title: Differences in prescription of narcotic pain medication after operative treatment of hip and ankle fractures in the United States and The Netherlands.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Interactions between American and Dutch surgeons suggested differences in prescription habits for pain medication after fracture treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  The percentages of 190 American [100 after hip open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and 90 after ankle ORIF] and 116 Dutch patients (69 after hip ORIF and 47 after ankle ORIF) receiving inpatient and outpatient prescriptions for narcotics were retrospectively compared between countries, to test the hypothesis that narcotics are prescribed more frequently in the United States as compared with The Netherlands after operative fracture treatment.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among patients with hip fractures, 85% of American and 58% of Dutch patients were prescribed narcotics during hospitalization (p < 0.001). After discharge, 77% of American and none of the Dutch patients were prescribed narcotics (p < 0.001). The multivariate model including country accounted for 11% of the variation in inpatient narcotic prescription (p < 0.001), and the model including country and surgeon accounted for 55% of the variation in outpatient narcotic prescription (p < 0.001). Among patients with ankle fracture, 98% of American and 64% of Dutch patients were prescribed narcotics during hospitalization (p < 0.001). After discharge, 82% of American patients and 6% of Dutch patients were prescribed narcotics (p < 0.001). Predictors included country and surgeon and they accounted for 20% of the variation in inpatient narcotics prescription (p < 0.001) and 49% of the variation in outpatient narcotic prescription (p < 0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  American patients are prescribed significantly more inpatient and outpatient narcotic pain medication than Dutch patients after operative treatment of hip and ankle fractures.
authors: Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors: Anneluuk L C
authors: AL
authors: Lindenhovius
authors: Anneluuk L C
authors: AL
authors: Lindenhovious
authors: Gijs T T
authors: GT
authors: Helmerhorst
authors: Gijs T T
authors: GT
authors: Helmerhorts
authors: Alexandra C
authors: AC
authors: Schnellen
authors: Mark
authors: M
authors: Vrahas
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Ring
authors: Peter
authors: P
authors: Kloen
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016512:Ankle Injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D011307:Drug Prescriptions / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005592:Fracture Fixation / Q000379:methods*; D006620:Hip Fractures / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D009426:Netherlands; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009294:Narcotics; D055553:Prescription Drugs