title: Design and implementation of fiber-based multiphoton endoscopy with microelectromechanical systems scanning.
abstract: A multiphoton endoscopy system has been developed using a two-axis microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror and double-cladding photonic crystal fiber (DCPCF). The MEMS mirror has a 2-mm-diam, 20-deg optical scanning angle, and 1.26-kHz and 780-Hz resonance frequencies on the x and y axes. The maximum number of resolvable focal spots of the MEMS scanner is 720 x 720 on the x and y axes, which indicates that the MEMS scanner can potentially support high-resolution multiphoton imaging. The DCPCF is compared with standard single-mode fiber and hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber on the basis of dispersion, attenuation, and coupling efficiency properties. The DCPCF has high collection efficiency, and its dispersion can be compensated by grating pairs. Three configurations of probe design are investigated, and their imaging quality and field of view are compared. A two-lens configuration with a collimation and a focusing lens provides the optimum imaging performance and packaging flexibility. The endoscope is applied to image fluorescent microspheres and bovine knee joint cartilage.
authors: University of British Columbia, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada. tang@ece.ubc.ca
authors: Shuo
authors: S
authors: Tang
authors: Woonggyu
authors: W
authors: Jung
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: McCormick
authors: Tuqiang
authors: T
authors: Xie
authors: Jiangping
authors: J
authors: Su
authors: Yeh-Chan
authors: YC
authors: Ahn
authors: Bruce J
authors: BJ
authors: Tromberg
authors: Zhongping
authors: Z
authors: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D002417:Cattle; D004724:Endoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D055617:Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems / Q000295:instrumentation*; D036641:Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D008863:Microspheres; D055100:Optical Fibers