Effects of postnatal parental smoking on parent and teacher ratings of ADHD and oppositional symptoms.
To assess the effects of postnatal parental smoking on subsequent parent and teacher ratings of DSM-IV attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and oppositional behaviors in children diagnosed with ADHD and their siblings. Children between 5 and 12 years of age with ADHD and their siblings were included. DSM-IV ADHD symptom subscales (Inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive), and oppositionality subscale scores from Conners' Rating Scales were predicted on the basis of parental smoking status in the first 7 years after birth using Generalized Estimating Equations controlling for a range of relevant covariates. Postnatal parental smoking was associated with both parent and teacher ratings of ADHD symptoms and oppositional behavior. After controlling for a number of covariates, several of these relationships were still significant. The risk of maternal smoking for the development of ADHD symptoms does not end during pregnancy. Research on the mechanisms underlying the observed associations is needed.
Kollins
Scott H
SH
Department of Psychiatry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27705, USA. kolli001@mc.duke.edu
Garrett
Melanie E
ME
McClernon
F Joseph
FJ
Lachiewicz
Ave M
AM
Morrissey-Kane
Erin
E
FitzGerald
David
D
Collins
Ann L
AL
Anastopoulos
Arthur D
AD
Ashley-Koch
Allison E
AE
D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005178:Faculty; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009035:Mothers / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D015588:Observer Variation; D010290:Parents; D049590:Postpartum Period; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology*