title: An estimation of the minimum effective anesthetic volume of 2% lidocaine in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Ultrasound guidance facilitates precise needle and injectate placement, increasing axillary block success rates, reducing onset times, and permitting local anesthetic dose reduction. The minimum effective volume of local anesthetic in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block is unknown. The authors performed a study to estimate the minimum effective anesthetic volume of 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 epinephrine (2% LidoEpi) in ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block.
  
  
  METHODS
  After ethical approval and informed consent, patients undergoing hand surgery of less than 90 min duration were recruited. A step-up/step-down study model was used with nonprobability sequential dosing based on the outcome of the previous patient. The starting dose of 2% LidoEpi was 4 ml per nerve. Block failure resulted in a dose increase of 0.5 ml; block success in a reduction of 0.5 ml.A blinded assistant assessed sensory and motor blockade at 5-min intervals up to 30 min. Block performance time and duration were measured. Two predetermined stopping points were used; a minimum of five consecutive block success/failures and five consecutive successful blocks at 1 ml per nerve.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The study was terminated when five consecutive patients had successful blocks using 1 ml of 2% LidoEpi per nerve (overall group n = 11). All five patients had surgical anesthesia within 10 min. The mean (SD) block performance time was 445 (100) s, and block duration was 190 min (range 120-310 min). All surgical procedures were performed under regional anesthesia with anxiolytic sedation provided in 3 of 11 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Successful ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block may be performed with 1 ml per nerve of 2% LidoEpi.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork, Ireland. briodnl@gmail.com
authors.forename: Brian D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: O'Donnell
authors.forename: Gabrielle
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Iohom
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001365:Axilla / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008012:Lidocaine