title: A pilot study investigating the effects of fast left prefrontal rTMS on chronic neuropathic pain.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Stimulating the human cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) temporarily reduces clinical and experimental pain; however, it is unclear which cortical targets are the most effective. The motor cortex has been a popular target for managing neuropathic pain, while the prefrontal cortex has been investigated for an array of nociceptive pain conditions. It is unclear whether the motor cortex is the only effective cortical target for managing neuropathic pain, and no published studies to date have investigated the effects of prefrontal stimulation on neuropathic pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  This preliminary pilot trial employed a sham-controlled, within-subject, crossover design to evaluate clinical pain as well as laboratory pain thresholds among four patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Each participant underwent three real and three sham 20-minute sessions of 10 Hz left prefrontal repetitive TMS. Daily pain diaries were collected for 3 weeks before and after each treatment phase along with a battery of self-report pain and mood questionnaires.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Time-series analysis at the individual patient level indicated that real TMS was associated with significant improvements in average daily pain in 3 of the 4 participants. These effects were independent of changes in mood in two of the participants. At the group level, a decrease of 19% in daily pain on average, pain at its worst, and pain at its least was observed while controlling for changes in mood, activity level and sleep. The effects of real TMS were significantly greater than sham. Real TMS was associated with increases in thermal and mechanical pain thresholds, whereas sham was not. No statistically significant effects were observed across the questionnaire data.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The prefrontal cortex may be an important TMS cortical target for managing certain types of pain, including certain neuropathic pain syndromes.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA. borckard@musc.edu
authors: Jeffrey J
authors: JJ
authors: Borckardt
authors: Arthur R
authors: AR
authors: Smith
authors: Scott T
authors: ST
authors: Reeves
authors: Alok
authors: A
authors: Madan
authors: Neal
authors: N
authors: Shelley
authors: Richard
authors: R
authors: Branham
authors: Ziad
authors: Z
authors: Nahas
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: George
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D005156:Facial Neuralgia / Q000150:complications; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008336:Mandibular Diseases / Q000150:complications; D008875:Middle Aged; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000523:psychology; D059408:Pain Management; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000502:physiology; D010523:Peripheral Nervous System Diseases / Q000150:complications*; D010865:Pilot Projects; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D016037:Single-Blind Method; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation