title: Iron supplementation and gestational diabetes in midpregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Iron supplementation in pregnancy seems beneficial for neonatal/maternal outcomes, but it was associated with diabetes and hypertension in the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the association between iron supplementation during midpregnancy and metabolic/hypertensive abnormalities in 500 consecutive gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 500 normoglycemic women.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Iron-supplement users (n = 212/1000) showed significantly higher values of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), actual BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting glucose, Homeostasis-Model-Assessment-Insulin-Resistance, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol than nonusers. The prevalence of GDM (70.8% vs 44.4%), hypertension (25.9% vs 9.8%), metabolic syndrome (25.9% vs 10.4%) was significantly higher in the former with a 2- to 3-fold-increased risk at multiple regression analyses. Most glucose values of the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly higher in iron supplemented women, both in GDM and normoglycemic individuals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Iron supplementation is associated with glucose impairment and hypertension in midpregnancy; its potential harmful effects might be carefully debated regarding its effectiveness.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, Turin 10126, Italy. sbo@molinette.piemonte.it
authors.forename: Simona
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bo
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Menato
authors.forename: Paola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Villois
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gambino
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cassader
authors.forename: Ilenia
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Cotrino
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Cavallo-Perin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D015992:Body Mass Index; D016640:Diabetes, Gestational / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006706:Homeostasis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D046110:Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D007501:Iron / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016015:Logistic Models; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism; D011247:Pregnancy; D011262:Pregnancy Trimester, Second; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007501:Iron