title: Barking and mobbing.
abstract: Barking is most often associated with the domestic dog Canis familiaris, but it is a common mammalian and avian vocalization. Like any vocalization, the acoustic character of the bark is likely to be a product of adaptation as well as an expression of the signaler's internal motivational state. While most authors recognize that the bark is a distinct signal type, no consistent description of its acoustic definition or function is apparent. The bark exhibits considerable variability in its acoustic form and occurs in a wide range of behavioral contexts, particularly in dogs. This has led some authors to suggest that dog barking might be a form of referential signaling, or an adaptation for heightened capability to communicate with humans. In this paper we propose a general 'canonical' acoustic description of the bark. Surveying relevant literature on dogs, wild canids, other mammals and birds, we explore an alternative functional hypothesis, first suggested by [Morton, E.S., 1977. On the occurrence and significance of motivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal sounds. Am. Nat. 111, 855-869] and consistent with his motivational-structural rules theory: that barking in many animals, including the domestic dog, is associated with mobbing behavior and the motivational states that accompany mobbing.
authors.affiliation: University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA. klord3@mac.com
authors.forename: Kathryn
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Lord
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Feinstein
authors.forename: Raymond
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Coppinger
mesh_terms: D000162:Acoustics; D000818:Animals; D000829:Animals, Domestic; D000835:Animals, Wild; D005075:Biological Evolution; D001717:Birds; D004285:Dogs; D001841:Human-Animal Bond; D006801:Humans; D009042:Motivation; D012919:Social Behavior; D013018:Sound Spectrography; D013997:Time Factors; D014828:Vocalization, Animal