title: NSA9, a human prothrombin kringle-2-derived peptide, acts as an inhibitor of kringle-2-induced activation in EOC2 microglia.
abstract: In neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's, microglial cell activation is thought to contribute to CNS injury by producing neurotoxic compounds. Prothrombin and kringle-2 increase levels of NO and the mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha in microglial cells. In contrast, the human prothrombin kringle-2 derived peptide NSA9 inhibits NO release and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in LPS-activated EOC2 microglia. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of NSA9 in human prothrombin- and kringle-2-stimulated EOC2 microglia. Treatment with 20-100 muM of NSA9 attenuated both prothrombin- and kringle-2-induced microglial activation. NO production induced by MAPKs and NF-kappaB was similarly reduced by inhibitors of ERK (PD98059), p38 (SB203580), NF-kappaB (N-acetylcysteine), and NSA9. These results suggest that NSA9 acts independently as an inhibitor of microglial activation and that its effects in EOC2 microglia are not influenced by the presence of kringle-2.
authors: Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea.
authors: Ji Yeon
authors: JY
authors: Kim
authors: Tae Hyong
authors: TH
authors: Kim
authors: Soung Soo
authors: SS
authors: Kim
mesh_terms: D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D018082:Kringles / Q000502:physiology; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000494:pharmacology*; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000187:drug effects; D011516:Prothrombin / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D016328:NF-kappa B; D010446:Peptide Fragments; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011516:Prothrombin; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases