title: Tripterine prevents endothelial barrier dysfunction by inhibiting endogenous peroxynitrite formation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Tripterine is an inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 and an active component of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., which is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. We hypothesized that tripterine inhibits endogenous peroxynitrite formation and thereby prevents endothelial barrier dysfunction.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effects of tripterine were investigated on endothelial barrier function, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phasphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, 3-nitrotyrosine formation, protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) activity, activation of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK) and Janus kinase (Jak2), and degradation of IkappaB in microvascular endothelial cells exposed to pro-inflammatory stimulus [lipopolysaccharide (LPS) + interferon gamma (IFNgamma)] and on vascular permeability in air pouches of mice injected with LPS + IFNgamma.
  
  
  RESULTS
  LPS + IFNgamma caused an increase in monolayer permeability, induction of iNOS and NADPH oxidase type 1 (Nox1) proteins, formation of superoxide, nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine, and increase in PP2A activity in endothelial cells. These effects of LPS + IFNgamma were diminished by tripterine (50-200 nM). Further, LPS + IFNgamma-induced expression of iNOS and Nox1 was attenuated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor PD98059, the JNK inhibitor SP600125, the Jak2 inhibitor AG490 and the NFkappaB inhibitor MG132, but not by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB203580. LPS + IFNgamma stimulated phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and Jak2, and degradation of IkappaB, but only Jak2 phosphorylation was sensitive to tripterine (50-200 nM). Further, tripterine diminished the increased vascular permeability in inflamed air pouches.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results indicate that, by preventing Jak2-dependent induction of iNOS and Nox1, tripterine inhibits peroxynitrite precursor synthesis, attenuates the increased activity of PP2A and consequently protects endothelial barrier function.
authors.affiliation: Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-8028, USA. fengwu@buffalo.edu
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Min
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: John X
authors.initials: JX
authors.lastname: Wilson
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002199:Capillary Permeability / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000633:toxicity; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D014315:Triterpenes / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D053978:Pentacyclic Triterpenes; D014315:Triterpenes; D030421:Peroxynitrous Acid; D007371:Interferon-gamma; C050414:celastrol