title: Comparison of tissue oxygenation profiles using 3 different methods of vascular control during porcine partial nephrectomy.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare oxygenation profiles and renal function outcomes between 3 methods of vascular control during porcine partial nephrectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  To create a solitary kidney model, 18 pigs were subjected to a laparoscopic nephrectomy. Following a 7-day recovery, a contralateral open partial nephrectomy was performed with vascular control by either total renal artery clamping (TRAC, n = 6), partial renal artery clamping (PRAC, n = 6), or selective renal parenchymal clamping (SRPC, n = 6). Renal partial oxygen pressure (rPO(2)) was monitored using a Licox probe. Serum creatinine was assessed on day 0 and postoperative days 3 and 7. Pigs were sacrificed on the seventh day and the kidney sent for pathological examination.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Intraoperative oxygenation profiles demonstrated a lower percentage decline (P = .01), longer interval to nadir (P = .04), improved percentage recovery of baseline rPO(2) (P = .04), and a shorter duration to recover baseline rPO(2) (P = .03) in the PRAC and SRPC groups than in the TRAC. Despite not occluding the renal vasculature, the SRPC group experienced declines in rPO(2) profiles of almost 50% from baseline. Serum creatinine levels increased significantly more in the TRAC group at days 3 and 7 (P = .04 and .01, respectively). Histological examination demonstrated patchy inflammation of parenchyma in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rPO(2) monitoring may provide a novel means to allow real-time assessment and titration of kidney perfusion during partial nephrectomy. PRAC and SRPC demonstrate favorable renal oxygenation profiles compared with TRAC. Interestingly, SRPC kidneys experienced a significant decline in tissue oxygenation profiles. Further work is necessary to better delineate the mechanism underlying this decline.
authors.affiliation: Division of Urology, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, C4830B, Hershey, PA 17033, USA. jraman@hmc.psu.edu
authors.forename: Jay D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Raman
authors.forename: Karim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Bensalah
authors.forename: Aditya
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Bagrodia
authors.forename: Chad R
authors.initials: CR
authors.lastname: Tracy
authors.forename: Wareef
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Kabbani
authors.forename: Arthur I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Sagalowsky
authors.forename: Jeffrey A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cadeddu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003250:Constriction; D005260:Female; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative / Q000379:methods*; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods*; D010100:Oxygen / Q000378:metabolism*; D012077:Renal Artery; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen