title: Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 up-regulation is associated with skeletal muscle atrophy and associated fibrosis.
abstract: Muscle wasting remains a feature of many diseases and is counteracted by anabolic supplementation or exercise. Persisting atrophy-inducing conditions can be complicated by skeletal muscle fibrosis, which leads to functional impairment. Identification of early mechanisms that initiate atrophy-induced fibrosis may reveal novel targets for therapy or diagnosis. Therefore, we investigated changes in the expression of genes involved in extracellular matrix homeostasis during glucocorticoid-induced atrophy of myotubes and compared them with insulin-like growth factor-1-induced hypertrophy. Obtained results were verified in rat gastrocnemius muscle that was exposed to microgravity by space flight for 2 weeks. Myostatin and atrogin-1 mRNA levels reflected the magnitude of atrophy. Despite differential induction of these negative muscle mass regulators, no major changes in matrix metalloproteinases-2, -9, and -14 mRNAs or their physiological inhibitors could be detected in either atrophy model. In contrast, transcript levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) was dramatically increased in atrophic myotubes and microgravity-exposed rat gastrocnemius muscle, while plasminogen activators remained unaltered. In contrast to atrophy, no increase in PAI-1 mRNA levels could be detected in rat hindlimb that was electrically stimulated for 21 days. Furthermore, a strong increase in PAI-1 mRNA levels was identified in skeletal muscle of patients with neurogenic muscle atrophy. Our study suggests that increased PAI-1 expression in atrophic skeletal muscle may lead to muscle fibrosis by reducing plasmin generation.
authors: Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
authors: Jasmin
authors: J
authors: Naderi
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Bernreuther
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Grabinski
authors: Charles T
authors: CT
authors: Putman
authors: Birgit
authors: B
authors: Henkel
authors: Gordon
authors: G
authors: Bell
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Glatzel
authors: Karim R
authors: KR
authors: Sultan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D005260:Female; D005355:Fibrosis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D009133:Muscular Atrophy / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D015854:Up-Regulation
chemical_list: D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1