title: Enrichment of bacteria possessing catechol dioxygenase genes in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza: a mechanism of accelerated biodegradation of phenol.
abstract: The bacterial community structure in bulk water and in rhizosphere fractions of giant duckweed, Spirodela polyrrhiza, was quantitatively and qualitatively investigated by PCR-based methods using 6 environmental water samples to elucidate the mechanisms underlying selective accumulation of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. S. polyrrhiza selectively accumulated a diverse range of aromatic compound-degrading bacteria in its rhizosphere, regardless of the origin of water samples, despite no exposure to phenol. The relative abundances of the catechol 1,2-dioxygenase (C12O) gene (C12O DNA) and catechol 2,3-dioxygenase (C23O) gene (C23O DNA) were calculated as the ratios of the copy numbers of these genes to the copy number of 16S rDNA and are referred to as the rhizosphere effect (RE) value. The RE values for C12O DNA and C23O DNA were 1.0 x 10(1)-9.3 x 10(3) and 1.7 x 10(2)-1.5 x 10(4) times as high, respectively, in rhizosphere fractions as in bulk water fractions, and these higher values were associated with a notably higher sequence diversity of C12O DNA and C23O DNA. The RE values during phenol degradation were 3.6 x 10(0)-4.3 x 10(2) and 2.2 x 10(0)-1.7 x 10(2), respectively, indicating the ability of S. polyrrhiza to selectively accumulate aromatic compound-degrading bacteria in its rhizosphere during phenol degradation. The bacterial communities in the rhizosphere fractions differed from those in the bulk water fractions, and those in the bulk water fractions were notably affected by the rhizosphere bacterial communities. S. polyrrhiza released more than 100 types of phenolic compound into its rhizosphere as root exudates at the considerably high specific release rate of 1520mg TOC and 214mg phenolic compounds/d/g root (wet weight). This ability of S. polyrrhiza might result in the selective recruitment and accumulation of a diverse range of bacteria harboring genes encoding C12O and C23O, and the subsequent accelerated degradation of phenol in the rhizosphere.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Chemistry, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, Japan.
authors.forename: Tadashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Toyama
authors.forename: Kazunari
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sei
authors.forename: Ning
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yu
authors.forename: Hirohide
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kumada
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Inoue
authors.forename: Hai
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoang
authors.forename: Satoshi
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Soda
authors.forename: Young-Cheol
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Shintaro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kikuchi
authors.forename: Masanori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Michihiko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ike
mesh_terms: D029064:Araceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D001419:Bacteria / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D050548:Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D050557:Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D004275:DNA, Ribosomal / Q000032:analysis; D004777:Environment; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D009584:Nitrogen / Q000032:analysis; D010100:Oxygen / Q000032:analysis; D019800:Phenol / Q000378:metabolism*; D010758:Phosphorus / Q000032:analysis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil / Q000032:analysis*; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D004275:DNA, Ribosomal; D012987:Soil; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D010758:Phosphorus; D019800:Phenol; D050548:Catechol 1,2-Dioxygenase; D050557:Catechol 2,3-Dioxygenase; D009584:Nitrogen; D010100:Oxygen