title: Interaction of catechol and non-catechol substrates with externally or internally facing dopamine transporters.
abstract: Our previous work suggested that collapsing the Na(+) gradient and membrane potential converts the dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) to an inward-facing conformation with a different substrate binding profile. Here, DAT expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells were permeabilized with digitonin, disrupting ion/voltage gradients and allowing passage of DAT substrates. The potency of p-tyramine and other non-catechols (d-amphetamine, beta-phenethylamine, MPP(+)) in inhibiting cocaine analog binding to DAT in digitonin-treated cells was markedly weakened to a level similar to that observed in cell-free membranes. In contrast, the potency of DA and another catechol, norepinephrine, was not significantly changed by the same treatment, whereas epinephrine showed only a modest reduction. These findings suggest that catechol substrates interact symmetrically with both sides of DAT and non-catechol substrates, favoring binding to outward-facing transporter. In the cocaine analog binding assay, the mutant W84L displayed enhanced intrinsic binding affinity for substrates in interacting with both outward- and inward-facing states; D313N showed wild-type-like symmetric binding; but D267L and E428Q showed an apparent improvement in the permeation pathway from the external face towards the substrate site. Thus, the structure of both substrate and transporter play a role in the sidedness and mode of interaction between them.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, Millhauser Labs, New York, New York 10016, USA.
authors.forename: Ying-Jian
authors.initials: YJ
authors.lastname: Liang
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhen
authors.forename: Nianhang
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Maarten E A
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Reith
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites; D002396:Catechols / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D004072:Digitonin / Q000378:metabolism; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008958:Models, Molecular; D009154:Mutation; D010539:Permeability; D011485:Protein Binding; D011487:Protein Conformation; D013379:Substrate Specificity; D015032:Zinc / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002396:Catechols; D050483:Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins; D015032:Zinc; D004072:Digitonin