title: Cadmium exposure induces mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in oligodendrocytes.
abstract: Cadmium toxicity has been associated with learning disabilities and Parkinsonian symptoms in humans. We have previously shown that cultured oligodendrocytes are directly damaged by cadmium exposure. Here, we characterized the molecular mechanisms underlying cadmium-induced cell death in oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLP). Cadmium caused a concentration-dependent decrease in cell viability as assessed by mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity and by the cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A short exposure (1h) to cadmium (25-100 microM), followed by several hours of recovery, produced a predominant apoptotic mechanism of cell death, involving the mitochondrial intrinsic pathway, as evidenced by nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, bax integration into the outer mitochondrial membrane, cytochrome c release, and activation of caspases-9 and -3. Pretreatment of OLPs with the pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk, prevented caspase-3 activation but only slightly reduced cell death 11h after cadmium exposure and failed to prevent cadmium-induced bax insertion into the mitochondrial membrane. In contrast, the anti-oxidant N-acetyl cysteine blocked caspase-3 activation and significantly protected OLPs from cadmium-induced cell death. Continuous exposure (18-48 h) of OLPs to low micromolar concentrations (0.001-25 microM) of cadmium significantly decreased mitochondrial metabolic activity, increased LDH leakage starting at 5 microM and maximally activated caspase-3. These results suggest that cadmium induces OLP cell death mainly by apoptosis, and at higher concentrations or with prolonged exposure to the heavy metal there is an increase in cytoplasmic membrane damage, an index of necrosis. More importantly, transient exposure to cadmium is sufficient to damage OLPs and could in principle impair myelination in the neonate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Shireen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Hossain
authors.forename: Hsueh-Ning
authors.initials: HN
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Mai
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nguyen
authors.forename: Gordon
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Shore
authors.forename: Guillermina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Almazan
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001921:Brain / Q000166:cytology; D002104:Cadmium / Q000633:toxicity*; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D011419:Propidium; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; D002104:Cadmium; D011419:Propidium; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D053148:Caspase 3