title: Systematic review of cross-cultural adaptations of McGill Pain Questionnaire reveals a paucity of clinimetric testing.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objectives of this study were to identify the available cross-cultural adaptations of the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), to describe the clinimetric testing that has occurred for each adaptation and to evaluate both the quality of the adaptation procedures and the clinimetric testing for each version.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study is a systematic review. Searches of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases were used to identify relevant studies. Data on the quality of the adaptation procedures and clinimetric testing were extracted using current guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four different versions of the MPQ were identified representing 26 different languages/cultures. Regardless of the method of cross-cultural adaptation, clinimetric testing of the adapted questionnaires was generally poorly performed and for 18 versions no clinimetric testing has been undertaken.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the MPQ has been adapted into a large number of languages, because of inadequate testing most of the adaptations have unknown clinimetric properties. This situation means that users should be cautious when interpreting scores from adapted questionnaires.
authors: Musculoskeletal division, The George Institute for International Health, PO Box M201, Missenden Road, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia. lmenezes@george.org.au
authors: Luciola da Cunha
authors: Lda C
authors: Menezes Costa
authors: Christopher G
authors: CG
authors: Maher
authors: James H
authors: JH
authors: McAuley
authors: Leonardo Oliveira Pena
authors: LO
authors: Costa
mesh_terms: D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D011594:Psychometrics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires