title: Risk of tumour progression in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study aimed objectively to quantify the risk of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria following radiofrequency (RF) ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and to identify factors associated with tumour progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Some 111 patients (136 tumours) with liver cirrhosis undergoing RF ablation for HCC within Milan criteria between February 2004 and June 2007 were enrolled in the study. Data were analysed retrospectively from a prospectively collected database.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The cumulative probability of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria at 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months of RF ablation was 6.4, 11.0, 16.1, 21.2 and 44.8 per cent respectively. On multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with tumour progression were failure to achieve primary technique effectiveness (P = 0.005), alpha-fetoprotein level above 200 ng/ml (P = 0.013) and Child-Pugh grade B cirrhosis (P = 0.034). Failure to achieve primary RF ablation technique effectiveness was associated with tumour location in segment VIII (P = 0.033), a cool-down temperature of 70 degrees C or less (P = 0.043) and multiple overlapping ablations (P = 0.029).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides clinicians with an objective risk of tumour progression beyond the Milan criteria after RF ablation at multiple time points. Primary technique failure is identified as a risk factor for tumour progression.
authors.affiliation: Liver Research Unit, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Fernandes
authors.forename: C-C
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: C-J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: W-T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: S-M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Lin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins