title: Ten years single surgeon experience with botulinum toxin in the urinary tract; clinical observations and research discovery.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This review details a single surgeon's 10-year experience with botulinum toxin (BoNT) for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Review of author's published clinical and research experience with BoNT in the prostate, bladder and urethral sphincter.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Key observations include that an approximate 90% decrease is needed for bladder augmentation and reconstruction. Detrusor compliance and vesicoureteral reflux improved in over 50% of patients. Submucosal and trigone injection had similar efficacy with low rate of retention that can benefit patients with sensory urgency. No case of clinical vesicoureteral reflux has been noted with trigone injection technique. Dose of less than 200 U are clinically beneficial with duration of efficacy increasing with subsequent BoNT injection that may result in improved health economics benefits. Symptom improvement commonly lasts no less than 12 months with prostate injection. Experiment evidences that BoNT blocks sensory neurotransmitter release that has correlated with benefits seen in patients with bladder pain and abacterial prostatitis. Similar efficacy is observed in refractory overactive bladder as with neurogenic and idiopathic detrusor overactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  BoNT is promising for a variety of LUTS in author's personal experience over the past 10 years with research that advanced our understanding of BoNT mechanisms of action in the sensory nerves and prostate gland. International multicenter randomized trials for bladder and prostate indications are currently ongoing seeking regulatory approval.
authors: Department of Urology, William Beaumont Hospital, 3535 W. 13 Mile Road, Suite 430 MOB, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA. Michael.chancellor@beaumont.edu
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Chancellor
mesh_terms: D035843:Biomedical Research; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009465:Neuromuscular Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D053448:Prostatism / Q000188:drug therapy*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D009465:Neuromuscular Agents; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A