title: Zinc coordination is required for and regulates transcription activation by Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1.
abstract: Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen 1 (EBNA1) is essential for Epstein-Barr virus to immortalize naïve B-cells. Upon binding a cluster of 20 cognate binding-sites termed the family of repeats, EBNA1 transactivates promoters for EBV genes that are required for immortalization. A small domain, termed UR1, that is 25 amino-acids in length, has been identified previously as essential for EBNA1 to activate transcription. In this study, we have elucidated how UR1 contributes to EBNA1's ability to transactivate. We show that zinc is necessary for EBNA1 to activate transcription, and that UR1 coordinates zinc through a pair of essential cysteines contained within it. UR1 dimerizes upon coordinating zinc, indicating that EBNA1 contains a second dimerization interface in its amino-terminus. There is a strong correlation between UR1-mediated dimerization and EBNA1's ability to transactivate cooperatively. Point mutants of EBNA1 that disrupt zinc coordination also prevent self-association, and do not activate transcription cooperatively. Further, we demonstrate that UR1 acts as a molecular sensor that regulates the ability of EBNA1 to activate transcription in response to changes in redox and oxygen partial pressure (pO(2)). Mild oxidative stress mimicking such environmental changes decreases EBNA1-dependent transcription in a lymphoblastoid cell-line. Coincident with a reduction in EBNA1-dependent transcription, reductions are observed in EBNA2 and LMP1 protein levels. Although these changes do not affect LCL survival, treated cells accumulate in G0/G1. These findings are discussed in the context of EBV latency in body compartments that differ strikingly in their pO(2) and redox potential.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
authors.forename: Siddhesh
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Aras
authors.forename: Gyanendra
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Kenneth
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Johnston
authors.forename: Timothy
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Foster
authors.forename: Ashok
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Aiyar
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000502:physiology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology; D011485:Protein Binding; D055503:Protein Multimerization; D017434:Protein Structure, Tertiary / Q000235:genetics; D015533:Transcriptional Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D024483:Vitamin K 3 / Q000494:pharmacology; D015032:Zinc / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019309:Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens; D024483:Vitamin K 3; D015032:Zinc; C417029:EBV-encoded nuclear antigen 1