title: Hybrid procedures for complex congenital cardiac lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We present an alternative treatment employing a hybrid approach used in 3 patients with congenital heart disease. The goal was to provide optimal therapy by minimizing the potentially harmful effects of methods that accompany conventional surgical procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two patients aged 4 and 6 months underwent beating-heart closure of a muscular ventricular septal defect (VSD) with an occluding device. In addition, an 8-year-old patient with supraaortic, main, and branch pulmonary artery (PA) stenosis underwent conventional surgical patch augmentation of the ascending aorta and the main PA and intraoperative stenting of the branch PA stenoses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  No patient deaths occurred. One patient developed a postoperative pneumothorax. Median intensive care unit and hospital stays for the VSD patients were 1 and 5 days and for the other patients 2 and 20 days, respectively. At median follow-up of 25 months, all patients were well and had required no further interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with muscular VSD can currently be treated with the hybrid approach. Intraoperative PA stenting in addition to conventional surgical repair can be performed safely and may be complementary in patients with complex lesions.
authors: Department of Paediatric and Congenital Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Centre, Athens, Greece. ccontraf@vodafone.net.gr
authors: Constantinos A
authors: CA
authors: Contrafouris
authors: Fotios A
authors: FA
authors: Mitropoulos
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: Chatzis
authors: Nikolaos M
authors: NM
authors: Giannopoulos
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Milonakis
authors: Spyridon
authors: S
authors: Rammos
authors: Mike
authors: M
authors: Azariades
mesh_terms: D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006345:Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome