title: Long-term ocular consequences of sulfur mustard in seriously eye-injured war veterans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sulfur mustard (SM) has been used as a dangerous chemical warfare agent since the early 20th century. Although many descriptive studies about SM-induced ocular injuries are present in the medical literature, few of them have been conducted over a large group with serious ocular involvement.
  
  
  METHODS
  This descriptive study was conducted on 149 severe SM-intoxicated war veterans. Ocular history, anterior and posterior segment findings using a slit lamp, and direct and indirect ophthalmoscopic findings were recorded. Severity of the disease was also recorded based on a chart of the Foundation of Martyrs and Veterans Affairs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ocular complains included photophobia (73.2%), sense of decreased vision (72.5%), dry eye sensation (66.4%), foreign body sensation (61.1%), tearing (46.3%), and pain (43.0%). Slit lamp findings were meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD; 96%), blepharitis, punctal closure, trichiasis, tear break-up time, and tear meniscus layer abnormality (80% to 90%). Conjunctival disturbances included vascular abnormality, ischemia, hyperemia, subconjunctival fibrosis, and pterygium. Limbal changes were abnormal vessels, limbal tissue loss and pigment loss, and pannus formation. Corneal problems included epithelial and stromal disturbances, calcium deposition, and melting. The most frequent previous surgeries were punctal closure, lamellar keratoplasty (LK), and stem cell allograft. Severity of intoxication included mild (17%), moderate (25%), and severe (57%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic blepharitis and decreased tear secretion are the 2 most important and influencing factors in progression of ocular problems in SM injuries. The more severe the initial exposure, percentage of disability, and duration of ocular involvement, the higher the likelihood of mustard gas keratopathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ophthalmology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
authors.forename: Hassan
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Ghasemi
authors.forename: Tooba
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ghazanfari
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ghassemi-Broumand
authors.forename: Mohammad Ali
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Javadi
authors.forename: Mahmoud
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Babaei
authors.forename: Mohammad Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Soroush
authors.forename: Roya
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Yaraee
authors.forename: Soghrat
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Faghihzadeh
authors.forename: Shahriar
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Poorfarzam
authors.forename: Parviz
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Owlia
authors.forename: Mohammad Mehdi
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Naghizadeh
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Etezad-Razavi
authors.forename: Khosro
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Jadidi
authors.forename: Mostafa
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.forename: Zuhair Mohammad
authors.initials: ZM
authors.lastname: Hassan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002057:Burns, Chemical / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents / Q000633:toxicity*; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005126:Eye Burns / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000175:diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran; D009151:Mustard Gas / Q000633:toxicity*; D013997:Time Factors; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices; D014728:Veterans; D014729:Veterans Disability Claims; D014792:Visual Acuity; D014857:Warfare
chemical_list: D002619:Chemical Warfare Agents; D009151:Mustard Gas