title: Temporal and geographic evidence for evolution of Sin Nombre virus using molecular analyses of viral RNA from Colorado, New Mexico and Montana.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  All viruses in the family Bunyaviridae possess a tripartite genome, consisting of a small, a medium, and a large RNA segment. Bunyaviruses therefore possess considerable evolutionary potential, attributable to both intramolecular changes and to genome segment reassortment. Hantaviruses (family Bunyaviridae, genus Hantavirus) are known to cause human hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome or hantavirus pulmonary syndrome. The primary reservoir host of Sin Nombre virus is the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus), which is widely distributed in North America. We investigated the prevalence of intramolecular changes and of genomic reassortment among Sin Nombre viruses detected in deer mice in three western states.
  
  
  METHODS
  Portions of the Sin Nombre virus small (S) and medium (M) RNA segments were amplified by RT-PCR from kidney, lung, liver and spleen of seropositive peromyscine rodents, principally deer mice, collected in Colorado, New Mexico and Montana from 1995 to 2007. Both a 142 nucleotide (nt) amplicon of the M segment, encoding a portion of the G2 transmembrane glycoprotein, and a 751 nt amplicon of the S segment, encoding part of the nucleocapsid protein, were cloned and sequenced from 19 deer mice and from one brush mouse (P. boylii), S RNA but not M RNA from one deer mouse, and M RNA but not S RNA from another deer mouse.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Two of 20 viruses were found to be reassortants. Within virus sequences from different rodents, the average rate of synonymous substitutions among all pair-wise comparisons (pis) was 0.378 in the M segment and 0.312 in the S segment sequences. The replacement substitution rate (pia) was 7.0 x 10-4 in the M segment and 17.3 x 10-4 in the S segment sequences. The low pia relative to pis suggests strong purifying selection and this was confirmed by a Fu and Li analysis. The absolute rate of molecular evolution of the M segment was 6.76 x 10-3 substitutions/site/year. The absolute age of the M segment tree was estimated to be 37 years. In the S segment the rate of molecular evolution was 1.93 x 10-3 substitutions/site/year and the absolute age of the tree was 106 years. Assuming that mice were infected with a single Sin Nombre virus genotype, phylogenetic analyses revealed that 10% (2/20) of viruses were reassortants, similar to the 14% (6/43) found in a previous report.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age estimates from both segments suggest that Sin Nombre virus has evolved within the past 37-106 years. The rates of evolutionary changes reported here suggest that Sin Nombre virus M and S segment reassortment occurs frequently in nature.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, College of veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. wcb4@lamar.colostate.edu
authors: William C
authors: WC
authors: Black
authors: Jeffrey B
authors: JB
authors: Doty
authors: Mark T
authors: MT
authors: Hughes
authors: Barry J
authors: BJ
authors: Beaty
authors: Charles H
authors: CH
authors: Calisher
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution / Q000235:genetics; D000825:Animal Structures / Q000821:virology; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D003120:Colorado; D004197:Disease Reservoirs; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D018804:Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome / Q000662:veterinary* / Q000821:virology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009009:Montana; D009516:New Mexico; D010542:Peromyscus; D010802:Phylogeny; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics*; D016865:Reassortant Viruses / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA / Q000379:methods; D017385:Sequence Homology; D029261:Sin Nombre virus / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification
chemical_list: D012367:RNA, Viral