title: Cardiopulmonary bypass induced microcirculatory injury of the small bowel in rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate microvascular injury quantitatively in the small bowel with respect to cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and related mechanisms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 10 male SD rats, normothermic CPB was established and continued with a flow rate of 100-150 mL/kg per minute for 60 min, while another 10 sham-operated animals served as controls. An approximate 10-cm loop of the terminal ileum was exteriorized for observation by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy. The small bowel microcirculatory network including arterioles, capillaries, and collecting venules was observed prior to CPB, CPB 30 min, CPB 60 min, post-CPB 60 min and post-CPB 120 min. The intestinal capillary perfusion, microvascular permeability and leukocyte adherence were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The systemic hemodynamics remained stable throughout the experiment in both groups. In CPB animals, significant arteriolar vasoconstriction, blood velocity reduction and functional capillary density diminution were found. As concomitances, exaggerated albumin extravasation and increased leukocyte accumulation were also noted. These changes were more pronounced and there were no signs of restitution at the end of the observation period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  CPB induces significant microcirculatory injury of the small bowel in rats. The major underlying mechanisms are blood flow redistribution and generalized inflammatory response associated with CPB.
authors: Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Clinical Medicine School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China. dr.dongguohua@gmail.com
authors: Guo-Hua
authors: GH
authors: Dong
authors: Chang-Tian
authors: CT
authors: Wang
authors: Yun
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: Biao
authors: B
authors: Xu
authors: Jian-Jun
authors: JJ
authors: Qian
authors: Hai-Wei
authors: HW
authors: Wu
authors: Hua
authors: H
authors: Jing
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001160:Arterioles / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries; D002196:Capillaries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000293:injuries*; D002199:Capillary Permeability; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006439:Hemodynamics; D006801:Humans; D007421:Intestine, Small / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D007962:Leukocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008833:Microcirculation; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012039:Regional Blood Flow