Psychosocial risk factors as contributors to pregnancy-associated death in Virginia, 1999-2001.
OBJECTIVE
To determine if substance abuse, mental illness, and domestic violence contributed to preventable pregnancy-associated death and to describe characteristics of women for whom these factors contributed to death.


METHODS
The medical records of 121 women who had pregnancy-associated deaths in Virginia between 1999 and 2001 were reviewed. The incidence of substance abuse, mental illness, and domestic violence was noted during systematic review. Multidisciplinary review of cases was conducted to determine if these factors contributed to death and if reasonable changes may have prevented death.


RESULTS
The pregnancy-associated maternal mortality ratio for women experiencing substance abuse, mental illness, or domestic violence as contributors to death was 17.1. Thus, for every 100,000 live births in Virginia, 17.1 women had at least one of these factors directly contribute to death. Substance abuse contributed to death in 28.9% of all cases reviewed (pregnancy-associated maternal mortality ratio = 12.2); 45.7% of those deaths were considered preventable. Mental illness contributed to death in 16.5% of cases (pregnancy-associated maternal mortality ratio = 6.9), with 50.0% considered preventable. Domestic violence contributed to death in 14.0% of cases (pregnancy-associated maternal mortality ratio = 5.9), with 64.7% of cases considered preventable. Median household incomes and years of education completed varied widely. Pregnancy-associated maternal mortality ratios for each factor were higher among African American women than among white women.


CONCLUSIONS
Psychosocial risk assessment with appropriate referral should be completed for all women seeking care regardless of social status, education, or race.
Kavanaugh
Victoria M
VM
Virginia Department of Health, Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, Richmond, Virginia 23219, USA. Victoria.kavanaugh@vdh.virginia.gov
Fierro
Marcella F
MF
Suttle
David E
DE
Heyl
Peter S
PS
Bendheim
Stephen H
SH
Powell
Virginia
V
D000328:Adult; D002423:Cause of Death; D017579:Domestic Violence; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011159:Population Surveillance; D011247:Pregnancy; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000401:mortality*; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000150:complications*; D014768:Virginia / Q000453:epidemiology