title: Impact of surface type, wheelchair weight, and axle position on wheelchair propulsion by novice older adults.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the impact of surface type, wheelchair weight, and rear axle position on older adult propulsion biomechanics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Crossover trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Biomechanics laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Convenience sample of 53 ambulatory older adults with minimal wheelchair experience (65-87y); men, n=20; women, n=33.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants propelled 4 different wheelchair configurations over 4 surfaces: tile, low carpet, high carpet, and an 8% grade ramp (surface, chair order randomized). Chair configurations included (1) unweighted chair with an anterior axle position, (2) 9.05 kg weighted chair with an anterior axle position, (3) unweighted chair with a posterior axle position (Delta0.08 m), and (4) 9.05 kg weighted chair with a posterior axle position (Delta0.08 m). Weight was added to a titanium folding chair, simulating the weight difference between very light and depot wheelchairs. Instrumented wheels measured propulsion kinetics.
  
  
  METHODS
  Average self-selected velocity, push frequency, stroke length, peak resultant and tangential force.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Velocity decreased as surface rolling resistance or chair weight increased. Peak resultant and tangential forces increased as chair weight increased, as surface resistance increased, and with a posterior axle position. The effect of a posterior axle position was greater on high carpet and the ramp. The effect of weight was constant, but was more easily observed on high carpet and ramp. The effects of axle position and weight were independent of one another.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increased surface resistance decreases self-selected velocity and increases peak forces. Increased weight decreases self-selected velocity and increases forces. Anterior axle positions decrease forces, more so on high carpet. The effects of weight and axle position are independent. The greatest reductions in peak forces occur in lighter chairs with anterior axle positions.
authors: Human Engineering Research Laboratories, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System Center of Excellence in Wheelchairs and Related Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors: Rachel E
authors: RE
authors: Cowan
authors: Mark S
authors: MS
authors: Nash
authors: Jennifer L
authors: JL
authors: Collinger
authors: Alicia M
authors: AM
authors: Koontz
authors: Michael L
authors: ML
authors: Boninger
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005221:Fatigue; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007700:Kinetics; D008297:Male; D019563:Mechanics; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014910:Wheelchairs