title: Association of polymorphisms in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Beta genes with increased risk for oral cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In light of the recently found contribution of inflammation-related factors to oral oncogenesis, the possible correlation of tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta genes (TNF-alpha and TNF-beta) with risk of oral cancer was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  DNA samples of 160 German and Greek patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and 153 healthy controls of equivalent age, gender and ethnicity were studied. The functional polymorphisms TNF-alpha (-308 G/A) and TNF-beta (252 G/A), which affect gene expression, were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The frequencies of high expression A2 (-308A) TNF-alpha allele and high expression B1 (252G) TNF-beta allele were significantly increased in cancer patients compared to controls (respectively: 62.2% versus 14.7%, p<0.0001; OR 8.65, 95% CI 5.74-13.04 and 66.9% versus 15.7%, p<0.0001; OR 10.92, 95% CI 7.4-16.2). Three combined TNF-alpha/TNF-beta genotypes (A2A2/B1B1, A1A2/B1B2, A1A2/B1B1) were over-represented in cancer patients (p<0.001). No significant differences in allele frequencies were detected among most subgroups of patients divided in regard to cancer stage, family history for cancer or thrombosis, smoking or heavy alcohol consumption habits.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed a strong association of TNF-alpha and TNF-beta high expression alleles with increased risk of oral cancer. These findings are in accordance with previously observed high TNF-alpha levels in serum of patients with oral cancer in comparison to healthy controls.
authors.affiliation: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Athens Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens 11522, Greece. cyapijakis_ua_gr@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Christos
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yapijakis
authors.forename: Zoe
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Serefoglou
authors.forename: Antonis
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Vylliotis
authors.forename: Emeka
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nkenke
authors.forename: Spyridoula
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Derka
authors.forename: Stavros
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vassiliou
authors.forename: Dimitrios
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Avgoustidis
authors.forename: Friedrich Wilhelm
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Neukam
authors.forename: Efstratios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Patsouris
authors.forename: Eleftherios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Vairaktaris
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D012150:Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000235:genetics; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D008233:Lymphotoxin-alpha; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha