title: Effect of Korean red ginseng on superoxide dismutase inhibitor-induced pancreatitis in rats: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a representative herbal remedy in Korea. We examined the effects of KRG treatment on superoxide dismutase inhibitor-induced experimental pancreatitis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sprague-Dawley rats and KRG from the roots of a 6-year-old fresh Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer plant were used in this study. Pancreatitis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of diethyldithiocarbamate for 4 weeks. Korean red ginseng was fed orally to rats for the next 3 weeks. At week 7, all rats were killed, and pancreatic tissues were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No histological alterations were detected in the pancreata of normal and KRG control groups. Tissues from the non-KRG-treated pancreatitis group exhibited marked pancreatic damage including changes in histological architecture, acinar cell necrosis and degeneration, and cytoplasmic vacuolization. However, tissues from the KRG-treated pancreatitis group exhibited no cellular damage and had normal histological pancreatic architecture. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the expressions of nuclear factor kappaB, tumor necrosis factor alpha, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and the oxidant stress markers, malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal, were significantly decreased in the KRG-treated pancreatitis group as compared with the non-KRG-treated pancreatitis group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that KRG has antioxidant therapeutic effects on superoxide dismutase inhibitor-induced pancreatitis by inhibition of nuclear factor kappaB.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. krjoo@khu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Kwang Ro
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Joo
authors.forename: Hyun Phil
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Shin
authors.forename: Jae Myung
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Cha
authors.forename: Sua
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nam
authors.forename: Youngbuhm
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Huh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D004050:Ditiocarb / Q000633:toxicity; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D007723:Korea; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D005894:Panax; D010195:Pancreatitis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009195:Peroxidase / Q000378:metabolism; D008517:Phytotherapy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004365:Drugs, Chinese Herbal; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D004050:Ditiocarb; D009195:Peroxidase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; C496318:Nos2 protein, rat; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase