title: Effects of age, gender, education and race on two tests of language ability in community-based older adults.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Neuropsychological tests, including tests of language ability, are frequently used to differentiate normal from pathological cognitive aging. However, language can be particularly difficult to assess in a standardized manner in cross-cultural studies and in patients from different educational and cultural backgrounds. This study examined the effects of age, gender, education and race on performance of two language tests: the animal fluency task (AFT) and the Indiana University Token Test (IUTT). We report population-based normative data on these tests from two combined ethnically divergent, cognitively normal, representative population samples of older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants aged > or =65 years from the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT) and from the Indianapolis Study of Health and Aging (ISHA) were selected based on (1) a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) score of 0; (2) non-missing baseline language test data; and (3) race self-reported as African-American or white. The combined sample (n = 1885) was 28.1% African-American. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was used to model the effects of demographic characteristics on test scores.
  
  
  RESULTS
  On both language tests, better performance was significantly associated with higher education, younger age, and white race. On the IUTT, better performance was also associated with female gender. We found no significant interactions between age and sex, and between race and education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Age and education are more potent variables than are race and gender influencing performance on these language tests. Demographically stratified normative tables for these measures can be used to guide test interpretation and aid clinical diagnosis of impaired cognition.
authors: Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. snitzbe@upmc.edu
authors: Beth E
authors: BE
authors: Snitz
authors: Frederick W
authors: FW
authors: Unverzagt
authors: Chung-Chou H
authors: CC
authors: Chang
authors: Joni Vander
authors: JV
authors: Bilt
authors: Sujuan
authors: S
authors: Gao
authors: Judith
authors: J
authors: Saxton
authors: Kathleen S
authors: KS
authors: Hall
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Ganguli
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D057187:Independent Living / Q000523:psychology*; D007196:Indiana; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology; D007807:Language Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D010414:Pennsylvania; D011594:Psychometrics; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012737:Sex Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*