title: A parametric study of golf car and personal transport vehicle braking stability and their deficiencies.
abstract: This paper describes research and parametric analyses of braking effectiveness and directional stability for golf cars, personal transport vehicles (PTVs) and low speed vehicles (LSVs). It is shown that current designs, which employ brakes on only the rear wheels, can lead to rollovers if the brakes are applied while traveling downhill. After summarizing the current state of existing safety standards and brake system designs, both of which appear deficient from a safety perspective, a previously developed dynamic simulation model is used to identify which parameters have the greatest influence on the vehicles' yaw stability. The simulation results are then used to parametrically quantify which combination of these factors can lead to yaw induced rollover during hard braking. Vehicle velocity, steering input, path slope and tire friction are all identified as important parameters in determining braking stability, the effects of which on rollover propensity are presented graphically. The results further show that when vehicles are equipped with front brakes or four-wheel brakes, the probability of a yaw induced rollover is almost entirely eliminated. Furthermore, the parametric charts provided may be used as an aid in developing guidelines for golf car and PTV path design if rear brake vehicles are used.
authors.affiliation: Technology Associates, 1011 High Ridge Rd., Stamford, CT 06905, United States. kseluga@technology-assoc.com
authors.forename: Kristopher J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Seluga
authors.forename: Lowell L
authors.initials: LL
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Irving U
authors.initials: IU
authors.lastname: Ojalvo
mesh_terms: D000059:Accidents / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004869:Equipment Safety / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006055:Golf; D006801:Humans; D015233:Models, Statistical; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D015541:Off-Road Motor Vehicles / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D014481:United States