title: HIV testing in a high-incidence population: is antibody testing alone good enough?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently recommended the expansion of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing. However, antibody tests have longer "window periods" after HIV acquisition than do nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Public Health-Seattle & King County offered HIV antibody testing to men who have sex with men (MSM) using the OraQuick Advance Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test (OraQuick; OraSure Technologies) on oral fluid or finger-stick blood specimens or using a first- or second-generation enzyme immunoassay. The enzyme immunoassay was also used to confirm reactive rapid test results and to screen specimens from OraQuick-negative MSM prior to pooling for HIV NAAT. Serum specimens obtained from subsets of HIV-infected persons were retrospectively evaluated by use of other HIV tests, including a fourth-generation antigen-antibody combination assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From September 2003 through June 2008, a total of 328 (2.3%) of 14,005 specimens were HIV antibody positive, and 36 (0.3%) of 13,677 antibody-negative specimens were NAAT positive (indicating acute HIV infection). Among 6811 specimens obtained from MSM who were initially screened by rapid testing, OraQuick detected only 153 (91%) of 169 antibody-positive MSM and 80% of the 192 HIV-infected MSM detected by the HIV NAAT program. HIV was detected in serum samples obtained from 15 of 16 MSM with acute HIV infection that were retrospectively tested using the antigen-antibody combination assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  OraQuick may be less sensitive than enzyme immunoassays during early HIV infection. NAAT should be integrated into HIV testing programs that serve populations that undergo frequent testing and that have high rates of HIV acquisition, particularly if rapid HIV antibody testing is employed. Antigen-antibody combination assays may be a reasonably sensitive alternative to HIV NAAT.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Medicine, Laboratory Medicine, Center for AIDS and STD, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA. jstekler@u.washington.edu
authors.forename: Joanne D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Stekler
authors.forename: Paul D
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Swenson
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Coombs
authors.forename: Joan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Dragavon
authors.forename: Katherine K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Thomas
authors.forename: Catherine A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Brennan
authors.forename: Sushil G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Devare
authors.forename: Robert W
authors.initials: RW
authors.lastname: Wood
authors.forename: Matthew R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Golden
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015483:HIV Antibodies / Q000032:analysis* / Q000097:blood*; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000276:immunology / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques / Q000379:methods; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D044967:Serum / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D015483:HIV Antibodies; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic