title: Erythrina speciosa (Leguminosae-Papilionoideae) under soil water saturation: morphophysiological and growth responses.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Erythrina speciosa is a Neotropical tree that grows mainly in moist habitats. To characterize the physiological, morphological and growth responses to soil water saturation, young plants of E. speciosa were subjected experimentally to soil flooding.
  
  
  METHODS
  Flooding was imposed from 2 to 4 cm above the soil surface in water-filled tanks for 60 d. Non-flooded (control) plants were well watered, but never flooded. The net CO(2) exchange (A(CO2)), stomatal conductance (g(s)) and intercellular CO(2) concentration (C(i)) were assessed for 60 d. Soluble sugar and free amino acid concentrations and the proportion of free amino acids were determined at 0, 7, 10, 21, 28 and 45 d of treatments. After 28, 45 and 60 d, dry masses of leaves, stems and roots were determined. Stem and root cross-sections were viewed using light microscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The A(CO2) and g(s) were severely reduced by flooding treatment, but only for the first 10 d. The soluble sugars and free amino acids increased until the tenth day but decreased subsequently. The content of asparagine in the roots showed a drastic decrease while those of alanine and gamma-aminobutyric increased sharply throughout the first 10 d after flooding. From the 20th day on, the flooded plants reached A(CO2) and g(s) values similar to those observed for non-flooded plants. These events were coupled with the development of lenticels, adventitious roots and aerenchyma tissue of honeycomb type. Flooding reduced the growth rate and altered carbon allocation. The biomass allocated to the stem was higher and the root mass ratio was lower for flooded plants when compared with non-flooded plants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Erythrina speciosa showed 100 % survival until the 60th day of flooding and was able to recover its metabolism. The recovery during soil flooding seems to be associated with morphological alterations, such as development of hypertrophic lenticels, adventitious roots and aerenchyma tissue, and with the maintenance of neutral amino acids in roots under long-term exposure to root-zone O(2) deprivation.
authors: Departmento de Biologia Vegetal, IB, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, CP 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
authors: Camilo L
authors: CL
authors: Medina
authors: Maria Cristina
authors: MC
authors: Sanches
authors: Maria Luiza S
authors: ML
authors: Tucci
authors: Carlos A F
authors: CA
authors: Sousa
authors: Geraldo Rogério F
authors: GR
authors: Cuzzuol
authors: Carlos A
authors: CA
authors: Joly
mesh_terms: D000596:Amino Acids / Q000378:metabolism; D018533:Biomass; D050260:Carbohydrate Metabolism; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000378:metabolism; D004895:Erythrina / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000254:growth & development* / Q000502:physiology*; D005740:Gases / Q000378:metabolism; D010788:Photosynthesis; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D018547:Plant Stems / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D054046:Plant Stomata / Q000502:physiology; D012987:Soil; D012995:Solubility; D014867:Water / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: D000596:Amino Acids; D005740:Gases; D012987:Soil; D014867:Water; D002245:Carbon Dioxide