title: Mechanism of flocculate formation of highly concentrated phospholipid vesicles suspended in a series of water-soluble biopolymers.
abstract: Polyethylene glycol-modified vesicles (liposomes) encapsulating hemoglobin (HbV) are artificial oxygen carriers that have been developed as a transfusion alternative. The HbV suspension in an albumin solution is nearly Newtonian; other biopolymers, hydroxyethyl starch (HES), dextran (DEX), and modified fluid gelatin, induce flocculation of HbVs through depletion interaction and render the suspensions as non-Newtonian. The flocculation level increased with hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) or radius of gyration (R(g)) of series of HES or DEX with different molecular weights at a constant polymer concentration (4 wt %). However, the flocculation level differed markedly among the polymers. A crowding index (C(i)) representing the crowding level of a polymer solution is defined as (excluded volume of one polymer) x (molar concentration) x Avogadro's number, using R(h) or R(g). All polymers' flocculation level increases when C(i) approaches 1: when the theoretical total excluded volumes approach the entire solution volume, the excluded HbV particles are forced to flocculate.
authors: Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan. hiromi@waseda.jp
authors: Hiromi
authors: H
authors: Sakai
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Sato
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Takeoka
authors: Eishun
authors: E
authors: Tsuchida
mesh_terms: D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D003102:Colloids / Q000737:chemistry; D005427:Flocculation; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000737:chemistry*; D006801:Humans; D008081:Liposomes; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D010100:Oxygen / Q000737:chemistry*; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D010952:Plasma Substitutes / Q000737:chemistry; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000737:chemistry; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D001704:Biopolymers; D003102:Colloids; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008081:Liposomes; D010743:Phospholipids; D010952:Plasma Substitutes; D013535:Suspensions; D014867:Water; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D010100:Oxygen