title: Hyperprolactinemia-related adverse events associated with antipsychotic treatment in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To characterize factors related to the development of hyperprolactinemia and the ensuing reproductive/sexual adverse events in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotic and other psychotropic agents, and the additional risk posed for those with comorbid obesity, metabolic, or endocrine disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort design evaluating medical and pharmacy claims from South Carolina's Medicaid program was used to compare incidence rates for sexual/reproductive adverse events in 4140 children and adolescents who were newly prescribed one of six atypical or two conventional antipsychotic medications, and a random sample of 4500 children not treated with psychotropic medications, January 1998 to December 2005. Logistic and Cox Proportional Hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The treated cohort was not significantly more likely to evince hyperprolactinemia-related disorders than the control sample, but females and adolescents 13 and older were. Incident reproductive/sexual conditions were more likely for females (odds ratio [OR] = 9.52; confidence interval [CI] = 7.63-11.90), adolescents (OR = 3.91; CI = 3.25-4.70), those also taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (OR = 2.04; CI = 1.56-2.37) or valproic acid derivatives (OR = 1.29; CI = 1.03-1.64), and those with comorbid obesity/weight gain (OR = 1.92; CI = 1.56-2.37), metabolic (OR = 1.41; CI = 1.12-1.78), or endocrine disorders (OR = 2.76; CI = 1.98-3.84).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this treated cohort, female adolescents exposed to SSRIs or valproic acid derivatives and those with comorbid obesity, metabolic, or endocrine disorders while taking antipsychotics were at higher risk of developing hyperprolactinemia and ensuing sexual/reproductive adverse events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, 3555 Harden Street Ext., CEB 301, Columbia, SC 29203, USA. Jeanette.Jerrell@uscmedsc.edu
authors.forename: Jeanette M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Jerrell
authors.forename: Janice
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Bacon
authors.forename: Judith T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Burgis
authors.forename: Seema
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Menon
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006966:Hyperprolactinemia / Q000139:chemically induced*; D008297:Male; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012735:Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological / Q000139:chemically induced; D013022:South Carolina
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs