title: Compounds from Sichuan and Melegueta peppers activate, covalently and non-covalently, TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Oily extracts of Sichuan and Melegueta peppers evoke pungent sensations mediated by different alkylamides [mainly hydroxy-alpha-sanshool (alpha-SOH)] and hydroxyarylalkanones (6-shogaol and 6-paradol). We assessed how transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) and TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), two chemosensory ion channels, participate in these pungent sensations.
  
  
  METHODS
  The structure-activity relationships of these molecules on TRPA1 and TRPV1 was measured by testing natural and synthetic analogues using calcium and voltage imaging on dissociated dorsal root ganglia neurons and human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing the wild-type channels or specific cysteine mutants using glutathione trapping as a model to probe TRPA1 activation. In addition, using Trpv1 knockout mice, the compounds' aversive responses were measured in a taste brief-access test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  For TRPA1 activation, the cis C6 double bond in the polyenic chain of alpha-SOH was critical, whereas no structural specificity was required for activation of TRPV1. Both 6-shogaol and 6-paradol were found to activate TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels, whereas linalool, an abundant terpene in Sichuan pepper, activated TRPA1 but not TRPV1 channels. Alkylamides and 6-shogaol act on TRPA1 by covalent bonding whereas none of these compounds activated TRPV1 through such interactions. Finally, TRPV1 mutant mice retained sensitivity to 6-shogaol but were not responsive to alpha-SOH.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The pungent nature of components of Sichuan and Melegueta peppers was mediated via interactions with TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels and may explain the aversive properties of these compounds.
authors: Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland.
authors: C E
authors: CE
authors: Riera
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Menozzi-Smarrito
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Affolter
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Michlig
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Munari
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Robert
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Vogel
authors: S A
authors: SA
authors: Simon
authors: J
authors: J
authors: le Coutre
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D002396:Catechols / Q000494:pharmacology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D006139:Guaiacol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007659:Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010938:Plant Oils / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels / Q000819:agonists* / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D032106:Zanthoxylum / Q000737:chemistry*; D030521:Zingiberaceae / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D002396:Catechols; D007659:Ketones; D010938:Plant Oils; D000074025:TRPA1 Cation Channel; D050916:TRPV Cation Channels; C493921:TRPV1 protein, mouse; D050051:Transient Receptor Potential Channels; C475685:Trpa1 protein, mouse; C100574:sanshool; D006139:Guaiacol; C040115:shogaol; C421614:6-paradol