title: Priming of Salmonella enterica serovar typhi-specific CD8(+) T cells by suicide dendritic cell cross-presentation in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), the etiologic agent of typhoid fever, has aggravated an already important public health problem and added new urgency to the development of more effective typhoid vaccines. To this end it is critical to better understand the induction of immunity to S. Typhi. CD8(+) T cells are likely to play an important role in host defense against S. Typhi by several effector mechanisms, including killing of infected cells and IFN-gamma secretion. However, how S. Typhi regulates the development of specific CD8(+) responses in humans remains unclear. Recent studies in mice have shown that dendritic cells (DC) can either directly (upon uptake and processing of Salmonella) or indirectly (by bystander mechanisms) elicit Salmonella-specific CD8(+) T cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We report here that upon infection with live S. Typhi, human DC produced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha, but low levels of IL-12 p70 and IFN-gamma. In contrast, DC co-cultured with S. Typhi-infected cells, through suicide cross-presentation, uptake S. Typhi-infected human cells and release high levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12p70, leading to the subsequent presentation of bacterial antigens and triggering the induction of memory T cells, mostly CD3(+)CD8(+)CD45RA(-)CD62L(-) effector/memory T cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to demonstrate the effect of S. Typhi on human DC maturation and on their ability to prime CD8(+) cells and highlights the significance of these phenomena in eliciting adaptive immunity to S. Typhi.
authors.affiliation: Center for Vaccine Development, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. rmezghan@medicine.umaryland.edu
authors.forename: Rosângela
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Salerno-Goncalves
authors.forename: Marcelo B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Sztein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018122:B7-1 Antigen / Q000096:biosynthesis; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D045142:Cross-Priming / Q000276:immunology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007136:Immunoglobulins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008875:Middle Aged; D012485:Salmonella typhi / Q000378:metabolism*; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines / Q000276:immunology; D000097802:CD83 Antigen
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D018122:B7-1 Antigen; D007136:Immunoglobulins; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D018664:Interleukin-12; D008562:Membrane Glycoproteins; D014436:Typhoid-Paratyphoid Vaccines; D000097802:CD83 Antigen