title: Ultrastructural changes on clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum caused by Solanum chrysotrichum saponin SC-2.
abstract: Worldwide, dermatophytoses represent a high percentage of all superficial mycoses. The most frequently isolated dermatophyte is Trichophyton rubrum. Solanum chrysotrichum is a vegetal species widely used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat skin infections; its extract has been used to formulate an herbal medicinal product that is used successfully to treat Tinea pedis. Spirostanic saponin SC-2 from S. Chrysotrichum possesses high activity against dermatophytes. The present study reports the ultrastructural changes observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in clinical isolates of T. rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, and Microsporum gypseum induced by saponin SC-2. Strains were grown in RPMI 1640 containing SC-2 (1600 microg/mL). Fungi were harvested at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h; controls without SC-2 were included. T. mentagrophytes was the most susceptible to the SC-2 saponin, followed by M. gypseum, while T. rubrum was the most resistant. The main alterations caused by the SC-2 saponin were as follows: i) loss of cytoplasmic membrane continuity; ii) organelle degradation; iii) to a lesser extent, irreversible damage to the fungal wall; and iv) cellular death.
authors: Escuela Nacional de Ciencia Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
authors: Edgar Oliver
authors: EO
authors: López-Villegas
authors: Armando
authors: A
authors: Herrera-Arellano
authors: María
authors: M
authors: de Los Angeles Martínez-Rivera
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Alvarez
authors: Magally
authors: M
authors: Cano-Nepauseno
authors: Silvia
authors: S
authors: Marquina
authors: Aída Verónica
authors: AV
authors: Rodríguez-Tovar
authors: Jaime
authors: J
authors: Tortoriello
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D002473:Cell Wall / Q000187:drug effects; D003881:Dermatomycoses / Q000188:drug therapy*; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D008864:Microsporum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015388:Organelles / Q000187:drug effects; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012503:Saponins / Q000302:isolation & purification / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D032322:Solanum / Q000737:chemistry*; D014249:Trichophyton / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D010936:Plant Extracts; D012503:Saponins