title: Reliability issues in human brain temperature measurement.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The influence of brain temperature on clinical outcome after severe brain trauma is currently poorly understood. When brain temperature is measured directly, different values between the inside and outside of the head can occur. It is not yet clear if these differences are 'real' or due to measurement error.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to assess the performance and measurement uncertainty of body and brain temperature sensors currently in use in neurocritical care. Two organic fixed-point, ultra stable temperature sources were used as the temperature references. Two different types of brain sensor (brain type 1 and brain type 2) and one body type sensor were tested under rigorous laboratory conditions and at the bedside. Measurement uncertainty was calculated using internationally recognised methods.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Average differences between the 26 degrees C reference temperature source and the clinical temperature sensors were +0.11 degrees C (brain type 1), +0.24 degrees C (brain type 2) and -0.15 degrees C (body type), respectively. For the 36 degrees C temperature reference source, average differences between the reference source and clinical thermometers were -0.02 degrees C, +0.09 degrees C and -0.03 degrees C for brain type 1, brain type 2 and body type sensor, respectively. Repeat calibrations the following day confirmed that these results were within the calculated uncertainties. The results of the immersion tests revealed that the reading of the body type sensor was sensitive to position, with differences in temperature of -0.5 degrees C to -1.4 degrees C observed on withdrawing the thermometer from the base of the isothermal environment by 4 cm and 8 cm, respectively. Taking into account all the factors tested during the calibration experiments, the measurement uncertainty of the clinical sensors against the (nominal) 26 degrees C and 36 degrees C temperature reference sources for the brain type 1, brain type 2 and body type sensors were +/- 0.18 degrees C, +/- 0.10 degrees C and +/- 0.12 degrees C respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that brain temperature sensors are fundamentally accurate and the measurements are precise to within 0.1 to 0.2 degrees C. Subtle dissociation between brain and body temperature in excess of 0.1 to 0.2 degrees C is likely to be real. Body temperature sensors need to be secured in position to ensure that measurements are reliable.
authors: Brain Injury Research Group, School of Translational Medicine, University of Manchester, Clinical Sciences Building, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Stott Lane, Salford, M6 8HD, UK. charmaine.childs@manchester.ac.uk
authors: Charmaine
authors: C
authors: Childs
authors: Graham
authors: G
authors: Machin
mesh_terms: D001831:Body Temperature; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D002138:Calibration; D006801:Humans; D015203:Reproducibility of Results