title: Toward a high-throughput auditory P300-based brain-computer interface.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Brain-computer interface (BCI) technology can provide severely disabled people with non-muscular communication. For those most severely disabled, limitations in eye mobility or visual acuity may necessitate auditory BCI systems. The present study investigates the efficacy of the use of six environmental sounds to operate a 6x6 P300 Speller.
  
  
  METHODS
  A two-group design was used to ascertain whether participants benefited from visual cues early in training. Group A (N=5) received only auditory stimuli during all 11 sessions, whereas Group AV (N=5) received simultaneous auditory and visual stimuli in initial sessions after which the visual stimuli were systematically removed. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis determined the matrix item that elicited the largest P300 response and thereby identified the desired choice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Online results and offline analyses showed that the two groups achieved equivalent accuracy. In the last session, eight of 10 participants achieved 50% or more, and four of these achieved 75% or more, online accuracy (2.8% accuracy expected by chance). Mean bit rates averaged about 2 bits/min, and maximum bit rates reached 5.6 bits/min.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study indicates that an auditory P300 BCI is feasible, that reasonable classification accuracy and rate of communication are achievable, and that the paradigm should be further evaluated with a group of severely disabled participants who have limited visual mobility.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  With further development, this auditory P300 BCI could be of substantial value to severely disabled people who cannot use a visual BCI.
authors: Wadsworth Center, NYS Dept. Health, Albany, NY, USA. daniela_k@gmx.at
authors: D S
authors: DS
authors: Klobassa
authors: T M
authors: TM
authors: Vaughan
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Brunner
authors: N E
authors: NE
authors: Schwartz
authors: J R
authors: JR
authors: Wolpaw
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Neuper
authors: E W
authors: EW
authors: Sellers
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation / Q000379:methods*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000502:physiology; D001921:Brain / Q000502:physiology*; D003143:Communication Devices for People with Disabilities / Q000639:trends*; D006233:Persons with Disabilities; D004569:Electroencephalography; D018913:Event-Related Potentials, P300 / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010775:Photic Stimulation; D014584:User-Computer Interface; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000502:physiology