title: Oral anticoagulation with factor Xa and thrombin inhibitors: on the threshold of change.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Since the discovery of vitamin K antagonists in the early 1940s, there has been little change in anticoagulation until, in the 1990s, widespread use of low-molecular-weight heparin. Within the next few years, the treatment of arterial and venous thromboembolism is again poised to undergo a major change with the introduction of new oral anticoagulants that are likely to fulfill many of the unmet needs of current warfarin therapy. New drug development has focused on inhibiting specific coagulation factors, with those targeting thrombin and factor Xa being most advanced in development.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Several landmark studies are now available on the direct thrombin inhibitor, dabigatran etexilate, and the two factor Xa inhibitors, rivaroxaban and apixaban. Recently, dabigatran etexilate received European approval for venous thromboembolism prevention following orthopedic surgery. Rivaroxaban is currently also approved in Europe and Canada for venous thromboembolism prevention in orthopedic surgery, with US Food and Drug Administration approval expected in 2009.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  New oral anticoagulant approval may provide safer and easier venous thromboembolism prevention and treatment than warfarin. As we stand on this threshold, this article reflects on anticoagulation breakthroughs, summarizes recent studies, and discusses potential drawbacks.
authors: Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY 10075, USA.
authors: Jennifer Carreiro
authors: JC
authors: Zikria
authors: Jack
authors: J
authors: Ansell
mesh_terms: D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D013917:Thrombin / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D000925:Anticoagulants; D065427:Factor Xa Inhibitors; D006495:Heparin, Low-Molecular-Weight; D013917:Thrombin