title: Risk of malignancies in patients with diabetes treated with human insulin or insulin analogues: a cohort study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this cohort study was to investigate the risk of malignant neoplasms and mortality in patients with diabetes treated either with human insulin or with one of three insulin analogues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were provided by the largest German statutory health insurance fund (time-frame: January 1998 to June 2005 inclusive), on patients without known malignant disease who had received first-time therapy for diabetes mellitus exclusively with human insulin, aspart, lispro or glargine. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm. Data were analysed by multiple Cox regression models adjusting for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 127,031 patients were included, with a mean follow-up time of 1.63 (median 1.41, maximum 4.41) years. A positive association between cancer incidence and insulin dose was found for all insulin types. Because patients receiving combined therapy with insulin analogues and human insulin were excluded, the mean daily dose was much lower for glargine than for human insulin, and a slightly lower cancer incidence in the glargine group was found. After adjusting for dose, a dose-dependent increase in cancer risk was found for treatment with glargine compared with human insulin (p < 0.0001): the adjusted HR was 1.09 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.19) for a daily dose of 10 IU, 1.19 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.30) for a daily dose of 30 IU, and 1.31 (95% CI 1.20 to 1.42) for a daily dose of 50 IU. No increased risk was found for aspart (p = 0.30) or lispro (p = 0.96) compared with human insulin.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Considering the overall relationship between insulin dose and cancer, and the lower dose with glargine, the cancer incidence with glargine was higher than expected compared with human insulin. Our results based on observational data support safety concerns surrounding the mitogenic properties of glargine in diabetic patients. Prospective long-term studies are needed to further evaluate the safety of insulin analogues, especially glargine.
authors: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG), Dillenburger Strasse 27, D-51105, Cologne, Germany. lars.hemkens@iqwig.de
authors: L G
authors: LG
authors: Hemkens
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Grouven
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Bender
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Günster
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Gutschmidt
authors: G W
authors: GW
authors: Selke
authors: P T
authors: PT
authors: Sawicki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015331:Cohort Studies; D048909:Diabetes Complications / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000188:drug therapy; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007328:Insulin / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000069036:Insulin Glargine; D007332:Insulin Infusion Systems; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology*; D018579:Patient Selection; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012044:Regression Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D049528:Insulin, Long-Acting; D000069036:Insulin Glargine