title: Chronic crude garlic-feeding modified adult male rat testicular markers: mechanisms of action.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Garlic or Allium sativum (As) shows therapeutic effects such as reduction of blood pressure or hypercholesterolemia but side-effects on reproductive functions remain poorly investigated. Because of garlic's chemical complexity, the processing methods and yield in preparations differ in efficacy and safety. In this context, we clarify the mechanisms of action of crushed crude garlic on testicular markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  During one month of treatment, 24 male rats were fed 5%, 10% and 15% crude garlic.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We showed that crude garlic-feeding induced apoptosis in testicular germ cells (spermatocytes and spermatids). This cell death process was characterized by increased levels of active CASP3 but not CASP6. Expression of the caspase inhibitors BIRC3 and BIRC2 was increased at all doses of As while expression of XIAP and BIRC5 was unchanged. Moreover, expression of the IAP inhibitor DIABLO was increased at doses 10% and 15% of As. The germ cell death process induced by As might be related to a decrease in testosterone production because of the reduced expression of steroidogenic enzymes (Star, Cyp11a, Hsd3b5 and Hsd17b). Evaluation of Sertoli markers showed that TUBB3 and GSTA2 expression was unchanged. In contrast, AMH, RHOX5 and CDKN1B expression was decreased while GATA4 expression was increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In summary, we showed that feeding with crude garlic inhibited Leydig steroidogenic enzyme expression and Sertoli cell markers. These alterations might induce apoptosis in testicular germ cells.
authors: Unité de recherche n 01/UR/08-07, Faculté de Médecine, Tunis, Tunisie. hammamiimen@hotmail.fr
authors: Imen
authors: I
authors: Hammami
authors: Souheila
authors: S
authors: Amara
authors: Mohamed
authors: M
authors: Benahmed
authors: Michèle V
authors: MV
authors: El May
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Mauduit
mesh_terms: D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053178:Caspase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme / Q000096:biosynthesis; D005737:Garlic / Q000378:metabolism; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008297:Male; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D010750:Phosphoproteins / Q000096:biosynthesis; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012708:Sertoli Cells / Q000187:drug effects; D013087:Spermatids / Q000473:pathology; D013090:Spermatocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013737:Testis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C489013:DIABLO protein, rat; D051034:Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; D024101:Mitochondrial Proteins; D010750:Phosphoproteins; D000098682:Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein; D015067:17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenases; C476565:17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 3; D002786:Cholesterol Side-Chain Cleavage Enzyme; D000075747:Baculoviral IAP Repeat-Containing 3 Protein; C494836:Birc3 protein, rat; D053148:Caspase 3; D053178:Caspase 6