title: Cytokine production from stimulated whole blood cultures in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with various TNF blocking agents.
abstract: Infectious complications are not rare in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and the susceptibility to infections is increased during treatment with TNF blocking agents. As a possible mechanism contributing to that, we assessed the modulation of cytokine production induced by TNF neutralization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Whole blood cultures from six healthy volunteers and 13 RA patients starting therapy with either adalimumab (n = 7) or etanercept (n = 6) were stimulated with heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus or with S. typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The production of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL10, IL-17, TNF, IL-8 and IFN-gamma was measured by specific immunoassays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stimulation with Salmonella LPS resulted in a significantly lower production of IL-1beta, TNF and a trend towards lower IL-6 and IFN-gamma production in RA patients compared to healthy volunteers. Therapy with either of the agents did not significantly alter cytokine production capacity, with the exception of a lower IFN-gamma and IL-8 production in patients treated with adalimumab and stimulated with heat-killed S. aureus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of our study suggest that the detrimental effects of anti-TNF agents on the immune response can vary quite widely, from very serious to limited effects, as reported here for etanercept and adalimumab. Because anti-TNF therapy can affect the cellular integrity of tuberculous granuloma, recruitment of new cells at the granuloma site becomes crucial. In line with this, an impaired chemokine production induced by anti-TNF agents may ultimately result in the reactivation of tuberculosis, as previously reported. Therefore, caution should be constantly exercised in order to prevent the development of severe infections and reactivation of tuberculosis whenever therapy with anti-TNF is initiated.
authors.affiliation: Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. c.popa@reuma.umcn.nl
authors.forename: Calin
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Popa
authors.forename: Pilar
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Barrera
authors.forename: Leo A B
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Joosten
authors.forename: Piet L C M
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: van Riel
authors.forename: Bart-Jan
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Kullberg
authors.forename: Jos W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: van der Meer
authors.forename: Mihai G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Netea
mesh_terms: D000068879:Adalimumab; D000368:Aged; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001773:Blood Cells / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D016207:Cytokines / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D000068800:Etanercept; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007074:Immunoglobulin G / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007239:Infections; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D018501:Antirheumatic Agents; D016207:Cytokines; D007074:Immunoglobulin G; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D000068879:Adalimumab; D000068800:Etanercept