Mother employment status and nutritional patterns in Japanese junior high schoolchildren.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate associations between mothers' employment (full, part time and no employment) and nutrition habits (regularity of breakfast, snack, dinner, meal speed and portion size) in a sample of Japanese junior high schoolchildren, 12-13 years of age.


METHODS
A total of 10 453 children aged 12-13 years from the Toyama birth cohort study (fourth phase) participated, of whom 8906 children (89% response rate) responded to all questions related to the examined variables. Nutrition habits consisted of breakfast, snack, dinner, meal speed and meal portion. Children's obesity/overweight was measured by body mass index (BMI).


RESULTS
Fathers' employment had no effect on their children's nutrition patterns. Children of full-time employed mothers were the most likely to snack and to skip dinner. Children of part-time employed mothers ate larger meal portions, and those of non-employed mothers reported faster meal speeds. BMI was significantly (P<0.001) higher among children of full-time employed mothers (19.3), and lowest among non-employed mothers (19.00). Children of full-time employed mothers are more likely to be overweight, but not obese compared with other children.


CONCLUSIONS
There was a strong relationship between mother's employment and nutrition patterns in this cohort of Japanese schoolchildren; special programs focused on children's nutrition patterns should take into account the mothers' employment status.
Gaina
A
A
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College of London, London, UK. alga@live.co.uk
Sekine
M
M
Chandola
T
T
Marmot
M
M
Kagamimori
S
S
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D004034:Diet Surveys; D004651:Employment / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000193:education; D009752:Nutritional Status / Q000502:physiology*; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D015995:Prevalence; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires