title: Angiotensin II up-regulates PAX2 oncogene expression and activity in prostate cancer via the angiotensin II type I receptor.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Paired homeobox 2 gene (PAX2) is a transcriptional regulator, aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer cells and its down-regulation promotes cell death in these cells. The molecular mechanisms of tumor progression by PAX2 over-expression are still unclear. However, it has been reported that angiotensin-II (A-II) induces cell growth in prostate cancer via A-II type 1 receptor (AT1R) and is mediated by the phosphorylation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3).
  
  
  METHODS
  Here we have demonstrated that A-II up-regulates PAX2 expression in prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cell lines resulting in increased cell growth. Furthermore, AT1R receptor antagonist losartan was shown to inhibit A-II induced PAX2 expression in prostate cancer. Moreover, analysis using pharmacological inhibitors against MEK1/2, ERK1/2, JAK-II, and phospho-STAT3 demonstrated that AT1R-mediated stimulatory effect of A-II on PAX2 expression was regulated in part by the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JAK II, and STAT3 pathways. In addition, we have showed that down-regulation of PAX2 by an AT1R antagonist as well as JAK-II and STAT3 inhibitors suppress prostate cancer cell growth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Collectively, these findings show for the first time that the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may promote prostate tumorigenesis via up-regulation of PAX2 expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therefore, PAX2 may be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of carcinomas such as prostate cancer via the down-regulation of its expression by targeting the AT1R signaling pathways.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology & Lab Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
authors.forename: Sudeep K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Bose
authors.forename: Willietta
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Gibson
authors.forename: Shailendra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: Narender
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Nath
authors.forename: Carlton D
authors.initials: CD
authors.lastname: Donald
mesh_terms: D000804:Angiotensin II / Q000502:physiology*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D019808:Losartan / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011467:Prostate / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D057912:Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Blockers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051762:PAX2 Transcription Factor; C497318:PAX2 protein, human; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D044139:Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2; D000804:Angiotensin II; D019808:Losartan