title: Anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and antioxidant profiles of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition as chemoprevention for rat bladder carcinogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor in rat bladder cancer chemoprevention, as well as to assess the relevance of inflammation, proliferation and oxidative stress in tumor growth and in its prevention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The main findings were: (I) the incidence of carcinoma was: control: 0% (0/8); BBN: 65% (13/20); CEL: 0% (0/8) and BBN + CEL: 12.5% (1/8); (II) the mean tumor volume per rat with tumor and per tumor were significantly lower in the BBN + CEL group (21.2 and 5.3 +/- 0.4 mm(3)) vs. BBN (138.5 +/- 7.5 and 112.5 +/- 6.4 mm(3)); (III) the incidence of pre-neoplasic (hyperplasia and dysplasia) and neoplasic (papillary tumors and carcinoma in situ-CIS) lesions were notoriously reduced in the CEL + BBN treatment; (IV) CEL significantly reduced serum TGFbeta1 and CRP and increase TNFalpha and IL-1beta (p < 0.001); (V) CEL reduced MDA formation in serum (p < 0.001) and liver (p < 0.05) and also showed a trend to reduction in kidney.
  
  
  METHODS
  Drug treatments were performed during the first 8 w, followed by 12 w for tumor expression/prevention, in the following groups: control-vehicle; carcinogen-0.05% of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine (BBN); celecoxib (CEL)-10 mg/kg/day and preventive CEL + BBN. The bladders were analyzed for number and volume of tumor and nature of urothelium lesions. Serum was assessed for markers of inflammation, proliferation and redox status.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Celecoxib has demonstrated an outstanding inhibitory effect on bladder cancer chemoprevention, which might be due to its expected anti-inflammatory actions, as well as by anti-proliferatory and antioxidant actions. This data supports a pivotal role of cancer chemoprevention strategies based on COX-2 inhibition.
authors: Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medicine Faculty and Department of Urology & Renal Transplantation, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
authors: Belmiro
authors: B
authors: Parada
authors: José
authors: J
authors: Sereno
authors: Flávio
authors: F
authors: Reis
authors: Edite
authors: E
authors: Teixeira-Lemos
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Garrido
authors: Angela Filipa
authors: AF
authors: Pinto
authors: Maria Fernanda
authors: MF
authors: Cunha
authors: Rui
authors: R
authors: Pinto
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Mota
authors: Arnaldo
authors: A
authors: Figueiredo
authors: Frederico
authors: F
authors: Teixeira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000068579:Celecoxib; D048708:Cell Growth Processes / Q000187:drug effects; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007249:Inflammation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001743:Urinary Bladder / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019459:Urothelium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors; D011720:Pyrazoles; D013449:Sulfonamides; D000068579:Celecoxib