title: Cytoplasmic continuity revisited: closure of septa of the filamentous fungus Schizophyllum commune in response to environmental conditions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Mycelia of higher fungi consist of interconnected hyphae that are compartmentalized by septa. These septa contain large pores that allow streaming of cytoplasm and even organelles. The cytoplasm of such mycelia is therefore considered to be continuous.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Here, we show by laser dissection that septa of Schizophyllum commune can be closed depending on the environmental conditions. The most apical septum of growing hyphae was open when this basidiomycete was grown in minimal medium with glucose as a carbon source. In contrast, the second and the third septum were closed in more than 50% and 90% of the cases, respectively. Interestingly, only 24 and 37% of these septa were closed when hyphae were growing in the absence of glucose. Whether a septum was open or closed also depended on physical conditions of the environment or the presence of toxic agents. The first septum closed when hyphae were exposed to high temperature, to hypertonic conditions, or to the antibiotic nourseothricin. In the case of high temperature, septa opened again when the mycelium was placed back to the normal growth temperature.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, it is concluded that the septal pores of S. commune are dynamic structures that open or close depending on the environmental conditions. Our findings imply that the cytoplasm in the mycelium of a higher fungus is not continuous per se.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
authors: Arend F
authors: AF
authors: van Peer
authors: Wally H
authors: WH
authors: Müller
authors: Teun
authors: T
authors: Boekhout
authors: Luis G
authors: LG
authors: Lugones
authors: Han A B
authors: HA
authors: Wösten
mesh_terms: D002244:Carbon / Q000737:chemistry; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D003593:Cytoplasm / Q000378:metabolism*; D004777:Environment; D005947:Glucose / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D025301:Hyphae / Q000502:physiology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012567:Schizophyllum / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology*; D013696:Temperature; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D002244:Carbon; D005947:Glucose