title: Cyclooxygenase 2 mediates the antiangiogenic effect of rapamycin in Ewing sarcoma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rapamycin can inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in various human cancers. Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is involved in the angiogenic process. We hypothesized that the antiangiogenic effect of rapamycin may be mediated by suppression of COX-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ewing sarcoma (ES) cells were implanted in athymic mice. Selected animals were treated with rapamycin for 5 weeks. Tumor vascularity was assessed by lectin perfusion angiography and immunohistochemistry. Phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin pathway proteins was determined by Western blot analysis. Staining of COX-2 protein was determined by immunohistochemistry, and expression of COX-2 messenger RNA levels was assessed with quantitative real-time (RT) polymerase chain reaction.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean tumor weights were significantly reduced in the treated group (5.43 g +/- 1.43 SEM vs 0.49 g +/- 0.15 SEM, P < .003). There was abundant vasculature in the control group and blunted vascularity in the treated xenografts. The phosphorylation of p70s6k and Akt was not inhibited in the rapamycin-treated tumors. Cyclooxygenase 2 was suppressed in the treated xenografts at both the protein and messenger RNA levels.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Low-dose rapamycin inhibits tumor growth and angiogenesis in human ES without inhibiting the phosphorylation of p70s6k and Akt. Cyclooxygenase 2 levels are inhibited by low-dose treatment of ES with rapamycin. Cyclooxygenase 2 suppression may mediate the antiangiogenic effect of rapamycin in Ewing sarcoma.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Surgery, Schneider Children's Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY 11040, USA.
authors.forename: Aaron M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Lipskar
authors.forename: Richard D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Glick
authors.forename: Jianzhong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Jason C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: DeVoti
authors.forename: Ray
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pica
authors.forename: Morris
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Edelman
authors.forename: Bettie M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Steinberg
authors.forename: Samuel Z
authors.initials: SZ
authors.lastname: Soffer
mesh_terms: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000818:Animals; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy*; D012512:Sarcoma, Ewing / Q000188:drug therapy*; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D020123:Sirolimus / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D020123:Sirolimus