Effectors of biotrophic fungi and oomycetes: pathogenicity factors and triggers of host resistance.
Many biotrophic fungal and oomycete pathogens share a common infection process involving the formation of haustoria, which penetrate host cell walls and form a close association with plant membranes. Recent studies have identified a class of pathogenicity effector proteins from these pathogens that is transferred into host cells from haustoria during infection. This insight stemmed from the identification of avirulence (Avr) proteins from these pathogens that are recognized by intracellular host resistance (R) proteins. Oomycete effectors contain a conserved translocation motif that directs their uptake into host cells independently of the pathogen, and is shared with the human malaria pathogen. Genome sequence information indicates that oomycetes may express several hundred such host-translocated effectors. Elucidating the transport mechanism of fungal and oomycete effectors and their roles in disease offers new opportunities to understand how these pathogens are able to manipulate host cells to establish a parasitic relationship and to develop new disease-control measures.
Dodds
Peter N
PN
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Rafiqi
Maryam
M
Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Gan
Pamela H P
PHP
Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Hardham
Adrienne R
AR
Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Jones
David A
DA
Plant Cell Biology Group, Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
Ellis
Jeffrey G
JG
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
D020418:Algal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D020816:Amino Acid Motifs; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D001692:Biological Transport; D005656:Fungal Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D005658:Fungi / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D016678:Genome; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D009868:Oomycetes / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D010944:Plants / Q000382:microbiology*; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000235:genetics; D014178:Translocation, Genetic; D014774:Virulence / Q000235:genetics
D020418:Algal Proteins; D005656:Fungal Proteins