title: The three-dimensional anatomy of proximal humeral fractures.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) reconstructions have the potential to convey the anatomy of proximal humeral fractures more realistically than do standard 2D images.
  
  
  METHODS
  Proximal humeral fractures in 248 adult patients were examined prospectively using 3D CT reconstructions. To our knowledge, this represents the largest reported series of such fractures examined by this method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 248 fractures examined by a 3D classification system, 14% were of the 2 Part type, 36% were 3 Part, 21% were Shield fractures, 13% were isolated tuberosity injuries, and 16% were fracture dislocations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study led to a modification of the Neer classification system. The frequency of each type of injury in this new classification is presented and a technique for viewing 3D images is suggested which maximizes their usefulness.
  
  
  METHODS
  Level 2; Clinical, observational, and prospective.
authors: Orthopedic Department, Poriya Government Hospital, Tiberias, Israel. edelson@bezeqint.net
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Edelson
authors: Husam
authors: H
authors: Saffuri
authors: Elias
authors: E
authors: Obid
authors: Fina
authors: F
authors: Vigder
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012784:Shoulder Fractures / Q000145:classification* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods