title: Maternal anthropometrics are associated with fetal size in different periods of pregnancy and at birth. The Generation R Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We aimed to examine the associations of maternal anthropometrics with fetal weight measured in different periods of pregnancy and with birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Population-based birth cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of pregnant women and their children in Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 8541 mothers, height, prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain were available.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal growth was measured by ultrasound in mid- and late pregnancy. Regression analyses were used to assess the impact of maternal anthropometrics on fetal weight and birth outcomes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fetal weight and birth outcomes: weight (grams) and the risks of small (<5th percentile) and large (>95th percentile) size for gestational age at birth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Maternal BMI in pregnancy was positively associated with estimated fetal weight during pregnancy. The effect estimates increased with advancing gestational age. All maternal anthropometrics were positively associated with fetal size (P-values for trend <0.01). Mothers with both their prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain quartile in the lowest and highest quartiles showed the highest risks of having a small and large size for gestational age child at birth, respectively. The effect of prepregnancy BMI was strongly modified by gestational weight gain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fetal growth is positively affected by maternal BMI during pregnancy. Maternal height, prepregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain are all associated with increased risks of small and large size for gestational age at birth in the offspring, with an increased effect when combined.
authors.affiliation: The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. l.ay@erasmusmc.nl
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Kruithof
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Bakker
authors.forename: E A P
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Steegers
authors.forename: J C M
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Witteman
authors.forename: H A
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Moll
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hofman
authors.forename: J P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Mackenbach
authors.forename: A C S
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Hokken-Koelega
authors.forename: V W V
authors.initials: VW
authors.lastname: Jaddoe
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D020567:Fetal Weight / Q000502:physiology; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009426:Netherlands; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011264:Pregnancy Trimesters; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*