title: Chloroquine and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine sensitivity of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in a Brazilian endemic area.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The goal of the present study was the characterization of Plasmodium falciparum genes associated to malaria drug resistance (pfcrt, pfdhfr and pfdhps), in samples from two Brazilian localities.
  
  
  METHODS
  Parasites from 65 P. falciparum samples were genotyped using nested-PCR and direct DNA sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Six resistant sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) pfdhfr genotypes and one haplotype associated to SP sensitivity were detected. For pfcrt gene, SVMNT chloroquine (CQ)-resistant genotype was detected as well as the CVMNK CQ-sensitive haplotype in the same sample from Paragominas, that showed a SP-sensitive genotype.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first to document the sensitivity of P. falciparum parasites to CQ and SP in Brazilian field samples. The importance of these findings is discussed.
authors: Laboratory of Malaria Research, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. bgama@ioc.fiocruz.br
authors: Bianca Ervatti
authors: BE
authors: Gama
authors: Natália K Almeida
authors: NK
authors: de Oliveira
authors: Mariano G
authors: MG
authors: Zalis
authors: José Maria
authors: JM
authors: de Souza
authors: Fátima
authors: F
authors: Santos
authors: Cláudio Tadeu
authors: CT
authors: Daniel-Ribeiro
authors: Maria de Fátima
authors: Mde F
authors: Ferreira-da-Cruz
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001938:Brazil / Q000453:epidemiology; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004351:Drug Resistance / Q000235:genetics*; D019353:Endemic Diseases; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D016778:Malaria, Falciparum / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000235:genetics; D021261:Parasitic Sensitivity Tests; D010963:Plasmodium falciparum / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000187:drug effects; D011739:Pyrimethamine / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D013413:Sulfadoxine / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004338:Drug Combinations; C001205:fanasil, pyrimethamine drug combination; D013413:Sulfadoxine; D002738:Chloroquine; D011739:Pyrimethamine