title: Long-term mortality and cardiovascular risk stratification of peritoneal dialysis patients using a combination of inflammation and calcification markers.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  It remains unknown whether a composite of inflammation and calcification markers provides better mortality and cardiovascular risk stratification in chronic peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a 4-year prospective follow-up study in 231 chronic PD patients from a single regional dialysis centre in Hong Kong. Valvular calcification was detected using echocardiography, and fasting venous blood was collected to measure a panel of inflammation markers. The patients were stratified into five groups on the basis of 0, 1, 2, 3 and all 4 inflammation and calcification risk markers, namely high C-reactive protein (CRP) (CRP in upper tertile), high interleukin-6 (IL-6) (IL-6 in upper tertile), low fetuin-A (fetuin-A in lower tertile) and valvular calcification. Study outcomes included all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular events (CVEs).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The patients with 4, 3, 2 and 1 markers had an adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 5.17 (95% CI, 1.81-14.77, P = 0.002), 3.38 (95% CI, 1.50-7.60; P = 0.003), 2.17 (95% CI, 0.98-4.77; P = 0.056) and 2.42 (95% CI, 1.18-4.96; P = 0.016), respectively, for mortality at 4 years than those with 0 risk marker. The adjusted HRs for fatal or non-fatal CVEs were 4.33 (95% CI, 1.70-11.03; P = 0.002), 1.60 (95% CI, 0.73-3.52; P = 0.24), 1.92 (95% CI, 0.95-3.90; P = 0.07) and 1.33 (95% CI, 0.67-2.62; P = 0.42), respectively, for patients with 4, 3, 2 and 1 markers than those with 0 risk markers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A composite of inflammation and calcification markers provides long-term prognostication and identifies the sickest PD patients with the worst clinical outcomes. Since these parameters can all be obtained quite readily, our data support the adoption of a multiinflammation and calcification risk marker approach for mortality and cardiovascular risk stratification in PD patients.
authors: Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong. aymwang@hku.hk
authors: Angela Yee-Moon
authors: AY
authors: Wang
authors: Christopher Wai-Kei
authors: CW
authors: Lam
authors: Iris Hiu-Shuen
authors: IH
authors: Chan
authors: Mei
authors: M
authors: Wang
authors: Siu-Fai
authors: SF
authors: Lui
authors: John E
authors: JE
authors: Sanderson
mesh_terms: D002114:Calcinosis / Q000097:blood; D002318:Cardiovascular Diseases / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010530:Peritoneal Dialysis; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors