title: Biomechanical characterization of an annulus-sparing spinal disc prosthesis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current spine arthroplasty devices require disruption of the annulus fibrosus for implantation. Preliminary studies of a unique annulus-sparing intervertebral prosthetic disc (IPD) found that preservation of the annulus resulted in load sharing of the annulus with the prosthesis.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Determine flexibility of the IPD versus fusion constructs in normal and degenerated human spines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanical comparison of motion segments in the intact, fusion and mechanical nucleus replacement states for normal and degenerated states. PATIENT SETTING: Thirty lumbar motion segments.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intervertebral height; motion segment range of motion, neutral zone, stiffness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Motion segments had multidirectional flexibility testing to 7.5Nm for intact discs, discs reconstructed using the IPD (n=12), or after anterior/posterior fusions (n=18). Interbody height and axial compression stiffness changes were determined for the reconstructed discs by applying axial compression to 1,500N. Analysis included stratifying results to normal mobile versus rigid degenerated intact motion segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean interbody height increase was 1.5mm for IPD reconstructed discs versus 3.0mm for fused segments. Axial compression stiffness was 3.0+/-0.9kN/mm for intact compared with 1.2+/-0.4kN/mm for IPD reconstructed segments. Reconstructed disc ROM was 9.0 degrees +/-3.7 degrees in flexion extension, 10.6 degrees +/-3.4 degrees in lateral bending, and 2.8 degrees +/-1.4 degrees in axial torsion that was similar to intact values and significantly greater than respective fusion values (p<.001). Mobile intact segments exhibited significantly greater rotation after fusion versus their more rigid counterparts (p<.05); however, intact motion was not related to motion after IPD reconstruction. The NZ and rotational stiffness followed similar trends. Differences in NZ between mobile and rigid intact specimens tended to decrease in the IPD reconstructed state.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The annulus-sparing IPD generally reproduced the intact segment biomechanics in terms of ROM, NZ, and stiffness. Furthermore, the IPD reconstructed discs imparted stability by maintaining a small neutral zone. The IPD reconstructed discs were significantly less rigid than the fusion constructs and may be an attractive alternative for the treatment of degenerative disc disease.
authors.affiliation: Midwest Spine Institute, Spine Surgery Division, 1950 Curve Crest Boulevard, Stillwater, MN 55082, USA. butte011@umn.edu
authors.forename: Glenn R
authors.initials: GR
authors.lastname: Buttermann
authors.forename: Brian P
authors.initials: BP
authors.lastname: Beaubien
mesh_terms: D019643:Arthroplasty, Replacement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D007403:Intervertebral Disc / Q000601:surgery; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D013122:Spinal Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D013123:Spinal Fusion / Q000379:methods