title: Use of an early warning score and ability to walk predicts mortality in medical patients admitted to hospitals in Tanzania.
abstract: Early warning scores (EWS) are widely used in developed health-care systems to identify patients who would benefit from intensified observation or therapy. They are aggregated scales that represent the derangement of simple physiological measurements: blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, etc. In more resource-limited settings, where simple methods for triage are required, the validity of EWS is not known. This study prospectively recorded these observations for patients admitted to two Tanzanian hospitals. We report the value of EWS, their individual parameters and simple observations in predicting death among this cohort. Strong prognosticators of mortality included hypotension [odds ratio (OR) 6.25, 95% CI 2.9-13.7], tachycardia (OR 2.55, 95% CI 1.3-5.0) and reduced consciousness level (OR 2.95, 95% CI 1.3-6.8; increasing to OR 9.96, 95% CI 2.8-35.5 depending on degree of abnormality). Completely normal physiological parameters had a negative predictive value (NPV) for death of 95.9%. Ability to walk unaided into the consultation was similarly helpful in identifying patients at low risk of death (NPV 97%). There was a positive correlation between EWS and risk of mortality. Uncomplicated patient measurements may be a useful triage tool in adult patients attending clinics in sub-Saharan hospitals.
authors.affiliation: Songea Regional Hospital, Songea, Tanzania. jrylance@liv.ac.uk
authors.forename: Jamie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Rylance
authors.forename: Tim
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mushi
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Mashaga
mesh_terms: D018806:APACHE; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D002423:Cause of Death; D005260:Female; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013636:Tanzania; D014218:Triage / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology*