title: Lifetime endogenous estrogen exposure and electrocardiographic frontal T axis changes in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The protective effect of endogenous estrogens in cardiovascular disease may in part originate from effects of circulating estrogens on the electrophysiological properties of the myocardium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between reproductive factors and the electrocardiographic frontal T axis in postmenopausal women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study was conducted at the University Medical Center Utrecht.
  
  
  METHODS
  In total, 998 postmenopausal women were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Information of women's reproductive life was obtained by a questionnaire. Electrocardiographic frontal T axes were categorized as normal (25-65 degrees) or abnormal (-180 degrees to 24 degrees and 66-180 degrees). Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between reproductive factors and the frontal T axis. Moreover, the effect of the lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles, a composite measure of all reproductive factors, on the frontal T axis was investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean age was 66.0 (+/-5.6) years and 15.3% had T-axes abnormalities. Later menopausal age decreased the risk on frontal T-axis abnormalities; the multivariable adjusted odds ratio was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.94-0.99) per year increasing menopause. For the lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles the age-adjusted odds ratio was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.75-0.99) per 100 menstrual cycles increase.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Later age at menopause and increasing lifetime cumulative number of menstrual cycles decreased the risk on frontal T-axis changes. This supports the view that estrogens may protect against ventricular repolarization disturbances.
authors: Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Femke
authors: F
authors: Atsma
authors: Yvonne T
authors: YT
authors: van der Schouw
authors: Diederick E
authors: DE
authors: Grobbee
authors: Jan A
authors: JA
authors: Kors
authors: Marie-Louise E L
authors: ML
authors: Bartelink
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004967:Estrogens / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006321:Heart / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008597:Menstrual Cycle / Q000502:physiology; D008875:Middle Aged; D017698:Postmenopause; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004967:Estrogens; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol