Techniques for framing questions in conducting family meetings in palliative care.
OBJECTIVE
Family therapy has developed several approaches to framing questions within family meetings, but few of these techniques have been adapted for palliative care. We focus on the application of questioning techniques from systemic family therapy to palliative care. More specifically, we describe and give examples of the model of asking questions developed by Karl Tomm (1988) through its application in Family Focused Grief Therapy (FFGT), a preventive intervention delivered to high-risk families during palliative care and bereavement.


METHODS
First, the type of questions used across the course of therapy is explored based on the interventive questioning model. Then, a case example is provided to demonstrate the use and adaptation of this model in a palliative care setting.


RESULTS
At the beginning of therapy, the most frequent questions were linear and circular, moving around the family to build up a picture of events from everyone's perspective. As for the frequency of reflexive and strategic questions, these increased as the therapy progressed, bringing the family to new perspectives. The case example fleshes out the importance of each type of question, all of which have a proper place in the course of therapy.


CONCLUSIONS
These illustrations highlight the value of having a model of questioning styles to guide the clinician when exploring palliative care issues, such as care provision, coping and grief, intimacy, and discussing death. This framework could be useful in guiding supervisors, trainees, and clinicians seeking to build skills and optimize their interventions in a palliative care setting.
Dumont
Isabelle
I
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA. isab.dumont@gmail.com
Kissane
David
D
D003142:Communication; D005195:Family Relations; D005196:Family Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007406:Interview, Psychological / Q000379:methods*; D010166:Palliative Care; D011369:Professional-Patient Relations; D011580:Psychological Techniques; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires