title: Poland syndrome with bilateral features: case description with review of the literature.
abstract: Poland syndrome (PS) has been described as unilateral pectoral muscle deficiency variably associated with ipsilateral thoracic and upper limb anomalies. Bilateral hypoplasia/aplasia of the pectoralis muscle and upper limb defects in association with variable thoracic muscles, chest wall deformities and lower limb defects have been infrequently reported in the literature. We report on a 3(1/2)-year-old girl with clinical features consisting in bilateral asymmetric pectoral muscle defects (complete agenesis on the left side and agenesis of the sternocostal head on the right side), nipple hypoplasia, left rib defect, and right hand symbrachydactyly. In this study, we reviewed the bilateral features present in our patient and those described in the literature. Hypotheses explaining bilateral features in PS are reviewed.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Gaslini Children Hospital, Genova, Italy.
authors.forename: Anwar
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Baban
authors.forename: Michele
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Torre
authors.forename: Sebastiano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bianca
authors.forename: Anna
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Buluggiu
authors.forename: Mario Igor
authors.initials: MI
authors.lastname: Rossello
authors.forename: Maria Grazia
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Calevo
authors.forename: Maura
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Valle
authors.forename: Roberto
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ravazzolo
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Jasonni
authors.forename: Margherita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lerone
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006228:Hand Deformities, Congenital; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D010369:Pectoralis Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities; D011045:Poland Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics; D035441:Thoracic Wall / Q000002:abnormalities; D013909:Thorax / Q000002:abnormalities