title: Impact of patient setup error in the treatment of head and neck cancer with intensity modulated radiation therapy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the impact of setup errors on the dose to the target volume and critical structures in the treatment of cancer of nasopharynx with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve patients of carcinoma of nasopharynx treated by IMRT with simultaneous integrated boost technique were enrolled. The gross tumor volume, clinical target volume and low-risk nodal region were planned for 70, 59.4 and 54 Gy, respectively, in 33 fractions. Based on the constraints, treatment plans were generated. Keeping it as the base plan, the patient setup error was simulated for 3, 5 and 10mm by shifting the isocenter in all three directions viz. anterior, posterior, superior, inferior, right and left lateral. The plans were evaluated for mean dose, maximum dose, volume of PTV receiving >110% and <93% of the prescribed dose. For both the parotids, the mean dose and the dose received by >50% of the parotid were evaluated. The maximum dose and dose received by 2 cc of spinal cord were also analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The dose to the target volume decreases gradually with increase in setup error. The superior and inferior shifts play major role in tumor under-dosage. A setup error of 3mm along the posterior and lateral directions significantly affects the dose to the spinal cord. Similarly, setup error along lateral and anterior directions affects the dose to both parotids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The isocenter position should be verified regularly to ensure that the goal of IMRT is achieved.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India. prabhakar_smr@hotmail.com
authors: Ramachandran
authors: R
authors: Prabhakar
authors: Macherla A
authors: MA
authors: Laviraj
authors: Kunhi Parambath
authors: KP
authors: Haresh
authors: Pramod K
authors: PK
authors: Julka
authors: Goura K
authors: GK
authors: Rath
mesh_terms: D003198:Computer Simulation; D006258:Head and Neck Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D006801:Humans; D019300:Medical Errors; D009303:Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D010306:Parotid Gland / Q000528:radiation effects; D056888:Patient Positioning; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted; D050397:Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated; D012306:Risk; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000528:radiation effects