title: Splicing variants of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR56 regulate the activity of transcription factors associated with tumorigenesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  GPR56 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of the adhesion family involved in brain development. In some cancer cells and tissues, GPR56 is highly expressed and may contribute to tumorigenesis phenotypes such as cell adhesion and metastasis. Although the ligand for GPR56 is unknown, the overexpression of the receptor induces the activity of several transcription factors. We identified Wve splicing forms of GPR56 by searching the genome database. In this study, we tried to assess the properties of the splicing variants on the activation of the transcription factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Genome structure of human GPR56 genes was analyzed using the Ensembl genome browser. All splicing variants were constructed using PCR with the GPR56 wildtype gene as template and the appropriate primers and their expression was verified by western blotting. We examined the effect of GPR56 splicing forms on the cellular responses through reporter gene assay with various promoters. We also confirmed the GPR56-mediated transcriptional activity by silencing GPR56 expression through shRNA-mediated RNA interference.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that the coding sequence of GPR56 consist of 13 exons and alternative splicing occurs in the second and tenth exons. In reporter gene assays, GPR56 overexpression increased the activity of the serum-response element, NFAT, and E2F response elements, whereas this overexpression downregulated c-myc and p53 response element activity. Furthermore, increased promoter activity of the COX2, iNOS, and VEGF genes was observed. Variants 1 and 2 potently enhanced SRE-mediated transcription compared with wild-type GPR56. Variants 3 and 4 hardly aVect the activity of the promoters.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggested that the splicing of GPR56 may induce differential tumorigenic responses owing to their varied ability to activate transcription factors.
authors: Graduate School of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 136-705, Republic of Korea.
authors: Jeong-Eun
authors: JE
authors: Kim
authors: Ji Man
authors: JM
authors: Han
authors: Cho Rong
authors: CR
authors: Park
authors: Kum-Joo
authors: KJ
authors: Shin
authors: Curie
authors: C
authors: Ahn
authors: Jae Young
authors: JY
authors: Seong
authors: Jong-Ik
authors: JI
authors: Hwang
mesh_terms: D017398:Alternative Splicing; D015153:Blotting, Western; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000235:genetics; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D057809:HEK293 Cells; D006801:Humans; D008156:Luciferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000235:genetics; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D020033:Protein Isoforms / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034622:RNA Interference; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C118925:ADGRG1 protein, human; D020033:Protein Isoforms; D043562:Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled; D014157:Transcription Factors; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D008156:Luciferases; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human