title: Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality.
abstract: In this cohort study, the authors evaluated how supplemental use of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E over a 10-year period was related to 5-year total mortality, cancer mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Participants (n = 77,719) were Washington State residents aged 50-76 years who completed a mailed self-administered questionnaire in 2000-2002. Adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were computed using Cox regression. Multivitamin use was not related to total mortality. However, vitamin C and vitamin E use were associated with small decreases in risk. In cause-specific analyses, use of multivitamins and use of vitamin E were associated with decreased risks of CVD mortality. The hazard ratio comparing persons who had a 10-year average frequency of multivitamin use of 6-7 days per week with nonusers was 0.84 (95% confidence interval: 0.70, 0.99); and the hazard ratio comparing persons who had a 10-year average daily dose of vitamin E greater than 215 mg with nonusers was 0.72 (95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.88). In contrast, vitamin C use was not associated with CVD mortality. Multivitamin and vitamin E use were not associated with cancer mortality. Some of the associations we observed were small and may have been due to unmeasured healthy behaviors that were more common in supplement users.
authors: Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. gpocobel@u.washington.edu
authors: Gaia
authors: G
authors: Pocobelli
authors: Ulrike
authors: U
authors: Peters
authors: Alan R
authors: AR
authors: Kristal
authors: Emily
authors: E
authors: White
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001205:Ascorbic Acid; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000401:mortality; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019587:Dietary Supplements / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009026:Mortality; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000401:mortality; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D014810:Vitamin E; D014815:Vitamins; D014861:Washington / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D014815:Vitamins; D014810:Vitamin E; D001205:Ascorbic Acid