title: Clinical and biochemical effects of the E139K missense mutation in the TIMP3 gene, associated with Sorsby fundus dystrophy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the phenotypic and biochemical characteristics of the p.E139K missense variant in tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3 (TIMP3) associated with Sorsby fundus dystrophy (SFD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The coding regions and adjacent intronic sequence of TIMP3 were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then analyzed by bidirectional sequencing. Allele-specific PCR was used to determine the minimum allele frequency of the mutant allele in ethnically matched controls. Clinical examination and imaging of affected individuals with color fundus photography, scanning laser ophthalmoscope (fundal autofluorescence), and optical coherence tomography was performed. A mutant construct of the TIMP3 protein was created and expressed in human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE19) cells, which were then assayed for oligomerization and intrinsic matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitory activity.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three affected individuals from a family of Welsh origin each harbored one allele of the TIMP3 missense variant c.415 G>A, (p.E139K), which was not identified in 534 ethnically matched control chromosomes and thus presumed pathogenic. The mutant protein was shown to dimerize in culture cells and retain its MMP inhibitory activity. Retinal examination was variable between eyes of affected individuals and between family members. Drusen-like deposits were common to all three affected individuals and yellow subretinal deposits, exudative maculopathy, and geographic atrophy were also observed. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of affected individuals demonstrated hyperreflectivity of the RPE-photoreceptor-choroid complex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The TIMP3 p.E139K mutation is another cause of SFD. It is the second TIMP3 sequence variant reported that does not affect the number of cysteine residues in the mutant protein yet dimerizes in vitro. The clinical presentation of this family is in keeping with previous clinical reports of this disorder.
authors.affiliation: Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK. z.saihan@ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Saihan
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rice
authors.forename: N A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Rana
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramsden
authors.forename: P G
authors.initials: PG
authors.lastname: Schlottmann
authors.forename: S A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jenkins
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blyth
authors.forename: G C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Black
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: McKie
authors.forename: A R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Webster
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005654:Fundus Oculi; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D010375:Pedigree; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012164:Retinal Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence
chemical_list: C088390:TIMP3 protein, human; D019717:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3