title: Cytoglobin is upregulated by tumour hypoxia and silenced by promoter hypermethylation in head and neck cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cytoglobin (Cygb) was first described in 2002 as an intracellular globin of unknown function. We have previously shown the downregulation of cytoglobin as a key event in a familial cancer syndrome of the upper aerodigestive tract.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cytoglobin expression and promoter methylation were investigated in sporadic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) using a cross-section of clinical samples. Additionally, the putative mechanisms of Cygb expression in cancer were explored by subjecting HNSCC cell lines to hypoxic culture conditions and 5-aza-2-deoxycitidine treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In clinically derived HNSCC samples, CYGB mRNA expression showed a striking correlation with tumour hypoxia (measured by HIF1A mRNA expression P=0.013) and consistent associations with histopathological measures of tumour aggression. CYGB expression also showed a marked negative correlation with promoter methylation (P=0.018). In the HNSCC cell lines cultured under hypoxic conditions, a trend of increasing expression of both CYGB and HIF1A with progressive hypoxia was observed. Treatment with 5-aza-2-deoxycitidine dramatically increased CYGB expression in those cell lines with greater baseline promoter methylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that the CYGB gene is regulated by both promoter methylation and tumour hypoxia in HNSCC and that increased expression of this gene correlates with clincopathological measures of a tumour's biological aggression.
authors: Molecular Genetics and Oncology Group, School of Dental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. Richard.shaw@liv.ac.uk
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Shaw
authors: M M
authors: MM
authors: Omar
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Rokadiya
authors: F A
authors: FA
authors: Kogera
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Lowe
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Hall
authors: J A
authors: JA
authors: Woolgar
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Homer
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Liloglou
authors: J K
authors: JK
authors: Field
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Risk
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000235:genetics; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D000078842:Cytoglobin; D019175:DNA Methylation; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D020868:Gene Silencing; D005914:Globins / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D009062:Mouth Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D009959:Oropharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: C000627265:CYGB protein, human; D000078842:Cytoglobin; C497442:HIF1A protein, human; D051795:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D005914:Globins