title: Fish consumption and markers of colorectal cancer risk: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Diet is a major factor in the etiology of colorectal cancer, with high fish consumption possibly decreasing colorectal cancer risk, as was shown in several observational studies. To date, no intervention trials have examined the possible beneficial effects of fish intake on colorectal cancer risk.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to investigate the effects of a 6-mo intervention with oil-rich or lean fish on apoptosis and mitosis within the colonic crypt.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a multicenter, randomized, controlled intervention trial, patients with colorectal polyps, inactive ulcerative colitis, or no macroscopic signs of disease were recruited (n = 242) and randomly allocated to receive dietary advice plus either 300 g oil-rich fish (salmon) per week (n = 82), 300 g lean fish (cod) per week (n = 78), or only dietary advice (DA) (n = 82). Apoptosis and mitosis were measured in colonic biopsy samples collected before and after intervention (n = 213).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The total number of apoptotic cells per crypt did not increase in the salmon or cod group: -0.10 (95% CI: -0.36, 0.16) and -0.06 (95% CI: -0.32, 0.20), respectively, compared with the DA group. The total number of mitotic cells per crypt decreased nonsignificantly in the salmon group (-0.87; 95% CI: -2.41, 0.68) and in the cod group (-1.04; 95% CI: -2.62, 0.53) compared with the DA group. Furthermore, the distribution of mitosis within the crypt did not significantly change in either group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An increase in the consumption of either oil-rich or lean fish to 2 portions weekly over 6 mo does not markedly change apoptotic and mitotic rates in the colonic mucosa. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00145015.
authors: Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Netherlands.
authors: Gerda K
authors: GK
authors: Pot
authors: Gosia
authors: G
authors: Majsak-Newman
authors: Anouk
authors: A
authors: Geelen
authors: Linda J
authors: LJ
authors: Harvey
authors: Fokko M
authors: FM
authors: Nagengast
authors: Ben J M
authors: BJ
authors: Witteman
authors: Paul C
authors: PC
authors: van de Meeberg
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Timmer
authors: Adriaan
authors: A
authors: Tan
authors: Peter J
authors: PJ
authors: Wahab
authors: Andrew R
authors: AR
authors: Hart
authors: Matthew P
authors: MP
authors: Williams
authors: Kasia
authors: K
authors: Przybylska-Phillips
authors: Jack R
authors: JR
authors: Dainty
authors: Gertjan
authors: G
authors: Schaafsma
authors: Ellen
authors: E
authors: Kampman
authors: Elizabeth K
authors: EK
authors: Lund
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D003106:Colon / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D003113:Colonoscopy; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004032:Diet; D005260:Female; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000494:pharmacology*; D048388:Gadiformes; D006801:Humans; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008938:Mitosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012474:Salmon; D017747:Seafood; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D005395:Fish Oils