title: Complications of radiotherapy in laryngopharyngeal cancer: effects of a prospective smoking cessation program.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiotherapy (XRT) is effective as the primary treatment modality for laryngopharyngeal cancer; however, complications of XRT can result in significant morbidity. Few previous studies have examined the effect of continued smoking on complications of XRT. The authors of this report hypothesized that patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who successfully quit smoking would have fewer complications of primary XRT.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with head and neck cancer who were smokers at the time of diagnosis were referred prospectively to the Tobacco Treatment Program (TTP). From this group, the patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer who received XRT as the primary treatment modality were retrospectively selected and studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Eighty-six patients were identified and were divided into 3 groups: Seventeen patients attended TTP and quit smoking before the start of XRT (Group 1), 33 patients attended TTP but continued to smoke during XRT (Group 2), and 37 patients refused TTP (Group 3). On the basis of a review of medical records for patients in Group 3, 20 patients quit smoking before starting XRT and were included in Group 1 (abstainers), 11 patients continued to smoke and were included in Group 2 (continued smokers), and 6 patients had incomplete data and were omitted from further analysis. Analyses both with and without Group 3 patients yielded similar results. Abstainers and continued smokers had similar demographic and clinical characteristics. With the exception of skin changes, all complications (mucositis, need for feeding tube, duration of feeding tube, need for hospitalization, pharyngeal stricture, and osteoradionecrosis) were more common in the patients who continued to smoke, although the only complications that were significantly more common were the need for hospitalization (P = .04) and osteoradionecrosis (P = .03). Patients who continued to smoke were more likely to develop osteoradionecrosis (relative risk [RR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.6; P = .03) and to require hospitalization during treatment (RR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.05-2.02; P = .04).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Continued smoking during treatment appeared to increase the risk for complications of XRT for patients with laryngopharyngeal cancer and possibly increased hospitalizations. This hypothesis-generating study emphasized the importance of smoking cessation programs in the management of patients with head and neck cancer patients who receive XRT.
authors: Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
authors: Jose P
authors: JP
authors: Zevallos
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Mallen
authors: Cho Y
authors: CY
authors: Lam
authors: Maher
authors: M
authors: Karam-Hage
authors: Jan
authors: J
authors: Blalock
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Wetter
authors: Adam S
authors: AS
authors: Garden
authors: Erich M
authors: EM
authors: Sturgis
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Cinciripini
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007822:Laryngeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010020:Osteonecrosis / Q000209:etiology; D010610:Pharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology; D011878:Radiotherapy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000379:methods; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000150:complications*