title: Application of intra- and extracellular sugars and dimethylsulfoxide to human oocyte cryopreservation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oocyte cryopreservation may avoid many complications of human embryo freezing and provide future fertility for women undergoing cancer therapy. The objective of this study was to explore the application of intra- and extracellular sugars in combination with small amounts of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to human oocyte cryopreservation as an alternative approach.
  
  
  METHODS
  Discarded human oocytes that were obtained from IVF patients under informed consent and IRB approval, were cryopreserved by slow cooling to -196 degrees C after being randomly distributed into three groups: (i) DMSO control without intra- and extracellular sugar; (ii) extracellular sugar (raffinose) + DMSO; and (iii) intra- and extracellular sugar (trehalose and raffinose, respectively) + DMSO. Subsequently, all cryopreserved oocytes were thawed rapidly, and their survival was assessed by morphological criteria after 24 h of culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 71 oocytes were evaluated in three groups with survival rates of 88.5% (23/26), 68.2% (15/22), and 52.2% (12/23) for intra- and extracellular sugar+DMSO, extracellular sugar+DMSO, and DMSO control groups, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results support the use of intra- and extracellular sugars as an alternative approach for cryopreservation of human oocytes.
authors.affiliation: Central Georgia Fertility Institute, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31210, USA. Younis.Abdelmoneim@mccg.org
authors.forename: Abdelmoneim
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Younis
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Carnovale
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Eroglu
mesh_terms: D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000379:methods*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005110:Extracellular Space; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D042541:Intracellular Space; D008845:Microinjections; D009865:Oocytes / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011887:Raffinose / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014199:Trehalose / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D014199:Trehalose; D011887:Raffinose; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide