title: Drug delivery strategies for combination ophthalmic treatments.
abstract: The most significant obstacle to the combination of drug therapies in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may be drug delivery. Although the posterior of the eye can be reached by intravitreal injections and implants, AMD is a chronic disease process that is likely to require prolonged or indefinite exposure to antiproliferative agents. In addition to the difficulty of repeat dosing in the vitreal space, ocular anatomy prohibits substantial drug volumes, a limitation further compounded when combining two or more agents. With low penetration to target areas of AMD, pathophysiology, and risk of significant systemic toxicity through systemic drug delivery, innovative strategies for introducing agents to their site of action may be the critical component of improved outcomes.
authors: Retina Service, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, USA. bdkupper@uci.edu
authors: Baruch D
authors: BD
authors: Kuppermann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001813:Blood-Retinal Barrier / Q000502:physiology; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D004343:Drug Implants; D004358:Drug Therapy; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D007267:Injections; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000188:drug therapy*; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012160:Retina / Q000378:metabolism; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D004343:Drug Implants; D009883:Ophthalmic Solutions