title: Molecular mechanisms for the persistent bronchodilatory effect of the beta 2-adrenoceptor agonist salmeterol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists are effective bronchodilators. In vitro studies demonstrated long-lasting airway smooth muscle relaxation by salmeterol after washout, the quick disappearance of this effect in presence of antagonists and its recovery after antagonist removal. Current explanations invoke salmeterol accumulation in the membrane ('diffusion microkinetic' model) or the existence of salmeterol-binding 'exosites'. An alternative model based on 'rebinding' of a dissociated ligand to the receptor molecules also produces an apparent decrease in the ligand's dissociation rate in the absence of competing ligands. PURPOSE AND APPROACH: Computer-assisted simulations were performed to follow the receptor-occupation by a salmeterol-like ligand and a competing ligand as a function of time. The aptness of the models to describe the above in vitro findings was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 'diffusion microkinetic' model is sufficient to explain a long-lasting beta(2)-adrenoceptor stimulation and reassertion as long as the membrane harbors a high concentration of the agonist. At lower concentration, 'rebinding' and, in second place, 'exosite' binding are likely to become operational.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 'rebinding' and 'exosite' binding mechanisms take place at a sub-cellular/molecular scale. Pending their demonstration by experiments on appropriate, simple models such as intact cells or membranes thereof, these mechanisms remain hypothetical in the case of salmeterol. Airway smooth muscle contraction could also be governed by additional mechanisms that are particular to this macroscopic approach.
authors: Department of Molecular and Biochemical Pharmacology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Brussels, Belgium.
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Szczuka
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Wennerberg
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Packeu
authors: G
authors: G
authors: Vauquelin
mesh_terms: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D000420:Albuterol / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents / Q000737:chemistry / Q000378:metabolism*; D002460:Cell Line; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000502:physiology; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1 / Q000378:metabolism; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate
chemical_list: D058666:Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists; D000318:Adrenergic beta-Agonists; D001993:Bronchodilator Agents; D043884:Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1; D018343:Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2; D000068299:Salmeterol Xinafoate; D000420:Albuterol