title: Mutations in the ANKRD1 gene encoding CARP are responsible for human dilated cardiomyopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is familial in approximately 30% of cases, and mutations have been identified in several genes. However, in a majority of familial cases, the responsible genes are still to be discovered. The ANKRD1 gene is over-expressed in heart failure in human and animal models. The encoded protein CARP interacts with partners such as myopalladin or titin, previously shown to be involved in DCM. We hypothesized that mutations in ANKRD1 could be responsible for DCM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We sequenced the coding region of ANKRD1 from 231 independent DCM cases. We identified five missense mutations (three sporadic and two familial) absent from 400 controls and affecting highly conserved residues. Expression of the mutant CARP proteins after transfection in rat neonate cardiomyocytes indicated that most of them led to both significantly less repressor activity measured in a reporter gene assay and greater phenylephrin-induced hypertrophy, suggesting altered function of CARP mutant proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  On the basis of genetic and functional analysis of CARP mutations, we have identified ANKRD1 as a new gene associated with DCM, accounting for approximately 2% of cases.
authors.affiliation: INSERM, U621, Paris F-75013, France.
authors.forename: Laëtitia
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Duboscq-Bidot
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Charron
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Ruppert
authors.forename: Laurent
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Fauchier
authors.forename: Anette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Richter
authors.forename: Luigi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Tavazzi
authors.forename: Eloisa
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Arbustini
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Wichter
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Maisch
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Komajda
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Isnard
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Villard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002311:Cardiomyopathy, Dilated / Q000235:genetics*; D002312:Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic / Q000235:genetics; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000235:genetics; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020125:Mutation, Missense / Q000235:genetics*; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D010375:Pedigree; D051381:Rats; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: C491304:ANKRD1 protein, human; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D012097:Repressor Proteins