title: The COX-2 inhibitor market withdrawals and prescribing patterns by rheumatologists in patients with gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine effects of the COX-2 inhibitor market withdrawals on NSAID utilization among patients at increased risk of gastrointestinal (GI) and cardiovascular (CV) toxicities.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective cohort study was conducted using patients enrolled in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America (CORRONA) Registry. The study population included rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients prescribed NSAIDs by rheumatologists from 1/1/2003 to 12/31/2005. Three cohorts were defined based on calendar year. The primary outcome assessed whether or not an NSAID gastroprotective strategy was prescribed. Secondary outcomes included rates of COX-2 inhibitor utilization and gastroprotective co-therapy utilization, stratified by the presence of cardiac and GI risk factors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NSAID gastroprotection utilization decreased from 65.1% in 2003 to 47.7% (p<0.001) in 2005. COX-2 inhibitor use decreased from 55.1% to 29.2% (p<0.001), whereas nonselective NSAIDs (nsNSAIDs) use increased from 50.2% to 73.9% (p=<0.01). Among patients with two or more risk factors for NSAID related GI bleeding, gastroprotection decreased from 74.4% in 2003 to 60.9% (p<0.01). For patients with two or more CV risk factors from 2003 to 2005, COX-2 inhibitor utilization decreased significantly, whereas nsNSAID utilization increased significantly.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The COX-2 inhibitor withdrawals resulted in a rapid decline in NSAID gastroprotection prescribed by participating U.S. rheumatologists despite the availability of other gastroprotective options. Channeling toward nsNSAID use was widespread, including among patients at increased CV risk. Longer term follow-up is required to determine the clinical significance of these changes in NSAID prescribing, particularly for NSAID-related GI and CV-related toxicities.
authors: New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, NY 10003, USA. Jeffrey.Greenberg@nyumc.org
authors: J D
authors: JD
authors: Greenberg
authors: M C
authors: MC
authors: Fisher
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Kremer
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Chang
authors: E D
authors: ED
authors: Rosenstein
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Kishimoto
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Lee
authors: Y
authors: Y
authors: Yazici
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kavanaugh
authors: S B
authors: SB
authors: Abramson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015535:Arthritis, Psoriatic / Q000188:drug therapy; D001172:Arthritis, Rheumatoid / Q000188:drug therapy; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004363:Drug Utilization; D005260:Female; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D012307:Risk Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D052246:Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors