title: A social network perspective on heroin and cocaine use among adults: evidence of bidirectional influences.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  While several studies have documented a relationship between initiation of drug use and social network drug use in youth, the direction of this association is not well understood, particularly among adults or for stages of drug involvement beyond initiation. The present study sought to examine two competing theories (social selection and social influence) in the longitudinal relationship between drug use (heroin and/or cocaine) and social network drug use among drug-experienced adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three waves of data came from a cohort of 1108 adults reporting a life-time history of heroin and/or cocaine use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Low-income neighborhoods with high rates of drug use in Baltimore, Maryland.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants had weekly contact with drug users and were 18 years of age or older.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug use data were self-report. Network drug use was assessed through a social network inventory. Close friends were individuals whom the participant reported seeing daily or rated as having the highest level of trust. Findings Structural equation modeling indicated significant bidirectional influences. The majority of change in network drug use over time was due to change in the composition of the network rather than change in friends' behavior. Drug use by close peers did not influence participant drug use beyond the total network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is evidence of both social selection and social influence processes in the association between drug use and network drug use among drug-experienced adults.
authors: VA Ann Arbor National Serious Mental Illness Treatment Research and Evaluation Center (11H), 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA. amybohne@med.umich.edu
authors: Amy S B
authors: AS
authors: Bohnert
authors: Catherine P
authors: CP
authors: Bradshaw
authors: Carl A
authors: CA
authors: Latkin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015142:Baltimore / Q000453:epidemiology; D019970:Cocaine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006556:Heroin Dependence / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012931:Social Environment; D012944:Social Support; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D055815:Young Adult