title: Variations in anxiolytic and hypnotic prescribing by GPs: a cross-sectional analysis using data from the UK Quality and Outcomes Framework.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Wide variations in anxiolytic and hypnotic prescribing by GPs in England have been described, but are largely unexplained.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationships between the volume of anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribed by GPs and their practice characteristics, population demography, and performance indicators.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  All general practices in England.
  
  
  METHODS
  A dataset was constructed for 8469 (98.8%) general practices including: standardised prescribing volume data for anxiolytics and hypnotics (average daily quantities per 1000 STAR-PUs [Specific Therapeutic group Age-sex weightings Related Prescribing Units]), practice descriptors, Index of Multiple Deprivation 2004, ethnicity data (2001 UK Census), and Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The standardised volume of anxiolytics and hypnotics prescribed varied eightfold between practices on the 5th and 95th centiles. A regression model was constructed which explained 20.5% of the variation. Higher prescribing practices were located in more deprived areas (standardised beta 0.31), but also in areas with a lower proportion of ethnic minorities (black or black British = -0.22; Asian or Asian British = -0.12). Higher volumes were also prescribed by practices with lower QOF scores ('Clinical Care' domain = -0.12; 'Organisational' domain = -0.08). Other significant but weaker predictors were: lower proportions of female GPs, higher recorded prevalence of serious mental illness and non-training status. The proportion of GPs trained outside UK was not a predictor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Demographic factors were more powerful determinants of prescribing than characteristics of the practice itself. Nevertheless, the findings provide some support for the notion that high prescribing practices were less well developed, in that their QOF scores were lower and they were less likely to be training practices.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Primary Care, King's College London School of Medicine at Guy's, King's College and St Thomas' Hospitals, London.
authors.forename: Zoi
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Tsimtsiou
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ashworth
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Jones
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians'; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors
chemical_list: D014151:Anti-Anxiety Agents; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D055553:Prescription Drugs