Intervention in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis: a review and future directions.
OBJECTIVE
Over the last 15 years, a focus on early intervention in psychotic disorders has emerged. Initially, the early psychosis movement focused on timely recognition and phase-specific treatment of first-episode psychosis. However, early psychosis researchers suspected that pushing the point of intervention even further back to the prodromal phase of psychotic disorders may result in even better outcomes. This article reviews intervention research in the ultra-high-risk phase of psychotic disorders.


METHODS
A literature search of intervention trials with ultra-high-risk cohorts published after 1980 was conducted on PubMed with the search terms prodrome and intervention.


METHODS
All published intervention trials with ultra-high-risk cohorts.


RESULTS
The first generation of intervention trials indicated that both pharmacologic and psychological intervention strategies may be of value in terms of symptom reduction and delay or prevention of onset of threshold psychotic disorder.


CONCLUSIONS
Further controlled intervention trials with larger sample sizes are required in order to confirm and extend these findings. We argue that the clinical staging model provides a framework for the rationale and design of such studies, with simpler, safer, and more benign interventions being better candidates for first-line treatment, while more complex and potentially harmful treatments should be reserved for those cases in which response has failed to occur. Recent evidence indicates that neuroprotective agents, such as essential fatty acids, may be a suitable form of intervention for the ultra-high-risk phase of psychotic disorders, with a positive risk-benefit balance. Ethical aspects have become more salient given the recently observed declining transition rate in ultra-high-risk samples. We outline the key questions for the next generation of ultra-high-risk intervention trials.
McGorry
Patrick D
PD
Centre for Youth Mental Health, Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Nelson
Barnaby
B
Amminger
G Paul
GP
Bechdolf
Andreas
A
Francey
Shona M
SM
Berger
Gregor
G
Riecher-Rössler
Anita
A
Klosterkötter
Joachim
J
Ruhrmann
Stephan
S
Schultze-Lutter
Frauke
F
Nordentoft
Merete
M
Hickie
Ian
I
McGuire
Philip
P
Berk
Michael
M
Chen
Eric Y H
EY
Keshavan
Matcheri S
MS
Yung
Alison R
AR
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D006801:Humans; D011613:Psychotherapy / Q000379:methods*; D011618:Psychotic Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000517:prevention & control / Q000628:therapy*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D014150:Antipsychotic Agents