title: Lower eyelid anatomy: an update.
abstract: The gross anatomy of the lower eyelid is analogous to that of the upper eyelid, however, the lower eyelid has a more simplified structure with less dynamic movement. Common malpositions of the lower eyelid include entropion and ectropion, rehabilitative surgery of which requires a thorough understanding of lower eyelid anatomy. Furthermore, precise anatomic knowledge is a prerequisite for both reconstructive and cosmetic lower eyelid surgery in order for it to be performed appropriately. In this review, we present the clinical anatomy of the structures of the lower eyelid, as well as highlighting relevant surgical implications. Featured here are the structure of the different eyelid lamellae, the lower eyelid retractors and their relations, the orbital septum, fat pad compartments, and Lockwood ligament.
authors: Department of Ophthalmology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan. cosme@d1.dion.ne.jp
authors: Hirohiko
authors: H
authors: Kakizaki
authors: Raman
authors: R
authors: Malhotra
authors: Simon N
authors: SN
authors: Madge
authors: Dinesh
authors: D
authors: Selva
mesh_terms: D005143:Eyelids / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000601:surgery*; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control; D011379:Prognosis; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D013518:Surgery, Plastic / Q000379:methods; D013524:Surgical Flaps; D016896:Treatment Outcome