title: Chronic cigarette smoking affects left and right ventricular long-axis function in healthy young subjects: a Doppler myocardial imaging study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Cigarette smoking is one of the major risk factors for coronary artery disease. However, chronic smoking has additional cardiac adverse effects independent of coronary atherosclerosis. We assessed the possible effects of chronic smoking on left and right ventricular (LV, RV) long-axis function using Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI).
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty otherwise healthy smokers (mean age = 26+/-3 years) and 40 age-matched nonsmoking controls enrolled. Standard echocardiography protocol was followed by DMI. Peak systolic (V(S)), early (V(E)) and late diastolic (V(A)) velocities, peak systolic strain (S), and strain rate (SR) were measured from septal, lateral, and RV free walls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The baseline characteristics of two groups were similar. There were significant differences regarding Doppler myocardial velocity, S, and SR indices. Septal V(E) (P < 0.04), S (P < 0.0001) and SR (P < 0.02) were significantly reduced in smokers. For both lateral and RV free wall, V(S) (P < 0.003, P < 0.002, respectively), V(E) (P < 0.0001, P < 0.002, respectively), S (P < 0.0001 for both), and SR (P < 0.0001, P < 0.002, respectively) were significantly reduced in smokers. There were significant correlations between the amount of smoking and septal, lateral, and RV free wall S and SR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Chronic cigarette smoking causes alterations in long-axis systolic and diastolic functions of right and left ventricles in healthy young subjects. These changes can be accurately detected with Doppler myocardial velocity and SR imaging.
authors: Department of Cardiology, Yeditepe University Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. elif2406@yahoo.com
authors: Elif
authors: E
authors: Eroglu
authors: Sinan
authors: S
authors: Aydin
authors: Firat
authors: F
authors: Yalniz
authors: Ali Kemal
authors: AK
authors: Kalkan
authors: Fatih
authors: F
authors: Bayrak
authors: Muzaffer
authors: M
authors: Degertekin
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012016:Reference Values; D012907:Smoking; D014463:Ultrasonography; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018497:Ventricular Dysfunction, Right / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*