title: Vanadium-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells is mediated by c-fos and involves nuclear accumulation of clusterin.
abstract: Vanadium exerts a variety of biological effects, including antiproliferative responses through activation of the respective signaling pathways and the generation of reactive oxygen species. As epidermal cells are exposed to environmental insults, human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were used to investigate the mechanism of the antiproliferative effects of vanadyl(IV) sulfate (VOSO(4)). Treatment of HaCaT cells with VOSO(4) inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Inhibition of proliferation was associated with downregulation of cyclins D1 and E, E2F1, and the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1/Waf1) and p27(Kip1). Induction of apoptosis correlated with upregulation of the c-fos oncoprotein, changes in the expression of clusterin (CLU), an altered ratio of antiapoptotic to proapoptotic Bcl-2 protein family members, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage. Forced overexpression of c-fos induced apoptosis in HaCaT cells that correlated with secretory CLU downregulation and upregulation of nuclear CLU (nCLU), a pro-death protein. Overexpression of Bcl-2 protected HaCaT cells from vanadium-induced apoptosis, whereas secretory CLU overexpression offered no cytoprotection. In contrast, nCLU sensitized HaCaT cells to apoptosis. Our data suggest that vanadium-mediated apoptosis was promoted by c-fos, leading to alterations in CLU isoform processing and induction of the pro-death nCLU protein.
authors.affiliation: Cellular and Molecular Physiology Unit, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Ioannina, Greece.
authors.forename: Soultana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Markopoulou
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kontargiris
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Batsi
authors.forename: Theodore
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tzavaras
authors.forename: Ioannis
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Trougakos
authors.forename: David A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Boothman
authors.forename: Efstathios S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Gonos
authors.forename: Evangelos
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kolettas
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D051152:Clusterin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D014639:Vanadium / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D051152:Clusterin; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D014639:Vanadium