title: Structures involved at the time of temporal lobe spikes revealed by interindividual group analysis of EEG/fMRI data.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured metabolic changes associated with temporal lobe (TL) spikes using combined electroencephalography (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We selected 18 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) who underwent a 2-h simultaneous EEG-fMRI and had unilateral or bilateral independent TL spikes for interindividual group analysis, in order to identify consistent blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses to TL spikes.
  
  
  METHODS
  EEG was postprocessed and spikes were visually identified. fMRI data were preprocessed with motion correction, spatial smoothing, and removal of low frequency drifts. Spike timings were used as events for fMRI statistical analysis. Four hemodynamic response functions were used to account for variability in the BOLD response.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Group analysis revealed common areas of BOLD activations and deactivations. The hemodynamic response function (HRF) peaking 3 s after the spike showed activation involving ipsilaterally the mesial temporal structures (presumably the hippocampus), putamen/globus pallidus, inferior insula, and superior temporal gyrus. The HRF peaking at 5 s showed activations involving ipsi- and contralaterally the superior temporal gyrus and inferior insula. Both HRFs showed bilateral posterior cingulate deactivations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We disclosed involvement of a network of activated areas during unilateral TL spikes, including ipsilateral mesial temporal structures, basal ganglia, and bilateral neocortical temporal regions. Despite the low temporal resolution of fMRI we demonstrated that contralateral temporal involvement occurred later than ipsilateral activation. This contralateral change took place in the absence of visible EEG changes. The posterior cingulate deactivation may reflect the interconnections between this region and other limbic structures. It may also partially correspond to a suspension of the default mode network, as previously described for TL spikes.
authors: Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, PQ, Canada. eliane.kobayashi@mcgill.ca
authors: Eliane
authors: E
authors: Kobayashi
authors: Christophe
authors: C
authors: Grova
authors: Louise
authors: L
authors: Tyvaert
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Dubeau
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Gotman
mesh_terms: D001931:Brain Mapping; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D019579:Neocortex / Q000503:physiopathology; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000098:blood supply / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen