title: Sudden death and use of stimulant medications in youths.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The authors sought to determine whether a significant association exists between the use of stimulants and the rare event of sudden unexplained death in children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  A matched case-control design was performed. Mortality data from 1985-1996 state vital statistics were used to identify 564 cases of sudden death occurring at ages 7 through 19 years across the United States along with a matched group of 564 young people who died as passengers in motor vehicle traffic accidents. The primary exposure measure was the presence of amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, methamphetamine, or methylphenidate according to informant reports or as noted in medical examiner records, toxicology results, or death certificates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 10 (1.8%) of the sudden unexplained deaths it was determined that the youths were taking stimulants, specifically methylphenidate; in contrast, use of stimulants was found in only two subjects in the motor vehicle accident comparison group (0.4%), with only one involving methylphenidate use. A significant association of stimulant use with sudden unexplained death emerged from the primary analysis, which was based on exact conditional logistic regression (odds ratio=7.4, 95% CI=1.4 to 74.9). A comprehensive series of sensitivity analyses yielded qualitatively similar findings.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case-control study provides support for an association between the use of stimulants and sudden unexplained death among children and adolescents. Although sudden unexplained death is a rare event, this finding should be considered in the context of other data about the risk and benefit of stimulants in medical treatment.
authors.affiliation: Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY 10032. gouldm@childpsych.columbia.edu.
authors.forename: Madelyn S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Gould
authors.forename: B Timothy
authors.initials: BT
authors.lastname: Walsh
authors.forename: Jimmie Lou
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Munfakh
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kleinman
authors.forename: Naihua
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Duan
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Olfson
authors.forename: Laurence
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Greenhill
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Cooper
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D000293:Adolescent; D000294:Adolescent Behavior / Q000523:psychology; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002423:Cause of Death; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003334:Coroners and Medical Examiners / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003644:Death Certificates; D003645:Death, Sudden / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003913:Dextroamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008694:Methamphetamine / Q000009:adverse effects; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D008774:Methylphenidate; D008694:Methamphetamine; D003913:Dextroamphetamine