title: How T-cell-dependent and -independent challenges access the brain: vascular and neural responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcal enterotoxin B.
abstract: Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used to study immune influences on the CNS, and cerebrovascular prostaglandin (PG) synthesis is implicated in mediating LPS influences on some acute phase responses. Other bacterial products, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), impact target tissues differently in that their effects are T-lymphocyte-dependent, yet both LPS and SEB recruit a partially overlapping set of subcortical central autonomic cell groups. We sought to compare neurovascular responses to the two pathogens, and the mechanisms by which they may access the brain. Rats received iv injections of LPS (2 microg/kg), SEB (1mg/kg) or vehicle and were sacrificed 0.5-3h later. Both challenges engaged vascular cells as early 0.5h, as evidenced by induced expression of the vascular early response gene (Verge), and the immediate-early gene, NGFI-B. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was detected in both endothelial and perivascular cells (PVCs) in response to LPS, but only in PVCs of SEB-challenged animals. The non-selective COX inhibitor, indomethacin (1mg/kg, iv), blocked LPS-induced activation in a subset of central autonomic structures, but failed to alter SEB-driven responses. Liposome mediated ablation of PVCs modulated the CNS response to LPS, did not affect the SEB-induced activational profile. By contrast, disruptions of interoceptive signaling by area postrema lesions or vagotomy (complete or hepatic) markedly attenuated SEB-, but not LPS-, stimulated central activational responses. Despite partial overlap in their neuronal and vascular response profiles, LPS and SEB appear to use distinct mechanisms to access the brain.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies and The Clayton Medical Research Foundation, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
authors.forename: Jordi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Serrats
authors.forename: Paul E
authors.initials: PE
authors.lastname: Sawchenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D031608:Area Postrema / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D001921:Brain / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004002:Clodronic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000633:toxicity; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007213:Indomethacin / Q000494:pharmacology; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007276:Injections, Intraventricular; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008081:Liposomes; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D009474:Neurons / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism; D014628:Vagotomy
chemical_list: C488170:Apold1 protein, rat; D004768:Enterotoxins; D017874:Immediate-Early Proteins; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008081:Liposomes; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D004002:Clodronic Acid; C031818:enterotoxin B, staphylococcal; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C489691:Ptgs2 protein, rat; D007213:Indomethacin