title: The burden of disease and injury in Iran 2003.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The objective of this study was to estimate the burden of disease and injury in Iran for the year 2003, using Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) at the national level and for six selected provinces.
  
  
  METHODS
  Methods developed by the World Health Organization for National Burden of Disease (NBD) studies were applied to estimate disease and injury incidence for the calculation of Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality (YLL), Years Lived with Disability (YLD), and DALYs. The following adjustments of the NBD methodology were made in this study: a revised list with 213 disease and injury causes, development of new and more specific disease modeling templates for cancers and injuries, and adjustment for dependent comorbidity. We compared the results with World Health Organization (WHO) estimates for Eastern Mediterranean Region, sub-region B in 2002.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We estimated that in the year 2003, there were 21,572 DALYs due to all diseases and injuries per 100,000 Iranian people of all ages and both sexes. From this total number of DALYs, 62% were due to disability premature deaths (YLD) and 38% were due to premature deaths (YLL); 58% were due to noncommunicable diseases, 28% - to injuries, and 14% - to communicable, maternal, perinatal, and nutritional conditions. Fifty-three percent of the total number of 14.349 million DALYs in Iran were in males, with 36.5% of the total due to intentional and unintentional injuries, 15% due to mental and behavioral disorders, and 10% due to circulatory system diseases; and 47% of DALYs were in females, with 18% of the total due to mental and behavioral disorders, 18% due to intentional and unintentional injuries, and 12% due to circulatory system diseases. The disease and injury causes leading to the highest number of DALYs in males were road traffic accidents (1.071 million), natural disasters (548 thousand), opioid use (510 thousand), and ischemic heart disease (434 thousand). The leading causes of DALYs in females were ischemic heart disease (438 thousand), major depressive disorder (420 thousand), natural disasters (419 thousand), and road traffic accidents (235 thousand). The burden of disease at the province level showed marked variability. DALY estimates by Iran's NBD study were higher than those for EMR-B by WHO.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The health and disease profile in Iran has made the transition from the dominance of communicable diseases to that of noncommunicable diseases and road traffic injuries. NBD results are to be used in health program planning, research, and resource allocation and generation policies and practices.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Keshavarz Boulevard, Tehran, Iran. purmalek@u.washington.edu.
authors.forename: Mohsen
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naghavi
authors.forename: Farid
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Abolhassani
authors.forename: Farshad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pourmalek
authors.forename: Moradi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lakeh
authors.forename: Nahid
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Jafari
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vaseghi
authors.forename: Niloufar
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Mahdavi Hezaveh
authors.forename: Hossein
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kazemeini