title: The effect of a hypobaric, hypoxic environment on acute skeletal muscle edema after ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Clinicians have postulated that decreased atmospheric pressure during air evacuation exacerbates muscle edema and necrosis in injured limbs. The present study investigated whether the mild hypobaric, hypoxic conditions of simulated flight during muscle reperfusion worsened muscle edema and muscle injury in an established animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent tourniquet-induced hind limb ischemia for 2h. After removal of the tourniquet, rats were divided into two groups (n=10/group), and exposed to either (1) hypobaric, hypoxic conditions (HB) of 522 mm Hg (simulating 10,000 feet, the upper limit of normal aircraft cabin pressure), or (2) normobaric, normoxic conditions (NB) of 760 mm Hg (sea level), for 6h. Muscle wet weight, muscle dry:wet weight ratios, viability, and routine histology were measured on the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles. Blood samples were analyzed for percentage hematocrit, leukocyte count, and coagulation status.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ischemia resulted in significant edema in both groups (P<0.05). Normobaric normoxia caused greater edema in the gastrocnemius compared with hypobaric hypoxia; the tibialis anterior was not significantly different between groups. The decrease in body weight for NB and HB was 3.4+/-1.4 and 10.7+/-1.2g, respectively (P<0.05). Hematocrit was 44.7+/-0.5 and 42.6+/-0.6 (P<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The hypobaric, hypoxic conditions of simulated medical air evacuation were not associated with increased muscle edema following 2h of ischemic injury. This suggests that other factors, such as resuscitation, may be the cause of muscle edema in flight-evacuated patients.
authors: United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78234-6315, USA.
authors: Amber E
authors: AE
authors: Ritenour
authors: Robert J
authors: RJ
authors: Christy
authors: Janet L
authors: JL
authors: Roe
authors: David G
authors: DG
authors: Baer
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Dubick
authors: Charles E
authors: CE
authors: Wade
authors: John B
authors: JB
authors: Holcomb
authors: Thomas J
authors: TJ
authors: Walters
mesh_terms: D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001273:Atmosphere Exposure Chambers; D001274:Atmospheric Pressure; D001835:Body Weight; D002470:Cell Survival; D003161:Compartment Syndromes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004487:Edema / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D009336:Necrosis; D009929:Organ Size; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015427:Reperfusion Injury / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D017392:Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances