title: Patient-directed titration for achieving glycaemic goals using a once-daily basal insulin analogue: an assessment of two different fasting plasma glucose targets - the TITRATE study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare efficacy and safety of two fasting plasma glucose (FPG) titration targets [4.4-6.1 mmol/l (80-110 mg/dl) and 3.9-5.0 mmol/l (70-90 mg/dl)] using a patient-directed, treat-to-target algorithm for once-daily basal insulin in insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes suboptimally treated with oral antidiabetes drugs (OADs).
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 20-week, randomized, controlled, open-label, multicentre, treat-to-target study, 244 insulin-naïve subjects with type 2 diabetes, HbA(1c)>or=7.0 and <or=9.0% on OAD treatment, were randomized (1 : 1) to one of two treatment arms using 3.9-5.0 or 4.4-6.1 mmol/l FPG as titration targets. Once-daily insulin detemir doses were adjusted using algorithm-guided patient-directed titration to achieve target FPG values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, the combined treatment groups achieved a mean HbA(1c) level of 6.9% at the end of the study. Substantial reductions in HbA(1c) were seen in both treatment groups, with the majority of subjects in both titration groups at the end of the study achieving the American Diabetes Association (ADA)-recommended HbA(1c) level of <7%. In the 3.9-5.0 mmol/l FPG target treatment group, HbA(1c) values decreased from a baseline mean of 8.0% to 6.8% at 20 weeks. In the 4.4-6.1 mmol/l FPG target group, HbA(1c) values decreased from 7.9% at baseline to 7.0% at 20 weeks (Intention to treat - last observation carried forward data set). These decreases were significantly different between the two treatment groups (Least squares mean difference = -0.271, 95% CI -0.441 to -0.101, p = 0.0019), favouring the FPG target of 3.9-5.0 mmol/l vs. the 4.4-6.1 mmol/l target. At the end of the study period, 64.3% of subjects in the 3.9-5.0 mmol/l treatment group achieved HbA(1c) levels <7% compared with 54.5% of subjects in the 4.4-6.1 mmol/l group (95% CI 1.03-3.37, odds ratio 1.86, p = 0.04). Insulin detemir dosing patterns were similar between treatment groups, with the 3.9-5.0 mmol/l group using slightly greater doses throughout the study period (0.57 U/kg vs. 0.51 U/kg at the end of the study). Overall rates of hypoglycaemia episodes were low and were comparable between treatment groups (7.73 and 5.27 events/subject/year for the 3.9-5.0 and 4.4-6.1 mmol/l groups, respectively). A single event of major hypoglycaemia was reported in the 3.9-5.0 mmol/l group. Mean weight changes from baseline to the end of the study were small and did not differ significantly between treatment groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 3.9-5.0 mmol/l FPG target showed superior efficacy compared with the 4.4-6.1 mmol/l target, although both FPG titration targets resulted in substantial reductions of HbA(1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes using a patient-directed insulin titration algorithm. A majority of subjects in both titration groups achieved the ADA-recommended guideline of <7% HbA(1c) at the end of the study with low rates of hypoglycaemia. These data indicate that lowering the fasting glucose target using a self-directed titration algorithm with once-daily detemir is safe and increases the likelihood of achieving the target level of HbA(1c). Indeed, using this approach, a majority of patients can achieve an HbA(1c) of <7%.
authors.affiliation: Ochsner Diabetes Clinical Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA. lblonde@ochsner.org
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Blonde
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Merilainen
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Karwe
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Raskin
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis*; D015190:Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010358:Patient Participation; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000069057:Insulin Detemir; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; C517652:hemoglobin A1c protein, human