title: Predictive value of family history on severity of illness: the case for depression, anxiety, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  If family history is associated with clinical features that are thought to index seriousness of disorder, this could inform clinicians predicting patients' prognosis and researchers selecting cases for genetic studies. Although tests of associations between family history and clinical features are numerous for depression, such tests are relatively lacking for other disorders.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that family history is associated with 4 clinical indexes of disorder (recurrence, impairment, service use, and age at onset) in relation to 4 psychiatric disorders (major depressive episode, anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence).
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective longitudinal cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  New Zealand.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 981 members of the 1972 to 1973 Dunedin Study birth cohort (96% retention).
  
  
  METHODS
  For each disorder, family history scores were calculated as the proportion of affected family members from data on 3 generations of the participants' families. Data collected prospectively at the study's repeated assessments (ages 11-32 years) were used to assess recurrence, impairment, and age at onset; data collected by means of a life history calendar at age 32 years were used to assess service use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Family history was associated with the presence of all 4 disorder types. In addition, family history was associated with a more recurrent course for all 4 disorders (but not significantly for women with depression), worse impairment, and greater service use. Family history was not associated with younger age at onset for any disorder.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Associations between family history of a disorder and clinical features of that disorder in probands showed consistent direction of effects across depression, anxiety disorder, alcohol dependence, and drug dependence. For these disorder types, family history is useful for determining patients' clinical prognosis and for selecting cases for genetic studies.
authors: Growing Up in New Zealand, University of Auckland, Tamaki Campus, Auckland, New Zealand. b.milne@auckland.ac.nz
authors: Barry J
authors: BJ
authors: Milne
authors: Avshalom
authors: A
authors: Caspi
authors: HonaLee
authors: H
authors: Harrington
authors: Richie
authors: R
authors: Poulton
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Rutter
authors: Terrie E
authors: TE
authors: Moffitt
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000437:Alcoholism / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D001008:Anxiety Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008605:Mental Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D009520:New Zealand; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011379:Prognosis; D012008:Recurrence; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics* / Q000523:psychology; D014600:Utilization Review; D055815:Young Adult