title: Chronic atrial fibrillation: a systematic review of medical heart rate control management.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Recent guidelines by the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association/European Society of Cardiology (ACC/AHA/ESC) on rate control management for chronic atrial fibrillation have relegated digoxin to second line treatment, recommending instead the use of beta-blockers or rate limiting calcium antagonists as first line treatment. The objective of this review is to assess the efficacy of these drugs in controlling heart rate, and in improving symptoms and exercise tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We electronically searched the Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases, hand searched journals and relevant bibliographies for articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included all study designs evaluating or comparing oral digoxin, beta-blockers and calcium antagonists, alone or in combination, for rate control in chronic atrial fibrillation. 46 studies satisfied our inclusion and quality criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Published studies are small and too heterogeneous to be quantitatively combined. Descriptive synthesis of the data shows little evidence that monotherapy with beta-blockers or calcium antagonists improves symptoms or exercise capacity in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Instead it is associated with dose related side effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the limited data available, we conclude that the combination of digoxin with either a beta-blocker or calcium antagonist should be first line management in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation.
authors.affiliation: Cardiology Department, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Glossop Road, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK. nikolaidou@btinternet.com
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nikolaidou
authors.forename: K S
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Channer
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004077:Digoxin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004077:Digoxin