title: Randomized controlled trial of patient-controlled sedation for colonoscopy: Entonox vs modified patient-maintained target-controlled propofol.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Propofol sedation is often associated with deep sedation and decreased manoeuvrability. Patient-maintained sedation has been used in such patients with minimal side-effects. We aimed to compare novel modified patient-maintained target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol with patient-controlled Entonox inhalation for colonoscopy in terms of analgesic efficacy (primary outcome), depth of sedation, manoeuvrability and patient and endoscopist satisfaction (secondary outcomes).
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred patients undergoing elective colonoscopy were randomized to receive either TCI propofol or Entonox. Patients in the propofol group were administered propofol initially to achieve a target concentration of 1.2 μg/ml and then allowed to self-administer a bolus of propofol (200 μg/kg/ml) using a patient-controlled analgesia pump with a handset. Entonox group patients inhaled the gas through a mouthpiece until caecum was reached and then as required. Sedation was initially given by an anaesthetist to achieve a score of 4 (Modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness and Sedation Scale), and colonoscopy was then started. Patients completed an anxiety score (Hospital Anxiety and Depression questionnaire), a baseline letter cancellation test and a pain score on a 100-mm visual analogue scale before and after the procedure. All patients completed a satisfaction survey at discharge and 24 h postprocedure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The median dose of propofol was 174 mg, and the median number of propofol boluses was four. There was no difference between the two groups in terms of pain recorded (95% confidence interval of the difference -0.809, 5.02) and patient/endoscopist satisfaction. There was no difference between the two groups in either depth of sedation or manoeuvrability.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both Entonox and the modified TCI propofol provide equally effective sedation and pain relief, simultaneously allowing patients to be easily manoeuvred during the procedures.
authors: University of Hull, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, UK.
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Maslekar
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Balaji
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Gardiner
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Culbert
authors: J R T
authors: JR
authors: Monson
authors: G S
authors: GS
authors: Duthie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D019162:Anesthetics, Combined / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003113:Colonoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009609:Nitrous Oxide / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D015742:Propofol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D019162:Anesthetics, Combined; D018686:Anesthetics, Intravenous; C001147:Entonox; D009609:Nitrous Oxide; D010100:Oxygen; D015742:Propofol