Income and attrition in the treatment of depression: a STAR*D report.
BACKGROUND
Attrition, or dropping out of treatment, remains a major issue in the care of depressed outpatients. Whether different factors are associated with attrition for different socioeconomic groups is not known. This report assessed whether attrition rates and predictors of attrition differed among depressed outpatients with different income levels.


METHODS
Outpatients with nonpsychotic major depressive disorder treated for up to 14 weeks with citalopram in the first step of the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study were divided by household incomes of <$20,000, $20,000-<$40,000, and >or=$40,000. Attrition rates and sociodemographic and clinical correlates of attrition were identified for each group.


RESULTS
Regardless of income level, remission rates were lower for participants who dropped out of treatment. Attrition rates increased as income decreased. For all income levels, younger age was independently associated with attrition. For the lowest income level, less education, better mental health functioning, being on public insurance, and having more concurrent Axis I conditions were associated with a greater likelihood of attrition. For the middle income group, less education, better mental health functioning, being Black or of another non-White race, and treatment in a psychiatric versus primary-care setting predicted greater attrition. For the highest income group, being Hispanic, having a family history of drug abuse, and melancholic features predicted attrition. Atypical symptom features (middle income group) and recurrent depression (highest income group) were associated with retention.


CONCLUSIONS
Efforts to retain patients in antidepressant treatment should focus especially on less educated patients with lower household incomes and younger patients.
Warden
Diane
D
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas 75390-9086, USA. Diane.Warden@UTSouthwestern.edu
Rush
A John
AJ
Wisniewski
Stephen R
SR
Lesser
Ira M
IM
Thase
Michael E
ME
Balasubramani
G K
GK
Shores-Wilson
Kathy
K
Nierenberg
Andrew A
AA
Trivedi
Madhukar H
MH
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000553:Ambulatory Care; D015283:Citalopram / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D004522:Educational Status; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010352:Patient Dropouts / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012008:Recurrence; D012074:Remission Induction; D012153:Retention, Psychology; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult
D015283:Citalopram; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors