title: Differential PARP cleavage: an indication for existence of multiple forms of cell death in human gliomas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gliomas represent a diverse range of clinical presentation, histological differentiation, and response to therapy. Altered cell proliferation and cell death signals in gliomas are of great interest to elucidate the key molecules involved and to find effective treatment modalities. By considering the role of different proteases in correlation with differential poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragmentation we have studied the pattern of cell death in human glioma tissues.
  
  
  METHODS
  In our study, five different human glioma biopsies were collected and analyzed for the PARP cleavage pattern by using western immunoblotting. Samples were also analyzed for pro-caspase 3, calpain I (micro) and II (m), granzyme-B and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). Parallel sections of histologically confirmed astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) were used for immunohistochemical analysis of cleaved caspase-3, granzyme B, AIF and cyclo-oxygenase -2 (cox-2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found PARP fragmentation, along with usual approximately 89 kDa and approximately 24 kDa fragments, into other fragments of different molecular weights. Caspase mediated cell death may lead to appearance of larger approximately 89 kDa fragment and smaller approximately 24 kDa fragment indicating existence of apoptosis in the tumors. However, other fragments corresponding to approximately 64 kDa, approximately 54 kDa, and approximately 40 kDa were observed concomitantly in all glial tumor tissues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results may indicate, not only apoptosis and necrosis, but there occurs the co-existence of intermediate cell death pathways in human glial tumors.
authors: Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, AP, India.
authors: Vasantha Kumar
authors: VK
authors: Bhaskara
authors: Sundaram
authors: S
authors: Challa
authors: Manas
authors: M
authors: Panigrahi
authors: Phanithi Prakash
authors: PP
authors: Babu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D016923:Cell Death / Q000502:physiology; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000145:classification / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D053804:Granzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases / Q000378:metabolism*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D051033:Apoptosis Inducing Factor; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human; D011065:Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerases; D053804:Granzymes; D053148:Caspase 3