title: Effect of chlorate, molybdate, and shikimic acid on Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in aerobic and anaerobic cultures.
abstract: Experiments were conducted to determine factors that affect sensitivity of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to sodium chlorate (5mM). In our first experiment, cultures grown without chlorate grew more rapidly than those with chlorate. An extended lag before logarithmic growth was observed in anaerobic but not aerobic cultures containing chlorate. Chlorate inhibition of growth during aerobic culture began later than that observed in anaerobic cultures but persisted once inhibition was apparent. Conversely, anaerobic cultures appeared to adapt to chlorate after approximately 10h of incubation, exhibiting rapid compensatory growth. In anaerobic chlorate-containing cultures, 20% of total viable counts were resistant to chlorate by 6h and had propagated to 100% resistance (>10(9)CFU mL(-1)) by 24h. In the aerobic chlorate-containing cultures, 12.9% of colonies had detectable resistance to chlorate by 6h, but only 1% retained detectable resistance at 24h, likely because these cultures had opportunity to respire on oxygen and were thus not enriched via the selective pressure of chlorate. In another study, treatment with shikimic acid (0.34 mM), molybdate (1mM) or their combination had little effect on aerobic or anaerobic growth of Salmonella in the absence of added chlorate. As observed in our earlier study, chlorate resistance was not detected in any cultures without added chlorate. Chlorate resistant Salmonella were recovered at equivalent numbers regardless of treatment after 8h of aerobic or anaerobic culture with added chlorate; however, by 24h incubation chlorate sensitivity was completely restored to aerobic but not anaerobic cultures treated with shikimic acid or molybdate but not their combination. Results indicate that anaerobic adaptation of S. Typhimurium to sodium chlorate during pure culture is likely due to the selective propagation of low numbers of cells exhibiting spontaneous resistance to chlorate and this resistance is not reversible by molybdenum supplementation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Animal and Range Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105, USA.
authors.forename: Christy E
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Oliver
authors.forename: Ross C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Beier
authors.forename: Michael E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Hume
authors.forename: Shane M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Horrocks
authors.forename: Thomas A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Casey
authors.forename: Joel S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Caton
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Nisbet
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Nathan A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Krueger
authors.forename: Robin C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000332:Aerobiosis; D000693:Anaerobiosis; D002704:Chlorates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D006801:Humans; D050296:Microbial Viability; D008982:Molybdenum / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism; D012765:Shikimic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002704:Chlorates; C044659:molybdate; D012765:Shikimic Acid; D008982:Molybdenum