title: Influenza-like illness sentinel surveillance in Peru.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Acute respiratory illnesses and influenza-like illnesses (ILI) are a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite the public health importance, little is known about the etiology of these acute respiratory illnesses in many regions of South America. In 2006, the Peruvian Ministry of Health (MoH) and the US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment (NMRCD) initiated a collaboration to characterize the viral agents associated with ILI and to describe the clinical and epidemiological presentation of the affected population.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with ILI (fever > or =38 degrees C and cough or sore throat) were evaluated in clinics and hospitals in 13 Peruvian cities representative of the four main regions of the country. Nasal and oropharyngeal swabs, as well as epidemiological and demographic data, were collected from each patient. During the two years of this study (June 2006 through May 2008), a total of 6,835 patients, with a median age of 13 years, were recruited from 31 clinics and hospitals; 6,308 were enrolled by regular passive surveillance and 527 were enrolled as part of outbreak investigations. At least one respiratory virus was isolated from the specimens of 2,688 (42.6%) patients, with etiologies varying by age and geographical region. Overall the most common viral agents isolated were influenza A virus (25.1%), influenza B virus (9.7%), parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, (HPIV-1,-2,-3; 3.2%), herpes simplex virus (HSV; 2.6%), and adenoviruses (1.8%). Genetic analyses of influenza virus isolates demonstrated that three lineages of influenza A H1N1, one lineage of influenza A H3N2, and two lineages of influenza B were circulating in Peru during the course of this study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To our knowledge this is the most comprehensive study to date of the etiologic agents associated with ILI in Peru. These results demonstrate that a wide range of respiratory pathogens are circulating in Peru and this fact needs to be considered by clinicians when treating patients reporting with ILI. Furthermore, these data have implications for influenza vaccine design and implementation in South America.
authors: US Naval Medical Research Center Detachment, Lima, Peru. alberto.laguna@med.navy.mil
authors: V Alberto
authors: VA
authors: Laguna-Torres
authors: Jorge
authors: J
authors: Gómez
authors: Víctor
authors: V
authors: Ocaña
authors: Patricia
authors: P
authors: Aguilar
authors: Tatiana
authors: T
authors: Saldarriaga
authors: Edward
authors: E
authors: Chavez
authors: Juan
authors: J
authors: Perez
authors: Hernán
authors: H
authors: Zamalloa
authors: Brett
authors: B
authors: Forshey
authors: Irmia
authors: I
authors: Paz
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Gomez
authors: Roel
authors: R
authors: Ore
authors: Gloria
authors: G
authors: Chauca
authors: Ernesto
authors: E
authors: Ortiz
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Villaran
authors: Stalin
authors: S
authors: Vilcarromero
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Rocha
authors: Omayra
authors: O
authors: Chincha
authors: Gerardo
authors: G
authors: Jiménez
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Villanueva
authors: Edwar
authors: E
authors: Pozo
authors: Jackeline
authors: J
authors: Aspajo
authors: Tadeusz
authors: T
authors: Kochel
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002460:Cell Line; D017931:DNA Primers; D004196:Disease Outbreaks; D006801:Humans; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000821:virology; D008889:Military Personnel; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D010568:Peru / Q000453:epidemiology; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000302:isolation & purification; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D018571:Sentinel Surveillance
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D012367:RNA, Viral