title: Stimulation of artemisinin synthesis by combined cerebroside and nitric oxide elicitation in Artemisia annua hairy roots.
abstract: This work examined the accumulation of artemisinin and related secondary metabolism pathways in hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. induced by a fungal-derived cerebroside (2S,2'R,3R,3'E,4E,8E)-1-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2-N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-octadecenoyl)-3-hydroxy-9-methyl-4,8-sphingadienine. The presence of the cerebroside induced nitric oxide (NO) burst and artemisinin biosynthesis in the hairy roots. The endogenous NO generation was examined to be involved in the cerebroside-induced biosynthesis of artemisinin by using NO inhibitors, N (omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. The gene expression and activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase were stimulated by the cerebroside, but more strongly by the potentiation of NO. While the mevalonate pathway inhibitor, mevinolin, only partially inhibited the induced artemisinin accumulation, the plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway inhibitor, fosmidomycin, nearly arrested artemisinin accumulation induced by cerebroside and the combination elicitation with an NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP). With the potentiation by SNP at 10 microM, the cerebroside elicitor stimulated artemisinin production in 20-day-old hairy root cultures up to 22.4 mg/l, a 2.3-fold increase over the control. These results suggest that cerebroside plays as a novel elicitor and the involvement of NO in the signaling pathway of the elicitor activity for artemisinin biosynthesis.
authors: School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China. jwwang@suda.edu.cn
authors: Jian Wen
authors: JW
authors: Wang
authors: Li Ping
authors: LP
authors: Zheng
authors: Ben
authors: B
authors: Zhang
authors: Ting
authors: T
authors: Zou
mesh_terms: D031172:Artemisia annua / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002554:Cerebrosides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004224:Diterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D018506:Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; D007700:Kinetics; D007783:Lactones / Q000378:metabolism*; D039821:Monoterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester / Q000494:pharmacology; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors / Q000494:pharmacology; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D037621:Artemisinins; D002554:Cerebrosides; D004224:Diterpenes; D007783:Lactones; D039821:Monoterpenes; D020030:Nitric Oxide Donors; D010937:Plant Growth Regulators; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D019331:NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester; C075875:artemisin