title: Comparison of the biomechanical behavior of the liver during frontal and lateral deceleration.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The trunk of a car occupant can be injured by a frontal or lateral impact. Lesions can be either intrusion injuries or due to the effects of deceleration alone. The aim of this study conducted with human cadavers was to explore the effects of deceleration on the liver during frontal or lateral deceleration.
  
  
  METHODS
  Trunks previously instrumented with accelerometers in three sites, the left and right lobes of the liver and the retrohepatic inferior vena cava, were subjected to substantial deceleration in three orientations: frontal, left, and right lateral. The anatomic consequences and deceleration data were measured. A deceleration ratio was defined as a peak deceleration measured in the liver divided by peak deceleration imposed on the trunk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Peak deceleration imposed on the trunks was up to 60 g, which caused peak deceleration up to 26 g in the liver. No anatomic injury was observed. For each orientation, deceleration ratios were not significantly different among the three sites (p = 0.64) or between left and right lateral decelerations (p = 0.12). Deceleration ratios were significantly different (p = 0.001) between frontal (3 sites combined) and lateral (3 sites of left and right lateral orientations combined) decelerations: 39.4% (+/-6) versus 48.4% (+/-11).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In conclusion, at tested decelerations, under the hepatic injury threshold, cadaveric liver seemed to be subjected to higher deceleration when the trunk was decelerated in lateral than in frontal direction, without terminal impact.
authors: Laboratory of Applied Biomechanics, UMR T24, University of Mediterranée/INRETS (French National Institute for Transport and Safety Research), Marseille, France. nicolas.cheynel@chu-dijon.fr
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Cheynel
authors: Thierry
authors: T
authors: Serre
authors: Pierre-Jean
authors: PJ
authors: Arnoux
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Ortega-Deballon
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Benoit
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Brunet
mesh_terms: D000007:Abdominal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology; D002102:Cadaver; D003654:Deceleration / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology*; D015599:Trauma Severity Indices