title: Epidemiology of travelers' diarrhea in Thailand.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current data on risk of travelers' diarrhea (TD) among visitors to Thailand largely comes from US military personnel, Peace Corps volunteers, or expatriates. We performed a 14-month systematic study of the incidence rate and characteristics of TD and a smaller study of etiology of the disease among visitors to Phuket and Chiang Mai.
  
  
  METHODS
  One randomly selected day each week from August 2005 until October 2006, data were collected from foreign tourists departing from airports serving Phuket and Chiang Mai. A separate subgroup of subjects with TD acquired in Phuket were invited to submit a stool sample for enteropathogens.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Based on 22,401 completed questionnaires, the attack rate for TD was highest among residents from Australia or New Zealand (16%), while those from the United States and Europe had attack rates of 7% to 8%. Independent risk factors for the development of TD were eating outside the hotel and eating meat. In contrast, a history of drinking tap water and consuming ice cream were protective. In 56 subjects studied for etiology, Aeromonas spp were found in 8 subjects (14%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) or Vibrio spp each was found in 7 (13%) with O1 V. cholera (cholera) seen in one, mixed pathogens were found in 3 (5%), with no pathogen being detected in 33 (59%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Phuket and Chiang Mai should not be considered high-risk destinations for development of TD among US and European travelers to Thailand. In the study, Aeromonas, ETEC, and Vibrio spp were the most frequent enteropathogens identified.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Thailand. cvirasak@medicine.psu.ac.th
authors.forename: Virasakdi
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Chongsuvivatwong
authors.forename: Suwat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chariyalertsak
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McNeil
authors.forename: Somboon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aiyarak
authors.forename: Songwut
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hutamai
authors.forename: Herbert L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Dupont
authors.forename: Zhi-Dong
authors.initials: ZD
authors.lastname: Jiang
authors.forename: Thareerat
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kalambaheti
authors.forename: Wittavat
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Tonyong
authors.forename: Sumit
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Thitiphuree
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Steffen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001315:Australia; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005843:Geography; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009520:New Zealand; D012307:Risk Factors; D012621:Seasons; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013785:Thailand / Q000453:epidemiology; D014195:Travel; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult