title: High K+-induced contraction requires depolarization-induced Ca2+ release from internal stores in rat gut smooth muscle.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depolarization-induced contraction of smooth muscle is thought to be mediated by Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated L-type Ca2+channels. We describe a novel contraction mechanism that is independent of Ca2+ entry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pharmacological experiments were carried out on isolated rat gut longitudinal smooth muscle preparations, measuring isometric contraction strength upon high K+-induced depolarization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Treatment with verapamil, which presumably leads to a conformational change in the channel, completely abolished K+-induced contraction, while residual contraction still occurred when Ca2+ entry was blocked with Cd2+. These results were further confirmed by measuring intracellular Ca2+ transients using Fura-2. Co-application of Cd2+ and the ryanodine receptor blocker DHBP further reduced contraction, albeit incompletely. Additional blockage of either phospholipase C (U 73122) or inositol 1,4,5-trisphophate (IP3)receptors (2-APB) abolished most contractions, while sole application of these blockers and Cd2+ (without parallel ryanodine receptor manipulation) also resulted in incomplete contraction block.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that there are parallel mechanisms of depolarization-induced smooth muscle contraction via (a) Ca2+ entry and (b) Ca2+ entry-independent, depolarization-induced Ca2+-release through ryanodine receptors and IP3, with the latter being dependent on phospholipase C activation.
authors: Institute of Physiology, University of Rostock, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18055 Rostock, Germany. timo.kirschstein@uni-rostock.de
authors: Timo
authors: T
authors: Kirschstein
authors: Mirko
authors: M
authors: Rehberg
authors: Rika
authors: R
authors: Bajorat
authors: Tursonjan
authors: T
authors: Tokay
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Porath
authors: Rüdiger
authors: R
authors: Köhling
mesh_terms: D000109:Acetylcholine / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism*; D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type / Q000378:metabolism; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000187:drug effects; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000378:metabolism*; D011188:Potassium / Q000378:metabolism*; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel / Q000378:metabolism; D010738:Type C Phospholipases / Q000378:metabolism; D014700:Verapamil / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D002121:Calcium Channel Blockers; D020746:Calcium Channels, L-Type; D053496:Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors; D019837:Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel; D014700:Verapamil; D010738:Type C Phospholipases; D000109:Acetylcholine; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium