title: Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of Carboplatin and topotecan administered intravenously every 28 days to patients with malignant solid tumors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Preclinical studies have shown that the combination of topotecan and carboplatin is synergistic. To evaluate the schedule dependency of this interaction, the following phase I trial was designed to determine the safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of carboplatin and topotecan in patients with malignant solid tumors.
  
  
  METHODS
  In part 1, patients received carboplatin on day 1 and topotecan on days 1, 2, and 3 (C-->T schedule). In part 2, topotecan was administered on days 1, 2, and 3, followed by carboplatin on day 3 (T-->C schedule). Pharmacokinetics were determined in plasma and DNA topoisomerase I catalytic activity and Pt-DNA adducts in WBC and tumor tissue.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-one patients were included. Dose-limiting toxicities during the C-->T schedule were grade 4 thrombocytopenia and febrile neutropenia (MTD: carboplatin target area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration versus time curve, 4 min mg/mL; topotecan, 0.5 mg/m(2)/d). Dose-limiting toxicities during the T-->C schedule included grade 4 neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenic fever, and grade 4 nausea and vomiting (MTD: carboplatin target area under the free carboplatin plasma concentration versus time curve, 6 min mg/mL; topotecan, 0.9 mg/m(2)/d). One complete response and five partial responses were observed. The clearance of and exposure to carboplatin and topotecan did not depend on the sequence of drug administration. No schedule-dependent effects were seen in Pt-DNA levels and DNA topoisomerase I catalytic activity in WBC and tumor tissue. However, myelotoxicity was clearly more evident in the C-->T schedule.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The T-->C schedule was better tolerated because both hematologic and nonhematologic toxicities were milder. Other pharmacodynamic factors than the ones investigated must explain the schedule-dependent differences in toxicities.
authors.affiliation: Division of Clinical Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. d.boss@nki.nl
authors.forename: David S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Boss
authors.forename: Wandena S
authors.initials: WS
authors.lastname: Siegel-Lakhai
authors.forename: Nadja E
authors.initials: NE
authors.lastname: van Egmond-Schoemaker
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Pluim
authors.forename: Hilde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Rosing
authors.forename: Wim W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Ten Bokkel Huinink
authors.forename: Jos H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Beijnen
authors.forename: Jan H M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Schellens
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016190:Carboplatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D019772:Topotecan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D019772:Topotecan; D016190:Carboplatin