title: A systematic review of the nasal index and the significance of the shape and size of the nose in rhinology.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There was great interest in the 19th and early 20th century in classifying human races as Caucasian, Asian African etc. according to nasal shape and size, and the nasal index was the most commonly used measurement to differentiate races.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if there is any clinical relevance of the shape and size of the nose in relation to physiology, pathology and surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review.
  
  
  METHODS
  A structured search of PubMed was performed from 1966 to 2008 for each section of the review focusing on the ethnic variations in nasal index, the effect of climate of nasal shape, ethic variations of nasal physiology and racial predilection for sinonasal pathology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nasal proportions do vary between ethnic groups but the size and shape of the nose does not define Caucasian, Asian and African races respectively. Anthropologists agree that the nasal variations are due to man's adaptation to the environment. However, this theory remains to be proven. Published data on nasal physiology have not shown significant differences between the ethnic groups despite obvious differences in nasal proportions. There is no evidence of ethnic specific predilection to disease due to anatomical variation, physiological vulnerability or genetic susceptibility. Rhinology research is often confounded by classifying populations according to race, as racial characteristics are not based on any scientific principles and the nasal index may be a more reliable discriminator. The only area in which the size and shape of the nose is of relevance is in aesthetic and reconstruction surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nasal proportions are important aesthetically but appear to have little relevance to the rhinologist.
authors.affiliation: Common Cold Centre and Healthcare Clinical Trials, Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Leong
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eccles
mesh_terms: D005006:Ethnicity; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D009079:Mucociliary Clearance / Q000502:physiology; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D010036:Otolaryngology / Q000379:methods; D044469:Racial Groups