title: Low maternal vitamin D status and fetal bone development: cohort study.
abstract: Recent findings suggest that maternal vitamin D insufficiency during pregnancy has consequences for the offspring's bone health in later life. To investigate whether maternal vitamin D insufficiency affects fetal femur growth in ways similar to those seen in childhood rickets and study the timing during gestation of any effect of maternal vitamin D status, we studied 424 pregnant women within a prospective longitudinal study of maternal nutrition and lifestyle before and during pregnancy (Southampton Women's Survey). Using high-resolution 3D ultrasound, we measured fetal femur length and distal metaphyseal cross-sectional area, together with the ratio of femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area to femur length (femoral splaying index). Lower maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D concentration was not related to fetal femur length but was associated with greater femoral metaphyseal cross-sectional area and a higher femoral splaying index at 19 weeks' gestation [r = -0.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.25 to -0.06 and r = -0.17, 95% CI -0.26 to -0.07, respectively] and at 34 weeks' gestation (r = -0.10, 95% CI -0.20 to 0.00 and r = -0.11, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.01, respectively). Three groups of women were identified with 25-hydroxyvitamin vitamin D concentrations that were sufficient/borderline (> 50 nmol/L, 63.4%), insufficient (25 to 50 nmol/L, 30.7%), and deficient (< or = 25 nmol/L, 5.9%). Across these groups, the geometric mean femoral splaying indices at 19 weeks' gestation increased from 0.074 (sufficient/borderline) to 0.078 (insufficient) and 0.084 (deficient). Our observations suggest that maternal vitamin D insufficiency can influence fetal femoral development as early as 19 weeks' gestation. This suggests that measures to improve maternal vitamin D status should be instituted in early pregnancy.
authors: MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton and NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom.
authors: Pamela
authors: P
authors: Mahon
authors: Nicholas
authors: N
authors: Harvey
authors: Sarah
authors: S
authors: Crozier
authors: Hazel
authors: H
authors: Inskip
authors: Sian
authors: S
authors: Robinson
authors: Nigel
authors: N
authors: Arden
authors: Rama
authors: R
authors: Swaminathan
authors: Cyrus
authors: C
authors: Cooper
authors: Keith
authors: K
authors: Godfrey
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001846:Bone Development / Q000502:physiology*; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000196:embryology*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005269:Femur / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000196:embryology; D047109:Fetal Development / Q000502:physiology*; D005333:Fetus / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000196:embryology*; D006801:Humans; D039382:Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011247:Pregnancy; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000097:blood*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D014807:Vitamin D