title: Biomechanical effects of fixed functional appliance on craniofacial structures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate displacement and stress distribution on craniofacial structures associated with fixed functional therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A finite element model of the human skull was constructed from sequential computed tomography images at 2-mm intervals using a dry adult human skull. In this study, linear, four-nodal, tetramesh and triangular shell elements were used with six degrees of freedom at each of their unstrained nodes: three translations (x, y, and z) and three rotations (around the x-, y-, and z-axes).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The entire mandible moved anteroinferiorly. Maximum displacement was observed in the parasymphyseal and midsymphyseal regions. The pterygoid plate was displaced in a posterosuperior direction. The anteroinferior displacement of the mandibular dentition was most pronounced in the incisor region, while the maxillary dentition was displaced posterosuperiorly. The entire dentition experienced tensile stress except for the maxillary posterior teeth. Tensile stress was also demonstrated at point A, the pterygoid plates, and the mandible, and minimal compressive stress was demonstrated at anterior nasal spine. Maximum tensile stress and von Mises stresses occurred in the condylar neck and head.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fixed functional therapy causes a posterosuperior displacement of the maxillary dentition and pterygoid plate and thus can contribute to the correction of Class II malocclusion. The displacement was more pronounced in the dentoalveolar region as compared to the skeletal displacement. All dentoalveolar structures experienced tensile stress, except for anterior nasal spine and the maxillary posterior teeth.
authors.affiliation: Department of General and Specialist Dental Practice, College of Dentistry, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. priyankarpanigrahi@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Priyankar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Panigrahi
authors.forename: Varadarajan
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vineeth
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002102:Cadaver; D002508:Cephalometry; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D020342:Finite Element Analysis; D006801:Humans; D007180:Incisor; D008312:Malocclusion, Angle Class II / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D019186:Mandibular Advancement / Q000295:instrumentation*; D008335:Mandibular Condyle / Q000503:physiopathology; D008437:Maxilla / Q000503:physiopathology; D008954:Models, Biological; D017289:Orthodontic Appliances, Functional; D011859:Radiography; D012886:Skull / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013100:Sphenoid Bone / Q000503:physiopathology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013718:Tensile Strength; D014087:Tooth Movement Techniques