title: Metformin promotes induction of lipoprotein lipase in skeletal muscle through activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase.
abstract: Metformin is known to increase lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mass level in serum. Lipoprotein lipase is produced by adipose tissue and skeletal muscles. This study aimed to examine the effect of metformin on LPL production in adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells and to investigate the mechanism by which metformin enhances LPL production. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and L6 skeletal muscle cells were incubated with metformin or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR). Lipoprotein lipase activity, LPL protein expression, and LPL messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were measured. Metformin increased LPL activity only in skeletal muscle cells. To clarify the mechanism of this phenomenon, AICAR, which is well known as an activator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), was used. Metformin and AICAR enhanced phosphorylated AMPK in skeletal muscle cells by Western blot analysis. Like metformin, AICAR increased LPL activity only in skeletal muscle cells. Both metformin and AICAR also enhanced LPL protein and LPL mRNA expressions in skeletal muscle cells but not in adipocytes. Phosphorylated AMPK protein expression was decreased when AMPK signaling was interfered by AMPKalpha small interfering RNA. Lipoprotein lipase activity and LPL expression, which were enhanced by 1 mumol/L metformin, were reduced by AMPKalpha small interfering RNA. These results suggest that metformin increases LPL activity, LPL protein expression, and LPL mRNA expression through activation of AMPK in skeletal muscle cells but not in adipocytes.
authors: Center of Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolism, Sakura Hospital, Medical Center, Toho University, 564-1 Shimoshizu, Sakura-City, Chiba 285-0841, Japan.
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Ohira
authors: Yoh
authors: Y
authors: Miyashita
authors: Takeyoshi
authors: T
authors: Murano
authors: Fusako
authors: F
authors: Watanabe
authors: Kohji
authors: K
authors: Shirai
mesh_terms: D016475:3T3 Cells; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D003001:Cloning, Molecular; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004789:Enzyme Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase / Q000378:metabolism*; D008687:Metformin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology*; D010766:Phosphorylation; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D008687:Metformin; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D008071:Lipoprotein Lipase