title: Disability pensioning: the gender divide can be explained by occupation, income, mental distress and health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We aimed to test the hypothesis that gender divide in disability pensioning is attributable to differences in health, mental distress, occupation, and income.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a health survey between 2000 and 2001, a total of 11,072 (48.7%) of all Oslo inhabitants aged 40, 45, 59, and 60 years participated. Survey data were linked to data from the National Insurance Administration and Statistics Norway for 10,421 of the participants, and 9,195 of those were eligible to receive disability pension at the end of 2000. Occupation, general health, and mental distress were self-reported, while income was obtained from official statistics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Approximately 5% of the eligible sample received a disability pension during the four years following the health survey. The age-adjusted odds of receiving disability pension for women was greater (odds ratio = 1.41) than for men. Self-reported health significantly contributed to the risk of receiving a pension, and seemed to reduce the imbalance in disability rates between the genders, as did adjusting for level of mental distress. Further adjustment for occupation and working conditions reduced the gender divide to an insignificant level, and the inclusion of income level (income three years prior to pensioning) completely eliminated any gender difference in risk of receiving a pension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gender differences in disability pensioning in Oslo are attributable to women's poorer self-reported health, greater levels of mental distress, lower wages, and more unfavourable working conditions such as job strain and less control over work.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Practice and Community Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway. bjorgulf.claussen@medisin.uio.no
authors.forename: Bjørgulf
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Claussen
authors.forename: Odd Steffen
authors.initials: OS
authors.lastname: Dalgard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D007588:Job Satisfaction; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D008603:Mental Health; D008875:Middle Aged; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D009790:Occupations; D010415:Pensions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014931:Women, Working / Q000523:psychology; D016526:Workload