title: QX-314 produces long-lasting local anesthesia modulated by transient receptor potential vanilloid receptors in mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The quaternary lidocaine derivative QX-314 is now known to produce long-lasting local anesthesia despite its positive charge. However, recent research suggests that the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor agonist, capsaicin, should reduce the onset and offset times, whereas the transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor antagonist, capsazepine, should delay the onset time of sensory blockade by QX-314.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sensory blockade in the tail of the conscious mouse was investigated using QX-314 2.5% in combination with capsaicin 0.1% and/or capsazepine (50 microg/ml). After tail injection, onset and offset times of local anesthesia were measured using the hot water tail-flick latency test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Capsaicin reduced the onset time of local anesthesia by QX-314 by more than 75% (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.007; n = 10 per group) with no effect on the offset time of QX-314. For QX-314 without capsaicin, the onset and offset times were 23 min (interquartile range 15-30 min) and 300 min (interquartile range 285-375 min), respectively. For QX-314 with capsaicin, the onset and offset times were 4 min (interquartile range 3-8 min) and 360 min (interquartile range 285-435 min), respectively. In the antagonist study, capsazepine without added capsaicin decreased QX-314's efficacy, as 6 out of 9 mice did not develop sensory blockade after 90 min (Fisher exact test, P = 0.009).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We have confirmed in a sensory blockade model that QX-314 is a local anesthetic with a slow onset and a long duration of reversible blockade. Capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor agonist, accelerated QX-314's onset kinetics, whereas capsazepine, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor antagonist, decreased QX-314's efficacy. These observations raise the possibility that endovanilloids may modulate cell entry of QX-314.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. craig.ries@vch.ca
authors.forename: Craig R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Ries
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pillai
authors.forename: Cheryl C W
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Jimmy T C
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Bernard A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: MacLeod
authors.forename: Stephan K W
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000379:methods; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; C012647:QX-314; D008012:Lidocaine