title: Urinary phytoestrogen excretion and prostate cancer risk: a nested case-control study in the Multiethnic Cohort.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Phytoestrogens are of special interest in prostate cancer research because populations in Asia with a high consumption of phytoestrogens have a lower incidence of the disease than comparable populations in Western countries.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case-control study is nested within a large multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and California. Urine samples were analysed for daidzein, genistein, equol, and enterolactone among 249 incident prostate cancer cases and 404 controls matched on age, race/ethnicity, date/time of specimen collection, and fasting status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median excretion of daidzein was 0.173 nmol mg(-1) creatinine in cases and 0.291 in controls (P=0.01), and the median excretion of genistein was 0.048 in cases and 0.078 in controls (P=0.05). An inverse association was seen for daidzein overall (odds ratio for the highest vs lowest quintile=0.55, 95% confidence interval=0.31-0.98, P(trend)=0.03) and seemed to apply to localized (P(trend)=0.08) as well as advanced or high-grade cancer (P(trend)=0.09). This association was consistent across the four ethnic groups examined. Although the relationship was weaker for genistein, the odds ratios and trends were similarly inverse. Urinary excretion of equol and enterolactone was not significantly related to prostate cancer risk.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that high intake of isoflavones, as reflected by urinary excretion of daidzein and genistein, may be protective against prostate cancer.
authors.affiliation: Epidemiology Program, Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA. spark@crch.hawaii.edu
authors.forename: S-Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Park
authors.forename: L R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Wilkens
authors.forename: A A
authors.initials: AA
authors.lastname: Franke
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Le Marchand
authors.forename: K K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Kakazu
authors.forename: M T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Murphy
authors.forename: B E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Henderson
authors.forename: L N
authors.initials: LN
authors.lastname: Kolonel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002140:California / Q000453:epidemiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019833:Genistein / Q000652:urine*; D006254:Hawaii / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000652:urine*; D008297:Male; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000652:urine*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000208:ethnology / Q000652:urine*
chemical_list: D007529:Isoflavones; D048789:Phytoestrogens; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein