title: Forward programming of pluripotent stem cells towards distinct cardiovascular cell types.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The proliferative potential of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes is limited, and reasonable yields for novel therapeutic options have yet to be achieved. In addition, various clinical applications will require the generation of specific cardiac cell types. Whereas early cardiovascular precursors appear to be important for novel approaches such as reseeding decellularized hearts, direct cell transplantation may require ventricular cells. Our recent work demonstrated that MesP1 represents a master regulator sufficient to induce cardiovasculogenesis in pluripotent cells. This led to our hypothesis that 'forward programming' towards specific subtypes may be feasible via overexpression of distinct early cardiovascular transcription factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here we demonstrate that forced expression of Nkx2.5 similar to MesP1 is sufficient to enhance cardiogenesis in murine embryonic stem cells (mES). In comparison to control transfected mES cells, a five-fold increased appearance of beating foci was observed as well as upregulated mRNA and protein expression levels. In contrast to MesP1, no increase of the endothelial lineage within the cardiovasculogenic mesoderm was observed. Likewise, Flk-1, the earliest known cardiovascular surface marker, was not induced via Nkx2.5 as opposed to MesP1. Detailed patch clamping analyses showed electrophysiological characteristics corresponding to all subtypes of cardiac ES cell differentiation in Nkx2.5 as well as MesP1 programmed embryoid bodies, but fractions of cardiomyocytes had distinct characteristics: MesP1 forced the appearance of early/intermediate type cardiomyocytes in comparison to control transfected ES cells whereas Nkx2.5 led to preferentially differentiated ventricular cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings show proof of principle for cardiovascular subtype-specific programming of pluripotent stem cells and confirm the molecular hierarchy for cardiovascular specification initiated via MesP1 with differentiation factors such as Nkx2.5 further downstream.
authors: Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I, Klinikum Grosshadern der LMU, Marchioninistrasse 15, D-81377 München, Germany.
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: David
authors: Juliane
authors: J
authors: Stieber
authors: Evelyn
authors: E
authors: Fischer
authors: Stefan
authors: S
authors: Brunner
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Brenner
authors: Susanne
authors: S
authors: Pfeiler
authors: Florian
authors: F
authors: Schwarz
authors: Wolfgang-Michael
authors: WM
authors: Franz
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials; D000818:Animals; D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D002460:Cell Line; D019070:Cell Lineage; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D053595:Embryonic Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005838:Genotype; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D009200:Myocardial Contraction / Q000235:genetics; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000378:metabolism*; D010641:Phenotype; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013997:Time Factors; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D051792:Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins; D000072576:Homeobox Protein Nkx-2.5; D018398:Homeodomain Proteins; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014157:Transcription Factors; C101538:Mesp1 protein, mouse; C095552:NKX2-5 protein, human