title: Contrast harmonic detection with chirp excitation in 3f0 transmit phasing.
abstract: The method of third harmonic (3f0 transmit phasing is capable of providing effective tissue background suppression for contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR) improvement in harmonic imaging. With the additional 3f0 transmit signal to generate both the frequency-sum and the frequency-difference components of harmonic signal, the tissue suppression is achieved when the two components are opposite in phase and mutually cancel out. One major problem in 3f0 transmit phasing is the limited signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the constraint on transmit amplitude. Chirp excitation can be applied in contrast harmonic imaging to enhance the SNR with minimal destruction of the microbubbles. In this paper, the effect of chirp waveform in combination with the 3f0 transmit phasing was studied using both in-vitro experiments and simulations. Our results indicate that, though the chirp transmit pulse can increase the SNR of harmonic imaging in 3f0 transmit phasing (3 dB, p < 0.001), it suffers from degraded tissue harmonic suppression and thus provides less CTR improvement as compared to a conventional pulse. The spectral mismatch between the frequency-sum and the frequency-difference components of tissue harmonic signal is particularly evident in the off-center region of second harmonic band, leading to significant residue tissue background. Consequently, with the chirp waveform, the improvement of CTR decreases from 9.5 dB to 5.9 dB (p < 0.0006) and thus a tradeoff exists between the SNR improvement and the CTR improvement in 3f0 transmit phasing.
authors.affiliation: Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan. choushen@mail.ntust.edu.tw
authors.forename: Che-Chou
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Hong-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Yi-Yuan
authors.initials: YY
authors.lastname: Chiu
mesh_terms: D003287:Contrast Media; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods*; D045423:Microbubbles; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D010743:Phospholipids; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride; D013997:Time Factors; D014159:Transducers; D014463:Ultrasonography / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride