title: Minimizing the risks of sudden infant death syndrome: to swaddle or not to swaddle?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of swaddling on infant arousability, particularly the progression of subcortical activation (SCA) to full cortical arousal (CA), because impaired arousal may contribute to sudden infant death syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Healthy term infants, who were routinely swaddled (n = 15) or unswaddled (n = 12) at home, were studied with daytime polysomnography at 3 to 4 weeks and 3 months after birth. When both swaddled and unswaddled, arousability was assessed with a pulsatile jet of air at the nostrils.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Larger increases in overall arousal thresholds (SCA plus CA) with swaddling were observed in infants who were easiest to arouse when unswaddled. Swaddling did not alter SCA or CA frequencies of routinely swaddled infants at either age. In infants who were naïve to swaddling, arousal thresholds were increased and CA frequency decreased during swaddled quiet sleep at 3 months.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides a scientific basis for assessing the safety of swaddling in infant care practice. The decreased cortical arousals observed in infants unfamiliar with swaddling may correspond to the increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome for inexperienced prone sleepers.
authors.affiliation: Ritchie Centre for Baby Health Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors.forename: Heidi L
authors.initials: HL
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Adrian M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: Rosemary S C
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Horne
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology*; D001512:Bedding and Linens; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007224:Infant Care / Q000379:methods*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D010812:Physical Stimulation; D017286:Polysomnography; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000502:physiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012890:Sleep / Q000502:physiology*; D013398:Sudden Infant Death / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016683:Supine Position