title: Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: a potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During recovery from an ischemic brain injury, a cerebral growth hormone (GH) axis is activated. Whilst GH has been demonstrated to be neuroprotective both in vitro and in vivo, a role for GH in neuro-restorative processes after brain injury has yet to be studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To explore a role for GH in injury-induced neurogenesis by examining GH receptor (GH-R) immunoreactivity within the subventricular zone (SVZ) of juvenile rats after brain injury and by testing the proliferative capacity of GH on embryonic mouse neural stem cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-one day old rats were subjected to unilateral hypoxic-ischemia of the brain and sacrificed 1-15days later. Coronal brain sections from these animals and age-matched naïve controls were immunostained for GH-R and cell markers of neurogenesis. The level of GH-R immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral and contralateral SVZ of each animal was semi-quantified both by independent blinded scoring by two examiners and blinded image analysis. To examine the effect of GH on proliferation of embryonic mouse neural stem cells, cells were treated with increasing concentrations of rat pituitary GH for 48h in the presence of 5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of GH-R immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral SVZ was significantly increased 5days after injury vs. the contralateral SVZ, coinciding both spatially and temporally with injury-induced neurogenesis. The population of GH-R immunopositive cells in the ipsilateral SVZ at this time was found to include proliferating cells (Ki67 immunopositive), neural progenitor cells (nestin immunopositive) and post-proliferative migratory neuroblasts (doublecortin immunopositive). Stimulation of embryonic mouse NSCs with physiological concentrations of rat pituitary GH elicited a dose-dependent proliferative response.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results indicate a novel role for GH and its receptor in injury-induced neurogenesis, and suggest that GH treatment may potentiate endogenous neuro-restorative processes after brain injury.
authors.affiliation: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
authors.forename: Larissa Joy
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Christophidis
authors.forename: Thorsten
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gorba
authors.forename: Malin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gustavsson
authors.forename: Chris Edward
authors.initials: CE
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: George Arthur
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Werther
authors.forename: Vincenzo Carlo
authors.initials: VC
authors.lastname: Russo
authors.forename: Arjan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scheepens
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000473:pathology; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000473:pathology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013006:Growth Hormone / Q000378:metabolism*; D000860:Hypoxia; D007511:Ischemia; D051379:Mice; D055495:Neurogenesis; D009474:Neurons / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: C000714848:Dcx protein, rat; D000089662:Doublecortin Protein; D011986:Receptors, Somatotropin; D013006:Growth Hormone