title: Treatment of persistent post-adenoidectomy velopharyngeal insufficiency by sphincter pharyngoplasty.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Persistent hypernasality after adenoidectomy is an infrequent problem in children with normal palate. However if it happened, it can render a child's speech unintelligible resulting in serious affection of social life. We aimed in this study to identify the causes of persistent post-adenoidectomy velopharyngeal insufficiency and to assess the efficacy of sphincter pharyngoplasty in the treatment of such problem.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study was conducted on 18 patients complained of hypernasal speech following removal of their adenoids after variable periods of failed expected spontaneous improvement. Their hypernasality was rated as being mild, moderate and severe, all cases were subjected to conservative treatment in the form of speech therapy for 3 months to correct the problem, and patients that did not respond to speech therapy were subjected to surgical intervention in the form of sphincter pharyngoplasty. Velopharyngeal closure was assessed using flexible nasopharyngoscopy, while speech was assessed using auditory perceptual assessment and nasometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypernasality was mild in 9 cases, moderate in 7 cases and severe in 2 cases. Flexible nasopharyngoscopy showed occult submucous cleft in 5 cases, short palate in 2 cases, and deep nasopharynx in 3 cases. Speech improvement was achieved in 8 cases after completion of speech therapy program (all had mild hypernasality with no anatomical palatal defects). Ten patients that had palatal defects were subjected to sphincter pharyngoplasty, 8 of them showed complete recovery, while 2 cases with severe hypernasality showed partial improvement of their speech.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Persistent post-adenoidectomy velopharyngeal insufficiency may be due to anatomical abnormalities of the palate such as an occult submucous cleft, short palate or deep nasopharynx; such conditions may be overlooked during the preoperative preparation for adenoid removal. Speech therapy is an effective method in mild hypernasality especially if there is no anatomical abnormality, while surgical correction is usually needed in moderate and severe cases, and sphincter pharyngoplasty is a useful choice for those patients.
authors: Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. mosabeez@yahoo.com
authors: Mosaad
authors: M
authors: Abdel-Aziz
authors: Hazem
authors: H
authors: Dewidar
authors: Hassan
authors: H
authors: El-Hoshy
authors: Azza A
authors: AA
authors: Aziz
mesh_terms: D000233:Adenoidectomy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D000293:Adolescent; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007828:Laryngoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D017060:Patient Satisfaction; D011182:Postoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D019651:Plastic Surgery Procedures; D012494:Sampling Studies; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013070:Speech Therapy / Q000379:methods; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014681:Velopharyngeal Insufficiency / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000601:surgery*; D055158:Velopharyngeal Sphincter / Q000601:surgery*; D014832:Voice Disorders / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery; D014833:Voice Quality