title: Site-specific contribution of proton-coupled folate transporter/haem carrier protein 1 in the intestinal absorption of methotrexate in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Methotrexate is reportedly a substrate for proton-coupled folate transporter/haem carrier protein 1 (PCFT/HCP1) and reduced folate carrier 1 (RFC1). In this study, we examined the contribution of PCFT/HCP1 and RFC1 in the intestinal absorption of methotrexate in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Western blot analysis was carried out to evaluate the protein levels of PCFT/HCP1 and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 in brush-border membrane of rat small intestine. Mucosal uptake of methotrexate was studied in the rat everted small intestine and an in-situ intestinal perfusion study of methotrexate was also carried out in rats.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In transport studies using everted intestine, the mucosal methotrexate influx rate in proximal intestine at pH 5.5 was significantly greater than that at pH 7.4. Coadministration of folate or its analogues, such as folinate and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, substrates for both PCFT/HCP1 and RFC1, significantly suppressed the methotrexate influx at pH 5.5, whereas thiamine pyrophosphate, an inhibitor for RFC1 alone, exerted no significant effect. Western blot analysis showed higher PCFT/HCP1 expression in proximal than distal small intestine. In distal small intestine, methotrexate influx rate was low and was not pH dependent. Also, folate and its analogues exerted no significant effect on methotrexate absorption.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Based on the present and our previous results, the site-specific contributions of various transporters including PCFT/HCP1 in methotrexate intestinal absorption were discussed. The variation in luminal pH and the involvement of multiple transporters in methotrexate absorption may cause variation in oral bioavailability among patients.
authors: Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima, Japan.
authors: Tomoharu
authors: T
authors: Yokooji
authors: Nobuhiro
authors: N
authors: Mori
authors: Teruo
authors: T
authors: Murakami
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D027321:Anion Transport Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001692:Biological Transport / Q000502:physiology; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000378:metabolism*; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein
chemical_list: D027321:Anion Transport Proteins; D005493:Folic Acid Antagonists; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008727:Methotrexate; D015778:Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; D000089762:Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2; D027425:ATP-Binding Cassette, Sub-Family C Proteins; D058979:Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter; D058978:Reduced Folate Carrier Protein; C043408:Slc19a1 protein, rat; C525126:Slc46a1 protein, rat