Effect of methanol and Me2SO exposure on mitochondrial activity and distribution in stage III ovarian follicles of zebrafish (Danio rerio).
In this study the effect of cryoprotectants that have been shown to be the least toxic to zebrafish ovarian follicles (methanol and Me(2)SO), on mitochondria of stage III ovarian follicles was evaluated. The mitochondrial distributional arrangement, mitochondrial membrane potential, mtDNA copy number, ATP levels and ADP/ATP ratios were assessed following exposure to cryoprotectants for 30 min at room temperature. Results obtained by confocal microscopy showed that 30 min exposure to 2M methanol induced a loss of membrane potential, although viability tests showed no decrease in survival even after 5h post-exposure incubation. Higher concentrations of methanol (3 and 4M) induced not only a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential but also the loss of mitochondrial distributional arrangement, which suggested a compromised mitochondrial function. Furthermore 3 and 4M treatments resulted in a decrease in viability assessed by Fluorescein diacetate-Propidium iodide (FDA-PI) and in a decrease in mtDNA copy number and ADP/ATP ratio after 5h incubation following methanol exposure, indicating a delayed effect. The use of Me(2)SO, which is considered to be a more toxic CPA to zebrafish ovarian follicles than methanol, caused a decrease in viability and a sustained decrease in ATP levels accompanied by failure to maintain mtDNA copy number within 1h post-exposure incubation. These results indicated that even CPAs that are considered to have no toxicity as determined by Trypan blue (TB) and FDA-PI tests can have a deleterious effect on mitochondrial activity, potentially compromising oocyte growth and embryo development.
Zampolla
T
T
LIRANS Institute of Research in the Applied Natural Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, United Kingdom.
Spikings
E
E
Zhang
T
T
Rawson
D M
DM
D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D004625:Embryo, Nonmammalian / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D053078:Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial / Q000187:drug effects; D000432:Methanol / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects*; D006080:Ovarian Follicle / Q000187:drug effects*; D015027:Zebrafish
D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D004272:DNA, Mitochondrial; D000244:Adenosine Diphosphate; D000255:Adenosine Triphosphate; D000432:Methanol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide