title: Glycemic status underlies increased arterial stiffness and impaired endothelial function in migrant South Asian stroke survivors compared to European Caucasians: pathophysiological insights from the West Birmingham Stroke Project.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The pathophysiology of an increased risk of cerebrovascular disease mortality among South Asians (SA) remains unclear. Indices of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction are independent markers of vascular disease, having both prognostic and diagnostic implications. We hypothesized that there are ethnic variations in indices of arterial stiffness and endothelial dysfunction between SA and European Caucasian (EC) stroke patients, which may underline a poorer prognosis in the former, and further investigated promoters of vessel wall abnormalities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a cross-sectional approach, a total of 100 SA stroke survivors were prospectively recruited from the ongoing West Birmingham Stroke Project. Indices of vessel wall characteristics (arterial stiffness and endothelial function [change in reflective index]) were measured noninvasively using the digital volume pulse analysis technique in a temperature-controlled environment, using a direct standardized approach. SA stroke subjects were compared to 60 EC stroke survivors, 60 SA with risk factors, and 73 healthy controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among stroke patients, both ethnic groups were comparable for cardiovascular risk profile, except for more diabetes mellitus in SA (P=0.007) subjects and a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation in EC (P=0.04) subjects. According to the TOAST and Bamford classifications, SA subjects had more small vessel (P=0.04) and lacunar infarctions (P=0.01). SA subjects had higher measurements of arterial stiffness (P<0.001) and impaired endothelial-dependent vascular function (change in reflective index %; P<0.001). On univariate analysis, endothelial function was negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose (r=-0.4; P<0.001) and total cholesterol level (r=-0.2; P<0.001). On multivariate analysis, glycemic status was independently associated with impaired endothelial function (P=0.008) and increased arterial stiffness (P<0.001) among SA subjects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  SA stroke survivors had more small vessel disease-related cerebrovascular events compared to EC subjects. Underlying glycemic status in SA subjects had an adverse impact on the vascular system, leading to abnormal vessel wall characteristics.
authors.affiliation: University Department of Medicine, City Hospital, Birmingham, England, UK.
authors.forename: Ashan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Gunarathne
authors.forename: Jeetesh V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Shahid
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kausar
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Gammon
authors.forename: Elizabeth A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Hughes
authors.forename: Gregory Y H
authors.initials: GY
authors.lastname: Lip
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001210:Asia, Southeastern / Q000208:ethnology; D044466:Asian People / Q000208:ethnology; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004548:Elasticity / Q000502:physiology*; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011673:Pulsatile Flow / Q000502:physiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D020521:Stroke / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D013348:Subclavian Artery / Q000503:physiopathology*; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose