title: Estimation of economic costs associated with transfusion dependence in adults with MDS.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the economic burden of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and the incremental cost of transfusion dependence.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adults with evidence of MDS were identified between 05/01/2000 and 09/30/2003 from a longitudinal, retrospective claims database for a large, geographically diverse US health plan and their medical histories were followed for at least 6 months. Patients were classified as transfusion-dependent (MDS-TD) or transfusion-independent (MDS-TI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Variables were categorized as demographic, health status, utilization, or cost. Utilization (inpatient hospitalizations, outpatient facility visits, emergency department visits, and physician office visits) is reported as the mean and median numbers of each specified encounter per subject. Costs were measured as the sum of patient and plan liability. All variables were analyzed descriptively, and appropriate statistical tests were used to compare the MDS-TD and MDS-TI cohorts. Pharmacy, medical, and total health care costs, adjusted for demographics and comorbidity, were estimated using gamma regression with a log link.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MDS-TI cohort consisted of 2864 patients, and the MDS-TD cohort comprised 336 patients. Mean age for the entire study sample was 70.2 years. The MDS-TI cohort tended to receive most of its medical care at physicians' offices, whereas the MDS-TD cohort received nearly as much medical care at outpatient facilities (e.g., infusion clinics, hospital outpatient clinics) as it did in physicians' offices. The MDS-TD cohort had significantly higher mean annual costs: pharmacy, $4457 vs. $2926; medical, $50,663 vs. $17,469; total, $51,066 vs. $19,811 (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). Thus, transfusion dependence was associated with an incremental cost of $31,255 per patient per year. Some limitations inherent to using claims data and diagnosis codes for research apply to this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated that an important consequence of transfusion dependence for MDS patients was markedly greater use of, and consequently higher costs associated with, inpatient and outpatient services. Continued research and efforts to develop biologic and pharmaceutical therapies may help more patients achieve transfusion independence, thereby reducing the financial burden of MDS.
authors: i3 Innovus, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, USA. Jennifer.Frytak@i3innovus.com
authors: Jennifer R
authors: JR
authors: Frytak
authors: Henry J
authors: HJ
authors: Henk
authors: Carlos M
authors: CM
authors: De Castro
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Halpern
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Nelson
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001804:Blood Transfusion, Autologous / Q000191:economics*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003365:Costs and Cost Analysis; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009190:Myelodysplastic Syndromes / Q000191:economics* / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States