title: Low calcaneal bone mineral density and the risk of distal forearm fracture in women and men: a population-based case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We used dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure calcaneal bone mineral density (BMD) and estimate the prevalence of osteoporosis in a population with distal forearm fracture and a normative cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients 20 to 80 years of age with distal forearm fracture treated at one emergency hospital during two consecutive years were invited to calcaneal BMD measurement; 270 women (81%) and 64 men (73%) participated. A DXA heel scanner estimated BMD (g/cm(2)) and T-scores. Osteoporosis was defined as T-score< or =-2.5 SD. Of the fracture cohort, 254 women aged 40-80 years and 27 men aged 60-80 years were compared with population-based control cohorts comprising 171 women in the age groups 50, 60, 70 and 80 years and 75 men in the age groups 60, 70, and 80 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the fracture population no woman below 40 years or man below 60 years of age had osteoporosis. In women aged 40-80 years the prevalence of osteoporosis in the distal forearm fracture cohort was 34% and in the population-based controls was 25%; the age-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR) was 1.32 (95% CI 1.00-1.76). In the subgroup of women aged 60-80 years the age-adjusted prevalence ratio of osteoporosis was 1.28 (95% CI 0.95-1.71). In men aged 60-80 years the prevalence of osteoporosis in the fracture cohort was 44% and in the population-based controls was 8% (PR 6.31, 95% CI 2.78-14.4). The age-adjusted odds ratio for fracture associated with a 1-SD reduction in calcaneal BMD was in women aged 40-80 years 1.4 (95% CI 1.1-1.8), in the subgroup of women aged 60-80 years 1.2 (95% CI 0.95-1.6), and in men aged 60-80 years 2.6 (95% CI 1.7-4.1). Among those aged 60-80 years the area under the ROC curve was in women 0.56 (95% CI 0.49-0.63) and in men 0.80 (95% CI 0.70-0.80).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The age-adjusted prevalence of osteoporosis based on calcaneal BMD is higher in individuals with distal forearm fracture than in population-based controls. BMD impairment is associated with increased odds ratio for forearm fracture in both women and men but the differences between cases and controls are more pronounced in men than in women, which may have implications in fracture prevention.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden. Isam.Atroshi@skane.se
authors.forename: Isam
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Atroshi
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ahlander
authors.forename: Mats
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Billsten
authors.forename: Henrik G
authors.initials: HG
authors.lastname: Ahlborg
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mellström
authors.forename: Claes
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohlsson
authors.forename: Osten
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Ljunggren
authors.forename: Magnus K
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Karlsson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015519:Bone Density / Q000502:physiology*; D002111:Calcaneus / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult