title: Intranasal ketorolac for postoperative pain: a phase 3, double-blind, randomized study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Analgesic efficacy and tolerability of intranasal (IN) ketorolac was evaluated in postoperative patients in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patients received IN ketorolac (31.5 mg) [DOSAGE ERROR CORRECTED] or placebo three times daily for up to 5 days, with access to morphine by patient controlled analgesia (PCA). Patients in a single-dose phase were removed from PCA 3 hours prior to the first study dose the day after surgery, and received a single IN ketorolac or placebo dose when visual analog scale scores were > or =40.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Three hundred patients (N = 199 ketorolac, N = 101 placebo) were enrolled following primarily hysterectomies (135/300, 45%) and hip replacements (100/300, 33%); 189 (N = 115 ketorolac, N = 74 placebo) entered the single-dose phase. Mean age was 52 years (range 19-81) and 69% of patients were women. The primary efficacy endpoint, the single-dose summed pain intensity difference score at 6 hours, was significantly higher in the ketorolac group compared with placebo (83.3 vs 37.2, P < 0.007), indicating greater pain reduction with ketorolac. Morphine use was reduced by 34% in the ketorolac group compared with the placebo group. The incidence of adverse events ( approximately 98%) was similar in the two groups. The most common adverse events in both groups were nausea and vomiting. There was a trend in the ketorolac group for a lower incidence of opioid-related side effects such as constipation and pruritus. Nasal irritation occurred more frequently with ketorolac vs placebo (24% vs 2%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IN ketorolac was well tolerated and effective in treating moderate-to-severe postoperative pain in inpatients; the convenience of IN dosing suggests that its usefulness in the ambulatory care setting should be evaluated.
authors: Waikato Clinical Research, Waikato Hospital, Department of Anaesthesia, Hamilton, New Zealand.
authors: Colin
authors: C
authors: Brown
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Moodie
authors: Eileen
authors: E
authors: Bisley
authors: Lincoln
authors: L
authors: Bynum
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D023381:Endpoint Determination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D020910:Ketorolac / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D009020:Morphine; D020910:Ketorolac