title: Carpal tunnel expansion by palmarly directed forces to the transverse carpal ligament.
abstract: This study investigated the expansion of the carpal tunnel resulting from the application of palmarly directed forces to the transverse carpal ligament (TCL) from inside the carpal tunnel. Ten fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were dissected to evacuate the carpal tunnel, and thus to expose the TCL. A custom lever device was built to apply forces, ranging from 10 N to 200 N, to the TCL. Without force application, the carpal tunnel area was 148.4+/-36.8 mm2. The force application caused the TCL to form arches with an increase in cross-sectional areas of 33.3+/-5.6 mm2 at 10 N and 48.7+/-11.4 mm2 at 200 N, representing respective increases of 22.4% and 32.8% relative to the initial carpal tunnel area. The TCL length remained constant under the applied forces. It was found that the TCL arch formation was due to the narrowing of the arch width, which resulted from the migration of the bony insertion sites of the TCL. A geometrical model of the carpal tunnel was then developed to elucidate the relationships among the arch width, TCL length, arch height, and arch area. The model illustrated the effectiveness of carpal tunnel expansion by TCL elongation or arch width narrowing.
authors: Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hand Research Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. zmli@pitt.edu
authors: Zong-Ming
authors: ZM
authors: Li
authors: Jie
authors: J
authors: Tang
authors: Matthew
authors: M
authors: Chakan
authors: Rodrigo
authors: R
authors: Kaz
mesh_terms: D002102:Cadaver; D050824:Carpal Joints / Q000502:physiology*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus / Q000502:physiology; D006225:Hand / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008022:Ligaments / Q000502:physiology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D008954:Models, Biological; D013314:Stress, Mechanical