title: Intestinal gaboxadol absorption via PAT1 (SLC36A1): modified absorption in vivo following co-administration of L-tryptophan.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Gaboxadol has been in development for treatment of chronic pain and insomnia. The clinical use of gaboxadol has revealed that adverse effects seem related to peak serum concentrations. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of intestinal absorption of gaboxadol in vitro and in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro transport investigations were performed in Caco-2 cell monolayers. In vivo pharmacokinetic investigations were conducted in beagle dogs. Gaboxadol doses of 2.5 mg.kg(-1) were given either as an intravenous injection (1.0 mL.kg(-1)) or as an oral solution (5.0 mL.kg(-1)).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Gaboxadol may be a substrate of the human proton-coupled amino acid transporter, hPAT1 and it inhibited the hPAT1-mediated L-[(3)H]proline uptake in Caco-2 cell monolayers with an inhibition constant K(i) of 6.6 mmol.L(-1). The transepithelial transport of gaboxadol was polarized in the apical to basolateral direction, and was dependent on gaboxadol concentration and pH of the apical buffer solution. In beagle dogs, the absorption of gaboxadol was almost complete (absolute bioavailability, F(a), of 85.3%) and T(max) was 0.46 h. Oral co-administration with 2.5-150 mg.kg(-1) of the PAT1 inhibitor, L-tryptophan, significantly decreased the absorption rate constant, k(a), and C(max), and increased T(max) of gaboxadol, whereas the area under the curve and clearance of gaboxadol were constant.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absorption of gaboxadol across the luminal membrane of the small intestinal enterocytes is probably mediated by PAT1. This knowledge is useful for reducing gaboxadol absorption rates in order to decrease peak plasma concentrations.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken, Copenhagen, Denmark.
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Larsen
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Holm
authors: K G
authors: KG
authors: Jensen
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Brodin
authors: C U
authors: CU
authors: Nielsen
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001682:Biological Availability; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D004285:Dogs; D004347:Drug Interactions; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007408:Intestinal Absorption / Q000187:drug effects*; D007555:Isoxazoles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics* / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D027981:Symporters / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*; D014018:Tissue Distribution; D014364:Tryptophan / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D026905:Amino Acid Transport Systems; D007555:Isoxazoles; C475905:SLC36A1 protein, human; D027981:Symporters; D014364:Tryptophan; C015542:gaboxadol