title: Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha: novel targets for immunotherapy in Eales disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Eales disease is an idiopathic obliterative vasculopathy that primarily affects the peripheral retina of young adults. The authors evaluated interleukin 1 beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the serum of patients with Eales disease stages for the first time.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study group consisted of 45 consecutive patients of Eales disease [inflammatory stage (n = 15) and proliferative stage (n = 30)] and 28 healthy controls. Immunoassays for the quantification of the levels of four cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha in the serum samples were performed using ELISA kits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha levels were found to be increased significantly in the inflammatory stage of Eales disease as compared to controls (p < .001). IL-1beta levels decreased significantly during the proliferative stage of the disease as compared to the inflammatory stage (p = .03). TNF-alpha levels increased significantly during the proliferative stage as compared to the inflammatory stage (p = .02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Raised levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were observed in the inflammatory stage and persisted in the proliferative stage of the disease. The IL-1 system and TNF-alpha represent novel target for immunotherapy for controlling inflammatory activity and/or the associated long-term sequelae related to angiogenesis in Eales disease.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India. sandeepsaxena2020@yahoo.com
authors: Sandeep
authors: S
authors: Saxena
authors: Aditya B
authors: AB
authors: Pant
authors: Vinay K
authors: VK
authors: Khanna
authors: A K
authors: AK
authors: Agarwal
authors: Kamlesh
authors: K
authors: Singh
authors: Dipak
authors: D
authors: Kumar
authors: Vijay K
authors: VK
authors: Singh
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000097:blood; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000097:blood*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D012008:Recurrence; D012166:Retinal Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D031300:Retinal Vasculitis / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000097:blood*; D014823:Vitreous Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy
chemical_list: C508609:IL10 protein, human; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10