title: Assessment of the effect of external counterpulsation on myocardial adaptive arteriogenesis by invasive functional measurements--design of the arteriogenesis network trial 2.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stimulation of collateral artery growth is a promising therapeutic option for patients with coronary artery disease. External counterpulsation is a non-invasive technique suggested to promote the growth of myocardial collateral arteries via increase of shear stress. The Art.Net.2 Trial tests invasively and functionally for the first time the hypothesis whether a treatment course with external counterpulsation (over 7 weeks) can induce the growth of myocardial collateral arteries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is designed as a prospective, controlled, proof-of-concept study. Inclusion criteria are (1) age 40 to 80 years, (2) stable coronary disease, (3) a residual significant stenosis of at least one epicardial artery and (4) a positive ischemic stress-test for the region of interest. As primary endpoint serves the pressure-derived collateral flow index (CFIp), the invasive gold-standard to assess myocardial collateral pathways. CFIp is determined by simultaneous measurement of mean aortic pressure (Pa, mm Hg), distal coronary occlusive (wedge) pressure (Pw, mm Hg) and central venous pressure (Pv, mm Hg). The index is calculated as CFIp=(Pw-Pv)/(Pa-Pv). The pressure derived fractional flow reserve (FFR) and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) are assessed as secondary invasive endpoints to investigate the effect of ECP on the myocardial vasculature. The non-invasive secondary endpoints include symptoms (CCS and NYHA classification), treadmill-testing and analysis of shear-stress related soluble proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The Art.Net.-2 Trial will report within the next months whether direct evidence can be brought that ECP promotes coronary collateral growth in patients with stable angina pectoris.
authors.affiliation: Franz-Volhard-Klinik, Helios Klinikum Buch, Schwanebecker Chaussee 50, 3125 Berlin, Germany. nikolaos.pagonas@charite.de
authors.forename: Nikolaos
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pagonas
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Utz
authors.forename: Jeanette
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Schulz-Menger
authors.forename: Andreas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Busjahn
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Monti
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Thierfelder
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dietz
authors.forename: Volker
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Klauss
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Ivo R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Buschmann
authors.forename: Eva-Elina
authors.initials: EE
authors.lastname: Buschmann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002496:Central Venous Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D003097:Collateral Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D003326:Coronary Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000502:physiology; D015908:Counterpulsation; D005080:Exercise Test; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010991:Plethysmography; D011446:Prospective Studies; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology