title: Reproducibility and repeatability of measuring the electrical impedance of the pregnant human cervix-the effect of probe size and applied pressure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The utility of cervical electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) as a diagnostic tool is being investigated in clinical trials. We sought to assess the reliability of two different sizes of tetrapolar probes used in measuring cervical impedance.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cervical transfer impedance was measured at 14 frequencies between 76 and 625 000 Hz from 11 pregnant subjects at term. Repeated measurements were taken with two probes (3 mm and 12 mm diameter) applied softly (approximately 0.7 Newton of force), and firmly (approximately 2.2 Newton) to the surface of the cervix by two observers. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), coefficient of variation (CV) and repeatability standard deviations (SD) were derived from these measurements and compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Measurements taken by one observer were highly repeatable for both probes as demonstrated by high ICC and low CV values. Probe performance was improved further by firm application. Firm application of the 3 mm probe resulted in ICC values that ranged from 0.936 to 0.986 (p = 0.0001) and CV values between 1.0 and 3.4%. Firm pressure with the 12 mm probe resulted in ICC values that ranged between 0.914 and 0.988 (p = 0.0001) with CV values between 0.7 and 2.1%. In addition, the repeatability SD was low across all frequencies implying that there was low intra-observer variability. Measurements taken by 2 observers with firm application of the 12 mm probe demonstrated moderate reproducibility between 9.8 and 156 kHz, the frequency range in which previous clinical studies have shown predictive association between high cervical resistivity and vaginal delivery: ICC values ranged between 0.528 and 0.638 (p < 0.05), CV values were between 3.3 and 5.2% and reproducibility SD values were also low. In contrast the 3 mm probe demonstrated poor reproducibility at all study frequencies.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Measuring cervical resistivity by a single observer with both the 3 and 12 mm probes is highly repeatable whilst inter-observer reproducibility is poor with the 3 mm probe but moderately good when the 12 mm probe is firmly applied to the cervix in the frequency range 9.8 to 156 kHz, consistent with our observations of probe performance in clinical trials.
authors.affiliation: Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Sheffield, UK. roobin1@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Roobin P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Jokhi
authors.forename: Vidita V
authors.initials: VV
authors.lastname: Ghule
authors.forename: Brian H
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Brown
authors.forename: Dilly O C
authors.initials: DO
authors.lastname: Anumba
mesh_terms: D002584:Cervix Uteri / Q000502:physiology*; D017097:Electric Impedance; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D014159:Transducers