title: Photodynamic effects of steroid-conjugated fluorophores on GABAA receptors.
abstract: We have shown that fluorescent, 7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl amino (NBD)-conjugated neurosteroid analogs photopotentiate GABA(A) receptor function. These compounds seem to photosensitize a modification of receptor function, resulting in long-lived increases in responses to exogenous or synaptic GABA. Here we extend this work to examine the effectiveness of different fluorophore positions, conjugations, steroid structures, and fluorophores. Our results are generally in agreement with the idea that steroids with activity at GABA(A) receptors are the most potent photopotentiators. In particular, we find that an unnatural enantiomer of an effective photopotentiating steroid is relatively weak, excluding the idea that membrane solubility alone, which is identical for enantiomer pairs, is solely responsible for potent photopotentiation. Furthermore, there is a significant correlation between baseline GABA(A) receptor activity and photopotentiation. Curiously, both sulfated steroids, which bind a presumed external neurosteroid antagonist site, and hydroxysteroids, which bind an independent site, are effective. We also find that a rhodamine dye conjugated to a 5beta-reduced 3alpha-hydroxy steroid is a particularly potent and effective photopotentiator, with minimal baseline receptor activity up to 10 muM. Steroid conjugated fluorescein and Alexa Fluor 546 also supported photopotentiation, although the Alexa Fluor conjugate was weaker and required 10-fold higher concentration to achieve similar potentiation to the best NBD and rhodamine conjugates. Filling cells with steroid-conjugated or free fluorophores via whole-cell patch pipette did not support photopotentiation. FM1-43, another membrane-targeted, structurally unrelated fluorophore, also produced photopotentiation at micromolar concentrations. We conclude that further optimization of fluorophore and carrier could produce an effective, selective, light-sensitive GABA(A) receptor modulator.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
authors: Hong-Jin
authors: HJ
authors: Shu
authors: Lawrence N
authors: LN
authors: Eisenman
authors: Cunde
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Achintya K
authors: AK
authors: Bandyopadhyaya
authors: Kathiresan
authors: K
authors: Krishnan
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Taylor
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Benz
authors: Brad
authors: B
authors: Manion
authors: Alex S
authors: AS
authors: Evers
authors: Douglas F
authors: DF
authors: Covey
authors: Charles F
authors: CF
authors: Zorumski
authors: Steven
authors: S
authors: Mennerick
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000737:chemistry*; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D051381:Rats; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A / Q000737:chemistry*; D014982:Xenopus laevis
chemical_list: D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011963:Receptors, GABA-A