title: Gender differences in the prevalence, risk and clinical correlates of tardive dyskinesia in Chinese schizophrenia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite extensive use of antipsychotic drug treatment, few studies address the prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) in homogeneous ethnic groups such as the Chinese. This study examined gender-specific relationships between TD and symptom levels in schizophrenia among Han Chinese, which have previously received little systematic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and twenty-two inpatients with schizophrenia receiving long-term treatment with antipsychotics were evaluated with the AIMS. The patient's psychopathology was assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Demographic and clinical data were collected from a detailed questionnaire and medical records.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall TD prevalence was 33.7% with rates of 39.2% (138/352) in males and 22.4% (38/170) in females (chi (2) = 14.6, df = 1, p < 0.0001; adjust odds ratio 2.06; CI, 1.32-3.16). The AIMS score in patients with TD was lower in females than males (5.3 +/- 3.9 vs 6.7 +/- 3.7, t = 2.52, p < 0.01) after adjustment for the significant covariates. TD was associated with the negative symptoms on the PANSS in both genders, and with age, PANSS total and positive symptoms in men, not women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our present findings suggest that there are gender differences in the prevalence, risk, and clinical correlates of TD in schizophrenia. Although this study is limited by cross-sectional designs, the magnitude of these gender-specific differences is substantial and deservers further prospective study.
authors.affiliation: Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. xyzhang@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Xiang Yang
authors.initials: XY
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Da Chun
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Ling Yan
authors.initials: LY
authors.lastname: Qi
authors.forename: Fang
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Mei Hong
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Xiu
authors.forename: Song
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Gui Ying
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Therese A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Kosten
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Kosten
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D044466:Asian People; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004409:Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000150:complications*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012727:Sex Characteristics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents