title: Intramuscular diclofenac for analgesia after cesarean delivery: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of intramuscular diclofenac in postoperative cesarean section pain control.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty patients scheduled for elective cesarean section between October 2007 and April 2008.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients had cesarean section performed under spinal anesthesia with spinal morphine and randomized into two groups by a table of randomization. They were to receive diclofenac 75 mg intramuscular every 12 hours for 2 doses or standard rescue drugs (Tramadol).
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of patients who required rescue drugs, pain score (VAS), side effects of diclofenac, and satisfaction were evaluated for 48 hours postoperatively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the diclofenac group, no patient required rescue drug compared to 20% of patients in the control group (p < 0.05). Median pain scores were less in the diclofenac group at 6 hours (1 (range 0-6) vs. 4 (range 0-6), p = 0.002), 12 hours (2 (range 0-5) vs. 3 (range 0-7), p = 0.031), and 24 hours (1.5 (range 0-4) vs. 3 (range 1-8), p < 0.0001), respectively. No side effects of diclofenac (e.g., gastrointestinal bleeding, bleeding tendency, uterine atony, or injection site irritation) were observed Satisfaction was comparable in both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diclofenac can be used safely to reduce the requirement of rescue drugs for pain control in postoperative cesarean section.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. znop_py@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Jakkrid
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Surakarn
authors.forename: Yuen
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Tannirandorn
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000698:Analgesia / Q000379:methods*; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002585:Cesarean Section / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004008:Diclofenac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D048949:Labor Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011247:Pregnancy; D014147:Tramadol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D004008:Diclofenac; D014147:Tramadol; D009020:Morphine