title: Issues and Solutions in Introducing Western Systems to the Pre-hospital Care System in Japan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This report aims to illustrate the history and current status of Japanese emergency medical services (EMS), including development of the specialty and characteristics adapted from the U.S. and European models. In addition, recommendations are made for improvement of the current systems.
  
  
  METHODS
  Government reports and academic papers were reviewed, along with the collective experiences of the authors. Literature searches were performed in PubMed (English) and Ichushi (Japanese), using keywords such as emergency medicine and pre-hospital care. More recent and peer-reviewed articles were given priority in the selection process.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The pre-hospital care system in Japan has developed as a mixture of U.S. and European systems. Other countries undergoing economic and industrial development similar to Japan may benefit from emulating the Japanese EMS model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Currently, the Japanese system is in transition, searching for the most suitable and efficient way of providing quality pre-hospital care.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Japan has the potential to enhance its current pre-hospital care system, but this will require greater collaboration between physicians and paramedics, increased paramedic scope of medical practice, and greater Japanese societal recognition and support of paramedics.
authors: Graduate School of Health Information Science Teikyo Heisei University, Department of Pre-hospital Emergency Medical Care.
authors: Tetsuji
authors: T
authors: Suzuki
authors: Masamichi
authors: M
authors: Nishida
authors: Yuriko
authors: Y
authors: Suzuki
authors: Kunio
authors: K
authors: Kobayashi
authors: S V
authors: SV
authors: Mahadevan