title: Does diabetes double the risk of depression?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In this study, we compared the rate of depression diagnoses in adults with and without diabetes mellitus, while carefully controlling for number of primary care visits.
  
  
  METHODS
  We matched adults with incident diabetes (n = 2,932) or prevalent diabetes (n = 14,144) to nondiabetic control patients based on (1) age and sex, or (2) age, sex, and number of outpatient primary care visits. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the association between various predictors and a diagnosis of depression in each diabetes cohort relative to matched nondiabetic control patients.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With matching for age and sex alone, patients with prevalent diabetes having few primary care visits were significantly more likely to have a new depression diagnosis than matched control patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-1.80), but this relationship diminished when patients made more than 10 primary care visits (OR = 0.95, 95% CI, 0.77-1.17). With additional matching for number of primary care visits, patients with prevalent diabetes mellitus with few primary care visits were more likely to have a new diagnosis of depression than those in control group (OR = 1.32, 95% CI, 1.07-1.63), but this relationship diminished and reversed when patients made more than 4 primary care visits (OR = 0.99, 95% CI, 0.80-1.23). Similar results were observed in the subset of patients with incident diabetes and their matched control patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with diabetes have little or no increase in the risk of a new diagnosis of depression relative to nondiabetic patients when analyses carefully control for the number of outpatient visits. Studies showing such an association may have inadequately adjusted for comorbidity or for exposure to the medical care system.
authors: HealthPartners Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Patrick.J.OConnor@healthpartners.com
authors: Patrick J
authors: PJ
authors: O'Connor
authors: A Lauren
authors: AL
authors: Crain
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Rush
authors: Ann M
authors: AM
authors: Hanson
authors: Lucy Rose
authors: LR
authors: Fischer
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Kluznik
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016013:Likelihood Functions; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D016347:Medical Records Systems, Computerized; D008875:Middle Aged; D008910:Minnesota / Q000453:epidemiology; D009819:Office Visits; D011320:Primary Health Care; D018570:Risk Assessment