title: Omitting breakfast and lunch after injection of different long-acting insulin preparations at bedtime: a prospective study in patients with type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this prospective trial was to compare the effect of different long-acting insulin preparations injected at bedtime on glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes omitting breakfast and lunch the next day.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty patients (ten women) with type 2 diabetes who were on an intensified insulin therapy participated. Mean (+/-SD) age was 63 +/- 10 years, diabetes duration 18 +/- 9 years, BMI 32.5 +/- 5 kg/m(2), and HbA(1c) 7.3 +/- 0.7%. Patients received neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin, insulin detemir or insulin glargine for at least 2 months; doses were adjusted to achieve morning blood glucose levels of <7 mmol/l. At the end of the respective treatment period, the long-acting insulin was injected at bedtime (at 22:45 hours) as usual but patients refrained from breakfast and lunch the next day; glucose was measured by a continuous glucose monitoring system (CGMS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Comparable glucose target ranges were reached at midnight (5.8 to 6.1 mmol/l) and at 07:00 hours (6.7 to 6.9 mmol/l) with all three insulin preparations, using mean doses of 29 +/- 10 U (NPH insulin), 33 +/- 13 U (insulin detemir), and 32 +/- 12 U (insulin glargine). Glucose levels between midnight and 07:00 hours were not significantly different for the three insulin preparations. Symptomatic hypoglycaemia did not occur from 08:00 to 16:00 hours; glucose concentrations during this time were slightly lower with NPH insulin than with insulin detemir (p = 0.012) and insulin glargine (p = 0.049).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Following bedtime injection of NPH insulin or of the analogues insulin detemir or insulin glargine, fasting glucose <7 mmol/l was achieved in the morning, without subsequent hypoglycaemia when participants continued to fast during the day.
authors: Medizinische Klinik, Endokrinologie und Diabetologie, Kantonsspital Frauenfeld, 8500, Frauenfeld, Switzerland. peter.wiesli@stgag.ch
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Wiesli
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Krayenbühl
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Uthoff
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Seifert
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Schmid
mesh_terms: D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002096:C-Peptide / Q000097:blood; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005215:Fasting / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007336:Insulin, Isophane / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002096:C-Peptide; D003404:Creatinine; D006442:Glycated Hemoglobin; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007336:Insulin, Isophane; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting