title: Impact of cancer on health-related quality of life of older Americans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The impact of cancer on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is poorly understood because of the lack of baseline HRQOL status before cancer diagnosis. To our knowledge, this is the first population-based study to quantify the nature and extent of HRQOL changes from before to after cancer diagnosis for nine types of cancer patients and to compare their health with individuals without cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results cancer registry data were linked with the Medicare Health Outcomes Survey (MHOS) data; data were collected from Medicare beneficiaries who were aged 65 years and older from 1998 through 2003. Cancer patients (n = 1432; with prostate, breast, colorectal, lung, bladder, endometrial, or kidney cancers; melanoma; or non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]) were selected whose first cancer diagnosis occurred between their baseline and follow-up MHOS assessments. Control subjects without cancer (n = 7160) were matched to cancer patients by use of propensity scores that were estimated from demographics and comorbid medical conditions. Analysis of covariance models were used to estimate changes in HRQOL as assessed with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 survey (mean score = 50, SD = 10). All statistical tests were two-sided.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with all cancer types (except melanoma and endometrial cancer) reported statistically significant declines in physical health (mean scores: prostate cancer = -3.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.5 to -4.2; breast cancer = -3.5, 95% CI = -2.5 to -4.5; bladder cancer = -4.3, 95% CI = -2.5 to -6.1; colorectal cancer = -4.4, 95% CI = -3.3 to -5.5; kidney cancer = -5.7, 95% CI = -3.2 to -8.2; NHL = -6.7, 95% CI = -4.4 to -9.1; and lung cancer = -7.5, 95% CI = -5.9 to -9.2) compared with the control subjects (mean score = -1.8, 95% CI = -1.6 to -2.0) (all P < .05). However, only lung (mean score = -5.4, 95% CI = -3.5 to -7.2), colorectal (mean score = -3.5, 95% CI = -2.2 to -4.7), and prostate (mean score = -2.8, 95% CI = -1.8 to -3.7) cancer patients showed statistically significant decreases in mental health relative to the mean change of the control subjects (mean score = -1.2, 95% CI = -0.9 to -1.4) (all P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings provide validation of the specific deleterious effects of cancer on HRQOL and an evidence base for future research and clinical interventions aimed at understanding and remediating these effects.
authors.affiliation: Outcomes Research Branch, Applied Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, EPN 4005, 6130 Executive Blvd, Bethesda, MD 20892-7344, USA. reeveb@mail.nih.gov
authors.forename: Bryce B
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Reeve
authors.forename: Arnold L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Potosky
authors.forename: Ashley Wilder
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Paul K
authors.initials: PK
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Ron D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Hays
authors.forename: William W
authors.initials: WW
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Neeraj K
authors.initials: NK
authors.lastname: Arora
authors.forename: Samuel C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Haffer
authors.forename: Steven B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Clauser
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D019985:Benchmarking; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D017281:Cost of Illness; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008498:Medical Record Linkage; D006278:Medicare; D008603:Mental Health; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D018426:SEER Program; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014481:United States