title: Increased mortality among survivors of myocardial infarction with kidney dysfunction: the contribution of gaps in the use of guideline-based therapies.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the degree to which differences in guideline-based medical therapy for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) contribute to the higher mortality associated with kidney disease.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the PREMIER registry, we evaluated patients from 19 US centers surviving AMI. Cox regression evaluated the association between estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and time to death over two years, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables. The contribution of variation in guideline-based medical therapy to differences in mortality was then assessed by evaluating the incremental change in the hazard ratios after further adjustment for therapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 2426 patients, 26% had GFR > or = 90, 44% had GFR = 60- < 90, 22% had GFR = 30- < 60, and 8% had GFR < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2. Greater degrees of renal dysfunction were associated with greater 2-year mortality and lower rates of guideline-based therapy among eligible patients. For patients with severely decreased GFR, adjustment for differences in guideline-based therapy did not significantly attenuate the relationship with mortality (HR 3.82, 95% CI 2.39-6.11 partially adjusted; HR = 3.90, 95% CI 2.42-6.28 after adjustment for treatment differences).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher mortality associated with reduced GFR after AMI is not accounted for by differences in treatment factors, underscoring the need for novel therapies specifically targeting the pathophysiological abnormalities associated with kidney dysfunction to improve survival.
authors: Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA. pamela.peterson@uchsc.edu
authors: Pamela N
authors: PN
authors: Peterson
authors: Amrut V
authors: AV
authors: Ambardekar
authors: Philip G
authors: PG
authors: Jones
authors: Harlan M
authors: HM
authors: Krumholz
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Schelbert
authors: John A
authors: JA
authors: Spertus
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Rumsfeld
authors: Frederick A
authors: FA
authors: Masoudi
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012042:Registries; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D017741:Survivors / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology