title: Surgical anatomy and quantitation of the branches of the V2 and V3 segments of the vertebral artery. Laboratory investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The vertebral artery (VA) and its branches may be encountered during various neurosurgical procedures such as far lateral suboccipital approaches to the skull base and spinal operations. Therefore, a working knowledge of the distribution and significance of such VA branches may be advantageous to the surgeon. To date, quantitation of these branches is lacking in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors evaluated the branches of 20 VAs from 10 adult cadavers and assessed the distribution and surgical significance of the branches from the V2 and V3 segments.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In terms of target tissues, the VA branches encountered at the C1-2 level were most likely to be muscular, branches at C2-3 osseous, and those at C3-6 radicular. No radicular or medullary branches were identified arising from any V3 segment of the VA or C1-2 level of the V2 segment. The greatest concentration of branches per level was found arising from the V2 segment at C2-3. Posterior branches of the VA tended to be radicular or muscular, whereas anterior branches tended to be radicular or osseous. Lateral branches were most commonly radicular and medial branches tended to be osseous or muscular in nature. The largest branches of the VA originated from its V3 segment or the C2-3 part of its V2 segment. Rarely, branches to the extracranial glossopharyngeal and spinal accessory nerves were identified originating from the V3 and V2 segments of the VA, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although seemingly diverse in their distribution, the branches of the V2 and V3 segments of the VA may follow a certain consistent arrangement. The potential for injury to neural branches of the VA is minimal at its V3 segment and the C1-2 portion of its V2 segment. Such knowledge may be of use to the neurosurgeon who operates in the neck and at the craniocervical junction.
authors: Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama 35233, USA. rstubbs@uab.edu
authors: R Shane
authors: RS
authors: Tubbs
authors: Nemil A
authors: NA
authors: Shah
authors: Brian P
authors: BP
authors: Sullivan
authors: Nicholas D
authors: ND
authors: Marchase
authors: Aaron A
authors: AA
authors: Cohen-Gadol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002102:Cadaver; D003399:Craniotomy; D004210:Dissection; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery