title: Continued impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on carriage in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The goals were to assess serial changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes and antibiotic resistance in young children and to evaluate whether risk factors for carriage have been altered by heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7).
  
  
  METHODS
  Nasopharyngeal specimens and questionnaire/medical record data were obtained from children 3 months to <7 years of age in primary care practices in 16 Massachusetts communities during the winter seasons of 2000-2001 and 2003-2004 and in 8 communities in 2006-2007. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping were performed with S pneumoniae isolates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We collected 678, 988, and 972 specimens during the sampling periods in 2000-2001, 2003-2004, and 2006-2007, respectively. Carriage of non-PCV7 serotypes increased from 15% to 19% and 29% (P < .001), with vaccine serotypes decreasing to 3% of carried serotypes in 2006-2007. The relative contribution of several non-PCV7 serotypes, including 19A, 35B, and 23A, increased across sampling periods. By 2007, commonly carried serotypes included 19A (16%), 6A (12%), 15B/C (11%), 35B (9%), and 11A (8%), and high-prevalence serotypes seemed to have greater proportions of penicillin nonsusceptibility. In multivariate models, common predictors of pneumococcal carriage, such as child care attendance, upper respiratory tract infection, and the presence of young siblings, persisted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virtual disappearance of vaccine serotypes in S pneumoniae carriage has occurred in young children, with rapid replacement with penicillin-nonsusceptible nonvaccine serotypes, particularly 19A and 35B. Except for the age group at highest risk, previous predictors of carriage, such as child care attendance and the presence of young siblings, have not been changed by the vaccine.
authors: Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA. sshuang@partners.org
authors: Susan S
authors: SS
authors: Huang
authors: Virginia L
authors: VL
authors: Hinrichsen
authors: Abbie E
authors: AE
authors: Stevenson
authors: Sheryl L
authors: SL
authors: Rifas-Shiman
authors: Ken
authors: K
authors: Kleinman
authors: Stephen I
authors: SI
authors: Pelton
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Lipsitch
authors: William P
authors: WP
authors: Hanage
authors: Grace M
authors: GM
authors: Lee
authors: Jonathan A
authors: JA
authors: Finkelstein
mesh_terms: D002353:Carrier State / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002648:Child; D002656:Child Day Care Centers; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; D005192:Family Health; D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008404:Massachusetts; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009010:Monte Carlo Method; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology; D010403:Penicillin Resistance; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D015995:Prevalence; D012703:Serotyping; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate
chemical_list: D000069443:Heptavalent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine; D022242:Pneumococcal Vaccines; D018074:Vaccines, Conjugate