title: National differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement.
abstract: About 70% of more than half a million Implicit Association Tests completed by citizens of 34 countries revealed expected implicit stereotypes associating science with males more than with females. We discovered that nation-level implicit stereotypes predicted nation-level sex differences in 8th-grade science and mathematics achievement. Self-reported stereotypes did not provide additional predictive validity of the achievement gap. We suggest that implicit stereotypes and sex differences in science participation and performance are mutually reinforcing, contributing to the persistent gender gap in science engagement.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4400, USA. nosek@virginia.edu.
authors: Brian A
authors: BA
authors: Nosek
authors: Frederick L
authors: FL
authors: Smyth
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Sriram
authors: Nicole M
authors: NM
authors: Lindner
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Devos
authors: Alfonso
authors: A
authors: Ayala
authors: Yoav
authors: Y
authors: Bar-Anan
authors: Robin
authors: R
authors: Bergh
authors: Huajian
authors: H
authors: Cai
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Gonsalkorale
authors: Selin
authors: S
authors: Kesebir
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Maliszewski
authors: Félix
authors: F
authors: Neto
authors: Eero
authors: E
authors: Olli
authors: Jaihyun
authors: J
authors: Park
authors: Konrad
authors: K
authors: Schnabel
authors: Kimihiro
authors: K
authors: Shiomura
authors: Bogdan Tudor
authors: BT
authors: Tulbure
authors: Reinout W
authors: RW
authors: Wiers
authors: Mónika
authors: M
authors: Somogyi
authors: Nazar
authors: N
authors: Akrami
authors: Bo
authors: B
authors: Ekehammar
authors: Michelangelo
authors: M
authors: Vianello
authors: Mahzarin R
authors: MR
authors: Banaji
authors: Anthony G
authors: AG
authors: Greenwald
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008433:Mathematics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012586:Science; D012649:Self Concept; D012737:Sex Factors; D013240:Stereotyping