title: Patterns of caffeine consumption in psychiatric patients. An Italian study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to explore and compare the caffeine intake, intoxication, withdrawal and dependence prevalence in Italian psychiatric patients and healthy subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and sixty-nine out- and inpatients, suffering from different psychiatric disorders, and 104 healthy subjects were included in the study. They were assessed by the SCID and by a structured interview for caffeine intoxication and withdrawal and for substance dependence applied to caffeine use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients and healthy subjects did not differ in terms of current caffeine intake (mg/day, mean+/-SD: 281+/-325 vs. 288+/-148, respectively), while the maximum lifetime intake of caffeine was significantly higher in the first group (mg/day, mean SD: 630+/-549 vs. 504+/-344, respectively; F=4.897, p=.03) where it was significantly related to the CGI severity item scores (rho=.107; p=.04). In both patients and healthy subjects, a lower age was related to a higher current caffeine intake, while both current and maximum lifetime caffeine intake in the healthy subjects were significantly higher in men than in women. The patients suffering from eating disorders reported higher current caffeine intake than those with anxiety or mood disorders. The prevalence of dependence and intoxication was significantly higher in the patients than in the healthy subjects, without inter-group differences. Healthy subjects showed a trend towards a higher prevalence of withdrawal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study highlights the need that a more accurate attention should be paid to the caffeine use which seems to be strongly, although generically, related to different psychiatric disorders.
authors.affiliation: Dipartimento di Psichiatria, Neurobiologia, Farmacologia e Biotecnologie, University of Pisa, Via Roma 67, 56100, Pisa, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ciapparelli
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Paggini
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmassi
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Taponecco
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Consoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Ciampa
authors.forename: C E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Ramacciotti
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marazziti
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dell'Osso
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015897:Comorbidity; D001068:Feeding and Eating Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007297:Inpatients / Q000523:psychology; D007558:Italy / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010045:Outpatients / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002110:Caffeine