title: Late-disease stage at presentation to an HIV clinic in the era of free antiretroviral therapy in Sub-Saharan Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Access to free antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily increasing, and the success of large-scale antiretroviral therapy programs depends on early initiation of HIV care. However, little is known about the stage at which those infected with HIV present for treatment in sub-Saharan Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of initial visits to the Immune Suppression Syndrome Clinic of the Mbarara University Teaching Hospital, including patients who had their initial visit between February 2007 and February 2008 (N = 2311).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median age of the patients was 33 years (range 16-81 years), and 64% were female. More than one third (40%) were categorized as late presenters, that is, World Health Organization disease stage 3 or 4. Male gender, age 46-60 years (vs. younger), lower education level, being unemployed, living in a household with others, being unmarried, and lack of spousal HIV status disclosure were independently associated with late presentation, whereas being pregnant, having young children, and consuming alcohol in the prior year were associated with early presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Targeted public health interventions to facilitate earlier entry into HIV care are needed, as well as additional study to determine whether late presentation is due to delays in testing vs. delays in accessing care.
authors.affiliation: Uganda Research Initiative, Uganda.
authors.forename: Isaac M
authors.initials: IM
authors.lastname: Kigozi
authors.forename: Loren M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Dobkin
authors.forename: Jeffrey N
authors.initials: JN
authors.lastname: Martin
authors.forename: Elvin H
authors.initials: EH
authors.lastname: Geng
authors.forename: Winnie
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Muyindike
authors.forename: Nneka I
authors.initials: NI
authors.lastname: Emenyonu
authors.forename: David R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Bangsberg
authors.forename: Judith A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Hahn
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D057210:Delayed Diagnosis / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006784:Hospitals, Teaching; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014454:Uganda; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents