title: A randomized controlled trial of vapocoolant for pediatric immunization distress relief.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of vapocoolant for preschoolers' immunization injection pain relief.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty-seven 4 to 6-year-old children were randomized into vapocoolant alone or typical care conditions. Pain was measured at the baseline and at injection via self-report, caregiver report, nurse report, and by an observational scale.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-report of pain suggested that children in the vapocoolant alone condition demonstrated stronger increases in pain from baseline to injection than children in the typical care condition. All other measures showed significant increases in pain from baseline to injection, but no other measures indicated treatment effects.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study revealed that vapocoolant is not an effective pain management intervention for children's intramuscular injections.
authors: Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302-5010, USA. llcohen@gsu.edu
authors: Lindsey L
authors: LL
authors: Cohen
authors: Jill E
authors: JE
authors: MacLaren
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: DeMore
authors: Beverly
authors: B
authors: Fortson
authors: Abby
authors: A
authors: Friedman
authors: Crystal S
authors: CS
authors: Lim
authors: Balram
authors: B
authors: Gangaram
mesh_terms: D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005018:Ethyl Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007114:Immunization / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D005018:Ethyl Chloride