title: Memantine in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia or dementia with Lewy bodies: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) are common forms of dementia that substantially affect quality of life. Currently, the only treatment licensed for PDD is rivastigmine, and there are no licensed treatments for DLB. We aimed to test the safety and efficacy of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine in patients with PDD or DLB.
  
  
  METHODS
  We did a parallel-group, 24-week, randomised controlled study of memantine (20 mg per day) versus placebo at four psychiatric and neurological outpatient clinics in Norway, Sweden, and the UK during 2005-08. Patients were included if they fulfilled the UK Parkinson's Disease Society Brain Bank clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease (PD) and developed dementia according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th edition (DSM IV) criteria at least 1 year after the onset of motor symptoms (PDD) or met the revised consensus operationalised criteria for DLB. Patients were assigned to a computer-generated randomisation list. All physicians who had contact with patients were masked to treatment allocation. The primary outcome measure was clinical global impression of change (CGIC), which ranged from 1 to 7 points, and a low score means a better outcome. Analysis was by intention to treat based on the last observation carried forward. This trial is registered, number ISRCTN89624516.
  
  
  RESULTS
  72 patients with PDD or DLB were randomly assigned and started treatment: 34 with memantine and 38 with placebo. 56 (78%) completed the study. All withdrawals were owing to adverse events, but the proportion of withdrawals was similar in both groups. At week 24 the patients in the memantine group had better CGIC scores than those taking placebo (mean difference 0.7, 95% CI 0.04-1.39; p=0.03). With the exception of improved speed on attentional tasks in the memantine group (a quick test of cognition [AQT] form: difference 12.4, 95% CI 6.0-30.9; p=0.004), there were no significant differences between the groups in secondary outcome measures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with DLB or PDD might benefit from treatment with memantine, which was well tolerated. Large-scale studies are now required to confirm our preliminary findings.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The Western Norway Regional Health Authority; H Lundbeck A/S.
authors.affiliation: The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders, Stavanger University Hospital, 4068 Stavanger, Norway. daa@sus.no
authors.forename: Dag
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Aarsland
authors.forename: Clive
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ballard
authors.forename: Zuzana
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Fredrik
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bostrom
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Alves
authors.forename: Katja
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kossakowski
authors.forename: Iracema
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Leroi
authors.forename: Francisco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pozo-Rodriguez
authors.forename: Lennart
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Minthon
authors.forename: Elisabet
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Londos
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D020961:Lewy Body Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008559:Memantine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D018579:Patient Selection; D015990:Placebo Effect; D010919:Placebos; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D010919:Placebos; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D008559:Memantine