title: Proteomics methods and applications for the practicing clinician.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe clinical proteomics from discovery techniques and their limitations, to applications in allergy, asthma, and immunology, and finally to how proteomics can be integrated into clinical practice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Despite many inherent challenges, proteomics-based methods have become a powerful and popular means of profiling clinical samples for the purpose of biomarker discovery. Although several strategies exist, clinical proteomics for the purpose of biomarker discovery generally focuses on 1 of 3 basic workflows: (1) 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis to quantitate relative protein levels followed by mass spectrometry (MS) to identify proteins of interest, (2) non-gel-based methods that rely on liquid chromatography MS (LCMS) for both quantitation and identification of proteins, and (3) protein profiling methods that do not directly result in the identification of proteins but rather generate "fingerprints" that are compared among individuals or samples.
  
  
  METHODS
  Regardless of the strategy being pursued, a few general experimental steps are followed that will be expounded on in the text. These proteomics techniques have been applied to discover new biomarkers in biofluids and tissues from individuals with a variety of conditions, including allergy, asthma, atopic dermatitis, inflammatory diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and other lung diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After biomarker discovery, LCMS-based proteomics offers several advantages over traditional antibody-based clinical assays, including greater specificity, cost- and time-effectiveness, and the potential to multiplex up to hundreds of peptides in a single assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With many guidelines now in place and model studies on which to design future experiments, there is reason to be optimistic that candidate protein biomarkers will be discovered using proteomics and translated into clinical assays.
authors: Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA. ReisdorphN@njc.org
authors: Nichole A
authors: NA
authors: Reisdorph
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Reisdorph
authors: Russell
authors: R
authors: Bowler
authors: Carolyn
authors: C
authors: Broccardo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000175:diagnosis*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D006801:Humans; D006967:Hypersensitivity / Q000175:diagnosis*; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D011506:Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism; D040901:Proteomics / Q000379:methods* / Q000639:trends; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D011506:Proteins