title: [Clinical experience in diagnosis and treatment of glucagonoma].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the diagnosis and treatment of glucagonoma.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective review of glucagonoma cases was committed between June 1993 and July 2008 in Peking Union Medical College Hospital. It was measured by sex, age, misdiagnosis, clinical symptoms, laboratory data, imaging studies, diagnosis, treatment procedures and so on.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The tumors of eleven cases were found in the tail, and one case was in the head of the pancreas at the same time. Ten had solitary lesion, one had multiple lesions. The average diameter of the lesions was 3.9 cm. Nine patients had the metastasis out of pancreas and all of them had the liver metastasis. One case was a member of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1) syndromes. Eight patients being treated with operation had the detailed pathological reports. The glucagon was detected by immunohistochemistry and was positive in five patients. Six patients were pathologically malignant. Multimodal treatments included tumor resection, chemoembolization, treated with somatostatin analogues and (or) radionuclides and so on were applied to all patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Glucagonoma is a rare pancreatic endocrine tumor. Radical tumor surgery is used as the first choice. Multimodal approach may improve the prognosis.
authors: Department of Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Beijing 100730, China.
authors: Wen-jing
authors: WJ
authors: Liu
authors: Yu-pei
authors: YP
authors: Zhao
authors: Tai-ping
authors: TP
authors: Zhang
authors: Quan
authors: Q
authors: Liao
authors: Lin
authors: L
authors: Cong
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005935:Glucagonoma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010190:Pancreatic Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy*; D011379:Prognosis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome