title: Suppression of the immune response potentiates tadpole tail regeneration during the refractory period.
abstract: Regenerative ability varies depending on animal species and developmental stage, but the factors that determine this variability remain unclear. Although Xenopus laevis tadpole tails possess high regenerative ability, this is transiently lost during the ;refractory period'. Here, we show that tail amputation evokes different immune responses in wound tail stumps between the ;refractory' and ;regeneration' periods: there was delayed or prolonged expression of some immune-related genes in the refractory period, whereas there was no obvious or transient expression of other immune-related genes in the regeneration periods. In addition, immune suppression induced by either immunosuppressant treatment or immune cell depletion by knockdown of PU.1 significantly restored regenerative ability during the refractory period. These findings indicate that immune responses have a crucial role in determining regenerative ability in Xenopus tadpole tails.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
authors.forename: Taro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukazawa
authors.forename: Yuko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Naora
authors.forename: Takekazu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kunieda
authors.forename: Takeo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kubo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D018925:Chemokines / Q000235:genetics; D016572:Cyclosporine / Q000494:pharmacology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense / Q000235:genetics; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D016559:Tacrolimus / Q000494:pharmacology; D013623:Tail / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D015534:Trans-Activators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000235:genetics / Q000254:growth & development / Q000276:immunology* / Q000502:physiology*; D000099232:Proto-Oncogene Protein Spi-1
chemical_list: D018925:Chemokines; D016572:Cyclosporine; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D020319:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Antisense; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016559:Tacrolimus; D015534:Trans-Activators; D014315:Triterpenes; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; D000099232:Proto-Oncogene Protein Spi-1; C050414:celastrol