title: Nitrite directly vasodilates hypoxic vasculature via nitric oxide-dependent and -independent pathways.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  It is postulated that nitrite requires reduction to nitric oxide in order to exert its relaxant effect upon isolated hypoxic vessels. Herein, we evaluate the relative contribution of nitric oxide and characterize the downstream mechanisms of nitrite-induced vasorelaxation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aortic rings were treated with pharmacological agents and exposed to hypoxia (<1% O(2)). Following pre-constriction, nitrite (10 microM final) was added to appropriate baths; isometric tension was recorded throughout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nitrite (under hypoxic conditions at physiological pH) is capable of exerting physiological effects that cannot be completely inhibited by the inhibitor of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), 1H [1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one or a nitric oxide scavenger (carboxy-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide). Simultaneous blockade of both sGC and cyclooxygenase (COX) completely inhibited the response to nitrite. With regard to the nitric oxide-dependent component, we confirm that aldehyde oxidase, but not xanthine oxidase or endothelial nitric oxide synthase, was important for the actions of nitrite in our model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nitric oxide generated from nitrite is not exclusively responsible for the physiological actions observed in isolated hypoxic vessels. Nitrite operates via different pathways dependent on the presence or absence of endothelium to produce vasorelaxation. In intact vessels, both sGC and COX enzymes appear to be important. Irrespective of this difference in relaxation mechanism, nitrite is capable of producing the same maximum relaxation, regardless of the presence of endothelium. Having investigated possible nitrite reduction sites, we confirm that aldehyde oxidase is important for the actions of nitrite.
authors: The Wales Heart Research Institute, Department of Cardiology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Campus, Cardiff.
authors: A G
authors: AG
authors: Pinder
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Pittaway
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Morris
authors: P E
authors: PE
authors: James
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001013:Aorta, Thoracic / Q000502:physiology; D015687:Cell Hypoxia; D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004730:Endothelium, Vascular / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008297:Male; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000187:drug effects; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000502:physiology*; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism*; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D000071756:Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase; D014664:Vasodilation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D014665:Vasodilator Agents / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016861:Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors; D009573:Nitrites; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D014665:Vasodilator Agents; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D011451:Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases; D006162:Guanylate Cyclase; D000071756:Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase