title: Measuring preterm cumulative stressors within the NICU: the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stress experiences, while pervasive, are less likely than painful experiences to be managed in still-hospitalised preterm infants.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to quantify the severity of common stressors for preterm infants with a view to providing a tool to manage presumed accumulated infant stress.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen doctors and 130 nurses who work in Neonatal Intensive and Special Care Nurseries rated the perceived stress severity of 44 acute events and 24 chronic living conditions for preterm infants at three ages (<28 weeks, 28-32 weeks, >32 weeks post-conceptional age) and for themselves. Acute items (such as heel lance) were organised into nursing, peripheral venous access, peripheral arterial access, central vascular access, ventilation, nutrition, medical procedures, surgery, radiology and miscellaneous categories. Chronic living conditions included items such as receiving intranasal oxygen and having a systemic infection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Doctors and nurses perceived nearly all items to be stressful to infants to some degree and to be equally stressful across ages. The degree of stress experienced by clinicians themselves was generally low and moderately correlated with presumed infant stress for the same items. Presumed infant stress was inversely related to clinician age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on these results we developed the Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale to help track, measure and manage presumed accumulated stress in preterm neonates.
authors.affiliation: Parent-Infant Research Institute, Clinical and Health Psychology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Australia. carol.newnham@austin.org.au
authors.forename: C A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Newnham
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Inder
authors.forename: J
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Milgrom
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007229:Infant Welfare; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000502:physiology* / Q000523:psychology; D007363:Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; D008297:Male; D013312:Stress, Physiological