title: Peripheral artery disease and glaucoma: the singapore malay eye study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the relationship between peripheral artery disease (PAD) and glaucoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  As part of a population-based study of 3280 persons of Malay descent (78.7% response) aged 40 to 80 years examined between August 1, 2004, and June 30, 2006, the ankle-brachial index (ABI) was assessed in all persons with known diabetes mellitus and every fifth systematically sampled participant without diabetes. Peripheral artery disease was deemed present if the ABI was 0.9 or less. Glaucoma was diagnosed using International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 922 participants who had ABI measured, 79 (8.6%) had PAD and 42 (4.6%) had glaucoma. Persons with PAD were more likely to have glaucoma (11.4% vs 3.9%; age- and sex-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26-6.24), higher intraocular pressure (age- and sex-adjusted mean, 16.4 vs 15.5; P = .05), and a larger vertical cup-disc ratio (age- and sex-adjusted mean, 0.45 vs 0.40; P = .02). The association of PAD with glaucoma persisted while controlling for hypertension, diabetes, body mass index, serum triglyceride levels, and beta-blocker use (multivariable-adjusted OR, 2.55; 95% CI, 1.09-5.98) and was stronger in people with diabetes (multivariable-adjusted OR, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.14-7.44).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Peripheral artery disease was related to glaucoma, supporting an association between large-vessel atherosclerotic disease and glaucoma. However, because the study sample included a high proportion of persons with diabetes, further research is needed to determine the relevance of these results to the general population.
authors: Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: V Swetha E
authors: VS
authors: Jeganathan
authors: Tien Yin
authors: TY
authors: Wong
authors: Paul J
authors: PJ
authors: Foster
authors: Jonathan G
authors: JG
authors: Crowston
authors: Wan Ting
authors: WT
authors: Tay
authors: Su Chi
authors: SC
authors: Lim
authors: Seang-Mei
authors: SM
authors: Saw
authors: E Shyong
authors: ES
authors: Tai
authors: Tin
authors: T
authors: Aung
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D001794:Blood Pressure; D003404:Creatinine / Q000097:blood; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005901:Glaucoma / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D006801:Humans; D007429:Intraocular Pressure; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016017:Odds Ratio; D016491:Peripheral Vascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012846:Singapore / Q000208:ethnology; D014065:Tonometry, Ocular; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields
chemical_list: D014280:Triglycerides; D003404:Creatinine