title: DNA repair in TUNEL-positive atrial cardiomyocytes of mitral and tricuspid valve diseases: potential mechanism for preserving cardiomyocytes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The reported presence of DNA breaks, based on a positive reaction to the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP in situ nick end-labelling (TUNEL) assay, in fibrillating human right atria of cardiac valve disease may suggest apoptotic myocyte death. However, TUNEL positivity may reflect conditions other than cell death.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study comprised 27 adult patients (14 patients with persistent atrial fibrillation and 13 in sinus rhythm) with significant mitral and tricuspid valve diseases. Atrial tissues were obtained during surgery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Immunohistochemical study demonstrated that 31.1±12.2% of the myocytes had TUNEL-positive nuclei in the fibrillating right atria whereas 37.4±23.2% of the myocytes had TUNEL-positive nuclei in the right atrial myocardium in sinus rhythm (p=0.505). However, most nuclei of TUNEL-positive myocytes in the right atria also expressed proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an indicator of DNA replication and repair but never Ki-67, a replication-associated antigen (TUNEL(+)/PCNA(+) vs. TUNEL(+)/PCNA(-), 30.5±10.8% vs. 1.2±1.5%, p=0.005, in the atrial fibrillation group and 32.8±18.6% vs. 4.6±8.1%, p=0.003, in the sinus group), suggesting that most TUNEL-positive myocytes were undergoing DNA repair. In addition, the incidence of TUNEL-positive myocytes significantly and positively correlated with the incidence of PCNA-positive myocytes (r=0.5, p<0.03 in the right atria; r=0.661, p<0.04 in the left atria).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cell death by apoptosis occurs in a small percentage of atrial cardiomyocytes in mitral and tricuspid valve diseases and DNA repair is more important and preserves the cardiomyocytes.
authors: Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, and Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan, ROC.
authors: Jen-Ping
authors: JP
authors: Chang
authors: Mien-Cheng
authors: MC
authors: Chen
authors: Wan-Ying
authors: WY
authors: Lin
authors: Wen-Hao
authors: WH
authors: Liu
authors: Chien-Jen
authors: CJ
authors: Chen
authors: Yung-Lung
authors: YL
authors: Chen
authors: Kuo-Li
authors: KL
authors: Pan
authors: Tzu-Hsien
authors: TH
authors: Tsai
authors: Hsueh-Wen
authors: HW
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000235:genetics; D004260:DNA Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006349:Heart Valve Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008943:Mitral Valve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology*; D014261:Tricuspid Valve / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D055815:Young Adult