title: Cloninger's temperament traits and preclinical atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cloninger's psychobiological model of temperament has recently raised interest as a risk factor for CHD. However, there are no studies that have examined the associations of Cloninger's temperament traits with atherosclerosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects were 398 men and 657 women (mean age 31.7 years) participating in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Linear regression analyses were used to examine the cross-sectional associations between temperament traits and preclinical atherosclerosis. Preclinical atherosclerosis was measured with carotid intima-media thickness ultrasound.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Higher novelty seeking (NS) and reward dependence (RD) and lower harm avoidance (HA) were associated with preclinical atherosclerosis. In NS and RD, associations remained significant after adjustments for various risk factors. The effect sizes of these associations were comparable to those of traditional risk factors of coronary heart disease, which is a major finding. No association for persistence (P) was found.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The present findings imply that examining a wider range of temperament and personality factors may offer new information that can help in explaining the between-individual variation in atherosclerosis and CHD morbidity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: Mirka
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hintsanen
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pulkki-Råback
authors.forename: Markus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Juonala
authors.forename: Jorma S A
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Viikari
authors.forename: Olli T
authors.initials: OT
authors.lastname: Raitakari
authors.forename: Liisa
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Keltikangas-Järvinen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D005106:Exploratory Behavior; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010554:Personality Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D012201:Reward; D012307:Risk Factors; D012919:Social Behavior; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013694:Temperament; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014463:Ultrasonography