title: The femoral insertions of the anteromedial and posterolateral bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament: a radiographic evaluation.
abstract: The aim of this radiographic study was to visualize the femoral insertion sites of the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) on lateral radiographs in different angles of knee flexion to gain better understanding for arthroscopic femoral tunnel placement in ACL double bundle reconstruction. Four fresh cadaveric knees with an intact ACL were dissected to isolate the AM and PL bundle of the ACL. We obtained lateral radiographs of each knee over the range of 0 degrees -90 degrees flexion in 30 degrees increments after painting the bundles with a radiopaque tantalum powder. The center of the radiographically marked femoral insertion was defined for each bundle on the lateral roentgenogram. We analyzed the relationship of knee flexion and the projection of the relative position of the femoral insertion sites of both bundles of the ACL on the lateral roentgenogram. The centre of the PL bundle visualized more anterior and distal than the centre of the AM bundle with the knee held in 90 degrees flexion. The centers of the AM and PL bundle were horizontally aligned when the knee was flexed over 90 degrees . The resulting images allow a radiographic description of the femoral insertion sites of both bundles in different angles of knee flexion. It is essential to be aware of the degree of knee flexion when drilling the femoral tunnels.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. hanno.steckel@gmail.com
authors: Hanno
authors: H
authors: Steckel
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Musahl
authors: Freddie H
authors: FH
authors: Fu
mesh_terms: D016118:Anterior Cruciate Ligament / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D007719:Knee Joint / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011859:Radiography; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular