title: A dynamic technique for the treatment of severe or recurrent blepharoptosis: frontalis-orbicularis oculi muscle flap shortening.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Severe or recurrent blepharoptosis remains a great challenge to most plastic surgeons. A variety of techniques have been developed according to the function of the levator palpebrae superioris and frontalis muscles. In this study, the frontalis-orbicularis oculi (FOO) muscle flap is designed as an entity to treat severe or recurrent blepharoptosis with satisfactory results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 1997 and July 2007, FOO muscle flap shortening was applied to correct severe or recurrent blepharoptosis in 29 patients (38 eyelids), aged from 3 to 77 years. There were 11 males and 18 females, with bilateral ptosis in 9 patients. The follow-up period ranged from 10 to 52 months.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-four patients (82%) had good results, with the degree of ptosis less than 2 mm. The remaining 5 patients had fair results, and received readjustment in 2 cases.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In our study, fresh cadaver dissection revealed that the frontalis muscle is connected and interdigitated very closely with the orbicularis oculi muscle. Based on the anatomic study and literature review, we suggest that the FOO muscle flap shortening is a good alternative to treat severe or recurrent blepharoptosis.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
authors: Chung-Sheng
authors: CS
authors: Lai
authors: Kao-Ping
authors: KP
authors: Chang
authors: Ching Hung
authors: CH
authors: Lai
authors: Shu-Hung
authors: SH
authors: Huang
authors: Chih-Cheng
authors: CC
authors: Tsai
authors: Sin-Daw
authors: SD
authors: Lin
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001763:Blepharoptosis / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002102:Cadaver; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004210:Dissection; D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005152:Facial Muscles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D055502:Secondary Prevention; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D055815:Young Adult