title: Suppression of nitric oxide production in activated murine peritoneal macrophages in vitro and ex vivo by Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Scrophularia striata (Scrophulariaceae), a traditional Iranian medicine, has been used for the treatment of allergy, rheumatics and chronic inflammatory disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  In the present study, we investigated the in vitro and ex vivo suppressive effects of Scrophularia striata ethanolic extract on nitric oxide production in mouse peritoneal macrophages.
  
  
  METHODS
  Peritoneal macrophages were harvested by lavaging with ice cold phosphate buffer saline. Macrophages obtained from mice not treated were cultured with 10 microg/mL lipopolysaccaride (LPS), 20 U/mL interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and various concentrations of Scrophularia striata extract for the in vitro experiments and those obtained from mice treated with different doses of the extract for 7 days were cultured with 10 microg/mL LPS, 20 U/mL IFN-gamma for the in vivo experiments. Nitrit levels were measured by using the diazotization method based on the Griess reaction, which is an indirect assay for NO production.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In vitro exposure of mouse peritoneal macrophages with various concentrations of Scrophularia striata extract (10, 50 and 100 microg/mL) significantly suppressed NO production in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo administration of Scrophularia striata extract (50 and 100 mg/kg) to Balb/c mice inhibited LPS and IFN-gamma induced production of NO in the isolated mouse peritoneal macrophages ex vivo in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to Scrophularia striata extract had no effect on cell viability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of the study demonstrated that the Scrophularia striata extract inhibit NO production in activated murine macrophages and we suggest that Scrophularia striata may be used in treating the inflammatory diseases.
authors.affiliation: Pharmacognosy Department, Institute of Medicinal Plants, (ACECR), Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. azadmehra@modares.ac.ir
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Azadmehr
authors.forename: Afshin
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Afshari
authors.forename: Behzad
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Baradaran
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hajiaghaee
authors.forename: Shamsali
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rezazadeh
authors.forename: Hamidreza
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Monsef-Esfahani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D007249:Inflammation / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D017737:Macrophages, Peritoneal / Q000187:drug effects*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis; D035261:Plant Components, Aerial; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology*; D032266:Scrophularia / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D010936:Plant Extracts; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D007371:Interferon-gamma