title: Do calendrical savants use calculation to answer date questions? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study.
abstract: Calendrical savants can name the weekdays for dates from different years with remarkable speed and accuracy. Whether calculation rather than just memory is involved is disputed. Grounds for doubting whether they can calculate are reviewed and criteria for attributing date calculation skills to them are discussed. At least some calendrical savants possess date calculation skills. A behavioural characteristic observed in many calendrical savants is increased response time for questions about more remote years. This may be because more remote years require more calculation or because closer years are more practised. An experiment is reported that used functional magnetic resonance imaging to attempt to discriminate between these explanations. Only two savants could be scanned and excessive head movement corrupted one savant's mental arithmetic data. Nevertheless, there was increased parietal activation during both mental arithmetic and date questions and this region showed increased activity with more remote dates. These results suggest that the calendrical skills observed in savants result from intensive practice with calculations used in solving mental arithmetic problems. The mystery is not how they solve these problems, but why.
authors.affiliation: Psychology and Human Development, Institute of Education, University of London, 20 Bedford Way, London WC1H 0AL, UK. r.cowan@ioe.ac.uk
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Cowan
authors.forename: Chris
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Frith
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001076:Aptitude / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000502:physiology*; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D011340:Problem Solving / Q000502:physiology; D013998:Time Perception / Q000502:physiology*