title: Early milk feeding influences taste acceptance and liking during infancy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We identified a model system that exploits the inherent taste variation in early feedings to investigate food preference development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective was to determine whether exposure to differing concentrations of taste compounds in milk and formulas modifies acceptance of exemplars of the 5 basic taste qualities in a familiar food matrix. Specifically, we examined the effects of consuming hydrolyzed casein formulas (HCFs), which have pronounced bitter, sour, and savory tastes compared with breast milk (BM) and bovine milk-based formulas (MFs), in which these taste qualities are weaker.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subgroups of BM-, MF- and HCF-fed infants, some of whom were fed table foods, were studied on 6 occasions to measure acceptance of sweet, salty, bitter, savory, sour, and plain cereals.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In infants not yet eating table foods, the HCF group ate significantly more savory-, bitter-, and sour-tasting and plain cereals than did the BM or MF groups. HCF infants displayed fewer facial expressions of distaste while eating the bitter and savory cereals, and they and BM infants were more likely to smile while they were eating the savory cereal. In formula-fed infants eating table foods, preferences for the basic tastes reflected the types of foods they were being fed. In general, those infants who ate more food displayed fewer faces of distaste.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The type of formula fed to infants has an effect on their response to taste compounds in cereal before solid food introduction. This model system of research investigation sheds light on sources of individual differences in taste and perhaps cultural food preferences.
authors: Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA. mennella@monell.org
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Mennella
authors: Catherine A
authors: CA
authors: Forestell
authors: Lindsay K
authors: LK
authors: Morgan
authors: Gary K
authors: GK
authors: Beauchamp
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002364:Caseins; D005149:Facial Expression; D005260:Female; D005518:Food Preferences; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D018730:Infant Behavior; D041943:Infant Formula / Q000737:chemistry*; D008297:Male; D008892:Milk; D008895:Milk, Human / Q000737:chemistry*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055697:Taste Perception
chemical_list: D002364:Caseins