Origins and evolutionary genomics of the 2009 swine-origin H1N1 influenza A epidemic.
In March and early April 2009, a new swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus (S-OIV) emerged in Mexico and the United States. During the first few weeks of surveillance, the virus spread worldwide to 30 countries (as of May 11) by human-to-human transmission, causing the World Health Organization to raise its pandemic alert to level 5 of 6. This virus has the potential to develop into the first influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century. Here we use evolutionary analysis to estimate the timescale of the origins and the early development of the S-OIV epidemic. We show that it was derived from several viruses circulating in swine, and that the initial transmission to humans occurred several months before recognition of the outbreak. A phylogenetic estimate of the gaps in genetic surveillance indicates a long period of unsampled ancestry before the S-OIV outbreak, suggesting that the reassortment of swine lineages may have occurred years before emergence in humans, and that the multiple genetic ancestry of S-OIV is not indicative of an artificial origin. Furthermore, the unsampled history of the epidemic means that the nature and location of the genetically closest swine viruses reveal little about the immediate origin of the epidemic, despite the fact that we included a panel of closely related and previously unpublished swine influenza isolates. Our results highlight the need for systematic surveillance of influenza in swine, and provide evidence that the mixing of new genetic elements in swine can result in the emergence of viruses with pandemic potential in humans.
Smith
Gavin J D
GJ
State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases & Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
Vijaykrishna
Dhanasekaran
D
Bahl
Justin
J
Lycett
Samantha J
SJ
Worobey
Michael
M
Pybus
Oliver G
OG
Ma
Siu Kit
SK
Cheung
Chung Lam
CL
Raghwani
Jayna
J
Bhatt
Samir
S
Peiris
J S Malik
JS
Guan
Yi
Y
Rambaut
Andrew
A
D000818:Animals; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D016679:Genome, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D053118:Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009976:Orthomyxoviridae Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000662:veterinary / Q000821:virology; D010802:Phylogeny; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000821:virology*; D013997:Time Factors