title: High pregnancy-related anxiety and prenatal depressive symptoms as predictors of intention to breastfeed and breastfeeding initiation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Perinatal mood disorders affect up to 20% of women in the United States. Little is known about how disorders in maternal mood may affect rates of breastfeeding.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the impact of prenatal depressive symptoms and high pregnancy-related anxiety on (1) prenatal intention to breastfeed and (2) breastfeeding initiation.
  
  
  METHODS
  We prospectively followed 1436 pregnant women enrolled in the cohort study Project Viva. The main outcome measures were (1) mother's second trimester self-report of intention to use all or mostly formula in the first week of life and (2) failure to initiate breastfeeding. We defined prenatal depressive symptoms as a second trimester Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) score of > or =13 and high pregnancy-related anxiety as a "very much" response to three or more questions on a first trimester pregnancy anxiety scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 1436 participants, 9% (n = 125) had prenatal depressive symptoms indicative of depression, and 10% (n = 141) reported high pregnancy-related anxiety; 11% (n = 159) intended to give mostly or only formula in the first week of life, and 86% (n = 1242) initiated breastfeeding. In multivariate analyses, women with prenatal depressive symptoms (OR 1.92, 95% CI 1.11, 3.33) and high pregnancy-related anxiety (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.12, 3.54) were roughly two times more likely than women without these mood disorders to plan to formula feed. However, neither prenatal depressive symptoms (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.61, 1.84) nor high pregnancy-related anxiety (OR 1.28, 95% CI 0.74, 2.20) was associated with failure to initiate breastfeeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In a healthcare setting highly supportive of breastfeeding, women with prenatal depressive symptoms and possibly those with high pregnancy-related anxiety were less likely to plan prenatally to breastfeed, although this tendency did not translate into lower breastfeeding initiation rates.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Tufts University/Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA. Tarayn.Fairlie@bhs.org
authors: Tarayn G
authors: TG
authors: Fairlie
authors: Matthew W
authors: MW
authors: Gillman
authors: Janet
authors: J
authors: Rich-Edwards
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001007:Anxiety / Q000453:epidemiology*; D001942:Breast Feeding / Q000523:psychology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000453:epidemiology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D033182:Intention; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016387:Women's Health; D055815:Young Adult