title: Maternal-recalled gestational weight gain, pre-pregnancy body mass index, and obesity in the daughter.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Emerging evidence suggests that exposures during fetal life affect adult metabolism. We assessed the relationship between recalled maternal pre-pregnancy body mass, gestational weight gain (GWG), and adiposity in the daughter.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study among mother-nurse daughter dyads in the Nurses' Health Study II and the Nurses' Mothers' Cohort. Mothers of participants completed questionnaires regarding their nurse daughter in 2001.
  
  
  METHODS
  26,506 mother-nurse daughter dyads born between 1946 and 1964.
  
  
  METHODS
  Body mass index (BMI) of the nurse daughter at age 18 and in 2001.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At age 18, 561 (2.1%) daughters were obese (BMI>30), and in 2001, 5442 (22.0%) were obese. Adjusting for covariates, women whose mothers had a recalled pre-pregnancy BMI of 29 had a 6.1-fold increased risk of obesity at age 18 and a 3.4-fold risk of obesity in 2001, compared with women whose mothers had a pre-pregnancy BMI of 21. We found a U-shaped association between recalled GWG and offspring obesity. Compared with a maternal weight gain of 15-19 lb, GWG <10 lb was associated with a significant increase in obesity risk at age 18 (odds ratio (OR) 1.54, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.34) and in 2001 (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.05-1.53). High weight gain (40+lb) was also associated with obesity risk at age 18 (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.22-2.69) and in 2001 (OR 1.74, 95% CI 1.48-2.04). These associations were stronger among mothers who were overweight before pregnancy (P for interaction=0.03), and they persisted with adjustment for birth weight.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A high recalled pre-pregnancy BMI and extremes of recalled GWG are associated with an increased risk of adolescent and adult obesity in offspring, particularly when the mother is overweight. Pre-pregnancy weight and GWG may be modifiable fetal origins of overweight and obesity in women.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. astuebe@med.unc.edu
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Stuebe
authors.forename: M R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Forman
authors.forename: K B
authors.initials: KB
authors.lastname: Michels
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001724:Birth Weight / Q000502:physiology*; D015992:Body Mass Index; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D009035:Mothers; D009679:Nuclear Family; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D011247:Pregnancy; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult