title: Visceral venous aneurysms: clinical presentation, natural history and their management: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aneurysms of the visceral veins are considered rare clinical entities. The aim is to assess their clinical presentation, natural history and management.
  
  
  METHODS
  An electronic search of the pertinent English and French literature was undertaken. All studies reporting on aneurysms of visceral veins were considered. Cases describing patients with arterial-venous fistulae and extrahepatic or intra-hepatic portosystemic venous shunts were excluded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three reports were identified, including 176 patients with 198 visceral venous aneurysms. Patients' age ranges from 0 to 87 years, and there is no apparent male/female preponderance. The commonest location of visceral venous aneurysms is the portal venous system (87 of 93 reports, 170 of 176 patients, 191 of 198 aneurysms). Aneurysms of the renal veins and inferior mesenteric vein are also described. Portal system venous aneurysms were present with abdominal pain in 44.7% of the patients, gastrointestinal bleeding in 7.3%, and are asymptomatic in 38.2%. Portal hypertension is reported in 30.8% and liver cirrhosis in 28.3%. Thrombosis occurred in 13.6% and rupture in 2.2% of the patients. Adjacent organ compression is reported in 2.2% (organs compressed: common bile duct, duodenum, inferior vena cava). The management ranged from watchful waiting to intervention. In 94% of the cases, aneurysm diameter remained stable and no complications occurred during follow-up. In most of the cases, indications for operation were symptoms and complications. Six cases of renal vein aneurysm are reported; three of them were asymptomatic. Three of these patients were treated surgically.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The most frequent location of visceral venous aneurysms is the portal venous system. They are often associated with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. They may be asymptomatic or present with abdominal pain and other symptoms. Watchful waiting is an appropriate treatment, except when complications occur. Most common complications are aneurysm thrombosis and rupture. Other visceral venous aneurysms are extremely rare.
authors: Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly Medical School, Larissa, Greece.
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Sfyroeras
authors: G A
authors: GA
authors: Antoniou
authors: A A
authors: AA
authors: Drakou
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Karathanos
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Giannoukas
mesh_terms: D015746:Abdominal Pain / Q000209:etiology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000783:Aneurysm / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000601:surgery*; D017542:Aneurysm, Ruptured / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008642:Mesenteric Veins / Q000601:surgery; D008875:Middle Aged; D011169:Portal Vein / Q000601:surgery; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000601:surgery; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures; D014781:Viscera / Q000098:blood supply*; D055815:Young Adult