title: Anal wall sparing effect of an endorectal balloon in 3D conformal and intensity-modulated prostate radiotherapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the anal wall (Awall) sparing effect of an endorectal balloon (ERB) in 3D conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for prostate cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 24 patients with localized prostate carcinoma, two planning CT-scans were performed: with and without ERB. A prostate planning target volume (PTV) was defined, and the Awall was delineated, using two different methods. Three-field and 4-field 3D-CRT plans, and IMRT plans were generated with a prescription dose of 78Gy. In 144 treatment plans, the minimum dose (D(min)), maximum dose (D(max)), and mean dose (D(mean)) to the Awall were calculated, as well as the Awall volumes exposed to doses ranging from >or=20Gy to >or=70Gy (V(20)-V(70), respectively).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the 3D-CRT plans, an ERB significantly reduced D(mean), D(max), and V(30)-V(70). For IMRT all investigated dose parameters were significantly reduced by the ERB. The absolute reduction of D(mean) was 12Gy in 3D-CRT and was 7.5Gy in IMRT for both methods of Awall delineation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Application of an ERB showed a significant Awall sparing effect in both 3D-CRT and IMRT. This may lead to reduced late anal toxicity in prostate radiotherapy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands. r.smeenk@rther.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Robert Jan
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smeenk
authors.forename: Emile N J Th
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: van Lin
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: van Kollenburg
authors.forename: Martina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kunze-Busch
authors.forename: Johannes H A M
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Kaanders
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D000368:Aged; D001003:Anal Canal / Q000528:radiation effects*; D002404:Catheterization; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004307:Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D016896:Treatment Outcome