title: Subclinical atherosclerosis in diabetic children: results of a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in adult diabetic patients. In children, we detected signs of subclinical atherosclerosis in a large patient cohort. This study reports the results of a longitudinal observation in this patient group.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 37/150 diabetic children in whom an increased intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery had been found, 27 (mean age 14.6 +/- 2.6 yrs) could be reevaluated 2 yrs after the initial study. Of the 27, 5 patients were on medication with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and all patients underwent detailed counselling of their lifestyle, sports activity, and nutritional habits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean IMT increased significantly (0.49 +/- 0.02 mm vs. 0.51 +/- 0.026 mm, p < 0.05) However, there was no significant change compared to normal values (mean IMT z-score 2.4 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.6 +/- 0.5). Of the 27, 13 patients (48%) showed a progression of the IMT whereas in 14/27 patients the IMT values remained stable. In these subgroups, patients with IMT progression showed a higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (7.5 +/- 0.8 vs. 7.1 +/- 0.7, p < 0.05) and a slightly higher systolic blood pressure (120 +/- 14.4 vs. 113.9 +/- 12.1, p = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a well-selected group of diabetic children, mean IMT progression during a 2-yr period did not exceed the physiological increase. Children with a higher HbA1c and a higher systolic blood pressure showed a progression of the IMT. Control of atherogenic risk factors in diabetic children may help to avoid subclinical atherosclerosis progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Children's Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. Robert.DallaPozza@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dalla Pozza
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Netz
authors.forename: Hans-Peter
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Schwarz
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bechtold
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology*; D017536:Carotid Artery, Common / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003925:Diabetic Angiopathies / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000473:pathology; D017540:Tunica Media / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography