title: Lumbar sympathetic blockade in children with complex regional pain syndromes: a double blind placebo-controlled crossover trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sympathetic blockade is used in the management of complex regional pain syndromes in children, but there are no data on the efficacy or mechanism(s) by which it produces pain relief. The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of lidocaine administered by lumbar sympathetic to IV route.
  
  
  METHODS
  Under general anesthesia, children with unilateral lower limb complex regional pain syndromes received catheters along the lumbar sympathetic chain. In a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, patients received IV lidocaine and lumbar sympathetic saline or lumbar sympathetic lidocaine and IV saline. Spontaneous and evoked pain ratings and sensory thresholds were assessed before and after these two lidocaine/saline doses and between routes of lumbar sympathetic blockade and IV.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twenty-three patients, ages 10-18 yr, were enrolled. There was evidence for reduction of mean pain intensity of allodynia to brush (mean -1.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] -2.5 to -0.3) and to pinprick temporal summation (mean -1.3, 95% CI -2.5 to -0.2) with lidocaine treatment via the lumbar sympathetic blockade compared to IV route. Lumbar sympathetic blockade also produced significant reduction in pain intensity compared to pretreatment values of allodynia to brush, pinprick and pinprick temporal summation and verbal pain scores. IV lidocaine did not produce significant changes in spontaneous and evoked pain intensity measurements compared to pretreatment values. There were no carryover effects as assessed by route-by-period interaction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Under the conditions of this study, the results provide some direct evidence that a component of pain may be mediated by abnormal sympathetic efferent activity.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
authors: Petra M
authors: PM
authors: Meier
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Zurakowski
authors: Charles B
authors: CB
authors: Berde
authors: Navil F
authors: NF
authors: Sethna
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000768:Anesthesia, General; D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D001340:Autonomic Nerve Block; D002404:Catheterization; D002648:Child; D020918:Complex Regional Pain Syndromes / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008012:Lidocaine; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D017288:Pain Threshold / Q000187:drug effects; D012881:Skin Temperature / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D008012:Lidocaine