title: Impact of preacidification of milk and fermentation time on the properties of yogurt.
abstract: Casein interactions play an important role in the textural properties of yogurt. The objective of this study was to investigate how the concentration of insoluble calcium phosphate (CCP) that is associated with casein particles and the length of fermentation time influence properties of yogurt gels. A central composite experimental design was used. The initial milk pH was varied by preacidification with glucono-delta-lactone (GDL), and fermentation time (time to reach pH 4.6 from the initial pH) was altered by varying the inoculum level. We hypothesized that by varying the initial milk pH value, the amount of CCP would be modified and that by varying the length of the fermentation time we would influence the rate and extent of solubilization of CCP during any subsequent gelation process. We believe that both of these factors could influence casein interactions and thereby alter gel properties. Milks were preacidified to pH values from 6.55 to 5.65 at 40 degrees C using GDL and equilibrated for 4 h before inoculation. Fermentation time was varied from 250 to 500 min by adding various amounts of culture at 40 degrees C. Gelation properties were monitored using dynamic oscillatory rheology, and microstructure was studied using fluorescence microscopy. Whey separation and permeability were analyzed at pH 4.6. The preacidification pH value significantly affected the solubilization of CCP. Storage modulus values at pH 4.6 were positively influenced by the preacidification pH value and negatively affected by fermentation time. The value for the loss tangent maximum during gelation was positively affected by the preacidification pH value. Fermentation time positively affected whey separation and significantly influenced the rate of CCP dissolution during fermentation, as CCP dissolution was a slow process. Longer fermentation times resulted in greater loss of CCP at the pH of gelation. At the end of fermentation (pH approximately 4.6), virtually all CCP was dissolved. Preacidification of milk increased the solubilization of CCP, increased the early loss of CCP crosslinks, and produced weak gels. Long fermentation times allowed more time for solubilization of CCP during the critical gelation stage of the process and increased the possibility of greater casein rearrangements; both could have contributed to the increase in whey separation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706-1565, USA.
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Peng
authors.forename: D S
authors.initials: DS
authors.lastname: Horne
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lucey
mesh_terms: D002118:Calcium / Q000032:analysis; D002130:Calcium Phosphates / Q000737:chemistry; D005285:Fermentation; D005511:Food Handling / Q000379:methods*; D005782:Gels / Q000032:analysis; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D012212:Rheology; D013997:Time Factors; D015014:Yogurt / Q000032:analysis / Q000592:standards*
chemical_list: D002130:Calcium Phosphates; D005782:Gels; C020243:calcium phosphate; D002118:Calcium