title: Ceramic surface polishing techniques after removal of orthodontic adhesive.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Verify the in vitro effectiveness of different porcelain surface polishing systems used after orthodontic debonding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Restorations were simulated by 52 metallic samples covered with glazed feldspathic porcelain. Four of these intact samples composed the control group (C). The remaining samples were divided into four groups (n = 12), according to the surface preparation they were to receive: no surface treatment (G1); roughened with a diamond bur (G2); etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid (G3); and sandblasted with aluminum oxide (G4). All experimental samples were treated with silane and bonded with a primer and standardized amount of adhesive. After composite removal, each group was divided into subgroups randomly (n = 4), according to the porcelain polishing system used: Edenta (P1); Identoflex (P2); and Komet (P3). All 52 sample-surfaces were evaluated quantitatively with a profilometer, and a mean roughness profile (Ra) value was determined for each sample. Both control and experimental specimens were evaluated qualitatively using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to assess surface morphology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistical analysis with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey multiple comparisons test showed statistical differences between surface preparation groups (G1 not equal G2 = G3 = G4), at alpha = .05 level of significance; as for polishing protocols, no statistical difference was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surface preparation was the determinant for final surface texture. No combination between surface preparation and polishing system was able to reestablish the original glazed porcelain smoothness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Adriana de Alcântara
authors.initials: Ade A
authors.lastname: Cury-Saramago
authors.forename: Priscila Rocha
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Coimbra
authors.forename: Antonio de Moraes
authors.initials: Ade M
authors.lastname: Izquierdo
authors.forename: Carlos Nelson
authors.initials: CN
authors.lastname: Elias
authors.forename: Antônio Carlos de Oliveira
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Ruellas
authors.forename: Eduardo Franzotti
authors.initials: EF
authors.lastname: Sant'Anna
mesh_terms: D017005:Dental Debonding / Q000379:methods*; D003775:Dental Polishing / Q000379:methods*; D003776:Dental Porcelain; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D011897:Random Allocation; D013499:Surface Properties
chemical_list: D003776:Dental Porcelain