title: Do gender differences in help avoidance vary by ethnicity? An examination of African American and European American students during early adolescence.
abstract: The present research examined whether the nature of gender differences varies by race for two types of academic engagement in the classroom (help avoidance and voice with the teacher) in a sample of early adolescents (N = 456; 55% female, 60% African American and 40% European American) making the transition to middle school. Growth curve analyses indicated that help avoidance increased over time, voice remained stable, and achievement declined. In line with hypotheses based on cultural variations in the female role, there were no gender differences in help avoidance for African American students, whereas for European American students, girls were lower in help avoidance than were boys. For African American students, there were no gender differences in voice with the teacher, whereas for European American students, girls were higher than were boys. These group differences were present at all 3 waves. For all students, increases in help avoidance negatively predicted changes in achievement, whereas increases in voice positively predicted achievement. Results underscore the importance of examining gender and ethnicity together to understand academic adjustment during early adolescence.
authors: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA. ryan2@uiuc.edu
authors: Allison M
authors: AM
authors: Ryan
authors: S Serena
authors: SS
authors: Shim
authors: Shawn A
authors: SA
authors: Lampkins-Uthando
authors: Geneene N
authors: GN
authors: Thompson
authors: Sarah M
authors: SM
authors: Kiefer
mesh_terms: D000124:Achievement; D000293:Adolescent; D001741:Black or African American / Q000523:psychology*; D001288:Attention; D001362:Avoidance Learning; D003142:Communication; D005260:Female; D005783:Gender Identity; D006379:Helping Behavior; D006801:Humans; D007207:Individuation; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D000297:Psychology, Adolescent; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D044465:White People / Q000523:psychology*