title: Dietary vitamin C, E, and carotenoid intake and risk of renal cell carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The study examines the association between dietary intake of vitamin C, E, and carotenoids and the risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).
  
  
  METHODS
  Between 1994 and 1997 in 8 Canadian provinces, mailed questionnaires were completed by 1,138 incident, histologically confirmed cases of RCC and 5,039 population controls, including information on socio-economic status, lifestyle habits and diet. A 69-item food frequency questionnaire provided data on eating habits 2 years before data collection. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dietary intake of beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin was inversely associated with the risk of RCC. The ORs for the highest versus the lowest quartile were 0.74 (95% CI, 0.59-0.92) and 0.77 (95% CI, 0.62-0.95), respectively. The significant inverse association with beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin was more pronounced in women, and in overweight or obese subjects. The relation of lutein/zeaxanthin to RCC was stronger in ever smokers. No clear association was observed with vitamin C and E, beta-cryptozanthin, and lycopene.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings provide evidence that a diet rich in beta-carotene and lutein/zeaxanthin may play a role in RCC prevention.
authors.affiliation: Evidence and Risk Assessment Division, Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Control, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL: 6807B, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0K9, Canada. Jinfu_hu@phac-aspc.gc.ca
authors.forename: Jinfu
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Carlo
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: La Vecchia
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Negri
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: DesMeules
authors.forename: Les
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mery
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002170:Canada / Q000453:epidemiology; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D004032:Diet; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D012923:Social Class; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014810:Vitamin E; D002338:Carotenoids; D001205:Ascorbic Acid