title: Effects of maxillary protraction and fixed appliance therapy on the pharyngeal airway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the long-term outcome of treatment with reverse headgear in patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion diagnosed as maxillary deficient.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-five patients (11 girls, 14 boys; mean age, 11.32 years) treated with a reverse headgear appliance were included in this study. Pretreatment, posttreatment, and 4-year follow-up cephalometric radiographs were obtained; linear, angular, and area measurements were performed. Comparison of treatment and observation changes was performed using a paired t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significant increase was found in the forward movement of the maxilla, which was maintained 4 years after reverse headgear treatment. Treatment changes revealed significant increases in the sagittal dimensions and area of nasopharyngeal airway and remained significant at the end of the 4-year follow-up period. The oropharyngeal airway area increased nonsignificantly after the treatment, but significant increases occurred during the follow-up period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In young individuals diagnosed with maxillary deficiency treated with reverse headgear, the nasopharyngeal airway dimensions were improved after the treatment, and favorable effects of the treatment remained over the posttreatment period of 4 years.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: Emine
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kaygisiz
authors.forename: Burcu Baloş
authors.initials: BB
authors.lastname: Tuncer
authors.forename: Sema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yüksel
authors.forename: Cumhur
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Tuncer
authors.forename: Cem
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Yildiz
mesh_terms: D002508:Cephalometry; D002648:Child; D005115:Extraoral Traction Appliances; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008313:Malocclusion, Angle Class III / Q000628:therapy*; D008437:Maxilla / Q000473:pathology*; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000473:pathology*; D009960:Oropharynx / Q000473:pathology; D009971:Orthodontics, Corrective / Q000295:instrumentation*; D063173:Retrognathia / Q000628:therapy; D012189:Retrospective Studies