title: Increases in norepinephrine release and ovarian cyst formation during ageing in the rat.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depletion of ovarian follicles is associated with the end of reproductive function in ageing females. Recently, it has been described that this process parallels increases in the concentration of norepinephrine (NE) in the rat ovary. In sexually mature rats, experimentally-induced increases in the sympathetic tone of the ovary is causally related to ovarian cyst formation and deranged follicular development. Thus, there is a possibility that increased ovarian NE concentrations represent changes in the activity of sympathetic nerves, which consequently participate in the process of ovarian cyst formation observed during ageing in the human and experimental animal models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats between 6 and 14 months old were used to analyse the capacity of the ovary to release 3H-NE recently incorporated under transmural depolarisation in relation to changes in the ovarian follicular population. Morphometric analysis of ovarian follicles and real time PCR for Bcl2 and Bax mRNA were used to assess follicular atresia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  From 8 months old, the induced release of recently incorporated 3H-norepinephrine (3H-NE) from the ovary and ovarian NE concentrations increased, reaching their peak values at 12 months old and remained elevated up to 14 months old. Increases in sympathetic nerve activity paralleled changes in the follicular population, as well as disappearance of the corpus luteum. In contrast, luteinised follicles, precystic follicles, and cystic follicles increased. During this period, the relationship between Bax and Bcl2 mRNAs (the proapoptotic/antiapoptotic signals) increased, suggesting atresia as the principal mechanism contributing to the decreased follicular population. When NE tone was increased, the mRNA ratio favoured Bcl2 to Bax and antiapoptotic signals dominated this period of development. Thus, these changing ratios could be responsible for the increase in luteinised follicles, as well as precystic and cystic follicles.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data suggest that the ageing process in the ovary of the Sprague-Dawley rat is accompanied by an increased sympathetic tone of the ovary. Consequently, this sympathetic change could be related to a neuroendocrine-driven formation of a polycystic condition similar to that observed in the sympathetic-activated adult ovary.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universidad de Chile, Chile. hanamvericta@yahoo.es
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Acuña
authors.forename: Romina
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fornes
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fernandois
authors.forename: Maritza P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Garrido
authors.forename: Monika
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Greiner
authors.forename: Hernan E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Lara
authors.forename: Alfonso H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Paredes
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D002395:Catecholamines / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism*; D010048:Ovarian Cysts / Q000209:etiology*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000502:physiology; D010053:Ovary / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013564:Sympathetic Nervous System / Q000502:physiology; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D002395:Catecholamines; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051025:bcl-Associated Death Protein; D009638:Norepinephrine