title: Utility assessment in patients with mental disorders: validity and discriminative ability of the time trade-off method.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Preference-based health-state values, also referred to as utility scores, are considered an important measure of outcome in the evaluation of healthcare. A common approach to elicit utility scores is the use of the time trade-off (TTO) method; however, the data on TTO utility scores in patients with mental disorders are scarce.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the TTO method in patients with mental disorders in terms of discriminative ability, validity and the refusal to trade life time (zero trade).
  
  
  METHODS
  In patients with affective (n = 172), schizophrenia spectrum (n = 166) and alcohol-related (n = 160) mental disorders, TTO utilities were administered through a standardized interview. Measures of quality of life (QOL) EQ-5D, WHOQOL-BREF, subjective (SCL-90R) and objective (CGI-S) psychopathology, and functioning (GAF, GARF, SOFAS, HoNOS) provided comparison. Discriminative ability was analysed by assessing frequency distributions of TTO utilities. Validity was analysed by assessing the correlation of TTO utilities with all other scores. The association of a patient's QOL, sociodemographic and disease-related variables with zero trade was analysed by logistic regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of patients with affective/schizophrenic/alcohol-related mental disorders, 153/143/145 (89/86/91%), respectively, completed the TTO elicitation; 29/43/28% of the respondents were zero traders. The mean TTO utility was 0.66/0.75/0.61 and the median was 0.85/0.95/0.75. TTO utility scores discriminated well among more impaired mental health states, but discrimination was limited among less impaired health states. In patients with affective and alcohol-related mental disorders, TTO utility scores were significantly correlated (mostly moderate: 0.3 < r < 0.5) with all other scores. However, in schizophrenic patients, TTO utility scores were only a little correlated with other subjective measures and not correlated with objective measures. QOL was significantly associated with zero trade; the influence of the other variables on zero trade was negligible.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TTO utility scores in patients with affective or alcohol-related mental disorders were reasonably valid, but discriminative ability was compromised by a ceiling effect due to zero trade. In schizophrenic patients, validity of TTO utility scores was not demonstrated.
authors: Health Economics Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. hans-helmut.koenig@medizin.uni-leipzig.de
authors: Hans-Helmut
authors: HH
authors: König
authors: Oliver H
authors: OH
authors: Günther
authors: Matthias C
authors: MC
authors: Angermeyer
authors: Christiane
authors: C
authors: Roick
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017059:Models, Econometric; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000523:psychology; D011604:Psychoses, Alcoholic / Q000523:psychology; D011788:Quality of Life; D012559:Schizophrenia; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D026712:Value of Life