title: Socio-cultural factors explaining timely and appropriate use of health facilities for degedege in south-eastern Tanzania.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Convulsions is one of the key signs of severe malaria among children under five years of age, potentially leading to serious complications or death. Several studies of care-seeking behaviour have revealed that local illness concepts linked to convulsions (referred to as degedege in Tanzanian Kiswahili) called for traditional treatment practices while modern treatment was preferred for common fevers. However, recent studies found that even children with convulsions were first brought to health facilities. This study integrated ethnographic and public health approaches in order to investigate this seemingly contradictory evidence. Carefully drawn random samples were used to maximize the representativity of the results.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study used a cultural epidemiology approach and applied a locally adapted version of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue (EMIC), which ensures a comprehensive investigation of disease perception and treatment patterns. The tool was applied in three studies; i) the 2004 random sample cross-sectional community fever survey (N = 80), ii) the 2004-2006 longitudinal degedege study (N = 129), and iii) the 2005 cohort study on fever during the main farming season (N = 29).
  
  
  RESULTS
  71.1% of all convulsion cases were brought to a health facility in time, i.e. within 24 hours after onset of first symptoms. This compares very favourably with a figure of 45.6% for mild fever cases in children. The patterns of distress associated with less timely health facility use and receipt of anti-malarials among children with degedege were generalized symptoms, rather than the typical symptoms of convulsions. Traditional and moral causes were associated with less timely health facility use and receipt of anti-malarials. However, the high rate of appropriate action indicates that these ideas were not so influential any more as in the past. Reasons given by caretakers who administered anti-malarials to children without attending a health facility were either that facilities were out of stock, that they lacked money to pay for treatment, or that facilities did not provide diagnosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings from this sample from a highly malaria-endemic area give support to the more recent studies showing that children with convulsions are more likely to use health facilities than traditional practices. This study has identified health system and livelihood factors, rather than local understandings of symptoms and causes relating to degedege as limiting health-seeking behaviours. Improvements on the supply side and the demand side are necessary to ensure people's timely and appropriate treatment: Quality of care at health facilities needs to be improved by making diagnosis and provider compliance with treatment guidelines more accurate and therapies including drugs more available and affordable to communities. Treatment seeking needs to be facilitated by strengthening livelihoods including economic capabilities.
authors: University of Basel, Swiss Tropical Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland. adillip@ihi.or.tz
authors: Angel
authors: A
authors: Dillip
authors: Manuel W
authors: MW
authors: Hetzel
authors: Dominic
authors: D
authors: Gosoniu
authors: Flora
authors: F
authors: Kessy
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Lengeler
authors: Iddy
authors: I
authors: Mayumana
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Mshana
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: Mshinda
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Schulze
authors: Ahmed
authors: A
authors: Makemba
authors: Constanze
authors: C
authors: Pfeiffer
authors: Mitchell G
authors: MG
authors: Weiss
authors: Brigit
authors: B
authors: Obrist
mesh_terms: D000962:Antimalarials / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003153:Community Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003469:Culture; D005190:Family; D005260:Female; D005334:Fever / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D019538:Health Care Surveys; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008288:Malaria / Q000150:complications / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D016488:Medicine, African Traditional / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care; D003294:Seizures, Febrile / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D013636:Tanzania / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials