title: Are we drawing the right conclusions from randomised placebo-controlled trials? A post-hoc analysis of data from a randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Assumptions underlying placebo controlled trials include that the placebo effect impacts on all study arms equally, and that treatment effects are additional to the placebo effect. However, these assumptions have recently been challenged, and different mechanisms may potentially be operating in the placebo and treatment arms. The objective of the current study was to explore the nature of placebo versus pharmacological effects by comparing predictors of the placebo response with predictors of the treatment response in a randomised, placebo-controlled trial of a phytotherapeutic combination for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. A substantial placebo response was observed but no significant difference in efficacy between the two arms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A post hoc analysis was conducted on data from 93 participants who completed this previously published study. Variables at baseline were investigated as potential predictors of the response on any of the endpoints of flushing, overall menopausal symptoms and depression. Focused tests were conducted using hierarchical linear regression analyses. Based on these findings, analyses were conducted for both groups separately. These findings are discussed in relation to existing literature on placebo effects.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Distinct differences in predictors were observed between the placebo and active groups. A significant difference was found for study entry anxiety, and Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS) scores, on all three endpoints. Attitude to menopause was found to differ significantly between the two groups for GCS scores. Examination of the individual arms found anxiety at study entry to predict placebo response on all three outcome measures individually. In contrast, low anxiety was significantly associated with improvement in the active treatment group. None of the variables found to predict the placebo response was relevant to the treatment arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study was a post hoc analysis of predictors of the placebo versus treatment response. Whilst this study does not explore neurobiological mechanisms, these observations are consistent with the hypotheses that 'drug' effects and placebo effects are not necessarily additive, and that mutually exclusive mechanisms may be operating in the two arms. The need for more research in the area of mechanisms and mediators of placebo versus active responses is supported.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  International Clinical Trials Registry ISRCTN98972974.
authors: School of Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. diana.vandie@rmit.edu.au
authors: M Diana
authors: MD
authors: van Die
authors: Kerry M
authors: KM
authors: Bone
authors: Henry G
authors: HG
authors: Burger
authors: Helena J
authors: HJ
authors: Teede
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000928:Antidepressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001007:Anxiety / Q000188:drug therapy*; D003863:Depression / Q000188:drug therapy; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D020902:Hypericum; D008593:Menopause / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D008875:Middle Aged; D008517:Phytotherapy; D015990:Placebo Effect; D010919:Placebos / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020950:Vitex
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D010919:Placebos; D010936:Plant Extracts