title: Deoxycholate induces COX-2 expression via Erk1/2-, p38-MAPK and AP-1-dependent mechanisms in esophageal cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The progression from Barrett's metaplasia to adenocarcinoma is associated with the acquirement of an apoptosis-resistant phenotype. The bile acid deoxycholate (DCA) has been proposed to play an important role in the development of esophageal adenocarcinoma, but the precise molecular mechanisms remain undefined. The aim of this study was to investigate DCA-stimulated COX-2 signaling pathways and their possible contribution to deregulated cell survival and apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Following exposure of SKGT-4 cells to DCA, protein levels of COX-2, MAPK and PARP were examined by immunoblotting. AP-1 activity was assessed by mobility shift assay. DCA-induced toxicity was assessed by DNA fragmentation and MTT assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  DCA induced persistent activation of the AP-1 transcription factor with Fra-1 and JunB identified as the predominant components of the DCA-induced AP-1 complex. DCA activated Fra-1 via the Erk1/2- and p38 MAPK while Erk1/2 is upstream of JunB. Moreover, DCA stimulation mediated inhibition of proliferation with concomitant low levels of caspase-3-dependent PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Induction of the anti-apoptotic protein COX-2 by DCA, via MAPK/AP-1 pathway appeared to balance the DCA mediated activation of pro-apoptotic markers such as PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Both of these markers were increased upon COX-2 suppression by aspirin pretreatment prior to DCA exposure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DCA regulates both apoptosis and COX-2-regulated cell survival in esophageal cells suggesting that the balance between these two opposing signals may determine the transformation potential of DCA as a component of the refluxate.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Medicine and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland. loobye@tcd.ie
authors.forename: Eileen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Looby
authors.forename: Mohamed M M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Abdel-Latif
authors.forename: Veronica
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Athié-Morales
authors.forename: Shane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duggan
authors.forename: Aideen
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Long
authors.forename: Dermot
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelleher
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D001471:Barrett Esophagus / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D024161:Collagen Type XI / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism*; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000096:biosynthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000099169:Fos-Related Antigen 1
chemical_list: D024161:Collagen Type XI; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D004273:DNA, Neoplasm; D003840:Deoxycholic Acid; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D000099169:Fos-Related Antigen 1; C499319:COL11A2 protein, human