title: Thrombotic genetic risk factors and warfarin pharmacogenetic variants in São Miguel's healthy population (Azores).
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Azorean population presents the highest standardized mortality rate for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) when compared to mainland Portugal and other populations. Since thrombosis is a common cause of CVD, we assessed four polymorphisms in three thrombotic risk genes - F5 (G1691A), F2 (G20210A) and MTHFR (C677T, A1298C), in 469 healthy blood donors from São Miguel Island (Azores). We also analysed the CYP2C9 (C430T, A1075C) and VKORC1 (G1639A) variants in fifty-eight individuals with predisposition to thrombosis (possessing at least one variation in F5 or F2 genes and one in MTHFR) to evaluate their warfarin drug response genetic profiles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 469 individuals, the data showed that thrombotic risk allele frequencies - 1691A (4.9%), 20210A (1.8%), 677T (41.7%) and 1298C (24.8%) - were similar to other Caucasians, but significantly different from mainland Portuguese (chi2, p < 0.001). The combined analysis of these variants identified twenty-two different genetic profiles (genotype order: F5, F2, MTHFR C677T and A1298C). Complete homozygosity for all wild-type alleles (GG GG CC AA) was present in 11.7%, being GG GG CT AA (22.4%) the most frequent profile. The results also demonstrated that 12.4% (58 out of 469) of São Miguel islanders have increased genetic predisposition to thrombosis. Subsequently, we evaluated these individuals for their warfarin response genetic profiles. The data showed that seven out of fifty-eight individuals are poor metabolizers (two with CYP2C9*2/*2 and five with CYP2C9*2/*3 genotypes). VKORC1 polymorphism analysis identified twelve individuals (20.7%) with AA genotype, who probably will require lower doses of warfarin. The joint analysis of CYP2C9 and VKORC1 revealed that 79.3% (46 out of 58) of the individuals carry at least one polymorphism in these genes. Within these, twenty-five individuals (43.1%) need intermediate and/or low doses of warfarin, if treatment is started.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present study demonstrated, for the first time, that São Miguel, and possibly the Azores population, shows significant differences on allele frequencies of thrombotic risk factors when compared to mainland Portugal. This research constitutes a primary approach for future studies on CVD, as well as for the implementation of warfarin dosing protocols using the patient's genotypic information.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espirito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Claudia C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Branco
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espirito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
authors.forename: Tânia
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pereirinha
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espirito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Rita
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cabral
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espirito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Paula R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Pacheco
authors.affiliation: Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espirito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.|Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.
authors.forename: Luisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mota-Vieira