title: An early burst of IFN-gamma induced by the pre-erythrocytic stage favours Plasmodium yoelii parasitaemia in B6 mice.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In murine models of malaria, an early proinflammatory response has been associated with the resolution of blood-stage infection. To dissect the protective immune mechanism that allow the control of parasitaemia, the early immune response of C57BL/6 mice induced during a non-lethal plasmodial infection was analysed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were infected with Plasmodium yoelii 265BY sporozoites, the natural invasive form of the parasite, in order to complete its full life cycle. The concentrations of three proinflammatory cytokines in the sera of mice were determined by ELISA at different time points of infection. The contribution of the liver and the spleen to this cytokinic response was evaluated and the cytokine-producing lymphocytes were identified by flow cytometry. The physiological relevance of these results was tested by monitoring parasitaemia in genetically deficient C57BL/6 mice or wild-type mice treated with anti-cytokine neutralizing antibody. Finally, the cytokinic response in sera of mice infected with parasitized-RBCs was analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The early immune response of C57BL/6 mice to sporozoite-induced malaria is characterized by a peak of IFN-gamma in the serum at day 5 of infection and splenic CD4 T lymphocytes are the major producer of this cytokine at this time point. Somewhat unexpected, the parasitaemia is significantly lower in P. yoelii-infected mice in the absence of IFN-gamma. More precisely, at early time points of infection, IFN-gamma favours parasitaemia, whereas helping to clear efficiently the blood-stage parasites at later time points. Interestingly, the early IFN-gamma burst is induced by the pre-erythrocytic stage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results challenge the current view regarding the role of IFN-gamma on the control of parasite growth since they show that IFN-gamma is not an essential mediator of protection in P. yoelii-infected C57BL/6 mice. Moreover, the mice parasitaemia is more efficiently controlled in the absence of an early IFN-gamma production, suggesting that this cytokine promotes parasite's growth. Finally, this early burst of IFN-gamma is induced by the pre-erythrocytic stage, showing the impact of this stage on the immune response taking place during the subsequent erythrocytic stage.
authors.affiliation: Unité d'Immunophysiopathologie Infectieuse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) URA 1961, Université Paris VI, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. valerie_soulard@yahoo.fr
authors.forename: Valérie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Soulard
authors.forename: Jacques
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Roland
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorgette
authors.forename: Eliane
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Barbier
authors.forename: Pierre-André
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Cazenave
authors.forename: Sylviane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pied
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D008099:Liver / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000276:immunology*; D010967:Plasmodium yoelii / Q000276:immunology*; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D007371:Interferon-gamma