title: The esophageal effects of cryoenergy during cryoablation for atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cryoenergy is being increasingly used for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, but the thermal effect of cryoenergy on the esophagus remains undefined.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This study examines the esophageal effects of cryoenergy used during AF ablation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Catheter ablation was performed using a cryoballoon catheter in 67 AF patients (Cryoballoon group), and a spot cryocatheter to complete irrigated radiofrequency lesion sets at segments in close proximity to the esophagus in 7 AF patients (Cryo-Focal group). A temperature probe monitored the luminal esophageal temperature (LET) in all patients; LET changes did not guide therapy. Post-procedural endoscopy was performed on 35 of 67 (52%) Cryoballoon and all Cryo-Focal patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant LET decreases (>1 degrees C) occurred in 62 of 67 (93%) Cryoballoon patients. LET continued to decrease after termination of cryoablation before recovering to normal. Temperature decreases were more pronounced during ablation at the inferior (3.1 degrees C) than superior pulmonary veins (1.5 degrees C); the lowest observed temperature was 0 degrees C. Post-procedural endoscopy showed esophageal ulcerations in 6 of 35 (17%) patients. There were no atrial-esophageal fistulas, and all ulcers had healed on follow-up endoscopy. Patients with and without ulceration differed with respect to mean LET nadir, cumulative LET decrease, and number of LETs <30 degrees C. In the Cryo-Focal group, 6 +/- 2 spot cryolesions per patient resulted in 1.3 +/- 1 LET decreases per patient, and an absolute nadir of 32.5 degrees C.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cryoballoon ablation can cause significant LET decreases, resulting in reversible esophageal ulcerations in 17% of patients. No ulcerations occurred with adjunctive spot cryoablation at regions near the esophagus during radiofrequency ablation procedures.
authors: Cardiac Arrhythmia Services of the University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA.
authors: Humera
authors: H
authors: Ahmed
authors: Petr
authors: P
authors: Neuzil
authors: Andre
authors: A
authors: d'Avila
authors: Yong-Mei
authors: YM
authors: Cha
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Laragy
authors: Karel
authors: K
authors: Mares
authors: William R
authors: WR
authors: Brugge
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Forcione
authors: Jeremy N
authors: JN
authors: Ruskin
authors: Douglas L
authors: DL
authors: Packer
authors: Vivek Y
authors: VY
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy*; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004935:Esophageal Diseases / Q000209:etiology*; D004947:Esophagus / Q000293:injuries*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014456:Ulcer / Q000209:etiology*