title: Proniosomal transdermal therapeutic system of losartan potassium: development and pharmacokinetic evaluation.
abstract: The purpose of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of proniosomes as transdermal drug delivery system for losartan potassium. Different preparations of proniosomes were fabricated using different nonionic surfactants, such as Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, Span 80, Tween 20, Tween 40, and Tween 80. Different formulae were prepared and coded as PNG-1 (proniosomal gel-1) to PNG-7. The best in vitro skin permeation profile was obtained with proniosomal formulation PNG-2 in 24 h. The permeability parameters such as flux, permeability coefficient, and enhancement ratio were significant for PNG-2 compared with other formulations (P < 0.05). This optimized PNG-2 was fabricated in the form of transdermal patch using HPMC gel as a suitable base. Proniosomal transdermal therapeutic system (PNP-H) was found to be the optimized one as it gave better release of drug and better permeation in a steady-state manner over a desired period of time, that is, 24 h through rat skin. In vivo pharmacokinetic study of PNP-H showed a significant increase in bioavailability (1.93 times) compared with oral formulation of losartan potassium. The formulation appeared to be stable when stored at room temperature (30 +/- 2 degrees C) and at refrigeration temperature (4 +/- 2 degrees C) for 45 days.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutics, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Reena
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Thakur
authors.forename: Md Khalid
authors.initials: MK
authors.lastname: Anwer
authors.forename: Mohammad S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Shams
authors.forename: Asgar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ali
authors.forename: Roop K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Khar
authors.forename: Faiyaz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Shakeel
authors.forename: Ehab I
authors.initials: EI
authors.lastname: Taha
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry; D004355:Drug Stability; D004356:Drug Storage; D005782:Gels; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D008081:Liposomes; D019808:Losartan / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008297:Male; D008747:Methylcellulose / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000737:chemistry; D010539:Permeability; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012869:Skin Absorption; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D005782:Gels; D008081:Liposomes; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D065347:Hypromellose Derivatives; D008747:Methylcellulose; D019808:Losartan