title: A new class of potent matrix metalloproteinase 13 inhibitors for potential treatment of osteoarthritis: Evidence of histologic and clinical efficacy without musculoskeletal toxicity in rat models.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have long been considered excellent targets for osteoarthritis (OA) treatment. However, clinical utility of broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors developed for this purpose has been restricted by dose-limiting musculoskeletal side effects observed in humans. This study was undertaken to identify a new class of potent and selective MMP-13 inhibitors that would provide histologic and clinical efficacy without musculoskeletal toxicity.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selectivity assays were developed using catalytic domains of human MMPs. Freshly isolated bovine articular cartilage or human OA cartilage was used in in vitro cartilage degradation assays. The rat model of monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA was implemented for assessing the effects of MMP-13 inhibitors on cartilage degradation and joint pain. The surgical medial meniscus tear model in rats was used to evaluate the chondroprotective ability of MMP-13 inhibitors in a chronic disease model of OA. The rat model of musculoskeletal side effects (MSS) was used to assess whether selective MMP-13 inhibitors have the joint toxicity associated with broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A number of non-hydroxamic acid-containing compounds that showed a high degree of potency for MMP-13 and selectivity against other MMPs were designed and synthesized. Steady-state kinetics experiments and Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis of rate versus substrate concentration with one such compound, ALS 1-0635, indicated linear, noncompetitive inhibition, and Dixon plot analysis from competition studies with a zinc chelator (acetoxyhydroxamic acid) and ALS 1-0635 demonstrated nonexclusive binding. ALS 1-0635 inhibited bovine articular cartilage degradation in a dose-dependent manner (48.7% and 87.1% at 500 nM and 5,000 nM, respectively) and was effective in inhibiting interleukin-1alpha- and oncostatin M-induced C1,C2 release in human OA cartilage cultures. ALS 1-0635 modulated cartilage damage in the rat MIA model (mean +/- SEM damage score 1.3 +/- 0.3, versus 2.2 +/- 0.4 in vehicle-treated animals). Most significantly, when treated twice daily with oral ALS 1-0635, rats with surgically induced medial meniscus tear exhibited histologic evidence of chondroprotection and reduced cartilage degeneration, without observable musculoskeletal toxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The compounds investigated in this study represent a novel class of MMP-13 inhibitors. They are mechanistically distinct from previously reported broad-spectrum MMP inhibitors and do not exhibit the problems previously associated with these inhibitors, including selectivity, poor pharmacokinetics, and MSS liability. MMP-13 inhibitors exert chondroprotective effects and can potentially modulate joint pain, and are, therefore, uniquely suited as potential disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs.
authors: Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Vijaykumar M
authors: VM
authors: Baragi
authors: Gabriel
authors: G
authors: Becher
authors: Alison M
authors: AM
authors: Bendele
authors: Ralf
authors: R
authors: Biesinger
authors: Harald
authors: H
authors: Bluhm
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Boer
authors: Hongbo
authors: H
authors: Deng
authors: Rory
authors: R
authors: Dodd
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Essers
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Feuerstein
authors: Brian M
authors: BM
authors: Gallagher
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Gege
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Hochgürtel
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Hofmann
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Jaworski
authors: Lixia
authors: L
authors: Jin
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Kiely
authors: Brian
authors: B
authors: Korniski
authors: Heiko
authors: H
authors: Kroth
authors: Darrell
authors: D
authors: Nix
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: Nolte
authors: Dorothea
authors: D
authors: Piecha
authors: Timothy S
authors: TS
authors: Powers
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Richter
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Schneider
authors: Christoph
authors: C
authors: Steeneck
authors: Irving
authors: I
authors: Sucholeiki
authors: Arthur
authors: A
authors: Taveras
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Timmermann
authors: Joshua
authors: J
authors: Van Veldhuizen
authors: Juergen
authors: J
authors: Weik
authors: Xinyuan
authors: X
authors: Wu
authors: Bing
authors: B
authors: Xia
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002417:Cattle; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000494:pharmacology; D007461:Iodoacetates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019807:Iodoacetic Acid / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D009141:Musculoskeletal System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology*; D053683:Oncostatin M / Q000494:pharmacology; D010003:Osteoarthritis / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D007461:Iodoacetates; D061965:Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; D053683:Oncostatin M; D019807:Iodoacetic Acid