title: Reproducibility of osseous landmarks used for computed tomography based three-dimensional cephalometric analyses.
abstract: The aim of this paper was to measure the reproducibility of osseous landmark identification from two recently described three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric analyses: 3D-ACRO and 3D-Swennen analyses. The study population consisted of 13 patients examined with spiral 3D computed tomography (CT). We used a previously validated low-dose CT protocol. For each analysis, 22 cephalometric reference landmarks were identified on 3D CT surface renderings. Forty-four reference landmarks were identified per patient. Two series of identifications were performed by two independent observers. In total, 3432 imaging measurements were completed. The intra-observer reconstructed mean log was 1.210+/-1.042mm for the 3D-ACRO analysis, and 1.311+/-1.042mm for 3D-Swennen analysis (comparison: p=0.17 NS). The inter-observer reconstructed mean log was 1.799+/-1.037mm for the 3D-ACRO analysis, and 2.465+/-1.036mm for 3D-Swennen analysis (comparison: p=0.000000002). The difference between the intra- and inter-observer reconstructed mean logs were 1.486+/-1.057mm for 3D-ACRO and 1.880+/-1.056mm for 3D-Swennen analysis. In conclusions: 3D-ACRO analysis was significantly more reproducible than 3D-Swennen analysis (p=0.0027) due to the use of a majority of highly reproducible cephalometric landmarks. Finally, we propose a classification scheme and exclusion criteria for reference landmarks used in 3D cephalometrics, based on inter-observer reproducibility and anatomical reality.
authors: Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, 10 Av. Hippocrate, 1200 Brussels, Belgium. raphael.olszewski@uclouvain.be
authors: Raphael
authors: R
authors: Olszewski
authors: Olivier
authors: O
authors: Tanesy
authors: Guy
authors: G
authors: Cosnard
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Zech
authors: Hervé
authors: H
authors: Reychler
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D002508:Cephalometry / Q000379:methods*; D002965:Classification; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D015588:Observer Variation; D012016:Reference Values; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012886:Skull / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed