title: Work-family conflicts and health behaviors among British, Finnish, and Japanese employees.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Work-family conflicts are associated with poor health. However, work-family conflicts and health behaviors have been little studied.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the associations of conflicts between paid work and family life with unhealthy behaviors among British, Finnish, and Japanese employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were derived from postal questionnaire surveys among 40 to 60 years old employees from three cohorts, the British Whitehall II Study (n = 3,397), the Finnish Helsinki Health Study (n = 4,958), and the Japanese Civil Servants Study (n = 2,901). Outcomes were current smoking, heavy drinking, physical inactivity, and unhealthy food habits. Work-family conflicts were measured with eight items. Age, marital status, and occupational class were adjusted for in logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Work-family conflicts had few and inconsistent associations with unhealthy behaviors in all three cohorts. In the Finnish cohort, strong work-family conflicts were associated with current smoking among men. Women with strong conflicts had more often unhealthy food habits and were more often heavy drinkers than women with weaker conflicts. Likewise, British women with strong work-family conflicts were more often heavy drinkers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although work-family conflicts were fairly prevalent in the examined cohorts, these conflicts had but few associations with the studied key health behaviors.
authors.affiliation: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 41, Mannerheimintie 172, 00014, Helsinki, Finland. tea.lallukka@helsinki.fi
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lallukka
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Chandola
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roos
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Cable
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekine
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kagamimori
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tatsuse
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Marmot
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lahelma
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003220:Conflict, Psychological; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D015444:Exercise; D054541:Family Conflict / Q000523:psychology*; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D015438:Health Behavior; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D007564:Japan / Q000453:epidemiology; D016015:Logistic Models; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D017533:Marital Status; D008875:Middle Aged; D009790:Occupations / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016526:Workload / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data