title: Tyrosinase activated melanoma prodrugs.
abstract: Metastatic malignant melanoma remains a highly aggressive form of skin cancer for which no reliable methods for treatment exist. Given the increasing incidence of this cancer, considerable attention has focused on the development of new and improved methods for tackling this disease. Within this article, methods for treating melanoma are reviewed and discussed with particular attention focusing on prodrugs that are activated by the tyrosinase enzyme. This enzyme is up-regulated and is of elevated activity within malignant melanomas compared with healthy melanocytes, providing an ideal in-situ tool for the activation of melanoma prodrugs. By way of background to the prodrug strategies discussed within this review, the causes of melanoma, the enzymology of tyrosinase, and the chemistry of the biosynthetic pathways associated with melanogenesis are presented. Aspects of the design, mode of action, and biological profiles of key prodrugs that are activated by tyrosinase, and that show potential for the treatment of melanoma, are then presented and compared.
authors.affiliation: School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK. h.m.i.osborn@rdg.ac.uk
authors.forename: Samaila
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Jawaid
authors.forename: Tariq H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: Helen M I
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Osborn
authors.forename: Nana Aba O
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Williams
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D008545:Melanoma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase / Q000378:metabolism*; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D008543:Melanins; D011355:Prodrugs; D014442:Monophenol Monooxygenase