title: Three-dimensional ultrasound detection of abnormally located intrauterine contraceptive devices which are a source of pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) that are located abnormally within the myometrium or cervix cause a higher incidence of pelvic pain and abnormal bleeding compared with normally positioned devices.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a period of 9 months, all patients with an IUD presenting at our unit for two-dimensional pelvic ultrasound underwent a three-dimensional (3D) volume reconstruction of the coronal view, to visualize the entire IUD within the cavity. The IUD was deemed malpositioned if any part extended past the cavity, into the myometrium or cervix. The indications for ultrasound were recorded at presentation for the exam. The presenting symptoms of patients with an abnormally located IUD were compared with those with normally positioned ones.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among 167 consecutive patients with an IUD evaluated using the 3D reconstructed coronal view, 28 (16.8%) had an IUD with side arms abnormally located within the myometrium. The abnormal positioning of the IUD arms was only detected using the 3D coronal view. A higher proportion of patients with an abnormally located IUD presented with bleeding (35.7%) or pain (39.3%) compared with those with normally positioned IUDs (15.1% with bleeding and 19.4% with pain) (P = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively). Seventy-five percent of patients with an abnormally located IUD presented with bleeding or pain compared with 34.5% of those whose IUD was normally placed (P = 0.0001). Twenty of 21 patients with an abnormally located IUD presenting with pelvic pain or bleeding reported improvement in their symptoms after IUD removal.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A 3D coronal view of the uterus is useful in the visualization of IUDs. The coronal view showing the entire device and its position within the uterus may help in identifying the cause of pelvic pain and bleeding in patients with an embedded IUD.
authors: Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. bbsono@aol.com
authors: B R
authors: BR
authors: Benacerraf
authors: T D
authors: TD
authors: Shipp
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Bromley
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D005548:Foreign-Body Migration / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D007434:Intrauterine Devices / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009215:Myometrium / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D017699:Pelvic Pain / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014463:Ultrasonography; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology; D014599:Uterus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*