title: AAA and PBC calculation accuracy in the surface build-up region in tangential beam treatments. Phantom and breast case study with the Monte Carlo code PENELOPE.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In tangential beam treatments accurate dose calculation of the absorbed dose in the build-up region is of major importance, in particular when the target has superficial extension close to the skin. In most analytical treatment planning systems (TPSs) calculations depend on the experimental measurements introduced by the user in which accuracy might be limited by the type of detector employed to perform them. To quantify the discrepancy between analytically calculated and delivered dose in the build-up region, near the skin of a patient, independent Monte Carlo (MC) simulations using the penelope code were performed. Dose distributions obtained with MC simulations were compared with those given by the Pencil Beam Convolution (PBC) algorithm and the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm (AAA) implemented in the commercial TPS Eclipse.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cylindrical phantom was used to approximate the breast contour of a patient for MC simulations and the TPS. Calculations of the absorbed doses were performed for 6 and 18MV beams for four different angles of incidence: 15 degrees , 30 degrees , 45 degrees and 75 degrees and different field sizes: 3x3cm(2), 10x10cm(2) and 40x40cm(2). Absorbed doses along the phantom central axis were obtained with both the PBC algorithm and the AAA and compared to those estimated by the MC simulations. Additionally, a breast patient case was calculated with two opposed 6MV photon beams using all the aforementioned analytical and stochastic algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For the 6MV photon beam in the phantom case, both the PBC algorithm and the AAA tend to underestimate the absorbed dose in the build-up region in comparison to MC results. These differences are clinically irrelevant and are included in a 1mm range. This tendency is also confirmed in the breast patient case. For the 18MV beam the PBC algorithm underestimates the absorbed dose with respect to the AAA. In comparison to MC simulations the PBC algorithm tends to underestimate the dose after the first 2-3mm of tissue for larger angles but seems to be in good agreement for smaller angles. In the first millimetre of depth instead the PBC tends to overestimate the dose for smaller angles and underestimate it for larger angle of incidence. Instead, the AAA overestimates absorbed doses with respect to MC results for all angles of incidence and at all depths. This behaviour seems to be due to the electron contamination model, which is not able to provide accurate absorbed doses in the build-up region. Even for this case the differences are unlikely to be of clinical significance as 18MV is not usually used to treat superficial targets.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The PBC algorithm and the AAA implemented in the TPS Eclipse system version 8.0.05, both yield equivalent calculations, after the first 2mm of tissue, of the absorbed dose for 6MV photon beams when a grid size smaller than 5mm is used. When 18MV photon beams are used care should be taken because the results of the AAA are highly dependent on the beam configuration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hospital Physics, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Vanessa.Panettieri@ccotrust.nhs.uk
authors.forename: Vanessa
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Panettieri
authors.forename: Pierre
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barsoum
authors.forename: Mathias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westermark
authors.forename: Lorenzo
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Brualla
authors.forename: Ingmar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Lax
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001822:Body Burden; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D017785:Photons / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011834:Radiation Monitoring / Q000379:methods; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000528:radiation effects