title: Trends in childhood rhabdomyosarcoma incidence and survival in the United States, 1975-2005.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common soft tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents aged<20 years; its etiology remains largely unknown. It is believed that embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), the most common subtypes, arise through distinct biologic mechanisms. The authors of this report evaluated incidence and survival trends by RMS demographic subgroups to inform future etiologic hypotheses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Incidence and survival trends in RMS among children and adolescents aged<20 years were analyzed using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Frequencies, age-adjusted incidence and survival rates, and joinpoint regression results, including annual percentage change (APC) and 95% confidence interval (CI), were calculated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 1975 and 2005, the incidence of ERMS was stable, whereas a significant increase in the incidence of ARMS was observed (APC, 4.20%; 95% CI, 2.60%-5.82%). This trend may have been attributable in part to shifts in diagnosis, because a significant negative trend in RMS, not otherwise specified was observed concurrently. A bimodal age peak for ERMS was observed, with the second, smaller peak in adolescence noted for males only; ARMS incidence did not vary by age or sex. Five-year survival rates for RMS and ERMS increased during the period from 1976 to 1980 (52.7% and 60.9%, respectively) to the period from 1996 to 2000 (61.8% and 73.4%, respectively), whereas there was little improvement for ARMS (40.1% and 47.8%, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Observed differences in incidence and survival for 2 major RMS subtypes across sex and age subgroups further supported the hypothesis that there are unique underlying etiologies for these tumors. Exploration of these differences presents an opportunity to increase current knowledge of RMS.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pediatric Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. ognja001@umn.edu
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ognjanovic
authors.forename: Amy M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Linabery
authors.forename: Bridget
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Charbonneau
authors.forename: Julie A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ross
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D012208:Rhabdomyosarcoma / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000401:mortality; D018232:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D018233:Rhabdomyosarcoma, Embryonal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality; D018426:SEER Program; D015996:Survival Rate; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult