title: Phase 2 trial of sorafenib in patients with advanced urothelial cancer: a trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There is no effective second-line systemic chemotherapy for patients with disease progression after cisplatin-based chemotherapy. A phase 2 trial of sorafenib was performed to determine the activity and toxicity of this agent in a multi-institutional setting in patients previously treated with 1 prior chemotherapy regimen.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma were treated with sorafenib 400 mg orally twice daily continuously until progression or unacceptable toxicity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no objective responses observed. The 4-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate was 9.5%; median overall survival of the group was 6.8 months. There were no therapy-related deaths, and common grade 3 toxicities included fatigue and hand-foot syndrome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although sorafenib as a single agent has minimal activity in patients with advanced urothelial cancer in the second-line setting, further investigation of tyrosine kinase inhibitors using different trial designs with PFS endpoints is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. dreicer@ccf.org
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dreicer
authors.forename: Hailun
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Stein
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: DiPaola
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eleff
authors.forename: Bruce J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Wilding
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001557:Benzenesulfonates / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D004341:Drug Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009536:Niacinamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019233:Retreatment; D000077157:Sorafenib; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D001557:Benzenesulfonates; D010671:Phenylurea Compounds; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011725:Pyridines; D009536:Niacinamide; D000077157:Sorafenib