title: Effect of genipin cross-linking on the cellular adhesion properties of layer-by-layer assembled polyelectrolyte films.
abstract: Use of polyelectrolyte multi-layers as biomaterials for cell attachment has been limited due to their gel-like characteristics. Herein, we attempt to improve the cellular adhesion properties of multi-layer films, reduce their gel-like nature and rigidify them through chemical cross-linking with genipin; a natural and non-cytotoxic compound. Chitosan (CH), hyaluronan (HA) and alginate (Alg) were used to assemble [CH-HA]n CH and [CH-Alg]n CH films, and the effects of genipin cross-linking on the cell adhesion properties of these multi-layers were investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that cross-linking affected each of the films differently. Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) revealed that [CH-HA]10 CH films were very viscoelastic, with thicknesses in the range 350-450 nm, while [CH-Alg]10 CH films only grew to thicknesses of approximately 100 nm. These differences were a result of the different growth regimes of these two polyelectrolyte systems. Cell adhesion studies using MC3T3 pre-osteoblasts and rat fibroblastic skin cells, carried out on both films demonstrated vast differences in cell adhesion. [CH-HA]n CH cross-linked films proved to be highly non-adhesive for pre-osteoblasts and fibroblastic skin cells. Conversely, cross-linking [CH-Alg]n CH films was shown to dramatically improve pre-osteoblast and rat fibroblastic skin cell adhesion, especially for high bi-layer numbers and using higher concentrations of cross-linker.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Duff Medical Building, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada.
authors.forename: Anna L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Hillberg
authors.forename: Christina A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Holmes
authors.forename: Maryam
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tabrizian
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002448:Cell Adhesion / Q000187:drug effects; D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004573:Electrolytes / Q000737:chemistry*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008422:Materials Testing; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D051381:Rats; D014867:Water
chemical_list: D003432:Cross-Linking Reagents; D004573:Electrolytes; D057889:Iridoid Glycosides; D039823:Iridoids; D011108:Polymers; D014867:Water; C007834:genipin