Effect of filtration by activated charcoal on the toxicological activity of cigarette mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes.
Activated charcoal (AC) filtration reportedly decreases the yields of smoke vapor phase constituents including some identified as human carcinogens and respiratory irritants. Non-clinical studies including chemical smoke analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity (bacterial and mammalian cells), and in vivo subchronic rat inhalation studies were carried out using machine smoking at ISO conditions with lit-end research cigarettes containing AC filters. The objective was to assess whether AC filter technology would alter the established toxicity profile of mainstream smoke by increasing or decreasing any known toxicological properties, or elicit new ones. The reduced yield of vapor phase irritants from AC filter cigarettes correlated with markedly decreased in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo morphology of the nose and lower respiratory tract. Increased yields of particulate phase constituents (e.g. polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) in AC filtered smoke were noted in comparison to controls in some studies. The in vitro bacterial mutagenicity of AC filtered smoke particulate preparations was occasionally increased over control levels. Laryngeal epithelial thickness was increased in some rats inhaling AC filtered smoke in comparison to controls, an effect perhaps related to higher inspiratory flow. When tested under more intense Massachusetts Department of Public Health smoking conditions, AC filter associated reductions in vapor phase constituent yields were smaller than those seen with ISO conditions, but the effect on in vitro cytotoxicity remained.
Gaworski
Charles L
CL
Altria Client Services, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA. charles.l.gaworski@altria.com
Schramke
Heike
H
Diekmann
Joerg
J
Meisgen
Thomas J
TJ
Tewes
Franz J
FJ
Veltel
Detlef J
DJ
Vanscheeuwijck
Patrick M
PM
Rajendran
Narayanan
N
Muzzio
Miguel
M
Haussmann
Hans-Juergen
HJ
D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002606:Charcoal / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005374:Filtration; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects; D007830:Larynx / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D008223:Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009152:Mutagenicity Tests; D009153:Mutagens / Q000633:toxicity*; D009154:Mutation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D020545:Respiratory Mucosa / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology; D012486:Salmonella typhimurium / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D012906:Smoke / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013937:Thymidine Kinase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
D009153:Mutagens; D012906:Smoke; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D002606:Charcoal; D013937:Thymidine Kinase