title: Mechanisms of action, physiological effects, and complications of hypothermia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mild to moderate hypothermia (32-35 degrees C) is the first treatment with proven efficacy for postischemic neurological injury. In recent years important insights have been gained into the mechanisms underlying hypothermia's protective effects; in addition, physiological and pathophysiological changes associated with cooling have become better understood.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To discuss hypothermia's mechanisms of action, to review (patho)physiological changes associated with cooling, and to discuss potential side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Review article.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A myriad of destructive processes unfold in injured tissue following ischemia-reperfusion. These include excitotoxicty, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, free radical production, seizure activity, blood-brain barrier disruption, blood vessel leakage, cerebral thermopooling, and numerous others. The severity of this destructive cascade determines whether injured cells will survive or die. Hypothermia can inhibit or mitigate all of these mechanisms, while stimulating protective systems such as early gene activation. Hypothermia is also effective in mitigating intracranial hypertension and reducing brain edema. Side effects include immunosuppression with increased infection risk, cold diuresis and hypovolemia, electrolyte disorders, insulin resistance, impaired drug clearance, and mild coagulopathy. Targeted interventions are required to effectively manage these side effects. Hypothermia does not decrease myocardial contractility or induce hypotension if hypovolemia is corrected, and preliminary evidence suggests that it can be safely used in patients with cardiac shock. Cardiac output will decrease due to hypothermia-induced bradycardia, but given that metabolic rate also decreases the balance between supply and demand, is usually maintained or improved. In contrast to deep hypothermia (<or=30 degrees C), moderate hypothermia does not induce arrhythmias; indeed, the evidence suggests that arrhythmias can be prevented and/or more easily treated under hypothermic conditions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Therapeutic hypothermia is a highly promising treatment, but the potential side effects need to be properly managed particularly if prolonged treatment periods are required. Understanding the underlying mechanisms, awareness of physiological changes associated with cooling, and prevention of potential side effects are all key factors for its effective clinical usage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, USA. k.polderman@tip.nl
authors.forename: Kees H
authors.initials: KH
authors.lastname: Polderman
mesh_terms: D000138:Acidosis / Q000209:etiology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology; D001833:Body Temperature Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000150:complications*; D002154:Calpain / Q000502:physiology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods / Q000639:trends; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology; D005609:Free Radicals / Q000009:adverse effects; D017781:Genes, Immediate-Early / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007036:Hypothermia, Induced / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D007239:Infections / Q000209:etiology; D007249:Inflammation; D016623:Ion Pumps / Q000502:physiology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000502:physiology; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D013928:Thromboxane A2 / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005609:Free Radicals; D016623:Ion Pumps; D013928:Thromboxane A2; D002154:Calpain