title: Maternal smoking during and after pregnancy and lung function in early adulthood: a prospective study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of evidence about whether exposure to antenatal smoking impacts on offspring's lung function in early adulthood. This study aimed to examine whether (1) in utero exposure to maternal smoking is related to poorer respiratory functioning in early adulthood; (2) the impact of prenatal smoking is independent of postnatal maternal smoking; and (3) the link between prenatal smoking and a young adult's lung function is explained by the child's birth weight, smoking or history of asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were from a 21-year follow-up of mothers and their children recruited into the Mater-University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy, a longitudinal prebirth cohort. The study is based on 2409 young adults (1185 males and 1224 females) who had prospective data available on respiratory function at 21 years and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy. A Spirobank G spirometer system was used to measure forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of FVC (FEF(25-75)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In utero exposure to maternal smoking was associated with a reduction in FEV(1) and FEF(25-75) in males (regression coefficient, -0.16; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.02), after accounting for maternal smoking after pregnancy. At least part of the effect of in utero smoking on young adults' lung function was explained by the child's birth weight and subsequent asthma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Adverse effects of antenatal smoking on development of airway growth may persist into early adulthood. Gender differences noted in this longitudinal cohort need to be explored further.
authors.affiliation: University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia. m.hayatbakhsh@uq.edu.au
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Hayatbakhsh
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sadasivam
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Mamun
authors.forename: J M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Najman
authors.forename: G M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008171:Lung Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; D012129:Respiratory Function Tests; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D055815:Young Adult