title: The MAPKK kinase ChSte11 regulates sexual/asexual development, melanization, pathogenicity, and adaptation to oxidative stress in Cochliobolus heterostrophus.
abstract: All fungi use multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades to respond to external signals to regulate specialized responses. In this study, we cloned and characterized a putative MAPKKK gene ChSte11, orthologous to yeast STE11, of Cochliobolus heterostrophus. DeltaChste11 strains showed defects in conidiation, sexual development, melanization and the formation of appressoria. These mutants were significantly less virulent on corn plants than the wild type. Similar phenotypes were observed in mutants of Chk1-MAPK, a putative downstream protein kinase of ChSte11. These results suggested that ChSte11 regulates various morphological changes and pathogenicity via Chk1 MAPK. Both DeltaChste11 and Deltachk1 strains showed severe sensitivity to oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide, and heavy metals, cupric or ferric cations. DeltaBmhog1 strains, mutants of the HOG1-type MAPK, did not show sensitivity to these forms of stress. Our results strongly suggested that the Ste11-type MAPKKK regulates not only various morphological changes and pathogenicity, but also adaptations to stress via Chk1-type MAPK in filamentous fungi.
authors: Laboratory of Environmental Mycoscience, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
authors: Kosuke
authors: K
authors: Izumitsu
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Yoshimi
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Kubo
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Morita
authors: Yoshimoto
authors: Y
authors: Saitoh
authors: Chihiro
authors: C
authors: Tanaka
mesh_terms: D000222:Adaptation, Physiological; D001203:Ascomycota / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015966:Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; D005800:Genes, Fungal; D008543:Melanins / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000235:genetics; D012100:Reproduction, Asexual
chemical_list: D008543:Melanins; D020929:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases