title: Pulp temperature increase during photo-activated disinfection (PAD) of periodontal pockets: an in vitro study.
abstract: The capacity of photo-sensitizers, used in combination with laser light to kill micro-organisms has been demonstrated in different studies. Photo-activated disinfection (PAD) has been introduced in periodontology as an aid for disinfection of periodontal pockets. The aim of this study is to verify the harm for dental vitality of the use of PAD in periodontal pockets. Root canals of 24 freshly extracted human teeth where prepared using profiles up to a size of ISO #50 and filled with thermo-conductor paste. A silicon-based false gum was made in which a periodontal pocket was created and filled with photo-sensitizer phenothiazine chloride (phenothiazine-5-ium, 3.7-bis (dimethylamino)-, chloride). The external root surface was irradiated during 60 s with a 660-nm diode laser (output power: 20 mW; power density: 0.090 W/cm(2); Energy density: 5.46 J/cm(2)) using a periodontal tip with a diameter of 1 mm and a length of 7 mm. Temperatures were recorded inside the root canal using a thermocouple. Measurements were recorded every second, starting at 10 s before lasering, during the irradiation and were continued for 150 s after the end of irradiation, and six measurements were done per tooth. An average temperature increase of 0.48 +/- 0.11 degrees C was recorded. Our results demonstrated that pulp temperature increase was lower than 3 degrees C, which is considered to be harmless for pulp injury. Regarding pulp temperature increase, the use of PAD for disinfection of periodontal pockets can be considered as a safe procedure for dental vitality.
authors.affiliation: Department of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium.
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: El Yazami
authors.forename: Toni
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Zeinoun
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bou Saba
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lamard
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Peremans
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Limme
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Geerts
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lamy
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nammour
mesh_terms: D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000293:injuries / Q000528:radiation effects*; D004203:Disinfection / Q000379:methods*; D006358:Hot Temperature / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000009:adverse effects; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012449:Safety; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents