title: Lessons from patients with hemoptysis attending a chest clinic in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the various etiologies of hemoptysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and seventy-six consecutive patients of hemoptysis who were admitted to the Department of Pulmonary Medicine between January 1996 and December 2002 were included in this study. Hemoptysis was categorized as mild (< 100 ml/day), moderate (100-400 ml/day), and massive (>400 ml/day). We also categorized the patients according to the primary etiology of the hemoptysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 476 patients with hemoptysis included in this study, 352 were males and 124 were females. Pulmonary tuberculosis was the leading cause of hemoptysis. There were 377 (79.2%) patients in the pulmonary tuberculosis group, 25 (5.7%) in the neoplasm group, 19 (4.0%) in the chronic bronchitis group, 18 (3.8%) in the bronchiectasis group, and 35 (7.3%) patients with hemoptysis due to other causes. About one-third of the patients with hemoptysis had been misdiagnosed by the referring doctor as having active pulmonary tuberculosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although pulmonary tuberculosis is the most important cause of hemoptysis in India, it may also occur due to a variety of other causes. Awareness should be increased among general physicians about the various etiologies of hemoptysis in pulmonary tuberculosis patients.
authors: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Chatrapati Sahuji Maharaj Medical University, Lucknow, India. rprasad2@rediffmail.com
authors: Rajendra
authors: R
authors: Prasad
authors: Rajiv
authors: R
authors: Garg
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Singhal
authors: Piyush
authors: P
authors: Srivastava