title: Diabetes-relevant regulation of cultured blood outgrowth endothelial cells.
abstract: Many cell and tissue abnormalities in diabetes mellitus are mediated by auto- and paracrine TGFbeta which is induced by high ambient glucose and glycated proteins. In most cell types TGFbeta reduces cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis which are mediated through the TGFbeta type I receptor, Alk5. In contrast, early diabetic microangiopathy is characterized by endothelial cell proliferation. Endothelial cells are unique in expressing a second TGFbeta type I receptor, Alk1, as well as the co-receptor, endoglin which increases the affinity of the ligand to Alk1. In differentiated blood outgrowth endothelial cells from normal subjects Alk1 and endoglin are constitutively expressed. Incubation with high glucose (HG) and glycated albumin (gAlb) induces Alk5 and raises TGFbeta secretion 3-fold without affecting Alk1 or endoglin levels. This diabetic milieu accelerates cell proliferation, at least in part, through TGFbeta/Alk1-smad1/5 and probably involving VEGF as well as pro-migratory MMP2 downstream of Alk1. In contrast, HG/gAlb also increases caspase-3 activity (suggesting increased apoptosis) in part but not entirely using a TGFbeta/Alk5-smad2/3 pathway. The findings support pleiotropy of TGFbeta in endothelial cells including proliferative effects (through Alk1-smad1/5) and pro-apoptotic signals (through Alk5-smad2/3).
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LABioMed) at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1124 West Carson Street, Torrance, CA 90502, USA.
authors.forename: Shinong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Raimund
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hirschberg
mesh_terms: D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001549:Benzamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D001681:Biological Assay / Q000379:methods; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible / Q000378:metabolism; D024042:Collagen Type I / Q000378:metabolism; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned / Q000737:chemistry; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000378:metabolism*; D004149:Dioxoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000378:metabolism; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D005353:Fibronectins / Q000378:metabolism; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000378:metabolism; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D051785:Smad Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C459179:4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide; D001549:Benzamides; D020099:Coated Materials, Biocompatible; D024042:Collagen Type I; D017077:Culture Media, Conditioned; D016895:Culture Media, Serum-Free; D004149:Dioxoles; D005353:Fibronectins; D018125:Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D051785:Smad Proteins; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D008156:Luciferases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; C425364:ACVRL1 protein, human; D030301:Activin Receptors, Type II; D000077293:Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; C000625841:TGFBR1 protein, human; D053148:Caspase 3; D005947:Glucose