title: Population-based fracture risk assessment and osteoporosis treatment disparities by race and gender.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Undertreatment of osteoporosis has been recognized as a common problem in selected patient subgroups. However, primary prevention has been hampered by limited risk assessment tools that can be applied to large populations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Using clinical risk factors with a new tool from the World Health Organization (FRAX) and recommendations from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF), we evaluated fracture risk and osteoporosis treatment in a US cohort.
  
  
  METHODS
  African Americans and Caucasians recruited from 2003-7 across the US as part of a longitudinal study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  The number of persons receiving prescription osteoporosis medications was assessed by race, sex, and fracture risk. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated the association between receipt of osteoporosis medications and fracture risk after controlling for potential confounders.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 24,783 participants, estimated fracture risk was highest for Caucasian women. After multivariable adjustment for fracture-related risk factors, the likelihood of receipt of osteoporosis medications among African Americans was lower than among Caucasians [odds ratio (OR) = 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.37, 0.53] and for men compared to women (OR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.06-0.10). Even for the highest risk group, Caucasian women with 10-year hip fracture risk > or = 3% (n = 3,025, 39.7%), only 26% were receiving treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A substantial gap exists between 2008 NOF treatment guidelines based on fracture risk and the receipt of prescription osteoporosis medications. This gap was particularly notable for African Americans and men. FRAX is likely to be useful to assess risk at a population level and identify high-risk persons in need of additional evaluation.
authors: Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham 35294, USA. jcurtis@uab.edu
authors: Jeffrey R
authors: JR
authors: Curtis
authors: Leslie A
authors: LA
authors: McClure
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Delzell
authors: Virginia J
authors: VJ
authors: Howard
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Orwoll
authors: Kenneth G
authors: KG
authors: Saag
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Safford
authors: George
authors: G
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000208:ethnology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010024:Osteoporosis / Q000150:complications / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000628:therapy*; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000208:ethnology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D044465:White People / Q000208:ethnology