title: CT/MR image fusion in the postoperative assessment of electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stereotactic postoperative imaging is essential for verification of the position of electrodes implanted for deep brain stimulation (DBS). MRI offers superior visualisation of the DBS targets relative to CT, but previous adverse incidents have heightened concerns about risks of postoperative MRI. Preoperative MRI fused with postoperative CT offers an alternative method for evaluating electrode position, but before this method can be clinically applied, the image registration accuracy must be established. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively assess the accuracy of three different image registration and fusion methods.
  
  
  METHODS
  Preoperative stereotactic MRI and postoperative stereotactic CT were acquired from 20 patients under- going DBS surgery (35 electrodes in total). The postoperative CT was registered and fused with the preoperative MRI, using three different registration algorithms. The position of each electrode tip was determined in stereotactic coordinates both in the (unfused) postoperative CT and the fused CT/MRI. The difference in tip position between the CT and fused CT/MRI was used to evaluate the registration accuracy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean error along the lateral, anteroposterior, and vertical axes was 0.5, 0.5, and 1 mm, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CT/MRI fusion provides a safe, practical technique for postoperative identification of DBS electrodes.
authors: Department of Neuroradiology, King's College Hospital, London, UK. r.o'gorman@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Ruth L
authors: RL
authors: O'Gorman
authors: Josef M
authors: JM
authors: Jarosz
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Samuel
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Clough
authors: Richard P
authors: RP
authors: Selway
authors: Keyoumars
authors: K
authors: Ashkan
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D046690:Deep Brain Stimulation; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011184:Postoperative Period; D012042:Registries; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013238:Stereotaxic Techniques; D020531:Subthalamic Nucleus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards*