title: Expression and potential role of major inflammatory cytokines in experimental keratomycosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and regulation of the four major inflammatory cytokines in fungal keratitis (FK) with the goal of further understanding its pathogenesis in order to develop more effective therapeutic approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans were the corneal pathogens selected for this study to establish murine FK using epikeratophakia with the aid of corneal epithelium erasion. One, three, five, and seven days post-infection, the corneal lesions and inflammatory responses were observed by slit-lamp and histopathology, and the expressions of the four inflammatory cytokines, macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (KC), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), in the infected corneas were determined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For the intervention experiment with neutralizing antibodies, the experimental mice were then injected subconjunctivally with 5 microl (2 ng/microl) MIP-2 or IL-1beta polyclonal antibody 1 h before and 24 h after surgery. Reestablishment of the FK murine model was performed following injection. Effects of MIP-2 or IL-1beta polyclonal antibody on the corneal diseases were observed by slit-lamp microscopy, histopathology, and ELISA.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Expression of MIP-2, KC, IL-1beta, and IL-6 was upregulated significantly in the infected group one, three, five, and seven days after surgery. Following treatment with an MIP-2 polyclonal antibody, the corneal clinical scores and inflammatory responses decreased, the MIP-2 protein levels were downregulated significantly (p<0.01), and the KC protein levels decreased slightly (p>0.05). Upon administration of IL-1beta polyclonal antibodies, the decrease in clinical scores, inflammatory responses, and protein levels of MIP-2 and KC was apparent at 1 and 3 days after infection (p<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A persistent, high level expression of MIP-2 and IL-1beta is an important and even major factor in the corneal pathogenesis of FK. Specific polyclonal neutralizing antibodies may be administered to inhibit the major chemokines and cytokines responsible for corneal damage thus effectively relieving the injury caused by FK.
authors: State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao, China.
authors: Wenxian
authors: W
authors: Zhong
authors: Hongmei
authors: H
authors: Yin
authors: Lixin
authors: L
authors: Xie
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001228:Aspergillosis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D001232:Aspergillus fumigatus; D002176:Candida albicans; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D054360:Chemokine CXCL1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D003315:Cornea / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016207:Cytokines / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D015821:Eye Infections, Fungal / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D007634:Keratitis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D054360:Chemokine CXCL1; D054426:Chemokine CXCL2; C475895:Cxcl1 protein, mouse; C404915:Cxcl2 protein, mouse; D016207:Cytokines; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D015850:Interleukin-6