title: Increased serum concentrations of macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus: the influence of very low calorie diet.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a novel regulator of energy homeostasis. We explored whether alterations in MIC-1 levels contribute to metabolic disturbances in patients with obesity and/or obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We measured serum MIC-1 levels and its mRNA expression in subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue of 17 obese nondiabetic women, 14 obese women with T2DM and 23 healthy lean women. We also explored the relationship of MIC-1 with anthropometric and biochemical parameters and studied the influence of 2-week very low calorie diet (VLCD) on serum MIC-1 levels.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum MIC-1 levels were measured by ELISA and its mRNA expression was determined by RT-PCR.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both obese and T2DM group had significantly elevated serum MIC-1 levels relative to controls. T2DM group had significantly higher serum MIC-1 levels relative to obese group. Serum MIC-1 positively correlated with body weight, body fat, and serum levels of triglycerides, glucose, HbAlc, and C-reactive protein and it was inversely related to serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Fat mRNA MIC-1 expression did not significantly differ between lean and obese women but it was significantly higher in subcutaneous than in visceral fat in both groups. VLCD significantly increased serum MIC-1 levels in obese but not T2DM group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevated MIC-1 levels in patients with obesity are further increased by the presence of T2DM. We suggest that in contrast to patients with cancer cachexia, increased MIC-1 levels in obese patients and diabetic patients do not induce weight loss.
authors.affiliation: 3rd Department of Medicine, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, U Nemocnice 1, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
authors.forename: Ivana
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Dostálová
authors.forename: Tomás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Roubícek
authors.forename: Markéta
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bártlová
authors.forename: Milos
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mráz
authors.forename: Zdena
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Lacinová
authors.forename: Denisa
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haluzíková
authors.forename: Petra
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kaválková
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matoulek
authors.forename: Mojmír
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kasalicky
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Haluzík
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000378:metabolism; D000328:Adult; D001835:Body Weight / Q000502:physiology; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009765:Obesity / Q000097:blood / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000235:genetics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D013851:Thinness / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D055436:Growth Differentiation Factor 15; D012333:RNA, Messenger