title: Effects of skilled training on sleep slow wave activity and cortical gene expression in the rat.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The best characterized marker of sleep homeostasis is the amount of slow wave activity (SWA, 0.5-4 Hz) during NREM sleep. SWA increases as a function of previous waking time and declines during sleep, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We have suggested that SWA homeostasis is linked to synaptic potentiation associated with learning during wakefulness. Indeed, studies in rodents and humans found that SWA increases after manipulations that presumably enhance synaptic strength, but the evidence remains indirect. Here we trained rats in skilled reaching, a task known to elicit long-term potentiation in the trained motor cortex, and immediately after learning measured SWA and cortical protein levels of c-fos and Arc, 2 activity-dependent genes involved in motor learning.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracortical local field potential recordings and training on reaching task.
  
  
  METHODS
  Basic sleep research laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Long Evans adult male rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  N/A.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SWA increased post-training in the trained cortex (the frontal cortex contralateral to the limb used to learn the task), with smaller or no increase in other cortical areas. This increase was reversible within 1 hour, specific to NREM sleep, and positively correlated with changes in performance during the prior training session, suggesting that it reflects plasticity and not just motor activity. Fos and Arc levels were higher in the trained relative to untrained motor cortex immediately after training, but this asymmetry was no longer present after 1 hour of sleep.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Learning to reach specifically affects gene expression in the trained motor cortex and, in the same area, increases sleep need as measured by a local change in SWA.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
authors: Erin C
authors: EC
authors: Hanlon
authors: Ugo
authors: U
authors: Faraguna
authors: Vladyslav V
authors: VV
authors: Vyazovskiy
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Tononi
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Cirelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001931:Brain Mapping; D003216:Conditioning, Operant / Q000502:physiology*; D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000235:genetics; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004576:Electromyography; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000502:physiology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D009044:Motor Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D009048:Motor Skills / Q000502:physiology*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity / Q000235:genetics*; D010296:Parietal Lobe; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics*; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D020318:Rats, Long-Evans; D012815:Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; D012890:Sleep / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D003598:Cytoskeletal Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; C092069:activity regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein