title: Effect of music therapy on oncologic staff bystanders: a substantive grounded theory.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oncologic work can be satisfying but also stressful, as staff support patients and families through harsh treatment effects, uncertain illness trajectories, and occasional death. Although formal support programs are available, no research on the effects of staff witnessing patients' supportive therapies exists. This research examines staff responses to witnessing patient-focused music therapy (MT) programs in two comprehensive cancer centers.
  
  
  METHODS
  In Study 1, staff were invited to anonymously complete an open-ended questionnaire asking about the relevance of a music therapy program for patients and visitors (what it does; whether it helps). In Study 2, staff were theoretically sampled and interviewed regarding the personal effects of witnessing patient-centered music therapy. Data from each study were comparatively analyzed according to grounded theory procedures. Positive and negative cases were evident and data saturation arguably achieved.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Study 1, 38 staff unexpectedly described personally helpful emotional, cognitive, and team effects and consequent improved patient care. In Study 2, 62 staff described 197 multiple personal benefits and elicited patient care improvements. Respondents were mostly nursing (57) and medical (13) staff. Only three intrusive effects were reported: audibility, initial suspicion, and relaxation causing slowing of work pace. A substantive grounded theory emerged applicable to the two cancer centers: Staff witnessing MT can experience personally helpful emotions, moods, self-awarenesses, and teamwork and thus perceive improved patient care. Intrusive effects are uncommon. Music therapy's benefits for staff are attributed to the presence of live music, the human presence of the music therapist, and the observed positive effects in patients and families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patient-centered oncologic music therapy in two cancer centers is an incidental supportive care modality for staff, which can reduce their stress and improve work environments and perceived patient care. Further investigation of the incidental benefits for oncologic staff witnessing patient-centered MT, through interpretive and positivist measures, is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Social Work Department, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia. cocallaghan@netspace.net.au
authors.forename: Clare
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: O'Callaghan
authors.forename: Lucanne
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Magill
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect; D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D002173:Cancer Care Facilities; D004644:Emotions; D006801:Humans; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000523:psychology*; D009147:Music Therapy; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care / Q000379:methods*; D010549:Personal Satisfaction; D015397:Program Evaluation; D011788:Quality of Life; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires