title: Frequency of nurses' smoking cessation interventions: report from a national survey.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the frequency of nurses' delivery of tobacco cessation interventions ('Five A's': Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, Arrange) and to determine the relationship of interventions to nurses' awareness of the Tobacco Free Nurses initiative.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Tobacco cessation interventions can be effectively provided by nurses. The delivery of smoking cessation interventions by healthcare providers is mandated by several organisations in the USA and around the world. Lack of education and resources about tobacco cessation may contribute to the minimal level of interventions. The Tobacco Free Nurses initiative was developed to provide nurses with easy access to web-based resources about tobacco control.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional survey of nurses (n = 3482) working in 35 Magnet-designated hospitals in the USA (21% response rate).
  
  
  METHODS
  A valid and reliable questionnaire used in previous studies to assess the frequency of the nurse's delivery of smoking cessation interventions ('Five A's') was adapted for use on the web.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of nurses asked (73%) and assisted (73%) with cessation. However, only 24% recommended pharmacotherapy. Only 22% referred to community resources and only 10% recommended use of the quitline. Nurses familiar with TFN (15%) were significantly more likely to report delivery of all aspects of interventions, including assisting with cessation (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.27, 1.90) and recommending medications (OR = 1.81, 95% CI 1.45, 2.24).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nurses' delivery of comprehensive smoking cessation interventions was suboptimal. Awareness of Tobacco Free Nurses was associated with increased interventions. Relevance to clinical practice. Further efforts are needed to ensure that nurses incorporate evidence-based interventions into clinical practice to help smokers quit. These findings support the value of Tobacco Free Nurses in providing nurses with information to support patients' quit attempts.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6916, USA. lsarna@sonnet.ucla.edu
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sarna
authors.forename: Stella A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Bialous
authors.forename: Marjorie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Jenny
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kotlerman
authors.forename: Mary E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Wewers
authors.forename: Erika S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Froelicher
mesh_terms: D001364:Awareness; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003625:Data Collection; D006801:Humans; D009726:Nurses; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014481:United States