title: Therapeutic use of cytoprotective agents in canine and feline hepatobiliary disease.
abstract: Many medicinal, nutraceutical, and botanic extracts have been used as cytoprotective agents in liver disease. This article explains the mechanisms of action, pertinent pharmacokinetics, side effects, and clinical indications for the use of S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetylcysteine, ursodeoxycholic acid, silymarin, and vitamin E. The literature pertaining to in vitro studies, laboratory animal models, and human and veterinary clinical trials is reviewed with regards to the efficacy and use of these cytoprotective agents in hepatobiliary disease.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Sciences, Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, 200 Westborough Road, North Grafton, MA 01589, USA.
authors.forename: Cynthia R L
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Webster
authors.forename: Johanna
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D002371:Cat Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D002415:Cats; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004285:Dogs; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008107:Liver Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000662:veterinary*; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012838:Silymarin / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D002756:Cholagogues and Choleretics; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D012838:Silymarin; D014810:Vitamin E; D014580:Ursodeoxycholic Acid; D012436:S-Adenosylmethionine; D000111:Acetylcysteine