title: Lactate and pH evaluation in exhausted humans with prolonged TASER X26 exposure or continued exertion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Safety concerns about TASER Conducted Electrical Weapon (CEW) use and media reports of deaths after exposure have been expressed. CEWs are sometimes used on exhausted subjects to end resistance. The alternative is often a continued struggle. It is unclear if CEW use is metabolically different than allowing a continued struggle. We sought to determine if CEW exposure on exhausted humans caused worsening acidosis when compared with continued exertion.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a prospective study of human volunteers recruited during a CEW training course. Volunteers were from several different occupations and represented a wide range of ages and body mass index characteristics. Medical histories, baseline pH and lactate values were obtained. Patients were assigned to one of four groups: 2 control groups consisting of Exertion only and CEW Exposure only, and the 2 experimental groups that were Exertion plus CEW Exposure and Exertion plus additional Exertion. Blood sampling occurred after Exertion and after any CEW exposure. This was repeated every 2-min until 20 min after protocol completion. Descriptive statistics were used to compare the four groups. The experimental groups and the control groups were compared individually at each time point using Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Lactate and pH association was assessed using multiple linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty subjects were enrolled. There were no median pH or lactate differences between CEW Exposure groups at baseline, or between Exertion protocol groups immediately after completion. The CEW Exposure only group had higher pH and lower lactate values at all time points after exposure than the Exertion only group. After completing the Exertion protocol, there was no difference in the pH or lactate values between the continued Exertion group and the CEW Exposure group at any time points.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Subjects who had CEW Exposure only had higher pH and lower lactate values than subjects who completed the Exertion protocol only. CEW exposure does not appear to worsen acidosis in exhausted subjects any differently than briefly continued exertion.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, 701 Park Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55415, USA. Jeffrey.Ho@hcmed.org
authors.forename: Jeffrey D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Donald M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Dawes
authors.forename: Jon B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Cole
authors.forename: Julie C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Hottinger
authors.forename: Kenneth G
authors.initials: KG
authors.lastname: Overton
authors.forename: James R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Miner
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D004558:Electric Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005221:Fatigue / Q000097:blood*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000097:blood*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D005082:Physical Exertion; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid