title: Histone levels are regulated by phosphorylation and ubiquitylation-dependent proteolysis.
abstract: Histone levels are tightly regulated to prevent harmful effects such as genomic instability and hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents due to the accumulation of these highly basic proteins when DNA replication slows down or stops. Although chromosomal histones are stable, excess (non-chromatin bound) histones are rapidly degraded in a Rad53 (radiation sensitive 53) kinase-dependent manner in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Here we demonstrate that excess histones associate with Rad53 in vivo and seem to undergo modifications such as tyrosine phosphorylation and polyubiquitylation, before their proteolysis by the proteasome. We have identified the Tyr 99 residue of histone H3 as being critical for the efficient ubiquitylation and degradation of this histone. We have also identified the ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) Ubc4 and Ubc5, as well as the ubiquitin ligase (E3) Tom1 (temperature dependent organization in mitotic nucleus 1), as enzymes involved in the ubiquitylation of excess histones. Regulated histone proteolysis has major implications for the maintenance of epigenetic marks on chromatin, genomic stability and the packaging of sperm DNA.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, 1115 West Call Street, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4300, USA.
authors: Rakesh Kumar
authors: RK
authors: Singh
authors: Marie-Helene Miquel
authors: MH
authors: Kabbaj
authors: Johanna
authors: J
authors: Paik
authors: Akash
authors: A
authors: Gunjan
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D056504:Chromatin Assembly Factor-1; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D006868:Hydrolysis; D047468:Immunoprecipitation; D018832:Molecular Chaperones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D009154:Mutation; D010766:Phosphorylation; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex / Q000378:metabolism; D011485:Protein Binding; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014443:Tyrosine / Q000378:metabolism; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054875:Ubiquitination
chemical_list: C109731:ASF1 protein, S cerevisiae; D018797:Cell Cycle Proteins; D056504:Chromatin Assembly Factor-1; D002868:Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D006657:Histones; D018832:Molecular Chaperones; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D014443:Tyrosine; C489270:UBC5 protein, S cerevisiae; C501306:Ubc4 protein, S cerevisiae; D044763:Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; C115246:TOM1 protein, S cerevisiae; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D064447:Checkpoint Kinase 2; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; C067022:RAD53 protein, S cerevisiae; D046988:Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex