title: Epidural nalbuphine for post cesarean epidural morphine induced pruritus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the present study was to test the efficacy of epidural nalbuphine 5 mg for prevention of morphine-induced pruritus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parturients, ASA I-II scheduled for elective cesarean section under epidural anesthesia were randomized into 3 groups: the placebo group, N-5 group, and N-10 group received 4 ml epidural solution containing morphine 4 mg plus either saline, nalbuphine 5 mg, and nalbuphine 10 mg respectively. Pain score at rest and on movement, incidence and severity of pruritus, sedation score, and pethidine consumption were recorded for 24 hours.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 182 parturients were randomized into 60 in the placebo group, 61 in the N-5 group, and 61 in the N-10 group. The severity of pruritus was significantly lower at 3, 6, 9 and 12 h postpartum in the N-5 group and the N-10 group had a lower degree of pruritus at 3 and 6 h postpartum compared to placebo. The VAS pain scores at rest and on movement were significantly higher in the N-10 group at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 h postpartum compared to the placebo and significantly higher at 3 h, 6 h postpartum compared to the N-5 group (p < 0.05). Patient's satisfactions were high in all groups without any significant difference between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Epidural nalbuphine 5 mg reduced severity of morphine induced pruritus for 12 h with statistically significant different advantages over epidural nalbuphine 10 mg without anti-analgesic effect. However the difference is too small to convey into clinical significant advantage.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Orawan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Pongraweewan
authors.forename: Ubolrat
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Santawata
authors.forename: Lertluk
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Weerasarn
authors.forename: Soodsiam
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Manuwong
authors.forename: Oranee
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Swasti-xuto
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015360:Analgesia, Epidural / Q000009:adverse effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D002585:Cesarean Section; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D009020:Morphine / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009266:Nalbuphine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011247:Pregnancy; D011537:Pruritus / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D009020:Morphine; D009266:Nalbuphine