title: Cingulate white matter neurons in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Increased neuronal density in prefrontal, parietal, and temporal white matter of schizophrenia subjects is thought to reflect disordered neurodevelopment; however, it is not known if this cellular alteration affects the cingulate cortex and whether similar changes exist in bipolar disorder.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eighty-two postmortem specimens (bipolar 15, schizophrenia 22, control 45) were included in this clinical study. Densities for two neuronal markers, neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN) and neuregulin 1 alpha (NRG), were determined in white matter up to 2.5 mm beneath the anterior cingulate cortex; density of NeuN immunopositive neurons (NeuN+) was also determined for a subset of cases in prefrontal cortex. Changes during normal development were monitored in a separate cohort of 14 brains.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both the schizophrenia and bipolar cohorts demonstrated a twofold increase in NeuN+ density in cingulate white matter; this effect could be attributed to approximately 25% of cases that exceeded the second standard deviation from control subjects. Similar changes were observed in prefrontal cortex. In contrast density of NRG expressing neurons was unaltered. Cases with increased NeuN+ densities in two-dimensional (2-D) counts also showed a pronounced, > fivefold elevation in NeuN+ nuclei per cubic millimeter. Additionally, the developmental cohort demonstrated a 75% decline in NeuN+ neuronal density during the first postnatal year but was stable thereafter.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased neuronal density in white matter of cingulate cortex in schizophrenia provides further evidence that this alteration occurs in multiple cortical areas. Similar changes in some cases with bipolar illness suggest that the two disorders may share a common underlying defect in late prenatal or early postnatal neurodevelopment.
authors: Program in Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604, USA.
authors: Caroline M
authors: CM
authors: Connor
authors: Yin
authors: Y
authors: Guo
authors: Schahram
authors: S
authors: Akbarian
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000375:Aging; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear / Q000378:metabolism; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000473:pathology*; D001921:Brain / Q000254:growth & development / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002452:Cell Count; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D008875:Middle Aged; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000378:metabolism*; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D020890:Neuregulin-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000473:pathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: C112986:AIF1 protein, human; D034961:Antigens, Nuclear; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D020890:Neuregulin-1; C506808:neuronal nuclear antigen NeuN, human