Longitudinal diffusion-weighted imaging in infants with hydrocephalus: decrease in tissue water diffusion after cerebrospinal fluid diversion.
OBJECTIVE
Progressive hydrocephalus may lead to edema of the periventricular white matter and to damage of the brain parenchyma because of compression, stretching, and ischemia. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether cerebral edema can be quantified using diffusion-weighted imaging in infants with hydrocephalus and whether CSF diversion could decrease cerebral edema.


METHODS
Diffusion-weighted MR imaging was performed in 24 infants with progressive hydrocephalus before and after CSF diversion. Parametric images of the trace apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) were obtained. The ADCs of 5 different cortical and subcortical regions of interest were calculated pre- and postoperatively in each patient. The ADC values were compared with age-related normal values. Mean arterial blood pressure and anterior fontanel pressure were measured immediately after each MR imaging study.


RESULTS
After CSF diversion, the mean ADC decreased from a preoperative value of 1209 +/- 116 x 10(-6) mm(2)/second to a postoperative value of 928 +/- 64 x 10(-6) mm(2)/second (p < 0.005). Differences between pre- and postoperative ADC values were most prominent in the periventricular white matter, supporting the existence of preoperative periventricular edema. Compared with age-related normal values, the preoperative ADC values were higher and the postoperative ADC values were lower, although within normal range. The decrease in ADC after CSF drainage was more rapid than the more gradual physiological decrease that is related to age. The preoperative ICP was elevated in all patients. After CSF diversion the ICP decreased significantly to within the normal range. A linear correlation between ADC values and ICP was found (correlation coefficient 0.496, p < 0.001). In all patients the mean arterial blood pressure was within physiological limits both pre- and postoperatively.


CONCLUSIONS
This study shows a rapid and more extensive decrease in ADC values after CSF diversion than is to be expected from physiological ADC decrease solely due to increasing patient age. The preoperative ADC increase can be explained by interstitial edema caused by transependymal CSF leakage or by vasogenic edema caused by capillary compression and stretching of the brain parenchyma. This study population of infants with (early recognized) hydrocephalus did not suffer from cytotoxic edema. These findings may help to detect patients at risk for cerebral damage by differentiating between progressive and compensated hydrocephalus.
Leliefeld
Paul H
PH
Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands. p.h.leliefeld@umcutrecth.nl
Gooskens
Rob H J M
RH
Braun
Kees P J
KP
Ramos
Lino M P
LM
Uiterwaal
Cuno S P M
CS
Regli
Luca P E
LP
Tulleken
Cees A F
CA
Kappelle
L Jaap
LJ
Hanlo
Patrick W
PW
D001794:Blood Pressure; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000601:surgery; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000379:methods; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D011184:Postoperative Period; D011446:Prospective Studies