title: Thermal behaviour and biological activity against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) of permethrin and pyriproxyfen in a smoke-generating formulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The most common ways to control dengue vector Aedes aegypti (L.) are larval source reduction in domestic habitats and ground application of small quantities of aerosol insecticide (ultralow volume). Nevertheless, these actions have been shown repeatedly to be ineffective in controlling Ae. aegypti populations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The efficacy of a new smoke-generating formulation containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin was evaluated in the laboratory. Smoke-generating tablets containing each insecticide individually or combined were prepared, and the recovery of the insecticides from the smoke was determined. Recovery values of over 90% were obtained for pyriproxyfen, and around 50% for permethrin. The biological efficacy of pyriproxyfen released in the smoke was evaluated in the laboratory, on late third-instar or early fourth-instar Ae. aegypti larvae, using different concentrations of pyriproxyfen and exposure times. Adult emergence inhibition (EI) values of 100% were obtained at 30 min, and a dose-dependent effect was observed at 5 min. The effect of pyriproxyfen released in the smoke was due to direct contact with the larvicide in the water rather than by inhalation of the fumes. The efficacy of permethrin released in the fumes was also evaluated as knockdown effect (KT(50)) on adults for a tablet containing permethrin alone or permethrin plus pyriproxyfen. There was no significant difference in KT(50) values obtained for permethrin (KT(50) = 19.9 min) and permethrin plus pyriproxyfen (KT(50) = 19.4 min).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The excellent laboratory performance of this new formulation on immature stages and adults indicates that a smoke-generating tablet containing pyriproxyfen and permethrin could be a new tool for controlling mosquitoes.
authors: Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (CIPEIN-CITEFA/CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina. lharburguer@citefa.gov.ar
authors: Laura V
authors: LV
authors: Harburguer
authors: Emilia
authors: E
authors: Seccacini
authors: Héctor
authors: H
authors: Masuh
authors: Paola González
authors: PG
authors: Audino
authors: Eduardo
authors: E
authors: Zerba
authors: Susana
authors: S
authors: Licastro
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D000818:Animals; D005651:Fumigation; D007306:Insecticides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects; D026023:Permethrin / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D012906:Smoke / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011725:Pyridines; D012906:Smoke; C055613:pyriproxyfen; D026023:Permethrin