title: [Effects of patient-controlled analgesia with small dose ketamine combined with morphine and the influence thereof on plasma beta-endorphin level in patients after radical operation for esophageal carcinoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) with small dose ketamine combined with morphine on analgesia and influence thereof on the plasma beta-endorphin (EP) level in the patients after radical operation for esophageal carcinoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty ASAI-II patients, aged 35-65, weighing 42-75 kg, with visual analogue score>or=3, undergoing elective radical operation for esophageal carcinoma under general anesthesia received intravenous morphine 2 - 3 mg were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: group m receiving morphine 0.02 mg.kg(-1).h(-1), and with group mk receiving morphine 0.02 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) combined with ketamine 0.08 mg.kg(-1).h(-1) for 50 h. In the course of treatment the patients received intravenous injection of morphine 2-3 mg when the VAS was >or=3. VAS was recorded 4, 8, 20, 24, and 48 h after operation. The amount of morphine used after operation, PCA button pressing times (effective/active), side effects, and vital signs including pulse, saturation of blood oxygen, respiratory rate, heart rate, and average arterial pressure were recorded. Central venous blood samples were collected when entering the operation room (T0), by the end of operation (T1), and 6 h (T2), 24 h (T3), and 48 h (T4) after operation respectively to examine the beta-endorphin level.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the period 4-48 h after operation the VAS scores of the group mk were significantly lower than those of the group m in activity state (all P<0.05) and were not significantly different those of the group m at resting state (all P>0.05). The total amount of morphine consumed and the actual PCA button pressing times were significantly less in the group mk than in the group m (both P<0.05). The incidence rates of nausea, vomiting, and pruritus of the group mk were all significantly lower than those of the group m (all P<0.05). There were not significant differences in the incidence rates of dreaming and pseudoesthesia between these 2 groups. All the vital signs were stable in the 2 groups. The plasma beta-EP levels at the time point T1 of these 2 groups were both significantly higher than those at T0 (both P<0.05). The plasma beta-endorphin levels at T2-4 of the group mk decreased gradually from the level at T1 to the level at T0, and the plasma beta-endorphin levels of the group m rapidly decreased from the level at T0 to the T0 level and remained at this level to the 48 h after operation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination of small dose of ketamine with morphine provides optimal analgesia with low side-effect rate and little effect on the plasma beta-EP level.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Third People's Hospital of Wenzhou, Wenzhou 325000, China.
authors: Yan-qin
authors: YQ
authors: Wu
authors: He
authors: H
authors: Li
authors: Jun-cheng
authors: JC
authors: Xiong
authors: Zong-mei
authors: ZM
authors: Xu
authors: Li-yang
authors: LY
authors: Ma
authors: Xian-ming
authors: XM
authors: Huang
authors: De-ting
authors: DT
authors: Zhang
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Feng
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007649:Ketamine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D001615:beta-Endorphin / Q000097:blood*
chemical_list: D001615:beta-Endorphin; D007649:Ketamine; D009020:Morphine