title: Off-label use of prescription drugs in childhood and adolescence: an analysis of prescription patterns in Germany.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Not all drugs prescribed for children and adolescents are certified for use in these age groups. The present study describes the extent of off-label prescriptions in the outpatient sector and identifies deficits in the quality of product information.
  
  
  METHODS
  This analysis is based on patient-specific but pseudonymized drug prescription data for approximately 289,000 0- to 16-year-old members of the Gmünder Ersatzkasse, a German statutory health insurance provider, in the year 2002. For each substance prescribed, information regarding the youngest certified age group was derived from the product data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1,429,981 prescribed drug packages (726 active substances), 87.4% (66.1% of active substances) were prescribed in accordance with their license and 3.2% (15.7% of active substances) were prescribed off-label. For 9.4% of prescriptions (18.2% of active substances) the licensing status could not be established. For neonates and infants the proportion of licensed prescriptions was below average, at 42.5% and 82.8% of the prescribed packages (20.0% and 38.6% of active substances) respectively. After infancy, prescriptions were predominantly in accordance with licensed use. Deficits were seen in the indication groups "alimentary tract and metabolism," "respiratory system," "dermatologicals," and "sensory organs."
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The methodology enables characterization of off-label prescription and identification of fields where further research is needed. With regard to the EU regulation on medicinal products for pediatric use, this could assume increasing importance and contribute to the development of appropriate and safe medicines for children.
authors: Institut für Pharmakologie, Klinikum Bremen Mitte gGmbH, Bremen, Germany. sekretariat@pharmakologie-bremen.de
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Mühlbauer
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Janhsen
authors: Josef
authors: J
authors: Pichler
authors: Petra
authors: P
authors: Schoettler
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D004348:Drug Labeling; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055656:Prescriptions / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*