title: Invasive meningococcal disease in Malta: an epidemiological overview, 1994-2007.
abstract: Since 1996, Malta has experienced an upsurge of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) following an almost 30 year period with a negligible number of annually reported cases. We reviewed the 233 IMD cases notified during a 14 year period (1994-2007), and analysed epidemiological and laboratory surveillance data. The crude incidence per 100,000 inhabitants peaked in 2000 at 8.1 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 5.7-11.6] and again in 2006 at 8.9 (95 % CI 6.4-12.4), thereby placing Malta amongst the countries with the highest incidence of the disease in Europe. Of the total cases, 137 (59 %) were confirmed and 30 (13 %) were classified as probable. However, 66 cases (28 %) had no laboratory evidence of the disease and were classified as possible. Information on the serogroup was available for 114 cases. Serogroup B formed the largest proportion (76 %, n=87) followed by serogroup C (16 %, n=18). B : 4 : P1.19,15 strains (n=46) predominated throughout the study period since their first identification in 1998. With 28 deaths attributed to IMD, the overall case fatality rate was 12 %. Apart from stressing the importance of maintaining high vigilance for IMD, our findings underscore the importance of enhancing laboratory surveillance of the disease, including characterization of the meningococci. Until vaccines against a broad range of serogroup B meningococci become available for universal use, the main methods of control remain the early treatment of cases and the prevention of secondary cases.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Muscat
authors: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 5B The Emporium, C. de Brocktorff Street, Msida MSD 1421, Malta.
authors: Gianfranco
authors: G
authors: Spiteri
authors: Directorate of Health Information and Research, 95 G'Mangia Hill, G'Mangia PTA 1313, Malta.
authors: Neville
authors: N
authors: Calleja
authors: Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD 2090, Malta.
authors: Julie
authors: J
authors: Haider
authors: Meningococcal Reference Unit, Health Protection Agency, Manchester Medical Microbiology Partnership, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
authors: Stephen J
authors: SJ
authors: Gray
authors: Infectious Disease Prevention and Control Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, 5B The Emporium, C. de Brocktorff Street, Msida MSD 1421, Malta.
authors: Jackie Maistre
authors: JM
authors: Melillo
authors: Department of Public Health, Mater Dei Hospital, Medical School, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2090, Malta.
authors: Julian
authors: J
authors: Mamo
authors: Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida MSD 2090, Malta.
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Cuschieri
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016470:Bacteremia / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008319:Malta / Q000453:epidemiology; D008585:Meningitis, Meningococcal / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008589:Meningococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008875:Middle Aged; D009345:Neisseria meningitidis / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012621:Seasons; D012703:Serotyping; D017678:Sex Distribution; D055815:Young Adult