title: Photodynamic therapy for cholangiocarcinoma: overview and new developments.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with hematoporphyrins has emerged as promising treatment for nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma in several prospective observational studies and two randomized studies. This review describes the mechanism of action of PDT, gives an overview of clinical experience in cholangiocarcinoma and summarizes the results published in 2007 and 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mechanism of action of PDT has been further elucidated. PDT induces an apoptotic, antiangiogenic as well as an immunomodulatory response. Interleukin-6, a bile duct epithelium growth factor correlating with tumor burden, decreases after PDT. The efficacy of PDT was confirmed in a comparative study in the United States. Patients with no visible mass on imaging studies, high serum albumin levels and treatment immediately after diagnosis seem to benefit most from PDT. Although it is recommended to perform PDT in bile ducts without stents in place, illumination through metal stents is possible if the light dose is adjusted. Meso-tetrahydroxyphenyl chlorine is a new potent photosensitizer for PDT of cholangiocarcinoma.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In advanced nonresectable cholangiocarcinoma, PDT is the only evidence-based treatment that improves survival when compared with stenting. Therefore, PDT should be offered to those who are unsuitable for surgery.
authors: Department of Gastroenterology, UVCM, University Hospital Inselspital, Freiburgerstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
authors: Maria-Anna
authors: MA
authors: Ortner
mesh_terms: D017209:Apoptosis; D001650:Bile Duct Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D001653:Bile Ducts, Intrahepatic; D018281:Cholangiocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006415:Hematoporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D008652:Mesoporphyrins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000188:drug therapy; D010778:Photochemotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015607:Stents
chemical_list: D006415:Hematoporphyrins; D015850:Interleukin-6; D008652:Mesoporphyrins; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; C072269:temoporfin