title: Genotoxicity of environmentally relevant concentrations of water-soluble oil components in cod (Gadus morhua).
abstract: Large discharges from oil and gas production platforms (produced water) have led to concerns for adverse biological effects in marine areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of DNA adductformation and related biomarkers in fish after chronic exposure to water-soluble components of oil. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were exposed for up to 44 weeks to three treatments (low, pulsed, high) containing environmentally relevant concentrations of low-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and short-chained alkylphenols (APs). A time- and dose-related pattern of DNA adduct formation (measured using 32P-postlabeling) was observed. The results suggested that an extended exposure period (more than 16 weeks) would be required for the formation of DNA adduct levels above background. Interestingly, fish receiving pulsed high exposure did not develop elevated concentrations of DNA adducts, possibly due to DNA repair processes. No obvious relationship between DNA adduct concentration and cytochrome P4501A activity (EROD) was observed. This study has demonstrated the genotoxic potential of water-soluble oil components, relevant for operational discharges (produced water) and chronic oil spills. The quantification of PAH metabolites in bile and hepatic DNA adduct formation appear to be suitable for environmental monitoring of chronic oil pollution.
authors.affiliation: Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), CIENS, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
authors.forename: Tor F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Holth
authors.forename: Bjørnar A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Beylich
authors.forename: Halldóra
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Skarphédinsdóttir
authors.forename: Birgitta
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Liewenborg
authors.forename: Merete
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grung
authors.forename: Ketil
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hylland
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001646:Bile / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018736:DNA Adducts / Q000378:metabolism; D004777:Environment; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D048389:Gadus morhua / Q000378:metabolism*; D006900:Hydroxylation / Q000187:drug effects; D008099:Liver / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009821:Oils / Q000633:toxicity*; D010616:Phenanthrenes / Q000378:metabolism; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000378:metabolism; D011721:Pyrenes / Q000378:metabolism; D012995:Solubility / Q000187:drug effects; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D018736:DNA Adducts; D009821:Oils; D010616:Phenanthrenes; D010759:Phosphorus Isotopes; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons; D011721:Pyrenes; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C031181:phenanthrene; C030984:pyrene; D019363:Cytochrome P-450 CYP1A1