title: The impact of smoking in primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The crucial role of cigarette smoking in the development of pneumothorax is unclear because nonsmokers can also develop primary spontaneous pneumothorax. The purpose of this study was to clarify the pathophysiologic effects of cigarette smoking and its clinical correlations in primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
  
  
  METHODS
  Included were 115 specimens of lung tissue from patients with primary spontaneous pneumothorax who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery from January 2001 to December 2002. We reviewed the clinical features of 56 smokers and 59 nonsmokers with an average follow-up of 67 months. The pathologic findings of resected lung specimens were analyzed retrospectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no statistical differences in sex, age, body height, body weight, body mass index, or the presence of blebs/bullae on computed tomography scans of the lung or under thoracoscopy between the 2 groups. In the smoking group, patients had more extensive respiratory bronchiolitis (P < .001), a high prevalence of tobacco pigmentation (P < .001), and a higher recurrence rate without or after surgery than the nonsmoking group (57% vs 22%, P = .001 and 8.9% vs 1.7%, P = .02, respectively). Patients with extensive respiratory bronchiolitis had significantly higher nonoperative and postoperative recurrences than patients with nonextensive respiratory bronchiolitis (P = .004 and P < .001, respectively).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cigarette smoking is associated with the pathophysiologic consequences of extensive respiratory bronchiolitis, which had a significant impact on the recurrence rates of primary spontaneous pneumothorax.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC. ndmc0928@yahoo.com.tw
authors: Yeung-Leung
authors: YL
authors: Cheng
authors: Tsai-Wang
authors: TW
authors: Huang
authors: Chih-Kung
authors: CK
authors: Lin
authors: Shih-Chun
authors: SC
authors: Lee
authors: Ching
authors: C
authors: Tzao
authors: Jen-Chih
authors: JC
authors: Chen
authors: Hung
authors: H
authors: Chang
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001706:Biopsy; D001988:Bronchiolitis / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008168:Lung / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D012008:Recurrence; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D055815:Young Adult