title: Hypomorphic mutations in meckelin (MKS3/TMEM67) cause nephronophthisis with liver fibrosis (NPHP11).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nephronophthisis (NPHP), a rare recessive cystic kidney disease, is the most frequent genetic cause of chronic renal failure in children and young adults. Mutations in nine genes (NPHP1-9) have been identified. NPHP can be associated with retinal degeneration (Senior-Løken syndrome), brainstem and cerebellar anomalies (Joubert syndrome), or liver fibrosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  To identify a causative gene for the subset of patients with associated liver fibrosis, the authors performed a genome wide linkage search in a consanguineous family with three affected patients using 50K SNP microarrays and homozygosity mapping.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors obtained a significant maximum parametric LOD (logarithm of odds) score of Z(max) = 3.72 on chromosome 8q22 and identified a homozygous missense mutation in the gene MKS3/TMEM67. When examining a worldwide cohort of 62 independent patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis we identified altogether four novel mutations (p.W290L, p.C615R, p.G821S, and p.G821R) in five of them. Mutations of MKS3/TMEM67, found recently in Meckel-Gruber syndrome (MKS) type 3 and Joubert syndrome (JBTS) type 6, are predominantly truncating mutations. In contrast, the mutations detected here in patients with NPHP and associated liver fibrosis are exclusively missense mutations. This suggests that they may represent hypomorphic alleles, leading to a milder phenotype compared with the more severe MKS or JBTS phenotype. Additionally, mutation analysis for MKS3/TMEM67 in 120 patients with JBTS yielded seven different (four novel) mutations in five patients, four of whom also presented with congenital liver fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypomorphic MKS3/TMEM67 mutations cause NPHP with liver fibrosis (NPHP11). This is the first report of MKS3 mutations in patients with no vermian agenesis and without neurological signs. Thus NPHP, JBTS, and MKS represent allelic disorders.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-5646, USA.
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Otto
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tory
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Attanasio
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chaki
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Paruchuri
authors.forename: E L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Wise
authors.forename: M T F
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Utsch
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Nürnberg
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nayir
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Saunier
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Antignac
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Hildebrandt
mesh_terms: D015331:Cohort Studies; D003241:Consanguinity; D006239:Haplotypes; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D052177:Kidney Diseases, Cystic / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D008126:Lod Score; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010375:Pedigree; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
chemical_list: D008565:Membrane Proteins; C468846:TMEM67 protein, human