title: Adhesion properties in systems of laminated pigmented polymers, carbon-graphite fiber composite framework and titanium surfaces in implant suprastructures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  For long-term stability the adhering interfaces of an implant-retained supraconstruction of titanium/carbon-graphite fiber-reinforced (CGFR) polymer/opaquer layer/denture base polymer/denture teeth must function as a unity. The aim was to evaluate adhesion of CGFR polymer to a titanium surface or CGFR polymer to two different opaquer layers/with two denture base polymers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium plates were surface-treated and silanized and combined with a bolt of CGFR polymer or denture base polymer (Probase Hot). Heat-polymerized plates of CGFR polymer (47 wt% fiber) based on poly(methyl methacrylate) and a copolymer matrix were treated with an opaquer (Sinfony or Ropak) before a denture base polymer bolt was attached (Probase Hot or Lucitone 199). All specimens were heat-polymerized, water saturated (200 days) and thermally cycled (5000 cycles, 5/55 degrees C) before shear bond testing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Silicatized titanium surfaces gave higher bond strength to CGFR polymer (16.2+/-2.34 and 18.6+/-1.32) MPa and cohesive fracture than a sandblasted surface (5.9+/-2.11) MPa where the fracture was adhesive. The opaquer Sinfony gave higher adhesion values and mainly cohesive fractures than the opaquer Ropak. Different surface treatments (roughened or polished) of the CGFR polymer had no effect on bond strength.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The fracture surfaces of silicatized titanium/CGFR polymer/opaquer layer (Sinfony)/denture base polymers were mainly cohesive. A combination of these materials in an implant-retained supraconstruction is promising for in vivo evaluation.
authors.affiliation: NIOM, Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, P.O. Box 70, N-1305 Haslum, Norway. susanna.segerstrom@lul.se
authors.forename: Susanna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Segerström
authors.forename: I Eystein
authors.initials: IE
authors.lastname: Ruyter
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D002244:Carbon; D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D003188:Composite Resins; D001840:Dental Bonding; D003738:Dental Cements; D017267:Dental Prosthesis Design; D019094:Dental Prosthesis, Implant-Supported; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis; D003819:Denture Bases; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D006801:Humans; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D033081:Shear Strength; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium; D014093:Tooth, Artificial
chemical_list: D000077482:Carbon Fiber; D003188:Composite Resins; D003738:Dental Cements; D005026:Ethylene Glycols; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C076811:Rocatec; C024546:diethylene glycol dimethacrylate polymer; D002244:Carbon; D019904:Polymethyl Methacrylate; D014025:Titanium