title: A reliable and valid protocol for measuring maximal oxygen uptake in pigs.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most knowledge about cellular and molecular adaptation in the heart after exercise training comes from rodent models, and this has substantially improved our knowledge about exercise-induced cardiac adaptations. However, in rodents, the electrophysiological properties of the heart are different from the human heart. Therefore, the need of exercise-training models in larger animal models is obvious. Physiological studies of cardio-respiratory fitness require training regimens that give robust and adequate testing procedures to quantify the outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a valid and reproducible protocol for measuring maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) in young pigs. As previous studies have exercised pigs using horizontal treadmills, we determined whether treadmill inclination may influence the level of peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) achieved, and whether the true VO2max was reached. Eight young pigs were used. Submaximal and VO2peak were tested at five different inclinations from 13 to 30 degrees .
  
  
  RESULTS
  At submaximal VO2, there was an excellent test-retest at all treadmill inclinations (r = 0.99, coefficient of variation = 1.8%). The level of VO2peak was dependent upon treadmill inclination and the true VO2max, defined as a levelling-off of VO2 despite increased running speed, was only reached a treadmill inclination of 24 degrees . For VO2peak we only observed a significant test-retest correlation when using 19 and 24 degrees inclination of the treadmill (r = 0.88, coefficient of variation = 9.7%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of inappropriate treadmill inclination might hide training-induced adaptations if the true VO2max is not reached. This study shows that the present test protocol can be used in future studies of exercise on treadmill, when the aim is to measure submaximal and VO2max in pigs.
authors: Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
authors: Arve
authors: A
authors: Jørgensen
authors: Vegard J
authors: VJ
authors: Berge
authors: Alf O
authors: AO
authors: Brubakk
authors: Ulrik
authors: U
authors: Wisløff
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005080:Exercise Test; D017079:Exercise Tolerance; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D023421:Models, Animal; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism*; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D005082:Physical Exertion; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013552:Swine