title: Temporal endosonographic evaluation of anal sphincter integrity after primary repair for obstetric ruptures: a case for specific training of obstetricians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate primary repaired obstetric lesions of the anal sphincter complex on anal endo-ultrasound within a few days and 8 weeks after primary repair and to investigate in this way the influence of suboptimal woundhealing on the final anatomical result. Furthermore to investigate the relation between faecal incontinence and sphincter defects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study. Setting The obstetric clinic and coloproctology outpatient clinic of the Zaans Medical Centre in Zaandam, the Netherlands. Subjects A cohort of 32 consecutive women with primary surgically repaired 3B, 3C or 4th degree anal sphincter defect after vaginal delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Appearance of the anal sphincter complex on anal endo-ultrasound within a few days week and 8 weeks after primary surgical repair, i.e. first and second ultrasound, respectively. Evaluation of anal continence, using the Vaizey incontinence score, at second ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No major wound breakdown was seen and four women had superficial, skin related wound problems. Twenty-eight women (87.5%) had a repaired external anal sphincter on the first and the second ultrasound. Of four external anal sphincter defects on first ultrasound one defect was not present on second ultrasound. The internal sphincter showed a defect on first ultrasound in 11 women and this was still present in 10 on second ultrasound. A total of 11 women had a persisting anal sphincter defect (external, internal or in combination). Mean Vaizey scores were significantly higher in women with a persisting sphincter defect (EAS, IAS or in combination) than in women with no sphincter defects, 2.3 and 0.4 respectively (95% CI 0.1-3.6, P = 0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anal endo-ultrasound may be used for early evaluation of surgical repair of anal sphincter lesions after vaginal delivery. Persisting defects in the anal sphincters, in this series not because of major wound breakdown, can be explained by inadequate surgical repair.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Zaans Medical Centre, Zaandam, the Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pronk
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Albicher
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Dermout
authors.forename: J P R
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Doornbos
authors.forename: A F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Engel
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries*; D004502:Education, Medical, Continuing / Q000379:methods*; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D005242:Fecal Incontinence / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009426:Netherlands; D007744:Obstetric Labor Complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D013513:Obstetric Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D009774:Obstetrics / Q000193:education*; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000193:education* / Q000379:methods; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult