title: Prevalence of CTX-M beta-lactamases in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
abstract: CTX-M beta-lactamases were thought to be rare in the United States, but a recent study in Texas showed that up to 70% of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-containing members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were CTX-M positive (J. S. Lewis, M. Herrera, B. Wickes, J. E. Patterson, and J. H. Jorgensen, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51:4015-4021, 2007). We used PCR to detect CTX-M in all 291 extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant gram-negative bacteria isolated in our laboratory during 2007. Thirty (48%) Escherichia coli isolates, 6 (3%) Klebsiella sp. isolates, and 7 (100%) Proteus mirabilis isolates tested were CTX-M positive, with 15% of all Enterobacteriaceae tested being positive. The E. coli CTX-M groups were I (57%), IV (37%), II (3%), and not groupable (3%); three of the group IV isolates were positive for CTX-M-18, and three of the group I isolates were positive for CTX-M-15. One of seven positive P. mirabilis isolates was in group II, with the remainder being positive for a CTX-M-25-like beta-lactamase; and 33% of the Klebsiella sp. isolates were in group I or IV, with the remainder not being in groups I to IV. CTX-M-producing bacteria were isolated from urine (n = 13), blood (n = 13), wounds (n = 12), and the respiratory tract (n = 4). All 31 CTX-M-positive isolates tested for the presence of ESBL were confirmed to produce ESBLs by the use of tests recommended by the CLSI. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of the CTX-M-positive isolates showed that six P. mirabilis isolates were clonal and that there were seven different E. coli clusters. Five of seven P. mirabilis isolates were from blood cultures. The CLSI tests for the confirmation of ESBL production reliably detect these isolates if both cefotaxime and ceftazidime are tested, but only about half would be classified as a possible CTX-M producers on the basis of the antibiogram alone. A new panprimer set increases the ability to detect CTX-M-producing strains. CTX-M-positive bacteria are common in our geographic region, are often invasive, and, with the exception of P. mirabilis, are multiclonal.
authors: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St., Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA.
authors: Shannon E
authors: SE
authors: McGettigan
authors: Baofeng
authors: B
authors: Hu
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Andreacchio
authors: Irving
authors: I
authors: Nachamkin
authors: Paul H
authors: PH
authors: Edelstein
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D001769:Blood / Q000382:microbiology; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004755:Enterobacteriaceae / Q000145:classification / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004756:Enterobacteriaceae Infections / Q000382:microbiology*; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015143:Philadelphia; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D012137:Respiratory System / Q000382:microbiology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D014556:Urine / Q000382:microbiology; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000382:microbiology; D001618:beta-Lactamases / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics*; D047090:beta-Lactams / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D017931:DNA Primers; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D047090:beta-Lactams; D001618:beta-Lactamases