title: Bruising as a marker of physical elder abuse.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe bruising as a marker of physical elder abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consenting older adults were examined to document location and size of bruises and assess whether they were inflicted during physical abuse. An expert panel confirmed physical abuse. Findings were compared with results of an earlier study of accidental bruising in older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Residences of participants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven adults aged 65 and older reported to Adult Protective Services (APS) for suspected physical elder abuse.
  
  
  METHODS
  Age, sex, ethnicity, race, functional status, medical conditions, cognitive status, history of falls, bruise size and location, recall of cause, and responses to Revised Conflicts Tactics Scale and Elder Abuse Inventory.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seventy-two percent (n=48) of older adults who had been physically abused within 30 days before examination had bruises. The physically abused older adults had significantly larger bruises; more of them knew the cause of their bruises (43 (89.6%) vs 16 (23.5%) of the comparison group); and they were significantly more likely to have bruises on the face, lateral aspect of the right arm and the posterior torso (including back, chest, lumbar, and gluteal regions) than older adults from an earlier study who had not been abused (n=68).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bruises that occur as a result of physical elder mistreatment are often large (>5 cm) and on the face, lateral right arm, or posterior torso. Older adults with bruises should be asked about the cause of the bruises to help ascertain whether physical abuse occurred.
authors: Program in Geriatrics, School of Medicine, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA. awiglesw@uci.edu
authors: Aileen
authors: A
authors: Wiglesworth
authors: Raciela
authors: R
authors: Austin
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Corona
authors: Diana
authors: D
authors: Schneider
authors: Solomon
authors: S
authors: Liao
authors: Lisa
authors: L
authors: Gibbs
authors: Laura
authors: L
authors: Mosqueda
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003288:Contusions / Q000473:pathology*; D004552:Elder Abuse / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male