title: 3-Dimensional modelling of chick embryo eye development and growth using high resolution magnetic resonance imaging.
abstract: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for generating 3-dimensional structural and functional image data. MRI has already proven valuable in creating atlases of mouse and quail development. Here, we have exploited high resolution MRI to determine the parameters necessary to acquire images of the chick embryo eye. Using a 9.4 Tesla (400 MHz) high field ultra-shielded and refrigerated magnet (Bruker), MRI was carried out on paraformaldehyde-fixed chick embryos or heads at E4, E6, E8, and E10. Image data were processed using established and custom packages (MRICro, ImageJ, ParaVision, Bruker and mri3dX). Voxel dimensions ranged from 62.5 microm to 117.2 microm. We subsequently used the images obtained from the MRI data in order to make precise measurements of chick embryo eye surface area, volume and axial length from E4 to E10. MRI was validated for accurate sizing of ocular tissue features by direct comparison with previously published literature. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of high resolution MRI for making accurate measurements of morphological changes due to experimental manipulation of chick eye development, thereby facilitating a better understanding of the effects on chick embryo eye development and growth of such manipulations. Chondroitin sulphate or heparin were microinjected into the vitreous cavity of the right eyes of each of 3 embryos at E5. At E10, embryos were fixed and various eye parameters (volume, surface area, axial length and equatorial diameter) were determined using MRI and normalised with respect to the un-injected left eyes. Statistically significant alterations in eye volume (p < 0.05; increases with chondroitin sulphate and decreases with heparin) and changes in vitreous homogeneity were observed in embryos following microinjection of glycosaminoglycans. Furthermore, in the heparin-injected eyes, significant disturbances at the vitreo-retinal boundary were observed as well as retinal folding and detachment confirming histological observations. These data reveal the utility and superiority of MRI for producing images enabling quantification of experimentally induced changes in eye volume and structure. The results indicate that MRI is an important tool that could become a routine approach for rapid and sensitive phenotypic analysis of normal chick ocular development and morphology as well as potentially the effects of surgical or genetic manipulations of chick embryo eyes in live embryos in ovo.
authors.affiliation: Visual Neuroscience and Molecular Biology Research Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Maindy Road, Cardiff, Wales, CF24 4LU, UK. nicola.goodall@hotmail.co.uk
authors.forename: Nicola
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Goodall
authors.forename: Lilian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kisiswa
authors.forename: Ankush
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Prashar
authors.forename: Stuart
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faulkner
authors.forename: Paweł
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tokarczuk
authors.forename: Krish
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Jonathan T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Erichsen
authors.forename: Jez
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Guggenheim
authors.forename: Willi
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Halfter
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Wride
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002642:Chick Embryo; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian; D005123:Eye / Q000196:embryology*; D006493:Heparin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007267:Injections; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000196:embryology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009024:Morphogenesis; D014822:Vitreous Body
chemical_list: D006493:Heparin; D002809:Chondroitin Sulfates