title: International normalized ratio patient self-management for mechanical valves: is it safe enough?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  People with mechanical heart valve replacement depend on lifelong anticoagulation. Since a few years, patients can control this themselves with the assistance of a portable anticoagulation monitor. If the patient performs the complete self-testing and self-adjustment by himself, the method is called self-management. Recently completed studies concerning international normalized ratio (INR) self-management in mechanical heart valve patients are reviewed in this article.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Large randomized prospective studies have demonstrated that the INR self-management concept results in well-trained patients with a high percentage of their measured INR values lying within the predetermined therapeutic range, thus resulting in a low rate of complications such as bleeding and thromboembolism. The reduced anticoagulation level resulted in fewer grade III bleeding complications (which means there is a need for surgery or endoscopy, in-hospital treatment or permanent damage) without increasing thromboembolic event rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The concept of INR self-management is a promising tool to achieve low hemorrhagic complications without increasing the risk of thromboembolic complications. Data of the Early Self-Controlled Anticoagulation Trial (ESCAT II) study demonstrate that low-dose INR self-management does not increase the risk of thromboembolic events compared with conventional-dose INR self-management.
authors.affiliation: Clinic for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart Center North Rhine-Westphalia, Ruhr University Bochum, Georgstrasse 11, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany.
authors.forename: Reiner
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Koerfer
authors.forename: Nils
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Reiss
authors.forename: Heinrich
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Koertke
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006350:Heart Valve Prosthesis / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012648:Self Care; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants