title: Immediate neuronal preconditioning by NS1619.
abstract: The objectives of our present experiments were to determine whether the BK(Ca) channel agonist NS1619 is able to induce immediate preconditioning in cultured rat cortical neurons and to elucidate the role of BK(Ca) channels in the initiation of immediate preconditioning. NS1619 depolarized mitochondria and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, but neither of these effects was inhibited by BK(Ca) channel antagonists. NS1619 also activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. One-hour treatment with NS1619 induced immediate protection against glutamate excitotoxicity (viability 24 h after glutamate exposure: control, 58.45+/-0.95%; NS1619 50 microM, 78.99+/-0.90%; NS1619 100 microM, 86.89+/-1.20%; NS1619 150 microM, 93.23+/-1.23%; mean+/-SEM; p<0.05 vs. control; n=16-32). Eliminating ROS during the preconditioning phase effectively blocked the development of cytoprotection. In contrast, the BK(Ca) channel blockers iberiotoxin and paxilline, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, the protein kinase C blocker chelerythrine, and the mitogen activated protein kinase antagonist PD98059 were unable to antagonize the immediate neuroprotective effect. Finally, preconditioning with NS1619 reduced the calcium load and ROS surge upon glutamate exposure and increased superoxide dismutase activity. Our results indicate that NS1619 is an effective inducer of immediate neuronal preconditioning, but the neuroprotective effect is independent of the activation of BK(Ca) channels.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA. tamas74@freemail.hu
authors.forename: Tamás
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gáspár
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Domoki
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Lenti
authors.forename: Prasad V G
authors.initials: PV
authors.lastname: Katakam
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Snipes
authors.forename: Ferenc
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Bari
authors.forename: David W
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Busija
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001562:Benzimidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020013:Calcium Signaling / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D019610:Cytoprotection / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000633:toxicity; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009498:Neurotoxins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000633:toxicity; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001562:Benzimidazoles; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D051036:Large-Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels; D018696:Neuroprotective Agents; D009498:Neurotoxins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C086491:NS 1619; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase