title: Prevalence and correlates of vitamin D status in African American men.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Few studies have examined vitamin D insufficiency in African American men although they are at very high risk. We examined the prevalence and correlates of vitamin D insufficiency among African American men in Philadelphia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants in this cross-sectional analysis were 194 African American men in the Philadelphia region who were enrolled in a risk assessment program for prostate cancer from 10/96-10/07. All participants completed diet and health history questionnaires and provided plasma samples, which were assessed for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations. We used linear regression models to examine associations with 25(OH)D concentrations and logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (OR) for having 25(OH)D >or= 15 ng/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean 25(OH)D was 13.7 ng/mL, and 61% of men were classified as having vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D <15 ng/mL). Even among men with vitamin D intake >or= 400 IU/day, 55% had 25(OH)D concentrations <15 ng/mL. In multivariate models, 25(OH)D concentrations were significantly associated with supplemental vitamin D intake (OR 4.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5, 12.4) for >400 vs. 0 IU/day), milk consumption (OR 5.9, 95% CI 2.2, 16.0 for >or= 3.5 vs. <1 time per week), and blood collection in the summer. Additionally, 25(OH)D concentrations increased with more recreational physical activity (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1, 1.6 per hour). A significant inverse association of body mass index with 25(OH)D concentrations in bivariate analyses was attenuated with adjustment for season of blood collection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The problem of low vitamin D status in African American men may be more severe than previously reported. Future efforts to increase vitamin D recommendations and intake, such as through supplementation, are warranted to improve vitamin D status in this particularly vulnerable population.
authors.affiliation: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA. mtseng@calpoly.edu
authors.forename: Marilyn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Veda
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Giri
authors.forename: Deborah W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Bruner
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Giovannucci
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004032:Diet / Q000208:ethnology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D015143:Philadelphia / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D018570:Risk Assessment; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000097:blood / Q000208:ethnology*
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D