title: Serum levels of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 and their inhibitors in women with glucose intolerance in pregnancy and normal controls.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloprotenases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes active in inflammatory states. We have examined MMP-9, MMP-2, and their respective tissue inhibitors: TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in sera of women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and various degrees of insulin resistance (IR) in the third trimester of pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fasting serum levels of MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were measured in 26th-28th week of gestation in 51 women divided according to their response to a 50-g glucose challenge test (GCT) and a 75-g OGTT: controls (n = 20): both tests normal; the GDM group (n = 16) both tests abnormal; the intermediate group (IG; n = 15) abnormal GCT and normal OGTT. MMPs and TIMPs were correlated with the parameters of IR: homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and insulin resistance index (IRI).
  
  
  RESULTS
  MMP-9, MMP-2, TIMP-1 and MMP-9/TIMP-1 ratio were not different among the groups. TIMP-2 levels were significantly higher in the GDM and IG groups than in controls (p < 0.01). MMP-2/TIMP-2 ratio was lower in the GDM group than in the other groups (p < 0.01) and was correlated to HOMA and IRI (r = -0.465 and r = -0.43 respectively, p < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Serum MMP levels do not reflect inflammation in GDM. Elevated TIMP-2 and consequently lower MMP-2/TIMP-2 levels in GDM need to be clarified, but are unlikely to be a consequence of inflammation.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queen's Hospital, Rom Valley Way, Romford, London, UK. nemanja.stojanovic@endodiabetes.com
authors.forename: Nemanja
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Stojanovic
authors.forename: Krzysztof
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Ireneusz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Salata
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bienkiewicz
authors.forename: Susan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tuck
authors.forename: Gordana
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Prelevic
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Press
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000097:blood* / Q000201:enzymology; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 / Q000097:blood*; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011263:Pregnancy Trimester, Third; D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 / Q000097:blood*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D019715:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020778:Matrix Metalloproteinase 2; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9