title: Albuminuria in heart failure: what do we really know?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the role of albuminuria as a risk marker for heart failure and a predictor for treatment effect on heart failure prognosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of albumin in the urine is a predictor of heart failure in the general population and in patients with cardiovascular risk, such as those with diabetes. Mild elevations of albuminuria, in the microalbuminuria range, appear to be associated with impaired systemic endothelial function. This increases the chance of developing hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease, ultimately leading to heart failure. Higher levels of albuminuria, in the proteinuric range, reflect marked renal pathology, which increases cardiovascular risk due to renal function decline. In patients with established heart failure, microalbuminuria is highly prevalent (30%). Although more frequent in diastolic than systolic dysfunction, it appears to indicate a worse prognosis in the latter class. Diabetes is a multiplier of risk, probably due to bidirectional relationship between diabetes and heart failure. Treatment with drugs that intervene in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) lowers albuminuria and is associated with prevention of the onset and worsening of heart failure and other cardiovascular disorders.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Albuminuria is associated with increased heart failure risk. Lowering of albuminuria using RAAS inhibitors appears to lower the risk for heart failure.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, The Netherlands. d.dobre@med.umcg.nl
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dobre
authors.forename: Sandeep
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nimade
authors.forename: Dick
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: de Zeeuw
mesh_terms: D000419:Albuminuria / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D011379:Prognosis; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors