title: No role for routine chest radiography in stage I seminoma surveillance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  After orchidectomy, the standard management options available for stage I seminoma are surveillance, adjuvant radiotherapy, or adjuvant chemotherapy. The optimal follow-up protocol for surveillance is yet to be determined but includes frequent chest radiography (CXR) and computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen and pelvis (CT-AP).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to identify the modality that first detected relapse and to assess the value of the CXR in this setting.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred twenty-seven patients with histologically confirmed stage I testicular seminoma were managed with surveillance at our institution between 1982 and 2005. Routine CXRs were performed with each CT-AP and were done every 4-6 mo for 7 yr and annually thereafter. The median follow-up was 72 mo (range: 1-193).
  
  
  METHODS
  Measurements included the 5-yr relapse rate, overall survival, and disease-free survival to determine the modality that first detected relapse disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 5-yr actuarial relapse rate for the 527 patients was 14%. The 5-yr disease-free survival and overall survival were 85.7% and 98.6%, respectively. Seventy-three patients (97.3%) had an abnormal CT-AP and a normal CXR at relapse. One patient (1.3%) had an abnormal CT-AP with pulmonary metastasis on CXR and CT chest scan, and one patient (1.3%) had a biopsy-proven inguinal node metastasis with a normal CXR. No patient had a normal CT-AP or physical examination with an abnormal CXR at relapse. This is a single-center retrospective study based on a relatively small number of relapses and may be subject to bias. Confirmation of these results from other studies would be useful for wider clinical applicability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  All except one relapse were detected by CT-AP with no relapses detected on CXR alone; therefore, CXR may be omitted as routine imaging in surveillance protocols.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Shaun
authors: S
authors: Tolan
authors: Danny
authors: D
authors: Vesprini
authors: Michael A S
authors: MA
authors: Jewett
authors: Padraig R
authors: PR
authors: Warde
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: O'Malley
authors: Tony
authors: T
authors: Panzarella
authors: Jeremy F G
authors: JF
authors: Sturgeon
authors: Malcolm
authors: M
authors: Moore
authors: Betty
authors: B
authors: Tew-George
authors: Mary K
authors: MK
authors: Gospodarowicz
authors: Peter W M
authors: PW
authors: Chung
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011159:Population Surveillance; D013902:Radiography, Thoracic; D018239:Seminoma / Q000556:secondary / Q000601:surgery*; D013736:Testicular Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*