Ramelteon: a review of its therapeutic potential in sleep disorders.
Ramelteon is a tricyclic synthetic analog of melatonin that acts specifically on MT(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. Ramelteon's half-life is longer than that of melatonin, being metabolized in the body to four main metabolites, M-I, M-II, M-III, and M-IV. M-II has an affinity to MT(1) and MT(2) of about one-tenth of the parent compound, but its concentration in the circulation exceeds that of ramelteon by more than an order of magnitude. Ramelteon is effective in decreasing latency to persistent sleep and increasing total sleep time in freely moving monkeys. A number of clinical studies have been undertaken to study the efficacy of ramelteon in subjects with chronic insomnia. In almost all of these studies, ramelteon, in various doses of 4, 8, or 16 mg most commonly, significantly reduced sleep latency and increased sleep duration. Its primary action in sleep promotion is not a generalized gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)-ergic central nervous system depression, but rather it acts as a melatonergic agonist in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (and at other central nervous system sites), from where downstream processes, including GABA-ergic effects, are controlled via the hypothalamic sleep switch. Unlike other commonly prescribed hypnotic drugs, ramelteon is not associated with next morning hangover effects or reductions in alertness, nor has it been shown to cause withdrawal symptoms. The adverse symptoms reported with ramelteon are mild. All long-term investigations that have been carried out support the conclusion that ramelteon is a well tolerated and effective drug for the treatment of insomnia.
Pandi-Perumal
Seithikurippu R
SR
Somnogen Inc, 8790 112th Street, Richmond Hill, New York, NY 11418-2317, USA. sleepresearch@gmail.com
Srinivasan
Venkatramanujam
V
Spence
D Warren
DW
Moscovitch
Adam
A
Hardeland
Rüdiger
R
Brown
Gregory M
GM
Cardinali
Daniel P
DP
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007192:Indenes / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000493:pharmacokinetics / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008550:Melatonin / Q000502:physiology; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy*
D007192:Indenes; C495910:ramelteon; D008550:Melatonin