title: Biphasic flux profiles of melatonin: the Yin-Yang of transdermal permeation enhancement mediated by fatty alcohol enhancers.
abstract: This study investigates physicochemical processes responsible for the biphasic transdermal flux profiles of melatonin in the presence of saturated fatty alcohols (SFAL) and unsaturated fatty alcohols (USFAL). The first phase melatonin flux (J(1st)) in the presence of USFAL enhancers increased with increase in the number of double bonds and reached a limiting value with two double bonds in the molecule. In case of SFAL enhancers, J(1st) increased with enhancer chain length and log formulation/skin partition coefficients (log Ps), which were calculated using the solubility parameters of various formulation components. But, melatonin flux in the second phase decreased with increase in the enhancer chain length and log P values. On the other hand, the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from the SFAL treated skin increased drastically in the second phase and correlated with log P value of the enhancer. High TEWL value, indicative of a severely disrupted SC, may help the polar formulation components to accumulate in the SC. As a consequence, the SC polarity could change significantly and reduce the partitioning of lipophilic enhancer and/or melatonin in the second phase. This study demonstrated that an optimal level of barrier disruption enhances the transdermal permeation of drugs, whereas, a drastic barrier disruption impedes transdermal transport.
authors.affiliation: Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, Florida 32307-3800, USA. karunya.kandimalla@famu.edu
authors.forename: Karunya K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kandimalla
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Babu
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D000818:Animals; D055598:Chemical Phenomena; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004058:Diffusion; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005233:Fatty Alcohols / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D008550:Melatonin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D008954:Models, Biological; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012867:Skin / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D012995:Solubility
chemical_list: D004337:Drug Carriers; D005233:Fatty Alcohols; D008550:Melatonin