title: Cytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta is associated with aggressive clinicopathological features in human prostate cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is involved in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, mobility, proliferation and survival. However, its clinicopathologic significance remains unclear in prostate cancer (PCa).
  
  
  METHODS
  A tissue microarray was produced from 640 samples. Sections were immunostained with an antibody against the non-phosphorylated form of GSK-3(GSK-3beta) and were digitized. Spearman correlation test was processed for correlations between GSK-3beta and biological and clinicopathological variables. The prognostic value of GSK-3beta was analyzed by Cox Regression model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cytoplasmic GSK-3beta was higher in PCa than in normal prostate (mean expression index 4.55 vs. 3.50, p<0.0001). Conversely, nuclear expression was higher in normal prostate than that in PCa (3.38 vs. 2.04, p<0.0001). Cytoplasmic levels of GSK-3beta were correlated with clinical stage (rho=0.095, p=0.0337), lymph node metastasis (rho=0.116, p=0.0096), extracapsular extension (rho=0.092, p=0.0392), and Gleason score (rho=0.167, p=0.0002). Increased cytoplasmic GSK-3beta expression was correlated with high Ki-67 labeling index (rho=0.319, p<0.0001), low apoptotic index by TUNEL (rho=-0.118, p=0.0134), high levels of androgen receptor (rho=0.292, p<0.0001) and p-Akt (rho=0.396, p<0.0001). Patients with higher cytoplasmic levels of GSK-3beta had a two-fold risk of biochemical recurrence-free survival compared to those with lower levels of GSK-3beta [HR 1.934 (1.020-3.667), p=0.043].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cytoplasmic accumulation of GSK-3beta is potentially associated with a pro-survival mechanism that promotes PCa development and progression.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, U.S.A.
authors.forename: Rile
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sibel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Erdamar
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Dai
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sayeeduddin
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Frolov
authors.forename: Thomas M
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Wheeler
authors.forename: Gustavo E
authors.initials: GE
authors.lastname: Ayala
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D017209:Apoptosis; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000201:enzymology*; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011379:Prognosis; D011467:Prostate / Q000201:enzymology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D015996:Survival Rate; D046888:Tissue Array Analysis
chemical_list: C000605506:GSK3B protein, human; D000071679:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 beta; D038362:Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3