title: Limitation of using synthetic human odours to test mosquito repellents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gold-standard tests of mosquito repellents involve exposing human volunteers to host-seeking mosquitoes, to assess the protective efficacy of the repellents. These techniques are not exposure-free and cannot be performed prior to toxicological evaluation. It is postulated that synthetic lures could provide a useful assay that mimics in-vivo conditions for use in high-throughput screening for mosquito repellents.
  
  
  METHODS
  This paper reports on a semi-field evaluation of repellents using a synthetic blend of human derived attractants for the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto Different concentrations of known repellents, N, N diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and Para-methane-3, 8, diol (PMD) were added into traps baited with the synthetic blend, and resulting changes in mosquito catches were measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All test concentrations of deet (0.001% to 100%) reduced the attractiveness of the synthetic blend. However, PMD was repellent only at 0.25%. Above this concentration, it significantly increased the attractiveness of the blend. There was no relationship between the repellent concentrations and the change in mosquito catches when either deet (r2 = 0.033, P = 0.302) or PMD (r2 = 0.020, P = 0.578) was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that while some repellents may reduce the attractiveness of synthetic human odours, others may instead increase their attractiveness. Such inconsistencies indicate that even though the synthetic attractants may provide exposure-free and consistent test media for repellents, careful selection and multiple-repellent tests are necessary to ascertain their suitability for use in repellent screening. The synthetic odour blend tested here is not yet sufficiently refined to serve as replacement for humans in repellent testing, but may be developed further and evaluated in different formats for exposure free repellent testing purposes.
authors: Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Thematic group, Ifakara Health Institute, Ifakara, Tanzania. fredros@ihi.or.tz
authors: Fredros O
authors: FO
authors: Okumu
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Titus
authors: Edgar
authors: E
authors: Mbeyela
authors: Gerry F
authors: GF
authors: Killeen
authors: Sarah J
authors: SJ
authors: Moore
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae / Q000187:drug effects*; D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D003671:DEET; D006801:Humans; D007302:Insect Repellents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008610:Menthol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D009032:Mosquito Control / Q000379:methods*; D009812:Odorants
chemical_list: D000081005:Cyclohexane Monoterpenes; D007302:Insect Repellents; D003671:DEET; D008610:Menthol; C005804:terpin