title: Long-term trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility of causative agents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In an era with increased maternal antibiotic use, patterns in early- and late-onset sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility may have changed.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To identify longitudinal trends in causative microorganisms for neonatal sepsis and analyze antibiotic susceptibility of all blood isolates of infants with sepsis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Early- and late-onset sepsis cases from 29 years (1978-2006) were studied retrospectively, in five clusters of 5 years (period I-V) and one cluster of 4 years (period VI), including antibiotic susceptibility profiles of blood isolates during the years 1999-2006.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The incidence of early-onset sepsis decreased (p < 0.01) from 4% during period I (1978-1982) to 1.2% during period VI (2003-2006). 78% of the infants with group B streptococcal (GBS) sepsis were premature during period I, compared to 47% during period VI (p < 0.05). The incidence of early-onset Gram-negative infections remained low during all periods. The incidence of late-onset sepsis, predominantly caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci (CONS) and Staphylococcus aureus, increased since period III from 7.1 to 13.9% in period VI (p < 0.01). Infections due to fungi or yeasts were rare (incidence <0.3%). The majority of CONS blood isolates were oxacillin-resistant, but vancomycin-susceptible. 95% of CONS blood isolates were susceptible for first-generation cephalosporins. Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-resistant Escherichia coli were infrequent causes of infection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of early-onset sepsis mainly caused by GBS decreased. In contrast, the incidence of late-onset sepsis, predominantly caused by CONS, increased significantly. The incidence of fungal and yeast infections remained low. The majority of CONS blood isolates were susceptible for first-generation cephalosporins.
authors: Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Agnes
authors: A
authors: van den Hoogen
authors: Leo J
authors: LJ
authors: Gerards
authors: Malgorzata A
authors: MA
authors: Verboon-Maciolek
authors: André
authors: A
authors: Fleer
authors: Tannette G
authors: TG
authors: Krediet
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D004352:Drug Resistance, Microbial / Q000187:drug effects; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D016908:Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009426:Netherlands / Q000453:epidemiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D018746:Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents