title: Phylogeographic history of the New Zealand stick insect Niveaphasma annulata (Phasmatodea) estimated from mitochondrial and nuclear loci.
abstract: We have assessed the utility of a single-copy nuclear locus and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in a phylogeographic study of the New Zealand stick insect Niveaphasma annulata (Hutton). We amplified sequences from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and the single-copy nuclear gene elongation factor-1alpha (EF1alpha) from 97 individuals. Allelic phase at the EF1alpha locus was determined using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Phylogenetic analyses showed broad congruence between the geographic distribution of three major COI clades and EF1alpha alleles, which suggested that the phylogenetic patterns reflect population history rather than lineage sorting. However, the geographic boundaries of these clades were not always in exact agreement between the two loci. Our data indicate that Niveaphasma annulata was most likely separated into a number of refugia during Pleistocene glacial advances. Subsequent to glacial retreat these refugial populations have expanded and now form a number of zones of secondary contact. We contrast these patterns with those observed from other New Zealand taxa. Our study offers compelling evidence for the use of nuclear genes alongside mtDNA for future phylogeographic studies.
authors: Allan Wilson Centre for Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
authors: Shay B
authors: SB
authors: O'Neill
authors: Thomas R
authors: TR
authors: Buckley
authors: Tony R
authors: TR
authors: Jewell
authors: Peter A
authors: PA
authors: Ritchie
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000235:genetics; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000235:genetics; D019143:Evolution, Molecular; D017344:Genes, Insect; D005828:Genetics, Population; D005843:Geography; D007313:Insecta / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics*; D009520:New Zealand; D010802:Phylogeny; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA
chemical_list: D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial