title: Fabrication of spherical CaO-SrO-ZnO-SiO₂ particles by sol-gel processing.
abstract: This study was concerned with the fabrication of ceramic CaO-SrO-ZnO-SiO(2) spherical particles, which are novel candidates for the glass phase in glass polyalkenoate cements (GPCs). GPCs made from these glasses have potential as bone cements because, unlike conventional GPCs, they do not contain aluminum ions, which inhibit the calcification of hydroxyapatite in the body. The glass phase of GPCs require a controllable glass morphology and particle size distribution. Sol-gel processing can potentially be used to fabricate homogenous ceramic particles with controlled morphology. However, a thorough study on preparation conditions of spherical CaO-SrO-ZnO-SiO(2) particles by sol-gel processing has, to date, not been reported. In this study, gels were prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) in an aqueous solution containing polyethylene glycol and nitrates of calcium, strontium and zinc. It was possible to control the morphology and size of the gels by varying the H(2)O/TEOS molar ratio and the metal ion content in the starting compositions. An aliquot of 3-5 mum homogenous spherical particles were obtained at a H(2)O/TEOS molar ratio of 42.6 when the starting composition molar ratios were Sr(NO(3)):Ca(NO(3))(2):Zn(NO(3))(2):Si(OC(2)H(5))(4) = x:0.12:(0.40 - x):0.48 (0 </= x </= 0.8). Starting composition limitations are caused by the low solubility of strontium ions in the minimal amount of water used and the acceleration of hydrolysis as well as polycondensation at higher water content.
authors.affiliation: Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. kim.ill-yong@f.mbox.nagoya-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Ill Yong
authors.initials: IY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Mark R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Towler
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wren
authors.forename: Chikara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ohtsuki
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D001843:Bone Cements / Q000737:chemistry*; D017610:Calcium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry*; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D005782:Gels; D005898:Glass; D006868:Hydrolysis; D008422:Materials Testing; D008863:Microspheres; D009566:Nitrates / Q000737:chemistry; D010087:Oxides / Q000737:chemistry*; D010316:Particle Size; D044367:Phase Transition; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D013324:Strontium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry; D014961:X-Ray Diffraction; D015034:Zinc Oxide / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001843:Bone Cements; D017610:Calcium Compounds; D005782:Gels; D009566:Nitrates; D010087:Oxides; D012821:Silanes; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C040733:tetraethoxysilane; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D017886:Durapatite; C016538:lime; D000535:Aluminum; D015034:Zinc Oxide; D013324:Strontium