Salicylic acid activates artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L.
This paper provides evidence that salicylic acid (SA) can activate artemisinin biosynthesis in Artemisia annua L. Exogenous application of SA to A. annua leaves was followed by a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin. In the 24 h after application, SA application led to a gradual increase in the expression of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) gene and a temporary peak in the expression of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS) gene. However, the expression of the farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDS) gene and the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP71AV1) gene showed little change. At 96 h after SA (1.0 mM) treatment, the concentration of artemisinin, artemisinic acid and dihydroartemisinic acid were 54, 127 and 72% higher than that of the control, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that SA induces artemisinin biosynthesis in at least two ways: by increasing the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin caused by the burst of ROS, and by up-regulating the expression of genes involved in artemisinin biosynthesis.
Pu
Gao-Bin
GB
Key Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Molecular Physiology, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, 100093, Beijing, China.
Ma
Dong-Ming
DM
Chen
Jian-Lin
JL
Ma
Lan-Qing
LQ
Wang
Hong
H
Li
Guo-Feng
GF
Ye
He-Chun
HC
Liu
Ben-Ye
BY
D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D017343:Genes, Plant; D051228:Geranyltranstransferase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D025782:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology*
D037621:Artemisinins; D010940:Plant Proteins; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; C520462:dihydroartemisinic acid; C047721:artemisic acid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; C031327:artemisinin; D025782:Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA-Reductases, NADP-dependent; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; C403714:amorpha-4,11-diene synthase; D051228:Geranyltranstransferase; D020156:Salicylic Acid