title: Rab5-mediated endocytosis of activin is not required for gene activation or long-range signalling in Xenopus.
abstract: Morphogen gradients provide positional cues for cell fate specification and tissue patterning during embryonic development. One important aspect of morphogen function, the mechanism by which long-range signalling occurs, is still poorly understood. In Xenopus, members of the TGF-beta family such as the nodal-related proteins and activin act as morphogens to induce mesoderm and endoderm. In an effort to understand the mechanisms and dynamics of morphogen gradient formation, we have used fluorescently labelled activin to study ligand distribution and Smad2/Smad4 bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to analyse, in a quantitative manner, the cellular response to induction. Our results indicate that labelled activin travels exclusively through the extracellular space and that its range is influenced by numbers of type II activin receptors on responding cells. Inhibition of endocytosis, by means of a dominant-negative form of Rab5, blocks internalisation of labelled activin, but does not affect the ability of cells to respond to activin and does not significantly influence signalling range. Together, our data indicate that long-range signalling in the early Xenopus embryo, in contrast to some other developmental systems, occurs through extracellular movement of ligand. Signalling range is not regulated by endocytosis, but is influenced by numbers of cognate receptors on the surfaces of responding cells.
authors: Wellcome Trust and Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute & Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
authors: Anja I
authors: AI
authors: Hagemann
authors: Xin
authors: X
authors: Xu
authors: Oliver
authors: O
authors: Nentwich
authors: Marko
authors: M
authors: Hyvonen
authors: James C
authors: JC
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D028341:Activins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000818:Animals; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D036703:Blastula / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D004705:Endocytosis / Q000502:physiology*; D011992:Endosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008247:Lysosomes / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology*; D051899:Smad2 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051901:Smad4 Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D015533:Transcriptional Activation; D029867:Xenopus Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D014982:Xenopus laevis / Q000196:embryology / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D051899:Smad2 Protein; C497785:Smad2 protein, Xenopus; D051901:Smad4 Protein; D029867:Xenopus Proteins; C490808:smad4.1 protein, Xenopus; D028341:Activins; D020696:rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins