title: IL-12 can target human lung adenocarcinoma cells and normal bronchial epithelial cells surrounding tumor lesions.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a leading cause of cancer death. We have shown previously that IL-12rb2 KO mice develop spontaneously lung adenocarcinomas or bronchioalveolar carcinomas. Aim of the study was to investigate i) IL-12Rbeta2 expression in human primary lung adenocarcinomas and in their counterparts, i.e. normal bronchial epithelial cells (NBEC), ii) the direct anti-tumor activity of IL-12 on lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro and vivo, and the mechanisms involved, and iii) IL-12 activity on NBEC.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Stage I lung adenocarcinomas showed significantly (P = 0.012) higher frequency of IL-12Rbeta2 expressing samples than stage II/III tumors. IL-12 treatment of IL-12R(+) neoplastic cells isolated from primary adenocarcinoma (n = 6) inhibited angiogenesis in vitro through down-regulation of different pro-angiogenic genes (e.g. IL-6, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and laminin-5), as assessed by chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and PCR array. In order to perform in vivo studies, the Calu6 NSCLC cell line was transfected with the IL-12RB2 containing plasmid (Calu6/beta2). Similar to that observed in primary tumors, IL-12 treatment of Calu6/beta2(+) cells inhibited angiogenesis in vitro. Tumors formed by Calu6/beta2 cells in SCID/NOD mice, inoculated subcutaneously or orthotopically, were significantly smaller following IL-12 vs PBS treatment due to inhibition of angiogenesis, and of IL-6 and VEGF-C production. Explanted tumors were studied by histology, immuno-histochemistry and PCR array. NBEC cells were isolated and cultured from lung specimens of non neoplastic origin. NBEC expressed IL-12R and released constitutively tumor promoting cytokines (e.g. IL-6 and CCL2). Treatment of NBEC with IL-12 down-regulated production of these cytokines.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrates that IL-12 inhibits directly the growth of human lung adenocarcinoma and targets the adjacent NBEC. These novel anti-tumor activities of IL-12 add to the well known immune-modulatory properties of the cytokine and may provide a rational basis for the development of a clinical trial.
authors: AIRC Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Experimental and Laboratory Medicine, G Gaslini Institute, Genova, Italy. irmaairoldi@ospedale-gaslini.ge.it
authors: Irma
authors: I
authors: Airoldi
authors: Emma
authors: E
authors: Di Carlo
authors: Claudia
authors: C
authors: Cocco
authors: Emanuela
authors: E
authors: Caci
authors: Michele
authors: M
authors: Cilli
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Sorrentino
authors: Gabriella
authors: G
authors: Sozzi
authors: Silvano
authors: S
authors: Ferrini
authors: Sandra
authors: S
authors: Rosini
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: Bertolini
authors: Mauro
authors: M
authors: Truini
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Grossi
authors: Luis Juan Vicente
authors: LJ
authors: Galietta
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Ribatti
authors: Vito
authors: V
authors: Pistoia
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000818:Animals; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D018664:Interleukin-12 / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000098:blood supply / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D016513:Mice, SCID; D008875:Middle Aged; D009389:Neovascularization, Pathologic / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018664:Interleukin-12