title: Adipose tissue is not an important source for matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the circulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is overexpressed in atherosclerotic plaques and in many cancers, and has emerged as a potential circulating biomarker for such diseases. However, adipose tissue (AT) might also produce circulating MMP-9, thereby reducing the value of MMP-9 as a biomarker. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of AT on circulating MMP-9, and if the metabolic syndrome might have a modifying effect.
  
  
  METHODS
  Gene expression of MMP-9 was measured in AT, isolated adipocytes, atherosclerotic plaques, macrophages and various other human tissues using real-time PCR. Relationships between plasma MMP-9 (ELISA), adiposity, and metabolic syndrome were analyzed in a population-based cohort of 61-year-old men (n=513). Both AT mRNA levels and circulating levels of MMP-9 were measured in obese subjects (n=40) with and without the metabolic syndrome, treated with a weight-reducing diet.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bone marrow, atherosclerotic plaques and macrophages had considerably higher MMP-9 mRNA than subcutaneous AT and isolated adipocytes. Among the 61-year-old men, active plasma MMP-9 concentrations were associated with several metabolic syndrome factors, and inflammatory markers, but not body mass index (BMI). In obese patients with, but not without metabolic syndrome AT mRNA levels and circulating MMP-9 declined during weight reduction, but there was no association between changes in plasma MMP-9 and BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results show that adipose tissue per se is not associated with circulating MMP-9. Components of the metabolic syndrome, such as circulating insulin and glucose were related to plasma MMP-9 both in the observation and dietary weight loss studies.
authors: Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. anders.gummesson@gu.se
authors: Anders
authors: A
authors: Gummesson
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Hagg
authors: Fredrik J
authors: FJ
authors: Olson
authors: Johannes
authors: J
authors: Hulthe
authors: Lena M S
authors: LM
authors: Carlsson
authors: Bjorn
authors: B
authors: Fagerberg
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000201:enzymology*; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D001823:Body Composition; D015331:Cohort Studies; D004032:Diet; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008297:Male; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 / Q000097:blood* / Q000235:genetics; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000201:enzymology; D008875:Middle Aged; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D020780:Matrix Metalloproteinase 9