title: Pressure measurements and comfort of foam safety cushions for confined seating.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glider flights may require the pilot to sit for many hours in a cramped cockpit that allows little movement. Experiments were undertaken to evaluate the performance of different seat cushions in a glider simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were male glider pilots with a maximum height of 1.85 m (6.07 ft) who participated in simulated glider flights lasting 1.5 h. A pressure-mapping device was used to determine cushion performance. By analyzing 15 subjects we calculated the pressure threshold for comfort, above which fidgeting provided objective evidence of discomfort. To determine cushion performance relative to that threshold, 20 other pilots then sat on 5 different viscoelastic foam cushions in the simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time-averaged peak pressure below which no discomfort-induced fidgeting occurred was 8.8 kPa (1.28 psi). The highest peak pressure at which discomfort could be relieved by fidgeting was 11.0 kPa (1.6 psi). Of the five cushions tested, pressure remained below the discomfort threshold for almost all subjects for only one type of cushion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The best-performing cushion had a layered structure made up of approximately 25 mm of Confor C47 foam with an overlay of approximately 13 mm of Confor C45. The other types of energy-absorbing cushions tested, either with or without a softer top layer, are unlikely to provide comfortable seating solutions for most pilots. We conclude that satisfactory cushions are available for this application and that they can be objectively evaluated using this technique.
authors.affiliation: Lasham Gliding Society, Alton, Hampshire, UK. c.jackson32@btinternet.com
authors.forename: Colin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Jackson
authors.forename: Adrian J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Emck
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hunston
authors.forename: Philip C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Jarvis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000401:Aircraft; D001359:Aviation; D002081:Buttocks; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008422:Materials Testing; D011312:Pressure; D055682:Viscoelastic Substances
chemical_list: D055682:Viscoelastic Substances