title: The drusenlike phenotype in aging Ccl2-knockout mice is caused by an accelerated accumulation of swollen autofluorescent subretinal macrophages.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Drusen, which are defined clinically as yellowish white spots in the outer retina, are cardinal features of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ccl2-knockout (Ccl2(-/-)) mice have been reported to develop drusen and phenotypic features similar to AMD, including an increased susceptibility to choroidal neovascularization (CNV). This study was conducted to investigate the nature of the drusenlike lesions in vivo and further evaluate the Ccl2(-/-) mouse as a model of AMD.
  
  
  METHODS
  The eyes of 2- to 25-month-old Ccl2(-/-) and C57Bl/6 mice were examined in vivo by autofluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AF-SLO) and electroretinography, and the extent of laser-induced CNV was measured by fluorescein fundus angiography. The retinal morphology was also assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative histologic and ultrastructural morphometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The drusenlike lesions of Ccl2(-/-) mice comprised accelerated accumulation of swollen CD68(+), F4/80(+) macrophages in the subretinal space that were apparent as autofluorescent foci on AF-SLO. These macrophages contained pigment granules and phagosomes with outer segment and lipofuscin inclusions that may account for their autofluorescence. Only age-related retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) damage, photoreceptor loss, and sub-RPE deposits were observed but, despite the accelerated accumulation of macrophages, we identified no spontaneous development of CNV in the senescent mice and found a reduced susceptibility to laser-induced CNV in the Ccl2(-/-) mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings suggest that the lack of Ccl2 leads to a monocyte/macrophage-trafficking defect during aging and to an impaired recruitment of these cells to sites of laser injury. Other, previously described features of Ccl2(-/-) mice that are similar to AMD may be the result of aging alone.
authors: Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom. u.luhmann@ucl.ac.uk
authors: Ulrich F O
authors: UF
authors: Luhmann
authors: Scott
authors: S
authors: Robbie
authors: Peter M G
authors: PM
authors: Munro
authors: Susie E
authors: SE
authors: Barker
authors: Yanai
authors: Y
authors: Duran
authors: Vy
authors: V
authors: Luong
authors: Frederick W
authors: FW
authors: Fitzke
authors: James W B
authors: JW
authors: Bainbridge
authors: Robin R
authors: RR
authors: Ali
authors: Robert E
authors: RE
authors: MacLaren
mesh_terms: D000375:Aging / Q000502:physiology*; D000818:Animals; D015703:Antigens, CD / Q000378:metabolism; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic / Q000378:metabolism; D018932:Chemokine CCL2 / Q000502:physiology*; D020256:Choroidal Neovascularization / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D005451:Fluorescein Angiography; D019084:Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D008062:Lipofuscin / Q000378:metabolism*; D008264:Macrophages / Q000378:metabolism*; D008268:Macular Degeneration / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009887:Ophthalmoscopy; D015593:Retinal Drusen / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D000097382:CD68 Molecule
chemical_list: D015703:Antigens, CD; D015214:Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic; D018932:Chemokine CCL2; D004815:Epidermal Growth Factor; D008062:Lipofuscin; C081026:CD68 protein, mouse; D000097382:CD68 Molecule; C491768:Ccl2 protein, mouse; C464944:Emr4 protein, mouse