Blood pressure is a major risk factor for renal death: an analysis of 560 352 participants from the Asia-Pacific region.
Chronic kidney disease is a major worldwide public health problem that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Studies from the Asia-Pacific region have reported some of the highest chronic kidney disease prevalence rates in the world, but access to dialysis is limited in many countries, making it imperative to identify high-risk individuals. We performed a participant-level data overview of prospective studies conducted in the Asia-Pacific region to quantify the magnitude and direction of the associations between putative risk factors and renal death. Age- and sex-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models were applied to pooled data from 35 studies to calculate hazard ratios (95% CIs) for renal death associated with a standardized change in risk factors. Among 560 352 participants followed for a median of 6.8 years, a total of 420 renal deaths were observed. Continuous and positive associations among systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, and total cholesterol levels with renal death were observed, as well as a continuous but inverse association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Systolic blood pressure was the strongest risk factor for renal death with each SD increase in systolic blood pressure (19 mm Hg) associated with >80% higher risk (hazard ratio: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.60 to 2.12). Neither cigarette smoking nor excess weight was related to the risk of renal death (P>0.10). The results were similar for cohorts in Asia and Australia. These results suggest that primary prevention strategies for renal disease should focus on individuals with elevated blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia.
O'Seaghdha
Conall M
CM
George Institute for International Health, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia.
Perkovic
Vlado
V
Lam
Tai Hing
TH
McGinn
Stella
S
Barzi
Federica
F
Gu
Dong Feng
DF
Cass
Alan
A
Suh
Il
I
Muntner
Paul
P
Giles
Graham G
GG
Ueshima
Hirotsugu
H
Woodward
Mark
M
Huxley
Rachel
R
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D001208:Asia; D001315:Australia; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000502:physiology*; D002423:Cause of Death; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000097:blood; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL / Q000097:blood; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology; D005215:Fasting / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000097:blood / Q000401:mortality* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012307:Risk Factors; D015996:Survival Rate
D001786:Blood Glucose; D008076:Cholesterol, HDL; D002784:Cholesterol