title: Cost-effectiveness of eszopiclone for the treatment of adults with primary chronic insomnia.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the cost-effectiveness of treatment with eszopiclone for chronic primary insomnia in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  A model using patient-level data from a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial (n = 824), combined with data from a claims database and published literature, was used to assess the quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained and costs associated with eszopiclone versus placebo in adults with primary insomnia. Quality of life data were collected during the trial via the SF-36, from which preference-based utility scores were derived using published algorithms. Medical and absenteeism costs, estimated via a retrospective analysis of a claims and absenteeism database, were assigned to patients based on the degree of severity of their insomnia, assessed via the Insomnia Severity Index collected in the clinical trial. Presenteeism costs (lost productivity while at work) were estimated from responses to the Work Limitation Questionnaire collected during the trial. Six-month gains in QALYs and costs for each treatment group were calculated to derive cost-effectiveness ratios. Uncertainty was addressed via univariate and multivariate sensitivity analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over the 6-month period, eszopiclone use resulted in a net gain of 0.0137 QALYs over placebo at an additional cost of $67, resulting in an incremental cost per QALY gained of slightly less than $5,000. When absenteeism and presenteeism costs were excluded, the cost-effectiveness ratio increased to approximately $33,000 per QALY gained, which is below the commonly used threshold of $50,000 used to define cost-effectiveness. Extensive sensitivity analyses indicate the results are generally robust.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our model, based on efficacy data from a clinical trial, demonstrated eszopiclone was cost-effective for the treatment of primary insomnia in adults, especially when lost productivity costs were included.
authors: Pharmerit North America, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
authors: Sonya J
authors: SJ
authors: Snedecor
authors: Marc F
authors: MF
authors: Botteman
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Bojke
authors: Kendyl
authors: K
authors: Schaefer
authors: Nadine
authors: N
authors: Barry
authors: A Simon
authors: AS
authors: Pickard
mesh_terms: D000041:Absenteeism; D000328:Adult; D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D016527:Drug Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000069582:Eszopiclone; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018803:Models, Economic; D010879:Piperazines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D019057:Quality-Adjusted Life Years; D012017:Referral and Consultation / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics*; D014481:United States; D014600:Utilization Review; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D053961:Azabicyclo Compounds; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D010879:Piperazines; D000069582:Eszopiclone