title: Prevalence, associations, and trends of biliary-tract candidiasis: a prospective observational study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biliary obstruction and cholangitis are common problems in gastroenterology. Infections of the biliary tract with Candida and other fungal species have increasingly been seen in the last few years.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the prevalence, associations, and trends of biliary-tract candidiasis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, observational, diagnostic study.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Hospital, Muenster, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing ERCP for various indications.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In 54 of 123 patients, we found Candida species in bile samples (44%). In only 7 patients, candidiasis was suspected on endoscopy before mycologic proof. Only 4 of these 7 patients were correctly diagnosed with biliary candidiasis by simple morphologic aspects. The fungus was mainly differentiated as Candida albicans or Candida glabrata and rarely as Candida parapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, or other subspecies. Immunosuppression for various reasons was significantly associated with bile-duct candidiasis (P < .02). No significant association was found between positive fungal cultures and prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (P = .0824) or prior ERCP (P = .1152). Biliary candidiasis was neither associated with positive fungal cultures of buccal smears (P = .0722) nor with positive findings in stool samples (P = .0860).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Highly selected patient population. Buccal smears and stool samples were not obtained from all patients. Contamination artifacts cannot totally be excluded with the ERCP procedure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Candida species very frequently can be detected in the bile. Positive fungal cultures of bile samples are not just contamination artifacts. This has to be taken into account when designing an anti-infectious treatment for recurrent cholangitis or even more cholangiosepsis. Especially in immunosuppressed patients or recipients of long-term antibiotic therapy, physicians should screen for biliary-tract candidiasis during endoscopic examination.
authors: Department of Medicine B, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.
authors: Philipp
authors: P
authors: Lenz
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Conrad
authors: Torsten
authors: T
authors: Kucharzik
authors: Ekkehard
authors: E
authors: Hilker
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Fegeler
authors: Hansjörg
authors: H
authors: Ullerich
authors: Achim
authors: A
authors: Heinecke
authors: Wolfram
authors: W
authors: Domschke
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Domagk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001660:Biliary Tract Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification*; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002760:Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010182:Pancreatic Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D015995:Prevalence; D011336:Probability; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents