title: Hypothyroidism after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the long-term incidence and possible predictive factors for posttreatment hypothyroidism in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients after radiotherapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Four hundred and eight sequential NPC patients who had received regular annual thyroid hormone surveys prospectively after radiotherapy were included in this study. Median patient age was 47.3 years, and 286 patients were male. Thyroid function was prospectively evaluated by measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Low FT4 levels indicated clinical hypothyroidism in this study.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With a median follow-up of 4.3 years (range, 0.54-19.7 years), the incidence of low FT4 level was 5.3%, 9.0%, and 19.1% at 3, 5, and 10 years after radiotherapy, respectively. Hypothyroidism was more common with early T stage (p = 0.044), female sex (p = 0.037), and three-dimensional conformal therapy with the altered fractionation technique (p = 0.005) after univariate analysis. N stage, chemotherapy, reirradiation, and neck electron boost did not affect the incidence of hypothyroidism. Younger age and conformal therapy were significant factors that determined clinical hypothyroidism after multivariate analysis. Overall, patients presented with a low FT4 level about 1 year after presenting with an elevated TSH level.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among our study group of NPC patients, 19.1% experienced clinical hypothyroidism by 10 years after treatment. Younger age and conformal therapy increased the risk of hypothyroidism. We suggest routine evaluation of thyroid function in NPC patients after radiotherapy. The impact of pituitary injury should be also considered.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors: Yuan-Hua
authors: YH
authors: Wu
authors: Hung-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Wang
authors: Hellen Hi-Wen
authors: HH
authors: Chen
authors: Chien-Yu
authors: CY
authors: Lin
authors: Eric Yen-Chao
authors: EY
authors: Chen
authors: Kang-Hsing
authors: KH
authors: Fan
authors: Shiang-Fu
authors: SF
authors: Huang
authors: I-How
authors: IH
authors: Chen
authors: Chun-Ta
authors: CT
authors: Liao
authors: Ann-Joy
authors: AJ
authors: Cheng
authors: Joseph Tung-Chieh
authors: JT
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007037:Hypothyroidism / Q000097:blood / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D020266:Radiotherapy, Conformal / Q000009:adverse effects; D012737:Sex Factors; D013972:Thyrotropin / Q000097:blood; D013974:Thyroxine / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013972:Thyrotropin; D013974:Thyroxine