Biological effects and safety in magnetic resonance imaging: a review.
Since the introduction of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) as a diagnostic technique, the number of people exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMF) has increased dramatically. In this review, based on the results of a pioneer study showing in vitro and in vivo genotoxic effects of MRI scans, we report an updated survey about the effects of non-ionizing EMF employed in MRI, relevant for patients' and workers' safety. While the whole data does not confirm a risk hypothesis, it suggests a need for further studies and prudent use in order to avoid unnecessary examinations, according to the precautionary principle.
Hartwig
Valentina
V
ITENI Laboratory, CNR Institute of Clinical Physiology, Pisa, Italy. valeh@ifc.cnr.it
Giovannetti
Giulio
G
Vanello
Nicola
N
Lombardi
Massimo
M
Landini
Luigi
L
Simi
Silvana
S
D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects*; D009154:Mutation; D012449:Safety