title: Association of some specific nutrient deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people: A systematic literature review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Deficiency of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium has been associated with periodontal disease. This article systematically reviews the currently available literature on the feasible association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a systematic review of relevant English- and Dutch-language medical literature published from January 1990 to May 2007, with critical appraisal of those studies evaluating the association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in elderly people.
  
  
  RESULTS
  None of the studies meeting the selection criteria included institutionalized elderly people. In the studies on non-institutionalized elderly people, no significant or consistent association was found between vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium dietary intakes and serum levels and periodontal disease. Although in those studies decreased dietary vitamin C intake was found to be associated with increased risk of periodontal disease, no conclusive evidence could be demonstrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no evidence of an association of vitamin B complex, vitamin C, vitamin D, calcium, and magnesium deficiencies with periodontal disease in non-institutionalized elderly people. To produce conclusive evidence on the subject of this systematic literature review, longitudinal cohort studies and follow-up randomized controlled trials are needed.
authors.affiliation: Zorgaccent Amersfoort Medical Services, Amersfoort, The Netherlands. gjvdputten@hetnet.nl
authors.forename: Gert-Jan
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: van der Putten
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Vanobbergen
authors.forename: Luc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Visschere
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schols
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Baat
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001206:Ascorbic Acid Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D002118:Calcium / Q000172:deficiency; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D006801:Humans; D008275:Magnesium Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D010510:Periodontal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D014804:Vitamin B Deficiency / Q000150:complications; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications
chemical_list: D002118:Calcium