title: Protein kinase inhibitors emodin and dichloro-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole modulate the cellular accumulation and cytotoxicity of cisplatin in a schedule-dependent manner.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Protein kinase inhibitors (PKI) have become prominent agents in cancer therapeutics. However, the specificity for target kinase inhibition can be poor and unwanted effects can emerge in combination regimens. The PKI emodin, for instance, can produce mixed results when combined with cisplatin, and we have sought a biochemical pharmacologic explanation for the negative cytotoxic effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human ovarian A2780 tumor cells were exposed to the PKI emodin or dichloro-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB) with cisplatin using several schedules, and cytotoxicity determined by a growth inhibition assay. Intracellular platinum levels and DNA adducts were estimated by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  When A2780 cells were exposed first to emodin or DRB and then to cisplatin alone, the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin were significantly enhanced, whereas simultaneous exposure did not enhance the cytotoxicity, but instead inhibited it in the case of DRB. The increase in activity of cisplatin in the sequenced schedule was not due to increases in intracellular levels of cisplatin or DNA adducts, whereas the cytotoxic inhibition was related to a significant fall in both intracellular platinum levels and DNA adducts, which were ascribed to inhibition in cisplatin uptake. Knockdown of hCtr1 (the human copper transporter 1) by siRNA abrogated this inhibition in cisplatin uptake.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results demonstrate that co-exposure of tumor cells to emodin or DRB with cisplatin inhibits platinum drug uptake by impacting the hCtr1 transporter and, thereby, reduce the cytotoxicity of cisplatin. Based on our findings, scheduling of the PKI and the cytotoxic agent should be a major consideration in the clinical design of combination regimens.
authors.affiliation: Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Box 353, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kurokawa
authors.forename: Guangan
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: He
authors.forename: Zahid H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Siddik
mesh_terms: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002945:Cisplatin / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004357:Drug Synergism; D004642:Emodin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D000079923:Copper Transporter 1; D018736:DNA Adducts; D019384:Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; C490079:SLC31A1 protein, human; D004004:Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole; D004642:Emodin; D002945:Cisplatin