title: 12 Tips: Guidelines for authoring virtual patient  cases.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Virtual patient cases are an increasingly utilized and compelling pedagogical strategy for medical education informatics. They provide educators with the opportunity to develop richly layered, multidimensional teaching situations for their learners. However, 'virtual patients are notoriously difficult to author, adapt and exchange' (MedBiquitous Virtual Patient Specification, Virtual Patient Working Group 2007), and case creation can be daunting. Authors may be uncertain about the process of virtual patient case development and this can translate into ambiguity and hesitation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This installment of the '12 tips' presents specific guidelines that are intended to provide medical educators with guidelines to facilitate the development of virtual patient cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  These 12 tips are based upon comprehensive, research-based, theory-grounded and criterion-referenced guidelines and founded in pedagogical principles, theories of cognition, and recognition of current technology and availability of authoring applications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  It is anticipated that the 12 tips will provide medical educators interested in authoring virtual patient cases one set of useful guidelines to facilitate the process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Virtual patient cases provide medical educators with an innovative tool for medical education. These guidelines will assist authors in case development.
authors.affiliation: McGill University, Canada. nancy.posel@mcgill.ca
authors.forename: Nancy
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Posel
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Fleiszer
authors.forename: Bruce M
authors.initials: BM
authors.lastname: Shore
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D004501:Education, Medical / Q000379:methods* / Q000458:organization & administration / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D008491:Medical Informatics Applications; D017145:Models, Educational