title: Effect of depression on health care utilization in patients with end-stage renal disease treated with hemodialysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is regarded as the most common psychiatric abnormality in patients on hemodialysis (HD) for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Although several studies have demonstrated a relationship between depression and utilization of health care in ESRD and other chronic illnesses in developing countries, such evidence from hemodialysis patients is lacking in Iran. This study aims to investigate the effect of depression on health care utilization among Iranian hemodialysis patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  A longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baqiyatallah Hospital (Tehran, Iran) between 2005 and 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Of the 70 enrolled hemodialysis patients, 68 finished the study including 19 depressed and 49 non-depressed ones according to the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects' health care utilization in a six-month period was prospectively assessed by recording the hospital admission and home nurse visits, outpatient physician visits, and patients' emergency department visits for any medical reason. The results were subsequently compared between the study groups.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher hospital admission rate (94.7% vs. 55.1%, p=.002; Pearson's chi-square test) as well as a higher likelihood of emergency department visits (73.7% vs. 40.8%, p=0.002; Pearson's chi-square test) was seen in depressed patients. The frequencies of the other types of health care utilization were not statistically different between the two groups (p>0.05, Pearson's chi-square test).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Depression in hemodialysis patients is associated with higher rate of hospital admission, and prospective studies should be conducted to assess whether treatment of depression will decrease health care utilization in these patients.
authors.affiliation: Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Seyed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Abbas Tavallaii
authors.forename: Mehdi
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ebrahimnia
authors.forename: Navvab
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Shamspour
authors.forename: Shervin
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Assari
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D004636:Emergency Service, Hospital / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs; D006761:Hospitals / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors