Pharmacists' advancing roles in drug and disease management: a review of states' legislation.
OBJECTIVE
To determine which states in the United States have provisions in place for pharmacist participation in drug and disease management programs and/or collaborative practice agreements and to provide comparison and discussion regarding such provisions. A secondary endpoint was the requirements of certification, credentialing, and registration with the specific state's rules and regulations.


METHODS
Information was gathered from states' statutes, rules, and regulations. Acquisition of each state's laws was achieved through various forms of electronic media. Data were accessed from January to March 2008.


RESULTS
19 states (38%) had specific provisions for disease management, 33 (66%) had provisions for drug therapy management, and 37 (74%) had provisions for collaborative practice. A total of 11 states (22%) specified that pharmacists receive specialized training to participate in such endeavors. Board approval or notification for collaborative practice agreements was required in 16 states (32%).


CONCLUSIONS
With varying degrees of autonomy and restriction, pharmacists in certain states have the ability to develop disease management and/or collaborative practice programs. For pharmacists to take advantage of these new direct patient care opportunities, knowing the rules and requirements of their state's legislation is essential.
McKnight
Alicia G
AG
School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Birmingham, AL, USA. agmcknig@samford.edu
Thomason
Angela R
AR
D001291:Attitude of Health Personnel; D003299:Cooperative Behavior; D019468:Disease Management; D004514:Education, Pharmacy, Graduate / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D033161:Government Regulation; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006801:Humans; D007400:Interprofessional Relations; D007885:Legislation, Pharmacy; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D010595:Pharmacists / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D024382:Professional Role; D013044:Specialty Boards / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D013219:State Government; D014481:United States