title: Statistical total correlation spectroscopy editing of 1H NMR spectra of biofluids: application to drug metabolite profile identification and enhanced information recovery.
abstract: Here we present a novel method for enhanced NMR spectral information recovery, utilizing a statistical total correlation spectroscopy editing (STOCSY-E) procedure for the identification of drug metabolite peaks in biofluids and for deconvolution of drug and endogenous metabolite signals. Structurally correlated peaks from drug metabolites and those from closely related drug metabolite pathways are first identified using STOCSY. Subsequently, this correlation information is utilized to scale the biofluid (1)H NMR spectra across these identified regions, producing a modified set of spectra in which drug metabolite contributions are reduced and, thus, facilitating analysis by pattern recognition methods without drug metabolite interferences. The application of STOCSY-E is illustrated with two exemplar (1)H NMR spectroscopic data sets, posing various drug metabolic, toxicological, and analytical challenges viz. 800 MHz (1)H spectra of human urine (n = 21) collected over 10 h following dosing with the antibiotic flucloxacillin and 600 MHz (1)H NMR spectra of rat urine (n = 27) collected over 48 h following exposure to the renal papillary toxin 2-bromoethanamine (BEA). STOCSY-E efficiently identified and removed the major xenobiotic metabolite peaks in both data sets, providing enhanced visualization of endogenous changes via orthogonal to projection filtered partial least-squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). OPLS-DA of the STOCSY-E spectral data from the BEA-treated rats revealed the gut bacterial-mammalian co-metabolite phenylacetylglycine as a previously unidentified surrogate biomarker of toxicity. STOCSY-E has a wide range of potential applications in clinical, epidemiology, toxicology, and nutritional studies where multiple xenobiotic metabolic interferences may confound biological interpretation. Additionally, this tool could prove useful for applications outside of metabolic analysis, for example, in process chemistry for following chemical reactions and equilibria and detecting impurities.
authors: Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anesthetics, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
authors: Caroline J
authors: CJ
authors: Sands
authors: Muireann
authors: M
authors: Coen
authors: Anthony D
authors: AD
authors: Maher
authors: Timothy M D
authors: TM
authors: Ebbels
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Holmes
authors: John C
authors: JC
authors: Lindon
authors: Jeremy K
authors: JK
authors: Nicholson
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000465:Algorithms; D000818:Animals; D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000652:urine*; D005021:Ethylamines / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005436:Floxacillin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D055432:Metabolomics; D019906:Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013223:Statistics as Topic
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D005021:Ethylamines; C004504:2-bromoethylamine; D005436:Floxacillin