title: MYC is a metastasis gene for non-small-cell lung cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Metastasis is a process by which cancer cells learn to form satellite tumors in distant organs and represents the principle cause of death of patients with solid tumors. NSCLC is the most lethal human cancer due to its high rate of metastasis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Lack of a suitable animal model has so far hampered analysis of metastatic progression. We have examined c-MYC for its ability to induce metastasis in a C-RAF-driven mouse model for non-small-cell lung cancer. c-MYC alone induced frank tumor growth only after long latency at which time secondary mutations in K-Ras or LKB1 were detected reminiscent of human NSCLC. Combination with C-RAF led to immediate acceleration of tumor growth, conversion to papillary epithelial cells and angiogenic switch induction. Moreover, addition of c-MYC was sufficient to induce macrometastasis in liver and lymph nodes with short latency associated with lineage switch events. Thus we have generated the first conditional model for metastasis of NSCLC and identified a gene, c-MYC that is able to orchestrate all steps of this process.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Potential markers for detection of metastasis were identified and validated for diagnosis of human biopsies. These markers may represent targets for future therapeutic intervention as they include genes such as Gata4 that are exclusively expressed during lung development.
authors: Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, München, Germany. rapp@biochem.mpg.de
authors: Ulf R
authors: UR
authors: Rapp
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Korn
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Ceteci
authors: Christiaan
authors: C
authors: Karreman
authors: Katharina
authors: K
authors: Luetkenhaus
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Serafin
authors: Emanuele
authors: E
authors: Zanucco
authors: Inês
authors: I
authors: Castro
authors: Tamara
authors: T
authors: Potapenko
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology; D008168:Lung / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008954:Models, Biological; D009154:Mutation; D009362:Neoplasm Metastasis; D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc / Q000378:metabolism*; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D016271:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-myc; D019908:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-raf