title: Smoking state determined by cotinine and arterial stiffness.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to active and passive smoking is associated with arterial stiffness and cotinine is an objective biochemical indicator to classify smoking state. The aim of the study was to survey participant smoking condition with cotinine in North China and discuss its destructive effect on arterial stiffness.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nine hundred and six people were recruited in this study and were classified into non-smokers, passive smokers and active smokers according to the cotinine level. Brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) was measured using an automatic device. Active smokers vs non-smokers showed a significantly higher baPWV (P=0.023) after adjusting for covariates. Participants who smoked longer than 10 years had a higher baPWV than non-smokers (P=0.029) although no significant difference existed between those who had a smoking history of less than 10 years and those who had never smoked. In less developed areas, the active and passive smoking rates were higher than that in Beijing (P<0.001) while active smokers vs non-smokers had a higher baPWV (P=0.017).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Active smokers, as confirmed by the cotinine level have worse arterial stiffness, and long-term smoking can cause marked arterial stiffness. Smoking exposure might bring about more serious effects on arterial function in patients from poor areas than in modernized cities.
authors: School of Public Health and Family Medicine, Capital University of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
authors: Jiang
authors: J
authors: Xie
authors: Dayi
authors: D
authors: Hu
authors: Xian
authors: X
authors: Wang
authors: Yali
authors: Y
authors: Luo
authors: Jinwen
authors: J
authors: Wang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis*; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D011674:Pulse; D012424:Rural Population; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013997:Time Factors; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D014505:Urban Population; D014655:Vascular Resistance; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine