title: Variations in target volume definition for postoperative radiotherapy in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of an international contouring study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer with mediastinal involvement is controversial because of the failure of earlier trials to demonstrate a survival benefit. Improved techniques may reduce toxicity, but the treatment fields used in routine practice have not been well studied. We studied routine target volumes used by international experts and evaluated the impact of a contouring protocol developed for a new prospective study, the Lung Adjuvant Radiotherapy Trial (Lung ART).
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen thoracic radiation oncologists were invited to contour their routine clinical target volumes (CTV) for 2 representative patients using a validated CD-ROM-based contouring program. Subsequently, the Lung ART study protocol was provided, and both cases were contoured again. Variations in target volumes and their dosimetric impact were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Routine CTVs were received for each case from 10 clinicians, whereas six provided both routine and protocol CTVs for each case. Routine CTVs varied up to threefold between clinicians, but use of the Lung ART protocol significantly decreased variations. Routine CTVs in a postlobectomy patient resulted in V(20) values ranging from 12.7% to 54.0%, and Lung ART protocol CTVs resulted in values of 20.6% to 29.2%. Similar results were seen for other toxicity parameters and in the postpneumectomy patient. With the exception of upper paratracheal nodes, protocol contouring improved coverage of the required nodal stations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Even among experts, significant interclinician variations are observed in PORT fields. Inasmuch as contouring variations can confound the interpretation of PORT results, mandatory quality assurance procedures have been incorporated into the current Lung ART study.
authors: Radiation Oncology, VU University Medical Center, P.O. Box 7057, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. f.spoelstra@vumc.nl
authors: Femke O B
authors: FO
authors: Spoelstra
authors: Suresh
authors: S
authors: Senan
authors: Cecile
authors: C
authors: Le Péchoux
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Ishikura
authors: Francesc
authors: F
authors: Casas
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ball
authors: Allan
authors: A
authors: Price
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: De Ruysscher
authors: John R
authors: JR
authors: van Sörnsen de Koste
mesh_terms: D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D002985:Clinical Protocols / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D008197:Lymph Node Excision; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015588:Observer Variation; D011013:Pneumonectomy / Q000379:methods; D011786:Quality Control; D018787:Radiation Oncology / Q000592:standards*; D011859:Radiography; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*