title: Copper-induced regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is associated with enhanced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 signalling pathway.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been well documented to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation; however, we have observed that copper (Cu)-induced regression of heart hypertrophy was VEGF-dependent. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that Cu causes alterations in the distribution of VEGF receptors (VEGFRs) in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes so that it switches the signalling pathway from stimulation of cell growth to reversal of cell hypertrophy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed to phenylephrine (PE) at a final concentration of 100 microM in cultures for 48 h to induce cell hypertrophy. The hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were exposed to copper sulfate at a final concentration of 5 microM in cultures for 24 h with a concomitant presence of PE. Flow cytometry, gene silencing, and ELISA procedures were used to analyse the changes in VEGFRs and their relationship with regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cu did not change the concentration of VEGF in culture media, but increased the ratio of VEGFR-1 to VEGFR-2 two-fold. Gene silencing of VEGFR-2, in the absence of Cu addition, reversed PE-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which was suppressed by an anti-VEGF antibody. Gene silencing of VEGFR-1 blocked Cu-induced regression of cell hypertrophy and decreased the activity of cGMP-dependent protein kinase-1 (PKG-1). A PKG-1 antagonist, Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS, blocked both Cu- and VEGFR-2 gene silencing-induced regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced VEGFR-1 signalling is involved in Cu regression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and the PKG-1 pathway is likely associated with VEGFR-1.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Katherine
authors: K
authors: Bourcy
authors: Y James
authors: YJ
authors: Kang
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006332:Cardiomegaly / Q000188:drug therapy*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003300:Copper / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000502:physiology; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000737:chemistry / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000473:pathology; D010656:Phenylephrine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D010656:Phenylephrine; D003300:Copper; D040281:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1; D040301:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2; D062965:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Type I; D017869:Cyclic GMP-Dependent Protein Kinases