title: Predicting the efficacy of convection warming in anaesthetized children.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We previously described a convection warming technique (Cassey J, Armstrong P, Smith GE, Farrell PT. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 654-62). This study further analyses the children in that original study with three aims: (i) to investigate factors purported to influence children's heating rates, (ii) to describe the most effective usage of this warming technique, and (iii) to understand better the physiology of convection warming.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children having anaesthesia for elective surgery lasting longer than 90 min in ambient temperature 21 degrees C were warmed by a 'Bair Hugger' attached to a custom-built heat dissipation unit. Relationships between child and procedure characteristics and various thermal measures were analysed, and a thermodynamic model was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-nine children (aged 2 days to 12.5 yr) were studied. There were statistically significant correlations between a number of factors (e.g. height and weight) and heating efficacy. Our model demonstrated the impact of changing patient characteristics on temperature profiles. Neither the morphological characteristics nor our model could predict an individual's T(core) behaviour.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  (i) Although the effectiveness of this warming technique is influenced by patient/procedure characteristics, these do not predict normothermia (uncertainty +/-28 min). Effectiveness is independent of simple thermal measures. (ii) Previously described measures of vasoconstriction are not valid in children. (iii) Our model shows children's thermal properties change with their T(core). However, key factors are unknown for an individual and our model does not predict heating efficacy. (iv) To minimize the risk of hyperthermia, we recommend continuous measurement of T(core) during convection heating. The device air temperature should be turned to medium (38 degrees C) as T(core) approaches 37 degrees C.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stanger
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Colyvas
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Cassey
authors.forename: I A
authors.initials: IA
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Armstrong
mesh_terms: D000769:Anesthesia, Inhalation; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018481:Convection; D004947:Esophagus / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006361:Heating / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007430:Intraoperative Care / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008954:Models, Biological; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods; D013816:Thermodynamics; D014661:Vasoconstriction