title: Recruitment strategies for a lung cancer chemoprevention trial involving ex-smokers.
abstract: The ability to recruit qualified subjects who are willing to adhere to the study protocol in clinical trials is an essential component of translational research. Such tasks can be particularly challenging for chemoprevention studies when the targeted study population is healthy, at risk individuals who do not have signs or symptoms of the disease, and the study participation involves complex scheduling and invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy. In this report, we describe the recruitment process and evaluated the effectiveness of various recruitment strategies utilized in our National Cancer Institute sponsored lung cancer chemoprevention study with celecoxib. Heavy ex-smokers were recruited into the study through various methods such as radio advertisements, print media, mass mailings, flyers, internet postings and others. The number of inquiries, on-site screenees and randomization generated by each method determined the efficacy of that recruitment strategy. We prescreened 4470 individuals, invited 323 people for on-site screening and randomized 137 subjects. Radio advertisements (ads) generated the most inquiries (71.1%), followed by internet posting (11.8%), print media (6.0%), posted and racked flyers (4.4%), mass mailings (2.7%) and other strategies such as referrals from friends or family members or health care providers (2.3%). Radio ads, although costly, yielded the most subjects for on-site screening and randomization. Moreover, among the various types of radio stations, news radio stations were by far the most successful. Our results suggest that advertising on news radio is a highly effective recruitment method for successful accrual of ex-smokers into lung cancer chemoprevention trials.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1690, USA.
authors.forename: Steve H
authors.initials: SH
authors.lastname: Kye
authors.forename: Donald P
authors.initials: DP
authors.lastname: Tashkin
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Roth
authors.forename: Bradley
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Adams
authors.forename: Wen-Xian
authors.initials: WX
authors.lastname: Nie
authors.forename: Jenny T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Mao
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000329:Advertising; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002140:California; D000068579:Celecoxib; D018890:Chemoprevention; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000379:methods*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008297:Male; D008402:Mass Media; D008875:Middle Aged; D018579:Patient Selection; D011641:Public Relations; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011845:Radio; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D040241:Social Marketing; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib