title: Primary prevention of heart failure: what is the evidence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Heart failure is a worldwide epidemic. Aggressive treatment of patients at risk for heart failure is important. There are no trials targeting primary prevention of heart failure. However, there is trial data demonstrating that treatment of patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes can prevent heart failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several recent trials further expand our knowledge of how to best treat high-risk patients. Treatment of hypertensive patients over age 80 with indapamide and an ACE-inhibitor if needed can significantly reduce heart failure and mortality. There is no additional benefit from the combination of an ACE-inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker therapy in patients with vascular disease or high-risk diabetic patients. Continued blood pressure control is necessary to maintain beneficial cardiovascular outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identification and treatment of patients at high risk can prevent the development of heart failure and reduce heart failure hospitalization. Thiazide diuretics, ACE-inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers if ACE-inhibitor-intolerant are preferred first-line agents.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiology, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. carla_sueta_dupree@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: Carla Sueta
authors.initials: CS
authors.lastname: Dupree
mesh_terms: D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D004358:Drug Therapy; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006801:Humans; D011322:Primary Prevention; D012307:Risk Factors