title: Contribution of copy number variation in the regulation of complement activation locus to development of age-related macular degeneration.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To develop an assay for determining the number of copies of the genes encoding complement factor H related 3 (CFHR3) and 1 (CFHR1) and determine the contribution of copy number variation (CNV) at CFHR3 and CFHR1 to the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was developed to quantify the number of copies of CFHR3 and CFHR1 in humans. Subjects with (n = 252) and without (n = 249) AMD were genotyped using the assay, and the impact on AMD risk was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The MLPA assay provided a consistent estimate of the number of copies of CFHR3 and CFHR1 in 500 of the 501 samples. Four different combinations of CNVs were observed with frequencies as follows: both CFHR3 and CFHR1 deletion (14%), CFHR3-only deletion (0.4%), CFHR1-only deletion (1.1%), and CFHR1 duplication (0.1%). Deletion of both copies of CFHR3 and CFHR1 decreased the odds of having AMD eightfold (95% CI 2-36) and always occurred on a protective haplotype, never on the risk haplotype tagged by the Y402H risk allele in CFH. The protection conferred by deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 could not be distinguished from the absence of the risk haplotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both deletions and duplications of genes in the regulation of complement activation locus segregated in Caucasians. Deletion of CFHR3 and CFHR1 protected against the development of AMD at least in part because the deletion tagged a protective haplotype and did not occur on the risk haplotype.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
authors: Katharina E
authors: KE
authors: Schmid-Kubista
authors: Nirubol
authors: N
authors: Tosakulwong
authors: Yanhong
authors: Y
authors: Wu
authors: Euijung
authors: E
authors: Ryu
authors: Laura A
authors: LA
authors: Hecker
authors: Keith H
authors: KH
authors: Baratz
authors: William L
authors: WL
authors: Brown
authors: Albert O
authors: AO
authors: Edwards
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001798:Blood Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D003180:Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D017353:Gene Deletion; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000235:genetics*; D008297:Male; D021141:Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques / Q000379:methods; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D001798:Blood Proteins; C517621:CFHR1 protein, human; C105970:CFHR3 protein, human; D003180:Complement C3b Inactivator Proteins