title: Variation in antibiotic prescribing and its impact on recovery in patients with acute cough in primary care: prospective study in 13 countries.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe variation in antibiotic prescribing for acute cough in contrasting European settings and the impact on recovery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross sectional observational study with clinicians from 14 primary care research networks in 13 European countries who recorded symptoms on presentation and management. Patients followed up for 28 days with patient diaries.
  
  
  METHODS
  Primary care.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with a new or worsening cough or clinical presentation suggestive of lower respiratory tract infection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prescribing of antibiotics by clinicians and total symptom severity scores over time.
  
  
  RESULTS
  3402 patients were recruited (clinicians completed a case report form for 99% (3368) of participants and 80% (2714) returned a symptom diary). Mean symptom severity scores at presentation ranged from 19 (scale range 0 to 100) in networks based in Spain and Italy to 38 in the network based in Sweden. Antibiotic prescribing by networks ranged from 20% to nearly 90% (53% overall), with wide variation in classes of antibiotics prescribed. Amoxicillin was overall the most common antibiotic prescribed, but this ranged from 3% of antibiotics prescribed in the Norwegian network to 83% in the English network. While fluoroquinolones were not prescribed at all in three networks, they were prescribed for 18% in the Milan network. After adjustment for clinical presentation and demographics, considerable differences remained in antibiotic prescribing, ranging from Norway (odds ratio 0.18, 95% confidence interval 0.11 to 0.30) to Slovakia (11.2, 6.20 to 20.27) compared with the overall mean (proportion prescribed: 0.53). The rate of recovery was similar for patients who were and were not prescribed antibiotics (coefficient -0.01, P<0.01) once clinical presentation was taken into account.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Variation in clinical presentation does not explain the considerable variation in antibiotic prescribing for acute cough in Europe. Variation in antibiotic prescribing is not associated with clinically important differences in recovery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00353951.
authors: Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, Wales. ButlerCC@cardiff.ac.uk
authors: C C
authors: CC
authors: Butler
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Hood
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Verheij
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Little
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Melbye
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Nuttall
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Kelly
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Mölstad
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Godycki-Cwirko
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Almirall
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Torres
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gillespie
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Rautakorpi
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Coenen
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Goossens
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003371:Cough / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents