title: Graves' orbitopathy activation after radioactive iodine therapy with and without steroid prophylaxis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reactivation of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) after radioiodine (RAI) for Graves' disease (GD) is a known effect, and its clinical relevance is controversial. Prevention of RAI-induced GO activation is possible in at-risk patients with oral glucocorticoids (OGC).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of RAI on GO with or without prophylactic steroids based on known risk factors and to compare the effectiveness of prophylaxis with iv glucocorticoids (IVGC) and OGC.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a retrospective study in which patients were assessed before and 1-12 months after RAI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 113 patients were included in the study; 83 underwent RAI without prophylactic steroids for the absence of risk of activation, and 30 were treated with either OGC (n = 21) or IVGC (n = 9).
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the prevalence of GO activation with or without steroid prophylaxis and the difference in the prevalence of GO activation after OGC or IVGC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  GO activation was observed in 7.2% of patients without and 33.3% of patients with steroid prophylaxis (P < 0.0001), for an overall prevalence of 14.6%. GO activation occurred in 47.6% of patients treated with OGC but in none of the nine patients treated with IVGC (P = 0.0001). Disease activation was more prevalent in males (P < 0.02) and in older patients (P = 0.04) with a shorter duration of GD (P < 0.01) and time from GO onset (P < 0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  GO may occur after RAI in approximately 15% of patients also in the absence of signs of active GO. Prophylactic OGC did not prevent GO activation in a large proportion of patients, compared to IVGC.
authors: Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione Ospedale Maggiore, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20122 Milan, Italy.
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vannucchi
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Campi
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Covelli
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Dazzi
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Currò
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Simonetta
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Ratiglia
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Beck-Peccoz
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Salvi
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005938:Glucocorticoids / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006111:Graves Disease / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D049970:Graves Ophthalmopathy / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating / Q000097:blood; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes / Q000009:adverse effects*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D005938:Glucocorticoids; D018828:Immunoglobulins, Thyroid-Stimulating; D007457:Iodine Radioisotopes; C094372:thyrotropin-binding inhibitory immunoglobulin