title: Safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the evidence on the safety of contraceptive method use among women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  
  
  METHODS
  We searched the PubMed, MEDLINE, and LILACS databases for peer-reviewed articles published from database inception through January 2009, concerning the safety of contraceptive use among women with SLE.
  
  
  METHODS
  We included studies that examined health outcomes among women using a contraceptive method after the diagnosis of SLE. The quality of each individual piece of evidence was assessed using the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force grading system.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our search yielded 275 articles. A total of 14 articles that reported on 13 studies met our inclusion criteria. Available evidence, including two good-quality randomized controlled trials, indicates that use of combined oral contraceptives does not lead to increased flares of disease or worsening disease activity in women with inactive or stable active SLE. No increase in disease activity with use of progestogen-only contraceptives was noted in four studies. Limited evidence indicates a possible increased risk of thrombosis in women with positive antiphospholipid antibodies and history of oral contraceptive use. Limited evidence indicates that the use of the copper intrauterine device is not associated with worsening disease activity or infection in women with SLE.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Available evidence indicates that many women with SLE can be considered good candidates for most contraceptive methods, including hormonal contraceptives. The benefits of contraception for many women with SLE likely outweigh the risks of unintended pregnancy in this population. Women with positive antiphospholipid antibodies are not good candidates for combined hormonal contraception given their elevated baseline risk of thrombosis.
authors.affiliation: From the Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia; and Department of Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, México DF, Mexico.
authors.forename: Kelly R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Culwell
authors.forename: Kathryn M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Curtis
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Del Carmen Cravioto
mesh_terms: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid / Q000032:analysis; D003267:Contraception / Q000379:methods*; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined / Q000009:adverse effects; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007434:Intrauterine Devices; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; D011247:Pregnancy; D045167:Progesterone Congeners; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013927:Thrombosis / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D017152:Antibodies, Antiphospholipid; D003277:Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; D003278:Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; D045167:Progesterone Congeners