title: Aldosterone excess or escape: Treating resistant hypertension.
abstract: Aldosterone excess or "escape" can occur after treatment with medications that block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system or in undiagnosed primary aldosteronism. Spironolactone is thought to be an important addition to resistant hypertension (RH) treatment. In this study, resistant (RH) and controlled (CH) hypertensives and normotensive patients were submitted to echocardiography, flow-mediated vasodilation, carotid intima-media wall thickness studies, renin plasma activity, and aldosterone plasma levels and plasma and urinary sodium and potassium concentrations at baseline (pre-spironolactone phase). Subsequently, for only RH and CH groups, 25 mg/d spironolactone was added to preexisting treatments over 6 months. Afterwards, these parameters were reassessed (post-spironolactone phase). The RH and CH groups achieved reductions in blood pressure (P<.001), decreases in left ventricular hypertrophy (P<.001), improved diastolic function (Kappa index RH: 0.219 and Kappa index CH: 0.392) and increases in aldosterone concentrations (P<.05). The RH group attained improved endothelium-dependent (P<.001) and independent (P=.007) function. Optimized RH treatment with spironolactone reduces blood pressure and improves endothelial and diastolic function and left ventricular hypertrophy despite the presence of aldosterone excess or escape.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, State University of Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Samira
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ubaid-Girioli
authors.forename: Leoní
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Adriana de Souza
authors.forename: Juan Carlos
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Yugar-Toledo
authors.forename: Luiz Cláudio
authors.initials: LC
authors.lastname: Martins
authors.forename: Sílvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ferreira-Melo
authors.forename: Otávio Rizzi
authors.initials: OR
authors.lastname: Coelho
authors.forename: Cristina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sierra
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Coca
authors.forename: Eduardo
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Pimenta
authors.forename: Heitor
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moreno
mesh_terms: D000450:Aldosterone / Q000097:blood*; D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D004351:Drug Resistance; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D017379:Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular / Q000188:drug therapy; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011188:Potassium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D012083:Renin / Q000097:blood; D012084:Renin-Angiotensin System / Q000187:drug effects; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood / Q000652:urine; D013148:Spironolactone / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D047228:Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers; D000806:Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; D000451:Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists; D013148:Spironolactone; D000450:Aldosterone; D012964:Sodium; D012083:Renin; D011188:Potassium