title: CERKL mutations cause an autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy with inner retinopathy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the phenotype of the retinal degeneration associated with mutations in the CERKL gene.
  
  
  METHODS
  Six patients (ages, 26-54 years) from three unrelated families with CERKL mutations were studied clinically and by electroretinography, kinetic, and chromatic static perimetry, autofluorescence (AF) imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three siblings were homozygotes for p.R257X mutation; two siblings were compound heterozygotes for p.R257X and a novel p.C362X mutation; and one patient had only p.R257X mutation identified to date. There was a spectrum of severity: from mild visual acuity loss to light perception; from full kinetic fields with relative central scotomas to remnant peripheral islands; from reduced ERGs (some with negative waveforms) to nondetectable signals. Maculopathy showed residual foveal islands or extensive central rod and cone scotomas. With AF imaging, there was evidence of hyperautofluorescence at earlier and hypoautofluorescence at later disease stages. Peripheral function was generally less affected than central function. With OCT there were small foveal islands of outer nuclear layer (ONL) in those with preserved acuity. Eccentric to an annular region with no discernible ONL, there could be ONL in the midperiphery. At early disease stages, ganglion cell layer thickness was less affected than ONL. Later disease stages were accompanied by inner nuclear layer and nerve fiber layer abnormalities.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CERKL mutations are associated with widespread retinal degeneration with prominent maculopathy. The clinical presentation is that of an autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Photoreceptor loss appears at all stages of disease and inner laminopathy complicates the phenotype at later stages.
authors: Scheie Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. aleman@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors: Tomas S
authors: TS
authors: Aleman
authors: Nagasamy
authors: N
authors: Soumittra
authors: Artur V
authors: AV
authors: Cideciyan
authors: Alexander M
authors: AM
authors: Sumaroka
authors: Vedam Lakshmi
authors: VL
authors: Ramprasad
authors: Waldo
authors: W
authors: Herrera
authors: Elizabeth A M
authors: EA
authors: Windsor
authors: Sharon B
authors: SB
authors: Schwartz
authors: Robert C
authors: RC
authors: Russell
authors: Alejandro J
authors: AJ
authors: Roman
authors: Chris F
authors: CF
authors: Inglehearn
authors: Govindasamy
authors: G
authors: Kumaramanickavel
authors: Edwin M
authors: EM
authors: Stone
authors: Gerald A
authors: GA
authors: Fishman
authors: Samuel G
authors: SG
authors: Jacobson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004596:Electroretinography; D005260:Female; D005453:Fluorescence; D005808:Genes, Recessive; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor) / Q000235:genetics*; D020419:Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate / Q000473:pathology*; D012162:Retinal Degeneration / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D041623:Tomography, Optical Coherence; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D058609:Visual Field Tests; D014794:Visual Fields / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D017853:Phosphotransferases (Alcohol Group Acceptor); C066324:ceramide kinase