title: Multiple dynamic cavernous malformations in a girl: long-term follow-up.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cavernous malformations have generally been viewed as fairly benign vascular lesions with low potential for causing massive hemorrhage.
  
  
  METHODS
  We present an interesting case of multiple CMs, several of which were formed de novo and exhibited aggressive biological behavior resulting in recurrent episodes of intracranial hemorrhage over a 10-year period. This case illustrates a dynamic and aggressive form of CMs. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CMs implicate genetics as an important pathogenic factor, which is the most likely etiology of this patient's presentation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Special challenges exist in managing young children with multiple, highly aggressive CMs.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Hua Shan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Neurosurgical Center, Shanghai 200040, P.R. China.
authors: Liang
authors: L
authors: Chen
authors: Yao
authors: Y
authors: Zhao
authors: Zheng
authors: Z
authors: Chen
authors: May
authors: M
authors: Tee
authors: Ying
authors: Y
authors: Mao
authors: Liang-Fu
authors: LF
authors: Zhou
mesh_terms: D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction; D002114:Calcinosis / Q000175:diagnosis; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005625:Frontal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020234:Gait Ataxia / Q000175:diagnosis; D020786:Hemangioma, Cavernous, Central Nervous System / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009378:Neoplasms, Multiple Primary / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D038361:Neuronavigation; D009778:Occipital Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D010296:Parietal Lobe / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000175:diagnosis; D012086:Reoperation; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed