title: Aromatic-ring-functionalised benzoxazinones in the system Oryza sativa-Echinochloa crus-galli as biorational herbicide models.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Barnyardgrass, Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., is one of the most problematic weeds occurring in rice crops. Although efficient chemical control is provided by herbicides available on the market, resistant biotypes provoked by pressure selection have appeared in recent times. This emphasises the need for alternative treatments in which herbicidal compounds from a natural origin could be included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of chemicals with a [2H]-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (D-DIBOA) skeleton were tested on this weed, and also in rice, in order to achieve an optimal lead for herbicide composition development by taking into consideration phytotoxic effects and selectivity on the weed. 6-Cl-D-DIBOA causes the same effect as the commercial herbicide propanil at a concentration 15 times lower, while 6-F-D-DIBOA causes this inhibition at a dose 30 times lower. The phytotoxicities caused by 8-Cl-D-DIBOA (IC50 = 44 microM, R2 = 0.866) and 7,8-diF-D-DIBOA (IC50 = 52 microM, R2 = 0.9067) are also remarkable. 8-Cl-D-DIBOA was the compound that presented the highest selectivity on Echinochloa crus-galli. The structural requirements for optimal phytotoxicity and selectivity were elucidated by means of QSAR methodology, considering electronic and steric factors. One of the most important descriptors influencing the bioactivity was the dipole moment modulus. This was successfully correlated by employing a second-order polynomial model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The in vitro phytotoxic profiles and selectivities shown for these chemicals make them truly promising candidates for higher-level studies. 6F- and 6Cl-D-DIBOA, for their high phytotoxicities, and 8-Cl-D-DIBOA, because of its high selectivity, were found to be the most interesting compounds from this point of view.
authors: Allelopathy Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Avda. República Saharaui, s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain. famacias@uca.es
authors: Francisco A
authors: FA
authors: Macías
authors: Nuria
authors: N
authors: Chinchilla
authors: Rosa M
authors: RM
authors: Varela
authors: José Mg
authors: JM
authors: Molinillo
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Marín
authors: Joao M
authors: JM
authors: de Siqueira
mesh_terms: D048588:Benzoxazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D031747:Echinochloa / Q000187:drug effects*; D017753:Ecosystem; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008954:Models, Biological; D012275:Oryza / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D048588:Benzoxazines; D006540:Herbicides