title: Local deformation of extraocular muscles during eye movement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study extraocular muscle (EOM) function, the local physiologic contraction and elongation (deformation) along human horizontal EOMs were quantified by using motion-encoded magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Eleven subjects (healthy right eye) gazed at a target that moved horizontally in a sinusoidal fashion (period, 2 seconds; amplitude, +/-20 degrees), during MRI with an optimized protocol. In addition, EOM longitudinal deformation in two patients with Duane's syndrome type I was analyzed. The horizontal EOMs and the optic nerve were tracked through 15 time frames, and their local deformation was calculated. Eight segments were separated along the EOMs and left-to-right and right-to-left eye movements were compared.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In healthy subjects, the maximum EOM deformation was situated at approximately two thirds of the muscle lengths from the scleral insertions. The EOM deformations were similar for the entire movement range as well as in both movement directions. In the two patients with Duane's syndrome type I, the abnormal innervation of lateral rectus muscle affected specific EOM segments only. The posterior muscle segments contracted and the anterior muscle segments relaxed during adduction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Motion-encoded MRI is a useful technique for advancing the understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of EOMs in humans during eye movement.
authors.affiliation: Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
authors.forename: Marco
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Piccirelli
authors.forename: Roger
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Luechinger
authors.forename: Veit
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Sturm
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Boesiger
authors.forename: Klara
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Landau
authors.forename: Oliver
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Bergamin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004370:Duane Retraction Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005133:Eye Movements / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology*; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009802:Oculomotor Nerve / Q000002:abnormalities; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology