title: Smoking affects eotaxin levels in asthma patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic airway inflammation is most important pathological finding in asthma. Cigarette smoking may modify type of inflammation as well as may influence disease severity and response to the treatment.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Thus the aim of this study was to investigate whether cigarette smoking may have an influence on the levels of eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3 and IL-5 in patients with stable mild/moderate asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  45 steroid naive asthmatics (mean age: 55.2 +/- 2.2 yrs) and 23 "healthy" smokers and non-smokers control subjects (mean age: 54.4 +/- 9.7 yrs) were investigated. Asthmatics were divided into two subgroups according to their smoking histories: asthmatic smokers (n = 19) who currently smoke and have a history of > 10 pack-years and asthmatic never-smokers (n = 26). BAL and induced sputum were performed. Cytospins of induced sputum and BAL were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa for differential cell counts. Eotaxin-1, eotaxin-2, eotaxin-3 and IL-5 concentrations in serum, sputum and BAL supernatant was measured using a commercial ELISA kit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In sputum supernatant from asthma smokers was significantly higher concentration of eotaxin-1 than in non-smokers asthmatics (203.4 +/- 10.0 vs. 140.2 +/- 9.5 respectively, p < 0.05). In non-smokers asthma patients levels of BAL eotaxin-1 strongly related to percent and absolute numbers of BAL eosinophils and neutrophils (Rs = 0.737 and Rs = 0.514 respectively, p < 0.05). The number and percent of sputum neutrophils and eosinophils, obtained from smokers asthmatics, significantly correlated with eotaxin-2 concentration in sputum supernatant (Rs = 0.58 and Rs = 0.75 respectively, p < 0.05). IL-5 levels in the serum and sputum from asthmatic never-smokers were significantly higher than they were from asthmatic smokers and "healthy" smokers. Asthmatic never-smokers showed a significantly higher amount of IL-5 in serum and sputum than the asthmatic smokers showed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed the elevated levels of sputum eotaxin-1 as well as serum, sputum and BAL eotaxin-2 in asthmatic smokers without a significant increase of eosinophils compared to asthmatic never-smokers. The eotaxin concentrations were related not only with number of eosinophils but also with the number of neutrophils in all the studied tissue compartments. The data herein permits a suggestion that smoking may influence change in asthmatic airway inflammation by stimulating the production of eotaxins.
authors: Department of Pulmonology and Immunology, Kaunas University of Medicine, Kaunas, Lithuania.
authors: Algirda
authors: A
authors: Krisiukeniene
authors: Agne
authors: A
authors: Babusyte
authors: Kristina
authors: K
authors: Stravinskaite
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Lotvall
authors: Raimundas
authors: R
authors: Sakalauskas
authors: Brigita
authors: B
authors: Sitkauskiene
mesh_terms: D001249:Asthma; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry; D054413:Chemokine CCL11 / Q000032:analysis; D054423:Chemokine CCL24 / Q000032:analysis; D000075906:Chemokine CCL26; D019742:Chemokines, CC / Q000032:analysis*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015848:Interleukin-5 / Q000032:analysis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013183:Sputum / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: C120429:CCL26 protein, human; D054413:Chemokine CCL11; D054423:Chemokine CCL24; D000075906:Chemokine CCL26; D019742:Chemokines, CC; D015848:Interleukin-5