title: The vascular anatomy of the tensor fasciae latae perforator flap.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The purpose of this study was to differentiate between musculocutaneous and septocutaneous perforators of the tensor fasciae latae perforator flap; to evaluate their number, size, and location; and to provide landmarks to facilitate flap dissection. An additional injection study estimated the skin area of the flap.
  
  
  METHODS
  The anatomical study was performed on 23 fixed and injected cadavers. The perforators of the tensor fasciae latae were identified and classified as septocutaneous or musculocutaneous. Diameter, location, and numbers were measured and the perforators were dissected up to their origin. The injection study was performed on 10 fresh cadavers. On one side, the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex femoral artery was injected with methylene blue; on the other side, the septocutaneous perforators were injected selectively. The size, location, and borders of the stained skin were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-five thighs were included in this study. All perforators emerged from the ascending branch of the lateral circumflex artery. The average number of musculocutaneous perforators was 2.3 (range, 0 to 5), the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine was 10.9 cm (range, 4.5 to 16.1 cm), and the diameter was 0.9 mm (range, 0.2 to 2 mm). Four specimens had no musculocutaneous perforator. The average number of septocutaneous perforators was 1.8 (range, 1 to 3), the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine was 10.9 cm (range, 6.2 to 15.7 cm), and the diameter was 1.5 mm (range, 0.5 to 3 mm). Seventy-six percent of the septocutaneous perforators emerged between 8 and 12 cm from the anterior superior iliac spine. The possible pedicle length of a flap based on these vessels is 8.1 cm (range, 6.5 to 10 cm). In the injection study, the average skin area stained with methylene blue was 19.4 x 13.4 cm (range, 10 to 24 cm x 7 to 17 cm) in the ascending branch group. In the perforator group, the average skin area was 19.2 x 13.7 cm (range, 15 to 22 cm x 12 to 16 cm).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors could show that the number of septocutaneous perforators for the tensor fasciae latae flap is more constant and that their diameter is greater than that of musculocutaneous perforators. The location of these perforators on a line extending from the ilium to the greater trochanter facilitates planning and dissection of a flap.
authors: Graz, Austria From the Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, and the Anatomical Institute, Medical University of Graz.
authors: Martin G
authors: MG
authors: Hubmer
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Schwaiger
authors: Gunther
authors: G
authors: Windisch
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Feigl
authors: Horst
authors: H
authors: Koch
authors: Franz M
authors: FM
authors: Haas
authors: Ivo
authors: I
authors: Justich
authors: Erwin
authors: E
authors: Scharnagl
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D005206:Fascia Lata / Q000098:blood supply*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013524:Surgical Flaps / Q000098:blood supply*