title: Upper extremity arterial injuries: factors influencing treatment outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to identify factors influencing surgical treatment outcome following upper extremity arterial injuries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This 15-year study (January 1992 to December 2006) included 167 patients with 189 civilian, iatrogenic or military upper extremity arterial injuries requiring surgical intervention. Patient data were prospectively entered into a vascular trauma database and retrospectively analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequently damaged vessel was the brachial artery (55% of injuries), followed by the axillary (21.7%), antebrachial (21.2%) and subclavian (2.1%) arteries. Three primary amputations (1.8%) were performed because of extensive soft-tissue destruction and signs of irreversible ischaemia on admission. Seven secondary amputations (4.2%) were due to graft failure, infection, anastomotic disruption or the extent of soft-tissue and nerve damage. Fasciotomy was required in 9.6% of cases. Operative mortality was 2.4% (four deaths). Early graft failure, compartment syndrome, associated skeletal and brachial plexus damage and a military mechanism of injury were found to be significant risk factors for limb loss (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although careful physical examination should diagnose the majority of upper extremity arterial injuries, angiography is helpful in detailing their site and extent. Prompt reconstruction is essential for optimal results. Nerve trauma is the primary cause of long-term functional disability.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Vascular Surgery, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 8 Koste Todorovica Street, Belgrade, Serbia. markobmf@gmail.com
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Dragas
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Davidovic
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kostic
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Markovic
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Pejkic
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ille
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Ilic
authors.forename: I
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Koncar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000671:Amputation, Surgical / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000792:Angiography; D001366:Axillary Artery / Q000293:injuries; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000293:injuries; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000401:mortality / Q000601:surgery*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011150:Popliteal Artery / Q000293:injuries; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000293:injuries; D014654:Vascular Patency; D055815:Young Adult