title: Acidic saline-induced primary and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia in mice.
abstract: Most of our knowledge about chronic musculoskeletal pain is based on cutaneous pain models. To test the hypothesis that animals develop chronic muscular hyperalgesia following intramuscular acidic saline injections, primary hyperalgesia within the gastrocnemius muscle was analyzed compared to secondary cutaneous hyperalgesia in the hind paw that develops following intramuscular acid saline injection. Two acidic saline (pH 4) injections were administrated into the gastrocnemius of female CF-1 mice. The results indicate that mice developed a robust hypersensitivity bilaterally in primary (gastrocnemius muscle) secondary (cutaneous hind paw) sites that lasted up to 2 weeks. In addition, primary hyperalgesia correlated well with levels of Fos expression. Fos expression patterns in the spinal cord were different for primary secondary site stimulation. Hind-paw palpation stimulated ipsilateral Fos expression in the superficial spinal laminae at L4/L5 levels, bilaterally in deep laminae at L2-L5 spinal levels. In contrast, gastrocnemius compression stimulated widespread Fos expression in all regions of the ipsilateral dorsal horn within L2-L6 spinal segments. These findings indicate that acidic saline injection induces primary hyperalgesia in muscle that the patterns of Fos expression in response to primary vs secondary stimulation are strikingly different.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study assesses primary site muscular pain, which is the main complaint of people with musculoskeletal conditions, and identifies spinal patterns activated by noxious mechanical stimuli to the gastrocnemius. This study demonstrates approaches to test nociception arising from muscle aids in our understanding of spinal processing of primary secondary site hyperalgesia.
authors: Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
authors: Neena K
authors: NK
authors: Sharma
authors: Janelle M
authors: JM
authors: Ryals
authors: Hongzeng
authors: H
authors: Liu
authors: Wen
authors: W
authors: Liu
authors: Douglas E
authors: DE
authors: Wright
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D016761:Oncogene Proteins v-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000378:metabolism; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D016761:Oncogene Proteins v-fos; D012965:Sodium Chloride