A global study of pathogens and host risk factors associated with infectious gastrointestinal disease in returned international travellers.
OBJECTIVE
Infectious gastrointestinal disease (IGD) is a significant cause of morbidity in returned international travellers. This study aims to elucidate host and travel characteristics associated with IGD presentation, and describe the broad spectrum of aetiological pathogens responsible by geographic region of acquisition and reason for travel.


METHODS
We analyzed demographic, clinical and microbiological data recorded for ill, returned international travellers presenting to GeoSentinel Surveillance Network sites globally during the period September 1996-December 2005.


RESULTS
A total of 25,867 returned travellers were analyzed, of whom 7442 (29%) patients had a total of 8273 IGD diagnoses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGD presentation was associated significantly with female sex (OR: 1.11; p=0.001); younger age group; attending a pre-travel medical appointment (OR: 1.28; p<0.0001); and travelling for the reason of tourism. Travelling for longer periods (>28 days) was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.93; p=0.04). Of the 2902 clinically significant pathogens isolated, 65% were parasitic, 31% bacterial and 3% viral. Presentation of IGD by specific pathogen varied markedly dependent on geographic region of recent travel, and reason for travel.


CONCLUSIONS
Host characteristics, region of travel and category of traveller, significantly impact on the relative likelihood of presenting with a broad range of pathogen-specific IGD.
Swaminathan
Ashwin
A
National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
Torresi
Joseph
J
Schlagenhauf
Patricia
P
Thursky
Karin
K
Wilder-Smith
Annelies
A
Connor
Bradley A
BA
Schwartz
Eli
E
Vonsonnenberg
Frank
F
Keystone
Jay
J
O'Brien
Daniel P
DP
D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004403:Dysentery / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005843:Geography; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data