title: Declining semen quality among south Indian infertile men: A retrospective study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Male reproductive function has recently attracted increasing attention due to reports on time-related decline in semen quality. Furthermore, regional differences in the semen quality have also been reported.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the semen quality among large cohort of infertile individuals at a regional level, in terms of the sperm concentration, total sperm motility, sperm morphology and incidence of azoospermia over a period of 13 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  University infertility clinic at Kasturba Hospital, Manipal which is a tertiary healthcare centre serving the general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  This includes a total of 7770 subjects who presented for semen analysis from 1993 to 2005. The data regarding ejaculate volume, sperm density, motility, morphology and the incidence of azoospermia were collected.
  
  
  METHODS
  One way analysis of variance (ANOVA), regression analysis and Chi square analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The average sperm density among infertile men during 2004-2005 was 26.61 +/- 0.71 millions/mL which was significantly lower than the average sperm density observed in 1993-1994 (38.18 +/- 1.46 millions/mL). Similar trend was also observed for sperm motility (47.14% motile sperms vs. 61.16%) and normal sperm morphology (19.75% vs. 40.51%). Interestingly, the incidence of severe oligospermia (mean sperm density <10 millions/mL) observed in 2002-2005 and 1993-1997 demonstrated a significant inverse relationship (P < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study provides the first evidence that the quality of human semen evaluated for infertility is deteriorating in the southern part of the India over the years, probably due to environmental, nutritional, life style or socioeconomic causes.
authors: Division of Reproductive Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
authors: Adiga
authors: A
authors: Sk
authors: Jayaraman
authors: J
authors: V
authors: Kalthur
authors: K
authors: G
authors: Upadhya
authors: U
authors: D
authors: Kumar
authors: K
authors: P