title: Intracranial and intraspinal hemorrhage following spinal anesthesia.
abstract: Spinal anesthesia (SA), accounting for more than 50% of regional anesthesias in the spinal region, is generally perceived as simple and safe. Our purpose is to increase awareness of hemorrhagic complications following SA. A 69-year-old male without either coagulation disorders or anticoagulant/antiplatelet therapy developed acute radiculopathy, and severe mental confusion after SA for prostatectomy. CT showed intracranial subarachnoid and intraventricular acute hemorrhage. Cerebral angiography was negative. MRI showed subarachnoid and subdural hematoma in the dorsolumbar spine. Seven-year follow-up showed permanent cognitive and radicular damage. Multiple attempts for SA most likely caused spinal vessels rupture, either directly or indirectly by inducing differential pressure changes between cerebrospinal fluid and intravascular spaces; however, definite mechanisms have not been completely understood. Patients undergoing spinal puncture must report any neurological abnormality, which may result in irreversible damage. Cases of altered consciousness require an extensive neuroradiological evaluation. Proper competency of physicians responsible for spinal puncture is mandatory.
authors: Unit of Epilepsy and Sleep Diseases, Department of Neurosciences, Santa Maria alle Scotte General Hospital, University of Siena, Viale Mario Bracci, 16, 53100, Siena, Italy. rocchi@unisi.it
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Rocchi
authors: Carolina
authors: C
authors: Lombardi
authors: Ilaria
authors: I
authors: Marradi
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Di Paolo
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: Cerase
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000775:Anesthesia, Spinal / Q000009:adverse effects*; D046748:Hematoma, Epidural, Spinal / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D020300:Intracranial Hemorrhages / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology*; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D015898:Tomography Scanners, X-Ray Computed