title: Hormone therapy and skeletal muscle strength: a meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Our objective was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the research literature that compared muscle strength in postmenopausal women who were and were not on estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-three relevant studies were found. Effect sizes (ESs) were calculated as the standardized mean difference, and meta-analyses were completed using a random effects model.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HT was found to result in a small beneficial effect on muscle strength in postmenopausal women (overall ES = 0.23; p = .003) that equated to an approximately 5% greater strength for women on HT. Among the 23 studies, various muscle groups were assessed for strength, and those that benefitted the most were the thumb adductors (ES = 1.14; p < .001). Ten studies that compared muscle strength in rodents that were and were not estradiol deficient were also analyzed. The ES for absolute strength was moderate but not statistically significant (ES = 0.44; p = .12), whereas estradiol had a large effect on strength normalized to muscle size (ES = 0.66; p = .03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, estrogen-based treatments were found to beneficially affect strength.
authors: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 55455, USA.
authors: Sarah M
authors: SM
authors: Greising
authors: Kristen A
authors: KA
authors: Baltgalvis
authors: Dawn A
authors: DA
authors: Lowe
authors: Gordon L
authors: GL
authors: Warren
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004958:Estradiol / Q000494:pharmacology; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004967:Estrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D053580:Muscle Strength / Q000187:drug effects*; D012377:Rodentia
chemical_list: D004967:Estrogens; D004958:Estradiol