title: Endobronchial ultrasound application for diagnosis of tracheobronchial tree invasion by esophageal cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Esophageal cancer staging has been performed through bronchoscopy, computerized tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Whereas CT and PET scan provide assessments of distant metastasis, bronchoscopy importantly diagnoses tracheobronchial involvement, complementing chest CT findings. EUS is the most accurate examination for T and N staging but is technically limited when tumoral stenoses cannot be traversed. Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) appears to present greater accuracy than EUS, CT, and bronchoscopy for assessing tracheobronchial wall involvement. EBUS has been recently associated with EUS for esophageal cancer staging in our unit.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To compare EBUS findings in esophageal cancer patients without evident signs of tracheobronchial invasion on conventional bronchoscopy with EUS and CT.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen patients with esophageal cancer underwent CT, conventional bronchoscopy, EUS, and EBUS for preoperative staging. All patients underwent EBUS and EUS with an Olympus(R) MH-908 echoendoscope at 7.5 MHz. Seven patients were eligible for the study according to the inclusion criteria.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The echoendoscope could not traverse tumoral esophageal stenosis to perform EUS in two patients, and invasion was effectively diagnosed by EBUS. In 4 (57%) of 7 patients EBUS revealed additional information to staging. In the remaining 3 cases the invasion findings were the same under both EUS and EBUS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EBUS showed signs of tracheobronchial invasion not observed by conventional bronchoscopy, adding information to staging in most of the cases when compared with CT and EUS.
authors: Departamento de Cardio-Pneumologia, Serviço de Endoscopia Respiratória, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
authors: Teresa
authors: T
authors: Garrido
authors: Fauze
authors: F
authors: Maluf-Filho
authors: Rubens A A
authors: RA
authors: Sallum
authors: Viviane Rossi
authors: VR
authors: Figueiredo
authors: Márcia
authors: M
authors: Jacomelli
authors: Miguel
authors: M
authors: Tedde
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001984:Bronchial Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D002277:Carcinoma / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D019160:Endosonography / Q000379:methods*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D014132:Trachea / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology