title: Hemodynamic changes during laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of normal adrenal tissue in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the hemodynamic response to radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of normal adrenal tissue in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy adult mixed-breed dogs (n=6).
  
  
  METHODS
  During general anesthesia a Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheter was flow directed into the pulmonary artery and used to quantify cardiac output. An arterial catheter was used for direct blood pressure measurements. An RFA device was introduced into the left adrenal gland under observation through laparoscopic instrumentation. Blood samples were collected and hemodynamic variables studied after a stable surgical anesthetic depth was achieved (time 1), during CO(2) insufflation of the abdomen (time 2), during adrenal RFA (time 3), and after completed RFA (time 4). Catecholamine determinations were performed with a human enzyme immunoassay. Histopathology was performed to verify medullary necrosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Arterial, pulmonary arterial and central venous pressure, and plasma norepinephrine increased more during RFA than during abdominal insufflation. Heart rate and cardiac index did not differ between time points. High baseline epinephrine was present and significant differences between time points were not detected. Systemic vascular resistance had very high individual variation and differences were not detected.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  RFA of normal adrenal tissues is associated with severe hemodynamic alterations. Further studies of the optimal blockage of catecholamine-induced hypertension in dogs are warranted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should prepare for potential hypertensive crisis during RFA of adrenal masses, especially if treating a margin of normal tissue.
authors.affiliation: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7460, USA. bfransso@vetmed.wsu.edu
authors.forename: Boel A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Fransson
authors.forename: Robert D
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Keegan
authors.forename: Claude A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ragle
authors.forename: Gary J
authors.initials: GJ
authors.lastname: Haldorson
authors.forename: Stephen A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Greene
mesh_terms: D000311:Adrenal Glands / Q000601:surgery*; D000818:Animals; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000662:veterinary*; D004285:Dogs; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000662:veterinary*; D008297:Male; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine