title: The impact of glucose-lowering therapy on cardiovascular outcomes.
abstract: Despite some controversies, especially in 2008, evidence is mounting by a number of randomised controlled trials in recent years that blood-glucose-lowering therapy (as an integral part of multifactorial therapy) reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) for longer term, both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In particular, cardiovascular events are reduced by approximately 10-15% per 1% absolute reduction of HbA1c, on top of other CVD-risk-reducing therapies. With regard to mortality, the situation is less clear, as those intervention studies need at least a 10-year follow-up. In fact, some risks involved with blood-glucose-lowering therapy, for example, hypoglycaemia and weight gain, especially in patients with prior CVD, may also impact unfavourably on (cardiovascular) mortality. Therefore, blood glucose lowering is a highly individualised therapy with a target for HbA1c <or=7.0% or 6.5%, which takes time to tailor (poly-)pharmacotherapy gently to the patient's needs. Drug-specific effects, both advantageous and disadvantageous, of blood-glucose-lowering therapy cannot be excluded currently and warrant further studies.
authors.affiliation: Munich Diabetes Research Institute at the Munich Helmholtz Center, Munich Neuherberg, Germany. eberhard.standl@lrz.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Eberhard
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Standl
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Müller
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Schnell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human