title: Resting heart rate and blood pressure, independent of each other, proportionally raise the risk for type-2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Fast heart rate and high blood pressure (BP) at rest may raise risk for the development of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). We therefore investigated dose-response and interactive effects of resting heart rate and BP on the incidence of DM in a Japanese population.
  
  
  METHODS
  A follow-up study was conducted for 16 828 men and 8368 women aged 30-59 years and apparently healthy at baseline. Incident DM was identified by 'fasting serum glucose > or =7.00 mmol/l (126 mg/dl)' or/and 'under medical treatment for DM'. Using Cox proportional hazard models, hazard ratio (HR) for incident DM were estimated according to the quartiles of heart rate, systolic or diastolic BP (SBP, DBP), and its linear trends were checked by computing the three indices as continuous variables. Subsequently, interactive effects of slow/fast heart rate (dichotomized by the median) and low/high SBP or DBP (dichotomized by the median) on HR were examined. Baseline age, body mass index, smoking, drinking, exercise and education were computed as conventional confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the follow-up of 125 106 person-years for men and 59 616 person-years for women, 869 men and 224 women developed DM. The multivariate-adjusted HR for incident DM increased across quartiles of heart rate, SBP and DBP in both sexes (linear trend P<0.001 for all). Neither sex showed any significant interactive effects of heart rate and SBP or DBP on HR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Resting heart rate and BP proportionally raise the risk for DM in middle-aged healthy men and women. Moreover, the adverse effects of fast heart rate and high BP are independent of each other as well as of the influences of conventional confounders.
authors: Department of Public Health, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan. nterubo@med.nagoya-cu.ac.jp
authors: Teruo
authors: T
authors: Nagaya
authors: Hideyo
authors: H
authors: Yoshida
authors: Hidekatsu
authors: H
authors: Takahashi
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Kawai
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004522:Educational Status; D015444:Exercise; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012146:Rest; D012307:Risk Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose