title: Diagnostic trends in Clostridium difficile detection in Finnish microbiology laboratories.
abstract: Due to increased interest directed to Clostridium difficile-associated infections, a questionnaire survey of laboratory diagnostics of toxin-producing C. difficile was conducted in Finland in June 2006. Different aspects pertaining to C. difficile diagnosis, such as requests and criteria used for testing, methods used for its detection, yearly changes in diagnostics since 1996, and the total number of investigations positive for C. difficile in 2005, were asked in the questionnaire, which was sent to 32 clinical microbiology laboratories, including all hospital-affiliated and the relevant private clinical microbiology laboratories in Finland. The situation was updated by phone and email correspondence in September 2008. In June 2006, 28 (88%) laboratories responded to the questionnaire survey; 24 of them reported routinely testing requested stool specimens for C. difficile. Main laboratory methods included toxin detection (21/24; 88%) and/or anaerobic culture (19/24; 79%). In June 2006, 18 (86%) of the 21 laboratories detecting toxins directly from feces, from the isolate, or both used methods for both toxin A (TcdA) and B (TcdB), whereas only one laboratory did so in 1996. By September 2008, all of the 23 laboratories performing diagnostics for C. difficile used methods for both TcdA and TcdB. In 2006, the number of specimens processed per 100,000 population varied remarkably between different hospital districts. In conclusion, culturing C. difficile is common and there has been a favorable shift in toxin detection practice in Finnish clinical microbiology laboratories. However, the variability in diagnostic activity reported in 2006 creates a challenge for national monitoring of the epidemiology of C. difficile and related diseases.
authors: Department of Infectious Disease Surveillance and Control, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 30, FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland. eija.kononen@thl.fi
authors: Eija
authors: E
authors: Könönen
authors: Marja
authors: M
authors: Rasinperä
authors: Anni
authors: A
authors: Virolainen
authors: Silja
authors: S
authors: Mentula
authors: Outi
authors: O
authors: Lyytikäinen
mesh_terms: D001426:Bacterial Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques / Q000706:statistics & numerical data / Q000639:trends*; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D003015:Clostridium Infections / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology; D003470:Culture Media; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000382:microbiology; D004768:Enterotoxins / Q000032:analysis / Q000235:genetics; D005243:Feces / Q000737:chemistry / Q000382:microbiology; D005387:Finland; D006801:Humans; D008829:Microbiology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires
chemical_list: D001426:Bacterial Proteins; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D003470:Culture Media; D004768:Enterotoxins; D011933:Reagent Kits, Diagnostic; C041348:tcdA protein, Clostridium difficile; C031815:toxB protein, Clostridium difficile