title: Relationships between prenatal smoking cessation, gestational weight gain and maternal lifestyle characteristics.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe maternal characteristics and lifestyle factors associated with prenatal smoking habits and to appraise the effect of quitting smoking in early gestation on maternal weight gain during pregnancy.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a follow-up study of 1753 women who gave birth in 1984/1985 in Stockholm, Sweden. Multivariate logistic models were used to evaluate the association between smoking cessation and weight gain above the American Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations, based on pre-pregnancy BMI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  About 22% of all participants identified themselves as current smokers and 11.6% reported smoking cessation during pregnancy. Smokers were more likely to be single mothers and reported low quality of breakfast (e.g. eating only 1 food group at breakfast). Non-smokers were older, more likely to be married and have a healthier lifestyle. Quitters also adopted healthier eating habits (e.g. improvement in their breakfast quality). Women who quit smoking gained, on average, 15.3 kg (SD 4.4) during pregnancy, non-smokers gained 14.1 kg (SD 4.0) and smokers gained 13.8 kg (SD 4.3). Quitters gained significantly more weight than both non-smokers and smokers (p<0.001). Smoking cessation was significantly associated with gaining weight above IOM recommendations, even after controlling for potential confounders (OR: 2.0; 95%CI: 1.4-3.0; p<or=0.0001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this population, smoking cessation in early pregnancy doubled the likelihood of gaining excess weight. This finding highlights the need for supportive measures to help control weight gain among women who quit smoking during pregnancy.
authors: Obesity Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden. Amaamo@ki.se
authors: Amanda R A
authors: AR
authors: Adegboye
authors: Stephan
authors: S
authors: Rossner
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Neovius
authors: Paulo Mauricio C
authors: PM
authors: Lourenço
authors: Yvonne
authors: Y
authors: Linné
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D001294:Attitude to Health; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008875:Middle Aged; D009035:Mothers / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011247:Pregnancy; D011295:Prenatal Care; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000453:epidemiology; D016540:Smoking Cessation / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013548:Sweden; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult