title: MDCT evaluation of the cardiac venous system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study was undertaken to evaluate the usefulness of electrocardiographically (ECG)-gated multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) for the assessment of the coronary venous system and detection of its anatomical variants, in order to identify those suitable for lead placement in cardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively examined the coronary MDCT studies of 89 patients (73 males, 16 females, average age 62.5 years, range 31-79) referred for suspected coronary artery disease. The cardiac venous system was assessed in all patients using three-dimensional (3D) postprocessing on a dedicated Vitrea workstation (five patients were excluded from the analysis).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The coronary sinus, the great cardiac vein, the anterior interventricular vein and the middle cardiac vein were visualised in all cases. The lateral cardiac vein was visualised in 56/84 patients (67%) and the posterior cardiac vein in 63/84 patients (75%), never both missing. Along the postero-lateral wall of the left ventricle, only one branch was present in 44 cases, two branches in 21 cases and three or more branches in 19/84 cases (22%). Evaluation of the maximum diameter revealed that the lateral vein was dominant over the posterior vein in 20/40 cases. The small cardiac vein was visualised in 11/84 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDCT provides good depiction of the cardiac venous system, enabling the study of the vessel course and the identification of anatomical variants. Hence, this imaging technique could be proposed for the preoperative planning of CRT in selected patients.
authors: Department of Radiology, University of Insubria, Ospedale di Circolo, 21100 Varese, Italy. domenicolumia@gmail.com
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Lumia
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Laganà
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Canì
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Mangini
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Giorgianni
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Cafaro
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bertolotti
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rizzo
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Cotta
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Caravati
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Caico
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Vite
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Carrafiello
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Fugazzola
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003330:Coronary Vessel Anomalies / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D003331:Coronary Vessels / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed