title: Effects of lipid-lowering pharmaceuticals bezafibrate and clofibric acid on lipid metabolism in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).
abstract: The lipid-lowering agents bezafibrate and clofibric acid, which occur at concentrations up to 3.1 and 1.6 microg/L, respectively, are among the most frequently found human pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. In contrast to knowledge about their environmental occurrence, little is known about their effects in the environment. The aim of the present study was to analyze effects of these lipid-lowering agents in fish by focusing on their modes of action, lipid metabolism. Fathead minnows were exposed in aquaria to measured concentrations of 0.1, 1.27, 10.18, 101.56, and 106.7 mg/L bezafibrate and to 1.07, 10.75, and 108.91 mg/L clofibric acid for 14 and 21 d, respectively. After exposure, fish liver was analyzed for expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the PPAR-regulated enzyme fatty acyl-coenzyme-A oxidase (FAO) involved in fatty acid oxidation. Bezafibrate had no effect, either on PPARalpha expression or on FAO activity, at all concentrations. In contrast, clofibric acid induced FAO activity in male fathead minnows at 108.91 mg/L. No increase in expression of PPARalpha messenger ribonucleic acid was observed. Egg production was apparently decreased after 21 d of exposure to 108.91 mg/L clofibric acid. The present study demonstrates that bezafibrate has very little or no effect on PPARalpha expression and FAO activity, but clofibric acid affects FAO activity.
authors.affiliation: School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weston
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Caminada
authors.forename: Hector
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Galicia
authors.forename: Karl
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fent
mesh_terms: D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D001629:Bezafibrate / Q000633:toxicity*; D002995:Clofibric Acid / Q000633:toxicity*; D003530:Cyprinidae / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000187:drug effects*; D008297:Male; D010063:Ovum / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D047493:PPAR alpha / Q000235:genetics; D014819:Vitellogenins / Q000097:blood; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D000960:Hypolipidemic Agents; D047493:PPAR alpha; D014819:Vitellogenins; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D002995:Clofibric Acid; D042962:Acyl-CoA Oxidase; D001629:Bezafibrate