title: Enhancing realism of wet surfaces in temporal bone surgical simulation.
abstract: We present techniques to improve visual realism in an interactive surgical simulation application: a mastoidectomy simulator that offers a training environment for medical residents as a complement to using a cadaver. As well as displaying the mastoid bone through volume rendering, the simulation allows users to experience haptic feedback and appropriate sound cues while controlling a virtual bone drill and suction/irrigation device. The techniques employed to improve realism consist of a fluid simulator and a shading model. The former allows for deformable boundaries based on volumetric bone data, while the latter gives a wet look to the rendered bone to emulate more closely the appearance of the bone in a surgical environment. The fluid rendering includes bleeding effects, meniscus rendering, and refraction. We incorporate a planar computational fluid dynamics simulation into our three-dimensional rendering to effect realistic blood diffusion. Maintaining real-time performance while drilling away bone in the simulation is critical for engagement with the system.
authors: The Ohio State University and the Ohio Supercomputer Center, Columbus, OH 43212, USA. kerwin@cse.ohio-state.edu
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Kerwin
authors: Han-Wei
authors: HW
authors: Shen
authors: Don
authors: D
authors: Stredney
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003196:Computer Graphics; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction / Q000379:methods*; D013502:General Surgery / Q000193:education*; D018056:Hemorheology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D008416:Mastoid / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D014584:User-Computer Interface