title: Perceptions of self-stigma and its correlates among older adults with depression: a preliminary study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depression is common in old age and is often associated with stigma. However, to date, little is known about self-stigma (internalization of stigmatic beliefs) in depressed older people despite its importance and consequences. The aim of this study was to examine self-stigma and its correlates in depressed older people.
  
  
  METHODS
  Phone interviews were conducted with 54 persons diagnosed with major depression (78% female, average age = 74) from a psychogeriatric clinic in the central area of Israel. Self-stigma was assessed using an adapted version of the Internalized Stigma of Mental Health (ISMI) scale. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Self-esteem was measured using Rosenberg's Self Esteem Scale. Information regarding sociodemographic and psychiatric health characteristics was also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Self-stigma was relatively moderate with 10% to 20% of the participants reporting self-stigma. Those who reported higher levels of self-stigma were younger than those who did not report it. Income and education were lower in persons who reported high levels of stigmatization. Persons who reported stigmatization scored higher on the GDS and reported lower self-esteem than those without stigmatization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study represents an effort to examine the correlates of self-stigma in depressed older people. Since self-stigma exists among older adults, further studies are required to extend this body of knowledge.
authors: Department of Gerontology, University of Haifa, Israel. werner@research.haifa.ac.il
authors: Perla
authors: P
authors: Werner
authors: Ifat
authors: I
authors: Stein-Shvachman
authors: Jeremia
authors: J
authors: Heinik
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003469:Culture; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007389:Internal-External Control; D007406:Interview, Psychological; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D007557:Israel; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011287:Prejudice; D012649:Self Concept; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic