title: Percutaneous embolization on hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia patients with severe epistaxis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the results of embolization in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) because of severe epistaxis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All HHT patients who underwent an embolization (between 1992 and 2006) were asked to participate in this retrospective study. Twelve patients who had in total 19 embolization procedures were interviewed. A questionnaire was used assessing the frequency, severity, duration of epistaxis and their Impact on Lifestyle (IoL). Haemoglobin values were collected from the patients' records. Embolization of the pathologically enhancing lesions was performed using PVA particles.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The direct effect of the embolization is very good in 95% of patients. The Impact factor (daily frequency x severity) of epistaxis improved in the first month (p = 0.000) and one year after embolization (p = 0.009). Eleven embolizations (61%) were still associated with significant improvement. There was a reduction in the duration of epistaxis by 16 minutes per day one month after embolization (p = 0.005). However, this reduction was not found one year after embolization. Mean haemoglobin rose significantly after 1 year by an average of 0.8 mmol/l (p = 0.045). Impact on Lifestyle improved in 68% of the procedures and was unchanged in 32%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embolizations remain a therapeutic option in experienced hands. The indication should be made carefully, because of possible (major) complications.
authors: Department of Radiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. sjbraak@gmail.com
authors: S J
authors: SJ
authors: Braak
authors: C A
authors: CA
authors: de Witt
authors: F J M
authors: FJ
authors: Disch
authors: T Th C
authors: TT
authors: Overtoom
authors: J J
authors: JJ
authors: Westermann
mesh_terms: D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000379:methods*; D004844:Epistaxis / Q000209:etiology* / Q000628:therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013683:Telangiectasia, Hereditary Hemorrhagic / Q000150:complications*; D016896:Treatment Outcome