title: Comparison of driving errors between on-the-road and simulated driving assessment: a validation study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Driving simulation provides a convenient and safe method for assessing driving behaviors. Many authors, however, agree that validation is a key component of any study that utilizes simulators to assess driving performance. The purpose of this study was to test driver response validity by discerning whether behavioral responses of drivers, as expressed by type and number of errors, are similar on the road and in the simulator.
  
  
  METHODS
  We replicated real-world intersections in our driving simulator (STISIM M500W; Systems Technology Inc.) and assessed the number and type of driving errors committed by the same 39 participants while negotiating a right and a left turn both on the road and in the simulator.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found no significant interactions between the type of vehicle (road vs. simulator) and the type of turn (right versus left) for any of the driving errors, indicating that the same trends exist between driving errors made on the road and in the simulator and thus suggesting relative validity of the simulator. We also found no significant differences between the road and the simulator for lane maintenance, adjustment to stimuli, and visual scanning errors, indicating absolute validity for these types of errors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The findings suggest early support for external validity for our driving simulator, indicating that the results of assessing driving errors when negotiating turns in the simulator can be generalized or transferred to the road under the same testing conditions. A follow-up study with larger sample size is needed to establish whether driving performance in the simulator is predictive of driving performance on the road.
authors: Department of Occupational Therapy and National Older Driver Research and Training Center, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA. oshectm@phhp.ufl.edu
authors: Orit
authors: O
authors: Shechtman
authors: Sherrilene
authors: S
authors: Classen
authors: Kezia
authors: K
authors: Awadzi
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Mann
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001334:Automobile Driving / Q000523:psychology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis