title: Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Little is known about the effect of stimulant treatment in youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the subsequent development of comorbid psychiatric disorders. We tested the association between stimulant treatment and the subsequent development of psychiatric comorbidity in a longitudinal sample of patients with ADHD.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case-control, 10-year prospective follow-up study into young-adult years of youth with ADHD. At baseline, we assessed consecutively referred white male children with (n = 140) and without (n = 120) ADHD, aged 6 to 18 years. At the 10-year follow-up, 112 (80%) and 105 (88%) of the children in the ADHD and control groups, respectively, were reassessed (mean age: 22 years). We examined the association between stimulant treatment in childhood and adolescence and subsequent comorbid disorders and grade retention by using proportional hazards survival models.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 112 participants with ADHD, 82 (73%) were previously treated with stimulants. Participants with ADHD who were treated with stimulants were significantly less likely to subsequently develop depressive and anxiety disorders and disruptive behavior and less likely to repeat a grade compared with participants with ADHD who were not treated.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We found evidence that stimulant treatment decreases the risk for subsequent comorbid psychiatric disorders and academic failure in youth with ADHD.
authors: Psychiatry Department,Massachusetts General Hospital, Clinical and Research Programs in PediatricPsychopharmacology and Adult ADHD, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. jbiederman@partners.org
authors: Joseph
authors: J
authors: Biederman
authors: Michael C
authors: MC
authors: Monuteaux
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Spencer
authors: Timothy E
authors: TE
authors: Wilens
authors: Stephen V
authors: SV
authors: Faraone
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D015897:Comorbidity; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants