title: Phosphorylation-driven assembly of the RIP1-RIP3 complex regulates programmed necrosis and virus-induced inflammation.
abstract: Programmed necrosis is a form of caspase-independent cell death whose molecular regulation is poorly understood. The kinase RIP1 is crucial for programmed necrosis, but also mediates activation of the prosurvival transcription factor NF-kappaB. We postulated that additional molecules are required to specifically activate programmed necrosis. Using a RNA interference screen, we identified the kinase RIP3 as a crucial activator for programmed necrosis induced by TNF and during virus infection. RIP3 regulates necrosis-specific RIP1 phosphorylation. The phosphorylation of RIP1 and RIP3 stabilizes their association within the pronecrotic complex, activates the pronecrotic kinase activity, and triggers downstream reactive oxygen species production. The pronecrotic RIP1-RIP3 complex is induced during vaccinia virus infection. Consequently, RIP3(-/-) mice exhibited severely impaired virus-induced tissue necrosis, inflammation, and control of viral replication. Our findings suggest that RIP3 controls programmed necrosis by initiating the pronecrotic kinase cascade, and that this is necessary for the inflammatory response against virus infections.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Young Sik
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cho
authors.forename: Sreerupa
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Challa
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Moquin
authors.forename: Ryan
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Genga
authors.forename: Tathagat Dutta
authors.initials: TD
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Melissa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Guildford
authors.forename: Francis Ka-Ming
authors.initials: FK
authors.lastname: Chan
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D009336:Necrosis; D010766:Phosphorylation; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor / Q000276:immunology; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000276:immunology; D014615:Vaccinia / Q000276:immunology; D014616:Vaccinia virus / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D020690:GTPase-Activating Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; C490620:Ralbp1 protein, mouse; D018124:Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D053422:Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C485615:Ripk3 protein, mouse