title: Bacillus thuringiensis bel protein enhances the toxicity of Cry1Ac protein to Helicoverpa armigera larvae by degrading insect intestinal mucin.
abstract: Bacillus thuringiensis has been used as a bioinsecticide to control agricultural insects. Bacillus cereus group genomes were found to have a Bacillus enhancin-like (bel) gene, encoding a peptide with 20 to 30% identity to viral enhancin protein, which can enhance viral infection by degradation of the peritrophic matrix (PM) of the insect midgut. In this study, the bel gene was found to have an activity similar to that of the viral enhancin gene. A bel knockout mutant was constructed by using a plasmid-free B. thuringiensis derivative, BMB171. The 50% lethal concentrations of this mutant plus the cry1Ac insecticidal protein gene were about 5.8-fold higher than those of the BMB171 strain. When purified Bel was mixed with the Cry1Ac protein and fed to Helicoverpa armigera larvae, 3 mug/ml Cry1Ac alone induced 34.2% mortality. Meanwhile, the mortality rate rose to 74.4% when the same amount of Cry1Ac was mixed with 0.8 mug/ml of Bel. Microscopic observation showed a significant disruption detected on the midgut PM of H. armigera larvae after they were fed Bel. In vitro degradation assays showed that Bel digested the intestinal mucin (IIM) of Trichoplusia ni and H. armigera larvae to various degrading products, similar to findings for viral enhancin. These results imply Bel toxicity enhancement depends on the destruction of midgut PM and IIM, similar to the case with viral enhancin. This discovery showed that Bel has the potential to enhance insecticidal activity of B. thuringiensis-based biopesticides and transgenic crops.
authors: State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China.
authors: Shangling
authors: S
authors: Fang
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Wang
authors: Wei
authors: W
authors: Guo
authors: Xia
authors: X
authors: Zhang
authors: Donghai
authors: D
authors: Peng
authors: Chunping
authors: C
authors: Luo
authors: Ziniu
authors: Z
authors: Yu
authors: Ming
authors: M
authors: Sun
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001413:Bacillus thuringiensis / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000633:toxicity; D007422:Intestines / Q000737:chemistry*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009036:Moths / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000382:microbiology*; D009077:Mucins / Q000378:metabolism*; D009154:Mutation; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D000083722:Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D004731:Endotoxins; D006460:Hemolysin Proteins; D009077:Mucins; D014764:Viral Proteins; C030956:insecticidal crystal protein, Bacillus Thuringiensis; C071647:viral enhancing factor, Trichoplusia ni granulosa virus