title: A life cycle assessment of destruction of ammunition.
abstract: The Swedish Armed Forces have large stocks of ammunition that were produced at a time when decommissioning was not considered. This ammunition will eventually become obsolete and must be destroyed, preferably with minimal impact on the environment and in a safe way for personnel. The aim of this paper is to make a comparison of the environmental impacts in a life cycle perspective of three different methods of decommissioning/destruction of ammunition, and to identify the environmental advantages and disadvantages of each of these destruction methods: open detonation; static kiln incineration with air pollution control combined with metal recycling, and a combination of incineration with air pollution control, open burning, recovery of some energetic material and metal recycling. Data used are for the specific processes and from established LCA databases. Recycling the materials in the ammunition and minimising the spread of airborne pollutants during incineration were found to be the most important factors affecting the life cycle environmental performance of the compared destruction methods. Open detonation with or without metal recycling proved to be the overall worst alternative from a life cycle perspective. The results for the static kiln and combination treatment indicate that the kind of ammunition and location of the destruction plant might determine the choice of method, since the environmental impacts from these methods are of little difference in the case of this specific grenade. Different methods for destruction of ammunition have previously been discussed from a risk and safety perspective. This is however to our knowledge the first study looking specifically on environmentally aspect in a life cycle perspective.
authors: Division of Environmental Strategies Research-fms, Department of Urban Planning and Environment, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, KTH (Royal Institute of Technology), SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. karin.alverbro@infra.kth.se
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Alverbro
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Björklund
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Finnveden
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Hochschorner
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Hägvall
mesh_terms: D000397:Air Pollution / Q000517:prevention & control*; D003247:Conservation of Natural Resources; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis*; D005107:Explosions; D053834:Explosive Agents / Q000032:analysis*; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000032:analysis*; D017745:Incineration; D008670:Metals / Q000032:analysis; D012037:Refuse Disposal / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D053834:Explosive Agents; D015386:Hazardous Substances; D008670:Metals