedra i Zakład Historii Medycyny i Farmacji Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lodzi.
authors.forename: Włodzimierz
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Berner
mesh_terms: D002771:Cholera / Q000266:history; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000266:history*; D004165:Diphtheria / Q000266:history; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000266:history* / Q000517:prevention & control; D049673:History, 20th Century; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000266:history*; D008288:Malaria / Q000266:history; D008457:Measles / Q000266:history; D011044:Poland / Q000453:epidemiology; D012499:Sanitation / Q000266:history*; D012541:Scarlet Fever / Q000266:history; D012899:Smallpox / Q000266:history; D014455:Ukraine / Q000453:epidemiology; D014504:Urban Health / Q000266:history*; D014857:Warfare; D014917:Whooping Cough / Q000266:history