title: Period-specific growth, overweight and modification by breastfeeding in the GINI and LISA birth cohorts up to age 6 years.
abstract: Children's weight/growth development is age-specific and may be influenced by breastfeeding. We therefore assessed velocities of weight, length, body-mass-index and overweight/obesity development from birth up to age 6 years overall and in relation to breastfeeding. The method of this study is based on pooled data of the birth-cohorts GINI-plus and LISA-plus and follows 7,643 healthy full-term neonates in four study-centers in Germany. Up to nine anthropometric measurements are available. Overweight/obesity is percentile-defined according to WHO-Child-Growth-Standards. Fully-breastfed is defined as breastfed for at least 4 months. Piecewise-linear-random-coefficient-models were applied to assess growth trajectories and velocities between 0-3, 3-6, 6-12, 12-24 and beyond 24th months. Velocities for weight-, length- and BMI-development are highest in the first 3 months after birth and diminish, with differing pace, in the periods that follow. For overweight and obesity, peak-velocities are estimated in periods 6-12 and 3-6 months. The difference in the velocity of weight gain for breastfed vs. other children is -18 g/month in the first 3 month, -93 g/month between month 3 and 6, -14 g/month between month 6 and 12 and -3 g/month beyond the 24th month. Velocities in length are not different between breastfed and non-breastfed children. Over time, a slightly lower risk (difference < 2%) of being overweight was estimated for breastfed children, after adjustment for study-center, socio-economic-status and maternal smoking in pregnancy. Infants fully-breastfed gain less weight, but grow equally in length in the first 12 months of life versus mixed or formula-fed children. The protective effect of breastfeeding on becoming overweight is related to its weight-velocity-modifying-effect in early infancy.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany. peter.rzehak@helmholtz-muenchen.de
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Rzehak
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sausenthaler
authors.forename: Sibylle
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Koletzko
authors.forename: Carl Peter
authors.initials: CP
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Beate
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schaaf
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: von Berg
authors.forename: Dietrich
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Berdel
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Borte
authors.forename: Olf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Herbarth
authors.forename: Ursula
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Krämer
authors.forename: Nora
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fenske
authors.forename: H-Erich
authors.initials: HE
authors.lastname: Wichmann
authors.forename: Joachim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Heinrich
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology; D050177:Overweight / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012923:Social Class