title: A new concept for reduction of diffuse contamination by simultaneous application of pesticide and pesticide-degrading microorganisms.
abstract: Pesticide residues and their transformation products are frequently found in groundwater and surface waters. This study examined whether adding pesticide-degrading microorganisms simultaneously with the pesticide at application could significantly reduce diffuse contamination from pesticide use. Degradation of the phenoxyacetic acid herbicides MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) was studied in soil microcosm experiments after simultaneous spraying of herbicide and herbicide-degrading bacteria on an agricultural soil and on a sand with low degradation potential. The latter represented pesticide use on non-agricultural soils poor in microbial activity. Degradation and possible loss of herbicidal effect were also tested in a system with plants and the amounts of bacteria needed to give satisfactory MCPA-degradation rate and the survival of degrading bacteria in formulated MCPA were determined. The results showed >80-99% degradation of 2,4-D and MCPA in soil within 1 day and >99% within 3 days after inoculation with 10(5)-10(7) herbicide-degrading bacteria g(-1) dry weight of soil. Enhanced degradation of MCPA was also obtained in the presence of winter wheat and white mustard without loss of the intended herbicidal effect on white mustard. The survival of an isolated MCPA-degrading Sphingomonas sp. in three realistic concentrations of formulated MCPA was very poor, showing that in practical applications direct contact between the microorganisms and the pesticide formulation must be precluded. The applicability and economic feasibility of the method and the information needed to obtain a useable product for field use are discussed.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
authors: Karin
authors: K
authors: Onneby
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Jonsson
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Stenström
mesh_terms: D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D001673:Biodegradation, Environmental; D020118:Cupriavidus necator / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D052918:Environmental Restoration and Remediation / Q000379:methods*; D006540:Herbicides / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000494:pharmacology; D050296:Microbial Viability / Q000187:drug effects; D012988:Soil Microbiology; D020578:Sphingomonas / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D006540:Herbicides; D015084:2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid; D008456:2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid