title: Bioaccessibility, bioavailability and ecotoxicity of pentachlorophenol in compost amended soils.
abstract: The influence of compost on the bioaccessibility, bioavailability and ecotoxicity of pentachlorophenol (PCP) as a function of time was studied by means of different chemical and ecotoxicological methods. Experiments were conducted in both sterile and non-sterile microcosms and samplings carried out at 20, 60 and 120d from initial contamination. PCP bioaccessibility, assessed by means of Porapak resin extraction, was around 75% of the applied dose with no aging or compost effects. Two different methods were applied to assess the bioavailability of PCP, respectively, to bacteria and earthworms and linked to ecotoxicological assays (biosensor and earthworm coelomocytes assays). Water extraction was applied to assess the bioavailability to bacteria: results showed that this fraction was always below 50%, with significant decreases as a result of aging processes and compost addition. In non-sterile microcosms, compost amendment increased the amount of PCP biodegraded, while the ecotoxicological assay with the biosensor Pseudomonas fluorescens pUCD607 indicated a higher toxicity in the most degraded samples, thus suggesting the formation of more toxic metabolites. Earthworm body accumulation results were rather in accordance with water extractions data, with decreasing bioavailable amounts as a result of time and compost addition. No compost or aging effects were instead detected by coelomocytes assay. Results indicate how different methods must be applied altogether to assess the bioavailability and ecotoxicity of xenobiotics such as PCP in soil. The addition of compost was also proven as an effective strategy for the remediation of PCP contaminated soils, although issues related to the possible formation of toxic metabolites must be taken into account.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Chimica Agraria ed Ambientale, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy.
authors.forename: Edoardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Puglisi
authors.forename: Pasqua
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Vernile
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: Matteo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Spagnuolo
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Trevisan
authors.forename: Enrico de
authors.initials: Ed
authors.lastname: Lillo
authors.forename: Pacifico
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Ruggiero
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001682:Biological Availability; D015374:Biosensing Techniques; D054750:Ecotoxicology; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D005308:Fertilizers; D008163:Luminescent Measurements; D009835:Oligochaeta / Q000378:metabolism; D010416:Pentachlorophenol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity*; D011551:Pseudomonas fluorescens / Q000378:metabolism; D012987:Soil; D013997:Time Factors; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D005308:Fertilizers; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D010416:Pentachlorophenol