title: Lifetime risk factors for HIV/sexually transmitted infections among male-to-female transgender persons.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and evaluate risk factors for HIV/sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among male-to-female (MTF) transgender persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the life chart interview, potential lifetime risk factors for HIV/STIs among MTFs were measured and evaluated in conjunction with lifetime exposures for HIV, syphilis, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. The participants were 517 MTFs between the ages of 19 and 59 years from the New York metropolitan area.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HIV/STIs were low among white Americans and very high among Hispanics and African Americans. In the latter groups, HIV and hepatitis B were associated with an androphilic sexual orientation, lifetime number of commercial sex partners (sex work), and the social expression of transgender identity; syphilis was associated with lifetime number of casual sex partners; and hepatitis C was associated with injection drug use, unemployment, and social expression of transgender identity. In multivariate models, the social expression of transgender identity was the strongest and most consistent predictor of HIV/STIs. Consistent with their lower levels of infections, white Americans reported significantly lower levels of the risk factors found to be predictive of HIV/STI among Hispanics and African Americans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV/STI prevention in this population should be targeted at Hispanic and African Americans. Prevention programs should incorporate multiple components designed to address the diverse issues confronting ethnic minority transgender persons, with an emphasis on the social expression of transgender identity.
authors: National Development and Research Institutes, New York, NY 10010, USA. nuttbrock@ndri.org
authors: Larry
authors: L
authors: Nuttbrock
authors: Sel
authors: S
authors: Hwahng
authors: Walter
authors: W
authors: Bockting
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Rosenblum
authors: Mona
authors: M
authors: Mason
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: Macri
authors: Jeffrey
authors: J
authors: Becker
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001741:Black or African American; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000175:diagnosis*; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000175:diagnosis; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000175:diagnosis; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous; D013587:Syphilis / Q000175:diagnosis; D014189:Transsexualism; D055815:Young Adult