[Iatrogenic risk of permanent pacemaker and defibrillator implantation].
The considerable evolution in technique and hardware, occurred over the past three decades, has greatly simplified the implantation procedure of pacemakers and cardioverter-defibrillators. Indeed, the introduction of relatively simple and safe methods of central venous access, and the miniaturization of the generator with subcutaneous placement have facilitated the implantation. However, inherent with cardiac pacing and defibrillating therapy is the potential for the occurrence of an early or delayed untoward event. Although skill, experience, and technique are all mitigating factors, every cardiologist should know potential complications and should be able to stratify overall risk related to a device implantation. Thus, both the implanting physician or the clinical cardiologist must be concerned not only with measures to avoid complications, but also with their early recognition and treatment.
Bongiorni
Maria Grazia
MG
U.O. di Malattie Cardiovascolari II, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa. m.g.bongiorni@med.unipi.it
Di Cori
Andrea
A
Soldati
Ezio
E
Zucchelli
Giulio
G
Segreti
Luca
L
Solarino
Gianluca
G
De Lucia
Raffaele
R
Sergi
Domenico
D
D001145:Arrhythmias, Cardiac / Q000209:etiology; D001808:Blood Vessels / Q000293:injuries; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects*; D017147:Defibrillators, Implantable / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D004618:Embolism, Air / Q000209:etiology; D004867:Equipment Design; D004868:Equipment Failure; D006335:Heart Injuries / Q000209:etiology; D006406:Hematoma / Q000209:etiology; D006491:Hemothorax / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008904:Miniaturization; D010138:Pacemaker, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000209:etiology; D011184:Postoperative Period; D018570:Risk Assessment; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000628:therapy; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000209:etiology; D014693:Ventricular Fibrillation / Q000628:therapy