title: Hemichannel-mediated and pH-based feedback from horizontal cells to cones in the vertebrate retina.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies designed to identify the mechanism by which retinal horizontal cells communicate with cones have implicated two processes. According to one account, horizontal cell hyperpolarization induces an increase in pH within the synaptic cleft that activates the calcium current (Ca(2+)-current) in cones, enhancing transmitter release. An alternative account suggests that horizontal cell hyperpolarization increases the Ca(2+)-current to promote transmitter release through a hemichannel-mediated ephaptic mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To distinguish between these mechanisms, we interfered with the pH regulating systems in the retina and studied the effects on the feedback responses of cones and horizontal cells. We found that the pH buffers HEPES and Tris partially inhibit feedback responses in cones and horizontal cells and lead to intracellular acidification of neurons. Application of 25 mM acetate, which does not change the extracellular pH buffer capacity, does lead to both intracellular acidification and inhibition of feedback. Because intracellular acidification is known to inhibit hemichannels, the key experiment used to test the pH hypothesis, i.e. increasing the extracellular pH buffer capacity, does not discriminate between a pH-based feedback system and a hemichannel-mediated feedback system. To test the pH hypothesis in a manner independent of artificial pH-buffer systems, we studied the effect of interfering with the endogenous pH buffer, the bicarbonate/carbonic anhydrase system. Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase allowed for large changes in pH in the synaptic cleft of bipolar cell terminals and cone terminals, but the predicted enhancement of the cone feedback responses, according to the pH-hypothesis, was not observed. These experiments thus failed to support a proton mediated feedback mechanism. The alternative hypothesis, the hemichannel-mediated ephaptic feedback mechanism, was therefore studied experimentally, and its feasibility was buttressed by means of a quantitative computer model of the cone/horizontal cell synapse.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the data presented in this paper offers further support for physiologically relevant ephaptic interactions in the retina.
authors: Research Unit Retinal Signal Processing, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
authors: Iris
authors: I
authors: Fahrenfort
authors: Marvin
authors: M
authors: Steijaert
authors: Trijntje
authors: T
authors: Sjoerdsma
authors: Evan
authors: E
authors: Vickers
authors: Harris
authors: H
authors: Ripps
authors: Jorrit
authors: J
authors: van Asselt
authors: Duco
authors: D
authors: Endeman
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Klooster
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Numan
authors: Huub
authors: H
authors: ten Eikelder
authors: Henrique
authors: H
authors: von Gersdorff
authors: Maarten
authors: M
authors: Kamermans
mesh_terms: D000085:Acetates / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D004594:Electrophysiology / Q000379:methods; D025461:Feedback, Physiological; D005260:Female; D006054:Goldfish; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D008954:Models, Biological; D009865:Oocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism*; D017949:Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells / Q000378:metabolism*; D009435:Synaptic Transmission; D014714:Vertebrates / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D000085:Acetates; D002118:Calcium