title: Efficacy of nasopharyngeal culture in identification of pathogen in middle ear fluid in chronic otitis media with effusion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Chronic otitis media with effusion (OME) is the leading cause of hearing loss during childhood. In bacterial etiology of OME, the most frequent pathogens responsible are Haemophilus influenzae followed by Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. This study aimed at evaluating the accuracy of nasopharyngeal (NP) specimens in the identification of pathogens in the middle ear fluid (MEF) in patients with OME.
  
  
  METHODS
  In this cross sectional, case-control study, 95 MEFs and 53 NP secretion specimens were obtained from 53 children. As a control group, 102 NP specimens were taken from children having an operation other than an otological disease. Conventional culture methods and multiplex-PCR method have been used to determine the etiology of OME; NP carriage between cases and control groups were compared using conventional culture methods. Pearson Chi-Square and Fisher's Exact tests were used in statistical analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Bacteria were isolated by culture in 37.9% of MEF specimens, 14.7% of which belonged to the group H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae and M. catarrhalis. PCR was positive in 30.5% specimens targeting the same pathogens. There was a two-fold increase in carriage rate of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in patients than controls for each pathogen.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  PCR is a more reliable method to detect middle ear pathogens in MEF in comparison with the conventional culture methods. The NP colonization wasn't found to be an indicator of the pathogen in MEF although middle ear pathogens colonize more in nasopharynx of diseased children.
authors: Department of Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey. ozgen@tr.net
authors: O K
authors: OK
authors: Eser
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ipci
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Alp
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Akyol
authors: O F
authors: OF
authors: Unal
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Hascelik
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Sennaroglu
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Gür
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification* / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D001431:Bacteriological Techniques / Q000379:methods*; D002353:Carrier State / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004432:Ear, Middle / Q000382:microbiology*; D005260:Female; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D001936:Moraxella catarrhalis / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D009305:Nasopharynx / Q000382:microbiology*; D010034:Otitis Media with Effusion / Q000382:microbiology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification