title: Effect of withdrawal of co-proxamol on prescribing and deaths from drug poisoning in England and Wales: time series analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the effect of the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines' announcement in January 2005 of withdrawal of co-proxamol on analgesic prescribing and poisoning mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Interrupted time series analysis for 1998-2007.
  
  
  METHODS
  England and Wales.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescribing data from the prescription statistics department of the Information Centre for Health and Social Care (England) and the Prescribing Services Unit, Health Solutions Wales (Wales). Mortality data from the Office for National Statistics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescriptions. Deaths from drug poisoning (suicides, open verdicts, accidental poisonings) involving single analgesics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A steep reduction in prescribing of co-proxamol occurred in the post-intervention period 2005-7, such that number of prescriptions fell by an average of 859 (95% confidence interval 653 to 1065) thousand per quarter, equating to an overall decrease of about 59%. Prescribing of some other analgesics (co-codamol, paracetamol, co-dydramol, and codeine) increased significantly during this time. These changes were associated with a major reduction in deaths involving co-proxamol compared with the expected number of deaths (an estimated 295 fewer suicides and 349 fewer deaths including accidental poisonings), but no statistical evidence for an increase in deaths involving either other analgesics or other drugs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Major changes in prescribing after the announcement of the withdrawal of co-proxamol have had a marked beneficial effect on poisoning mortality involving this drug, with little evidence of substitution of suicide method related to increased prescribing of other analgesics.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Suicide Research, University of Oxford Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 7JX. keith.hawton@psych.ox.ac.uk
authors.forename: Keith
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hawton
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Bergen
authors.forename: Sue
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Simkin
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Brock
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Griffiths
authors.forename: Ester
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Romeri
authors.forename: Karen L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Navneet
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kapur
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gunnell
mesh_terms: D000082:Acetaminophen / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D000700:Analgesics / Q000506:poisoning*; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene / Q000506:poisoning* / Q000600:supply & distribution; D017277:Drug Approval / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D009026:Mortality / Q000639:trends; D011041:Poisoning / Q000401:mortality; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000506:poisoning*; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D004338:Drug Combinations; D055553:Prescription Drugs; D000082:Acetaminophen; C011800:acetaminophen, dextropropoxyphene, drug combination; D011431:Dextropropoxyphene