title: Cross-sectional analysis of the influence of currently known pharmacogenetic modulators on opioid therapy in outpatient pain centers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A finite number of variants in the OPRM1, COMT, MC1R, ABCB1 and CYP2D6 genes has been identified to significantly modulate the effects of opioids in controlled homogenous settings. We analyzed the imprint of these variants in opioid therapy in a highly variable cohort of pain patients treated in outpatient units to test whether genotyping may play a role in this clinical setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter study conducted in tertiary care outpatient pain centers, 352 patients (156 men and 196 women, aged 58.5+/- 14.6 years) treated for 1-600 months (63.4 +/- 92.4 months) with various opioids for pain of various origins were included. Genotyping was performed for all the variants reportedly modulating pain in well-defined cohorts. Association analyses focused on opioid dosing, the actual 24-h pain score on a 0-10 rating scale and the occurrence of side effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequency of the genetic variants in the patients did not significantly differ from that in the average Caucasian population. Daily opioid doses ranged from 4 to 1750 mg oral morphine equivalents (133.4 +/- 203.2 mg) and significantly decreased in a gene dose-dependent manner with the P-glycoprotein variant ABCB1 3435C>T. Pain was rated on average at 3.7 +/- 2.6. There was a tendency towards increased pain in a gene dose-dependent manner with the mu-opioid receptor variant OPRM1 118A>G.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genetics were reflected in the outpatient pain therapy only to a modest degree. The need of outpatient therapy of pain of various causes guided by the presently known functional genetic variants cannot be convincingly concluded from the present data. Using the ABCB1 3435 genotype to predefine lower individual opioid doses barely merits the laboratory effort. If any, the results suggest that a genetics guided outpatient pain therapy may be based on ABCB1 and OPRM1 variants.
authors.affiliation: pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. j.loetsch@em.uni-frankfurt.de
authors.forename: Jörn
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lötsch
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: von Hentig
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Freynhagen
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Griessinger
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zimmermann
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Doehring
authors.forename: Maren
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rohrbacher
authors.forename: Reinhard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sittl
authors.forename: Gerd
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Geisslinger
mesh_terms: D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1 / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D018710:Pain Clinics; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C513055:ABCB1 protein, human; D018435:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B; D020168:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; C485764:OPRM1 protein, human; D017450:Receptors, Opioid, mu