title: Protective and detrimental immunity: lessons from stiff person syndrome and multiple sclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The immune system may attack the brain and cause inflammatory disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). On the other hand, the immune system may protect and support neurons.
  
  
  METHODS
  There are two obstacles to study this paradox in humans. First, the target antigens in many human central nervous system (CNS) disorders are unknown. Second, it is often difficult to separate pathogenic from protective events, as well as primary from secondary phenomena. Idiopathic stiff person syndrome (SPS) circumvents the first obstacle, because most patients secrete antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65. The immune response against glatiramer acetate (GA) may circumvent the second obstacle. Migration of activated T helper cells to the intrathecal compartment could be a common denominator in GA treatment and SPS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We here discuss recent results on T cells in MS and SPS, showing that GAD65-specific and GA-reactive lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid are not a simple reflection of those in blood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rules and mechanisms governing T cell selection and maintenance in the CNS may provide a key to the understanding of protective and detrimental aspects of CNS immunity.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. trygve.holmoy@rr-research.no
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Holmøy
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Skorstad
authors: A L K
authors: AL
authors: Hestvik
authors: K M J
authors: KM
authors: Alvik
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Vartdal
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000276:immunology; D002490:Central Nervous System / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D008213:Lymphocyte Activation; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D016750:Stiff-Person Syndrome / Q000276:immunology* / Q000473:pathology; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D005968:Glutamate Decarboxylase; C401141:glutamate decarboxylase 2