title: Severe facial rubber bullet injuries: less lethal but extremely harmful weapons.
abstract: Less-lethal rubber-bullet weapons are designed to induce blunt injuries that incapacitate violent individuals.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We intend to study the functional and aesthetic impairments and the cost in terms of social health resulting from rubber-bullet facial trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  We retrospectively collected all the facial trauma cases caused by mass-appeal, less-lethal guns followed up in two French university hospitals since the year 2000. We did not consider the facial injuries caused by professional, less-lethal, rubber or plastic bullet guns.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We showed that mass-appeal, less-lethal rubber-bullet guns induce severe traumas with irreversible functional consequences and long-term social implications. Victims of facial rubber-bullet traumas should be managed like high-energy trauma patients and benefit from extremely careful primary wound care.
authors: Service de Chirurgie Maxillofaciale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Nantes, France. bwv_1029@yahoo.fr
authors: Roman Hossein
authors: RH
authors: Khonsari
authors: Gilles
authors: G
authors: Fleuridas
authors: Ludovic
authors: L
authors: Arzul
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Lefèvre
authors: Clémentine
authors: C
authors: Vincent
authors: Chloé
authors: C
authors: Bertolus
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005389:Firearms / Q000145:classification / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D005602:France; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods; D012086:Reoperation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012408:Rubber; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014946:Wound Infection / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications / Q000601:surgery*
chemical_list: D012408:Rubber