title: Regulation of matrix contraction in chronic venous disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of TGF-beta(1) in venous ulcer healing and the signalling cascades regulating dermal fibroblast function are poorly understood. To elucidate these processes, we hypothesized that TGF-beta(1) facilitates wound healing by increasing chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) induced matrix contraction via intracellular cross-talk between TGF-beta(1) and the ERK-1/2 MAP kinase signalling cascades.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fibroblasts isolated from calf biopsies (LC) of patients with different severity of CVI (CEAP, Clinical Etiological Anatomical Pathological classes) were seeded into 200 microl collagen gels under isometric conditions. Fibroblasts from neonatal foreskins (HS68), non-CVI patients (NC), and the ipsilateral normal thigh of each CVI patient (LT) served as controls. Thirteen patients with CVI (class 2, n=5; class 4, n=5; class 6, n=3) and 2 non-CVI controls (NC, n=2) were included in the study. All experimental conditions were determined by dose-response and time-course experiments. Gels were cultured with/without 0.1 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) and with/without 50 microM PD98059 (MEK and downstream-MAPK inhibitor). Additional patient fibroblasts were transfected with constitutively active Ras (pCMV-Ras) or an empty vector (pCMV-beta) with/without 0.1 ng/ml TGF-beta(1) and with/without 50 microm PD98059. The collagen gels were released after 4 days and the percent contraction was determined by area measurements using image analysis. Differences in alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) and ERK-1/2 MAPK (phosphorylated and total) protein levels were analyzed with western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gels seeded with CVI fibroblasts contracted more than HS68, NC and LT fibroblasts. Inhibition of MAPK and/or stimulation with TGF-beta(1) increased the contraction of LC gels compared to unstimulated controls. Agonist induced gel contraction correlated with CVI disease severity. alpha-SMA protein expression in LC fibroblasts increased with MAPK inhibition with/without TGF-beta(1) stimulation, and correlated with the degree of gel contraction. Transfection with pCMV-Ras (activator of ERK-1/2) inhibited gel contraction; this inhibition was not reversed by addition of TGF-beta(1). Transfection with the pCMV-beta empty vector had no effect on gel contraction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TGF-beta1 stimulation of CVI patient fibroblasts grown in 3D collagen gels results in conversion to a contractile phenotype through upregulation of alpha-SMA, and in enhanced gel contraction. Inhibition of MAPK further increases gel contraction, while Ras activation of ERK-1/2 inhibits TGF-beta1-induced gel contraction. These responses correlate with increasing CEAP severity. CVI fibroblast mediated gel contraction is therefore regulated through cross-talk between the ERK-1/2 MAPK and TGF-beta(1) signalling cascades. These data identify potentially clinically relevant therapeutic molecular targets that could enhance matrix contraction and thereby improve venous ulcer wound healing.
authors: Division of Vascular Surgery, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA. pappaspj@umdnj.edu
authors: P J
authors: PJ
authors: Pappas
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Lal
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Ohara
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Saito
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Zapiach
authors: W N
authors: WN
authors: Durán
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000378:metabolism; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000378:metabolism*; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007866:Leg / Q000098:blood supply*; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000187:drug effects; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010641:Phenotype; D010766:Phosphorylation; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013997:Time Factors; D014162:Transfection; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000378:metabolism*; D014647:Varicose Ulcer / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014689:Venous Insufficiency / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D014945:Wound Healing; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D005419:Flavonoids; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D003094:Collagen; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D018631:ras Proteins; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one