title: Surface roughness and gloss of indirect composites etched with acidulated phosphate fluoride solution.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the surface characteristics of indirect composites etched with acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) solution. MATERIAL AND METHODS. APF solution was applied to specimens of six composite materials. The surface morphological change was measured with a confocal laser scanning microscope. Gloss measurement and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation were also performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The APF-treated surface showed various patterns due to the difference in the filler incorporated in each composite. The surface properties could be evaluated precisely from the surface roughness parameters. The arithmetical mean deviation of roughness profile (Ra) parameter of the specimens treated with APF solution was higher than those of the specimens untreated with APF, except New Meta Color Infis (IF). The difference in etching influence of each composite material was shown conclusively in the maximum height of the profile (Rz) parameter. Gradia (GR) and Gradia Forte (GF) were etched three times more deeply than that of IF categorized microfilled composite. The mean width of the profile element (RSm) decreased significantly after APF treatment, except in IF. Gloss was reduced apparently in all materials, indicating that gloss reduction was sensitive to slight surface changes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Specific filler particles of prosthodontic composite materials were etched by APF application. The surface roughness parameters, such as Rz and RSm, properly described various surface topographic features. Gloss was strongly correlated to surface roughness, as defined by these parameters, and especially to the initial change of surface roughness.
authors: Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan. oohara@dent.nihon-u.ac.jp
authors: Naoko
authors: N
authors: Ohara
authors: Hiroyasu
authors: H
authors: Koizumi
authors: Yoshifumi
authors: Y
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Nakayama
authors: Tomohisa
authors: T
authors: Ogino
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Matsumura
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods*; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride / Q000737:chemistry*; D002327:Cariostatic Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D003188:Composite Resins / Q000737:chemistry*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D003776:Dental Porcelain / Q000737:chemistry; D005898:Glass / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D008027:Light; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D055620:Optical Phenomena; D058105:Polymerization; D011140:Polyurethanes / Q000737:chemistry; D012822:Silicon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry; D013499:Surface Properties; D014025:Titanium / Q000737:chemistry; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D002327:Cariostatic Agents; D003188:Composite Resins; D003764:Dental Materials; C470230:Gradia; D008689:Methacrylates; D011140:Polyurethanes; C454801:ProCAD Ceramic; C091839:urethanetrimethacrylate; D003776:Dental Porcelain; C083618:new metacolor; C009495:titanium dioxide; D000149:Acidulated Phosphate Fluoride; D012822:Silicon Dioxide; D015040:Zirconium; D014025:Titanium; C028541:zirconium oxide