title: Initial forces generated by three types of thermoplastic appliances on an upper central incisor during tipping.
abstract: The force properties of thermoformed appliances have not been systematically investigated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to quantify the forces delivered by thermoplastic appliances manufactured from three different materials, with the same thickness, on a central upper incisor, during tipping. Five identical appliances were manufactured from three different materials all with a thickness of 1.0 mm (Ideal Clear, Erkodur, and Biolon). For measuring the forces, an isolated measuring tooth, as part of a standardized resin model incorporated in a newly developed measuring device, was tipped in nine 2.7 arc minute (0.04629 degree) steps, from 0 to 0.416 degrees in the vestibular and palatal directions around a rotational axis through the virtual apex, after positioning an appliance on the model. For statistical analysis, the force components Fx/tipping and Fz/intrusion at a displacement of +/-0.151 mm from the incisor edge were determined. Means and standard deviations (SDs) were calculated. The Kruskal-Wallis test for overall effects and the Wilcoxon two-sample test for individual group pairings were used (P < 0.05 significance level). The mean Fx forces ranged from -2.82 N (SD 0.62) to 5.42 N (SD 0.56). The mean Fz forces were between -0.14 N (SD 0.52) and -2.3 N (SD 0.43). The highest intrusive forces were measured during vestibular displacement of the measuring tooth. The forces delivered by the Biolon appliance were found to be much greater (P < 0.01) than those of the other materials. The forces delivered by the materials investigated were mostly higher than those stated in the literature.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Dental Clinic, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Germany. weahahn@aol.com
authors.forename: Wolfram
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Hahn
authors.forename: Julia
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fialka-Fricke
authors.forename: Henning
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dathe
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fricke-Zech
authors.forename: Antonia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Zapf
authors.forename: Rudolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Dietmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kubein-Meesenburg
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sadat-Khonsari
mesh_terms: D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008437:Maxilla; D003765:Models, Dental; D016382:Orthodontic Appliance Design; D009968:Orthodontic Appliances, Removable / Q000009:adverse effects; D010969:Plastics; D014084:Tooth Avulsion / Q000209:etiology; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation; D014716:Vertical Dimension
chemical_list: D010969:Plastics