Distinct structural features of cyclothiazide are responsible for effects on peak current amplitude and desensitization kinetics at iGluR2.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission. Upon glutamate application, 2-amino-3-(3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolyl)propionic acid receptors undergo rapid and almost complete desensitization that can be attenuated by positive allosteric modulators. The molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation has been elucidated previously by crystal structures of the ligand-binding core of iGluR2 in complex with, for example, cyclothiazide (CTZ). Here, we investigate the structure and function of CTZ and three closely related analogues NS1493, NS5206, and NS5217 at iGluR2, by X-ray crystallography and fast application patch-clamp electrophysiology. CTZ was the most efficacious and potent modulator of the four compounds on iGluR2(Q)(i) [E(max) normalized to response of glutamate: 754% (CTZ), 490% (NS1493), 399% (NS5206), and 476% (NS5217) and EC(50) in micromolar: 10 (CTZ), 26 (NS1493), 43 (NS5206), and 48 (NS5217)]. The four modulators divide into three groups according to efficacy and desensitization kinetics: (1) CTZ increases the peak current efficacy twice as much as the three analogues and nearly completely blocks receptor desensitization; (2) NS5206 and NS5217 have low efficacy and only attenuate desensitization partially; (3) NS1493 has low efficacy but nearly completely blocks receptor desensitization. A hydrophobic substituent at the 3-position of the 1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine ring system is important for compound efficacy, with the following ranking: norbornenyl (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene)>cyclopentyl>methyl. The replacement of the norbornenyl moiety with a significantly less hydrophobic cyclopentane ring increases the flexibility of the modulator as the cyclopentane ring adopts various conformations at the iGluR2 allosteric binding site. The main structural feature responsible for a nearly complete block of desensitization is the presence of an NH hydrogen bond donor in the 4-position of the 1,1-dioxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[e][1,2,4]thiadiazine ring system, forming an anchoring hydrogen bond to Ser754. Therefore, the atom at the 4-position of CTZ seems to be a major determinant of receptor desensitization kinetics.
Hald
Helle
H
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Ahring
Philip K
PK
Timmermann
Daniel B
DB
Liljefors
Tommy
T
Gajhede
Michael
M
Kastrup
Jette S
JS
D000494:Allosteric Regulation; D000818:Animals; D000959:Antihypertensive Agents / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D001581:Benzothiadiazines / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D018360:Crystallography, X-Ray; D019281:Dimerization; D018698:Glutamic Acid / Q000378:metabolism; D008958:Models, Molecular; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D000077489:Piperazine; D010879:Piperazines / Q000737:chemistry; D020836:Protein Structure, Quaternary; D051381:Rats; D018091:Receptors, AMPA / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism
D000959:Antihypertensive Agents; D001581:Benzothiadiazines; D010879:Piperazines; D018091:Receptors, AMPA; D000077489:Piperazine; D018698:Glutamic Acid; C104722:glutamate receptor ionotropic, AMPA 2; C004639:cyclothiazide