title: Interventional endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiography: long-term experience of an emerging alternative to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERC) with stenting is the procedure of choice for biliary decompression in patients with obstructive jaundice. In cases where biliary access cannot be achieved, interventional endoscopic ultrasound-guided cholangiography (IEUC) has become an alternative to percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC).
  
  
  METHODS
  We report on 5 years of experience in patients who underwent IEUC after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Endoscopic ultrasound-guided access to the targeted biliary duct was attempted with one of two approaches: transgastric-transhepatic (intrahepatic) or transenteric-transcholedochal (extrahepatic). A stent was then advanced over the wire and into the biliary tree.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 49 patients underwent IEUC: 35 had biliary obstruction due to malignancy and 14 had a benign etiology. The overall success rate of IEUC was 84% (41/49), with an overall complication rate of 16%. Of the 35 patients who underwent the intrahepatic approach, 23 had a stent placed across the major papilla, one had a stent placed intraductally in the common bile duct, and three patients underwent placement of a gastrohepatic stent. Resolution of obstruction was achieved in 29 patients, with a success rate of 83%. In all, 14 patients underwent an extrahepatic approach. In 8/14 (57%), stent placement across the major papilla was achieved. A transenteric stent was placed in four patients. Biliary decompression was achieved in 12/14 cases (86%). Based on intention-to-treat analysis, the intrahepatic approach achieved success in 29 of 40 cases (73%), and the extrahepatic approach was successful in seven of nine cases (78%). There were no procedure-related deaths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IEUC offers a feasible alternative to PTC in patients with obstructive jaundice in whom ERC has failed.
authors.affiliation: Digestive Health Center of Excellence, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0708, USA.
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Maranki
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Arslan
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Jaffan
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Angle
authors.forename: V M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Shami
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kahaleh
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002758:Cholangiography / Q000379:methods*; D002779:Cholestasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D016145:Endoscopy, Digestive System; D019160:Endosonography; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015641:Radiography, Interventional / Q000379:methods; D015607:Stents; D055815:Young Adult