title: Socio-demographic risk factors for alcohol and drug dependence: the 10-year follow-up of the national comorbidity survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Continued progress in etiological research and prevention science requires more precise information concerning the specific stages at which socio-demographic variables are implicated most strongly in transition from initial substance use to dependence. The present study examines prospective associations between socio-demographic variables and the subsequent onset of alcohol and drug dependence using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) and the NCS Follow-up survey (NCS-2).
  
  
  METHODS
  The NCS was a nationally representative survey of the prevalence and correlates of DSM-III-R mental and substance disorders in the United States carried out in 1990-2002. The NCS-2 re-interviewed a probability subsample of NCS respondents a decade after the baseline survey. Baseline NCS socio-demographic characteristics and substance use history were examined as predictors of the first onset of DSM-IV alcohol and drug dependence in the NCS-2.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 5001 NCS respondents were re-interviewed in the NCS-2 (87.6% of baseline sample).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Aggregate analyses demonstrated significant associations between some baseline socio-demographic variables (young age, low education, non-white ethnicity, occupational status) but not others (sex, number of children, residential area) and the subsequent onset of DSM-IV alcohol or drug dependence. However, conditional models showed that these risk factors were limited to specific stages of baseline use. Moreover, many socio-demographic variables that were not significant in the aggregate analyses were significant predictors of dependence when examined by stage of use.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings underscore the potential for socio-demographic risk factors to have highly specific associations with different stages of the substance use trajectory.
authors: National Scientific Research Center (CNRS 5231), Bordeaux, France. joel.swendsen@u-bordeaux2.fr
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Swendsen
authors: Kevin P
authors: KP
authors: Conway
authors: Louisa
authors: L
authors: Degenhardt
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Dierker
authors: Meyer
authors: M
authors: Glantz
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Jin
authors: Kathleen R
authors: KR
authors: Merikangas
authors: Nancy
authors: N
authors: Sampson
authors: Ronald C
authors: RC
authors: Kessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019973:Alcohol-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015897:Comorbidity; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult