title: Deworming helminth co-infected individuals for delaying HIV disease progression.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The HIV-1 pandemic has disproportionately affected individuals in resource-constrained settings where other infectious diseases, such as helminth infections, also are highly prevalent. There are biologically plausible reasons for possible effects of helminth infection in HIV-1-infected individuals, and findings from multiple studies suggest that helminth infection may adversely affect HIV-1 progression. Since initial publication of this review (Walson 2007), additional data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) has become available. We sought to evaluate all currently available evidence to determine if treatment of helminth infection in HIV-1 co-infected individuals impacts HIV-1 progression.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine if treating helminth infection in individuals with HIV-1 can reduce the progression of HIV-1 as determined by changes in CD4 count, viral load, or clinical disease progression.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this 2008 update, we searched online for published and unpublished studies in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and AIDSEARCH. We also searched databases listing conference abstracts, scanned reference lists of articles, and contacted authors of included studies.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched for RCTs and quasi-RCTs that compared HIV-1 progression as measured by changes in CD4 count, viral load, or clinical disease progression in HIV-1 infected individuals receiving anti-helminthic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data regarding changes in CD4 count, HIV-1 RNA levels, and/or clinical staging after treatment of helminth co-infection were extracted from identified studies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 7,019 abstracts identified (6,384 from original searches plus 635 from updated searches), 17 abstracts were identified as meeting criteria for potential inclusion (15 from previous review plus an additional two RCTs). After restricting inclusion to RCTs, a total of three studies were eligible for inclusion in this updated review.All three trials showed individual beneficial effects of helminth eradication on markers of HIV-1 disease progression (HIV-1 RNA and/or CD4 counts). When data from these trials were pooled, the analysis demonstrated significant benefit of deworming on both plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 counts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, three RCTs have evaluated the effects of deworming on markers of HIV-1 disease progression in helminth and HIV-1 co-infected individuals. All trials demonstrate benefit in attenuating or reducing plasma viral load and/or increasing CD4 counts. When taken together, there is evidence of benefit for deworming HIV-1 co-infected adults. Given that these studies evaluated different helminth species and different interventions, further trials are warranted to evaluate species-specific effects and to document long-term clinical outcomes following deworming.
authors: Departments of Global Health, Medicine (Infectious Disease), and Pediatrics, University of Washington, Box 359909, 325 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
authors: Judd L
authors: JL
authors: Walson
authors: Bradley R
authors: BR
authors: Herrin
authors: Grace
authors: G
authors: John-Stewart
mesh_terms: D000871:Anthelmintics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D018450:Disease Progression; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000276:immunology / Q000469:parasitology* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006295:Health Resources; D006373:Helminthiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006801:Humans; D011204:Poverty Areas; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000032:analysis; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D000871:Anthelmintics; D012367:RNA, Viral