title: Effectiveness of clozapine, haloperidol and chlorpromazine in schizophrenia during a five-year period.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of low doses of clozapine in flexible regime in comparison with haloperidol and chlorpromazine in long term.
  
  
  METHODS
  The naturalistic study was prospective, active-controlled with 325 adult outpatients of both genders (140 females), with mean year age of 34.8 (range 21-57), suffering from chronic schizophrenia. The first onset of illness was at the mean of 27.9 years (range 17-38), and subjects had the mean year age of 4.1+/-0.5 previous relapses. The patients were allocated to receive haloperidol (105 subjects, dose range 2-15 mg), chlorpromazine (n=105, 100-400 mg) or clozapine (n=115, 75-600 mg). The scores of psychometric instruments (GWB, PANSS, CGI) were regularly assessed during 5 year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The sixty-six responders were included in per-protocol analysis: 12, 10 and 16 with positive and 7, 6 and 15 with negative schizophrenic syndrome in haloperidol, chlorpromazine and clozapine group, respectively. The statistically significant differences in all psychometric scores was found, for both schizophrenic syndromes, favoring clozapine. The distribution of eighteen different types of adverse events, which we noted, were significantly different among treatment groups ( chi2=315.7, df=34, p<0.001). Clozapine was safer and had fewer adverse effects (average of 0.9 adverse events per patient) than haloperidol (2.7) and chlorpromazine (3.2).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clozapine, in low doses of flexible regime, in long term (five years) showed better effectiveness in chronic schizophrenics with positive and negative symptoms than typical antipsychotics.
authors: Psychiatry Clinic, Clinical Centre, Kragujevac, Serbia. dravanic@sbb.co.yuArq
authors: Dragan B
authors: DB
authors: Ravanic
authors: Slavica M Djukic
authors: SM
authors: Dejanovic
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Janjic
authors: Suzana D
authors: SD
authors: Jovic
authors: Dragan R
authors: DR
authors: Milovanovic
authors: Vladimir
authors: V
authors: Jakovljevic
authors: Vesna
authors: V
authors: Pantovic
authors: Boris
authors: B
authors: Ravanic
authors: Maja
authors: M
authors: Pantovic
authors: Mihailo M
authors: MM
authors: Pantovic
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D002746:Chlorpromazine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D003024:Clozapine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003024:Clozapine; D006220:Haloperidol; D002746:Chlorpromazine