title: Modified implant surfaces show different biofilm compositions under in vivo conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Plaque accumulation on implant surfaces can result in peri-implantitis with potential implant loss. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of zirconium nitride (ZrN) as a potential implant surface on the biofilm composition and diversity in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  ZrN- or titanium (Ti)-coated glass specimens and ZrN or roughened Ti discs were used as substrates. Pure glass and polished titanium served as controls. The specimens were mounted on removable intraoral splints in five adults. After 24 h of intraoral exposure, the biofilms were analyzed applying single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP analysis) of 16S rRNA genes. Sequence analysis of the dominant bands excised from the SSCP fingerprints allowed to taxonomically describe bacteria derived from biofilm samples.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The highest number of bands was counted on pure glass and Ti 800. ZrN-coated glass and ZrN-coated titanium discs showed the lowest values for species richness. However, no significant differences were observed regarding the diversity of the identified bacterial species among all the surfaces examined. A total of 46 different bacteria were identified. The dominant bands within the fingerprints indicated bacteria belonging to the Streptococcus group as identified by their 16S rDNA sequence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A coating of glass surfaces with ZrN significantly reduced the species richness in early bacterial colonization but the diversity was not significantly changed. In consideration of the results obtained by this and former studies a ZrN coating appears to rather modify the quantity of early bacterial adherence than the quality of the microbial community structure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany. groessner-schreiber@konspar.uni-kiel.de
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Grössner-Schreiber
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Teichmann
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hannig
authors.forename: Christof
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dörfer
authors.forename: Dirk F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Wenderoth
authors.forename: Stephan J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Ott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001422:Bacterial Adhesion; D018441:Biofilms; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S / Q000032:analysis; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D015921:Dental Implants; D012336:RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; C041500:titanium nitride; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium