title: Outcomes associated with initial versus later vancomycin use in patients with complicated skin and skin-structure infections.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Delayed coverage of pathogens including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in pneumonia and bacteraemia has been associated with increased mortality and length of hospital stay (LOS). However, less is known about the impact of delayed appropriate coverage in complicated skin and skin-structure infections (cSSSIs).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the clinical and economic outcomes associated with early versus late use of vancomycin in the management of patients hospitalized for cSSSIs.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective analysis was performed using an inpatient claims database of >500 US hospitals in 2005. Using prescription claims, patients with primary or secondary cSSSI admissions were classified into three groups: 1 = early vancomycin monotherapy; 2 = early vancomycin combination therapy; 3 = late vancomycin therapy. Outcomes studied included LOS and inpatient hospital costs. One-way analysis of variance was used for unadjusted analysis and multivariate regression methods were used to control for co-variates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 34,942 patients (27.78% of all patients with cSSSIs) were treated with vancomycin. Mean age was 54.7 years and 54.3% of the patients were males. Mean unadjusted total LOS was 8.46, 9.44 and 13.2 days, and hospital costs in 2005 values were USD10 211.94, USD12 361.94 and USD18 344.00 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In-hospital mortality rate was highest in group 3 (4.18%) and lowest in group 1 (1.75%). Generalized linear models used to control for potential confounding variables between early versus late vancomycin use suggest that among cSSSI patients late vancomycin use is an independent predictor of higher LOS and costs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large inpatient database, later vancomycin use in patients with cSSSIs appears to be significantly associated with higher LOS and total costs.
authors: Veterans Administration Boston Health Care System and Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. kitani@med.va.gov
authors: Kamal M F
authors: KM
authors: Itani
authors: Kasem S
authors: KS
authors: Akhras
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Stellhorn
authors: Alvaro
authors: A
authors: Quintana
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Budd
authors: Sanjay
authors: S
authors: Merchant
mesh_terms: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015331:Cohort Studies; D019992:Databases as Topic; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D017048:Health Care Costs / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006760:Hospitalization; D006801:Humans; D007902:Length of Stay / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D008297:Male; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D008875:Middle Aged; D019233:Retreatment; D017192:Skin Diseases, Bacterial / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality; D013207:Staphylococcal Skin Infections / Q000188:drug therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014640:Vancomycin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000191:economics*
chemical_list: D000900:Anti-Bacterial Agents; D014640:Vancomycin