title: Assessment of radiation exposure on a dual-source computed tomography-scanner performing coronary computed tomography-angiography.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The radiation exposure of a dual-source-64-channel multi-detector-computed-tomography-scanner (Somatom-Defintion, Siemens, Germany) was assessed in a phantom-study performing coronary-CT-angiography (CTCA) in comparison to patients' data randomly selected from routine scanning.
  
  
  METHODS
  240 CT-acquisitions of a computed tomography dose index (CTDI)-phantom (PTW, Freiburg, Germany) were performed using a synthetically generated Electrocardiography (ECG)-signal with variable heart rates (30-180 beats per minute (bpm)). 120 measurements were acquired using continuous tube-output; 120 measurements were performed using ECG-synchronized tube-modulation. The pulsing window was set at minimum duration at 65% of the cardiac cycle between 30 and 75 bpm. From 90-180 bpm the pulsing window was set at 30-70% of the cardiac cycle. Automated pitch adaptation was always used. A comparison between phantom CTDI and two patient groups' CTDI corresponding to the two pulsing groups was performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Without ECG-tube-modulation CDTI-values were affected by heart-rate-changes resulting in 85.7 mGray (mGy) at 30 and 45 bpm, 65.5 mGy/60 bpm, 54.7 mGy/75 bpm, 46.5 mGy/90 bpm, 34.2 mGy/120 bpm, 27.0 mGy/150 bpm and 22.1 mGy/180 bpm equal to effective doses between 14.5 mSievert (mSv) at 30/45 bpm and 3.6 mSv at 180 bpm. Using ECG-tube-modulation these CTDI-values resulted: 32.6 mGy/30 bpm, 36.6 mGy/45 bpm, 31.4 mGy/60 bpm, 26.8 mGy/75 bpm, 23.7 mGy/90 bpm, 19.4 mGy/120 bpm, 17.2 mGy/150 bpm and 15.6 mGy/180 bpm equal to effective doses between 5.5 mSv at 30 bpm and 2.6 mSv at 180 bpm. Significant CTDI-differences were found between patients with lower/moderate and higher heart rates in comparison to the phantom CTDI-results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Dual source CTCA is particularly dose efficient at high heart rates when automated pitch adaptation, especially in combination with ECG-based tube-modulation is used. However in clinical routine scanning for patients with higher heart rates and corresponding enlarged pulsing window a significant different dose resulted.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital Munich - Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany. sonja.kirchhoff@med.uni-muenchen.de
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kirchhoff
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Herzog
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Böhm
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nikolaou
authors.forename: M F
authors.initials: MF
authors.lastname: Reiser
authors.forename: C H
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Becker
mesh_terms: D001822:Body Burden; D017023:Coronary Angiography / Q000295:instrumentation*; D004867:Equipment Design; D019544:Equipment Failure Analysis; D006801:Humans; D019047:Phantoms, Imaging; D011829:Radiation Dosage; D015900:Radiography, Dual-Energy Scanned Projection / Q000295:instrumentation*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000295:instrumentation*