Apoptotic effects of protocatechuic acid in human breast, lung, liver, cervix, and prostate cancer cells: potential mechanisms of action.
Apoptotic effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) at 1, 2, 4, 8 micromol/L on human breast cancer MCF7 cell, lung cancer A549 cell, HepG2 cell, cervix HeLa cell, and prostate cancer LNCaP cell were examined. Results showed that PCA concentration-dependently decreased cell viability, increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage, enhanced DNA fragmentation, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and lowered Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity for these cancer cells (P < 0.05). PCA also concentration-dependently elevated caspase-3 activity in five cancer cells (P < 0.05), but this agent at 2-8 micromol/L significantly increased caspase-8 activity (P < 0.05). PCA concentration-dependently decreased intercellular adhesion molecule level in test cancer cells (P < 0.05) but significantly inhibited cell adhesion at 2-8 micromol/L (P < 0.05). PCA also concentration-dependently lowered the levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in five cancer cells (P < 0.05), but this agent at 2-8 micromol/L significantly suppressed vascular endothelial growth factor production (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that PCA is a potent anticancer agent to cause apoptosis or retard invasion and metastasis in these five cancer cells.
Yin
Mei-Chin
MC
Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan, ROC. mcyin@mail.cmu.edu.tw
Lin
Chun-Che
CC
Wu
Hsi-Chin
HC
Tsao
Shih-Ming
SM
Hsu
Cheng-Kuang
CK
D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects; D053938:DNA Fragmentation / Q000187:drug effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms; D002583:Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D062385:Hydroxybenzoates; C009091:protocatechuic acid