title: Association of plasma micronutrient levels and urinary isoprostane with risk of lung cancer: the multiethnic cohort study.
abstract: Although smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, there is evidence to suggest that fruit and vegetable intake are important cofactors. The present case-control study, nested within the Multiethnic Cohort Study, examined the associations of biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake (individual plasma micronutrient levels), serum selenium, and a urinary biomarker for total lipid peroxidation with lung cancer risk. Two hundred seven incident cases were matched to 414 controls on age, sex, ethnicity, study location (Hawaii or California), smoking status, date/time of collection, and hours of fasting. We measured prediagnositic circulating levels of individual tocopherols and carotenoids, retinol, and serum selenium, and urinary 15-isoprostane F(2t). Conditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). For men, strong reductions in risk were seen with increasing tertiles of each plasma carotenoid, with the ORs for the third tertile, compared with the first tertile, ranging from 0.24 to 0.45 (P(trends), 0.002-0.04). No associations were found among women for carotenoids or among either sex for tocopherols, selenium, and retinol. A doubling in risk was seen for men in the second and third tertiles, compared with the first tertile of urinary 15-isoprostane F(2t) (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.02-5.25; and OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 0.98-4.78). This study supports the previously observed association between circulating carotenoids and lung cancer risk in men, and adds to the limited literature regarding urinary 15-isoprostane F(2t) as a marker of cancer risk. Future research examining the possible relationship between isoprostanes and lung cancer is warranted.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. mepplein@crch.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: Meira
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Epplein
authors.forename: Adrian A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: Robert V
authors.initials: RV
authors.lastname: Cooney
authors.forename: J Steven
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Morris
authors.forename: Lynne R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: Marc T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Suzanne P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: Brian E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: Laurence N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
authors.forename: Loïc
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000097:blood; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D005006:Ethnicity; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes / Q000652:urine*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D018977:Micronutrients / Q000097:blood*; D008875:Middle Aged; D012306:Risk; D012643:Selenium / Q000097:blood; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000097:blood; D014675:Vegetables
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D015415:Biomarkers; D028441:F2-Isoprostanes; D018977:Micronutrients; D002338:Carotenoids; D012643:Selenium; D024505:Tocopherols