title: Technical limitations in detection of gastroesophageal reflux in neonates.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Characterize the incidence and possible etiologies of acid reflux events detected by pH and not identified by multiple intraluminal impedance (MII) monitoring.
  
  
  METHODS
  Acid reflux events detected by pH but not identified by MII (pH-only) were documented in 80 preterm and 39 term infants. Reasons for failure of MII to detect these events were classified as failure to meet MII scoring criteria, presence of an air bolus, technical artifact, and no change in impedance. Events with no change in impedance were stratified to low impedance throughout the study (possible esophageal inflammation), transient decrease in pre-event impedance (presence of refluxate), occurrence <30 seconds of a preceding event, and no explanation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 2572 events were detected by pH, with 59% of events not identified by MII. A higher incidence of pH-only events occurred in preterm versus term infants (54 +/- 27% versus 42 +/- 23%, P = .025, respectively). Thirteen percent of pH-only events were missed due to MII scoring criteria, 12% due to technical artifact, 11% due to an air bolus, and 64% had no change in impedance. Of the 978 events with no change in impedance, 154 were associated with low impedance throughout the study, 430 with a transient decrease in pre-event impedance, and 175 were preceded by a reflux episode within 30 seconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There was a high incidence of acid reflux events detected by pH but not identified by MII. This occurred more often in the least mature infants, and we speculate that delayed esophageal fluid clearance is the major underlying mechanism.
authors: Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. jmd3@case.edu
authors: Juliann M
authors: JM
authors: Di Fiore
authors: Marina
authors: M
authors: Arko
authors: Kim
authors: K
authors: Churbock
authors: Anna Maria
authors: AM
authors: Hibbs
authors: Richard J
authors: RJ
authors: Martin
mesh_terms: D050782:Esophageal pH Monitoring; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D006863:Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; D015994:Incidence; D041943:Infant Formula; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007235:Infant, Premature, Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D008365:Manometry / Q000379:methods* / Q000592:standards; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic / Q000379:methods; D010992:Plethysmography, Impedance; D012189:Retrospective Studies