title: Tocopherol isomer pattern in serum and stool of human following consumption of black currant seed press residue administered in whole grain bread.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Serum gamma-tocopherol is thought to be associated with human health. The dietary influence of tocopherol and fibre-rich black currant seed press residue on serum and stool tocopherol concentration was investigated in a controlled human intervention study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-six women consumed bread enriched with black currant press residue (4 weeks). The resultant faecal and serum tocopherol concentrations were compared with those after a period consuming control bread without press residue and a normal baseline diet. Fibre intake and excretion, antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and vitamin C concentrations in serum and urine were also determined. Samples were obtained with a 5-day standardised diet at the end of each period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The press residue bread lead to significantly increased beta-, gamma-, delta- and total tocopherol intake, serum alpha-, beta-, gamma- and total tocopherol concentration (with and without lipid adjustment), fibre intake and urinary vitamin C concentration compared to control bread (P<0.05). Faecal excretion of total tocopherols and fibre increased compared to baseline (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fibre intake and excretion influence total tocopherol concentration in lipid-adjusted serum and in stool. The outstandingly high increase of serum gamma-tocopherol concentration through seed press residue consumption could be due to a presumed interruption of the enzymatic tocopherol degradation mechanism by bread constituents.
authors.affiliation: Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Department of Nutritional Physiology, Dornburger Strasse 24-29, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
authors.forename: Dorit
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helbig
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schubert
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Jahreis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000032:analysis; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D001939:Bread / Q000032:analysis; D004032:Diet; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007536:Isomerism; D031965:Ribes / Q000737:chemistry*; D012639:Seeds / Q000737:chemistry*; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D014866:Waste Products / Q000032:analysis*; D055815:Young Adult; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D014866:Waste Products; D024504:gamma-Tocopherol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D024505:Tocopherols