title: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-related fatalities in Australia: demographics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the demographic characteristics, circumstances, toxicology and major organ pathology of MDMA-related deaths in Australia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of cases in which MDMA was a cause of death, as identified from the National Coronial Information System.
  
  
  RESULTS
  82 cases over a 5-year period were identified. The majority of decedents were male (83%), with a median age of 26 years. Deaths were predominantly due to drug toxicity (82%), with MDMA the sole drug causing death in 23% of cases, and combined drug toxicity in 59% of cases. The remaining deaths (18%) were primarily due to pathological events/disease or injury, with MDMA a significant contributing condition. Cardiovascular pathology, typically atherosclerosis, was detected in 58% of decedents, with moderate-severe atherosclerosis in 23% of cases. The prevalence of such pathology is higher than that expected among similarly aged members of the general population. Cerebrovascular pathology, primarily cerebral haemorrhage and hypoxic damage, was present in 12% of cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDMA has contributed to a clinically significant number of deaths in Australia. The prevalence of cardiovascular pathology was similar to that among methamphetamine and cocaine fatalities. Whilst cardiovascular pathology may reflect the use of other stimulants, the cardiotoxic properties of MDMA have been well-documented. Future studies examining MDMA-related morbidity and mortality in the context of other risk factors are recommended. Overall, the current study highlights the need to educate users about the potential harms of MDMA use, particularly that in conjunction with other stimulants, opioids and alcohol, which are known to increase overall toxicity.
authors: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia. s.kaye@med.unsw.edu.au
authors: Sharlene
authors: S
authors: Kaye
authors: Shane
authors: S
authors: Darke
authors: Johan
authors: J
authors: Duflou
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D019969:Amphetamine-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D001315:Australia / Q000453:epidemiology; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D002423:Cause of Death; D002561:Cerebrovascular Disorders / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D004651:Employment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D012737:Sex Factors; D013405:Suicide / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs; D018817:N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine