title: Reproducibility of rehabilitative ultrasound imaging for the measurement of abdominal muscle activity: a systematic review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) measures of abdominal wall muscles are used to indirectly measure muscle activity. These measures are used to identify suitable patients and to monitor progress of motor control exercise treatment of people with low back pain.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to systematically review reproducibility studies of RUSI for measuring thickness of abdominal wall muscles.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eligible studies were identified via searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL. The authors also searched personal files and tracked references of the retrieved studies via the Web of Science Index.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies involving any type of reliability and or agreement of any type of ultrasound measurements (B or M mode) for any of the abdominal wall muscles were selected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed methodological quality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Due to heterogeneity of the studies' designs, pooling the data for a meta-analysis was not possible. Twenty-one studies were included, and these studies were typically of low quality and studied subjects who were healthy rather than people seeking care for low back pain. The studies reported good to excellent reliability for single measures of thickness and poor to good reliability for measures of thickness change (reflecting the muscle activity). Interestingly, no studies checked reliability of measures of the difference in thickness changes over time (representing improvement or deterioration in muscle activity).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current evidence of the reproducibility of RUSI for measuring abdominal muscle activity is based mainly on studies with suboptimal designs and the study of people who were healthy. The critical question of whether RUSI provides reliable measures of improvement in abdominal muscle activity remains to be evaluated.
authors.affiliation: The George Institute for International Health, The University of Sydney, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, New South Wales, 2050 Australia. lcos3060@gmail.com
authors.forename: Leonardo Oliveira Pena
authors.initials: LO
authors.lastname: Costa
authors.forename: Chris G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Maher
authors.forename: Jane
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Latimer
authors.forename: Rob J E M
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Smeets
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology*; D034861:Abdominal Wall / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014463:Ultrasonography