title: Evolution of developmental regulation in the vertebrate FgfD subfamily.
abstract: Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) encode small signaling proteins that help regulate embryo patterning. Fgfs fall into seven families, including FgfD. Nonvertebrate chordates have a single FgfD gene; mammals have three (Fgf8, Fgf17, and Fgf18); and teleosts have six (fgf8a, fgf8b, fgf17, fgf18a, fgf18b, and fgf24). What are the evolutionary processes that led to the structural duplication and functional diversification of FgfD genes during vertebrate phylogeny? To study this question, we investigated conserved syntenies, patterns of gene expression, and the distribution of conserved noncoding elements (CNEs) in FgfD genes of stickleback and zebrafish, and compared them with data from cephalochordates, urochordates, and mammals. Genomic analysis suggests that Fgf8, Fgf17, Fgf18, and Fgf24 arose in two rounds of whole genome duplication at the base of the vertebrate radiation; that fgf8 and fgf18 duplications occurred at the base of the teleost radiation; and that Fgf24 is an ohnolog that was lost in the mammalian lineage. Expression analysis suggests that ancestral subfunctions partitioned between gene duplicates and points to the evolution of novel expression domains. Analysis of CNEs, at least some of which are candidate regulatory elements, suggests that ancestral CNEs partitioned between gene duplicates. These results help explain the evolutionary pathways by which the developmentally important family of FgfD molecules arose and the deduced principles that guided FgfD evolution are likely applicable to the evolution of developmental regulation in many vertebrate multigene families.
authors: Center for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Jovelin
authors: Yi-Lin
authors: YL
authors: Yan
authors: Xinjun
authors: X
authors: He
authors: Julian
authors: J
authors: Catchen
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Amores
authors: Cristian
authors: C
authors: Canestro
authors: Hayato
authors: H
authors: Yokoi
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Postlethwait
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002874:Chromosome Mapping; D002938:Ciona intestinalis / Q000235:genetics; D017124:Conserved Sequence / Q000235:genetics; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors / Q000235:genetics*; D005399:Fishes / Q000235:genetics; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D050437:Genes, Developmental / Q000235:genetics; D040961:Genetic Drift; D006801:Humans; D010802:Phylogeny; D023701:Smegmamorpha / Q000235:genetics; D026801:Synteny / Q000235:genetics; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000235:genetics*; D015027:Zebrafish / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D005346:Fibroblast Growth Factors