Esterase-based resistance in the tobacco-adapted form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the eastern United States.
Organophosphates and carbamates represent alternative insecticides in managing the tobacco-adapted form of the green peach aphid (TGPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a major pest of tobacco in the United States and around the world. General esterases that detoxify these insecticides were assessed in green, red, and orange morphs of field-collected M. persicae. A total of 136 aphid colonies were collected from 2004 though 2007 and screened for total esterase activity. The green morphs had lower esterase levels, with a mean of 77+/-6.6 nmol/min/mg protein, as compared to red (84+/-2.9 nmol/min/mg protein) and orange morphs (172+/-16.5 nmol/min/mg protein). Overall esterase activities, and those for the red and green morphs, were positively correlated with LC(50) values for acephate (organophosphate) and methomyl (carbamate) assessed in leaf-dip bioassays. Esterase genes responsible for higher esterase activities were diagnosed by gene amplification studies. Twenty-three of 24 colonies tested had either the E4 or FE4 gene amplified, both known to confer esterase-based resistance. Fifteen out of the 24 colonies tested had amplified E4 gene and four colonies had FE4 gene amplification. All orange morphs and one green morph had both E4 and FE4 genes amplified. This unique phenotype, where two esterase genes were amplified had an 865-bp band characteristic of the FE4 gene and an additional 381-bp band characteristic of a deleted upstream region of the E4 gene. Changes that occurred in esterase-based resistance in the TGPA over the past two decades and their implications on insecticide resistance management are discussed.
Srigiriraju
Lakshmipathi
L
Department of Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
Semtner
Paul J
PJ
Anderson
Troy D
TD
Bloomquist
Jeffrey R
JR
D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D000818:Animals; D001042:Aphids / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D001681:Biological Assay; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D005784:Gene Amplification; D006790:Host-Parasite Interactions; D007305:Insecticide Resistance / Q000235:genetics; D007306:Insecticides; D008724:Methomyl; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D063088:Phosphoramides; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015144:Southeastern United States; D014026:Nicotiana / Q000469:parasitology*
D007306:Insecticides; D009946:Organothiophosphorus Compounds; D063088:Phosphoramides; D008724:Methomyl; C001969:acephate; D002265:Carboxylic Ester Hydrolases