title: Nicotinic receptor-based therapeutics and candidates for smoking cessation.
abstract: Tobacco dependence is the most preventable cause of death and is a chronic, relapsing disorder in which compulsive tobacco use persists despite known negative health consequences. All currently available cessation agents (nicotine, varenicline and bupropion) have limited efficacy and are associated with high relapse rates, revealing a need for more efficacious, alternative pharmacotherapies. The major alkaloid in tobacco, nicotine, activates nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) which increase brain extracellular dopamine producing nicotine reward leading to addiction. nAChRs are located primarily presynaptically and modulate synaptic activity by regulating neurotransmitter release. Subtype-selective nAChR antagonists that block reward-relevant mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine release induced by nicotine may offer advantages over current therapies. An innovative approach is to provide pharmacotherapies which are antagonists at nAChR subtypes mediating nicotine evoked dopamine release. In addition, providing multiple medications with a wider array of targets and mechanisms should provide more treatment options for individuals who are not responsive to the currently available pharmacotherapies. This review summarizes the currently available smoking cessation therapies and discusses emerging potential therapeutic approaches employing pharmacological agents which act as antagonists at nicotinic receptors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA. ldwoskin@email.uky.edu
authors.forename: Linda P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Dwoskin
authors.forename: Andrew M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Thomas E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Wooters
authors.forename: Zhenfa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Peter A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Crooks
authors.forename: Michael T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Bardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D054333:Drug Partial Agonism; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic / Q000502:physiology*; D012907:Smoking / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods*; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D018722:Nicotinic Agonists; D018733:Nicotinic Antagonists; D011978:Receptors, Nicotinic; D009538:Nicotine