title: A tragic triad: coronary artery disease, nicotine addiction, and depression.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the availability of multiple resources for treating smoking in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the well known risks of continued smoking, a majority of smokers resume smoking after hospitalization for acute CVD. Depression is common among patients with CVD and is associated with failure to follow recommendations to reduce cardiac risk. This review examines the complex relationship between smoking and depression in patients with CVD and current evidence for treating this triad.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depressive symptoms among smokers hospitalized with CVD is 22-24%. Smokers with depressive symptoms are more likely to return to smoking after hospital discharge compared with nondepressed smokers. Stronger nicotine withdrawal symptoms among the depressed smokers contribute to relapse. Secondary analyses suggest that bupropion SR and cognitive behavioral therapy may be effective treatments for smokers with depression and CVD. A systematic review of smoking interventions in hospitalized patients found that only intensive counseling interventions with follow-up for more than 1 month were effective for smokers with CVD.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinicians should consider screening all smokers with CVD for depression, particularly during hospitalization for an acute event. Smokers hospitalized with CVD need intensive counseling lasting more than 1 month after discharge, and smokers with depressive symptoms need even more prolonged treatment for quitting. The addition of pharmacotherapy to long-term counseling has the potential to further improve cessation rates.
authors: General Medicine Division, Tobacco Research and Treatment Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA. athorndike@partners.org
authors: Anne N
authors: AN
authors: Thorndike
authors: Nancy A
authors: NA
authors: Rigotti
mesh_terms: D003324:Coronary Artery Disease / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009538:Nicotine; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome; D013577:Syndrome; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000628:therapy; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D009538:Nicotine