title: A novel biological activity of praziquantel requiring voltage-operated Ca2+ channel beta subunits: subversion of flatworm regenerative polarity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 200 million people worldwide harbour parasitic flatworm infections that cause schistosomiasis. A single drug-praziquantel (PZQ)-has served as the mainstay pharmacotherapy for schistosome infections since the 1980s. However, the relevant in vivo target(s) of praziquantel remain undefined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we provide fresh perspective on the molecular basis of praziquantel efficacy in vivo consequent to the discovery of a remarkable action of PZQ on regeneration in a species of free-living flatworm (Dugesia japonica). Specifically, PZQ caused a robust (100% penetrance) and complete duplication of the entire anterior-posterior axis during flatworm regeneration to yield two-headed organisms with duplicated, integrated central nervous and organ systems. Exploiting this phenotype as a readout for proteins impacting praziquantel efficacy, we demonstrate that PZQ-evoked bipolarity was selectively ablated by in vivo RNAi of voltage-operated calcium channel (VOCC) beta subunits, but not by knockdown of a VOCC alpha subunit. At higher doses of PZQ, knockdown of VOCC beta subunits also conferred resistance to PZQ in lethality assays.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study identifies a new biological activity of the antischistosomal drug praziquantel on regenerative polarity in a species of free-living flatworm. Ablation of the bipolar regenerative phenotype evoked by PZQ via in vivo RNAi of VOCC beta subunits provides the first genetic evidence implicating a molecular target crucial for in vivo PZQ activity and supports the 'VOCC hypothesis' of PZQ efficacy. Further, in terms of regenerative biology and Ca(2+) signaling, these data highlight a novel role for voltage-operated Ca(2+) entry in regulating in vivo stem cell differentiation and regenerative patterning.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and The Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minnesota, United States of America.
authors: Taisaku
authors: T
authors: Nogi
authors: Dan
authors: D
authors: Zhang
authors: John D
authors: JD
authors: Chan
authors: Jonathan S
authors: JS
authors: Marchant
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015220:Calcium Channels / Q000378:metabolism*; D020868:Gene Silencing; D010986:Platyhelminths / Q000187:drug effects*; D011223:Praziquantel / Q000494:pharmacology*; D021122:Protein Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics; D012038:Regeneration / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D015220:Calcium Channels; D021122:Protein Subunits; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011223:Praziquantel