title: Correlates for healthful snacking among middle-income midwestern women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess snacking patterns, self-efficacy, barriers, stage of change, and awareness of healthful snacks among middle-income midwestern women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Self-administered questionnaire.
  
  
  METHODS
  An urban church.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 56 women, mean age 43.9 years and mean body mass index (BMI) 25.9 kg/m(2).
  
  
  METHODS
  A snack quality index (SQI) assessed healthfulness of snack choices; subscales identified self-efficacy and barriers; and a test measured knowledge of healthful snacks.
  
  
  METHODS
  SQI scores were based on energy density and frequency of consumption. Correlations identified associations between SQI scores and self-efficacy and barriers. Analysis of variance identified significant differences between subscale scores for self-efficacy and barriers. Statistical significance was P < .05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean SQI score was 64.9%. Participants felt least confident to choose healthful snacks when experiencing negative emotions, and the most important barrier to healthful snacking was an unfavorable taste perception. The majority of the women (86%) were in the pre-action and 14% in the action stages of change for healthful snacking. The mean score on the snack knowledge test was 84.2%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These women need information concerning snacks high in fiber and low in trans fat, and interventions for enhancing self-confidence for healthful snack selection under challenging circumstances and for overcoming barriers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
authors.forename: Johanna M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schunk
authors.forename: Laura H
authors.initials: LH
authors.lastname: McArthur
authors.forename: Cathy A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Maahs-Fladung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004435:Eating; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005502:Food / Q000592:standards*; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology; D058870:Food, Organic; D015438:Health Behavior; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007196:Indiana; D009753:Nutritive Value; D012649:Self Concept