title: Repeat surgery for coronary artery bypass grafting: the role of the left thoracotomy approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Repeat coronary artery bypass surgery has increased risks compared with the first operation, including low cardiac output and injury to patent grafts. The left thoracotomy approach has been advocated specifically in patients with intact grafts of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) needing lateral wall grafting. We have evaluated this technique in conjunction with an off-pump procedure in all patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  There were 55 patients over an 8-year period, and 6 (10.9%) were female. The mean age was 63.2 years (range, 41-82 years), and the age at the time of the previous operation was 51.7 years (range, 31-69 years). Four patients (7.2%) underwent a third operation. Comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (25 patients, 45.5%), renal impairment (8 patients, 14.5%), calcified ascending aorta (9 patients, 16.4%), carotid disease (4 patients, 7.2%), and peripheral vascular disease (11 patients, 20.0%). Fifteen patients (27.2%) had previous coronary stents. Nine patients (16.4%) had a preoperative intra-aortic balloon pump. Predicted mortality (logistic EuroSCORE) was 14.2%.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-three patients (78.1%) had intact LIMA-to-LAD grafts. Twenty-two patients (40.0%) required a major posterolateral thoracotomy, and 33 patients (60.0%) had a minor thoracotomy. Thirteen patients (23.6%) had stents placed as a hybrid procedure during the same admission. Thirteen patients (23.6%) additionally underwent anterior wall grafting (LAD to the first marginal area). The LIMA was used in 7 patients where it had not been used before. There were 91 distal grafts (including 4 sequentials). We performed 54 venous grafts and 26 radial artery grafts. Twenty-one patients (38.1%) had 1 distal graft, 32 patients (58.1%) had 2 grafts, and 2 patients (3.6%) had 3 distal grafts performed (mean, 1.6 grafts/patient). The proximal graft site was the proximal descending aorta in 20.0% of the patients, the distal aorta in 67.5%, and the subclavian artery in 12.5%. In 10 patients (18.2%), the distal branches of the right coronary (posterior descendens or right posterolateral) were grafted. No patient required conversion to cardiopulmonary bypass or sternotomy. No patient needed an intra-aortic balloon pump postoperatively. The mean blood loss (24 hours) was 380 mL (range, 125-1100 mL), the mean ventilation time was 4.8 hours (range, 0-12 hours), the mean intensive care unit stay was 2.7 days (range, 2-8 days), and the mean hospital stay was 6.3 days (range, 5-20 days). There was 1 postoperative death (1.8% mortality). One late death occurred on follow-up. Four patients underwent cardiac catheterization for chest pain, and the grafts were shown to be open.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The procedure is safe, especially in patients with intact LIMA-to-LAD grafts needing lateral and inferior wall revascularization. Multislice computed tomography scanning allows better preoperative planning, especially regarding the site of implantation of the proximal graft, allowing a less invasive incision. The off-pump technique preserves cardiac and pulmonary function. The in-hospital death rate (1.8%) compares very well with the EuroSCORE-predicted mortality (14.2%).
authors: Department of Cardiac Surgery and Cardiology, Kuils River Private Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa. drdharris@yahoo.co.uk
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Harris
authors: Andre R
authors: AR
authors: Coetzee
authors: Johan T
authors: JT
authors: Augustyn
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: Saaiman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D047549:Coronary Artery Bypass, Off-Pump / Q000379:methods*; D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D012086:Reoperation / Q000379:methods*; D013908:Thoracotomy / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome