title: A critical review of interventions to redress the inequitable distribution of healthcare professionals to rural and remote areas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The shortage of healthcare professionals in rural communities is a global problem that poses a serious challenge to equitable healthcare delivery. Both developed and developing countries report geographically skewed distributions of healthcare professionals, favouring urban and wealthy areas, despite the fact that people in rural communities experience more health related problems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most important studies addressing the recruitment and retention of doctors to rural and remote areas.
  
  
  METHODS
  A comprehensive search of the English literature was conducted using the National Library of Medicine's (PubMed) database and the keywords '(rural OR remote) AND (recruitment OR retention)' on 3 July 2008. In total, 1261 references were identified and screened; all primary studies that reported the outcome of an actual intervention and all relevant review articles were selected. Due to the paucity of prospective primary intervention studies, retrospective observational studies and questionnaire-driven surveys were included as well. The search was extended by scrutinizing the references of selected articles to identify additional studies that may have been missed. In total, 110 articles were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In order to provide a comprehensive overview in a clear and user-friendly fashion, the available evidence was classified into five intervention categories: Selection, Education, Coercion, Incentives and Support - and the strength of the available evidence was rated as convincing, strong, moderate, weak or absent. The main definitions used to define 'rural and/or remote' in the articles reviewed are summarized, before the evidence in support of each of the five intervention categories is reflected in detail.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We argue for the formulation of universal definitions to assist study comparison and future collaborative research. Although coercive strategies address short-term recruitment needs, little evidence supports their long-term positive impact. Current evidence only supports the implementation of well-defined selection and education policies, although incentive and support schemes may have value. There remains an urgent need to evaluate the impact of untested interventions in a scientifically rigorous fashion in order to identify winning strategies for guiding future practice and policy.
authors.affiliation: Ukwanda Centre for Rural Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa. nathan.w.wilson@gmail.com
authors.forename: Nathan W
authors.initials: NW
authors.lastname: Wilson
authors.forename: Ian D
authors.initials: ID
authors.lastname: Couper
authors.forename: Elma
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: De Vries
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: Therese
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fish
authors.forename: Ben J
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Marais
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010558:Personnel Loyalty; D010560:Personnel Selection / Q000458:organization & administration; D010820:Physicians / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D019035:Rural Health Services; D012424:Rural Population; D000078329:Workforce