title: Occurrence and characterization of peptaibols from Trichoderma citrinoviride, an endophytic fungus of cork oak, using electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
abstract: A cork oak endophytic strain of Trichoderma citrinoviride, previously selected for its antagonistic potential against various fungal pathogens involved in oak decline, was screened for the production of bioactive secondary metabolites. From liquid culture a mixture of polypeptide antibiotics (peptaibols) belonging to the paracelsin family was isolated and characterized. This peptide mixture was purified by column chromatography and preparative TLC on silica gel, and separated by analytical HPLC. It was analysed by MALDI-TOF MS and nano-ESI-QTOF MS. Tandem mass experiments were performed to determine the amino acid sequences based on the fragmentation pattern of selected parent ions. The mixture comprised 20-residue peptides with C-terminal phenylalaninol and N-terminal acetylation. Twenty-eight amino acid sequences were identified, and amino acid exchanges were located in positions 6, 9, 12 and 17. Among them, seven sequences are new as compared to those reported in the database specifically for peptaibols and in the literature. In addition, we obtained experimental evidence suggesting the existence of non-covalent dimeric forms (homo- and hetero-) of the various peptaibol species. The peptide mixture showed strong antifungal activity toward seven important forest tree pathogens, and it was highly toxic in an Artemia salina (brine shrimp) bioassay. These results emphasize the cryptic role of endophytic fungi as a source of novel bioactive natural products and biocontrol agents.
authors: Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Maddau
authors: Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Cabras
authors: Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors: Antonio
authors: A
authors: Franceschini
authors: Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante, Sezione di Patologia Vegetale, Università di Sassari, Via E. De Nicola 9, 07100 Sassari, Italy.
authors: Benedetto T
authors: BT
authors: Linaldeddu
authors: Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Crobu
authors: Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.
authors: Tonina
authors: T
authors: Roggio
authors: Porto Conte Ricerche Srl, Tramariglio, Alghero, Italy.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Pagnozzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D001156:Artemia / Q000187:drug effects; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D002855:Chromatography, Thin Layer; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods; D054848:Peptaibols / Q000032:analysis* / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000633:toxicity; D029963:Quercus / Q000382:microbiology; D016019:Survival Analysis; D014242:Trichoderma / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000302:isolation & purification*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D054848:Peptaibols