title: Blood pressure is elevated in children with primary snoring.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in nonoverweight, prepubertal children with and without primary snoring (PS), and to investigate whether PS is a part of the dose-response relationship between sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and BP in children.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional community-based study involving 190 children age 6 to 13 years. Each participant underwent an overnight sleep study and ABP monitoring after completing a validated sleep symptoms questionnaire. Individual systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial BP were calculated for wake and sleep periods. Subjects were hypertensive if mean SBP or DBP was > 95th percentile (relative to sex and height) of reference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 56 nonsnoring controls, 46 children with PS, 62 children with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 1 to 3, and 26 children with an AHI > 3 were identified. The daytime and nighttime BP increased across the severity spectrum of SDB. The dose-response trends for the proportion of subjects with nighttime systolic and diastolic hypertension also were significant. Nighttime DBP was significantly higher in the children with PS compared with controls after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PS was demonstrated to be an aspect of the dose-response relationship between SDB and BP in children and should not be considered completely benign.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales and Shatin Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong. albertmli@cuhk.edu.hk
authors.forename: Albert M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Chun T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Au
authors.forename: Crover
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Tai F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Fok
authors.forename: Yun K
authors.initials: YK
authors.lastname: Wing
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D017286:Polysomnography; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012737:Sex Factors; D012891:Sleep Apnea Syndromes / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012913:Snoring / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires