title: Premature carotid artery disease in pediatric cancer survivors treated with neck irradiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  While carotid artery disease and strokes have been documented in adult cancer patients treated with neck irradiation, little information is available on pediatric patients. The purpose of this study is to determine if carotid disease is more prevalent among pediatric cancer survivors treated with neck irradiation than among healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty pediatric cancer survivors who received neck irradiation (2,000-6,660 cGy) and 30 healthy subjects underwent bilateral carotid ultrasounds. Study outcome measures were common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaque (present or absent). Multivariate methods were used to compare cases and controls and to identify risk factors related to carotid disease in childhood cancer survivors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IMT was greater for cancer survivors than controls (0.46 mm (SD 0.12) vs. 0.41 mm (SD 0.06), P < 0.001). Plaque was present in 18% of irradiated vessels and 2% of non-irradiated vessels (P < 0.01). Among cancer survivors, IMT was positively associated with female gender (P < 0.05), non-white ethnicity (P < 0.01), positive family history of stroke/heart attack (P < 0.05), BMI (P < 0.001), total cholesterol (P < 0.01), cancer relapse (P < 0.001), and years off treatment (P < 0.0001). Plaque was positively associated with relapse (P < 0.05) and C-reactive protein (P < 0.01). There was no significant relationship between radiation dose at levels >or=2,000 cGy and IMT or plaque.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid artery disease was more prevalent among cancer survivors treated with neck irradiation than among controls. Due to the high risk of stroke associated with advanced carotid disease, larger prospective studies are needed to better define disease risk in these long-term survivors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA. kmeeske@chla.usc.edu
authors.forename: Kathleen A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Meeske
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Siegel
authors.forename: Vicente
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Gilsanz
authors.forename: Leslie
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bernstein
authors.forename: Mary B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Nelson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sposto
authors.forename: Fred A
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Weaver
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Lavey
authors.forename: M P H Wendy J
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Mack
authors.forename: Marvin D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009333:Neck / Q000528:radiation effects*; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017741:Survivors; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology