title: ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: gastroenterology.
abstract: Undernutrition as well as specific nutrient deficiencies has been described in patients with Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) and short bowel syndrome. In the latter, water and electrolytes disturbances may be a major problem. The present guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations for the indications, application and type of parenteral formula to be used in acute and chronic phases of illness. Parenteral nutrition is not recommended as a primary treatment in CD and UC. The use of parenteral nutrition is however reliable when oral/enteral feeding is not possible. There is a lack of data supporting specific nutrients in these conditions. Parenteral nutrition is mandatory in case of intestinal failure, at least in the acute period. In patients with short bowel, specific attention should be paid to water and electrolyte supplementation. Currently, the use of growth hormone, glutamine and GLP-2 cannot be recommended in patients with short bowel.
authors.affiliation: Hôpital Erasme, Clinic of Intestinal Diseases and Nutrition Support, Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: André
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Van Gossum
authors.forename: Eduard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Cabre
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hébuterne
authors.forename: Palle
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Jeppesen
authors.forename: Zeljko
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Krznaric
authors.forename: Bernard
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Messing
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Powell-Tuck
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Staun
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nightingale
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000075202:Contraindications; D018450:Disease Progression; D004750:Enteral Nutrition; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D044342:Malnutrition / Q000628:therapy*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009752:Nutritional Status; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000592:standards; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult