title: Acclimation to future atmospheric CO2 levels increases photochemical efficiency and mitigates photochemistry inhibition by warm temperatures in wheat under field chambers.
abstract: A study was conducted over 2 years to determine whether growth under elevated CO(2)  (700 μmol mol(-1) ) and temperature (ambient + 4 °C) conditions modifies photochemical efficiency or only the use of electron transport products in spring wheat grown in field chambers. Elevated atmospheric CO(2)  concentrations increased crop dry matter at maturity by 12-17%, while above-ambient temperatures did not significantly affect dry matter yield. In measurements with ambient CO(2)  at ear emergence and after anthesis, growth at elevated CO(2)  concentrations decreased flag leaf light-saturated carbon assimilation. The quantum yield of electron transport (Φ(PSII) ) measured at ambient CO(2)  and higher irradiances increased at ear emergence and decreased after anthesis in plants grown at elevated CO(2) . At higher light intensities, but not in low light, photochemical quenching (qP) decreased after growth in elevated CO(2)  conditions. Growth under CO(2)  enrichment increased dark- (Fv:Fm) and light-adapted (Fv':Fm') photochemical efficiencies, and decreased the chlorophyll a:b ratio, suggesting an increase in light-harvesting complexes relative to PSII reaction centres. A relatively higher decrease in carbon assimilation than the decrease in Φ(PSII)  pointed to a sink other than CO(2)  assimilation for electron transport products at defined growth stages. With higher light intensities, warmer temperatures increased Φ(PSII)  and Fv':Fm' at ear emergence and decreased Φ(PSII)  after anthesis; in ambient-but not elevated-CO(2) , warmer temperatures also decreased qP after anthesis. CO(2)  fixation increased or did not change with temperature, depending on the growth stage and year. We conclude that elevated CO(2)  decreases the carbon assimilation capacity, but increases photochemistry and resource allocation to light harvesting, and that elevated levels of CO(2)  can mitigate photochemistry inhibition as a result of warm temperatures.
authors: Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, CSIC, Apartado 257, E-37071 Salamanca, Spain.
authors: Diego
authors: D
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Gutiérrez
authors: Pilar
authors: P
authors: Pérez
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Morcuende
authors: Angel L
authors: AL
authors: Verdejo
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Martinez-Carrasco
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization / Q000187:drug effects*; D001272:Atmosphere / Q000737:chemistry*; D002244:Carbon / Q000378:metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002734:Chlorophyll / Q000378:metabolism; D000077194:Chlorophyll A; D005453:Fluorescence; D057232:Global Warming; D006358:Hot Temperature; D055668:Photochemical Processes / Q000187:drug effects*; D010788:Photosynthesis / Q000187:drug effects; D014908:Triticum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D002734:Chlorophyll; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; C037184:chlorophyll b; D002244:Carbon; D000077194:Chlorophyll A