title: The N-effect: more competitors, less competition.
abstract: This article introduces the N-effect-the discovery that increasing the number of competitors (N) can decrease competitive motivation. Studies 1a and 1b found evidence that average test scores (e.g., SAT scores) fall as the average number of test takers at test-taking venues increases. Study 2 found that individuals trying to finish an easy quiz among the top 20% in terms of speed finished significantly faster if they believed they were competing in a pool of 10 rather than 100 other people. Study 3 showed that the N-effect is strong among individuals high in social-comparison orientation and weak among those low in social-comparison orientation. Study 4 directly linked the N-effect to social comparison, ruling out ratio bias as an explanation of our results and finding that social comparison becomes less important as N increases. Finally, Study 5 found that the N-effect is mediated by social comparison. Limitations, future directions, and implications are discussed.
authors.affiliation: University of Michigan, Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. smgarcia@umich.edu
authors.forename: Stephen M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Avishalom
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Tor
mesh_terms: D003099:College Admission Test / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003163:Competitive Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015146:Midwestern United States; D009042:Motivation / Q000502:physiology*; D012919:Social Behavior; D013334:Students / Q000523:psychology