title: Association of interleukin-6 signalling with the muscle stem cell response following muscle-lengthening contractions in humans.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The regulation of muscle stem cells in humans in response to muscle injury remains largely undefined. Recently, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has been implicated in muscle stem cell (satellite cell)-mediated muscle hypertrophy in animals; however, the role of IL-6 in the satellite cell (SC) response following muscle-lengthening contractions in humans has not been studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eight subjects (age 22+/-1 y; 79+/-8 kg) performed 300 maximal unilateral lengthening contractions (3.14 rad.s(-1)) of the knee extensors. Blood and muscle samples were collected before and at 4, 24, 72, and 120 hours post intervention. IL-6, IL-6 receptor, IL-6R(alpha), cyclin D1, suppressor of cytokine signling-3 (SOCS3) mRNA were measured using quantitative RT-PCR and serum IL-6 protein was measured using an ELISA kit. JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylated and total protein was measured using western blotting techniques. Immunohistochemical analysis of muscle cross-sections was performed for the quantification of SCs (Pax7(+) cells) as well as the expression of phosphorylated STAT3, IL-6, IL-6R(alpha), and PCNA across all time-points. The SC response, as defined by an amplification of Pax7(+) cells, was rapid, increasing by 24 h and peaking 72 h following the intervention. Muscle IL-6 mRNA increased following the intervention, which correlated strongly (R(2) = 0.89, p<0.002) with an increase in serum IL-6 concentration. SC IL-6R(alpha) protein was expressed on the fiber, but was also localized to the SC, and IL-6(+) SC increased rapidly following muscle-lengthening contractions and returned to basal levels by 72 h post-intervention, demonstrating an acute temporal expression of IL-6 with SC. Phosphorylated STAT3 was evident in SCs 4 h after lengthening contraction, and the downstream genes, cyclin D1 and SOCS3 were significantly elevated 24 hours after the intervention.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The increased expression of STAT3 responsive genes and expression of IL-6 within SCs demonstrate that IL-6/STAT3 signaling occurred in SCs, correlating with an increase in SC proliferation, evidenced by increased Pax7(+)/PCNA(+) cell number in the early stages of the time-course. Collectively, these data illustrate that IL-6 is an important signaling molecule associated with the SC response to acute muscle-lengthening contractions in humans.
authors: Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Bryon R
authors: BR
authors: McKay
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: De Lisio
authors: Adam P W
authors: AP
authors: Johnston
authors: Ciara E
authors: CE
authors: O'Reilly
authors: Stuart M
authors: SM
authors: Phillips
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Tarnopolsky
authors: Gianni
authors: G
authors: Parise
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism*; D053614:Janus Kinase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000502:physiology*; D009929:Organ Size / Q000502:physiology*; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D032496:Satellite Cells, Skeletal Muscle / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; D053614:Janus Kinase 2