title: Transforming growth interacting factor expression in leiomyoma compared with myometrium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the expression of transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF), a Smad transcriptional corepressor, in leiomyoma and matched myometrial tissue samples and the effect of TGIF overexpression in myometrial cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Experimental study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Tertiary university hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Uterine leiomyoma and myometrial tissues from 16 patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  None.
  
  
  METHODS
  The distribution of TGIF in leiomyoma and myometrial tissues by immunohistochemistry stain, mRNA, and protein expression levels by real-time quantitative polymerase chain-reaction (QPCR) and Western blot. Transcriptional regulation of TGIF in myometrial cells with overexpressed TGIF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although TGIF is present in the smooth muscle cells of the leiomyoma and the myometrium, it is not found in the extracellular matrix. The TGIF mRNA and protein expressions were statistically significantly higher in the leiomyoma compared with the matched, unaffected myometrial tissues in both phases of the menstrual cycle. There were no differences in mRNA or protein expression throughout the menstrual cycle. Overexpression of TGIF protein in myometrial cells statistically significantly suppressed up-regulation of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) induced by TGF-beta1 treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Expression of TGIF is increased in leiomyoma compared with myometrium. This increase in TGIF expression is not affected by endogenous ovarian hormones. Thus, TGIF is a potential repressor of TGF-beta pathways in myometrial cells.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5317, USA.
authors.forename: Jason
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yen-Ping Ho
authors.forename: Weng Chi
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Man
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wen
authors.forename: Mary Lake
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Polan
authors.forename: Esther
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Shih-Chu Ho
authors.forename: Bertha
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007889:Leiomyoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009215:Myometrium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000494:pharmacology; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D014594:Uterine Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C051321:SERPINE1 protein, human; C097504:TGIF1 protein, human; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1