title: Associations between stroke risk and cognition in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease with and without depression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stroke risk factors have been increasingly implicated in the development of age-related cognitive decline, the spectrum of vascular cognitive impairment, and, more recently, Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, depression and the apolipoprotein (APOE) epsilon4 allele have been reported to influence the association between stroke risk and cognition. However, few studies have described the relations among stroke risk, cognition, and APOE genotype in AD, and the findings have been equivocal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty cognitively normal older adults, 30 AD patients with depression, and 30 AD patients without depression were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery measuring several domains including memory, attention, language, visuospatial skills, executive functions, and speed of information processing. The Framingham Stroke Risk Profile (FSRP), a validated scale that was developed to predict 10-year probability of stroke, was used to quantify stroke risk burden.
  
  
  RESULTS
  AD patients with depression demonstrated greater stroke risk burden relative to the cognitively normal group and, across all participants, increased stroke risk was associated with poorer performance on memory and processing speed measures. Moreover, stroke risk accurately predicted AD diagnosis. Notably, there were no significant differences in stroke risk or cognitive performance between the AD participants with depression and those without depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given that many markers of stroke risk are modifiable or treatable, our findings have implications for assessment, prevention, and treatment of cognitive decline.
authors: San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA, USA.
authors: Katherine J
authors: KJ
authors: Bangen
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Delano-Wood
authors: Christina E
authors: CE
authors: Wierenga
authors: Ashley
authors: A
authors: McCauley
authors: Dilip V
authors: DV
authors: Jeste
authors: David P
authors: DP
authors: Salmon
authors: Mark W
authors: MW
authors: Bondi
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology*; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D053327:Apolipoprotein E4 / Q000235:genetics*; D003071:Cognition; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D012307:Risk Factors; D020521:Stroke / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D053327:Apolipoprotein E4