title: Chest pain with angiographic clear coronary arteries: A provider's approach to cardiac syndrome X.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To present information about cardiac syndrome X (CSX) including its (a) definition, (b) etiology and pathology, (c) epidemiology, (d) symptomatology, (e) diagnosis, (f) treatment, and (g) prognosis. Clinical recommendations will also be presented.
  
  
  METHODS
  Articles used in this review were found by searching CINAHL, Medline, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science (ISI), Academic Search Premier, and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The causes of CSX remain unknown; however, CSX is easy to diagnose and can be treated. Medication therapy and risk factor modification can greatly improve the quality of life by decreasing pain occurrence and lessening pain intensity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Too often, providers reassure patients of a healthy heart because of normal coronary arteries despite persistent chest pain and ST segment changes on the electrocardiogram. Chest pain, one of the primary signs and symptoms of CSX, can be reduced through common medications and interventions if the diagnosis of CSX is initiated.
authors: Brigham Young University College of Nursing, Provo, Utah, USA. wlarsenfam@hotmail.com
authors: Wes
authors: W
authors: Larsen
authors: Barbara
authors: B
authors: Mandleco
mesh_terms: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D017023:Coronary Angiography; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003331:Coronary Vessels; D004110:Diltiazem / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004417:Dyspnea; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007099:Imipramine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008833:Microcirculation; D017566:Microvascular Angina / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000451:nursing; D008875:Middle Aged; D009566:Nitrates / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012307:Risk Factors; D019821:Simvastatin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D018759:Adrenergic Uptake Inhibitors; D000924:Anticholesteremic Agents; D009566:Nitrates; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D019821:Simvastatin; D004110:Diltiazem; D007099:Imipramine