title: [Validity of forced swimming as an animal model of depression].
abstract: Forced swimming is a brief and excellent assessment method for antidepressant drugs. However, a complete animal model of depression does not exist, because (1) we can not make sure the existence of psychiatric symptoms by interview, (2) individual clinical symptoms of depression were not disease-specific, and (3) there are few reliable biological markers of depression. We tried to summarize these issues by evaluating the validity of forced swimming as an animal model of depression.
authors: Department of Neuropharmacology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, North 15, West 7, Sapporo, 060-8638 Japan. psyizumi@med.hokudai.ac.jp
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Izumi
authors: Mitsuhiro
authors: M
authors: Yoshioka
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000928:Antidepressive Agents; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003863:Depression; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D051381:Rats; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D013550:Swimming / Q000523:psychology*
chemical_list: D000928:Antidepressive Agents