title: A prospective study of the diagnostic utility of sputum Gram stain in pneumonia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sputum Gram stain and culture have been said to be unreliable indicators of the microbiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. The etiological diagnosis of pneumonia is surrounded by great degree of uncertainty. This uncertainty should be and can be calculated and incorporated in the diagnosis and treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic value of sputum Gram stain in etiological diagnosis and initial selection of antimicrobial therapy of bacterial community acquired pneumonia (CAP). DESIGN-METHOD: Prospective study of 1390 patients with CAP admitted January 2002-June 2008, to our institutions. Of the 1390 patients, 178 (12.8%) fulfilled the criteria for inclusion into this study (good-quality sputa and presence of the same microorganism in blood and sputum cultures which was used as gold standard for assessing the diagnostic accuracy and diagnostic value of sputum Gram stain).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sensitivity of sputum Gram stain was 0.82 for Pneumococcal pneumonia, 0.76 for Staphylococcal pneumonia, 0.79 for Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia and 0.78 for Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. The specificity of sputum Gram stain was 0.93 for Pneumococcal pneumonia, 0.96 for Staphylococcal pneumonia, 0.96 for H. influenzae pneumonia and 0.95 for Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. The positive likelihood ratio (LR+) was 11.58 for Pneumococcal pneumonia, 19.38 for Staphylococcal pneumonia, 16.84 for H. influenzae pneumonia, 14.26 for Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia. The negative likelihood ratio (LR-) was 0.20 for Pneumococcal pneumonia, 0.25 for Staphylococcal pneumonia, 0.22 for H. influenzae pneumonia, and 0.23 for Gram-negative bacilli pneumonia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sputum Gram stain is a dependable diagnostic test for the early etiological diagnosis of bacterial CAP that helps in choosing orthological and appropriate initial antimicrobial therapy.
authors: Department of Pneumonology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana, Alexandroupolis, Greece. anevlavis@yahoo.com
authors: Stavros
authors: S
authors: Anevlavis
authors: Niki
authors: N
authors: Petroglou
authors: Athanasios
authors: A
authors: Tzavaras
authors: Efstratios
authors: E
authors: Maltezos
authors: Ioannis
authors: I
authors: Pneumatikos
authors: Marios
authors: M
authors: Froudarakis
authors: Eleftherios
authors: E
authors: Anevlavis
authors: Demosthenes
authors: D
authors: Bouros
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001419:Bacteria / Q000166:cytology / Q000254:growth & development / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D016905:Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018410:Pneumonia, Bacterial / Q000175:diagnosis*; D011018:Pneumonia, Pneumococcal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D011023:Pneumonia, Staphylococcal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000382:microbiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013183:Sputum / Q000382:microbiology*; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods*; D055815:Young Adult