title: Neural and hormonal regulation of pancreatic secretion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The biology of the pancreas is exquisitely complex and involves both endocrine and exocrine functions that are regulated by an integrated array of neural and hormonal processes. This review discusses recent developments in the regulation of both endocrine and exocrine secretion from the pancreas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New data suggest that cholecystokinin can stimulate neurons located in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Addressing a controversial topic, recent evidence suggests a direct secretory action of cholecystokinin on human acinar cells. An emerging concept is that some hormones and peptides such as melatonin, ghrelin, obestatin and leptin perform dual functions in the pancreas by regulating secretion and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The regulation of pancreatic secretion by several appetite-controlling neuropeptides such as ghrelin, orexin A and neuropeptide Y is also discussed. Recent data highlight findings that mechanisms of hormone action may be different between species possibly due to a divergence in signaling pathways during evolution.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The regulation of the secretory function of the pancreas by numerous hormones suggests that there are multiple and perhaps redundant signals governing the control of this important organ. Understanding these diverse pathways is essential to the treatment of pancreatitis, diabetes and obesity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
authors.forename: Rashmi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Chandra
authors.forename: Rodger A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Liddle
mesh_terms: D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000502:physiology; D054439:Ghrelin / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D020738:Leptin / Q000502:physiology; D008550:Melatonin / Q000502:physiology; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000502:physiology; D010179:Pancreas / Q000378:metabolism*; D046790:Pancreas, Exocrine / Q000378:metabolism; D014630:Vagus Nerve / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D054439:Ghrelin; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D020738:Leptin; D009479:Neuropeptides; D002766:Cholecystokinin; D008550:Melatonin