title: Engineering liver tissue spheroids with inverted colloidal crystal scaffolds.
abstract: Multicellular spheroids provide a new three-dimensional (3D) level of control over morphology and function of ex vivo cultured tissues. They also represent a valuable experimental technique for drug discovery and cell biology. Nevertheless, the dependence of many cellular processes on the cluster diameter remains unclear. To provide a tool for the systematic evaluation of such dependences, we introduce here inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffolds. Uniformly sized pores in ICC cell matrixes afford a high yield production of controlled size spheroids in standard 96 well-plates. Transparent hydrogel matrix and ship-in-bottle effect also allows for convenient monitoring of cell processes by traditional optical techniques. Different developmental stages of 46.5-151.6 microm spheroids from HepG2 hepatocytes with vivid morphological similarities to liver tissue (bile canaliculi) were observed. The liver-specific functions of HepG2 cells were systematically investigated and compared for spheroids of different diameters as well as 2D cultures. Clear trends of albumin production and CYP450 activity were observed; diffusion processes and effect of cellular aggregation on metabolic activity were identified to be the primary contributors to the size dependence of the liver functions in HepG2 spheroids in ICC scaffolds. Since the aggregation of cells into clusters is a universal biological process, these findings and scaffolds can be applied to many other relevant cell types.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 3074 H.H. Dow Building, 2300 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
authors.forename: Jungwoo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Meghan J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Cuddihy
authors.forename: George M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Cater
authors.forename: Nicholas A
authors.initials: NA
authors.lastname: Kotov
mesh_terms: D002449:Cell Aggregation; D003102:Colloids; D003460:Crystallization; D006801:Humans; D020100:Hydrogels; D008099:Liver / Q000166:cytology*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D009929:Organ Size; D009928:Organ Specificity; D016062:Porosity; D018874:Spheroids, Cellular / Q000166:cytology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D003102:Colloids; D020100:Hydrogels