title: Sedation & immunomodulation.
abstract: The management of critically ill patients necessitates the use of sedatives and analgesics to provide patient comfort and cooperation. These drugs exert profound effects on all organ systems, not only the central nervous system, and this article describes the immunologic effects of the commonly used critical care sedatives: propofol, the benzodiazepines, opioids, and alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonists. Benzodiazepines, opioids, and possibly even propofol worsen outcome in animal models of infection, whereas preliminary evidence suggests that the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, dexmedetomidine, may improve outcomes in the setting of infection. Given the burden of sepsis and secondary infections in critical care, choice of sedation may need to be carefully considered to preserve immune responses in critically ill patients.
authors: Magill Department of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, SW10 9NH, London, UK. robert.sanders@imperial.ac.uk
authors: Robert D
authors: RD
authors: Sanders
authors: Tracy
authors: T
authors: Hussell
authors: Mervyn
authors: M
authors: Maze
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D003422:Critical Care / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D015213:Neuroimmunomodulation / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics; D006993:Hypnotics and Sedatives; D007155:Immunologic Factors