title: Influence of selecting EPI readout-encoding bandwidths on arterial spin labeling perfusion MRI.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to investigate effects of varying readout bandwidths on the arterial spin labeling (ASL)-perfusion MRI measurements at a high magnetic field MRI system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Brain perfusion studies were performed on nine volunteers (four males, five females) using flow sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) ASL single-shot echo-planar imaging (EPI)-MRI. To investigate EPI bandwidth effects on the time-series perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI) data, two regions-of-interest (ROI) were placed outside the brain to determine the level of noise and another ROI inside the brain to determine the level of signal. Coefficients of variations (CoV) were calculated for the time-series PWI data. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to investigate voxel-wise differences in the time-series PWI data between two different bandwidth values.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At the level of ROI, there was no significant effect of changing EPI bandwidths on the time-series PWI data in any of the volunteers (P > 0.031). In contrast, CoV values over the dynamic PWI data varied with depending on selecting EPI bandwidths and voxel-based tests showed that N2 ghosting, modulated by EPI bandwidth, can appear in some brain regions, especially in areas that overlap with the spatial distribution of N2 ghosting artifacts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although N2 ghosting can be reduced by adjusting the bandwidth of EPI on the time-series of PWI data, the effects cannot be entirely eliminated. In particular, N2 ghosting can bias CBF quantification if EPI control scans to determine the equilibrium-state signal are confounded by N2 ghosting. Therefore, careful tuning of the bandwidth of EPI is necessary to avoid artifacts in the ASL signal from N2-ghosting.
authors: Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyung Hee University, 149 Sangil-dong, Gangdong-gu, Seoul, 134-090, South Korea. ghjahng@gmail.com
authors: Geon-Ho
authors: GH
authors: Jahng
authors: Norbert
authors: N
authors: Schuff
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016477:Artifacts; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods*; D002560:Cerebrovascular Circulation / Q000502:physiology*; D017352:Echo-Planar Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007089:Image Enhancement / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D055420:Perfusion Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D013113:Spin Labels
chemical_list: D013113:Spin Labels