title: Anti-inflammatory resuscitation improves survival in hemorrhage with trauma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hemorrhage is a common cause of death despite the recent advances in resuscitation and critical care. Conventional resuscitation fluids are designed to reestablish tissue perfusion, but they fail to prevent systemic inflammation. Indeed, resuscitation can promote inflammatory responses, which can be more dangerous than the original hemorrhage. This consideration is relevant in critical care where hemorrhage is normally associated with collateral trauma that can exacerbate the inflammatory responses during resuscitation. Here, we analyzed whether ethyl pyruvate could provide a therapeutic anti-inflammatory potential during resuscitation in experimental hemorrhage with trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to trauma induced by closed femur fracture. Then, the animals were immediately subjected to lethal hemorrhage during 15 minutes to reach a mean arterial blood pressure of 35 mm Hg to 40 mm Hg and subsequent maintenance of this mean arterial blood pressure for another 15 minutes. Resuscitation was limited to 15 mL/kg Hextend with or without ethyl pyruvate.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Resuscitation with conventional fluids reestablished normal tissue perfusion, but still more than 60% of the animals died. Resuscitation with ethyl pyruvate protected all the animals from lethal hemorrhage with trauma. Trauma exacerbated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels in the serum, the spleen, and the heart. Ethyl pyruvate blunted TNF levels in the serum and all the organs but particularly in the lung and the liver during resuscitation. TNF levels in the lung, spleen, and the liver of those animals resuscitated with ethyl pyruvate were statistically similar to those in control animals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ethyl pyruvate may attenuate systemic inflammatory responses during resuscitation and improve survival in experimental models of hemorrhage with trauma.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory Signaling and Surgical Immunology, Center of Immunity and Infection, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
authors.forename: Bolin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Cai
authors.forename: Edwin A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Deitch
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Grande
authors.forename: Luis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ulloa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology / Q000276:immunology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D011773:Pyruvates / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012151:Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000517:prevention & control*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D011773:Pyruvates; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; C046522:ethyl pyruvate