title: Ultrasonographic and thermographic screening for latent inflammation in diabetic foot callus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Inflammation within the diabetic foot callus may be an earliest, predicting symptom of foot ulcer developing later. The purpose of this study was to identify latent inflammation within the foot callus using thermography and ultrasonography, and to investigate relationship between the inflammatory findings in callus and presence or absence of diabetes.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cross-sectional study of 60 cases with asymptomatic foot callus; the 30 diabetic patients and the 30 non-diabetic matched volunteers. Inflammation was defined using physiological imaging techniques; as skin temperature elevation in thermography and low echoic lesion in ultrasonography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sixty-three and ninety-four calli were observed in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, respectively. The inflammation signs were detected by both of the two techniques in 10% of the calli in the diabetic group. No inflammation was noted in the non-diabetic group (p=0.014).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The inflammation signs presented here were specifically observed in the diabetic group. We consider that the physiological imaging techniques may be valuable screening tools for potential risk of diabetic foot ulcers.
authors: Department of Gerontological Nursing/Wound Care Management, Division of Health Sciences and Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-0033 Tokyo, Japan.
authors: Kaoru
authors: K
authors: Nishide
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Nagase
authors: Miho
authors: M
authors: Oba
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Oe
authors: Yumiko
authors: Y
authors: Ohashi
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Iizaka
authors: Gojiro
authors: G
authors: Nakagami
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Kadowaki
authors: Hiromi
authors: H
authors: Sanada
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D055109:Ankle Brachial Index; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000503:physiopathology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000503:physiopathology; D017719:Diabetic Foot / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D016523:Foot Ulcer / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007249:Inflammation / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013817:Thermography; D014463:Ultrasonography