title: Mississippi's infectious disease hotline: a surveillance and education model for future disasters.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The potential for outbreaks of epidemic disease among displaced residents was a significant public health concern in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In response, the Mississippi Department of Health (MDH) and the American Red Cross (ARC) implemented a novel infectious disease surveillance system, in the form of a telephone "hotline", to detect and rapidly respond to health threats in shelters.
  
  
  METHODS
  All ARC-managed shelters in Mississippi were included in the surveillance system. A symptom-based, case reporting method was developed and distributed to shelter staff, who were linked with MDH and ARC professionals by a toll-free telephone service. Hotline staff investigated potential infectious disease outbreaks, provided assistance to shelter staff regarding optimal patient care, and helped facilitate the evaluation of ill evacuees by local medical personnel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three shelters sheltering 3,520 evacuees participated in the program. Seventeen shelters made 29 calls notifying the hotline of the following cases: (1) fever (6 cases); (2) respiratory infections (37 cases); (3) bloody diarrhea (2 cases); (4) watery diarrhea (15 cases); and (5) other, including rashes (33 cases). Thirty-four of these patients were referred to a local physician or hospital for further diagnosis and disease management. Three cases of chickenpox were identified. No significant infectious disease outbreaks occurred and no deaths were reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The surveillance system used direct verbal communication between shelter staff and hotline managers to enable more rapid reporting, mapping, investigation, and intervention, far beyond the capabilities of a more passive or paper-based system. It also allowed for immediate feedback and education for staff unfamiliar with the diseases and reporting process. Replication of this program should be considered during future disasters when health surveillance of a large, disseminated shelter population is necessary.
authors: Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. andrew.cavey@post.harvard.edu
authors: Andrew M J
authors: AM
authors: Cavey
authors: Jonathan M
authors: JM
authors: Spector
authors: Derek
authors: D
authors: Ehrhardt
authors: Theresa
authors: T
authors: Kittle
authors: Mills
authors: M
authors: McNeill
authors: P Gregg
authors: PG
authors: Greenough
authors: Thomas D
authors: TD
authors: Kirsch
mesh_terms: D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D055867:Cyclonic Storms; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D004631:Emergency Medical Service Communication Systems / Q000458:organization & administration*; D006801:Humans; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D008922:Mississippi / Q000453:epidemiology; D017146:Models, Organizational; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*