title: Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To summarize the evidence on pharmacologic options in preventing postoperative ileus (POI).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Cochrane Database of Reviews and OVID databases and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site were searched (1950-April 2009) using the term postoperative ileus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials were included for review. The FDA Web site was searched for clinical reviews and label information for drugs indicated for the prevention of POI.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three meta-analyses, 2 on gum-chewing and 1 on alvimopan, and 18 clinical trials were identified. Only gum chewing and alvimopan were effective in preventing POI. Gum chewing reduced the time to first flatus and bowel movement (weighted mean difference 21h; p = 0.0006 and 33h; p = 0.0002, respectively). In one meta-analysis, gum chewing significantly reduced length of stay (LOS) by 2.4 days (p < 0.00001) but this was not replicated in the second meta-analysis. Alvimopan shortened the time to reach a composite endpoint of solid food intake, plus/minus flatus, and bowel movement (93 vs 105 h; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of myocardial infarction was observed in a 12-month study of alvimopan for the treatment of opioid-induced bowel dysfunction, but not in studies in patients undergoing bowel resection. Alvimopan decreased the time to written hospital discharge order (hazard ratio 1.35; p < 0.01), while the significance of a reduction in LOS (0.2-1.3 days) was not reported.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gum chewing and alvimopan are effective in preventing POI, but given safety concerns and higher cost with alvimopan, gum chewing may be preferred.
authors: Center for Drug Policy, Partner's Healthcare, Needham, MA 02494, USA.
authors: Yu-Chen
authors: YC
authors: Yeh
authors: Elissa V
authors: EV
authors: Klinger
authors: Prabashni
authors: P
authors: Reddy
mesh_terms: D002638:Chewing Gum; D002986:Clinical Trials as Topic; D016527:Drug Costs; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D045823:Ileus / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000517:prevention & control
chemical_list: D002638:Chewing Gum; D005765:Gastrointestinal Agents; D010880:Piperidines; C419502:alvimopan