title: Analysis of clinical uncertainties by health professionals and patients: an example from mental health.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The first step in practising Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) has been described as translating clinical uncertainty into a structured and focused clinical question that can be used to search the literature to ascertain or refute that uncertainty. In this study we focus on questions about treatments for schizophrenia posed by mental health professionals and patients to gain a deeper understanding about types of questions asked naturally, and whether they can be reformulated into structured and focused clinical questions.
  
  
  METHODS
  From a survey of uncertainties about the treatment of schizophrenia we describe, categorise and analyse the type of questions asked by mental health professionals and patients about treatment uncertainties for schizophrenia. We explore the value of mapping from an unstructured to a structured framework, test inter-rater reliability for this task, develop a linguistic taxonomy, and cross tabulate that taxonomy with elements of a well structured clinical question.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Few of the 78 Patients and 161 clinicians spontaneously asked well structured queries about treatment uncertainties for schizophrenia. Uncertainties were most commonly about drug treatments (45.3% of clinicians and 41% of patients), psychological therapies (19.9% of clinicians and 9% of patients) or were unclassifiable.(11.8% of clinicians and 16.7% of patients). Few naturally asked questions could be classified using the well structured and focused clinical question format (i.e. PICO format). A simple linguistic taxonomy better described the types of questions people naturally ask.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  People do not spontaneously ask well structured clinical questions. Other taxonomies may better capture the nature of questions. However, access to EBM resources is greatly facilitated by framing enquiries in the language of EBM, such as posing queries in PICO format. People do not naturally do this. It may be preferable to identify a way of searching the literature that more closely matches the way people naturally ask questions if access to information about treatments are to be made more broadly available.
authors: Institute of Life Science, School of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK. k.r.lloyd@swansea.ac.uk
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Lloyd
authors: Matteo
authors: M
authors: Cella
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Tanenblatt
authors: Anni
authors: A
authors: Coden
mesh_terms: D003625:Data Collection; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006282:Health Personnel; D006801:Humans; D016247:Information Storage and Retrieval / Q000379:methods; D020407:Internet; D010361:Patients; D011570:Psychiatry; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000628:therapy*; D009626:Terminology as Topic; D035501:Uncertainty