title: Angiographically negative acute arterial upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: incidence, predictive factors, and clinical outcomes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the incidence, predictive factors, and clinical outcomes of angiographically negative acute arterial upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 2001 to 2008, 143 consecutive patients who underwent an angiography for acute arterial upper or lower GI bleeding were examined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The angiographies revealed a negative bleeding focus in 75 of 143 (52%) patients. The incidence of an angiographically negative outcome was significantly higher in patients with a stable hemodynamic status (p < 0.001), or in patients with lower GI bleeding (p = 0.032). A follow-up of the 75 patients (range: 0-72 months, mean: 8 +/- 14 months) revealed that 60 of the 75 (80%) patients with a negative bleeding focus underwent conservative management only, and acute bleeding was controlled without rebleeding. Three of the 75 (4%) patients underwent exploratory surgery due to prolonged bleeding; however, no bleeding focus was detected. Rebleeding occurred in 12 of 75 (16%) patients. Of these, six patients experienced massive rebleeding and died of disseminated intravascular coagulation within four to nine hours after the rebleeding episode. Four of the 16 patients underwent a repeat angiography and the two remaining patients underwent a surgical intervention to control the bleeding.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Angiographically negative results are relatively common in patients with acute GI bleeding, especially in patients with a stable hemodynamic status or lower GI bleeding. Most patients with a negative bleeding focus have experienced spontaneous resolution of their condition.
authors: Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors: Jin Hyoung
authors: JH
authors: Kim
authors: Ji Hoon
authors: JH
authors: Shin
authors: Hyun-Ki
authors: HK
authors: Yoon
authors: Eun Young
authors: EY
authors: Chae
authors: Seung-Jae
authors: SJ
authors: Myung
authors: Gi-Young
authors: GY
authors: Ko
authors: Dong Il
authors: DI
authors: Gwon
authors: Kyu-Bo
authors: KB
authors: Sung
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000792:Angiography; D001158:Arteries; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000209:etiology; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D005260:Female; D006471:Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012008:Recurrence