title: The expression of melanin-based plumage is separately modulated by exogenous oxidative stress and a melanocortin.
abstract: Melanin-based traits involved in animal communication have been traditionally viewed as occurring under strict genetic control. However, it is generally accepted that both genetic and environmental factors influence melanin production. Medical studies suggest that, among environmental factors influencing melanization, oxidative stress could play a relevant role. On the other hand, genetic control would be exerted by the melanocortin system, and particularly by the alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), which triggers the production of eumelanins (black pigments). To determine how the melanocortin system and an exogenous source of oxidative stress interact in the expression of melanin-based plumage, developing red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) were manipulated. Some partridges were injected with alpha-MSH, while other birds received a pro-oxidant molecule (diquat) in drinking water. Controls and birds receiving both treatments were also studied. Both alpha-MSH- and diquat-treated individuals presented larger eumelanin-based traits than controls, but alpha-MSH+diquat-treated birds showed the largest traits, suggesting that oxidative stress and melanocortins promote additive but independent effects. Diquat also induced a decline in the level of a key intracellular antioxidant (glutathione), which is associated with high expression of eumelanin-based signals in other bird species. Some scenarios for the evolution of melanin-based traits in relation to oxidative stress are proposed.
authors.affiliation: Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales (CSIC), José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain. galvan@mncn.csic.es
authors.forename: Ismael
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Galván
authors.forename: Carlos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Alonso-Alvarez
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D004178:Diquat / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D005241:Feathers / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D046094:Galliformes / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism*; D005978:Glutathione / Q000378:metabolism; D015227:Lipid Peroxidation / Q000187:drug effects; D008543:Melanins / Q000378:metabolism*; D053486:Melanocortins / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D008543:Melanins; D053486:Melanocortins; D000521:alpha-MSH; D004178:Diquat; D005978:Glutathione