title: Genetic variations associated with red hair color and fear of dental pain, anxiety regarding dental care and avoidance of dental care.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Red hair color is caused by variants of the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) gene. People with naturally red hair are resistant to subcutaneous local anesthetics and, therefore, may experience increased anxiety regarding dental care. The authors tested the hypothesis that having natural red hair color, a MC1R gene variant or both could predict a patient's experiencing dental care-related anxiety and dental care avoidance.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors enrolled 144 participants (67 natural red-haired and 77 dark-haired) aged 18 to 41 years in a cross-sectional observational study. Participants completed validated survey instruments designed to measure general and dental care-specific anxiety, fear of dental pain and previous dental care avoidance. The authors genotyped participants' blood samples to detect variants associated with natural red hair color.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-five participants had MC1R gene variants (65 of the 67 red-haired participants and 20 of the 77 dark-haired participants) (P < .001). Participants with MC1R gene variants reported significantly more dental care-related anxiety and fear of dental pain than did participants with no MC1R gene variants. They were more than twice as likely to avoid dental care as were the participants with no MC1R gene variants, even after the authors controlled for general trait anxiety and sex.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dental care-related anxiety, fear of dental pain and avoidance of dental care may be influenced by genetic variations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dentists should evaluate all patients, but especially those with naturally red hair, for dental care-related anxiety and use appropriate modalities to manage the patients' anxiety.
authors: Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry, Room 337, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA. cjbink01@louisville.edu
authors: Catherine J
authors: CJ
authors: Binkley
authors: Abbie
authors: A
authors: Beacham
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Neace
authors: Ronald G
authors: RG
authors: Gregg
authors: Edwin B
authors: EB
authors: Liem
authors: Daniel I
authors: DI
authors: Sessler
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001007:Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D016854:Dental Anxiety / Q000150:complications / Q000235:genetics*; D003729:Dental Care / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006200:Hair Color / Q000235:genetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017288:Pain Threshold; D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics*; D012016:Reference Values; D012044:Regression Analysis; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D044102:Receptor, Melanocortin, Type 1