title: Case report and literature review of inferior rectus muscle aplasia in 16 Japanese patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical features of inferior rectus muscle aplasia in Japanese patients and to gain insight into its pathogenesis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case presentation and literature review of 16 Japanese patients with inferior rectus muscle aplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The age at presentation of 16 patients (9 females, 4 males, and 3 with unknown gender) varied from 7 months to 73 years (mean, 21.8 years). The inferior rectus muscle was absent on the right side in 10 patients, on the left side in 4 patients, and on both sides in 2 patients. Structural anomalies of the eye globe, such as microphthalmos, microcornea, and coloboma of varying degrees, were present on the ipsilateral side of the inferior rectus muscle aplasia in 4 patients and on the contralateral side in 1 patient. As surgical findings, anomalous inferiorly located insertion of the medial rectus muscle was discovered in 5 patients: 1 patient in association with microcornea and iris coloboma. Frequent surgical procedures were recession or tenotomy of the superior rectus muscle, combined with downward transposition of the entire or partial tendons of the medial rectus and lateral rectus muscle to the medial and lateral end, respectively, of the putative inferior rectus muscle insertion.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The association of coloboma with inferior rectus muscle aplasia suggests that abnormal optic fissure closure during embryogenesis might underlie the muscle aplasia.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama City, Japan. matsuot@cc.okayama-u.ac.jp
authors: Toshihiko
authors: T
authors: Matsuo
authors: Tomoko
authors: T
authors: Watanabe
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Furuse
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Hasebe
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Ohtsuki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D044466:Asian People; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000150:complications; D005124:Eye Abnormalities / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009801:Oculomotor Muscles / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D013285:Strabismus / Q000150:complications