title: Safety and efficacy of ketorolac in children after cardiac surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the nephrotoxic and opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac in children after cardiac surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Cardiac Critical Care Unit in a university-affiliated children's hospital.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children less than 18 years of age who underwent low-risk cardiac surgery from July 2002 to December 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 248 children studied, 108 received ketorolac and 140 did not. The ketorolac group was older, included a larger proportion of atrial septum defect repairs and a smaller proportion of ventricular septum defect repairs compared to the control group. The median change in serum creatinine did not differ between the ketorolac group and the control group (% change [IQR]); 12% [1-25] increase versus 12% [-3 to 31] increase, P = 0.86. On postoperative day 0 or 1, the ketorolac group received less opioids than control group. There was no difference in duration of mechanical ventilation or in length of stay between groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Ketorolac started in the first 12 h after a low-risk cardiac surgery in children is not associated with a measurable difference in renal function. The data suggest that ketorolac may be effective in reducing the exposure to opioids. Further studies are required to define subsets of children after cardiac surgery who could safely benefit from ketorolac therapy to reduce pain.
authors: Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Inoue
authors: Christopher A
authors: CA
authors: Caldarone
authors: Helena
authors: H
authors: Frndova
authors: Peter N
authors: PN
authors: Cox
authors: Shinya
authors: S
authors: Ito
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Taddio
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Guerguerian
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D009864:Ontario; D010149:Postoperative Pain; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D020910:Ketorolac