title: The enigmatic role of mast cells in dominant tolerance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in peripheral tolerance has been studied extensively in transplantation research. Recently, mast cells have been shown to play an indispensable role in allograft tolerance. The purpose of this review is to inform the reader on the current standings of the role of mast cells in dominant tolerance with an emphasis on the interaction of mast cells with Treg.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mast cells are required to sustain peripheral tolerance via Treg. Treg can stabilize mast cells degranulation by contact-dependent mechanisms through the interaction of OX40 and its ligand OX40L, and by production of soluble factors, such as interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta. Conversely, the activation and subsequent degranulation of mast cells break peripheral tolerance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Both mast cells and Treg are needed to create a local immunosuppressive environment in the transplant. Treg are not only necessary to suppress effector T-cell responses but also to stabilize mast cells. Mast cells in return could contribute to the immunosuppressive state by release of transforming growth factor-beta, interleukin-10 and specific proteases. However, the molecular basis for mast cells control of Treg suppression in organ transplantation is still unresolved.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dartmouth Medical School and Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA.
authors: Victor C
authors: VC
authors: de Vries
authors: Karina
authors: K
authors: Pino-Lagos
authors: Raul
authors: R
authors: Elgueta
authors: Randolph J
authors: RJ
authors: Noelle
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002450:Cell Communication; D015550:Cell Degranulation; D006085:Graft Survival; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000378:metabolism; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000378:metabolism; D008407:Mast Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D053278:OX40 Ligand / Q000378:metabolism; D016377:Organ Transplantation; D053262:Receptors, OX40 / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D050378:T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory / Q000276:immunology*; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000378:metabolism; D023001:Transplantation Tolerance; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D053278:OX40 Ligand; D053262:Receptors, OX40; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D016753:Interleukin-10