title: The antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy in dental plaque-derived biofilms.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Photodynamic therapy has been advocated as an alternative to antimicrobial agents to suppress subgingival species and to treat periodontitis. Bacteria located within dense biofilms, such as those encountered in dental plaque, have been found to be relatively resistant to antimicrobial therapy. In the present study, we investigated the ability of photodynamic therapy to reduce the number of bacteria in biofilms by comparing the photodynamic effects of methylene blue on human dental plaque microorganisms in the planktonic phase and in biofilms.
  
  
  METHODS
  Dental plaque samples were obtained from 10 subjects with chronic periodontitis. Suspensions of plaque microorganisms from five subjects were sensitized with methylene blue (25 microg/mL) for 5 min then exposed to red light. Multispecies microbial biofilms developed from the same plaque samples were also exposed to methylene blue (25 microg/mL) and the same light conditions as their planktonic counterparts. In a second set of experiments, biofilms were developed with plaque bacteria from five subjects, sensitized with 25 or 50 microg/mL of methylene blue and then exposed to red light. After photodynamic therapy, survival fractions were calculated by counting the number of colony-forming units.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Photodynamic therapy killed approximately 63% of bacteria present in suspension. By contrast, in biofilms, photodynamic therapy had much less of an effect on the viability of bacteria (32% maximal killing).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Oral bacteria in biofilms are affected less by photodynamic therapy than bacteria in the planktonic phase. The antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy is reduced in biofilm bacteria but not to the same degree as has been reported for treatment with antibiotics under similar conditions.
authors: Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, The Forsyth Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
authors: C R
authors: CR
authors: Fontana
authors: A D
authors: AD
authors: Abernethy
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Som
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ruggiero
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Doucette
authors: R C
authors: RC
authors: Marcantonio
authors: C I
authors: CI
authors: Boussios
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Kent
authors: J M
authors: JM
authors: Goodson
authors: A C R
authors: AC
authors: Tanner
authors: N S
authors: NS
authors: Soukos
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques; D001641:Bicuspid / Q000382:microbiology; D018441:Biofilms / Q000187:drug effects*; D055113:Chronic Periodontitis / Q000382:microbiology; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003773:Dental Plaque / Q000382:microbiology*; D006801:Humans; D054023:Lasers, Semiconductor / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008751:Methylene Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008963:Molar / Q000382:microbiology; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000382:microbiology; D010778:Photochemotherapy; D017319:Photosensitizing Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D013053:Spectrophotometry
chemical_list: D017319:Photosensitizing Agents; D008751:Methylene Blue