title: A versatile total internal reflection photometric detection cell for flow analysis.
abstract: A total internal reflection (TIR) flow-through cell that is highly tolerant of schlieren effects, has limited hydrodynamic dispersion and does not trap gas bubbles, and which is suitable for sensitive photometric measurements in flow analysis, is described. Light from an optical fibre is introduced into a short length of quartz capillary through the sidewall at an incident angle of ca. 53 degrees. Under this condition, incident light undergoes total internal reflection from the external air-quartz interface and is propagated by successive reflections from the external walls through the aqueous liquid core of the cell. Detection of the transmitted beam is enabled by intentionally introducing an optical coupling medium at a predetermined distance along the capillary wall, which allows the internally reflected light to be captured by a second optical fibre connected to a charge-couple device detector. This configuration embodies a number of the desirable features of a liquid core waveguide cell (i.e. total internal reflection), a multi-reflection (MR) flow cell (i.e. minimum susceptibility to schlieren effects, low hydrodynamic dispersion and little tendency to trap bubbles), and a conventional Z-cell (wide dynamic range). When employed with a flow injection system, a limit of detection of 2.0 microg PL(-1) was achieved for the determination of reactive phosphate using the TIR cell, compared with LOD values of 3.8 microg PL(-1) and 4.9 microg PL(-1) obtained using the MR and Z-cells with same manifold. The combined advantages of schlieren-tolerance and lack of bubble entrapment of the MR cell with the higher S/N ratio and wider dynamic range of a conventional Z-cell, make the TIR cell eminently useful for photometric measurements of samples with widely differing refractive indices.
authors: Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, P.O. Box 23, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
authors: Peter S
authors: PS
authors: Ellis
authors: Brady S
authors: BS
authors: Gentle
authors: Michael R
authors: MR
authors: Grace
authors: Ian D
authors: ID
authors: McKelvie