title: Kidney transplantation and pregnancy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to improve the basis upon which advice on pregnancy is given to renal transplant recipients in the reproductive age group. The review attempts to impart up-to-date evidence-based information on the predictable outcome and the risk of pregnancy after kidney transplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A current change in the consensus opinion of American Society of Transplantation regarding timing of pregnancy after transplantation. There are conflicting data regarding the utility of drug monitoring and dose adjustments of immunosuppressive medications during pregnancy and breast feeding. There is a recent change in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration category of mycophenolate mofetil from pregnancy Class C to D based on recent adverse fetal and neonatal outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Counseling regarding pregnancy should be an integral part of caring for the kidney transplant patient in the reproductive age group. Ethical concerns exist about advising pregnancy and fertility treatment for a woman whose life expectancy may be affected by outcome of pregnancy. Toxic effects of newer immunosuppressive medications exposed in utero and during breast feeding and its long-term effects in the offspring have to be clearly defined. The need for longitudinal studies and multicenter observational studies cannot be over emphasized to help answer our considerable gaps in this area.
authors.affiliation: Transplant Unit, Erie County Medical Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Mareena S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Zachariah
authors.forename: Kathleen M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Tornatore
authors.forename: Rocco C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Venuto
mesh_terms: D001942:Breast Feeding; D016903:Drug Monitoring; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005260:Female; D005298:Fertility / Q000187:drug effects*; D005333:Fetus / Q000187:drug effects*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016030:Kidney Transplantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000209:etiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D014019:Tissue Donors; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents