Cyclin D1 promotes anchorage-independent cell survival by inhibiting FOXO-mediated anoikis.
O-class forkhead box (FOXO) transcription factors are critical regulators of diverse cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage repair and oxidative stress resistance. Here, we show that FOXO1 and FOXO3a have an essential function in promoting cell detachment-induced anoikis, resistance to which is implicated in cancer development and metastasis. In contrast, the oncoprotein cyclin D1 inhibits anoikis. We further show that cyclin D1 interacts with FOXO proteins and impedes their transcriptional regulatory and anoikis-promoting functions. This effect of cyclin D1 requires its transcription repression domain but is independent of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6. Moreover, we show that cancer-derived mutants of cyclin D1 are much more stable than wild-type cyclin D1 under anchorage-independent conditions and possess a greater antagonistic effect on FOXO-regulated anoikis and anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells. These data suggest that cyclin D1 may have a critical function in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis by inhibiting the anoikis-promoting function of FOXO proteins.
Gan
L
L
Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Liu
P
P
Lu
H
H
Chen
S
S
Yang
J
J
McCarthy
J B
JB
Knudsen
K E
KE
Huang
H
H
D000818:Animals; D023102:Anoikis; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival; D019938:Cyclin D1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 / Q000378:metabolism; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6 / Q000378:metabolism; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D041681:NIH 3T3 Cells; D034622:RNA Interference; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000378:metabolism
C085126:FOXO1 protein, human; C499517:FOXO3 protein, human; D000071161:Forkhead Box Protein O1; D000071316:Forkhead Box Protein O3; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D019938:Cyclin D1; D051358:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4; D051361:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6