title: A global study of pathogens and host risk factors associated with infectious gastrointestinal disease in returned international travellers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Infectious gastrointestinal disease (IGD) is a significant cause of morbidity in returned international travellers. This study aims to elucidate host and travel characteristics associated with IGD presentation, and describe the broad spectrum of aetiological pathogens responsible by geographic region of acquisition and reason for travel.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed demographic, clinical and microbiological data recorded for ill, returned international travellers presenting to GeoSentinel Surveillance Network sites globally during the period September 1996-December 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 25,867 returned travellers were analyzed, of whom 7442 (29%) patients had a total of 8273 IGD diagnoses. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGD presentation was associated significantly with female sex (OR: 1.11; p=0.001); younger age group; attending a pre-travel medical appointment (OR: 1.28; p<0.0001); and travelling for the reason of tourism. Travelling for longer periods (>28 days) was associated with lower risk (OR: 0.93; p=0.04). Of the 2902 clinically significant pathogens isolated, 65% were parasitic, 31% bacterial and 3% viral. Presentation of IGD by specific pathogen varied markedly dependent on geographic region of recent travel, and reason for travel.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Host characteristics, region of travel and category of traveller, significantly impact on the relative likelihood of presenting with a broad range of pathogen-specific IGD.
authors: National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
authors: Ashwin
authors: A
authors: Swaminathan
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Torresi
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Schlagenhauf
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Thursky
authors: Annelies
authors: A
authors: Wilder-Smith
authors: Bradley A
authors: BA
authors: Connor
authors: Eli
authors: E
authors: Schwartz
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Vonsonnenberg
authors: Jay
authors: J
authors: Keystone
authors: Daniel P
authors: DP
authors: O'Brien
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D003141:Communicable Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D004403:Dysentery / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000382:microbiology / Q000469:parasitology; D005843:Geography; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D014195:Travel / Q000706:statistics & numerical data