title: Blood pressure is a major risk factor for renal death: an analysis of 560 352 participants from the Asia-Pacific region.
abstract: Chronic kidney disease is a major worldwide public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Studies from the Asia-Pacific region have reported some of the highest chronic kidney disease prevalence rates in the world, but access to dialysis is limited in many countries, making it imperative to identify high-risk individuals. We performed a participant-level data overview of prospective studies conducted in the Asia-Pacific region to quantify the magnitude and direction of the associations between putative risk factors and renal death. Age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were applied to pooled data from 35 studies to calculate hazard ratios (95% CIs) for renal death associated with a standardized change in risk factors. Among 560 352 participants followed for a median of 6.8 years, a total of 420 renal deaths were observed. Continuous and positive associations among systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels with renal death were observed, as well as a continuous but inverse association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Systolic blood pressure was the strongest risk factor for renal death with each SD increase in systolic blood pressure (19 mm Hg) associated with >80% higher risk (hazard ratio: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.60 to 2.12). Neither cigarette smoking nor excess weight was related to the risk of renal death (P>0.10). The results were similar for cohorts in Asia and Australia. These results suggest that primary prevention strategies for renal disease should focus on individuals with elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.
authors: George Institute for International Health, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
authors: Conall M
authors: CM
authors: O'Seaghdha
authors: Vlado
authors: V
authors: Perkovic
authors: Tai Hing
authors: TH
authors: Lam
authors: Stella
authors: S
authors: McGinn
authors: Federica
authors: F
authors: Barzi
authors: Dong Feng
authors: DF
authors: Gu
authors: Alan
authors: A
authors: Cass
authors: Il
authors: I
authors: Suh
authors: Paul
authors: P
authors: Muntner
authors: Graham G
authors: GG
authors: Giles
authors: Hirotsugu
authors: H
authors: Ueshima
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Woodward
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Huxley
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol