title: Gold nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity in the alveolar type-II cell lines A549 and NCIH441.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the last years engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively used in different technologies and consequently many questions have arisen about the risk and the impact on human health following exposure to nanoparticles. Nevertheless, at present knowledge about the cytotoxicity induced by NPs is still largely incomplete. In this context, we have investigated the cytotoxicity induced by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which differed in size and purification grade (presence or absence of sodium citrate residues on the particle surface) in vitro, in the human alveolar type-II (ATII)-like cell lines A549 and NCIH441.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the presence of sodium citrate residues on AuNPs impaired the viability of the ATII-like cell lines A549 and NCIH441. Interestingly, the presence of an excess of sodium citrate on the surface of NPs not only reduced the in vitro viability of the cell lines A549 and NCIH441, as shown by MTT assay, but also affected cellular proliferation and increased the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as demonstrated by Ki-67 and LDH-release assays respectively. Furthermore, we investigated the internalization of AuNPs by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and we observed that particles were internalized by active endocytosis in the cell lines A549 and NCIH441 within 3 hr. In addition, gold particles accumulated in membrane-bound vesicles and were not found freely dispersed in the cytoplasm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that the presence of contaminants, such as sodium citrate, on the surface of gold nanoparticles might play a pivotal role in inducing cytotoxicity in vitro, but does not influence the uptake of the particles in human ATII-like cell lines.
authors: Institute of Pathology - REPAIR Lab, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55101 Mainz, Germany. uboldi@uni-mainz.de.
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Uboldi
authors: Daniele
authors: D
authors: Bonacchi
authors: Giada
authors: G
authors: Lorenzi
authors: M Iris
authors: MI
authors: Hermanns
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Pohl
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Baldi
authors: Ronald E
authors: RE
authors: Unger
authors: C James
authors: CJ
authors: Kirkpatrick