title: Gynecologic cancers in pregnancy: guidelines of an international consensus meeting.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gynecologic cancer during pregnancy is a special challenge because cancer or its treatment may affect not only the pregnant women in general but directly involve the reproductive tract and fetus. Currently, there are no guidelines on how to deal with this special coincidence.
  
  
  METHODS
  An international consensus meeting on staging and treatment of gynecological malignancies during pregnancy was organised including a systematic literature search, and interpretation followed by a physical meeting of all participants with intensive discussion. In the absence of large trials and randomized studies, recommendations were based on available literature data and personal experience thus representing a low but best achievable level of evidence.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Randomized trials and prospective studies on cancer treatment during pregnancy are lacking. Gynecological cancer during pregnancy is a demanding problem, and multidisciplinary expertise should be available. Counseling both parents on the maternal prognosis and fetal risk is needed. When there is a firm desire to continue the pregnancy, gynecological cancer can be treated in selected cases. The staging and treatment should follow the standard approach as much as possible. Guidelines for safe pelvic surgery during pregnancy are presented. Mainly in cervical and ovarian cancer, chemotherapy and an alternative surgical approach need to be considered. Administration of chemotherapy during the second or third trimester may probably not increase the incidence of congenital malformations. Until now, the long-term outcome of children in utero exposed to oncological treatment modalities is poorly documented, but preterm birth on its own is associated with cognitive impairment. Delivery should be postponed preferably until after a gestational age of 35 weeks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further research including international registries for gynecologic cancer in pregnancy is urgently needed. The gathering of both available literature and personal experience allowed only suggesting models for treatment of gynecologic cancer in pregnancy.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Leuven Cancer Institute (LKI), UZ Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium. Frederic.amant@uz.kuleuven.ac.be
authors.forename: Frédéric
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Amant
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Calsteren
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Halaska
authors.forename: Jos
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: Lieven
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lagae
authors.forename: Myriam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hanssens
authors.forename: Liesbeth
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Heyns
authors.forename: Lore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lannoo
authors.forename: Nelleke P
authors.initials: NP
authors.lastname: Ottevanger
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Vanden Bogaert
authors.forename: Laszlo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ungar
authors.forename: Ignace
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergote
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: du Bois
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D005260:Female; D005833:Genital Neoplasms, Female / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D013509:Gynecologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D007391:International Cooperation; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011296:Prenatal Diagnosis / Q000379:methods; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology