title: Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction are independently associated with cardiovascular mortality: evidence for distinct pathways: the Hoorn Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Microalbuminuria is associated with cardiovascular mortality, particularly among individuals with type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Microalbuminuria is known to be associated with cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction (C-AD), and C-AD in turn is associated with cardiovascular mortality. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate whether C-AD can explain the relationship between microalbuminuria and cardiovascular mortality.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 490 individuals from a population-based cohort of individuals aged 50-75 years who were followed for a median period of 13.6 years. Microalbuminuria was defined as an albumin-to-creatinine ratio > or =2.0 mg/mmol in an early-morning spot-urine sample. Ten parameters reflecting different aspects of cardiovascular autonomic function were measured and compiled into a total score of C-AD (mean of separate z scores). The association between C-AD and microalbuminuria was estimated by multiple linear regression, and relative risks (RRs) for cardiovascular mortality were estimated by Cox proportional hazards analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After adjustments for age, sex, glucose tolerance status, and other risk factors, C-AD was associated with microalbuminuria (beta = 0.16 [95% CI 0.01-0.33]), and both microalbuminuria (RR 2.09 [1.07-4.08]) and C-AD (1.74 [1.04-2.89]) were associated with cardiovascular mortality. These associations did not change after further mutual adjustment for C-AD (2.13 [1.09-4.17]) or microalbuminuria (1.76 [1.05-2.94]), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both microalbuminuria and C-AD are independently associated with cardiovascular mortality, and the excess mortality attributable to microalbuminuria cannot be explained by C-AD.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
authors: Hanneke J B H
authors: HJ
authors: Beijers
authors: Isabel
authors: I
authors: Ferreira
authors: Bert
authors: B
authors: Bravenboer
authors: Jacqueline M
authors: JM
authors: Dekker
authors: Giel
authors: G
authors: Nijpels
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Heine
authors: Coen D A
authors: CD
authors: Stehouwer
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012307:Risk Factors; D012737:Sex Factors