title: Clinical implications and management of bleeding events in patients with acute coronary syndromes.
abstract: In the past decades, there has been a significant development in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS), largely driven by advances in antithrombotic and antiplatelet agents. Despite significant improvements in efficacy end points such as death, myocardial infarction and repeated revascularization, these therapies are still associated with a significant risk of bleeding. Such bleedings are independent predictors of long-term adverse clinical events. Data that are currently available on the magnitude and the predictors of bleeding complications in patients with ACS have been obtained from randomized clinical trials. However, patients perceived to be at higher risk of complications, including the elderly or those with renal insufficiency, are often excluded from these trials, but constitute a significant percentage of patients treated for ACS. For these reasons, new bleeding risk scores are under evaluation to facilitate management and subsequent treatment decisions in the real world. Better identification of higher risk patients, careful dosing and appropriate monitoring of antithrombotic therapies, and incorporation of various peri-procedural strategies in routine clinical practice may potentially reduce the risk of bleeding of patients with ACS and further improve their clinical outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, European Hospital, Rome, Italy. leo.deluca@libero.it
authors.forename: Leonardo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Luca
authors.forename: Gianni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Casella
authors.forename: Maddalena
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lettino
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Fradella
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Toschi
authors.forename: Maria Rosa
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Conte
authors.forename: Filippo
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ottani
authors.forename: Giovanna
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geraci
authors.forename: Luigi O
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Visconti
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tubaro
authors.forename: Aldo P
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Maggioni
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001803:Blood Transfusion; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy; D006489:Hemostatic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D018579:Patient Selection; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors