title: Noise levels associated with New York City's mass transit systems.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We measured noise levels associated with various forms of mass transit and compared them to exposure guidelines designed to protect against noise-induced hearing loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used noise dosimetry to measure time-integrated noise levels in a representative sample of New York City mass transit systems (subways, buses, ferries, tramway, and commuter railways) aboard transit vehicles and at vehicle boarding platforms or terminals during June and July 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the transit types evaluated, subway cars and platforms had the highest associated equivalent continuous average (L(eq)) and maximum noise levels. All transit types had L(eq) levels appreciably above 70 A-weighted decibels, the threshold at which noise-induced hearing loss is considered possible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Mass transit noise exposure has the potential to exceed limits recommended by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency and thus cause noise-induced hearing loss among riders of all forms of mass transit given sufficient exposure durations. Environmental noise-control efforts in mass transit and, in cases in which controls are infeasible, the use of personal hearing protection would benefit the ridership's hearing health.
authors: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-4695, USA. rneitzel@u.washington.edu
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Neitzel
authors: Robyn R M
authors: RR
authors: Gershon
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Zeltser
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Canton
authors: Muhammad
authors: M
authors: Akram
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D006317:Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D009624:Noise, Transportation / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011890:Railroads