title: Botulinum toxin type A injection in alleviating postoperative pain and improving quality of life in lower extremity limb lengthening and deformity correction: a pilot study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The Ilizarov technique is commonly used for lengthening and deformity corrections of the lower limbs in children. Postoperative pain can be significant, affecting quality of life and functional mobility, and often requiring prolonged medication use. Several studies have investigated the antinociceptive actions of botulinum toxin type A (BtX-A), yet evidence for its use in this population is limited. The objectives were to (1) establish the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial in children undergoing limb lengthening or deformity correction and (2) provide preliminary evidence of the beneficial effects of BtX-A in this population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-two patients with a mean age of 13.7 years (range, 5 to 21 y) were randomized to receive either BtX-A or an equivalent volume of sterile saline solution (placebo group), as a single dose during the surgical procedure. Pain, medication use, quality of life, and functional mobility outcomes were assessed in all patients. Adverse events were reported for all patients and classified as minor or major.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Differences between groups did not reach statistical significance; however, pain at mid-distraction was found to be slightly lower in the BtX-A group, as compared with the placebo group. Patients in the BtX-A group used less parenteral pain medication in the first 4 days after the surgery, had higher quality of life scores at 3 of the 5 time points assessed, and slightly higher functional mobility scores. All adverse events were expected complications of the lengthening process. No event was considered to be a serious adverse event related to the BtX-A injection itself. There was a trend toward fewer major adverse events in the BtX-A group.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This pilot study established the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial design for in this population. Its findings indicate that BtX-A injections appear to be safe and effective for reducing pain and improving the quality of life and functional mobility of children undergoing lengthening or deformity corrections of the lower limbs. A larger-scale study is currently underway to confirm these preliminary findings.
authors: Shriners Hospital for Children, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. rhamdy@shriners.mcgill.ca
authors: Reggie C
authors: RC
authors: Hamdy
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Montpetit
authors: Ellen M
authors: EM
authors: Raney
authors: Michael D
authors: MD
authors: Aiona
authors: Ramona R
authors: RR
authors: Fillman
authors: William
authors: W
authors: MacKenzie
authors: James
authors: J
authors: McCarthy
authors: Ross S
authors: RS
authors: Chafetz
authors: Susan Sienko
authors: SS
authors: Thomas
authors: Cynthia M
authors: CM
authors: Tamayo
authors: Aaron G
authors: AG
authors: Littleton
authors: Joanne
authors: J
authors: Ruck-Gibis
authors: Susan N
authors: SN
authors: Takahashi
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Rinaldi
authors: G Allen
authors: GA
authors: Finley
authors: Robert W
authors: RW
authors: Platt
authors: Noémi
authors: N
authors: Dahan-Oliel
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018889:Ilizarov Technique / Q000009:adverse effects*; D007870:Leg Length Inequality / Q000601:surgery; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D038061:Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011788:Quality of Life; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A