title: Diagnosis and staging of mild cognitive impairment, using a modification of the clinical dementia rating scale: the mCDR.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the reliability and validity of the mCDR, a modified version of the clinical dementia rating (CDR) scale.
  
  
  METHODS
  The mCDR is an informant-based, technician-administered, structured interview with multiple choice responses, which does not include objective cognitive testing. Subjects (n = 556) with no cognitive impairment (NCI), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), and dementia were assessed with mCDR, CDR, and neuropsychological evaluation, while medial temporal atrophy (MTA) was measured on MRI scans. The mCDR and CDR were compared with respect to inter-rater reliability, validity, and ability to predict progression in cognitive diagnosis at 12 month follow-up.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mCDR can be administered in less than one third of the time required to administer the CDR (30 min). Inter-rater reliability (Cohen's weighted kappa) was 0.86 for the mCDR and 0.56 for the CDR. Ability to distinguish between NCI, aMCI, and Dementia subjects, and correlations to memory and non-memory measures were marginally better for the CDR, in comparison to the mCDR. Correlations of mCDR and CDR scores to MTA scores did not differ. Baseline mCDR scores predicted transition from NCI to aMCI, whereas baseline CDR scores predicted transition from aMCI to Dementia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The mCDR, as compared to the CDR, is briefer and more reliable, and is a valid measure of functional ability among subjects with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and mild dementia. The mCDR should be particularly useful as a reliable and economical instrument for assessing change in functional abilities, especially in multi-center clinical trials and population studies of MCI and mild dementia.
authors: Wien Center for Alzheimer's Disease & Memory Disorders, Mount. Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, USA. ranjan-duara@msmc.com
authors: Ranjan
authors: R
authors: Duara
authors: David A
authors: DA
authors: Loewenstein
authors: Maria T
authors: MT
authors: Greig-Custo
authors: Ashok
authors: A
authors: Raj
authors: Warren
authors: W
authors: Barker
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Potter
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Schofield
authors: Brent
authors: B
authors: Small
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Schinka
authors: Yougui
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Huntington
authors: H
authors: Potter
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001284:Atrophy / Q000175:diagnosis; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D003704:Dementia / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D015588:Observer Variation; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000473:pathology