title: Sema4D/CD100 deficiency leads to superior performance in mouse motor behavior.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sema4D/CD100 is a type of class 4 semaphorin, exhibiting crucial roles in growth cone guidance in developing neurons. Sema4D is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system in embryonic mouse brain, and is selectively localized to oligodendrocytes and myelin in the postnatal brain. However, direct evidence of the actual involvement of Sema4D in the neuronal network development crucial for neurobehavioral performance is still lacking. The present study therefore examined whether Sema4D deficiency leads to abnormal behavioral development.
  
  
  METHODS
  Both wild-type and Sema4D-deficient mice were subjected to behavioral analyses including open-field, adhesive tape removal, rotarod tests and a water maze task.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Open-field tests revealed increased locomotor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice with less percentage of time spent in the center of the field. In both the adhesive tape removal and rotarod tests, which examine motor coordination and balance, Sema4D-deficient mice showed significantly superior performance, suggesting facilitated motor behavior. Both Sema4D-deficient and wild-type mice successfully learnt the water maze task, locating a hidden escape platform, and also showed precise memory for the platform position in probe tests. However, the swimming speed of Sema4D-deficient mice was significantly faster than that of wild-type mice, providing further evidence of their accelerated motor behavior.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our mouse behavioral analyses revealed enhanced motor activity in Sema4D-deficient mice, suggesting the crucial involvement of Sema4D in the neurodevelopmental processes of the central structures mediating motor behavior in mice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya, Japan.
authors.forename: Kazunori
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yukawa
authors.forename: Tetsuji
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Takeuchi
authors.forename: Hiroyuki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Iso
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kohsaka
authors.forename: Hidefumi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Waki
authors.forename: Masayasu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Miyajima
authors.forename: Masanobu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maeda
authors.forename: Hitoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kikutani
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kumanogoh
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001362:Avoidance Learning / Q000502:physiology; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D064026:Calbindins; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000378:metabolism; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D008124:Locomotion / Q000235:genetics*; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000235:genetics*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000235:genetics; D045442:Rotarod Performance Test / Q000379:methods; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G / Q000378:metabolism; D039961:Semaphorins / Q000172:deficiency*; D013037:Spatial Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D064026:Calbindins; D064030:S100 Calcium Binding Protein G; C103150:Sema4d protein, mouse; D039961:Semaphorins