title: Rehabilitation of bilaterally paralyzed canine larynx with implantable stimulator.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Bilateral stimulation of the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscles offers a physiologic approach to rehabilitate ventilation to a normal level in case of bilateral laryngeal paralysis. The objective was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new generation stimulator in restoring glottal opening, ventilation, and exercise tolerance.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective study in three canines over 6 to 17 months.
  
  
  METHODS
  A Genesis XP stimulator and electrodes were surgically implanted, and the recurrent laryngeal nerves sectioned/repaired bilaterally. In bimonthly sessions, vocal fold movement was measured endoscopically in the anesthetized animal. The movement resulted from PCA stimulation or hypercapnea during spontaneous breathing. Exercise tolerance was measured on a treadmill using pulse oximetry and swallowing function examined by videofluoroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  During the denervation phase, there was minimal ventilatory compromise and near normal exercise tolerance with the device off (12 minutes, up to 8 mph). PCA stimulation produced only nominal abduction. During the reinnervation phase, synkinetic reinnervation became significant with narrowed passive airway and paradoxical closure of the glottis during hypercapnea. Animals were stridorous and could walk for only 1 to 2 minutes at 4 mph. With the device activated, bilateral PCA stimulation increased glottal area from 50 mm(2) to 250 mm(2), even during hypercapnea, equaling that of a normally innervated animal. Exercise tolerance was normal. There was no evidence of aspiration during deglutition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that severe ventilatory compromise only occurs following faulty reinnervation of laryngeal muscles. Bilateral PCA stimulation can result in complete rehabilitation of ventilation and exercise tolerance without impairment of swallowing.
authors: Otolaryngology Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville Tennessee 37232, USA. david.zealear@vanderbilt.edu
authors: David L
authors: DL
authors: Zealear
authors: Isamu
authors: I
authors: Kunibe
authors: Kenichiro
authors: K
authors: Nomura
authors: Cheryl
authors: C
authors: Billante
authors: Vikas
authors: V
authors: Singh
authors: Shan
authors: S
authors: Huang
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Bekeny
authors: Yash
authors: Y
authors: Choksi
authors: Yasuaki
authors: Y
authors: Harabuchi
authors: Akihiro
authors: A
authors: Katada
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004285:Dogs; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004724:Endoscopy; D007821:Laryngeal Muscles / Q000294:innervation / Q000503:physiopathology; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal; D019736:Prostheses and Implants; D019919:Prosthesis Implantation; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014826:Vocal Cord Paralysis / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000503:physiopathology