title: Predictors of pain and function outcome after rehabilitation in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify changes in impairments associated with functional and pain outcome in patients with patello-femoral pain syndrome following a standardized physiotherapy treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One group pre-post design.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-four patients (median age 27 years, 52% female) diagnosed with patellofemoral pain syndrome and referred to physiotherapy treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Baseline measures included self-reported function and pain, which were the dependent variables, and measures of independent variables: strength of quadriceps, hip abduction and hip external rotation; length of hamstrings, quadriceps, plantar flexors, iliotibial band/tensor fascia lata complex, and lateral retinaculum; quality of movement, and fear-avoidance beliefs. Following the baseline measurements, subjects participated in a standardized physiotherapy program. Measurements were repeated at 2-month follow-up. Data were analyzed using 2 forward regression models, the first using function outcome, and the second using pain outcome as the criterion. Age, gender, height and weight were controlled in the regression models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Change in fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity and change in gastrocnemius length predicted function outcome. Change in fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity and about work predicted outcome of pain.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Change in fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity was the strongest predictor of function and pain outcome. The fact that patients who decreased their fear-avoidance beliefs improved function and decreased pain indicates that perhaps fear-avoidance beliefs should be targeted during the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. spiva@pitt.edu
authors: Sara R
authors: SR
authors: Piva
authors: G Kelley
authors: GK
authors: Fitzgerald
authors: Stephen
authors: S
authors: Wisniewski
authors: Anthony
authors: A
authors: Delitto
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015444:Exercise / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D053580:Muscle Strength; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D010147:Pain Measurement; D046788:Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities; D011379:Prognosis; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult