title: Sexual rights and gender roles in a religious context.
abstract: A common feature of the five faiths discussed in this article is change over time. This allowed diversity within the religions, and generally led to a degree of liberalization, but in some faiths or their sects, resulted in a narrow or rigid interpretation. For example, the golden Vedic Period of Hinduism in India when "women were worshipped" gradually faded, ushering in the social evils of female feticide, child marriage, and "sati." The advent of Islam in the seventh century banned female infanticide, but has been unable to abolish many tribal pre-Islamic customs such as female genital mutilation in Africa and "honor killings" in parts of Asia. On the other hand, in China, the inferior status of women accorded by Confucianism has been rectified to a large extent by legislation; this has, however, been offset by a restrictive population policy allowing only one child or two children per couple in some areas of the country (with no limit in Tibet), which has led millions of women to resort to prenatal sex diagnosis and abortion if the fetus is female. In the West, the debate over the use of biomedical technology continues, with various rabbinic rulings permitting the use of assisted reproductive technologies by Jews to fulfill the obligation to procreate, and the Vatican reinforcing its opposition to these and to genetic testing on embryos and embryonic stem cell research.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Ultrasonography and Ultrasound Clinic, Karachi 75400, Pakistan. z.shahida@gmail.com
authors.forename: Shahida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Zaidi
authors.forename: Arulmozhi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ramarajan
authors.forename: Renzong
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Qiu
authors.forename: Michal
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Raucher
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chadwick
authors.forename: Amna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nossier
mesh_terms: D002835:Christianity; D032903:Confucianism; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D018596:Hinduism; D049690:History, Ancient; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007237:Infanticide / Q000266:history; D007514:Islam; D007599:Judaism; D008297:Male; D012071:Religion and Sex; D046269:Reproductive Rights / Q000639:trends*; D012725:Sexual Behavior