title: The role of gutka chewing in oral submucous fibrosis: a case-control study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To learn about the use of various chewing substrates, such as areca nut and gutka, among subjects with oral submucosal fibrosis (OSMF) and controls with no oral mucosal lesions.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this hospital-based case-control study, 220 patients with OSMF were selected and compared with matched controls with regard to dietary habits, including spice use, smoking history, and preference for chewing substrates. Relative risk of various chewing habits was calculated using an odds ratio and logistic regression analysis to understand the influence of chewing habits, spices, and smoking on the development of OSMF. Discriminate analysis was employed to determine which risk factors were valid and reliable discriminators between individuals with or without OSMF.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The relative risk of developing oral submucosal fibrosis was highest with gutka-chewing habit (relative risk, 1,142.4), which was significant (P < .01) at 95% confidence interval. The next highest relative risk for development of oral submucosal fibrosis was observed for the combination of gutka with other chewing habits. The relative risk of developing submucosal fibrosis increased with the frequency of chewing habit up to 15 times daily with a duration of habit up to 4 years. The relative risk decreased with chewing frequency beyond 15 times daily and 4 years in duration. Logistic regression and discriminative analysis show that chewing areca nut and gutka, especially daily, greatly influence the development of submucosal fibrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study suggests that chewing commercially available areca-nut preparations such as gutka is strongly associated with the development of oral submucosal fibrosis.
authors: Hindustan Institute of Dental Scineces, Gr. Noida, India. renukabathi@yahoo.com
authors: Renuka J
authors: RJ
authors: Bathi
authors: Sameena
authors: S
authors: Parveen
authors: Krishna
authors: K
authors: Burde
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001114:Areca / Q000009:adverse effects*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D016002:Discriminant Analysis; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009914:Oral Submucous Fibrosis / Q000209:etiology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017365:Spices / Q000009:adverse effects; D014030:Tobacco, Smokeless / Q000009:adverse effects; D055815:Young Adult