title: Self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the association between self-reported exposure status to second-hand smoke and urinary cotinine level in pregnant nonsmokers.
  
  
  METHODS
  We recruited pregnant nonsmokers from the prenatal care clinics of a university hospital and two community health centers, and their urinary cotinine concentrations were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among a total of 412 pregnant nonsmokers, the proportions of self-reported exposure to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine level were 60.4% and 3.4%, respectively. Among those, 4.8% of the participants who reported exposure to second-hand smoke had cotinine levels of 40 ng/mL (the kappa value = 0.029, p = 0.049). Among those who reported living with smokers (n = 170), "smoking currently permitted in the whole house" (vs. not permitted at home) was associated with positive urinary cotinine in the univariable analysis. Furthermore, this variable showed a significant association with positive urinary cotinine in the stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis [Odds ratio (OR), 15.6; 95% Confidence interval (CI) = 2.1-115.4].
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the current study, the association between self-reported exposure status to second-hand smoke and positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers was poor. "Smoking currently permitted in the whole house" was a significant factor of positive urinary cotinine in pregnant nonsmokers. Furthermore, we suggest that a complete smoking ban at home should be considered to avoid potential adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes due to second-hand smoke.
authors: Department of Family Medicine, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea.
authors: Yu Jin
authors: YJ
authors: Paek
authors: Jeong Bae
authors: JB
authors: Kang
authors: Seung-Kwon
authors: SK
authors: Myung
authors: Do-Hoon
authors: DH
authors: Lee
authors: Moon-Woo
authors: MW
authors: Seong
authors: Hong Gwan
authors: HG
authors: Seo
authors: Jung Jin
authors: JJ
authors: Cho
authors: Hong Ji
authors: HJ
authors: Song
authors: Kyung Hee
authors: KH
authors: Park
authors: Chan Ho
authors: CH
authors: Kim
authors: Jeong Ah
authors: JA
authors: Ko
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003367:Cotinine / Q000652:urine*; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine