title: Reduced endothelial progenitor cell number and function in inflammatory bowel disease: a possible link to the pathogenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are essential for endothelial repair and vascular healing. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) may suffer from endothelial dysfunction. Reduced EPC number, impaired mobilization, or increased EPC apoptosis may be crucial in this phenomenon. The aim of our study was to investigate the number and function of EPCs in patients with IBD and to assess their endothelial function.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 100 IBD patients (47 ulcerative colitis (UC) and 53 Crohn's disease (CD)) and 50 healthy controls, EPC number, CXC motif receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression, the percentage of apoptotic circulating EPCs, and the number of colony-forming units were evaluated. Endothelial dysfunction was assessed by luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone levels, and in a subgroup of patients, brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured. Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (analysis of variance), Mann-Whitney U two-tailed, and Spearman's rank correlation tests were used to assess differences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EPC number was significantly lower in UC patients (39.6 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 30.7-48.6)) and in CD patients (43.1 (95% CI: 35.9-50.4)) than in healthy controls (97.1 (95% CI: 88.3-105.9)), (P<0.001). LH and FSH levels and CXCR4 expression on EPCs did not significantly differ from controls. Testosterone concentrations and FMD were lower in UC patients. Number of apoptotic EPCs was higher in both UC and CD patients with an impaired ability to generate colony in vitro.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We hypothesize that in IBD patients, apoptosis contributes to the reduction of circulating EPC number and to their ability to proliferate in vitro. As this condition represents a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, endothelial function should be evaluated in these patients.
authors: Department of Histology, Microbiology, and Medical Biotechnologies, Center for Male Gamete Cryopreservation, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Garolla
authors: Renata
authors: R
authors: D'Incà
authors: Davide
authors: D
authors: Checchin
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Biagioli
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: De Toni
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Nicoletti
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Scarpa
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Bolzonello
authors: Giacomo Carlo
authors: GC
authors: Sturniolo
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Foresta
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D017209:Apoptosis; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D042783:Endothelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4 / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D013739:Testosterone / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C527276:CXCR4 protein, human; D019718:Receptors, CXCR4; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone