title: Transgenic Leishmania donovani clinical isolates expressing green fluorescent protein constitutively for rapid and reliable ex vivo drug screening.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Several Leishmania strains with episomal expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP) require constant drug pressure for its continuous expression and hence limit its use in ex vivo or in vivo systems. The aim of this study was to alleviate this problem by stably integrating the GFP gene into the parasite genome, so as to use these transfectants for ex vivo and in vivo drug screening.
  
  
  METHODS
  The GFP gene was integrated downstream of the 18S ribosomal promoter region of Leishmania donovani. After initial selection, GFP-expressing parasites-both sodium stibogluconate (SAG)-susceptible (2001) and -resistant (2039) isolates-were grown without adding G418. The infectivity of these transfectants to macrophages (J774.1) as well as to hamsters was checked. The ex vivo screening assay was standardized using standard antileishmanial drugs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A constitutive and enhanced expression of GFP in promastigote and amastigote stages was achieved for approximately 12 months without any need for drug pressure. These transfectants were highly infective to macrophage cell lines as well as to hamsters, as observed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry (FACS). GFP-tagged promastigotes as well as intracellular amastigotes were found to be highly susceptible to miltefosine, amphotericin B and pentamidine, in a concentration-dependent manner. SAG was inactive against the GFP-promastigotes, as well as SAG-resistant intracellular amastigotes, correlating well with earlier reports.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The GFP-transfectants were found to be suitable for FACS-based ex vivo screening assays. They were also infective to hamsters up to day 60 post-infection.
authors.affiliation: Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
authors.forename: Nasib
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Reema
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Anil K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Jaiswal
authors.forename: Shyam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sundar
authors.forename: Anuradha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dube
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D006224:Cricetinae; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D017930:Genes, Reporter; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007893:Leishmania donovani / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D007898:Leishmaniasis, Visceral / Q000469:parasitology; D008264:Macrophages / Q000469:parasitology; D051379:Mice; D030781:Organisms, Genetically Modified / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D049452:Green Fluorescent Proteins