title: Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson disease.
abstract: The etiology of Parkinson disease (PD) is multifactorial and is likely to involve different causes in different patients. Several different genes have been identified as causes of familial PD, including alpha-synuclein gene mutations and multiplications, and mutations of parkin, PINK1, DJ1, and LRRK2. The biochemical consequences of these mutations have served to reinforce the relevance of the pathways to pathogenesis previously characterized, for example, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and protein misfolding and aggregation. The recognition that glucocerebrosidase mutations represent a significant risk factor for PD has focused attention on lysosomal function and autophagy as relevant to PD. Several environmental factors have also been shown to influence the risk for PD, although odds ratios remain relatively modest. Specific toxins can cause dopaminergic cell death in man and animals, but they probably have limited relevance to the etiology of PD.
authors: University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK. a.schapira@medsch.ucl.ac.uk
authors: Anthony H V
authors: AH
authors: Schapira
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001343:Autophagy; D000074002:DNA Polymerase gamma; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase / Q000235:genetics; D004777:Environment; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005962:Glucosylceramidase / Q000235:genetics; D000074923:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2; D006801:Humans; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D009154:Mutation; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000209:etiology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D011494:Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases / Q000235:genetics; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics; D051844:alpha-Synuclein / Q000235:genetics; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase
chemical_list: D000074002:DNA Polymerase gamma; D004259:DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase; D005962:Glucosylceramidase; D000074923:High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2; D047908:Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D000071158:Leucine-Rich Repeat Serine-Threonine Protein Kinase-2; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D000071617:Protein Deglycase DJ-1; D011494:Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D012697:Serine Endopeptidases; D043222:Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051844:alpha-Synuclein; D000099202:PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase; C497604:SNCA protein, human; C482860:UCHL1 protein, human; C111567:parkin protein; C495280:LRRK2 protein, human; C413027:POLG protein, human; C105131:PARK7 protein, human