title: Developing biologically-based assessment tools for physical therapy management of neck pain.
abstract: CONCLUSIONS
  Neck pain is a common and episodic condition that is treated using a spectrum of interventions known to be moderately effective but is associated with a significant incidence of chronic pain. Recently, there has been increased focus on defining biological aspects of neck pain. Studies have indicated that neurophysiological, biomechanical, and motor control abnormalities are present and may be useful either in prognosis or classification. We review some of these findings in the context of our own work defining biological markers that may form the basis for clinical tests that can be used for prognosis, classification, or outcome evaluation in patients with neck pain. We have identified abnormalities in neurophysiology using quantitative sensory testing (vibration, touch, and current perception) and response to cold provocation that are related to neck disability. We have identified altered muscle biochemistry by measuring circulating muscle proteins in a lumbar surgery model and are now applying those methods to whiplash injury. We have incorporated capnography into treatment to address central physiological changes present in some patients by monitoring and training CO2 levels. We have developed an innovative new test, the Neck Walk Index, that captures abnormal control of head movement during slow gait as a means of differentiating patients with neck pain from either unaffected controls or individuals with other pathologies. We have used time-varying 3-dimensional joint orientation kinematics to assess deficits in motor control during an upper extremity reach task, the results showing that poor coordination and control of the shoulder girdle leads to shoulder guarding and inconsistencies in elbow joint movement. Despite some promising early results, future research is needed to determine how these measures help clinicians to diagnose, evaluate, and forecast future outcome for patients who present with neck pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  Diagnosis, level 5.
authors.affiliation: School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. macderj@mcmaster.ca
authors.forename: Joy C
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: MacDermid
authors.forename: Anita R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Gross
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Galea
authors.forename: Laurie M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: McLaughlin
authors.forename: William L
authors.initials: WL
authors.lastname: Parkinson
authors.forename: Linda J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Woodhouse
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000032:analysis; D003080:Cold Temperature; D004576:Electromyography; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D023421:Models, Animal; D026201:Musculoskeletal Manipulations; D019547:Neck Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D012684:Sensory Thresholds / Q000502:physiology; D016138:Walking / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide