title: Serum phosphate is an important determinant of corrected serum calcium in end-stage kidney disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Approximately 12% of bound blood calcium is linked to various anions including phosphate. In patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), serum phosphate is highly variable. We propose that establishing a formula to calculate albumin- and phosphate-corrected total calcium would be more appropriate to estimate free calcium in ESKD patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 82 haemodialysis patients, serum ionized calcium (Ca(ion)) and pH were measured by blood gas analyser with ion-selective electrodes at the point-of-care, while bicarbonate, phosphate, albumin, magnesium and total calcium (Ca(tot)) were measured at the central laboratory. Linear regression analysis of measured variables was used to best fit adjusted calcium versus Ca(ion).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most parsimonious multiple linear regression model (r(2) = 0.81) of variables associated with Ca(ion) included Ca(tot) (coeff 0.820, P < 0.0001), albumin (coeff -0.016, P < 0.0001) and phosphate (coeff -0.063, P < 0.002). Modelling of available variables yielded the following equation to adjust calcium for albumin and phosphate: Ca(albPh) = Ca(tot) + (0.015 x (40 - [albumin]) + 0.07 x (1.5 - [phosphate])). At an ambient albumin of 40 g/L, Ca(albPh) would be 0.07 mmol/L lower than Ca(tot) for every mmol/L of phosphate. In vitro data using three different albumin levels and increasing phosphate concentrations demonstrated this relationship, with the slope of the phosphate effect being stronger at lower albumin concentrations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because guidelines recommendations indicate that corrected serum calcium should be maintained within the normal range in ESKD patients, inclusion of phosphate to correct Ca(tot) in these patients may have clinical implications on the choice of phosphate binders and the prescription of vitamin D or calcimimetic agents.
authors: Department of Nephrology, Fremantle Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia. paolo.ferrari@health.wa.gov.au
authors: Paolo
authors: P
authors: Ferrari
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Singer
authors: Aanchal
authors: A
authors: Agarwal
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Hurn
authors: Mary A
authors: MA
authors: Townsend
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Chubb
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001639:Bicarbonates / Q000097:blood; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D002118:Calcium / Q000097:blood*; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000097:blood; D002624:Chemistry, Clinical / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood* / Q000628:therapy; D016014:Linear Models; D008274:Magnesium / Q000097:blood; D008954:Models, Biological; D010710:Phosphates / Q000097:blood*; D019095:Point-of-Care Systems / Q000592:standards; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012709:Serum Albumin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001639:Bicarbonates; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D010710:Phosphates; D012709:Serum Albumin; D008274:Magnesium; D002118:Calcium