title: A low dose of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection enhances an established allergic inflammation in mice: the role of the prostaglandin E2 pathway.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Over 40% of chronic stable asthma patients have evidence of respiratory Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Mp) infection as detected by PCR, but not by serology and culture, suggesting that a low-level Mp is involved in chronic asthma. However, the role of such a low-level Mp infection in the regulation of allergic inflammation remains unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of a low-level Mp infection in mice with established airway allergic inflammation on allergic responses such as eosinophilia and chemokine eotaxin-2, and the underlying mechanisms [i.e. the prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) pathway] since PGE(2) inhalation before an allergen challenge suppressed the eosinophil infiltration in human airways.
  
  
  METHODS
  BALB/c mouse models of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma with an ensuing low- or high-dose Mp were used to assess IL-4 expression, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophil, eotaxin-2 and PGE(2) levels, and lung mRNA levels of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1). Primary alveolar macrophages (pAMs) from naïve BALB/c mice were cultured to determine whether Mp-induced PGE(2) or exogenous PGE(2) down-regulates IL-4/IL-13-induced eotaxin-2.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Low-dose Mp in allergic mice significantly enhanced IL-4 and eotaxin-2, and moderately promoted lung eosinophilia, whereas high-dose Mp significantly reduced lung eosinophilia and tended to decrease IL-4 and eotaxin-2. Moreover, in both OVA-naïve and allergic mice, lung mPGES-1 mRNA and BAL PGE(2) levels were elevated in mice infected with high-dose, but not low-dose Mp. In pAMs, IL-4/IL-13 significantly increased eotaxin-2, which was reduced by Mp infection accompanied by dose-dependent PGE(2) induction. Exogenous PGE(2) inhibited IL-4/IL-13-induced eotaxin-2 in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study highlights a novel concept on how different bacterial loads in the lung modify the established allergic airway inflammation and thus interact with an allergen to further induce Th2 responses. That is, unlike high-level Mp, low-level Mp fails to effectively induce PGE(2) to down-regulate allergic responses (e.g. eotaxin-2), thus maintaining or even worsening allergic inflammation in asthmatic airways.
authors: Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
authors: Q
authors: Q
authors: Wu
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Martin
authors: S
authors: S
authors: LaFasto
authors: H W
authors: HW
authors: Chu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000276:immunology* / Q000382:microbiology; D018893:Bronchoalveolar Lavage; D054423:Chemokine CCL24 / Q000276:immunology; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000276:immunology*; D004306:Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic; D004802:Eosinophilia / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D018793:Interleukin-13 / Q000276:immunology; D015847:Interleukin-4 / Q000276:immunology; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009177:Mycoplasma pneumoniae / Q000276:immunology*; D011019:Pneumonia, Mycoplasma / Q000276:immunology*; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: C515485:Ccl24 protein, mouse; D054423:Chemokine CCL24; D018793:Interleukin-13; D015847:Interleukin-4; D019746:Intramolecular Oxidoreductases; C000605862:PTGES protein, human; D000071876:Prostaglandin-E Synthases; C000605865:Ptges protein, mouse; D015232:Dinoprostone