title: The impact of proton-pump inhibitors on intraperitoneal sepsis: a word of caution for transgastric NOTES procedures.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During transgastric natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), there is an iatrogenic perforation of the gastric wall with leakage of gastric contents into the peritoneal cavity. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) and alterations of gastric pH on infection during transgastric surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty 250-g male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a study group (SG, n = 15) and a control group (CG, n =15). SG were given 5 mg/kg pantoprazole for 3 days before procedure and another dose 1 h before. CG received saline at similar time points. A mini-laparotomy with gastrotomy was performed. Aspiration of 2.0 cc gastric contents was removed from the stomach and injected into the peritoneal cavity of both groups. Gastric pH and peritoneal pH levels were obtained. Gastric aspirate was sent for culture. White blood cell counts (WBC) were obtained on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were obtained on postoperative day 1. At day 14, a necropsy was performed and aerobic and anaerobic cultures of the peritoneal cavity were obtained.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no deaths in either group. The average gastric pH in the SG was 5.13 versus 3.26 (p = 0.03) in the CG. The average peritoneal pH was similar in both groups. The WBC in the SG was 4.5 vs. 3.5 (1,000 cells/mm) in the CG. There was no elevation in CRP levels in either group. Bacterial cultures were positive in 3/15 (20%) rats in the CG and in 9/15 (60%) in the SG (p = 0.008). Intra-abdominal abscesses were found in 2/15 (13%) rats in the CG and in 5/15 (33%) in the SG (p = 0.08).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pretreatment with a PPI resulted in a higher rate of peritoneal bacterial contamination and abscess formation. The acidic environment of the stomach appears to be protective against infection when intraperitoneal contamination occurs as a result of gastrotomy.
authors: Center for the Future of Surgery- Department of Surgery, UC San Diego Medical Center, Suite 2073, La Jolla, CA 92093-0987, USA. sramamoorthy@ucsd.edu
authors: Sonia L
authors: SL
authors: Ramamoorthy
authors: Jeffrey K
authors: JK
authors: Lee
authors: Yoav
authors: Y
authors: Mintz
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Cullen
authors: Michelle K
authors: MK
authors: Savu
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Easter
authors: Alana
authors: A
authors: Chock
authors: Ravi
authors: R
authors: Mittal
authors: Santiago
authors: S
authors: Horgan
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Talamini
mesh_terms: D018784:Abdominal Abscess / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D000818:Animals; D001424:Bacterial Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D005750:Gastric Juice / Q000187:drug effects; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D010529:Peritoneal Cavity; D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D018805:Sepsis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D013270:Stomach / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D054328:Proton Pump Inhibitors