title: Bioprocessing of wheat bran improves in vitro bioaccessibility and colonic metabolism of phenolic compounds.
abstract: Ferulic acid (FA) is the most abundant phenolic compound in wheat grain, mainly located in the bran. However, its bioaccessibility from the bran matrix is extremely low. Different bioprocessing techniques involving fermentation or enzymatic and fermentation treatments of wheat bran were developed aiming at improving the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds in bran-containing breads. The bioaccessibility of ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, and sinapic acid was assessed with an in vitro model of upper gastrointestinal tract (TIM-1). Colonic metabolism of the phenolic compounds in the nonbioaccessible fraction of the breads was studied with an in vitro model of human colon (TIM-2). The most effective treatment was the combination of enzymes and fermentation that increased the bioaccessibility of FA from 1.1% to 5.5%. The major colonic metabolites were 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid and 3-phenylpropionic acid. Bran bioprocessing increases the bioaccessibility of phenolic compounds as well as the colonic end metabolite 3-phenylpropionic acid.
authors.affiliation: University of Maastricht, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands. Nuria.mateoanson@FARMACO.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Nuria Mateo
authors.initials: NM
authors.lastname: Anson
authors.forename: Emilia
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Selinheimo
authors.forename: Rob
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Havenaar
authors.forename: Anna-Marja
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Aura
authors.forename: Ismo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mattila
authors.forename: Pekka
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lehtinen
authors.forename: Aalt
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bast
authors.forename: Kaisa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Poutanen
authors.forename: Guido R M M
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Haenen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001682:Biological Availability; D003106:Colon / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D004063:Digestion; D005260:Female; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006867:Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D010636:Phenols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010666:Phenylpropionates / Q000378:metabolism; D011422:Propionates; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D010636:Phenols; D010666:Phenylpropionates; D011422:Propionates; C035253:3-phenylpropionic acid; C073734:sinapinic acid; C004999:ferulic acid; D006867:Hydrolases; C495469:p-coumaric acid