title: Evolution of sonographic appearance of the thyroid gland in children with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although thyroid ultrasound is a valuable tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), classical sonographic findings are not always present.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To calculate the time needed for children with HT and normal ultrasound at diagnosis to develop characteristic sonographic findings.
  
  
  METHODS
  105 children (23 male and 82 female) with HT (mean age 9.4 +/- 2.9 years) were studied. Physical examination and measurements of TSH and fT4 levels were performed at diagnosis, at 3-month intervals for the first year, and twice yearly thereafter. Thyroid ultrasound was performed at diagnosis and twice yearly thereafter. The median follow-up duration was 18 months (range: 6-61 months).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The time needed for 30%, 50%, and 70% of children to demonstrate an abnormal thyroid sonographic pattern was 4, 7, and 14 months, respectively. Important factors accelerating sonographic changes were goiter (p = 0.023), hypothyroidism (p = 0.0255), and seropositivity for both thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) and thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) autoantibodies (p = 0.0005).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sonographic findings of HT are present in 37% of children at diagnosis. Fifty percent of children with normal initial thyroid US will develop changes within 7 months; however, characteristic findings may not develop for over 4 years.
authors: Department of Growth and Development, Children's Hospital P. & A. Kyriakou, Athens, Greece. elpis.vl@gmail.com
authors: Elpis
authors: E
authors: Vlachopapadopoulou
authors: Dimitrios
authors: D
authors: Thomas
authors: Feneli
authors: F
authors: Karachaliou
authors: Fotini
authors: F
authors: Chatzimarkou
authors: Lia
authors: L
authors: Memalai
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Vakaki
authors: Philippos
authors: P
authors: Kaldrymides
authors: Stefanos
authors: S
authors: Michalacos
mesh_terms: D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood; D002648:Child; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D050031:Hashimoto Disease / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase / Q000276:immunology; D008297:Male; D013954:Thyroglobulin / Q000276:immunology; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013967:Thyroiditis, Autoimmune / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001323:Autoantibodies; D013972:Thyrotropin; D013954:Thyroglobulin; D007453:Iodide Peroxidase; D013974:Thyroxine