title: Genetic manipulation of palmitoylethanolamide production and inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Lipids can act as signaling molecules, activating intracellular and membrane-associated receptors to regulate physiological functions. To understand how a newly discovered signaling lipid functions, it is necessary to identify and characterize the enzymes involved in their production and inactivation. The signaling lipid N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is known to activate intracellular and membrane-associated receptors and regulate physiological functions, but little is known about the enzymes involved in its production and inactivation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae produce and inactivate PEA, suggesting that genetic manipulations of this lower eukaryote may be used to identify the enzymes involved in PEA metabolism. Accordingly, using single gene deletion mutants, we identified yeast genes that control PEA metabolism, including SPO14 (a yeast homologue of the mammalian phospholipase D) that controls PEA production and YJU3 (a yeast homologue of the mammalian monoacylglycerol lipase) that controls PEA inactivation. We also found that PEA metabolism is affected by heterologous expression of two mammalian proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases, namely huntingtin and alpha-synuclein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Together these findings show that forward and reverse genetics in S. cerevisiae can be used to identify proteins involved in PEA production and inactivation, and suggest that mutated proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases might affect the metabolism of this important signaling lipid.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America.
authors.forename: Giulio G
authors.initials: GG
authors.lastname: Muccioli
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Sia
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Muchowski
authors.forename: Nephi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stella
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000581:Amidohydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000378:metabolism; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D005821:Genetic Techniques; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D009154:Mutation; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000378:metabolism*; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology*; D012694:Serine / Q000737:chemistry; D015398:Signal Transduction; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D000581:Amidohydrolases; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; D006867:Hydrolases; D008055:Lipids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D012694:Serine; D000099252:Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases; C005958:palmidrol