title: Closed-system solid surface vitrification versus slow programmable freezing of mouse 2-cell embryos.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare closed-system solid surface vitrification with slow freezing.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse 2-cell embryos (n = 348) were divided into vitrification, slow freezing and non-frozen groups. For vitrification, embryos were exposed to 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) for 10 min, then transferred into 17.5% EG, 17.5% DMSO, 0.25 M trehalose and 10% FBS in PBS. They were placed on hemi-straws and inserted into 0.5 ml straws inside a previously cooled aluminum cylinder. Slow freezing was done in straws by the conventional method.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Vitrified embryos had significantly higher survival, further cleavage and blastocyst formation rates than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.001) and were comparable to controls. Blastocysts in the vitrification and control groups had significantly more cells than those in the slow freezing group (p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Closed-system vitrification was more effective than conventional slow freezing.
authors: Division of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand. tvutyava@med.cmu.ac.th
authors: Teraporn
authors: T
authors: Vutyavanich
authors: Opas
authors: O
authors: Sreshthaputra
authors: Waraporn
authors: W
authors: Piromlertamorn
authors: Siriporn
authors: S
authors: Nunta
mesh_terms: D000535:Aluminum / Q000737:chemistry; D000818:Animals; D001755:Blastocyst / Q000166:cytology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide / Q000737:chemistry; D046149:Embryo Culture Techniques / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019855:Ethylene Glycol / Q000737:chemistry; D005260:Female; D005615:Freezing; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D027724:Reproductive Techniques, Assisted; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000535:Aluminum; D019855:Ethylene Glycol; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide