title: Increased transglutaminase 2 and GLUT-1 expression in breast tumors not susceptible to chemoprevention with antioxidants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Expression of GLUT-1 and transglutaminase 2 is increased in aggressive breast cancer, whereas claudin-1, which is expressed in normal tissues, is absent in such tumors. This experimental study was undertaken to establish the aggressiveness and prognosis of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in female Wistar rats based on the assessment of these markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The rats were divided into two groups, a control group (n = 70) and a chemoprevention group (n = 70). Breast tumors were induced in both groups by administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene (DMBA). The chemoprevention group also received alpha-tocopherol and a solution of micronutrients containing ascorbic acid and selenium. Neoplastic lesions of both groups were randomly selected for immunohistochemical assessment of the expression of GLUT-1, transglutaminase 2 and claudin-1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A higher proportion of mammary tumors expressed GLUT-1 and transglutaminase 2 in the chemoprevention group. Claudin-1 expression was absent in all tumors of both groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results are suggestive of increased aggressiveness of tumors not susceptible to chemoprevention by the agents used in this study.
authors: Gynecology Department, University Hospital of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. filipecorreiamartins@gmail.com
authors: Filipe C
authors: FC
authors: Martins
authors: Filipa
authors: F
authors: Teixeira
authors: Ines
authors: I
authors: Reis
authors: Nuno
authors: N
authors: Geraldes
authors: A M Silvério
authors: AM
authors: Cabrita
authors: Margarida F
authors: MF
authors: Dias
mesh_terms: D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000494:pharmacology*; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism*; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002273:Carcinogens; D005260:Female; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins / Q000187:drug effects*; D015971:Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1 / Q000187:drug effects*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011897:Random Allocation; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000494:pharmacology; D011503:Transglutaminases / Q000187:drug effects*; D017211:Treatment Failure; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D000975:Antioxidants; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002273:Carcinogens; D051272:Glucose Transporter Type 1; D018036:Selenium Compounds; C000717609:Tgm2 protein, rat; D015127:9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene; D000091345:Protein Glutamine gamma Glutamyltransferase 2; D011503:Transglutaminases; D019204:GTP-Binding Proteins; D024502:alpha-Tocopherol; D001205:Ascorbic Acid