title: Direct-puncture approach to the extraconal portion of the superior ophthalmic vein for carotid cavernous fistulae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The transvenous approach via the superior ophthalmic vein (SOV) is an available approach for carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), especially in the event that there is no other suitable approach route to the fistula. Surgical exposure of the peripheral roots of the SOV is commonly used; however, often, the SOV is often not accessible because of anatomical problems and/or complications. In this paper, we present and discuss our original direct-puncture approach to the extraconal portion of the SOV.
  
  
  METHODS
  An attempt on three patients with traumatic CCF failed with the transarterial approach and the conventional venous approach via the inferior petrosal sinus; therefore, the patients were treated with the direct-puncture approach to the extraconal portion of the SOV using two-dimensional digital subtraction angiography with local anesthesia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All cases that had tortuous and partially stenotic division of the SOV were treated successfully with this approach and without complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This approach will become an alternate approach, especially when the peripheral roots of the SOV are focally narrowed and tortuous, making it impossible to insert a catheter.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan. akirak@med.kitasato-u.ac.jp
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Kurata
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Suzuki
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Iwamoto
authors: T
authors: T
authors: Miyazaki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Inukai
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Abe
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Niki
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Yamada
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Fujii
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Kan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D015901:Angiography, Digital Subtraction / Q000379:methods; D001921:Brain / Q000098:blood supply / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D020216:Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D018810:Magnetic Resonance Angiography; D008297:Male; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014680:Veins / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*