title: Activation of calpain-1 in human carotid artery atherosclerotic lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In a previous study, we observed that oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced death of endothelial cells was calpain-1-dependent. The purpose of the present paper was to study the possible activation of calpain in human carotid plaques, and to compare calpain activity in the plaques from symptomatic patients with those obtained from patients without symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human atherosclerotic carotid plaques (n = 29, 12 associated with symptoms) were removed by endarterectomy. Calpain activity and apoptosis were detected by performing immunohistochemical analysis and TUNEL assay on human carotid plaque sections. An antibody specific for calpain-proteolyzed alpha-fodrin was used on western blots.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that calpain was activated in all the plaques and calpain activity colocalized with apoptotic cell death. Our observation of autoproteolytic cleavage of the 80 kDa subunit of calpain-1 provided further evidence for enzyme activity in the plaque samples. When calpain activity was quantified, we found that plaques from symptomatic patients displayed significantly lower calpain activity compared with asymptomatic plaques.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These novel results suggest that calpain-1 is commonly active in carotid artery atherosclerotic plaques, and that calpain activity is colocalized with cell death and inversely associated with symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Laboratory Medicine/Experimental Pathology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. isabel.goncalves@med.lu.se
authors.forename: Isabel
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gonçalves
authors.forename: Mihaela
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nitulescu
authors.forename: Takaomi C
authors.initials: TC
authors.lastname: Saido
authors.forename: Nuno
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Dias
authors.forename: Luis M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Pedro
authors.forename: José Fernandes
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: E Fernandes
authors.forename: Mikko P S
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Ares
authors.forename: Isabella
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pörn-Ares
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D017209:Apoptosis; D002154:Calpain / Q000378:metabolism*; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D002154:Calpain