title: Children's beliefs about causes of childhood depression and ADHD: a study of stigmatization.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Children's causal attributions about childhood mental health problems were examined in a national sample for prevalence; relative stigmatization; variation by age, race and ethnicity, and gender; and self-report of a diagnosis of depression or attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A national sample of 1,091 children were randomly assigned to read vignettes about a peer with depression, ADHD, or asthma and respond to an online survey. Causal attributions and social distance were assessed, and correlations were examined. Logistic regression models for each causal item tested main effects and interaction terms for conditions, demographic characteristics, and self-reported diagnosis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The beliefs that parenting, substance abuse, and low effort caused the condition were all strongly intercorrelated and were moderately correlated with social distance. The depression condition was the strongest predictor of endorsement of the most stigmatizing causal beliefs. Stigmatizing causal beliefs were evident for ADHD, but with more modest effects. Children who reported a diagnosis were more likely to endorse parenting and substance abuse as causes (attenuated for ADHD). Modest to moderate effects were found for variation in causal beliefs across ethnic groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a consistent presence of stigmatization in children's beliefs about the causes of childhood mental health problems. Low effort, parenting, and substance abuse together tapped a moralistic and blaming view of mental health problems. The results reinforce the need to address stigmatization of mental disorders and the relative stigmatization of different causal beliefs. The findings of variation by ethnicity and diagnosis can inform and target antistigmatization efforts.
authors: Graduate School of Social Work, Portland State University, P.O. Box 751-SSW, Portland, OR 97207, USA. dcoleman@pdx.edu
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Coleman
authors: Janet S
authors: JS
authors: Walker
authors: Junghee
authors: J
authors: Lee
authors: Barbara J
authors: BJ
authors: Friesen
authors: Peter N
authors: PN
authors: Squire
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001249:Asthma / Q000523:psychology; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D003469:Culture; D003625:Data Collection; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D010379:Peer Group; D011287:Prejudice; D012929:Psychological Distance; D012069:Religion and Psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D013240:Stereotyping; D013315:Stress, Psychological / Q000150:complications; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D014481:United States