title: Lipid-induced mTOR activation in rat skeletal muscle reversed by exercise and 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside.
abstract: The serine/threonine protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is regulated by insulin and nutrient availability and has been proposed to play a central role as a nutrient sensor in skeletal muscle. mTOR associates with its binding partners, raptor and rictor, to form two structurally and functionally distinct complexes, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) respectively. We have investigated the assembly of mTORC1/2 and the activation of their downstream substrates (i.e. Akt, S6K1) in response to known effectors of mTOR, excess lipid availability and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation/exercise training in rat skeletal muscle. The in vivo formation of mTORC1 and 2 and the activation of their respective downstream substrates were increased in response to chronic (8 weeks) consumption of a high-fat diet. Diet-induced mTORC activation and skeletal muscle insulin resistance were reversed by 4 weeks of exercise training, which was associated with enhanced muscle AMPK activation. In order to determine whether AMPK activation reverses lipid-induced mTOR activation, L6 myotubes were exposed to 0.4 mM palmitate to activate mTORC1/2 in the absence or presence of 5'-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). Palmitate exposure (4 h) increased insulin-stimulated S6K1 Thr389 phosphorylation by 60%, indicating activation of mTORC1. AMPK activation with 1 mM AICAR abolished lipid-induced mTOR activation in vitro. Our data implicates reductions in mTOR complex activation with the reversal of lipid-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance in response to exercise training or AICAR and identifies mTOR as a potential target for the treatment of insulin resistance.
authors: Exercise Metabolism Group, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.
authors: Donato A
authors: DA
authors: Rivas
authors: Ben B
authors: BB
authors: Yaspelkis
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Hawley
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Lessard
mesh_terms: D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007328:Insulin / Q000494:pharmacology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D010168:Palmitates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000378:metabolism*; D010805:Physical Conditioning, Animal / Q000502:physiology; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012265:Ribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C519510:Crtc1 protein, rat; D004041:Dietary Fats; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D010168:Palmitates; D012265:Ribonucleotides; D014157:Transcription Factors; D000077005:Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 2 Protein; D025521:Tumor Suppressor Proteins; D000620:Aminoimidazole Carboxamide; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C546845:mTOR protein, rat; C494920:Akt1 protein, rat; C494923:Akt2 protein, rat; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D058570:TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases; D055372:AMP-Activated Protein Kinases; C031143:AICA ribonucleotide