[Unspecific back pain - basic principles and possibilities for intervention from a psychological point of view].
BACKGROUND
Back pain is one of the most common and expensive health problems in Germany. Apart from somatic parameters, psychological factors are thought to influence the aetiology and, especially, the chronification of back pain. A literature search has been performed to establish which psychological procedures are used in the diagnosis, prevention and therapy for back pain, and how effective they are.


METHODS
The connection between back pain and psychological factors was investigated in English and German technical articles identified in a literature search in Medline (2000-2006) and in psyndex (2000-2006). 714 hits were identified for the key words "back pain and prevention", 61 hits for "back pain and psychological factors", 732 hits for "back pain and risk factors" and 4 hits for "back pain and chronification of pain". 75 technical articles or studies were selected from these hits and used as a basis for the evaluation of the above questions. The search was completed by a manual search in the literature lists of published articles, perusing monographs, searching the internet and evaluating congress and meeting reports (2000-2008).


RESULTS
The results of various studies show that cognitive, emotional and behavioural aspects and the processes of respondent and operant learning are of great importance in processing and overcoming pain. Biopsychosocial procedures appear to be superior to biomedical procedures. There has been good research on the (psychological) risk factors which contribute to the chronification of pain. It seems to be sensible to use screening procedures, such as the "Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Questionnaire (OMPQ)" for the identification of patients at increased risk of chronification. For patients with chronic symptoms, there are evidence-based psychological programme components; these are usually successful, especially as part of multimodal programmes. As yet, there have only been initial studies on the use of psychological intervention for prevention, particularly in occupational settings.


CONCLUSIONS
In the high risk group of patients already suffering from back pain, relapses and chronification can best be prevented by multimodal programmes. A decisive condition for the success of these physiotherapeutic, ergotherapeutic, sports therapeutic and psychotherapeutic interventions is apparently that there should be a standardised procedure in accordance with the theoretical principles of behavioural therapy, complied with by all those involved in the process. However, the principle objective of all measures should be the avoidance of the transition from acute to chronic back pain and the protracted and expensive clinical course this can lead to. Psychological intervention appears to work here as well. Further studies are needed to clarify whether the psychological program components are effective in isolation or whether they must be embedded in a multimodal (preventive) concept. It must also be investigated which target groups benefit most from which type of preventive (psychological) intervention. Provision of specific information is an alternative preventive approach. This health psychological or educative procedure corresponds to demedicalisation of this condition. Although media campaigns have been successfully performed in Australia, it is as yet unclear whether these can be transferred to Germany and which structural changes these would require in our health care system.
Flothow
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Hochschule Neubrandenburg, Fachbereich Gesundheit, Pflege, Management, Neubrandenburg.
Zeh
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Nienhaus
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D001416:Back Pain / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D015897:Comorbidity; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D038622:Internationality; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011584:Psychology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors