title: Effect of bite size and oral processing time of a semisolid food on satiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Food texture plays an important role in food intake regulation. In previous studies we showed a clear effect of viscosity on ad libitum food intake and found indications that eating rate, bite size, and oral processing time (OPT) could play a role.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine the effect of bite size and OPT of a food on satiation, defined as ad libitum food intake.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-two healthy subjects participated in all 7 test conditions. Bite sizes were free or fixed to small bite sizes ( approximately 5 g) or large bite sizes ( approximately 15 g). OPT was free (only in combination with free bite size) or fixed to 3 or 9 s. Subjects consumed chocolate custard through a tube, which was connected to a peristaltic pump. Sound signals indicated OPT duration.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Subjects consumed significantly more when bite sizes were large than when they were small (bite size effect: P < 0.0001) and when OPT was 3 s rather than 9 s (OPT effect: P = 0.008). Under small bite size conditions, mean (+/-SD) ad libitum intakes were 382 +/- 197 g (3-s OPT) and 313 +/- 170 g (9-s OPT). Under large bite size conditions, ad libitum intakes were much higher: 476 +/- 176 g (3-s OPT) and 432 +/- 163 g (9-s OPT). Intakes during the free bite size conditions were 462 +/- 211 g (free OPT), 455 +/- 197 g (3-s OPT), and 443 +/- 202 g (9-s OPT).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that greater oral sensory exposure to a product, by eating with small bite sizes rather than with large bite sizes and increasing OPT, significantly decreases food intake.
authors.affiliation: Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, Netherlands.
authors.forename: Nicolien
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Zijlstra
authors.forename: René A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: de Wijk
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mars
authors.forename: Annette
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Stafleu
authors.forename: Cees
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: de Graaf
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001732:Bite Force; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004435:Eating / Q000502:physiology*; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008409:Mastication / Q000502:physiology*; D010316:Particle Size; D012212:Rheology; D012527:Satiation / Q000502:physiology*; D012528:Satiety Response / Q000502:physiology; D012677:Sensation / Q000502:physiology; D014783:Viscosity; D055815:Young Adult