title: Depth-related alkaloid variation in Mediterranean Aplysina sponges.
abstract: Total amounts and patterns of bromoisoxazoline alkaloids of Aplysina sponges from Croatia (Mediterranean Sea) were analyzed along an underwater slope ranging from 1.8 to 38.5 m. Total amounts of alkaloids varied from sample to sample and showed no correlation with depth. In contrast, striking differences of alkaloid patterns were found between sponges from shallow sites (1.8-11.8 m) and those collected from deeper sites (11.8-38.5 m). Sponges from shallow depths consistently exhibited alkaloid patterns typical for Aplysina aerophoba with aerophobin-2 (2) and isofistularin-3 (3) as main constituents. Sponges from deeper sites (below 11.8 m) resembled Aplysina cavernicola with aerothionin (4) and aplysinamisin-1 (1) as major compounds. The typical A. cavernicola pigment 3,4-dihydroxyquinoline-2-carboxylic acid (6), however, could not be detected in A. aerophoba sponges but was replaced by the A. aerophoba pigment uranidine (5) which appeared to be present in all sponge samples analyzed. During transplantation experiments sponges from sites below 30 m featuring the A. cavernicola chemotype of bromoisoxazoline alkaloids were translocated to shallower habitats (10 m). The alkaloid patterns in transplanted sponges were found to be stable over a period of 12 months and unaffected by this change in depth. In a further experiment, clones of Aplysina sponges from shallow depths of 5-6 m resembling the A. aerophoba chemotype were either kept in situ under natural light conditions or artificially shaded by excluding photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Neither 4 nor 1 were detected in artificially shaded sponges over an observation period of 12 months. In summary, two chemically distinct types of Aplysina sponges were discovered in this study that proved to be remarkably stable with regard to the bromoisoxazoline patterns and unaffected either by changing the light conditions or depth. It is not clear presently whether the Aplysina sponges collected from depths < 11.8 m represent a new chemotype of A. cavernicola lacking the pigment 6 or whether we have incidentally come across a so far undescribed species of the genus Aplysina.
authors.affiliation: Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstrasse 1, Geb. 26.23, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
authors.forename: Annika
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Putz
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kloeppel
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pfannkuchen
authors.forename: Franz
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Brümmer
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proksch
mesh_terms: D000470:Alkaloids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D000818:Animals; D004777:Environment; D008522:Mediterranean Sea; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008968:Molecular Conformation; D010080:Oxazoles / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D011161:Porifera / Q000235:genetics*; D012621:Seasons; D012623:Seawater / Q000469:parasitology; D013141:Spiro Compounds / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D000470:Alkaloids; D010080:Oxazoles; D013141:Spiro Compounds; C082607:aplysinamisine I