title: Sensitivity and specificity of HIV rapid tests used for research and voluntary counselling and testing.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV rapid tests (RT) are a quick and non-technically demanding means to perform HIV voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) but understanding their limitations is vital to delivering quality VCT.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the sensitivity and specificity of HIV rapid tests used for research and voluntary counselling and testing at four sites in East Africa.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Masaka District, Uganda; a sugar plantation in Kakira, Uganda; Coastal Villages in the Kilifi District of Kenya; and the Urban slum of Kangemi located West of Nairobi, Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six thousands two hundred and fifty five consenting volunteers were enrolled into the study, and 675 prevalent HIV infections were identified.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The RT sensitivity tended to be high for all assays at all sites (97.63-100%) with the exception of the Uni-Gold assay (90.24% in Kangemi, 96.58% in Kilifi). Twenty four RT results were recorded as 'weak positives', 22 (92%) of which were negative by ELISA. There was a high rate of RT false positives in Uganda (positive predictive values ranging from 45.70% to 86.62%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sensitivity and specificity of the RT varied significantly across sites. The rate of RT misclassification in Uganda suggests that a multiple test algorithm may be preferable to a single test as screener for HIV VCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health Sciences, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Anzala
authors.forename: E J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Sanders
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kamali
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Katende
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Mutua
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ruzagira
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stevens
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Simek
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Price
mesh_terms: D015492:AIDS Serodiagnosis / Q000379:methods*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D037001:Directive Counseling / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic