title: Extra-anogenital bilharziasis cutanea tarda revisited.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Even in schistosomiasis-endemic areas, extra-anogenital bilharziasis cutanea tarda (E-BCT) is rare. To date, the occurrence of E-BCT in pre-existing cutaneous pathology is undocumented. The study was undertaken to document the expanded clinicopathological spectrum and to comment on the putative pathogenetic mechanisms of a Schistosoma hematobium-associated E-BCT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight-year clinicopathological appraisal of E-BCT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The clinical details are as follows. Seventeen specimens from 16 patients formed the study cohort. All specimens showed granulomatous inflammation with eosinophils, aggregates of terminal-spined S. hematobium ova and variable fibrosis. Copulating worms were identified in three biopsies. In 12/16 patients, E-BCT occurred in pre-existing pathology, including recurrent squamous papilloma (1), bilateral hidradenitis suppurativa (1) and scar tissue (10) with 7 showing a keloidal morphology. Prior and current urinary schistosomiasis was present in nine and seven patients, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  E-BCT, a reflection of prior, re-infective or inadequately treated urinary schistosomiasis, is deemed to be a function of egg-laying consequent to the aberrant pathway of worms. Based on E-BCT occurrence in pre-existing extra-anogenital cutaneous fibroinflammatory and cicatricial processes and the presence of adult worms in three extra-anogenital biopsies in the present study, it is hypothesized that altered tissue mesenchymal repair reactions may promote extra-anogenital cutaneous worm entrapment and egg-laying.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomical Pathology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. ramdial@ukzn.ac.za
authors.forename: Pratistadevi K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Ramdial
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Calonje
authors.forename: Bhugwan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Yetish
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Sing
authors.forename: Prashni
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Govender
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D001706:Biopsy; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012548:Schistosoma haematobium; D012552:Schistosomiasis / Q000473:pathology*; D012876:Skin Diseases, Parasitic / Q000473:pathology*