title: The spectrum of diaphragmatic injury in a busy metropolitan surgical service.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The diaphragm may be injured by penetrating or blunt trauma. Diaphragmatic breach without visceral injury or herniation may be difficult to detect due to a paucity of clinical signs and herniation may be misdiagnosed following the erroneous interpretation of chest radiology. If not recognized there is a considerable risk of late morbidity and mortality. This prospective study reviews our experience with diaphragmatic injury in a busy general surgical service with a large trauma component.
  
  
  METHODS
  A trauma database is maintained by the general surgical service of the Pietermaritzburg metropolitan complex. All patients who sustained a diaphragmatic injury between September 2006 and September 2007 were included in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 54 patients with diaphragmatic injury were treated in the period under review. There were three broad groups, namely those with simple breach of the diaphragm (37), acute diaphragmatic hernias (11) and chronic diaphragmatic hernias (6). Thirty-seven patients had a diaphragmatic breach confirmed at either laparotomy or laparoscopy. The mechanisms of injury were stab (24), gunshot wound (10), blunt trauma (2), and shotgun (1). There were seven (19%) deaths. In 19 asymptomatic patients laparoscopy was performed because of the presence of a stab wound to the left thoraco-abdominal region. Five (38%) of these patients were shown to have a diaphragmatic breach at laparoscopy. Eleven patients presented with an acute diaphragmatic hernia. The mechanisms of injury were stab (5), blunt trauma (5), and gunshot (1). The hernia contents were stomach (10), colon (1), and spleen (2). The operative approach was a laparotomy in 10 patients and a thoraco-laparotomy in one. Six patients presented with a chronic diaphragmatic hernia of longer than six months duration. The mechanisms of injury were stab (4), blunt trauma (1) and gunshot wound (1). The average delay from injury to presentation was 3.5 years. The contents were colon (3) and stomach (3). All were managed by laparotomy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  If there is an established indication for laparotomy diaphragmatic breach is usually recognized and dealt with appropriately although failure to follow standard principles may result in the injury being overlooked. Isolated diaphragmatic injury without associated visceral damage cannot be diagnosed clinically or radiologically. Direct video-endoscopic inspection confirms or excludes the diagnosis and has a high pick up rate. Diaphragmatic herniation can present acutely after trauma or at a time remote from the original injury. Acute diaphragmatic injury may be confused with other pathologies and there is a risk of inappropriate intervention. Most diaphragmatic hernias can be repaired via laparotomy.
authors.affiliation: Metropolitan Surgical Service, Pietermaritzburg, Department of General Surgery, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of Kwa-Zulu Natal, Durban, South Africa. nirusha.maharaj@kznhealth.gov.za
authors.forename: D L
authors.initials: DL
authors.lastname: Clarke
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Greatorex
authors.forename: G V
authors.initials: GV
authors.lastname: Oosthuizen
authors.forename: D J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Muckart
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003964:Diaphragm / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries* / Q000601:surgery; D006549:Hernia, Diaphragmatic, Traumatic / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006786:Hospitals, Urban; D006801:Humans; D007813:Laparotomy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011859:Radiography; D012086:Reoperation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery; D014950:Wounds, Penetrating / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery