title: Suppression of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell aggressiveness by FTY720: validating Runx2 as a potential antimetastatic drug screening platform.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Previously, FTY720 was found to possess potent anticancer effects on various types of cancer. In the present study, we aimed to first verify the role of Runx2 in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, and, subsequently, assessed if FTY720 could modulate Runx2 expression, thus interfering downstream events regulated by this protein.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, the association between Runx2 and prostate cancer progression was assessed using localized prostate cancer specimens and mechanistic investigation of Runx2-induced cancer aggressiveness was then carried out. Subsequently, the effect of FTY720 on Runx2 expression and transcriptional activity was investigated using PC-3 cells, which highly expressed Runx2 protein. Last, the involvement of Runx2 in FTY720-induced anticancer effects was evaluated by modulating Runx2 expression in various prostate cancer cell lines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Runx2 nuclear expression was found to be up-regulated in prostate cancer and its expression could be used as a predictor of metastasis in prostate cancer. Further mechanistic studies indicated that Runx2 accelerated prostate cancer aggressiveness through promotion of cadherin switching, invasion toward collagen I, and Akt activation. Subsequently, we found that FTY720 treatment down-regulated Runx2 expression and its transcriptional activity, as well as inhibited its regulated downstream events. More importantly, silencing Runx2 in PC-3 enhanced FTY720-induced anticancer effects as well as cell viability inhibition, whereas overexpressing Runx2 in 22Rv1 that expressed very low endogenous Runx2 protein conferred resistance in the same events.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided a novel mechanism for the anticancer effect of FTY720 on advanced prostate cancer, thus highlighting the therapeutic potential of this drug in treating this disease.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Biology Group, Department of Anatomy and Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
authors.forename: Chee-Wai
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Chua
authors.forename: Yung-Tuen
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Hiu-Fung
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: Yuen
authors.forename: Kwok-Wah
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Chan
authors.forename: Kwan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Xianghong
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ming-Tat
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.forename: Yong-Chuan
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wong
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000728:Androgens / Q000494:pharmacology; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D004354:Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor / Q000379:methods*; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019048:Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000728:Androgens; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D050659:Core Binding Factor Alpha 1 Subunit; D011409:Propylene Glycols; C493709:RUNX2 protein, human; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine