Neuropsychiatric problems after traumatic brain injury: unraveling the silent epidemic.
BACKGROUND
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant public health concern. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 1.4 million people in the United States sustain a TBI annually.


OBJECTIVE
This review places particular emphasis on the current knowledge of effective treatment of TBI symptoms, and proposes directions for future research.


RESULTS
Neuropsychiatric problems are more prevalent and longer-lasting in TBI patients than in the general population. About 40% of TBI victims suffer from two or more psychiatric disorders, and a similar percentage experience at least one unmet need for cognitive, emotional, or job assistance 1 year after injury. The entire spectrum of TBI severity, from mild to severe, is associated with an increase in psychiatric conditions.


CONCLUSIONS
Despite the high incidence of severe consequences of TBI, there are scarce empirical data to guide psychiatric treatment. Some approaches that have been helpful include cognitive and behavioral therapy and pharmacologic treatment. The authors list specific research recommendations that could further identify useful therapeutic interventions.
Vaishnavi
Sandeep
S
Division of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatry, Dept. of Psychiatry and BehavioralSciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA.
Rao
Vani
V
Fann
Jesse R
JR
D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001521:Behavior Therapy; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D020208:Brain Injury, Chronic / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D015928:Cognitive Behavioral Therapy; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D019965:Neurocognitive Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D010348:Patient Care Team; D011379:Prognosis; D011619:Psychotropic Drugs / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D011619:Psychotropic Drugs