title: Human gingival fibroblasts release high-mobility group box-1 protein through active and passive pathways.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The nuclear protein high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) acts as a late mediator of inflammation when secreted in the extracellular milieu. In this study, we examined the effect of lipopolysaccharides from periodontal pathogens and apoptotic and necrotic cell death on HMGB1 production in human gingival fibroblasts (HGF).
  
  
  METHODS
  HGF from healthy periodontal tissue were cultured and stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Escherichia coli. We also initiated apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths in HGF. The HMGB1 released in the supernatants from stimulated or dying cells was measured. Immunocytochemical staining against HMGB1 was performed in LPS-stimulated HGF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A significantly higher amount of HMGB1 was detected from necrotic and apoptotic HGF. LPS from A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and E. coli significantly induced the production of HMGB1 in a time-dependent manner. After 6 h of LPS stimulation, HMGB1 was present in the cytoplasm of cells whereas its location was mainly nuclear after 24 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  LPS from two major periodontal pathogens, A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis, induced HMGB1 secretion from HGF. Apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths resulted in the enhancement of HMGB1. Our results suggest that HGF can be a source of HMGB1 by both active secretion and passive release, and that HMGB1 from HGF may contribute to periodontal tissue destruction.
authors: Section of Periodontology, Department of Hard Tissue Engineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8549, Japan.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Feghali
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Iwasaki
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Tanaka
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Komaki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Machigashira
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ishikawa
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Izumi
mesh_terms: D016976:Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans / Q000502:physiology*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000378:metabolism; D005881:Gingiva / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism*; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D006801:Humans; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000502:physiology; D016966:Porphyromonas gingivalis / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides