title: Obstetric brachial plexus palsy: treatment strategy, long-term results, and prognosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Obstetric brachial plexus palsy is rare, but the limb impairments are manifold and often long-lasting. Physiotherapy, microsurgical nerve reconstruction, secondary joint corrections, and muscle transpositions are employed with success. The role of conservative and operative treatment options should be regularly reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective literature review (evidence levels 3 and 4) and analysis of personal clinical operative and scientific experience over the past 15 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children with upper and total plexus palsy displaying nerve root avulsions and/or -ruptures are treated today by early primary nerve reconstruction in the first few months of life followed by secondary corrections, with good functional results. The late complications, with muscle weakness, impaired motion patterns, and joint dysplasia, are often underrated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The potential for scientific analysis is limited, due to the rarity and interindividual variability of the lesions and the varying effects on function and growth. Expectations and compliance are different in every patient. Surgical techniques are not yet standardized. Knowledge of the consequences for joint growth and congruence is inadequate. Today, functional improvement can be achieved by surgery in most clinical manifestations of obstetric brachial plexus palsy, within the framework of an interdisciplinary treatment concept.
authors: Arbeitsbereich Plastische und Handchirurgie, Franziskushospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany. jorg.bahm@belgacom.net
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Bahm
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Ocampo-Pavez
authors: Catherine
authors: C
authors: Disselhorst-Klug
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Sellhaus
authors: Joachim
authors: J
authors: Weis
mesh_terms: D020516:Brachial Plexus Neuropathies / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D010291:Paresis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000601:surgery*; D011379:Prognosis; D016896:Treatment Outcome