title: Responses of LDL and HDL particle size and distribution to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation and aerobic exercise.
abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to determine the independent and combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acid (n-3fa) supplementation on lipid and lipoproteins. Sedentary, normoglycemic, nonsmoking men (n = 11) were assigned to perform rest and exercise before and during n-3fa supplementation. Exercise consisted of 3 consecutive days of treadmill walking at 65% maximum O(2) consumption for 60 min. Supplementation consisted of 42 days of 4.55 g/day of n-3fa. A two-way factorial ANOVA with repeated measures revealed significant reductions in total cholesterol (P = 0.001, -9.2%) and triglyceride (P = 0.007, -32.4%) concentrations postexercise. In addition, exercise increased LDL peak particle size (P = 0.001) from 26.2 to 26.4 nm, but not HDL size. The n-3fa supplementation resulted in a significant shift in the distribution of HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) carried by HDL(2b+2a) (P = 0.001, 14.2%) and HDL(3a+3b) (P = 0.001, -22.8%), despite no significant changes in lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations. The majority of the shift in HDL-C was noted in HDL(2b) (P = 0.001, 20.9%) and HDL(3a) (P < 0.001, -31.0%) particles. There were no combined effects of exercise and n-3fa supplementation on lipids and lipoproteins. Three consecutive days of aerobic exercise reduced triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations with a concomitant increase in LDL peak particle size. In contrast, n-3fa supplementation shifted HDL-C from HDL(3) particles to HDL(2) particles, despite no significant changes in HDL(2)-C and HDL(3)-C concentrations. Exercise and n-3fa supplementation do not synergistically improve serum lipids and lipoproteins, but rather independently affect the metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins.
authors: Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas, USA. wooten@bcm.edu
authors: Joshua S
authors: JS
authors: Wooten
authors: Kyle D
authors: KD
authors: Biggerstaff
authors: Vic
authors: V
authors: Ben-Ezra
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015308:Anaerobic Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D004032:Diet; D019587:Dietary Supplements; D002149:Energy Intake / Q000502:physiology; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology*; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3 / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006454:Hemoglobins / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008055:Lipids / Q000097:blood; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000648:ultrastructure*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010316:Particle Size; D012146:Rest / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D008078:Cholesterol, LDL; D015525:Fatty Acids, Omega-3; D006454:Hemoglobins; D008055:Lipids; D008075:Lipoproteins, HDL; D008077:Lipoproteins, LDL