title: Development and perceptual evaluation of amplitude-based F0 control in electrolarynx speech.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current electrolarynx (EL) devices produce a mechanical speech quality that has been largely attributed to the lack of natural fundamental frequency (F0) variation. In order to improve the quality of EL speech, in the present study the authors aimed to develop and evaluate an automatic F0 control scheme, in which F0 was modulated based on variations in the root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude of the EL speech signal.
  
  
  METHODS
  Recordings of declarative sentences produced by 2 male participants before and after total laryngectomy were used to develop procedures for calculating F0 contours for EL speech. Specifically, the positive linear relationship between F0 and RMS amplitude observed in pre-laryngectomy speech was used as the basis for generating an F0 contour based on the amplitude variation of EL speech. An analysis-by-synthesis approach was used to modify the F0 contour, and a perceptual experiment was conducted to examine its impact on the quality of the EL speech.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The results of perceptual experiments showed that modulating the F0 of EL speech using a linear relationship between amplitude and frequency made it significantly more natural sounding than EL speech with constant F0.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The current study provides preliminary support for amplitude-based control of F0 in EL speech.
authors: Massachusetts General Hospital Voice Center, Boston, MA, USA.
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Saikachi
authors: Kenneth N
authors: KN
authors: Stevens
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: Hillman
mesh_terms: D001299:Audiometry; D002138:Calibration; D004867:Equipment Design; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D007831:Larynx, Artificial; D008297:Male; D010700:Phonetics; D013065:Speech Intelligibility; D013067:Speech Perception; D013071:Speech, Alaryngeal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*