Immigration, employment relations, and health: Developing a research agenda.
BACKGROUND
International migration has emerged as a global issue that has transformed the lives of hundreds of millions of persons. Migrant workers contribute to the economic growth of high-income countries often serving as the labour force performing dangerous, dirty and degrading work that nationals are reluctant to perform.


METHODS
Critical examination of the scientific and "grey" literatures on immigration, employment relations and health.


RESULTS
Both lay and scientific literatures indicate that public health researchers should be concerned about the health consequences of migration processes. Migrant workers are more represented in dangerous industries and in hazardous jobs, occupations and tasks. They are often hired as labourers in precarious jobs with poverty wages and experience more serious abuse and exploitation at the workplace. Also, analyses document migrant workers' problems of social exclusion, lack of health and safety training, fear of reprisals for demanding better working conditions, linguistic and cultural barriers that minimize the effectiveness of training, incomplete OHS surveillance of foreign workers and difficulty accessing care and compensation when injured. Therefore migrant status can be an important source of occupational health inequalities.


CONCLUSIONS
Available evidence shows that the employment conditions and associated work organization of most migrant workers are dangerous to their health. The overall impact of immigration on population health, however, still is poorly understood and many mechanisms, pathways and overall health impact are poorly documented. Current limitations highlight the need to engage in explicit analytical, intervention and policy research.
Benach
Joan
J
Health Inequalities Research Group, Occupational Health Research Center, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain. joan.benach@upf.edu
Muntaner
Carles
C
Chung
Haejoo
H
Benavides
Fernando G
FG
D019049:Developed Countries; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D004651:Employment; D054624:Health Status Disparities; D006801:Humans; D009784:Occupational Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control; D016272:Occupational Health; D009790:Occupations; D011050:Policy Making; D011634:Public Health; D012106:Research; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors