title: Mechanism of PDK1-catalyzed Thr-229 phosphorylation of the S6K1 protein kinase.
abstract: PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1) catalyzes phosphorylation of Thr-229 in the T-loop of S6K1 alpha II (the 70-kDa 40 S ribosomal protein S6 kinase-1 alpha II isoform), and Thr-229 phosphorylation is synergistic with C-terminal Thr-389 phosphorylation to activate S6K1 alpha II regulatory functions in protein translation preinitiation complexes. Unlike its common AGC kinase subfamily member S6K1 alpha II, PDK1 does not contain the synergistic C-terminal phosphorylation site, and it has been proposed that phosphorylated Thr-389 in S6K1 alpha II may initially serve to trans-activate PDK1-catalyzed Thr-229 phosphorylation. Herein, we report direct binding and kinetic studies that showed PDK1 to exhibit nearly equal binding affinities and steady-state kinetic turnover numbers toward native (K(d)(S6K1) = 1.2 microm and k(cat) = 1.1 s(-1)) and the phosphomimicking T389E mutant S6K1 alpha II (K(d)(S6K1) = 1.5 microm and k(cat) = 1.2 s(-1)), although approximately 2-fold enhanced specificity was displayed for the T389E mutant (k(cat)/K(m)(S6K1) = 0.08 microm(-1) s(-1) compared with 0.04 microm(-1) s(-1)). Considering that transient kinetic binding studies showed all nucleotide and S6K1 alpha II substrates and products to rapidly associate with PDK1 (k(on) = 1-6 mum(-1) s(-1)), it was concluded that positioning a negative charge at residue Thr-389 reduced approximately 2-fold the occurrence of nonproductive binding events that precede formation of a reactive ternary complex for Thr-229 phosphorylation. In addition, steady-state kinetic data were most simply accommodated by an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism with competitive substrate inhibition, where (i) the initially formed PDK1-ATP complex phosphorylates the nucleotide-free form of the S6K1 alpha II kinase and (ii) initial binding of S6K1 alpha II precludes ATP binding to PDK1.
authors: Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA.
authors: Malik M
authors: MM
authors: Keshwani
authors: Xinxin
authors: X
authors: Gao
authors: Thomas K
authors: TK
authors: Harris
mesh_terms: D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004330:Drosophila; D007700:Kinetics; D008954:Models, Biological; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013912:Threonine / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D013912:Threonine; D064413:3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinases; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D019893:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases