title: Expression of latent human immunodeficiency type 1 is induced by novel and selective histone deacetylase inhibitors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  A family of histone deacetylases (HDACs) mediates chromatin remodeling, and repression of gene expression. Deacetylation of histones within the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by HDACs plays a key role in the maintenance of latency, whereas acetylation of histones about the LTR is linked to proviral expression and escape of HIV from latency. Global HDAC inhibition may adversely affect host gene expression, leading to cellular toxicities. Potent inhibitors selective for HDACs that maintain LTR repression could be ideal antilatency therapeutics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated the ability of selective HDAC inhibitors to de-repress the HIV-1 LTR in both a cell line model of latency and in resting CD4 T cells isolated from patients who were aviremic on antiretroviral therapy (ART).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that inhibition of class I HDACs increased acetylation of histones at the LTR, but that LTR chromatin was unaffected by class II HDAC inhibitors. In a latently infected cell line, inhibitors selective for class I HDACs were more efficient activators of the LTR than inhibitors that target class II HDACs. Class I HDAC inhibitors were strikingly efficient inducers of virus outgrowth from resting CD4 T cells of aviremic patients, whereas HIV was rarely recovered from patient's cells exposed to class II HDAC inhibitors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Further development of selective HDAC inhibitors as part of a clinical strategy to target persistent HIV infection is warranted.
authors: Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 7599-7435, USA.
authors: Nancie M
authors: NM
authors: Archin
authors: Kara S
authors: KS
authors: Keedy
authors: Amy
authors: A
authors: Espeseth
authors: Herbert
authors: H
authors: Dang
authors: Daria J
authors: DJ
authors: Hazuda
authors: David M
authors: DM
authors: Margolis
mesh_terms: D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000821:virology; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002843:Chromatin / Q000378:metabolism; D004353:Drug Evaluation, Preclinical / Q000379:methods; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology*; D016325:HIV Long Terminal Repeat / Q000187:drug effects; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1 / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; D006801:Humans; D019169:Jurkat Cells; D017735:Virus Latency / Q000187:drug effects*; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D002843:Chromatin; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D056572:Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors; C110550:HDAC1 protein, human; D056284:Histone Deacetylase 1