title: Duplication of 7q34 is specific to juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas and a hallmark of cerebellar and optic pathway tumours.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas (JPA), a subgroup of low-grade astrocytomas (LGA), are common, heterogeneous and poorly understood subset of brain tumours in children. Chromosomal 7q34 duplication leading to fusion genes formed between KIAA1549 and BRAF and subsequent constitutive activation of BRAF was recently identified in a proportion of LGA, and may be involved in their pathogenesis. Our aim was to investigate additional chromosomal unbalances in LGA and whether incidence of 7q34 duplication is associated with tumour type or location.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Using Illumina-Human-Hap300-Duo and 610-Quad high-resolution-SNP-based arrays and quantitative PCR on genes of interest, we investigated 84 paediatric LGA. We demonstrate that 7q34 duplication is specific to sporadic JPA (35 of 53 - 66%) and does not occur in other LGA subtypes (0 of 27) or NF1-associated-JPA (0 of 4). We also establish that it is site specific as it occurs in the majority of cerebellar JPA (24 of 30 - 80%) followed by brainstem, hypothalamic/optic pathway JPA (10 of 16 - 62.5%) and is rare in hemispheric JPA (1 of 7 - 14%). The MAP-kinase pathway, assessed through ERK phosphorylation, was active in all tumours regardless of 7q34 duplication. Gain of function studies performed on hTERT-immortalised astrocytes show that overexpression of wild-type BRAF does not increase cell proliferation or baseline MAPK signalling even if it sensitises cells to EGFR stimulation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest that variants of JPA might arise from a unique site-restricted progenitor cell where 7q34 duplication, a hallmark of this tumour-type in association to MAPK-kinase pathway activation, potentially plays a site-specific role in their pathogenesis. Importantly, gain of function abnormalities in components of MAP-Kinase signalling are potentially present in all JPA making this tumour amenable to therapeutic targeting of this pathway.
authors: Department of Pediatrics and Human Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal H3Z 2Z3, Canada. nada.jabado@mcgill.ca
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Jacob
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Albrecht
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Sollier
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Faury
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Sader
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Montpetit
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Serre
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Hauser
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Garami
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Bognar
authors: Z
authors: Z
authors: Hanzely
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Montes
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Atkinson
authors: J-P
authors: JP
authors: Farmer
authors: E
authors: E
authors: Bouffet
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hawkins
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Tabori
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Jabado
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001254:Astrocytoma / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000235:genetics*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002897:Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7 / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D018628:Gene Dosage; D020440:Gene Duplication; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008297:Male; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D002352:Carrier Proteins; C115114:HIPK2 protein, human; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D017346:Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases