title: Cost implications of IV versus oral anti-angiogenesis therapies in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma: retrospective claims database analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Angiogenesis inhibitors (AI) are promising novel treatments for patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). However, IV therapy may impose infection risk from IV catheters, and will include increased costs due to administration and transportation costs. This study evaluated the incremental costs associated with IV administration of selected AI therapies (bevacizumab off-label) compared to oral therapies (sunitinib or sorafenib) for the treatment of RCC.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients with > or =2 RCC claims (ICD-9: 189.0, 198.0) were identified from a US commercial health insurance claims database from 1/2004 to 12/2007. Patients receiving bevacizumab (n = 109) were matched 1:1 to patients receiving sorafenib or sunitinib, and observed from their first AI therapy claim until the last treatment date. AI, inpatient, outpatient and pharmacy costs were calculated on a per-patient per-month (PPPM) basis over the treatment period. Costs were compared between the IV AI group and each separate oral AI group using multivariate Tobit regressions for each category separately, adjusting for demographic and baseline clinical characteristics. This study assessed costs of treatment and did not evaluate the cost-effectiveness of AIs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean total medical costs were $13,351, $6998, and $8213 PPPM for bevacizumab, sorafenib, and sunitinib, respectively (p <0.05 for equality). Adjusted incremental total cost for the bevacizumab group was $4951 PPPM compared to sorafenib and $4610 PPPM compared to sunitinib (both p < 0.05). Bevacizumab patients incurred incremental PPPM outpatient services cost compared to sorafenib and sunitinib of $2772 and $2548, respectively (both p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Assuming median progression-free survival of 8.5 months as shown for bevacizumab (Bukowski, et al., J Clin Oncol 2007), the incremental costs would be estimated at $39 188-42 080 per patient compared to those treated with sunitinib or sorafenib. Assuming similar efficacies, oral AI therapies may result in cost savings to patients and healthcare payers over IV therapies.
authors: Analysis Group, Inc., Boston, MA 02199, USA. mduh@analysisgroup.com
authors: Mei Sheng
authors: MS
authors: Duh
authors: Ellison
authors: E
authors: Dial
authors: Toni K
authors: TK
authors: Choueiri
authors: Andree-Anne
authors: AA
authors: Fournier
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Antras
authors: Douglas
authors: D
authors: Rodermund
authors: Maureen P
authors: MP
authors: Neary
authors: William K
authors: WK
authors: Oh
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000368:Aged; D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*; D019992:Databases as Topic; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000191:economics*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies
chemical_list: D020533:Angiogenesis Inhibitors