title: Selective inhibition of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl-hydroxylase 1 mediates neuroprotection against normoxic oxidative death via HIF- and CREB-independent pathways.
abstract: Oxidative stress contributes to tissue injury in conditions ranging from cardiovascular disease to stroke, spinal cord injury, neurodegeneration, and perhaps even aging. Yet the efficacy of antioxidants in human disease has been mixed at best. We need a better understanding of the mechanisms by which established antioxidants combat oxidative stress. Iron chelators are well established inhibitors of oxidative death in both neural and non-neural tissues, but their precise mechanism of action remains elusive. The prevailing but not completely substantiated view is that iron chelators prevent oxidative injury by suppressing Fenton chemistry and the formation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. Here, we show that iron chelation protects, rather unexpectedly, by inhibiting the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl 4-hydroxylase isoform 1 (PHD1), an iron and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase. PHD1 and its isoforms 2 and 3 are best known for stabilizing transcriptional regulators involved in hypoxic adaptation, such as HIF-1alpha and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). Yet we find that global hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-PHD inhibition protects neurons even when HIF-1alpha and CREB are directly suppressed. Moreover, two global HIF-PHD inhibitors continued to be neuroprotective even in the presence of diminished HIF-2alpha levels, which itself increases neuronal susceptibility to oxidative stress. Finally, RNA interference to PHD1 but not isoforms PHD2 or PHD3 prevents oxidative death, independent of HIF activation. Together, these studies suggest that iron chelators can prevent normoxic oxidative neuronal death through selective inhibition of PHD1 but independent of HIF-1alpha and CREB; and that HIF-2alpha, not HIF-1alpha, regulates susceptibility to normoxic oxidative neuronal death.
authors: Department of Neurosciences, Burke Medical Research Institute, White Plains, New York 10605, USA. ams2028@med.cornell.edu
authors: Ambreena
authors: A
authors: Siddiq
authors: Leila R
authors: LR
authors: Aminova
authors: Carol M
authors: CM
authors: Troy
authors: Kyungsun
authors: K
authors: Suh
authors: Zachary
authors: Z
authors: Messer
authors: Gregg L
authors: GL
authors: Semenza
authors: Rajiv R
authors: RR
authors: Ratan
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein / Q000502:physiology*; D049308:Dioxygenases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 / Q000502:physiology*; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000502:physiology; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D017362:Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein; D051793:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1; D007502:Iron Chelating Agents; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; D049308:Dioxygenases; D011393:Procollagen-Proline Dioxygenase; C447780:EGLN2 protein, human; D064799:Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Proline Dioxygenases