title: The association between the serum sodium level and the severity of complications in liver cirrhosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Dilutional hyponatremia associated with liver cirrhosis is caused by impaired free water clearance. Several studies have shown that serum sodium levels correlate with survival in cirrhotic patients. Little is known, however, regarding the relationship between the degree of dilutional hyponatremia and development of cirrhotic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the serum sodium level and the severity of complications in liver cirrhosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data of inpatients with cirrhotic complications were collected retrospectively. The serum sodium levels and severity of complications of 188 inpatients were analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of dilutional hyponatremia, classified as serum sodium concentrations of <or=135 mmol/L, <or=130 mmol/L, and <or=125 mmol/L, were 20.8%, 14.9%, and 12.2%, respectively. The serum sodium level was strongly associated with the severity of liver function impairment as assessed by Child-Pugh and MELD scores (p<0.0001). Even a mild hyponatremia with a serum sodium concentration of 131-135 mmol/L was associated with severe complications. Sodium levels less than 130 mmol/L indicated the existence of massive ascites (OR, 2.685; CI, 1.316-5.477; p=0.007), grade III or higher hepatic encephalopathy (OR, 5.891; CI, 1.490-23.300; p=0.011), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (OR, 2.562; CI, 1.162-5.653; p=0.020), and hepatic hydrothorax (OR, 5.723; CI, 1.889-17.336; p=0.002).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hyponatremia, especially serum levels <or=130 mmol/L, may indicate the existence of severe complications associated with liver cirrhosis.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Ilsan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seo-gu, Goyang, Korea.
authors: Jong Hoon
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: June Sung
authors: JS
authors: Lee
authors: Seuk Hyun
authors: SH
authors: Lee
authors: Won Ki
authors: WK
authors: Bae
authors: Nam-Hoon
authors: NH
authors: Kim
authors: Kyung-Ah
authors: KA
authors: Kim
authors: Young-Soo
authors: YS
authors: Moon
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001201:Ascites / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006876:Hydrothorax / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology* / Q000401:mortality; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications* / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology; D008111:Liver Function Tests; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010538:Peritonitis / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012964:Sodium / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D012964:Sodium