title: Maternal diabetes alters transcriptional programs in the developing embryo.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Maternal diabetes is a well-known risk factor for birth defects, such as heart defects and neural tube defects. The causative molecular mechanisms in the developing embryo are currently unknown, and the pathogenesis of developmental abnormalities during diabetic pregnancy is not well understood. We hypothesized that the developmental defects are due to alterations in critical developmental pathways, possibly as a result of altered gene expression. We here report results from gene expression profiling of exposed embryos from a mouse diabetes model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In comparison to normal embryos at mid-gestation, we find significantly altered gene expression levels in diabetes-exposed embryos. Independent validation of altered expression was obtained by quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Sequence motifs in the promoters of diabetes-affected genes suggest potential binding of transcription factors that are involved in responses to oxidative stress and/or to hypoxia, two conditions known to be associated with diabetic pregnancies. Functional annotation shows that a sixth of the de-regulated genes have known developmental phenotypes in mouse mutants. Over 30% of the genes we have identified encode transcription factors and chromatin modifying proteins or components of signaling pathways that impinge on transcription.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy alters transcriptional profiles in the developing embryo. The enrichment, within the set of de-regulated genes, of those encoding transcriptional regulatory molecules provides support for the hypothesis that maternal diabetes affects specific developmental programs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5455, USA. gpavlinkova@img.cas.cz
authors.forename: Gabriela
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pavlinkova
authors.forename: J Michael
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Salbaum
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Kappen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001665:Binding Sites; D003921:Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental / Q000150:complications* / Q000235:genetics; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D047108:Embryonic Development / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D051379:Mice; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011247:Pregnancy; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D014157:Transcription Factors