title: MRI-guided cryoablation: In vivo assessment of focal canine prostate cryolesions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyze the appearance of acute and chronic canine prostate cryolesions on T1-weighted (T1w) and T2-weighted (T2w) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compare them with contrast-enhanced (CE) MRI and histology for a variety of freezing protocols.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three different freezing protocols were used in canine prostate cryoablation experiments. Six acute and seven chronic (survival times ranging between 4-53 days) experiments were performed. The change in T2w signal intensity was correlated with freezing protocol parameters. The lesion area on T2w MRI was compared to CE-MRI. Histopathologic evaluation of the cryolesions was performed and visually compared to the appearance on MRI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The T2w signal increased from pre- to postfreeze at the site of the cryolesion, and the enhancement was higher for smaller freeze area and duration. The T2w lesion area was between the CE nonperfused area and the hyperenhancing CE rim. The appearance of the lesion on T1w and T2w imaging over time correlated with outcome on pathology.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  T1w and T2w MRI can potentially be used to assess cryolesions and to monitor tissue response over time following cryoablation.
authors: Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. sjosan@stanford.edu
authors: Sonal
authors: S
authors: Josan
authors: Donna M
authors: DM
authors: Bouley
authors: Maurice
authors: M
authors: van den Bosch
authors: Bruce L
authors: BL
authors: Daniel
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Butts Pauly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002056:Burns / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003452:Cryosurgery / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D004285:Dogs; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011467:Prostate / Q000293:injuries* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery / Q000648:ultrastructure; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D003287:Contrast Media