title: Racial and geographic disparities in the use of parenteral nutrition among inflammatory bowel disease inpatients diagnosed with malnutrition in the United States.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Racial disparities have been described in the use of a diverse spectrum of surgical procedures. The objectives of this study are to determine whether disparities also exist for the use of parenteral nutrition (PN) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
  
  
  METHODS
  The U.S. Nationwide Inpatient Sample between 1998 and 2003 is analyzed to determine PN use among IBD inpatients diagnosed with protein-calorie malnutrition and assess whether use patterns differ by race and geographical region.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The proportion of African American IBD admissions with protein-calorie malnutrition who receive PN is significantly lower than that in whites (19.9% vs 28.1%, P = .001), whereas there is no difference between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. After adjustment for gender, comorbidity, health insurance status, geographic region, and median neighborhood income, African Americans remain less likely than whites to receive PN (odds ratio [OR] 0.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50-0.89), whereas the difference between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites is marginally significant (OR 0.65; 95% CI, 0.41-1.04). PN use varies geographically, with highest rates in the Northeast (44.3%) and lowest in the Midwest (17.3%). Uninsured patients are less than half as likely to receive PN as those with insurance (OR 0.46; 95% CI, 0.31-0.69). Compared with whites, Hispanics experience a longer time interval between admission and initiation of PN (3.5 vs 4.8 days, P = .02) and have higher rates of catheter-related complications (5.1% vs 12.2%, P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among IBD inpatients with clinically diagnosable malnutrition, PN use is lower among African Americans compared with whites. The underlying mechanisms of these racial variations merit further investigation.
authors: Mount Sinai Hospital IBD Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. gnguyen@mtsinai.on.ca
authors: Geoffrey C
authors: GC
authors: Nguyen
authors: Melissa
authors: M
authors: Munsell
authors: Steven R
authors: SR
authors: Brant
authors: Thomas A
authors: TA
authors: LaVeist
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D044383:Black People; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D044469:Racial Groups; D012040:Regional Health Planning; D012737:Sex Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D044465:White People; D001741:Black or African American