title: n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in milk is associate to weight gain and growth in premature infants.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Linoleic 18:2 (n-6) and alpha-linolenic 18:3 (n-3) essential fatty acids and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) are essential nutrients for growth and neonatal development. Consumption of preformed n-3 LC-PUFA has been shown to increase gestational duration and to decrease the incidence of premature birth in human studies. This study evaluated the association of essential fatty acids and LC-PUFA in breast milk on the growth of premature children (weight, height and head circumference).
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-seven premature infants with a gestational age of 37 weeks or less were followed until 6 months of gestational age, adjusted for prematurity. The milk from mothers, weight, height and head circumference measures of children were collected during the follow up. The breast milk fatty acids were quantified by gas-liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that total n-3 PUFA was positively associated with weight gain (p = 0.05), height (p = 0.04) and body mass index (BMI) of children (p = 0.05). Our results also indicate that both linoleic acid and total essential fatty acids were positively associated with BMI and head circumference, whereas oleic acid was positively associated only with head circumference.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the n-3 PUFA composition of milk may be associated with weight gain and growth. Considering the advantages of n-3 LC-PUFA consumption on infant growth and visual function and its association with reduced incidence of premature birth, dietitians should advise pregnant women to increase their intake of foods high in n-3 LC-PUFA.
authors: Instituto de Nutrição Josué de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. sandramtinoco@gmail.com
authors: Sandra M Barboza
authors: SM
authors: Tinoco
authors: Rosely
authors: R
authors: Sichieri
authors: Cecília L
authors: CL
authors: Setta
authors: Anibal S
authors: AS
authors: Moura
authors: Maria G Tavares do
authors: MG
authors: Carmo
mesh_terms: D001827:Body Height; D015992:Body Mass Index; D001835:Body Weight; D002508:Cephalometry; D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature / Q000254:growth & development*; D008297:Male; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D005231:Fatty Acids, Unsaturated