title: Monte Carlo dose verification of prostate patients treated with simultaneous integrated boost intensity modulated radiation therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  To evaluate the dosimetric differences between Superposition/Convolution (SC) and Monte Carlo (MC) calculated dose distributions for simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) prostate cancer intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) compared to experimental (film) measurements and the implications for clinical treatments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two prostate patients treated with an in-house SIB-IMRT protocol were selected. SC-based plans used for treatment were re-evaluated with EGS4-based MC calculations for treatment verification. Accuracy was evaluated with-respect-to film-based dosimetry. Comparisons used gamma (gamma)-index, distance-to-agreement (DTA), and superimposed dose distributions. The treatment plans were also compared based on dose-volume indices and 3-D gamma index for targets and critical structures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Flat-phantom comparisons demonstrated that the MC algorithm predicted measurements better than the SC algorithm. The average PTVprostate D98 agreement between SC and MC was 1.2% +/- 1.1. For rectum, the average differences in SC and MC calculated D50 ranged from -3.6% to 3.4%. For small bowel, there were up to 30.2% +/- 40.7 (range: 0.2%, 115%) differences between SC and MC calculated average D50 index. For femurs, the differences in average D50 reached up to 8.6% +/- 3.6 (range: 1.2%, 14.5%). For PTVprostate and PTVnodes, the average gamma scores were >95.0%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MC agrees better with film measurements than SC. Although, on average, SC-calculated doses agreed with MC calculations within the targets within 2%, there were deviations up to 5% for some patient's treatment plans. For some patients, the magnitude of such deviations might decrease the intended target dose levels that are required for the treatment protocol, placing the patients in different dose levels that do not satisfy the protocol dose requirements.
authors.affiliation: Radiation Oncology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA. ndogan@mcvh-vcu.edu
authors.forename: Nesrin
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dogan
authors.forename: Ivaylo
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mihaylov
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Paul J
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Keall
authors.forename: Jeffrey V
authors.initials: JV
authors.lastname: Siebers
authors.forename: Michael P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Hagan
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated