Gender differences in long-term functional outcome after first-ever ischemic stroke.
OBJECTIVE
Recent studies have demonstrated gender differences in functional outcome after stroke. However, the underlying reasons for differences have been inconsistent. The present study examined whether gender differences in long-term functional outcomes exist among surviving patients with first-ever ischemic stroke and with individual subtypes of stroke.


METHODS
A total of 997 patients (654 men, 343 women) were followed for 5 years after discharge. Patients were assigned to 4 subtypes of ischemic stroke (atherothrombotic, lacunar, cardioembolic and unclassified infarction). Functional outcomes were expressed as locomotor activity, assessed using a questionnaire delivered by mail 1 and 5 years after stroke. Locomotor function was classified into 5 categories according to the grade of disability.


RESULTS
Women showed significantly worse locomotor function than men at both 1 and 5 years (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Furthermore, significant gender differences in functional outcome were observed in all subtypes of ischemic stroke at 1 and 5 years after stroke. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gender was a significant determinant for functional outcome at 1 and 5 years after stroke (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001, respectively). No significant gender difference was seen in the rate of stroke recurrence. Women also showed a worse survival ratio after stroke than men (p < 0.01).


CONCLUSIONS
The present study demonstrated significantly worse functional outcomes for women than for men at 1 and 5 years after stroke. Gender differences in long-term functional outcomes by subtypes of ischemic stroke were also significant.
Fukuda
Michinari
M
Faculty of Rehabilitation, School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara. mifukuda@kitasato-u.ac.jp
Kanda
Tadashi
T
Kamide
Naoto
N
Akutsu
Tsugio
T
Sakai
Fumihiko
F
D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*