title: Health technology assessment in the United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to describe generally the development and present situation with health technology assessment (HTA) in the United Kingdom.
  
  
  METHODS
  The methods used are a review of important materials that have described the development process and present situation, supplemented by some personal experiences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The United Kingdom has been characterized historically as a country with a strong interest in evidence in health care, both clinical trials for efficacy and cost-effectiveness analyses. However, this evidence was not well-linked to the needs of the National Health Services (NHS) before formation of the NHS R&D Programme in 1991, The R&D Programme brought substantial resources into HTA and related activities, with the central aim of improving health care in Britain and increasing value for money. However, policy makers as well as staff of the R&D Programme were dissatisfied with the use of the HTA results in clinical and administrative practice. Therefore, the National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) was formed in 1999. NICE issues guidance intended to influence practical decision making in health care at the national and local levels, based on efficacy information and, in some cases, economic analyses. NICE is now also seeking ways to maximize impacts on practice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The UK experience shows that information on clinical and cost-effectiveness may not be enough to change practice, at least in the short-run. Still, one may conclude that the United Kingdom now has one of the few most important and influential HTA programs in the world.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Health Economics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom. md18@york.ac.uk
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Drummond
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Banta
mesh_terms: D016730:Program Development; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006113:United Kingdom