title: Directional effects on infants and young children in real life: implications for amplification.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study examined the head orientation of young children in naturalistic settings and the acoustics of their everyday environments for quantifying the potential effects of directionality.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-seven children (11 with normal hearing, 16 with impaired hearing) between 11 and 78 months of age were video recorded in naturalistic settings for analyses of head orientation. Reports on daily activities were obtained from caregivers. The effect of directionality in different environments was quantified by measuring the Speech Transmission Index (STI; H. J. M. Steeneken & T. Houtgast, 1980).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Averaged across 4 scenarios, children looked in the direction of a talker for 40% of the time when speech was present. Head orientation was not affected by age or hearing status. The STI measurements revealed a directional advantage of 3 dB when a child looked at a talker but a deficit of 2.8 dB when the talker was sideways or behind the child. The overall directional effect in real life was between -0.4 and 0.2 dB.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest that directional microphones in personal hearing devices for young children are not detrimental and have much potential for benefits in real life. The benefits may be enhanced by fitting directionality early and by counseling caregivers on ways to maximize benefits in everyday situations.
authors: National Acoustic Laboratories, Chatswood, New South Wales, Australia. teresa.ching@nal.gov.au
authors: Teresa Y C
authors: TY
authors: Ching
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: O'Brien
authors: Harvey
authors: H
authors: Dillon
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Chalupper
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Hartley
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Hartley
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Raicevich
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Hain
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D019416:Head Movements; D006309:Hearing; D006310:Hearing Aids; D034381:Hearing Loss / Q000523:psychology* / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D012919:Social Behavior; D013017:Sound Localization; D014743:Videotape Recording