title: Hepatic encephalopathy: pathophysiology and emerging therapies.
abstract: Hepatic encephalopathy is characterized by neuropsychiatric abnormalities in patients with liver failure. Severe hepatic encephalopathy is an indication for liver transplantation as it portends poor outcome. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy involves correction of precipitating factors such as sepsis, gastrointestinal bleeding, medications, and electrolyte imbalance. Effective therapies include lactulose and antibiotics such as neomycin, metronidazole, and rifaximin.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
authors: Vinay
authors: V
authors: Sundaram
authors: Obaid S
authors: OS
authors: Shaikh
mesh_terms: D000641:Ammonia / Q000378:metabolism; D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D020820:Dyskinesias / Q000209:etiology; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006501:Hepatic Encephalopathy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D007792:Lactulose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D008103:Liver Cirrhosis / Q000150:complications; D019164:Liver, Artificial; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism; D008795:Metronidazole / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009355:Neomycin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D019168:Portasystemic Shunt, Transjugular Intrahepatic; D011502:Protein-Energy Malnutrition / Q000209:etiology; D012008:Recurrence; D012294:Rifamycins / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000078262:Rifaximin; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D012294:Rifamycins; D014131:Trace Elements; D008795:Metronidazole; D008345:Manganese; D007792:Lactulose; D000641:Ammonia; D009355:Neomycin; D015032:Zinc; D000078262:Rifaximin