title: Prognostic impact of calf muscle near-infrared spectroscopy in patients with a first episode of deep vein thrombosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The risk factors that affect the development of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) are not fully recognized, and it is difficult to reliably predict which patients are likely to develop PTS in acute phase of deep vein thrombosis (DVT).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate changes in calf muscle deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) levels after DVT, and to determine the indicative parameters reflecting the progression of PTS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-six consecutive patients with a first episode of unilateral DVT were prospectively enrolled. Clinical manifestations were categorized according to the CEAP (Clinical, Etiologic, Anatomical, and Pathophysiologic) classification, and the patients were divided into no-PTS (C(0-3)E(s),A(s,d,p),P(r,o)) and PTS (C(4-6)E(s),A(s,d,p),P(r,o)) groups. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) was used to measure calf muscle HHb levels at 6 months after diagnosis of DVT. The calf venous blood filling index (HHbFI) was calculated on standing, and the venous ejection index and the venous retention index (HHbRI) were then obtained after exercise. All patients were followed up for more than 24 months after the diagnosis of DVT.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 76 patients evaluated, 20 (26.3%) had PTS. The NIRS-derived HHbFI and HHbRI were significantly increased in patients who developed PTS in comparison with those who did not (P = 0.04 and P = 0.0001, respectively). HHbRI was significantly increased in patients with iliofemoral DVT in comparison with patients with calf DVT (P = 0.041). An optimal cut-off point of 2.9 for HHbRI showed the strongest ability to predict the development of PTS, with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 82.1%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HHbRI as measured by NIRS is significantly increased in patients with iliofemoral DVT as compared with those with calf DVT. Furthermore, HHbRI > 2.9 is a strong predictor of the development of PTS at 6 months.
authors: Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. yamaki@prs.twmu.ac.jp
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Yamaki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Nozaki
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sakurai
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Kikuchi
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Soejima
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Kono
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Hamahata
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009132:Muscles / Q000473:pathology*; D054070:Postthrombotic Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011379:Prognosis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D019265:Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology
chemical_list: D006454:Hemoglobins