title: Chromosomal antioxidant genes have metal ion-specific roles as determinants of bacterial metal tolerance.
abstract: Microbiological metal toxicity involves redox reactions between metal species and cellular molecules, and therefore, we hypothesized that antioxidant systems might be chromosomal determinants affecting the susceptibility of bacteria to metal toxicity. Here, survival was quantified in metal ion-exposed planktonic cultures of several Escherichia coli strains, each bearing a mutation in a gene important for redox homeostasis. This characterized approximately 250 gene-metal combinations and identified that sodA, sodB, gor, trxA, gshA, grxA and marR have distinct roles in safeguarding or sensitizing cells to different toxic metal ions (Cr(2)O(7)(2-), Co(2+), Cu(2+), Ag(+), Zn(2+), AsO(2)(-), SeO(3)(2-) or TeO(3)(2-)). To shed light on these observations, fluorescent sensors for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced thiol (RSH) quantification were used to ascertain that different metal ions exert oxidative toxicity through disparate modes-of-action. These oxidative mechanisms of metal toxicity were categorized as involving ROS and thiol-disulfide chemistry together (AsO(2)(-), SeO(3)(2-)), ROS predominantly (Cu(2+), Cr(2)O(7)(2-)) or thiol-disulfide chemistry predominantly (Ag(+), Co(2+), Zn(2+), TeO(3)(2-)). Corresponding to this, promoter-luxCDABE fusions showed that toxic doses of different metal ions up- or downregulate the transcription of gene sets marking distinct pathways of cellular oxidative stress. Altogether, our findings suggest that different metal ions are lethal to cells through discrete pathways of oxidative biochemistry, and moreover, indicate that chromosomally encoded antioxidant systems may have metal ion-specific physiological roles as determinants of bacterial metal tolerance.
authors: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, N. W. Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
authors: Joe J
authors: JJ
authors: Harrison
authors: Valentina
authors: V
authors: Tremaroli
authors: Michelle A
authors: MA
authors: Stan
authors: Catherine S
authors: CS
authors: Chan
authors: Caterina
authors: C
authors: Vacchi-Suzzi
authors: Belinda J
authors: BJ
authors: Heyne
authors: Matthew R
authors: MR
authors: Parsek
authors: Howard
authors: H
authors: Ceri
authors: Raymond J
authors: RJ
authors: Turner
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics*; D000838:Anions / Q000737:chemistry; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000378:metabolism; D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D002412:Cations / Q000737:chemistry; D002876:Chromosomes, Bacterial / Q000235:genetics*; D004926:Escherichia coli / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D005798:Genes, Bacterial; D008670:Metals / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D010084:Oxidation-Reduction; D012097:Repressor Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013879:Thioredoxins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000838:Anions; D000975:Antioxidants; D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D002412:Cations; D029968:Escherichia coli Proteins; C080004:MarR protein, E coli; D008670:Metals; D012097:Repressor Proteins; C517609:TrxA protein, E coli; D013879:Thioredoxins; C095500:SodA protein, Bacteria; C087504:SodB protein, Bacteria; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase