title: For better or worse? Stress inoculation effects for implicit but not explicit anxiety.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe early life stress (ELS) is associated with negative outcomes. It is not clear, however, what impact moderate ELS has. A growing stress inoculation literature suggests that moderate (vs. low or high) ELS is associated with diminished behavioral and physiological anxiety responses. At the same time, studies of trait anxiety suggest that moderate (vs. low) ELS is associated with greater self-reported anxiety. This study tested the hypothesis that stress inoculation effects are evident for implicit (nonconscious) but not explicit (conscious) aspects of anxiety.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-seven healthy women were assessed for ELS and explicit anxiety using questionnaires and assessed for implicit anxiety using a version of the Implicit Association Test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results indicated a quadratic relation between ELS and implicit anxiety, such that moderate ELS was associated with lower implicit anxiety levels than low or high ELS. By contrast, the relation between ELS and explicit anxiety was linear.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings support the stress inoculation hypothesis and suggest that stress inoculation applies for implicit but not explicit aspects of anxiety.
authors: Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Edge
authors: Wiveka
authors: W
authors: Ramel
authors: Emily M
authors: EM
authors: Drabant
authors: Janice R
authors: JR
authors: Kuo
authors: Karen J
authors: KJ
authors: Parker
authors: James J
authors: JJ
authors: Gross
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000293:Adolescent; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D001143:Arousal; D001364:Awareness; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008016:Life Change Events; D010153:Paired-Associate Learning; D011930:Reaction Time; D055500:Resilience, Psychological; D012660:Semantics; D013060:Speech; D014473:Unconscious, Psychology; D055815:Young Adult