title: Repeat botulinum toxin-A injections in the upper limb of children with hemiplegia: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test the effectiveness of repeat botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections in the affected arm of 22 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (19 males, three females), aged 1 year 10 months to 4 years 10 months (mean 3y 8mo, SD 9mo) in a randomized controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children received either three series of BoNT-A injections plus twice-weekly occupational therapy (OT) or OT alone in 16-week cycles. Muscles targeted at each injection cycle in the 11 children receiving BoNT-A+OT were the adductor pollicis (n=9), flexor pollicis longus (n=5), flexor digitorum superficialis (n=8), flexor digitorum profundus (n=8), flexor carpi radialis (n=2), flexor carpi ulnaris (n=6), pronator teres (n=10), and biceps brachii (n=11). Parental perception of treatment efficacy was assessed using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and the Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), quality of movement using the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test (QUEST), fine motor skills using the Peabody Developmental Motor Scale - Fine Motor (PDMS-FM), and spasticity using the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS). Between-group differences at 12 months were analysed using independent-sample t-tests.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All children were at Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I (BoNT-A+OT n=6; OT n=8) or II (n=5 and n=3 respectively) and were too young to be classified using the Manual Ability Classification System. The BoNT-A+OT group had higher COPM performance scores (mean difference -0.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] -1.5-0.0) and higher GAS T scores (mean difference -6.9, 95% CI -13.8 to -0.1]). No significant difference was found for the COPM satisfaction, PDMS-FM, or QUEST scores. The BoNT-A+OT group showed progressive reduction in spasticity compared with the OT group. At study completion MTS mean difference was 50.0 degrees (95% CI 22.4-77.6) for pronators and 20.9 degrees (95% CI 2.4-39.4) for wrist flexors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Repeat BoNT-A injections in the upper limb combined with OT resulted in progressively reduced spasticity and improved parental perception of performance.
authors: Developmental Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
authors: Christine A
authors: CA
authors: Olesch
authors: Susan
authors: S
authors: Greaves
authors: Christine
authors: C
authors: Imms
authors: Susan M
authors: SM
authors: Reid
authors: H Kerr
authors: HK
authors: Graham
mesh_terms: D001132:Arm; D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002547:Cerebral Palsy / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006429:Hemiplegia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007273:Injections, Intramuscular; D008297:Male; D009788:Occupational Therapy; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000187:drug effects; D019233:Retreatment; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014739:Victoria
chemical_list: D019274:Botulinum Toxins, Type A