title: Ejection injury to the spine in small aviators: sled tests of manikins vs. post mortem specimens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  This study presents the results of seven aerospace manikin and three post mortem human surrogate (PMHS) horizontal deceleration sled tests. The objective of this study was to establish a body of baseline data that examines the ability of small (fifth percentile) manikins to predict whole-body kinematics associated with aircraft ejection, and whether currently available head and neck injury criteria are applicable in these situations.
  
  
  METHODS
  Subjects were exposed to a short-duration local z-axis sled pulse while horizontally seated and restrained in an ejection seat. Test subjects included instrumented fifth percentile female and male manikins, and two small (163.8 cm, 48.3 kg; 143.5 cm, 48.6 kg) female and one small (166.2 cm, 54.3 kg) male PMHS.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anterior (local x-axis) translations of the PMHS heads were less than those observed in the manikin tests, but the local z-axis translations of the PMHS heads were greater than those of the manikins. Z-axis translations of the manikins' T1 were generally similar to those of the PMHS T1, but the anterior x-axis translations of T1 were greater in the PMHS. The neck injury criterion (Nij) tended to under-predict observed injury (primarily ruptures of the posterior ligaments at C4-5, T2-3), and the Beam Criterion (BC) tended to over-predict observed injury for small occupants. The USN/USAF neck injury criteria (NIC) performed best in predicting the observed injuries.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Present manikin designs do not predict the kinematics of PMHS in ejection tests. Further refinement of existing injury criteria is required to accurately predict location and severity of ejection-induced injuries.
authors: Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA. salzar@virginia.edu
authors: Robert S
authors: RS
authors: Salzar
authors: James R
authors: JR
authors: Bolton
authors: Jeff R
authors: JR
authors: Crandall
authors: Glenn R
authors: GR
authors: Paskoff
authors: Barry S
authors: BS
authors: Shender
mesh_terms: D000054:Acceleration; D000060:Accidents, Aviation / Q000401:mortality; D000368:Aged; D001359:Aviation; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D002102:Cadaver; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008348:Manikins; D008875:Middle Aged; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013124:Spinal Injuries / Q000175:diagnosis*