title: Superficial distribution and identification of antifungal/antimicrobial agents on a modified tissue conditioner by SEM-EDS microanalysis: a preliminary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study evaluated the incorporation pattern of antifungal/antimicrobial agents added to a tissue conditioner by scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  The nystatin dosages incorporated into the tissue conditioner (Softone, Bosworth Co., Skokie, IL) powder were 500,000 U (G1) and 1,000,000 U (G2). The addition of miconazole was at 125 mg (G3) and 250 mg (G4), and ketoconazole was at 100 mg (G5) and 200 mg (G6). Chlorhexidine diacetate was blended at levels of 5% (G7) and 10% (G8) w/w of the total amount (6.35 g) of the tissue conditioner. The drug powder concentrations were blended with the tissue conditioner powder at different concentrations before the addition of the tissue conditioner liquid (5 mL) to the mixture. One group (G0) without any drug incorporation was used as control. Specimens (n = 5) (36 x 7 x 6 mm(3)) were plasticized at room temperature for 10 minutes and carbon sputter coated. All specimens were submitted to SEM-EDS analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nystatin and miconazole specimens exhibited particles with irregular shapes and sizes uniformly distributed. Ketoconazole specimens showed small spherical particles with a slight distribution throughout the matrix. Chlorhexidine specimens exhibited irregular particles up to approximately 50 mum in size randomly dispersed within the matrix.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the limitations of this in vitro study, the modified tissue conditioner showed differences in the particle distribution and size of the antifungal/antimicrobial agent added to the plasticized matrix. Further studies would discriminate the most important particle features that may influence the drug leaching from the plasticized matrix.
authors.affiliation: School of Dentistry, Camilo Castelo Branco University, Campus Itaquera, Sao Paulo, Brazil. vanurban@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Vanessa Migliorini
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Urban
authors.forename: Rosangela Seiko
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Seó
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Giannini
authors.forename: Cesar Augusto Galvao
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Arrais
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D003460:Crystallization; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003822:Denture Liners; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods; D007654:Ketoconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry; D008825:Miconazole / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009761:Nystatin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission; D014016:Tissue Conditioning, Dental / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D003764:Dental Materials; D011108:Polymers; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; C540406:softone; D009761:Nystatin; D008825:Miconazole; D007654:Ketoconazole