title: Mechanism of thalidomide to enhance cytotoxicity of temozolomide in U251-MG glioma cells in vitro.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glioma is the most common primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. Temozolomide has been used with thalidomide to treat gliomas. We investigated the synergistic mechanism of these two drugs in vitro.
  
  
  METHODS
  Human malignant glioma cells U251-MG were cultured and assigned to four groups with different treatments for 3 days: temozolomide group (100 micromol/L), thalidomide group (100 microg/L), temozolomide (100 micromol/L) plus thalidomide group (100 microg/L) and control group. MTT assay was applied to evaluate the cell viability. Cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry. The ultra-structural features of autophagosomes were observed with electron microscope. Acridine orange and monodansylcadaverine were adopted to label autophagosomes and flow cytometry was applied for quantification of autophagosomes. The expression of autophagy-associated protein was detected by Western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Proliferation of tumor cell was obviously suppressed by temozolomide with thalidomide treatment than by either drug used alone (P = 0.000 for each day). The combination treatment induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Typical autophagic ultra-structural character was found after the combined treatment. Thalidomide promoted the autophagy induced by temozolomide. The autophagy-associated proteins-microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3) and Beclin1 were more significantly up-regulated by the combined treatment than temozolomide used alone (MAP1LC3, P = 0.000; Beclin1, P = 0.004). The expression level of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), which promoted autophagy by suppressing PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, was elevated by thalidomide (thalidomide group: P = 0.000; combined group: P = 0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Thalidomide enhances the cytotoxicity of temozolomide by promoting the autophagy induced by temozolomide. Contributing to the up-regulation of PTEN by thalidomide, the expression of autophagy associated protein-MAP1LC3 and Beclin1 was enhanced, which leads to a reinforced autophagy in the combined treatment of temozolomide and thalidomide in vitro.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.
authors: Song
authors: S
authors: Gao
authors: Xue-jun
authors: XJ
authors: Yang
authors: Wen-gao
authors: WG
authors: Zhang
authors: Yan-wei
authors: YW
authors: Ji
authors: Qiang
authors: Q
authors: Pan
mesh_terms: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001343:Autophagy / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003606:Dacarbazine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D000077204:Temozolomide; D013792:Thalidomide / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D018906:Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating; D013792:Thalidomide; D003606:Dacarbazine; D000077204:Temozolomide