title: Paradoxical insomnia: the role of CAP and arousals in sleep misperception.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The relationship between CAP parameters and subjective time perception during sleep in primary insomnia was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data collected from all-night PSG recordings of 20 patients with a diagnosis of paradoxical insomnia (misperceptors) were compared with those of 20 normal gender- and age-matched subjects (controls). Besides sleep staging, scoring measures included CAP parameters and EEG arousals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients and controls presented non-significant differences in the amounts of objective sleep time (464 min vs. 447 min) and objective sleep latency (9 min vs. 8 min). Compared to controls, misperceptors reported a significantly shorter time of perceived sleep (285 min vs. 461 min) and a significantly longer duration of perceived sleep latency (51 min vs. 22 min). In spite of the 11 objective awakenings, misperceptors reported only 4 subjective awakenings, while controls described 2 of the 5 objective awakenings. Arousal index (31.7/h vs. 18.6/h) and total CAP rate (58.1% vs. 35.5%) were significantly higher in misperceptors. In the sleep period between objective and subjective sleep onset, CAP rate was 64.4% in misperceptors and 45.1% in controls (p<0.002). Insomniacs showed significantly higher amounts of CAP rate in stage 1 (62.7% vs. 37.5%) and in stage 2 (53.3% vs. 33.1%), but not in slow wave sleep. CAP phase A2 subtypes were significantly increased in misperceptors (31% vs. 24%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study points out the topical role of enhanced activation and arousal instability not only in the first part of the night (mismatch between objective and subjective sleep onset) but also in the misperception of consecutive objective awakenings which are subjectively grouped together as a single prolonged event.
authors: Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, University of Parma, Italy.
authors: Liborio
authors: L
authors: Parrino
authors: Giulia
authors: G
authors: Milioli
authors: Fernando
authors: F
authors: De Paolis
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Grassi
authors: Mario Giovanni
authors: MG
authors: Terzano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001143:Arousal; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001308:Auditory Perceptual Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017286:Polysomnography; D012890:Sleep; D007319:Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology*; D013998:Time Perception; D014851:Wakefulness