title: Modulation of fusiform cortex activity by cholinesterase inhibition predicts effects on subsequent memory.
abstract: Cholinergic influences on memory are likely to be expressed at several processing stages, including via well-recognized effects of acetylcholine on stimulus processing during encoding. Since previous studies have shown that cholinesterase inhibition enhances visual extrastriate cortex activity during stimulus encoding, especially under attention-demanding tasks, we tested whether this effect correlates with improved subsequent memory. In a within-subject physostigmine versus placebo design, we measured brain activity with functional magnetic resonance imaging while healthy and mild Alzheimer's disease subjects performed superficial and deep encoding tasks on face (and building) visual stimuli. We explored regions in which physostigmine modulation of face-selective neural responses correlated with physostigmine effects on subsequent recognition performance. In healthy subjects physostigmine led to enhanced later recognition for deep- versus superficially-encoded faces, which correlated across subjects with a physostigmine-induced enhancement of face-selective responses in right fusiform cortex during deep- versus superficial-encoding tasks. In contrast, the Alzheimer's disease group showed neither a depth of processing effect nor restoration of this with physostigmine. Instead, patients showed a task-independent improvement in confident memory with physostigmine, an effect that correlated with enhancements in face-selective (but task-independent) responses in bilateral fusiform cortices. Our results indicate that one mechanism by which cholinesterase inhibitors can improve memory is by enhancing extrastriate cortex stimulus selectivity at encoding, in a manner that for healthy people but not in Alzheimer's disease is dependent upon depth of processing.
authors: Wellcome Centre for Neuroimaging at UCL, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK. p.bentley@imperial.ac.uk
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Bentley
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Driver
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: Dolan
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000523:psychology; D001288:Attention / Q000187:drug effects; D001931:Brain Mapping / Q000379:methods; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005145:Face; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008568:Memory / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D010830:Physostigmine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000187:drug effects; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D010830:Physostigmine