title: Effects of a protein preload on gastric emptying, glycemia, and gut hormones after a carbohydrate meal in diet-controlled type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We evaluated whether a whey preload could slow gastric emptying, stimulate incretin hormones, and attenuate postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight type 2 diabetic patients ingested 350 ml beef soup 30 min before a potato meal; 55 g whey was added to either the soup (whey preload) or potato (whey in meal) or no whey was given.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gastric emptying was slowest after the whey preload (P < 0.0005). The incremental area under the blood glucose curve was less after the whey preload and whey in meal than after no whey (P < 0.005). Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, insulin, and cholecystokinin concentrations were higher on both whey days than after no whey, whereas glucagon-like peptide 1 was greatest after the whey preload (P < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Whey protein consumed before a carbohydrate meal can stimulate insulin and incretin hormone secretion and slow gastric emptying, leading to marked reduction in postprandial glycemia in type 2 diabetes.
authors: Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia.
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Ma
authors: Julie E
authors: JE
authors: Stevens
authors: Kimberly
authors: K
authors: Cukier
authors: Anne F
authors: AF
authors: Maddox
authors: Judith M
authors: JM
authors: Wishart
authors: Karen L
authors: KL
authors: Jones
authors: Peter M
authors: PM
authors: Clifton
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Horowitz
authors: Christopher K
authors: CK
authors: Rayner
mesh_terms: D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects*; D002766:Cholecystokinin / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004044:Dietary Proteins / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D005746:Gastric Emptying / Q000187:drug effects*; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones / Q000097:blood*; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 / Q000097:blood; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D004044:Dietary Proteins; D005768:Gastrointestinal Hormones; D007328:Insulin; D052216:Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; D002766:Cholecystokinin