title: Prevalence of malingering in patients with chronic pain referred for psychologic evaluation in a medico-legal context.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To provide an empirical estimate of the prevalence of malingered disability in patients with chronic pain who have financial incentive to appear disabled.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective review of cases.
  
  
  METHODS
  A private neuropsychologic clinic in a southeastern metropolitan area.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive patients (N=508) referred for psychologic evaluation related to chronic pain over a 10-year period (1995-2005).
  
  
  METHODS
  Not applicable.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prevalence of malingering was examined using 2 published clinical diagnostic systems (Malingered Pain-Related Disability and Malingered Neurocognitive Dysfunction) as well as statistical estimates based on well validated indicators of malingering.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of malingering in patients with chronic pain with financial incentive is between 20% and 50% depending on the diagnostic system used and the statistical model's underlying assumptions. Some factors associated with the medico-legal context such as the jurisdiction of a workers' compensation claim or attorney representation were associated with slightly higher malingering rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Malingering is present in a sizable minority of patients with pain seen for potentially compensable injuries. However, not all excess pain-related disability is a result of malingering. It is important not to diagnose malingering reflexively on the basis of limited or unreliable findings. A diagnosis of malingering should be explicitly based on a formal diagnostic system.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of New Orleans, New Orleans LA 70148, USA. kgreve@uno.edu
authors: Kevin W
authors: KW
authors: Greve
authors: Jonathan S
authors: JS
authors: Ord
authors: Kevin J
authors: KJ
authors: Bianchini
authors: Kelly L
authors: KL
authors: Curtis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002908:Chronic Disease; D035881:Compensation and Redress; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008306:Malingering / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology*; D010146:Pain / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D044469:Racial Groups; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D014942:Workers' Compensation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data