title: Effects of lipid nanocarriers on the performance of topical vehicles in vivo.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Nanocarrier systems have been extensively studied for their suitability in personal care formulations. Theoretically, they could enhance skin delivery of active compounds, thereby improving in vivo efficacy of the products. As such the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a lipid nanocarrier (LNC) system loaded with tocopheryl acetate (TA) on the hydration, biomechanical properties, and antioxidant capacity of human skin, when used in two different vehicles, and compare it with a non-LNC formulation.
  
  
  METHODS
  TA-loaded lipid nanocarriers (TA-LNCs) were produced by the phase inversion method, using physiological lipids and purified by ultra-centrifugation. They were incorporated into a hydrophilic gel and foam, and their performance compared with a saturated TA solution in silicon oil. Skin hydration and biomechanical properties were measured by means of a corneometer and a cutometer, respectively, while a high-resolution spectrophotometer was used to assess skin redness after stimulation by methyl nicotinate in a micro-inflammatory test. Both short-term (3 h) and long-term trials (4 weeks) were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results confirmed that the LNCs enhanced skin hydration in both studies, while skin viscoelastic parameters remained practically unchanged during the 4-week study. The antioxidant assessment failed to show significant difference between the test sites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TA-loaded LNCs exhibited the ability to enhance skin hydration, while their effect on skin biomechanical properties and on antioxidant efficacy could not be statistically proved.
authors.affiliation: School of Management and Science, London College of Fashion, University of the Arts, London W1G OBJ, UK.
authors.forename: Mojgan
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Moddaresi
authors.forename: Slobodanka
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Tamburic
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Stuart A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Jones
authors.forename: Yanjun
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhao
authors.forename: Marc B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Brown
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D005782:Gels / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D054118:Nanospheres / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000494:pharmacology; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012827:Silicone Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D023422:Skin Irritancy Tests / Q000379:methods; D013053:Spectrophotometry / Q000379:methods*; D024505:Tocopherols / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005782:Gels; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012827:Silicone Oils; C008473:methyl nicotinate; D024505:Tocopherols