title: Emergency ambulance transport induces stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Trials with healthy volunteers have shown that emergency ambulance transportation induces stress, which becomes evident by an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and plasma levels of stress hormones such as adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and prolactin. A study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that emergency ambulance transportation may also lead to stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Venous plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and lactate as well as visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain and anxiety were measured in 32 patients with defined clinical signs of acute coronary syndrome before and after transportation. Heart rate, blood pressure and transcutaneous oxygen saturation levels were recorded every 3 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean (SD) plasma levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine increased significantly (p<0.01) during transportation (159.29 (55.34) ng/l and 632.53 (156.32) ng/l before transportation vs 211.03 (70.12) ng/l and 782.93 (173.95) ng/l after transportation), while lactate levels, heart rate and mean blood pressure remained almost stable. There was no significant change in mean (SD) VAS scores for pain and anxiety (3.79 (3.70) and 2.89 (3.01) vs 2.13 (3.30) and 1.57 (2.78)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Emergency ambulance transportation induces a rise in plasma catecholamine levels and therefore stress in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but does not result in cardiac shock as lactate levels and haemodynamic parameters remain normal.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, General Intensive Care and Pain Control, Medical University Hospital of Vienna, 18-20 Waehringer Guertel, Vienna A-1090, Austria. ulrikeweber2005@hotmail.com
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Weber
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Reitinger
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Szusz
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hellmich
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Steinlechner
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Hager
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Mora
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Selzer
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Hiesmayr
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kober
mesh_terms: D054058:Acute Coronary Syndrome / Q000523:psychology*; D000368:Aged; D000552:Ambulances; D001794:Blood Pressure; D004837:Epinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008875:Middle Aged; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology; D010147:Pain Measurement; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D019344:Lactic Acid; D009638:Norepinephrine; D004837:Epinephrine