title: Analysis of Memory Formation during General Anesthesia (Propofol/Remifentanil) for Elective Surgery Using the Process-dissociation Procedure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There have been reports of memory formation during general anesthesia. The process-dissociation procedure has been used to determine if these are controlled (explicit/conscious) or automatic (implicit/unconscious) memories. This study used the process-dissociation procedure with the original measurement model and one which corrected for guessing to determine if more accurate results were obtained in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 160 patients scheduled for elective surgery were enrolled. Memory for words presented during propofol and remifentanil general anesthesia was tested postoperatively by using a word-stem completion task in a process-dissociation procedure. To assign possible memory effects to different levels of anesthetic depth, the authors measured depth of anesthesia using the BIS XP monitor (Aspect Medical Systems, Norwood, MA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Word-stem completion performance showed no evidence of memory for intraoperatively presented words. Nevertheless, an evaluation of these data using the original measurement model for process-dissociation data suggested an evidence of controlled (C = 0.05; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.02-0.08) and automatic (A = 0.11; 95% CI 0.09-0.12) memory processes (P < 0.01). However, when the data were evaluated with an extended measurement model taking base rates into account adequately, no evidence for controlled (C = 0.00; 95% CI -0.04 to 0.04) or automatic (A = 0.00; 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02) memory processes was obtained. The authors report and discuss parallel findings for published data sets that were generated by using the process-dissociation procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients had no memories for auditory information presented during propofol/remifentanil anesthesia after midazolam premedication. The use of the process-dissociation procedure with the original measurement model erroneously detected memories, whereas the extended model, corrected for guessing, correctly revealed no memory.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Hadzidiakos
authors: Nadja
authors: N
authors: Horn
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Degener
authors: Axel
authors: A
authors: Buchner
authors: Benno
authors: B
authors: Rehberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000465:Algorithms; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D004213:Dissociative Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004569:Electroencephalography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects*; D011939:Mental Recall; D008874:Midazolam; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D010880:Piperidines; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011229:Preanesthetic Medication; D015742:Propofol; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D000077208:Remifentanil
chemical_list: D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010880:Piperidines; D000077208:Remifentanil; D008874:Midazolam; D015742:Propofol