title: Effects of natural childbirth preparation versus standard antenatal education on epidural rates, experience of childbirth and parental stress in mothers and fathers: a randomised controlled multicentre trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of antenatal education focussing on natural childbirth preparation with psychoprophylactic training versus standard antenatal education on the use of epidural analgesia, experience of childbirth and parental stress in first-time mothers and fathers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Randomised controlled multicentre trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifteen antenatal clinics in Sweden between January 2006 and May 2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1087 nulliparous women and 1064 of their partners.
  
  
  METHODS
  Natural group: Antenatal education focussing on natural childbirth preparation with training in breathing and relaxation techniques (psychoprophylaxis). Standard care group: Standard antenatal education focussing on both childbirth and parenthood, without psychoprophylactic training. Both groups: Four 2-hour sessions in groups of 12 participants during third trimester of pregnancy and one follow-up after delivery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Epidural analgesia during labour, experience of childbirth as measured by the Wijma Delivery Experience Questionnaire (B), and parental stress measured by the Swedish Parenthood Stress Questionnaire.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The epidural rate was 52% in both groups. There were no statistically significant differences in the experience of childbirth or parental stress between the randomised groups, either in women or men. Seventy percent of the women in the Natural group reported having used psychoprophylaxis during labour. A minority in the Standard care group (37%) had also used this method, but subgroup analysis where these women were excluded did not change the principal findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Natural childbirth preparation including training in breathing and relaxation did not decrease the use of epidural analgesia during labour, nor did it improve the birth experience or affect parental stress in early parenthood in nulliparous women and men, compared with a standard form of antenatal education.
authors.affiliation: Department of Woman and Child Health, Retsius väg 13, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweeden. malin.bergstrom@ki.se
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bergström
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kieler
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Waldenström
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016362:Analgesia, Obstetrical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001945:Breathing Exercises; D005220:Fathers / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology*; D009321:Natural Childbirth / Q000523:psychology*; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012064:Relaxation Therapy; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000209:etiology*; D055815:Young Adult