Prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland: a study comparing self-reported and clinical data.
Epidemiological data on halitosis are rare. In this study we evaluated the prevalence of halitosis in the population of the city of Bern, Switzerland, using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination. First of all, a standardized questionnaire was filled out by all 419 participants. In the clinical examination, 'objective' values for halitosis were gathered through two different organoleptic assessments and by the measurement of volatile sulfur compounds (VSC). Additionally, tongue coating and the modified periodontal screening index (PSI) were evaluated for each participant. The questionnaire revealed that 32% of all subjects sometimes or often experienced halitosis. The organoleptic evaluation (grade 0-5) identified 48 persons with grade 3 and higher. Measurement of VSC identified 117 subjects (28%) with readings of >or= 75 parts per billion (ppb). Tongue coating, modified PSI, and smoking were significantly associated with higher organoleptic scores, and tongue coating and smoking were associated with higher VSC values. For about one-third of the Bernese city population, halitosis seems to pose an oral health problem. Only a weak correlation between self-reported halitosis and either organoleptic or VSC measurements could be detected.
Bornstein
Michael M
MM
Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern. Switzerland. michael.bornstein@zmk.unibe.ch
Kislig
Karin
K
Hoti
Beatrice Brun
BB
Seemann
Rainer
R
Lussi
Adrian
A
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000453:epidemiology; D002908:Chronic Disease; D019422:Dietary Sucrose / Q000008:administration & dosage; D016021:Epidemiologic Studies; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D005891:Gingivitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D006209:Halitosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009910:Oral Hygiene / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010512:Periodontal Index; D010514:Periodontal Pocket / Q000453:epidemiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010808:Physical Examination; D015995:Prevalence; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology; D013312:Stress, Physiological; D013457:Sulfur Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013557:Switzerland / Q000453:epidemiology; D014059:Tongue / Q000473:pathology; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds / Q000032:analysis; D055815:Young Adult
D019422:Dietary Sucrose; D013457:Sulfur Compounds; D055549:Volatile Organic Compounds