title: Development of risk maps to minimize uranium exposures in the Navajo Churchrock mining district.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Decades of improper disposal of uranium-mining wastes on the Navajo Nation has resulted in adverse human and ecological health impacts as well as socio-cultural problems. As the Navajo people become increasingly aware of the contamination problems, there is a need to develop a risk-communication strategy to properly inform tribal members of the extent and severity of the health risks. To be most effective, this strategy needs to blend accepted risk-communication techniques with Navajo perspectives such that the strategy can be used at the community level to inform culturally- and toxicologically-relevant decisions about land and water use as well as mine-waste remediation.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to develop GIS-based thematic maps as communication tools to clearly identify high risk exposure areas and offer alternatives to minimize public and ecological health impacts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thematic maps were produced that incorporated data derived from environmental sampling and public health surveys. The maps show the location and quality of unregulated water resources and identify regulated water sources that could be used as alternatives. In addition, the maps show the location of contaminated soil and sediment areas in which disturbance of surface deposits should be avoided. Preliminary feedback was collected from an informal Navajo working group to assess the clarity and efficacy of this proposed communication method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The working group found the maps to be both clear and effective, and made suggestions for improvements, such as the addition of more map features. The working group predicted that once the maps are presented to the public, water hauling and soil use behaviors will change, and dialogue with chapter officials will be initiated to accelerate further risk reduction efforts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Because risk communication is complicated by language barriers, lack of infrastructure, and historical mistrust of non-Navajo researchers, mapping provides an easily interpretable medium that can be objectively viewed by community members and decision makers to evaluate activities that affect toxicant exposures.
authors: Tufts University School of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 200 College Ave Anderson Hall, Medford, MA 02155, USA. jamie.delemos@gmail.com
authors: Jamie L
authors: JL
authors: deLemos
authors: Doug
authors: D
authors: Brugge
authors: Miranda
authors: M
authors: Cajero
authors: Mallery
authors: M
authors: Downs
authors: John L
authors: JL
authors: Durant
authors: Christine M
authors: CM
authors: George
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Henio-Adeky
authors: Teddy
authors: T
authors: Nez
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Manning
authors: Tommy
authors: T
authors: Rock
authors: Bess
authors: B
authors: Seschillie
authors: Chris
authors: C
authors: Shuey
authors: Johnnye
authors: J
authors: Lewis
mesh_terms: D004777:Environment; D004781:Environmental Exposure / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation; D005843:Geography / Q000379:methods; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D006801:Humans; D007198:Indians, North American; D033181:Information Dissemination; D008377:Maps as Topic; D008906:Mining; D009516:New Mexico; D012307:Risk Factors; D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis*; D014501:Uranium / Q000032:analysis*; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive / Q000032:analysis; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D012990:Soil Pollutants, Radioactive; D014875:Water Pollutants, Radioactive; D014501:Uranium