title: Analysis of host-mediated repair mechanisms after human CNS-stem cell transplantation for spinal cord injury: correlation of engraftment with recovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human central nervous system-stem cells grown as neurospheres (hCNS-SCns) self-renew, are multipotent, and have potential therapeutic applications following trauma to the spinal cord. We have previously shown locomotor recovery in immunodeficient mice that received a moderate contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) and hCNS-SCns transplantation 9 days post-injury (dpi). Engrafted hCNS-SCns exhibited terminal differentiation to myelinating oligodendrocytes and synapse-forming neurons. Further, selective ablation of human cells using Diphtheria toxin (DT) abolished locomotor recovery in this paradigm, suggesting integration of human cells within the mouse host as a possible mechanism for the locomotor improvement. However, the hypothesis that hCNS-SCns could alter the host microenvironment as an additional or alternative mechanism of recovery remained unexplored; we tested that hypothesis in the present study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stereological quantification of human cells using a human-specific cytoplasmic marker demonstrated successful cell engraftment, survival, migration and limited proliferation in all hCNS-SCns transplanted animals. DT administration at 16 weeks post-transplant ablated 80.5% of hCNS-SCns. Stereological quantification for lesion volume, tissue sparing, descending serotonergic host fiber sprouting, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan deposition, glial scarring, and angiogenesis demonstrated no evidence of host modification within the mouse spinal cord as a result of hCNS-SCns transplantation. Biochemical analyses supplemented stereological data supporting the absence of neural stem-cell mediated host repair. However, linear regression analysis of the number of engrafted hCNS-SCns vs. the number of errors on a horizontal ladder beam task revealed a strong correlation between these variables (r = -0.78, p<0.05), suggesting that survival and engraftment were directly related to a quantitative measure of recovery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Altogether, the data suggest that the locomotor improvements associated with hCNS-SCns transplantation were not due to modifications within the host microenvironment, supporting the hypothesis that human cell integration within the host circuitry mediates functional recovery following a 9 day delayed transplant.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
authors.forename: Mitra J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Hooshmand
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Sontag
authors.forename: Nobuko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Uchida
authors.forename: Stan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamaki
authors.forename: Aileen J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Brian J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Cummings
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000473:pathology*; D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D009474:Neurons / Q000378:metabolism; D009836:Oligodendroglia / Q000502:physiology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D011508:Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans; D004167:Diphtheria Toxin