title: Longitudinal study of the effects of chronic hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle in dogs.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the effects of experimentally induced hypothyroidism on skeletal muscle and characterize any observed myopathic abnormalities in dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  9 female, adult mixed-breed dogs; 6 with hypothyroidism induced with irradiation with 131 iodine and 3 untreated control dogs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical examinations were performed monthly. Electromyographic examinations; measurement of plasma creatine kinase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate, and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme activities; and skeletal muscle morphologic-morphometric examinations were performed prior to and every 6 months for 18 months after induction of hypothyroidism. Baseline, 6-month, and 18-month assessments of plasma, urine, and skeletal muscle carnitine concentrations were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypothyroid dogs developed electromyographic and morphologic evidence of myopathy by 6 months after treatment, which persisted throughout the study, although these changes were subclinical at all times. Hypothyroid myopathy was associated with significant increases in plasma creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase 5 isoenzyme activities and was characterized by nemaline rod inclusions, substantial and progressive predominance of type I myofibers, decrease in mean type II fiber area, subsarcolemmal accumulations of abnormal mitochondria, and myofiber degeneration. Chronic hypothyroidism was associated with substantial depletion in skeletal muscle free carnitine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic, experimentally induced hypothyroidism resulted in substantial but subclinical phenotypic myopathic changes indicative of altered muscle energy metabolism and depletion of skeletal muscle carnitine. These abnormalities may contribute to nonspecific clinical signs, such as lethargy and exercise intolerance, often reported in hypothyroid dogs.
authors: Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
authors: John H
authors: JH
authors: Rossmeisl
authors: Robert B
authors: RB
authors: Duncan
authors: Karen D
authors: KD
authors: Inzana
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Panciera
authors: G Diane
authors: GD
authors: Shelton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002331:Carnitine / Q000378:metabolism; D002908:Chronic Disease; D004283:Dog Diseases / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D004285:Dogs; D005260:Female; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000473:pathology / Q000648:ultrastructure; D009135:Muscular Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D002331:Carnitine