title: Comparison of sinoscopic techniques for examining the rostral maxillary and ventral conchal sinuses of horses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop a reliable technique for sinoscopic examination of the ventral conchal (VCS) and rostral maxillary sinuses (RMS) of horses
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive study
  
  
  METHODS
  Cadaveric equine heads (n=40)
  
  
  METHODS
  The VCS and RMS were examined endoscopically using: (1) rostral trephination of the RMS (rostral RMS approach); (2) caudal trephination of the RMS (caudal RMS approach); (3) conchofrontal sinus (CFS) trephination followed by RMS trephination at a site identified by endoscopic transillumination of the maxillary bone at the most rostral aspect of the caudal maxillary sinus (CMS) (light-indicated RMS approach); (4) CFS trephination with fenestration of the ventral conchal bulla (VCB; frontal VCB approach); (5) CMS trephination with VCB fenestration (caudal VCB approach); and (6) CFS and CMS trephination with VCB fenestration (combined VCB approach).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Success in observing the rostral and caudal aspects of the VCS and RMS with each approach were: (1) rostral RMS approach (0 horses; 16 horses [40%]); (2) caudal RMS approach (0 horses; 11 horses [28%]); (3) light-indicated RMS approach (3 horses [8%]; 24 horses [60%]); (4) frontal VCB approach (24 horses [60%]; 29 horses [73%] respectively); (5) caudal VCB approach (16 horses [40%] both structures); and (6) combined VCB approach (27 horses [68%]; 35 horses [88%]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Trephination into the CFS coupled with fenestration of the VCB provided consistent access to both the rostral and caudal aspects of the RMS and VCS. A trephine hole into the RMS provided poor access to the VCS, and placed the reserve crowns of the maxillary cheek teeth at risk of damage.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The RMS and VCS can be best examined endoscopically using approaches with fenestration of the VCB.
authors: Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK. jperkins@rvc.ac.uk
authors: Justin D
authors: JD
authors: Perkins
authors: Cees
authors: C
authors: Bennett
authors: Zoë
authors: Z
authors: Windley
authors: Jim
authors: J
authors: Schumacher
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000818:Animals; D001182:Arthroscopy / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D005260:Female; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D010254:Paranasal Sinus Diseases / Q000601:surgery / Q000662:veterinary*; D010256:Paranasal Sinuses / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*