title: Continuous cardiac index monitoring: A prospective observational study of agreement between a pulmonary artery catheter and a calibrated minimally invasive technique.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Continuous cardiac index (CCI) monitoring can provide information to assist in hemodynamic support. However, pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) pose logistic challenges in acute care settings. We hypothesized that CCI measured with a calibrated minimally invasive technique (LiDCO/PulseCO, UK) would have good agreement with the PAC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a prospective observational study in post-operative cardiac surgery patients. All patients had a PAC with CCI monitoring capability. We connected the LiDCO apparatus to a radial artery line and performed a one-time calibration with a lithium dilution indicator. In order to test the least invasive method possible, we used a peripheral intravenous (IV) line for indicator delivery rather than the conventional central line technique. We recorded paired PAC/LiDCO-PulseCO CCI measurements every minute for 3h. We blinded investigators and clinicians to minimally invasive data with an opaque shield over the monitor. We assessed agreement with Bland-Altman analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We obtained 1485 paired measurements in 8 subjects. The mean CI was 2.9L/min/m(2). By Bland-Altman plot, PAC and LiDCO measurements showed minimal bias (-0.01), but the 95% limits of agreement (+/-2SD) of+/-1.3L/min/m(2) were relatively wide with respect to the mean.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This calibrated minimally invasive (i.e. radial arterial line and peripheral IV) technique demonstrated low bias compared with CCI measured by PAC. However, the relatively wide confidence limits indicate that differences in the two measurements could still be clinically significant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Emergency Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at Camden, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ 08103, USA. mccoyj1@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Jonathan V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: McCoy
authors.forename: Steven M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hollenberg
authors.forename: R Phillip
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Dellinger
authors.forename: Ryan C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Arnold
authors.forename: Lynn
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Ruoss
authors.forename: Vincent
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Lotano
authors.forename: Priscilla
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Peters
authors.forename: Joseph E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Parrillo
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trzeciak
mesh_terms: D002138:Calibration; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000379:methods*; D002407:Catheterization, Swan-Ganz / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002496:Central Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D003935:Diagnostic Techniques, Cardiovascular / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000592:standards*; D004867:Equipment Design; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D015203:Reproducibility of Results