title: NAC is associated with additional alleviation of lung injury induced by invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in a neutropenic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Neutropenic individuals are at high risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), a life-threatening infection. To evaluate the therapeutic potential of antioxidants, IPA was induced in neutropenic mice and the effect of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) on oxidative stress levels and lung injury was analyzed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mice were pretreated with three daily intraperitoneal injections of 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide, followed by intratracheal inoculation with 4.5x10(6) conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus. The infected mice were then randomly assigned to an amphotericin B (AMB) group, an AMB plus NAC group, or an untreated control (C) group. In each group, the duration of treatment was 24, 48, or 72 h, and activities such as appearance, feeding, and dermal temperature were observed throughout the experiment. Sera and lung tissues were collected and analyzed by quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for total protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. The wet/dry weight ratio of the lung was also calculated and lung sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin for pathological examination and with methenamine silver stain for fungus detection.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared with the mice untreated with NAC, mice in the AMB plus NAC group had increased SOD and reduced MDA levels both systemically and locally at 24, 48, and 72 h after inoculation with conidia. NAC treatment also decreased the pulmonary protein content at 48 and 72 h and the lung wet/dry weight ratio at 24 and 48 h. Additionally, NAC enhanced pulmonary production of TNF-alpha and IL-10 at 24 h and 48 h.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In combination with antifungal therapy, NAC treatment can alleviate oxidative stress and lung injury associated with IPA in neutropenic mice.Acta Pharmacologica Sinica (2009) 30: 980-986; doi: 10.1038/aps.2009.83.
authors: Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
authors: Peng
authors: P
authors: Xu
authors: Jie-Ming
authors: JM
authors: Qu
authors: Jin-Fu
authors: JF
authors: Xu
authors: Jing
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Hong-Ni
authors: HN
authors: Jiang
authors: Hui-Jun
authors: HJ
authors: Zhang
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000818:Animals; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000032:analysis; D055744:Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology; D055370:Lung Injury / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D011897:Random Allocation; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase / Q000378:metabolism; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D016753:Interleukin-10; D000666:Amphotericin B; D013482:Superoxide Dismutase; D000111:Acetylcysteine