title: Excretion of endogenous boldione in human urine: influence of phytosterol consumption.
abstract: Boldenone (17-hydroxy-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one, Bol) and boldione (androst-1,4-diene-3,17-dione, ADD), are currently listed as exogenous anabolic steroids by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, it has been reported that these analytes can be produced endogenously. Interestingly, only for Bol a comment is included in the list on its potential endogenous origin. In this study, the endogenous origin of ADD in human urine was investigated, and the potential influence of phytosterol consumption was evaluated. We carried out a 5-week in vivo trial with both men (n=6) and women (n=6) and measured alpha-boldenone, beta-boldenone, boldione, androstenedione, beta-testosterone and alpha-testosterone in their urine using gas chromatography coupled to multiple mass spectrometry (GC-MS-MS). The results demonstrate that endogenous ADD is sporadically produced at concentrations ranging from 0.751 ng mL(-1) to 1.73 ng mL(-1), whereas endogenous Bol could not be proven. We also tested the effect of the daily consumption of a commercially available phytosterol-enriched yogurt drink on the presence of these analytes in human urine. Results from this study could not indicate a relation of ADD-excretion with the consumption of phytosterols at the recommended dose. The correlations between ADD and other steroids were consistently stronger for volunteers consuming phytosterols (test) than for those refraining from phytosterol consumption (control). Excretion of AED, bT and aT did not appear to be dependent on the consumption of phytosterols. This preliminary in vivo trial indicates the endogenous origin of boldione or ADD in human urine, independent on the presence of any structural related analytes such as phytosterols.
authors.affiliation: Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Research Group of Veterinary Public Health and Zoonoses, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium. Karolien.Verheyden@UGent.be
authors.forename: Karolien
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Verheyden
authors.forename: Herlinde
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Noppe
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vanhaecke
authors.forename: Klaas
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Wille
authors.forename: Julie Vanden
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Bussche
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bekaert
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Thas
authors.forename: Colin R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Janssen
authors.forename: Hubert F
authors.initials: HF
authors.lastname: De Brabander
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D045930:Anabolic Agents / Q000652:urine; D000730:Androstadienes / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine*; D000735:Androstenedione / Q000652:urine; D001711:Biotransformation; D004845:Epitestosterone / Q000652:urine; D005260:Female; D005504:Food Analysis; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015394:Molecular Structure; D010840:Phytosterols / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry; D013739:Testosterone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry / Q000652:urine; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D045930:Anabolic Agents; D000730:Androstadienes; D010840:Phytosterols; C006573:1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D004845:Epitestosterone; C013915:boldenone