title: Diagnosis of antiretroviral therapy failure in Malawi: poor performance of clinical and immunological WHO criteria.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In antiretroviral therapy (ART) scale-up programmes in sub-Saharan Africa viral load monitoring is not recommended. We wanted to study the impact of only using clinical and immunological monitoring on the diagnosis of virological ART failure under routine circumstances.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinicians in two urban ART clinics in Malawi used clinical and immunological monitoring to identify adult patients for switching to second-line ART. If patients met clinical and/or immunological failure criteria of WHO guidelines and had a viral load <400 copies/ml there was misclassification of virological ART failure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between January 2006 and July 2007, we identified 155 patients with WHO criteria for immunological and/or clinical failure. Virological ART failure had been misclassified in 66 (43%) patients. Misclassification was significantly higher in patients meeting clinical failure criteria (57%) than in those with immunological criteria (30%). On multivariate analysis, misclassification was associated with being on ART <2 years [OR = 7.42 (2.63, 20.95)] and CD4 > 200 cells/microl [OR = 5.03 (2.05, 12.34)]. Active tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma were the most common conditions causing misclassification of virological ART failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Misclassification of virological ART failure occurs frequently using WHO clinical and immunological criteria of ART failure for poor settings. A viral load test confirming virological ART failure is therefore advised to avoid unnecessary switching to second-line regimens.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi.
authors: Joep J G
authors: JJ
authors: van Oosterhout
authors: Lillian
authors: L
authors: Brown
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Weigel
authors: Johnstone J
authors: JJ
authors: Kumwenda
authors: Dalitso
authors: D
authors: Mzinganjira
authors: Nasinuku
authors: N
authors: Saukila
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Mhango
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Hartung
authors: Sam
authors: S
authors: Phiri
authors: Mina C
authors: MC
authors: Hosseinipour
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral / Q000276:immunology; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology / Q000821:virology; D006801:Humans; D008295:Malawi; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012514:Sarcoma, Kaposi / Q000175:diagnosis; D017211:Treatment Failure; D014397:Tuberculosis, Pulmonary / Q000175:diagnosis; D019562:Viral Load / Q000379:methods; D014944:World Health Organization; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044966:Anti-Retroviral Agents