Biological markers for early detection and pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
The introduction of biological markers in the clinical management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) will not only improve diagnosis relating to early detection of neuropathology with underlying molecular mechanisms, but also provides tools for the assessment of objective treatment benefits. In this review, we identify a number of in vivo neurochemistry and neuroimaging techniques, which can reliably assess aspects of physiology, pathology, chemistry, and neuroanatomy of AD, and hold promise as meaningful biomarkers in the early diagnostic process, as well as for the tracking of disease-modifying pharmacological effects. These neurobiological measures appear to relate closely to pathophysiological, neuropathological, and clinical data, such as hyperphosphorylation of tau, abeta metabolism, lipid peroxidation, pattern and rate of atrophy, loss of neuronal integrity, and functional and cognitive decline, as well as risk of future decline. As a perspective, the important role of biomarkers in the development of innovative drug treatments for AD and the related regulatory process is discussed.
Hampel
Harald
H
Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University Munich, Alzheimer Memorial Center, Munich, Germany. harald.hampel@tcd.ie
Broich
Karl
K
Hoessler
Yvonne
Y
Pantel
Johannes
J
D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood / Q000134:cerebrospinal fluid; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D042241:Early Diagnosis; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007116:Immunization, Passive; D016233:Immunotherapy, Active
D015415:Biomarkers; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D053829:Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases