title: Channelrhodopsin-2 is a leaky proton pump.
abstract: Since its discovery, the light-gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) has proven to be a long-sought tool for the noninvasive, light-activated control of neural cells in culture and in living animals. Although ChR2 is widely used in neurobiological applications, little is known about its molecular mechanism. In this work, the unitary conductance of ChR2 was determined for different cations, for example 40 fS at 200 mM NaCl and -60 mV, using noise analysis. The kinetics of the ion channel obtained by noise analysis is in excellent agreement with the photocurrent kinetics obtained by voltage-clamp and time-resolved spectroscopy. The inward rectification of the channel could be explained by the single channel parameters. ChR2 represents an ion channel with a 7 transmembrane helix motif, even though the sequence homology of its essential amino acids to those of the light-driven H(+) pump bacteriorhodopsin (bR) is high. Here, we also show that when ChR2 is expressed in electrofused giant HEK293 cells or reconstituted on planar lipid membranes, it can indeed act as an outwardly driven H(+) pump, demonstrating that ChR2 is bifunctional, and in-line with other microbial rhodopsins, a H(+) pump but with a leak that shows ion channel properties.
authors: Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
authors: Katrin
authors: K
authors: Feldbauer
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Zimmermann
authors: Verena
authors: V
authors: Pintschovius
authors: Julia
authors: J
authors: Spitz
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Bamann
authors: Ernst
authors: E
authors: Bamberg
mesh_terms: D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D002460:Cell Line; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D019791:Guanidine / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D007700:Kinetics; D008027:Light; D008564:Membrane Potentials / Q000187:drug effects / Q000528:radiation effects; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017494:Proton Pumps / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013696:Temperature; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D007473:Ion Channels; D017494:Proton Pumps; C523009:channelopsin-2, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D019791:Guanidine