title: Erythropoietin or Darbepoetin for patients with cancer--meta-analysis based on individual patient data.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) reduce anemia in cancer patients and may improve quality of life, but there are concerns that ESAs might increase mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our objectives were to examine the effect of ESAs and identify factors that modify the effects of ESAs on overall survival, progression free survival, thromboembolic and cardiovascular events as well as need for transfusions and other important safety and efficacy outcomes in cancer patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase and conference proceedings for eligible trials. Manufacturers of ESAs were contacted to identify additional trials.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included randomized controlled trials comparing epoetin or darbepoetin plus red blood cell transfusions (as necessary) versus red blood cell transfusions (as necessary) alone, to prevent or treat anemia in adult or pediatric cancer patients with or without concurrent antineoplastic therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing epoetin alpha, epoetin beta or darbepoetin alpha plus red blood cell transfusions versus transfusion alone, for prophylaxis or therapy of anemia while or after receiving anti-cancer treatment. Patient-level data were obtained and analyzed by independent statisticians at two academic departments, using fixed-effects and random-effects meta-analysis. Analyses were according to the intention-to-treat principle. Primary endpoints were on study mortality and overall survival during the longest available follow-up, regardless of anticancer treatment, and in patients receiving chemotherapy. Tests for interactions were used to identify differences in effects of ESAs on mortality across pre-specified subgroups. The present review reports only the results for the primary endpoint.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 13933 cancer patients from 53 trials were analyzed, 1530 patients died on-study and 4993 overall. ESAs increased on study mortality (combined hazard ratio [cHR] 1.17; 95% CI 1.06-1.30) and worsened overall survival (cHR 1.06; 95% CI 1.00-1.12), with little heterogeneity between trials (I(2) 0%, p=0.87 and I(2) 7.1%, p=0.33, respectively). Thirty-eight trials enrolled 10441 patients receiving chemotherapy. The cHR for on study mortality was 1.10 (95% CI 0.98-1.24) and 1.04; 95% CI 0.97-1.11) for overall survival. There was little evidence for a difference between trials of patients receiving different cancer treatments (P for interaction=0.42).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  ESA treatment in cancer patients increased on study mortality and worsened overall survival. For patients undergoing chemotherapy the increase was less pronounced, but an adverse effect could not be excluded.
authors: Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 3012.
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Bohlius
authors: Kurt
authors: K
authors: Schmidlin
authors: Corinne
authors: C
authors: Brillant
authors: Guido
authors: G
authors: Schwarzer
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Trelle
authors: Jerome
authors: J
authors: Seidenfeld
authors: Marcel
authors: M
authors: Zwahlen
authors: Mike J
authors: MJ
authors: Clarke
authors: Olaf
authors: O
authors: Weingart
authors: Sabine
authors: S
authors: Kluge
authors: Margaret
authors: M
authors: Piper
authors: Maryann
authors: M
authors: Napoli
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Rades
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Steensma
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Djulbegovic
authors: Martin F
authors: MF
authors: Fey
authors: Isabelle
authors: I
authors: Ray-Coquard
authors: Volker
authors: V
authors: Moebus
authors: Gillian
authors: G
authors: Thomas
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Untch
authors: Martin
authors: M
authors: Schumacher
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Egger
authors: Andreas
authors: A
authors: Engert
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000740:Anemia / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D002648:Child; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa; D018572:Disease-Free Survival; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa; D017707:Erythrocyte Transfusion; D004921:Erythropoietin / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005260:Female; D006397:Hematinics / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D011994:Recombinant Proteins
chemical_list: D006397:Hematinics; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C103998:epoetin beta; D004921:Erythropoietin; D000068256:Darbepoetin alfa; D000068817:Epoetin Alfa