title: Assessment of pancreatic cancer care in the United States based on formally developed quality indicators.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pancreatic cancer outcomes vary considerably among hospitals. Assessing pancreatic cancer care by using quality indicators could help reduce this variability. However, valid quality indicators are not currently available for pancreatic cancer management, and a composite assessment of the quality of pancreatic cancer care in the United States has not been done.
  
  
  METHODS
  Potential quality indicators were identified from the literature, consensus guidelines, and interviews with experts. A panel of 20 pancreatic cancer experts ranked potential quality indicators for validity based on the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Methodology. The rankings were rated as valid (high or moderate validity) or not valid. Adherence with valid indicators at both the patient and the hospital levels and a composite measure of adherence at the hospital level were assessed using data from the National Cancer Data Base (2004-2005) for 49 065 patients treated at 1134 hospitals. Summary statistics were calculated for each individual candidate quality indicator to assess the median ranking and distribution.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 50 potential quality indicators identified, 43 were rated as valid (29 as high and 14 as moderate validity). Of the 43 valid indicators, 11 (25.6%) assessed structural factors, 19 (44.2%) assessed clinical processes of care, four (9.3%) assessed treatment appropriateness, four (9.3%) assessed efficiency, and five (11.6%) assessed outcomes. Patient-level adherence with individual indicators ranged from 49.6% to 97.2%, whereas hospital-level adherence with individual indicators ranged from 6.8% to 99.9%. Of the 10 component indicators (contributing 1 point each) that were used to develop the composite score, most hospitals were adherent with fewer than half of the indicators (median score = 4; interquartile range = 3-5).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the quality indicators developed in this study, there is considerable variability in the quality of pancreatic cancer care in the United States. Hospitals can use these indicators to evaluate the pancreatic cancer care they provide and to identify potential quality improvement opportunities.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Programs, American College of Surgeons, 633 N. St Clair St., Chicago, IL 60611, USA. kbilimoria@facs.org
authors.forename: Karl Y
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Bilimoria
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Bentrem
authors.forename: Keith D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lillemoe
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Talamonti
authors.forename: Clifford Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002173:Cancer Care Facilities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010180:Pancreatectomy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000628:therapy; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012107:Research Design; D014481:United States