title: Pancreatic cancer patients who smoke and drink are diagnosed at younger ages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is an established risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but there is conflicting evidence regarding the effects of alcohol consumption. The effects of cigarettes and alcohol on age of sporadic pancreatic cancer diagnosis have not been examined; we evaluated the independent and synergistic effects of lifetime cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption on age at pancreatic cancer diagnosis in the United States.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed data on cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption from the IMPAC Services, Inc Cancer Information Resource File (CIRF), collected from June 1, 1993, to December 31, 2003, for 29,239 reported, histologically confirmed cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We also analyzed data on cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption for 820 histologically confirmed cases of pancreatic adenocarcinoma from the University of Michigan Pancreatic Cancer Registry (UMPCR), collected from January 2004 to October 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Current cigarette smokers were diagnosed at significantly younger ages than never smokers, according to data from the CIRF and UMPCR (8.3 and 6.3 y, respectively); the UMPCR data indicated dose effects. Past and current alcohol consumption were associated with younger age at diagnosis in both databases. Current smokers who were current drinkers were diagnosed significantly earlier (CIRF, 10.2 y; UMPCR, 8.6 y) than abstainers. Past cigarette smoking was associated modestly with younger diagnosis age.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption were associated with younger age at pancreatic cancer presentation and have a combined effect on diagnosis age. Past cigarette smoking is less influential. Smoking cessation programs could help prevent pancreatic cancer.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA. reb53@pitt.edu
authors: Randall E
authors: RE
authors: Brand
authors: Julia B
authors: JB
authors: Greer
authors: Eugene
authors: E
authors: Zolotarevsky
authors: Rhonda
authors: R
authors: Brand
authors: Hongyan
authors: H
authors: Du
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Simeone
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Zisman
authors: Addi
authors: A
authors: Gorchow
authors: Shih-Yuan Connie
authors: SY
authors: Lee
authors: Hemant K
authors: HK
authors: Roy
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Anderson
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D000367:Age Factors; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology