title: Treatment with intraoperative Patent Blue V dye of refractory lymphocele after inguinal lymphadenectomy for squamous cell penile carcinoma.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the potential curative role of the intraoperative use of a dye, the Patent Blue V, for the treatment of refractory lymphoceles by mapping the lymphatic leakage and selectively ligating the opened lymphatics. Inguinal lymphocele is a well-known complication after inguinofemoral lymph node dissection for penile cancer, and a variety of curative approaches have been reported.
  
  
  METHODS
  From 1995 to 2007, 40 patients had undergone partial or total penectomy for squamous cell cancer. Superficial inguinal lymph node dissection with saphenous vein sparing or deep lymph node dissection was performed in 15 patients. It was unilateral in 14 and bilateral in 1 patient. When the lymphoceles were refractory to conventional therapy, ligation of the lymphatic vessels after mapping of the leakage with the Patent Blue V dye was the treatment of choice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 5 lymphoceles were detected in 4 patients that were continuously increasing in size after discharge and were treated conventionally. In the 2 refractory lymphoceles, we then opted for the intraoperative use of a dye, the Patent Blue V, to map the lymphatic leakage and selectively ligate the opened lymphatics. In both cases, complete resolution of the lymphoceles occurred. No complications were observed with this technique.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presented technique is able to cure persistent lymphoceles refractory to conventional treatment after inguinal lymph node dissection.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Pagni
authors: Chiara
authors: C
authors: Mariani
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Minervini
authors: Andrea
authors: A
authors: Morelli
authors: Gianluca
authors: G
authors: Giannarini
authors: Girolamo
authors: G
authors: Morelli
authors: Riccardo
authors: R
authors: Minervini
mesh_terms: D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000601:surgery*; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006801:Humans; D007264:Inguinal Canal; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D008026:Ligation; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D008210:Lymphocele / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D010412:Penile Neoplasms / Q000601:surgery*; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D012394:Rosaniline Dyes; C025484:iso-sulfan blue; C008769:sulfan blue