title: Angiogenic balance in pregnancy and subsequent breast cancer risk and survival: a population study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Women with a history of preeclampsia have reduced breast cancer risk. Because preeclampsia is characterized by an imbalance in angiogenic factors, we assessed pregnancy levels of placental growth factor (PlGF), soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1), and soluble endoglin (s-endoglin) and subsequent breast cancer risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a case-control study among 26,744 pregnant women, we compared angiogenic factors between 145 women who later developed invasive breast cancer and 400 controls. The angiogenic factors were determined with ELISA in blood samples collected in weeks (median) 10, 23, and 35 of the baseline pregnancy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Concentrations of PlGF, sFlt-1, and s-endoglin did not differ between women who later developed breast cancer and control women, and odds ratios across quartiles of each factor did not indicate any association in blood samples from gestational week 10, 23, or 35. During pregnancy, there was a general increase in each angiogenic factor, but degree of increase from one sampling period to the next was not associated with later breast cancer risk. Among cases, 22 of 145 died from breast cancer during 10 years of follow-up, but there was no consistent indication that angiogenic factors measured in pregnancy up to several years before diagnosis were associated with case fatality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this nested case-control study, based on blood samples collected up to three time points during pregnancy, and subsequent cancer follow-up, do not provide any evidence that pregnancy levels of PlGF, sFlt-1, and s-endoglin are associated with breast cancer risk later in life.
authors: Department of Public Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. Lars.Vatten@ntnu.no
authors: Lars J
authors: LJ
authors: Vatten
authors: Pål R
authors: PR
authors: Romundstad
authors: Pål A
authors: PA
authors: Jenum
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Eskild
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000071063:Endoglin; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D018919:Neovascularization, Physiologic; D009664:Norway / Q000453:epidemiology; D016017:Odds Ratio; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D011225:Pre-Eclampsia / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011252:Pregnancy Complications, Neoplastic / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins / Q000097:blood; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface / Q000097:blood; D012307:Risk Factors; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015415:Biomarkers; C064206:ENG protein, human; D000071063:Endoglin; C000608036:PGF protein, human; D011257:Pregnancy Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D000072483:Placenta Growth Factor; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1