title: In situ permeation study of drug through the stratum corneum using attenuated total reflectance [corrected] Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging.
abstract: Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is one of the most chemically specific analytical methods that gives information about composition, structure, and interactions in a material. IR spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the permeation of xenobiotics through the skin. Combining IR spectroscopy with an IR array detector led to the development of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging, which generates chemical information from different areas of a sample at the microscopic level. This is particularly important for heterogeneous samples, such as skin. Attenuated total reflectance [corrected] (ATR)-FTIR imaging has been applied to measure, in situ, the diffusion of benzyl nicotinate (BN) through the outer layer of human skin [stratum corneum (SC)]. In vitro experiments have demonstrated the heterogeneous distribution of SC surface lipids before the penetration of a saturated solution of BN. Image analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between the distribution of lipids and drugs, while ethanol appeared to be homogenously distributed in the SC. These results show the ability of ATR-FTIR imaging to measure simultaneously the affinities of drug and solvent to the lipid-rich and lipid-poor skin domains, respectively, during permeation. This information may be useful in better understanding drug-diffusion pathways through the SC.
authors: Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Jean-Michel
authors: JM
authors: Andanson
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Hadgraft
authors: Sergei G
authors: SG
authors: Kazarian
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry; D009539:Nicotinic Acids / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D008055:Lipids; D009539:Nicotinic Acids; D000431:Ethanol; C025653:nicotinic acid benzyl ester