title: The end of the road for CETP inhibitors after torcetrapib?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Because high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are inversely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), raising HDL-C levels would seem intuitively valuable. However, the recent failure of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor torcetrapib to decrease CVD has raised doubts regarding HDL-C raising in general and CETP inhibition in particular for CVD prevention. We briefly discuss the complexity of HDL metabolism, caveats of CETP inhibition, possible mechanisms for torcetrapib's failure, and the potential utility of other CETP inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Torcetrapib likely failed because of off-target effects, since other CETP inhibitors, such as dalcetrapib (JTT-705/R1658) or anacetrapib (MK-0859), do not increase blood pressure, a specific pressor effect of tocetrapib that appears to be CETP-independent. In small human trials of short duration, anacetrapib and dalcetrapib appear to improve the lipoprotein profile without obvious adverse effects, so far.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relationship between HDL metabolism, pharmacologic CETP inhibition, and atherosclerosis requires further elucidation. There seems to be sufficient evidence that evaluation of CETP inhibitors such as dalcetrapib and anacetrapib should proceed, if cautiously, since it remains uncertain whether the increased CVD risk with torcetrapib was related to agent-specific off-target effects or more generally to CETP inhibition as a mechanism to raise HDL.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors.forename: Tisha
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Joy
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Hegele
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D004952:Esters; D006801:Humans; D023303:Oxazolidinones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011804:Quinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D053480:Cholesterol Ester Transfer Proteins; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D004952:Esters; D023303:Oxazolidinones; D011804:Quinolines; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; C411602:dalcetrapib; C483909:torcetrapib; C530884:anacetrapib