title: Homozygosity and risk of childhood death due to invasive bacterial disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Genetic heterozygosity is increasingly being shown to be a key predictor of fitness in natural populations, both through inbreeding depression, inbred individuals having low heterozygosity, and also through chance linkage between a marker and a gene under balancing selection. One important component of fitness that is often highlighted is resistance to parasites and other pathogens. However, the significance of equivalent loci in human populations remains unclear. Consequently, we performed a case-control study of fatal invasive bacterial disease in Kenyan children using a genome-wide screen with microsatellite markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  148 cases, comprising children aged <13 years who died of invasive bacterial disease, (variously, bacteraemia, bacterial meningitis or neonatal sepsis) and 137 age-matched, healthy children were sampled in a prospective study conducted at Kilifi District Hospital, Kenya. Samples were genotyped for 134 microsatellite markers using the ABI LD20 marker set and analysed for an association between homozygosity and mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At five markers homozygosity was strongly associated with mortality (odds ratio range 4.7 - 12.2) with evidence of interactions between some markers. Mortality was associated with different non-overlapping marker groups in Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial disease. Homozygosity at susceptibility markers was common (prevalence 19-49%) and, with the large effect sizes, this suggests that bacterial disease mortality may be strongly genetically determined.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balanced polymorphisms appear to be more widespread in humans than previously appreciated and play a critical role in modulating susceptibility to infectious disease. The effect sizes we report, coupled with the stochasticity of exposure to pathogens suggests that infection and mortality are far from random due to a strong genetic basis.
authors.affiliation: The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK. e.lyons@imperial.ac.uk
authors.forename: Emily J
authors.initials: EJ
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: William
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Amos
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Berkley
authors.forename: Isaiah
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: Mohammed
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shafi
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Charles R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Newton
authors.forename: Norbert
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Peshu
authors.forename: Kevin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Marsh
authors.forename: J Anthony G
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Scott
authors.forename: Adrian V S
authors.initials: AV
authors.lastname: Hill
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000235:genetics / Q000401:mortality; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007232:Infant, Newborn, Diseases / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality; D018895:Microsatellite Repeats / Q000235:genetics*; D016017:Odds Ratio; D012307:Risk Factors