title: Making difficult discussions easier: using prognosis to facilitate transitions to hospice.
abstract: Patients with advanced cancer face difficult decisions regarding their treatment, and many will need to make difficult choices about end-of-life care because although cancer-directed therapies are increasingly available, few provide a cure. High-quality cancer care includes access to palliative care throughout the cancer care continuum, and increasing evidence suggests that timely enrollment in hospice can increase quality of life for patients dying from cancer. Therefore, clinicians must learn to recognize patients who are hospice-eligible and to develop prognostication and communication skills that enable honest provider-patient dialogue about end-of-life options. In this article, the authors review available tools for prognostication in advanced cancer and present a method for discussing prognosis by using the SPIKES acronym. In addition, by using patient-identified goals and service needs, the authors recommend a method for making a hospice referral after disclosure of poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Medical Oncology and Palliative Care, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. esme.finlay@uphs.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Esmé
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Finlay
authors.forename: David
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Casarett
mesh_terms: D003266:Continuity of Patient Care; D003657:Decision Making; D004608:Eligibility Determination; D017051:Hospice Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D010166:Palliative Care; D011379:Prognosis; D011788:Quality of Life; D012017:Referral and Consultation