title: Emergence of CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae of multilocus sequence types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36 as pathogens and colonizers in newborns and adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize the population structure and resistance mechanisms of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates that are highly resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, collected from five Spanish hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 162 K. pneumoniae isolates from five hospitals located in three geographical areas of Spain were characterized. The number of isolates from each hospital ranged from 3 to 82. The genetic relationship between isolates was established by PFGE and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). bla(ESBL) types and other antibiotic resistance genes were analysed by PCR and sequencing. Plasmids were classified according to their incompatibility group by a PCR-based replicon-typing scheme.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 162 isolates carried the bla(CTX-15) gene. Fifty-eight isolates (35.8%) caused clinical infections and 104 (64.2%) were colonizers. Sixty-nine (42.6%) isolates were collected from newborns and 93 (57.4%) from adults. Using PGFE, the 162 isolates were grouped into seven clusters that were further identified as members of the MLST types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36. Two hospitals each had two different clones and the remaining three hospitals had a single CTX-M-15-producing K. pneumoniae clone. All clones carried different antibiotic resistance genes, including bla(OXA-1), aac(3)-IIa, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1 and qnrB. In four of the seven (57.1%) clones the bla(CTX-M-15) gene was transferred by conjugation; in all cases plasmids of the incompatibility group IncF were identified by PCR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that multiresistant K. pneumoniae producing CTX-M-15 of MLST types 1, 11, 14, 17, 20, 35 and 36 are spreading as pathogens and colonizers among newborns and adult patients in Spain.
authors.affiliation: Servicio de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Jesús
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Oteo
authors.forename: Oscar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Cuevas
authors.forename: Inmaculada
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: López-Rodríguez
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Banderas-Florido
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vindel
authors.forename: María
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pérez-Vázquez
authors.forename: Verónica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bautista
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Arroyo
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: García-Caballero
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Marín-Casanova
authors.forename: Rubén
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: González-Sanz
authors.forename: Víctor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fuentes-Gómez
authors.forename: Salvador
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Oña-Compán
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García-Cobos
authors.forename: José
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Campos
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology*; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000382:microbiology; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D005838:Genotype; D006761:Hospitals; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007710:Klebsiella Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D007711:Klebsiella pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D017720:Molecular Epidemiology; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013030:Spain; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; C473109:beta-lactamase CTX-M-15; D001618:beta-Lactamases