title: Jugular venous neurone specific enolase (NSE) increases following carotid endarterectomy under general, but not local, anaesthesia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Previous studies indicate that local (LA) rather than general anaesthesia (GA) for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) is associated with reflex hypertension and preservation of cerebral cytochrome oxidase after carotid clamping. The hypothesis that LA offers protection against ischaemic cerebral injury has been investigated by measuring ipsilateral jugular venous neurone specific enolase (NSE: neuronal glycolytic enzyme) and S-100B (glial cell protein) during and after CEA.
  
  
  METHODS
  27 patients with symptomatic carotid artery disease (70-99% stenosis) underwent CEA, 14 under LA and 13 under GA. Jugular venous blood samples were assayed for NSE and S-100B before carotid clamping and at 5min before and 5min, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24h after clamp release.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No neurological complications occurred. S-100B levels were low and did not increase from baseline in either group. Pre-clamp NSE levels were similar in both groups (LA: 17.6 (15.2-20.7)microg/l, GA: 21.5 (11.3-26.2)microg/l; p=0.37) but increased significantly 2h after clamp release in GA patients (LA: 25.5 (16.6-27.8)microg/l, GA: 48.2 (31.4-61.3)microg/l, p=0.05) with a significant rise from baseline in GA patients (p=0.04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CEA performed under GA is associated with greater rises in jugular venous NSE, and hence cerebral injury, than CEA performed under LA.
authors.affiliation: Leeds Vascular Institute, The General Infirmary at Leeds, Great George Street, Leeds LS1 3EX, UK.
authors.forename: S M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wijeyaratne
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Collins
authors.forename: J H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Barth
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Gough
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000768:Anesthesia, General / Q000009:adverse effects; D000772:Anesthesia, Local / Q000009:adverse effects; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000201:enzymology / Q000601:surgery*; D003250:Constriction; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007601:Jugular Veins / Q000201:enzymology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000097:blood; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000097:blood; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014463:Ultrasonography; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase