title: Rediscovering a history of nursing management: from Nightingale to the modern matron.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents an examination of distinct periods in the development of nursing in order to rediscover a history of nursing management in England. The overall purpose is to demonstrate that uncritical accounts written in the past have not adequately explained the complex factors that have shaped nursing management in England. It is also suggested that the approach taken may be usefully applied to other national contexts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a review article which first establishes the value of historical perspectives in increasing understanding of nursing and then goes on to analyse the professional, social and political forces that contributed to the development of nursing management.
  
  
  METHODS
  A range of historical and contemporary sources is accessed to support the review.
  
  
  METHODS
  The review is informed by an historical approach which also seeks recourse to current literature to develop a critical narrative analysis which has an international dimension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The history of nursing management has been 'lost' in celebratory and uncritical accounts of nursing as a whole. The important influence of key figures other than Nightingale has been overlooked and it emerges that nursing management has a longer and more complex history than is generally accepted.
authors: School of Health & Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, 52 Pritchatt's Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom. s.wildman@bham.ac.uk
authors: Stuart
authors: S
authors: Wildman
authors: Alistair
authors: A
authors: Hewison
mesh_terms: D004739:England; D006676:History of Nursing; D049672:History, 19th Century; D049673:History, 20th Century