title: Effect of composition, viscosity and thickness of the opaquer on the adhesion of resin composite to titanium.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to determine the bond strength of powder-liquid and paste opaquers with different chemical compositions and viscosity to a metal substructure when they were applied in two thicknesses and to evaluate the failure modes after the bond strength test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Titanium plates (51 mm x 25 mm x 1mm) (n(plates)=25, N=80, n=10 per group) were conditioned with chairside silica coating (CoJet-Sand, 30 microm silica coated Al(2)O(3)) from a distance of approximately 10mm at a pressure of 2.8 bar for 15 s/cm(2) and silanized. Four types of opaquers, namely one powder-liquid (Sinfony, 3M ESPE), and three paste opaquers [(Cimara, Voco), (Monopaque, Ivoclar Vivadent), (Cavex Experimental, Cavex)] were applied either in 0.25 or 0.50 mm thicknesses using standard polyethylene molds and photo-polymerized. Resin composite (Quadrant Posterior Dense, Cavex) was applied incrementally and photo-polymerized. The specimens were thermocycled (5-55 degrees C, 6000 cycles) prior to shear bond strength test (1mm/min). Failure types were analyzed using an optical microscope and scores were given according to the modified Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) (Score 0=no opaquer on the surface, Score 1=<1/2 covered with opaquer, Score 2=>1/2 covered with opaquer, Score 3=completely covered with opaquer).
  
  
  RESULTS
  While thickness did not significantly affect the bond strength results (p=0.523), type of opaquers had a significant influence on the results (p<0.01) (Univariate ANOVA, Tukey's test). Interaction terms between thickness and opaquer type were significant (p<0.01). Debonded specimens during thermocycling were considered as 0 MPa. At both 0.25 and 0.5mm thicknesses, powder-liquid based opaquer (Sinfony) showed significantly higher results (8.4+/-5.6 and 8.4+/-4.9 MPa, respectively) than those of other opaquers (1.4+/-1 to 4.3+/-3.8 MPa) (p<0.05). Only when Cimara was applied in 0.25 mm (6.9+/-4.2 MPa), there were no significant differences with Sinfony (p>0.05). The lowest results in both thicknesses were obtained from Monopaque (4+/-3.8 to 1.6+/-1 MPa, respectively) and Cavex (1.4+/-1 to 4.2+/-2.9 MPa, respectively) paste opaquers. In all opaquers, the incidence of Score 0 (30) was more frequent followed by Score 1 (27) and Score 2 (20).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of powder-liquid opaquer in order to mask the metal in repair actions provided higher bond strength than those of the paste opaquers in both thin and thick applications. In all opaquers, the incidence of adhesive failure between the opaquer and the metal was more common implying inadequate adhesion.
authors: University of Zürich, Dental Materials Unit, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Clinic for Fixed and Removable Prosthodontics and Dental Materials Science, Plattenstrasse 11, CH-8032, Zürich, Switzerland. mutluozcan@hotmail.com
authors: Mutlu
authors: M
authors: Ozcan
authors: Ovul
authors: O
authors: Kumbuloglu
mesh_terms: D000268:Adhesiveness; D000537:Aluminum Oxide / Q000737:chemistry; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D001840:Dental Bonding; D045662:Dental Etching; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D011208:Powders / Q000737:chemistry; D033081:Shear Strength; D012821:Silanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012996:Solutions / Q000737:chemistry; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry*; D014783:Viscosity
chemical_list: D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; D008689:Methacrylates; D011109:Polymethacrylic Acids; D011140:Polyurethanes; D011208:Powders; D012821:Silanes; C477352:Sinfony composite resin; D012996:Solutions; C029824:urethane dimethacrylate luting resin; C020946:triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate; D014025:Titanium; D000537:Aluminum Oxide