title: Novel TET2 mutations associated with UPD4q24 in myelodysplastic syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cryptic chromosomal aberrations, such as regions of uniparental disomy (UPD), have been shown to harbor homozygous mutations and are a common feature in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). We investigated the sequence integrity of 4q24 candidate tumor suppressor gene TET2 in MDS patients with UPD on chromosome 4.
  
  
  METHODS
  The coding exons of TET2 were analyzed by 454 deep sequencing and Sanger sequencing in nine patients with UPD on 4q. Four patients had refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia and ringed sideroblasts (RCMD-RS) and UPD4q24, and five patients (refractory anemia with excess blasts-II, n = 1; 5q- syndrome, n = 1; RCMD-RS, n = 1; refractory anemia, n = 1; refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia, n = 1) had no UPD4q24.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mutations on TET2 were identified in all four patients with UPD4q24. These were localized to exons 3, 6, and 9 and resulted in two premature stop codons, one frameshift mutation, and one cysteine to glycine amino acid change. Mutant clone size varied between 30% and 85%. One patient with UPD outside of q24 (UPD4q28.3) displayed additional TET2 mutations, but these were at low clonal levels (13%, 4%, and 4% for a silent mutation, a 180-base pair deletion in exon 3, and a lysine to phenylalanine substitution in exon 11, respectively). The other patients who did not have UPD4q24 did not have verifiable TET2 mutations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data identify novel TET2 mutations in a dominant clone in patients with UPD4q24. The presence of UPD4q24 and mutations in RCMD-RS patients may suggest specificity to this subtype. Our preliminary results need to be confirmed in a large cohort of all MDS subtypes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK.
authors.forename: Azim M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Mohamedali
authors.forename: Alexander E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Joop
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gaken
authors.forename: Nicholas C
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Lea
authors.forename: Syed A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Mian
authors.forename: Nigel B
authors.initials: NB
authors.lastname: Westwood
authors.forename: Corinna
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Strupp
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Gattermann
authors.forename: Ulrich
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Germing
authors.forename: Ghulam J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Mufti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002894:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D049308:Dioxygenases; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000235:genetics*; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D024182:Uniparental Disomy
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D049308:Dioxygenases; C541081:TET2 protein, human