title: Pain responses in repeated end-range spinal movements and psychological factors in sick-listed patients with low back pain: is there an association?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeated end-range spinal movements producing specific pain responses (i.e. centralization or non-centralization) may be used for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. However, possible associations between psychological factors and pain responses have been reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between pain responses in repeated end-range spinal movement tests and psychological factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional clinical study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data from 331 patients sick-listed for 4-12 weeks due to low back pain with or without sciatica.
  
  
  METHODS
  Initially the patients completed a questionnaire including questions about psychological factors. Then they underwent a standardized physical test procedure and were classified according to centralized or non-centralized pain response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Statistically significant associations were found between non-centralization and mental distress (p < 0.009) as well as depressive symptoms (p < 0.049). These associations remained present after adjustment for potential confounders by logistic regression: mental distress odds ratio (OR) 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.30) (p = 0.013), depressive symptoms OR 1.23 (95% CI 1.01-1.51) (p = 0.044).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pain responses in repeated end-range spinal movements were not independent of psychological factors. Mental distress and depressive symptoms occurred more often among non-centralizers than among centralizers. It is recommended that the possible influence of psychological factors on the result of mechanical testing be accounted for in future studies.
authors: Spine Centre, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Silkeborg, Denmark.
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Christiansen
authors: Kristian
authors: K
authors: Larsen
authors: Ole
authors: O
authors: Kudsk Jensen
authors: Claus
authors: C
authors: Vinther Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D010147:Pain Measurement; D011379:Prognosis; D011602:Psychophysiologic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D018582:Sick Leave; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D055815:Young Adult