title: Ankle brachial index measurement in primary care: are we doing it right?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reference standard for diagnosing peripheral arterial disease in primary care is the ankle brachial index (ABI). Various methods to measure ankle and brachial blood pressures and to calculate the index are described.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare the ABI measurements performed in primary care with those performed in the vascular laboratory. Furthermore, an inventory was made of methods used to determine the ABI in primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care practice and outpatient clinic.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients suspected of peripheral arterial disease based on ABI assessment in primary care practices were included. The ABI measurements were repeated in the vascular laboratory. Referring GPs were interviewed about method of measurement and calculation of the index. From each patient the leg with the lower ABI was used for analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-nine patients of 45 primary care practices with a mean ABI of 0.80 (standard deviation [SD] = 0.27) were included. The mean ABI as measured in the vascular laboratory was 0.82 (SD = 0.26). A Bland-Altman plot demonstrated great variability between ABI measurements in primary care practice and the vascular laboratory. Both method of blood pressure measurements and method of calculating the ABI differed greatly between primary care practices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that the ABI is often not correctly determined in primary care practice. This phenomenon seems to be due to inaccurate methods for both blood pressure measurements and calculation of the index. A guideline for determining the ABI with a hand-held Doppler, and a training programme seem necessary.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery Atrium Medical Center Parkstad, Heerlen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Saskia P A
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Nicolaï
authors.forename: Lotte M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Kruidenier
authors.forename: Ellen V
authors.initials: EV
authors.lastname: Rouwet
authors.forename: Marie-Louise E L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bartelink
authors.forename: Martin H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Prins
authors.forename: Joep A W
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Teijink
mesh_terms: D000842:Ankle / Q000098:blood supply*; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index / Q000592:standards*; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005194:Family Practice / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex / Q000295:instrumentation*