title: A prospective, randomized comparison of skin adhesive and subcuticular suture for closure of pediatric hernia incisions: cost and cosmetic considerations.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we compared the skin adhesive 2-octylcyanoacrylate to subcuticular suture for closure of pediatric inguinal hernia incisions to determine if skin adhesive improves wound cosmesis, shortens skin closure time, and lowers operative costs.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively randomized 134 children undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy at our institution to have skin closure with either skin adhesive (n = 64) or subcuticular closure (n = 70). Data collected included age, sex, weight, type of operation, total operative time, and skin closure time. Digital photographs of healing incisions were taken at the 6-week postoperative visit. The operating surgeon assessed cosmetic outcome of incisions using a previously validated visual analog scale, as well as an ordinate scale. A blinded assessment of cosmetic outcome was then performed by an independent surgeon comparing these photographs to the visual analog scale. Operating room time and resource use (ie, costs) relative to the skin closure were assessed. Comparisons between groups were done using Student's t tests and chi(2) tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children enrolled in the study had a mean +/- SE age of 3.7 +/- 0.3 years and weighed 16 +/- 0.8 kg. Patients were predominantly male (82%). Patients underwent 1 of 3 types of open hernia repair as follows: unilateral herniorrhaphy without peritoneoscopy (n = 41; 31%), unilateral herniorrhaphy with peritoneoscopy (n = 55; 41%), and bilateral herniorrhaphy (n = 38; 28%). Skin closure time was significantly shorter in the skin adhesive group (adhesive = 1.4 +/- 0.8 minutes vs suture = 2.4 +/- 1.1 minutes; P = .001). Mean wound cosmesis scores based on the visual analog scale were similar between groups (adhesive = 78 +/- 21; suture=78 +/- 18; P = .50). Material costs related to herniorrhaphy were higher for skin adhesive (adhesive = $22.63 vs suture = $11.70; P < .001), whereas operating room time costs for adhesive skin closure were lower (adhesive = $9.33 +/- 5.33 vs suture = $16.00 +/- 7.33; P < .001). Except for a 7% incidence of erythema in both groups, there were no complications encountered.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is no difference in cosmetic outcome between skin adhesive and suture closure in pediatric inguinal herniorrhaphy. Material costs are increased because of the high cost of adhesive relative to suture. This is partially offset, however, by the cost savings from reduction in operating room time.
authors: Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, CS Mott Children's Hospital, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0245, USA.
authors: J Kristine
authors: JK
authors: Brown
authors: Brendan T
authors: BT
authors: Campbell
authors: Robert A
authors: RA
authors: Drongowski
authors: Amy K
authors: AK
authors: Alderman
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Geiger
authors: Daniel H
authors: DH
authors: Teitelbaum
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Quinn
authors: Arnold G
authors: AG
authors: Coran
authors: Ronald B
authors: RB
authors: Hirschl
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006552:Hernia, Inguinal / Q000191:economics / Q000601:surgery*; D017721:Hospital Costs; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013536:Suture Techniques / Q000191:economics / Q000941:ethics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013537:Sutures / Q000941:ethics*; D014014:Tissue Adhesives; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014945:Wound Healing
chemical_list: D014014:Tissue Adhesives