title: Predictors of prolonged postoperative endotracheal intubation in patients undergoing thoracotomy for lung resection.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to identify predictors of delayed endotracheal extubation defined as the need for postoperative ventilatory support after open thoracotomy for lung resection.
  
  
  METHODS
  An observational cohort investigation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A tertiary referral center.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study population consisted of 2,068 patients who had open thoracotomy for pneumonectomy, lobectomy, or segmental lung resection between January 1996 and December 2005.
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preoperative and intraoperative variables were collected concurrently with the patient's care. Risk factors were identified using logistic regression with stepwise variable selection procedure on 1,000 bootstrap resamples, and a bagging algorithm was used to summarize the results. Intraoperative red blood cell transfusion, higher preoperative serum creatinine level, absence of a thoracic epidural catheter, more extensive surgical resection, and lower preoperative FEV(1) were associated with an increased risk of delayed extubation after lung resection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Most predictors of delayed postoperative extubation (ie, red blood cell transfusion, higher preoperative serum creatinine, lower preoperative FEV(1), and more extensive lung resection) are difficult to modify in the perioperative period and probably represent greater severity of underlying lung disease and more advanced comorbid conditions. However, thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia is a modifiable factor that was associated with reduced odds for postoperative ventilatory support. Thus, the use of epidural analgesia may reduce the need for post-thoracotomy mechanical ventilation.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Anesthesiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. cywinsj@ccf.org
authors.forename: Jacek B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cywinski
authors.forename: Meng
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Daniel I
authors.initials: DI
authors.lastname: Sessler
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mason
authors.forename: Colleen Gorman
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Koch
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005541:Forced Expiratory Volume; D006801:Humans; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae; D008168:Lung / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012307:Risk Factors; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome