title: Prostaglandin E1 and misoprostol increase epidermal growth factor production in 3D-cultured human annulus cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is a peptide known to modulate a number of cellular responses including embryogenesis, cell proliferation, and cell survival. Little is known about EGF and its regulation in human annulus cells. Previous work has identified EGF and its receptor in control outer annulus disc tissue, but not in herniated tissue.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if human annulus cells express EGF in vitro, to determine if the epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-r) was expressed in vivo and in vitro in disc cells, to test the effect of EGF on annulus cell proliferation and proteoglycan production in vitro, and to test the effect of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) and misoprostol on disc cell production of EGF in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were approved by the authors' Human Subjects Institutional review Board. Human disc tissue was used for immunocytochemistry, and human annulus cells were tested in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-four disc specimens were used for studies of proteoglycan production, cell proliferation, and EGF production in vitro. An additional nine discs were used for EGF-r immunolocalization.
  
  
  METHODS
  Disc tissue was used for immunocytochemical studies for the localization of EGF-r and as a source for cultured annulus cells. Monolayer culture was used to test proliferation responses to 0, 25, 50, or 75 ng/mL EGF over a 2-day culture period. Three-dimensional (3D) culture in a collagen sponge was used to test 100,000 cells cultured in a paired experimental design over 14 days for production of EGF and proteoglycans. Cells were exposed to control conditions, or to either misoprostol at 8 ng/mL or PGE1 at 10(-7)M. Conditioned media was harvested and assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) assay with the Human Protein Cytokine Antibody Array I kit. Replicate EGF relative intensity values were averaged and normalized to controls assayed on the same membrane. 3D-cultured cells were also used to confirm EGF gene expression using microarray analysis. Standard statistical methods were used to analyze results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Microarray analysis of mRNA from annulus cells in 3D culture confirmed expression of EGF, and immunocytochemistry verified the presence of EGF-r in vitro and in vivo. PGE1, at a dose of 10(-7)M, and misoprostol (a synthetic PGE1 analog) at a dose of 8 ng/mL, both significantly increased EGF levels in annulus cells cultured in 3D compared with control levels (p=.031 and .034, respectively). No significant difference, however, was seen in cell proliferation or in total sulfated proteoglycan production in EGF-exposed annulus cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Data showed that EGF is expressed and produced by annulus cells in vivo and in 3D culture, with significantly greater in vitro EGF produced in the presence of PGE1 or the PGE1 analog misoprostol. Misoprostol, developed for prevention/treatment of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory-induced gastropathy, has now been reported to have some interesting anabolic effects stimulating osteoblasts during fracture healing and during ovariectomy in animal models. Exogenous EGF did not increase cell proliferation in monolayer, or total production of proteoglycans in 3D culture. Additional work is needed to further delineate the role of EGF in the human disc.
authors.affiliation: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, PO Box 32861, Charlotte, NC 28232, USA. helen.gruber@carolinashealthcare.org
authors.forename: Helen E
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Gruber
authors.forename: Gretchen
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hoelscher
authors.forename: Bryan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Loeffler
authors.forename: Yin
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Chow
authors.forename: Jane A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Ingram
authors.forename: Will
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Halligan
authors.forename: Edward N
authors.initials: EN
authors.lastname: Hanley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000527:Alprostadil / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus; D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016595:Misoprostol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D005343:Fibrinolytic Agents; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D016595:Misoprostol; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D000527:Alprostadil