title: Glutaminase-deficient mice display hippocampal hypoactivity, insensitivity to pro-psychotic drugs and potentiated latent inhibition: relevance to schizophrenia.
abstract: Dysregulated glutamatergic neurotransmission has been strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ). Recently, presynaptic modulation of glutamate transmission has been shown to have therapeutic promise. We asked whether genetic knockdown of glutaminase (gene GLS1) to reduce glutamatergic transmission presynaptically by slowing the recycling of glutamine to glutamate, would produce a phenotype relevant to SCZ and its treatment. GLS1 heterozygous (GLS1 het) mice showed about a 50% global reduction in glutaminase activity, and a modest reduction in glutamate levels in brain regions relevant to SCZ pathophysiology, but displayed neither general behavioral abnormalities nor SCZ-associated phenotypes. Functional imaging, measuring regional cerebral blood volume, showed hippocampal hypometabolism mainly in the CA1 subregion and subiculum, the inverse of recent clinical imaging findings in prodromal and SCZ patients. GLS1 het mice were less sensitive to the behavioral stimulating effects of amphetamine, showed a reduction in amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release and in ketamine-induced frontal cortical activation, suggesting that GLS1 het mice are resistant to the effects of these pro-psychotic challenges. Moreover, GLS1 het mice showed clozapine-like potentiation of latent inhibition, suggesting that reduction in glutaminase has antipsychotic-like properties. These observations provide further support for the pivotal role of altered glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the pathophysiology of SCZ, and suggest that presynaptic modulation of the glutamine-glutamate pathway through glutaminase inhibition may provide a new direction for the pharmacotherapy of SCZ.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors.forename: Inna
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Gaisler-Salomon
authors.forename: Gretchen M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Nao
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Chuhma
authors.forename: Sooyeon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hong
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Farhad
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ghoddoussi
authors.forename: Nicole
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lewandowski
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Fairhurst
authors.forename: Yvonne
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Agnès
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Conjard-Duplany
authors.forename: Justine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Masson
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Balsam
authors.forename: René
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hen
authors.forename: Ottavio
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Arancio
authors.forename: Matthew P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Galloway
authors.forename: Holly M
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Moore
authors.forename: Scott A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Small
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rayport
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects; D000661:Amphetamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000494:pharmacology; D003024:Clozapine / Q000494:pharmacology; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D019706:Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D005106:Exploratory Behavior / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D046352:Freezing Reaction, Cataleptic / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D005972:Glutaminase / Q000172:deficiency* / Q000378:metabolism; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods; D007266:Inhibition, Psychological; D007649:Ketamine / Q000494:pharmacology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Q000379:methods; D018782:Maze Learning / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D008570:Memory, Short-Term / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D017551:Microdialysis / Q000379:methods; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D011522:Protons; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D018691:Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists; D011522:Protons; D018698:Glutamic Acid; D007649:Ketamine; D000661:Amphetamine; D005972:Glutaminase; D003024:Clozapine; D010100:Oxygen