title: Beta-lactams and beta-lactamase-inhibitors in current- or potential-clinical practice: a comprehensive update.
abstract: The use of successive generations of beta-lactams has selected successive generations of beta-lactamases including CTX-M ESBLs, AmpC beta-lactamases, and KPC carbapenamases in Enterobacteriaceae. Moreover, this cephalosporin resistance, along with rising resistance to fluoroquinolones, is now driving the use of carbapenems and unfortunately the carbapenem resistance has emerged markedly, especially in Acinetobacter spp. due to OXA- and metallo-carbapenemases. The industry responded to the challenge of rising resistance and recently developed some novel beta-lactams such as ceftobiprole, ceftaroline etc. and many beta-lactam compounds, including beta-lactamase-inhibitors, such as BMS-247243, S-3578, RWJ-54428, CS-023, SMP-601, NXL 104, BAL 30376, LK 157, and so on are under trials. This review provides the comprehensive accounts of the developments in penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and beta-lactamase-inhibitors, and the insight about medicinal chemistry, mechanism(s) of action and resistance, potential strategies to overcome resistance due to beta-lactamases, and also the recent advancements in the development of newer beta-lactam compounds; some of which are still under trials and yet to be classified. This review will fill the gap since previously published reviews and will serve as a comprehensive update on the current topic.
authors.affiliation: Section of Antimicrobial Resistance Researches and Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College & Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, Uttar Pradesh, India. shahidsahar@yahoo.co.in
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shahid
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Sobia
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Malik
authors.forename: H M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Khan
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Jonas
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Hawkey
mesh_terms: D000150:Acinetobacter / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D065093:beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; D047090:beta-Lactams