title: Effects of botanicals and combined hormone therapy on cognition in postmenopausal women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of red clover, black cohosh, and combined hormone therapy on cognitive function in comparison to placebo in women with moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a phase II randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 66 midlife women (of 89 from a parent study; mean age, 53 y) with 35 or more weekly hot flashes were randomized to receive red clover (120 mg), black cohosh (128 mg), 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogens plus 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (CEE/MPA), or placebo. Participants completed measures of verbal memory (primary outcome) and other cognitive measures (secondary outcomes) before and during the 12th treatment month. A subset of 19 women completed objective, physiological measures of hot flashes using ambulatory skin conductance monitors.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither of the botanical treatments had an impact on any cognitive measure. Compared with placebo, CEE/MPA led to a greater decline in verbal learning (one of five verbal memory measures). This effect just missed statistical significance (P = 0.057) in unadjusted analyses but reached significance (P = 0.02) after adjusting for vasomotor symptoms. Neither of the botanical treatment groups showed a change in verbal memory that differed from the placebo group (Ps > 0.28), even after controlling for improvements in hot flashes. In secondary outcomes, CEE/MPA led to a decrease in immediate digit recall and an improvement in letter fluency. Only CEE/MPA significantly reduced objective hot flashes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Results indicate that a red clover (phytoestrogen) supplement or black cohosh has no effects on cognitive function. CEE/MPA reduces objective hot flashes but worsens some aspects of verbal memory.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA. pmaki@psych.uic.edu
authors: Pauline M
authors: PM
authors: Maki
authors: Leah H
authors: LH
authors: Rubin
authors: Deanne
authors: D
authors: Fornelli
authors: Lauren
authors: L
authors: Drogos
authors: Suzanne
authors: S
authors: Banuvar
authors: Lee P
authors: LP
authors: Shulman
authors: Stacie E
authors: SE
authors: Geller
mesh_terms: D031885:Cimicifuga / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D015914:Estrogen Replacement Therapy; D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP) / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D019584:Hot Flashes / Q000188:drug therapy; D006801:Humans; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000008:administration & dosage; D008517:Phytotherapy; D010919:Placebos; D010936:Plant Extracts / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D017698:Postmenopause; D029921:Trifolium / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D014706:Verbal Learning / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D004966:Estrogens, Conjugated (USP); D048789:Phytoestrogens; D010919:Placebos; D010936:Plant Extracts; D017258:Medroxyprogesterone Acetate