title: Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The B-type Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) has become established in many regions in China, and neonicotinoids are extensively used to control this pest. Imidacloprid resistance in a laboratory-selected strain of B-type B. tabaci was characterised in order to provide the basis for recommending resistance management tactics.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The NJ-Imi strain of B-type B. tabaci was selected from the NJ strain with imidacloprid for 30 generations. The NJ-Imi strain exhibited 490-fold resistance to imidacloprid, high levels of cross-resistance to three other neonicotinoids, low levels of cross-resistance to monosultap, cartap and spinosad, but no cross-resistance to abamectin and cypermethrin. Imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain was autosomal and semi-dominant. It is shown that enhanced detoxification mediated by cytochrome-P450-dependent monooxygenases contributes to imidacloprid resistance to some extent in the NJ-Imi strain. Results from synergist bioassays and cross-resistance patterns indicated that target-site insensitivity may be involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain of B. tabaci.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although oxidative detoxification mediated by P450 monooxygenases is involved in imidacloprid resistance in the NJ-Imi strain of B-type B. tabaci, target-site modification as an additional resistance mechanism cannot be ruled out. Considering the high risk of cross-resistance, neonicotinoids should be regarded as a single group when implementing an insecticide rotation scheme in B. tabaci control.
authors: Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects (Ministry of Agriculture), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
authors: Zhenyu
authors: Z
authors: Wang
authors: Mingde
authors: M
authors: Yao
authors: Yidong
authors: Y
authors: Wu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006430:Hemiptera / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000502:physiology; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019476:Insect Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007305:Insecticide Resistance; D007306:Insecticides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D007093:Imidazoles; D019476:Insect Proteins; D007306:Insecticides; D000073943:Neonicotinoids; D009574:Nitro Compounds; C082359:imidacloprid; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System