Low inhibitory control and restrictive feeding practices predict weight outcomes.
OBJECTIVE
A priority for research is to identify individuals early in development who are particularly susceptible to weight gain in the current, obesogenic environment. This longitudinal study investigated whether early individual differences in inhibitory control, an aspect of temperament, predicted weight outcomes and whether parents' restrictive feeding practices moderated this relation.


METHODS
Participants included 197 non-Hispanic white girls and their parents; families were assessed when girls were 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, and 15 years old. Measures included mothers' reports of girls' inhibitory control levels, girls' reports of parental restriction in feeding, girls' body mass indexes (BMIs), and parents' BMIs, education, and income.


RESULTS
Girls with lower inhibitory control at age 7 had higher concurrent BMIs, greater weight gain, higher BMIs at all subsequent time points, and were 1.95 times more likely to be overweight at age 15. Girls who perceived higher parental restriction exhibited the strongest inverse relation between inhibitory control and weight status.


CONCLUSIONS
Variability in inhibitory control could help identify individuals who are predisposed to obesity risk; the current findings also highlight the importance of parenting practices as potentially modifiable factors that exacerbate or attenuate this risk.
Anzman
Stephanie L
SL
Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Birch
Leann L
LL
D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D005247:Feeding Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005518:Food Preferences / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D009765:Obesity / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010287:Parent-Child Relations; D016487:Parenting / Q000523:psychology; D011336:Probability; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D015430:Weight Gain