Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol reflect brain volumes in patients without objective cognitive impairment but not in those with Alzheimer's disease.
OBJECTIVE
Cholesterol has been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) has been suggested as a surrogate marker for brain cholesterol metabolism. This study investigates the relation of 24OHC as well as markers of extracerebral cholesterol homeostasis (lanosterol, lathosterol, cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and 27-hydroxycholesterol) with brain volumes in memory clinic patients.


METHODS
96 patients (33 with subjective cognitive impairment--SCI; 36 with mild cognitive impairment--MCI; 27 with AD) referred to the Memory Clinic at Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden. Plasma assessments were done by isotope dilution-mass spectrometry. MRI measurements were done using custom-made software BMAP (imaging laboratory, Karolinska Institutet), running on HERMES platform.


RESULTS
Ratios of 24-hydroxycholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol, lanosterol and lathosterol to cholesterol (R_24OHC, R_27OHC, R_lanosterol and R_lathosterol) were significantly lower in patients with AD. In the whole population, after controlling for age, sex, APOE genotype and statins, R_24OHC was positively related to gray matter (GM) fraction. However, when groups were considered separately, the relation to GM volume, GM and parenchymal fractions was significant in the SCI group only (p<0.05). There was a significant positive association between cholesterol and white matter (WM) volume, WM and parenchymal fractions in patients with AD.


CONCLUSIONS
Plasma R_24OHC was lower in patients with AD, but R_24OHC was significantly related to brain volumes in the control group only. One reason may be the previously demonstrated abnormal expression of cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase in astrocytes in AD, which may limit the usefulness of this plasma marker in this specific disease. The findings on cholesterol agree with previous reports of decreasing plasma cholesterol levels in AD patients, suggesting a CNS-mediated effect on extracerebral cholesterol homeostasis.
Solomon
Alina
A
Department of Neurology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. alina.solomon@uku.fi
Leoni
Valerio
V
Kivipelto
Miia
M
Besga
Ariadna
A
Oksengård
Anne Rita
AR
Julin
Per
P
Svensson
Leif
L
Wahlund
Lars-Olof
LO
Andreasen
Niels
N
Winblad
Bengt
B
Soininen
Hilkka
H
Björkhem
Ingemar
I
D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D001057:Apolipoproteins E / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000097:blood; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols / Q000097:blood*; D007810:Lanosterol / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009929:Organ Size; D012737:Sex Factors
D001057:Apolipoproteins E; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D006888:Hydroxycholesterols; D007810:Lanosterol; C044563:24-hydroxycholesterol; C076996:27-hydroxycholesterol; C001521:lathosterol; D002784:Cholesterol