title: Restenosis after renal artery angioplasty and stenting: incidence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Management of renal artery stenosis (RAS) with primary renal artery percutaneous angioplasty and stenting (RA-PTAS) is associated with a low risk of periprocedural death and major complications; however, restenosis develops in a subset of patients and repeat intervention may be required. We examined the incidence of restenosis after RA-PTAS and associations with clinical factors.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients undergoing RA-PTAS for hemodynamically significant atherosclerotic RAS associated with hypertension or ischemic nephropathy, or both, between October 2003 and September 2007 were identified from a registry. Restenosis was defined using duplex ultrasound (DUS) imaging as a renal artery postintervention peak systolic velocity (PSV) >or=180 cm/s. The incidence and temporal distribution of restenosis was analyzed using survival analysis based on treated kidneys. Associations between clinical factors and recurrent stenosis were examined using proportional hazards regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  RA-PTAS was performed on 112 kidneys for atherosclerotic RAS during the study period. Initial postintervention renal artery DUS imaging confirming PSV <180 cm/s in 101 kidneys, which formed the basis of this analysis. Estimated restenosis-free survival was 50% at 12 months and 40% at 18 months. Decreased risk of restenosis was associated with preoperative statin use (hazard ratio [HR], 0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.74; P = .006) and increased preoperative diastolic blood pressure (DBP; HR, 0.70 per 10-mm Hg increase in preoperative DBP; 95% CI, 0.49-0.99; P = .049). No other factors assessed were associated with restenosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Restenosis occurs in a substantial number of patients treated with RA-PTAS. Preoperative statin medication use and increased preoperative DBP are associated with reduced risk of restenosis. In the absence of contraindications, statins should be considered standard therapy for patients with atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis.
authors: Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157-1095, USA. mcorrier@wfubmc.edu
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Corriere
authors: Matthew S
authors: MS
authors: Edwards
authors: Jeffrey D
authors: JD
authors: Pearce
authors: Jeanette S
authors: JS
authors: Andrews
authors: Randolph L
authors: RL
authors: Geary
authors: Kimberley J
authors: KJ
authors: Hansen
mesh_terms: D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000792:Angiography; D017130:Angioplasty / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006083:Graft Occlusion, Vascular / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011336:Probability; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012042:Registries; D012078:Renal Artery Obstruction / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000601:surgery*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017678:Sex Distribution; D015607:Stents; D015996:Survival Rate; D013997:Time Factors; D018616:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Duplex; D014654:Vascular Patency / Q000502:physiology