title: Relationships between cardiovascular risk profile, ultrasonographic measurement of intra-abdominal adipose tissue, and waist circumference in obese children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasonographic measurements have been proposed to assess intra-abdominal adipose tissue. The aim of this study was to compare the relationship between waist circumference (WC), ultrasonographic measurements of intra-abdominal adipose tissue (UMA), and cardiovascular risk factors (CRF).
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined blood pressure (BP), fasting HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin resistance index HOMA, 2 h glucose in oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), weight status (SDS-BMI), WC, and UMA in 89 obese children. Furthermore, we analyzed the changes of CRF, SDS-BMI, WC, and UMA in 29 obese children participating in a one-year lifestyle intervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In stepwise multivariable regression analysis, waist circumference was significantly associated to LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, HOMA, and systolic blood pressure (adjusted variance (AV) 0.05-0.17). SDS-BMI was significantly related to triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol, 2 h glucose in oGTT, and diastolic blood pressure (AV 0.12-0.15), while UMA was related significantly to HOMA (AV 0.04). The obese children participating in a lifestyle intervention significantly reduced their overweight, which was associated with a significant improvement of most CRF and a reduction of WC and UMA. Changes of WC were significantly correlated to changes of HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.45), HOMA (r=0.37), glucose tolerance (r=0.59), systolic BP (r=0.60), and diastolic BP (r=0.43), while change of SDS-BMI and UMA were not significantly related to any CRF.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Compared to UMA, WC was stronger related to CRF in obese children. Therefore, the simple measurement of WC seems preferable as an indirect marker of CRF.
authors: Institute of Paediatric Nutrition Medicine, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, University of Witten/Herdecke, Dr. F. Steiner Strasse 5, 45711 Datteln, Germany. t.reinehr@kinderklinik-datteln.de
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Reinehr
authors: Rainer
authors: R
authors: Wunsch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001786:Blood Glucose; D001794:Blood Pressure; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015984:Causality; D002648:Child; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D050152:Intra-Abdominal Fat / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009765:Obesity / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012307:Risk Factors; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055105:Waist Circumference
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D001786:Blood Glucose; D014280:Triglycerides; D002784:Cholesterol