title: Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and esophageal motor response.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Gastroesophageal reflux is caused by transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) in healthy individuals and in most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Refluxate is normally propelled by pharyngeally induced swallowing events, but TLESRs may also be accompanied by retrograde esophageal motor responses (EMRs). These contractions have not previously been investigated and their effect on esophageal clearance is not known. The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of EMRs after TLESR in healthy individuals and GERD patients and to develop an animal model for further investigation of EMRs.
  
  
  METHODS
  The frequency of TLESRs and esophageal body contractions after TLESRs was assessed using ambulatory manometry in five healthy individuals and five GERD patients. An animal model was developed for reproducible provocation of TLESRs and subsequent EMRs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with GERD have significantly more TLESRs than healthy individuals. However, post-TLESR EMRs were not more frequent in the GERD group. All post-TLESR EMRs presented as simultaneous contractions of the esophagus. The feline model allowed reproducible initiation of the esophageal motor response after TLESR, showing that EMRs can be induced by external mechanoreceptor stimulation simultaneously with LES relaxation. This experimental design imitates the conditions after fundoplication in humans.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The study demonstrated that GERD patients have significantly more TLESRs in comparison with healthy individuals, but these were only incidental to EMRs. Further research is needed to improve our understanding of esophageal motility disorders. The animal model presented offers a feasible tool for investigating TLESR-induced esophageal motility.
authors: Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. joachim.schneider@med.uni-tuebingen.de <joachim.schneider@med.uni-tuebingen.de>
authors: Joachim H
authors: JH
authors: Schneider
authors: Markus A
authors: MA
authors: Küper
authors: Alfred
authors: A
authors: Königsrainer
authors: Björn L D M
authors: BL
authors: Brücher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004867:Equipment Design; D049630:Esophageal Sphincter, Lower / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D005764:Gastroesophageal Reflux / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008365:Manometry; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000502:physiology*; D009126:Muscle Relaxation / Q000502:physiology; D012016:Reference Values; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D055815:Young Adult