title: Microbiological quality and safety of Rastrineobola argentea retailed in Kisumu town markets, Kenya.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate faecal contamination and safety of Rastrineobola argentea sold in retail markets in Kisumu town.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a repeated cross sectional study and based on random sampling.
  
  
  METHODS
  Kisumu city, targeting six markets; Oile, Jubilee, Kibuye, Kondele, Nyalenda and Manyatta.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 60 fish samples were analysed. All the fish were found to be contaminated with E. coli, and in addition 6.67% of the fish products tested positive for Salmonella. Shigella was absent in all samples analysed. 26.53% of E. coli isolates tested were resistant to two or more antimicrobial agents tested, with the highest level of resistance detected against cotrimoxazole at 38.76%. The E. coli multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.084 indicating that the contamination was not originating from a high-risk source. A plasmid of approximately 5.6 kb was commonly isolated from E. coli isolates that showed resistance to ampicillin. Plasmids isolated were not transferable by conjugation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of Salmonella spp and occurrence of MDR E. coli were identified as some of the possible health risks that may be associated with R. argentea displayed for sale in Kisumu city markets. This possess a real health risk through consumption or directly through contact with the fish products.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Sifuna
authors.forename: E N M
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Njagi
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Okemo
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Munyalo
authors.forename: G O
authors.initials: GO
authors.lastname: Orinda
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kariuki
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003257:Consumer Product Safety; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D005396:Fish Products / Q000382:microbiology; D005399:Fishes / Q000382:microbiology*; D005506:Food Contamination; D005516:Food Microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D012475:Salmonella / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017747:Seafood / Q000382:microbiology*