title: Lengths of the maxillary central incisor, the nasal bone, and the anterior cranial base in different skeletal malocclusions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Based on the results of previous studies of osseous structures within the frontonasal field in patients with a known malformation in the frontonasal field, the aim of the present study was to clarify whether the same structures were malformed in patients with severe skeletal malocclusions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incisor, nasal, and cranial base lengths were measured on lateral radiographs of adult patients with skeletal malocclusions, including open bite (n=35), mandibular overjet (n=56), maxillary overjet (n=31), deep bite (n=19), and compared with those of a control group with neutral occlusion and normal craniofacial morphology (n=39). Two-way ANOVA tests were used to evaluate differences in lengths between groups and gender.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically shorter maxillary central incisor length was found in the open bite group (p<0.05), the mandibular overjet group (p<0.001), and in the deep bite group (p<0.001) compared to the controls. Nasal bone length was shorter in the maxillary overjet group compared to controls (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The lengths of the maxillary central incisor and nasal bone, both parameters located in the frontonasal field, are affected in different skeletal malocclusions. The present findings, especially the deviation of the upper incisor length in different skeletal malocclusions, are considered relevant for orthodontic diagnostics and treatment.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors.forename: Torill
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Arntsen
authors.forename: Inger
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kjær
authors.forename: Liselotte
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sonnesen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D035262:Cranial Fossa, Anterior / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005624:Frontal Bone / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008310:Malocclusion / Q000473:pathology*; D008334:Mandible / Q000473:pathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D009295:Nasal Bone / Q000473:pathology*; D009811:Odontometry / Q000379:methods*; D024343:Open Bite / Q000473:pathology; D057887:Overbite / Q000473:pathology; D012737:Sex Factors; D014716:Vertical Dimension; D055815:Young Adult