title: Neuroprotective effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on spinal cord injury in rats.
abstract: Inflammation has been known to play an important role in the pathogenesis after spinal cord injury (SCI). Microglia are activated after injury and produce a variety of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1beta, cyclooxygenase-2, and reactive oxygen species leading to apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of total ethanol extract of Scutellaria baicalensis (EESB), after SCI. Using primary microglial cultures, EESB treatment significantly inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of such inflammatory mediators as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, cyclooxygenase-2, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Furthermore, reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production were significantly attenuated by EESB treatment. For in vivo study, rats that had received a moderate spinal cord contusion injury at T9 received EESB orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg. EESB inhibited expression of proinflammatory factors and protein carbonylation and nitration after SCI. EESB also inhibited microglial activation at 4 h after injury. Furthermore, EESB significantly inhibited apoptotic cell death of neurons and oligodendrocytes and improved functional recovery after SCI. Lesion cavity and myelin loss were also reduced following EESB treatment. Thus, our data suggest that EESB significantly improve functional recovery by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress after injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Tae Y
authors.initials: TY
authors.lastname: Yune
authors.forename: Jee Y
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chun M
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Cui
authors.forename: Ho C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Tae H
authors.initials: TH
authors.lastname: Oh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D016207:Cytokines / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D005911:Gliosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009187:Myelitis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D031364:Scutellaria baicalensis; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D016207:Cytokines; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C499814:Scutellaria baicalensis extract; D052248:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type I