title: [Iatrogenic risk of permanent pacemaker and defibrillator implantation].
abstract: The considerable evolution in technique and hardware, occurred over the past three decades, has greatly simplified the implantation procedure of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators. Indeed, the introduction of relatively simple and safe methods of central venous access, and the miniaturization of the generator with subcutaneous placement have facilitated the implantation. However, inherent with cardiac pacing and defibrillating therapy is the potential for the occurrence of an early or delayed untoward event. Although skill, experience, and technique are all mitigating factors, every cardiologist should know potential complications and should be able to stratify overall risk related to a device implantation. Thus, both the implanting physician or the clinical cardiologist must be concerned not only with measures to avoid complications, but also with their early recognition and treatment.
authors: U.O. di Malattie Cardiovascolari II, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa. m.g.bongiorni@med.unipi.it
authors: Maria Grazia
authors: MG
authors: Bongiorni
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Di Cori
authors: Ezio
authors: E
authors: Soldati
authors: Giulio
authors: G
authors: Zucchelli
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Segreti
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Solarino
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: De Lucia
authors: Domenico
authors: D
authors: Sergi
mesh_terms: D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008904:Miniaturization; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy