title: Tonicity balance in patients with hypernatremia acquired in the intensive care unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypernatremia is a serious electrolyte disturbance and an independent risk factor for mortality in critically ill patients. In many cases, hypernatremia is an iatrogenic problem that develops in the intensive care unit (ICU).
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 patients were studied in a medical ICU. For inclusion in the study, patients needed to show an increase in serum sodium concentration to greater than 149 mEq/L from an initial concentration of less than 146 mEq/L.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Solute balance, fluid balance, and both. Causes of hypernatremia.
  
  
  METHODS
  The daily mass balance of sodium, potassium, and water over 1- to 3-day intervals was measured while serum sodium levels were increasing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the study period, 69 of 981 patients (7%) acquired hypernatremia after admission to the ICU. Of these, 45 had sufficient data for evaluation. Maximum serum sodium levels were 150 to 164 mEq/L. The average duration of hypernatremia was 2 days (range, 1 to 10 days), with an average onset on day 5.9 +/- 4.3 of the ICU stay. Patients were classified as having a positive solute balance (n = 17; 38%), negative fluid balance (n = 20; 44%), or both (n = 8; 18%). The most important extrarenal factors contributing to hypernatremia were fever (45%) and diarrhea (18%). Polyuria was observed in 38% of patients and 35% had acute renal failure. Hypertonic solutions were administered to 27% of patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrospective analysis; lack of daily measurement of body weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ICU-acquired hypernatremia is associated with multiple factors associated with negative fluid and positive solute balance.
authors.affiliation: Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria. lindner.gregor@gmail.com
authors.forename: Gregor
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lindner
authors.forename: Nikolaus
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kneidinger
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Holzinger
authors.forename: Wilfred
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Druml
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwarz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006955:Hypernatremia / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality; D007362:Intensive Care Units; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D012964:Sodium