title: Effects of diagnostic contrast-enhanced ultrasound on permeability of placental barrier: a primary study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effects of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEU) on the permeability of placental barrier primarily.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 60 pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 10 groups, including six groups of microbubbles-enhanced ultrasound (varied mechanical index (MI) of 0.13, 1.0 and 1.4 with continuous and intermittent insonation respectively) (US+MB), two groups of ultrasound insonation only (continuous and intermittent insonation respectively) (US), the group of microbubbles only (MB) and the control group. Evans blue (EB), as the tracer, was intravenously injected before treatment. The EB in placenta and fetus was observed under fluorescence microscope and analyzed quantitatively. The EB amount was compared between groups and between placenta and fetus. Lanthanum nitrate-tracing transmission electron microscope examination was performed to observe the distribution of lanthanum in the placenta and fetus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Observed by naked eye, the plancenta was dyed into deep blue while there was no sign of dyeing to the fetus in all groups. Under fluorescence microscope, the red fluorescence radiated by EB was observed in placenta but not in fetus. The EB amount in placenta, insonated by microbubbles-enhanced ultrasound of varied MI, was higher significantly than that in MB, US and control group (all P<0.01) while there was no difference between the latter three groups. And in each group, EB amount was much higher in placenta than that in fetus (P<0.01). The lanthanum particles deposited in the intercellular space in the syntrophoblast while there was no lanthanum presented in the cytotrophoblast in all groups.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that diagnostic CEU with SonoVue will not increase the permeability of placenta to the macromolecules larger than albumin, although it may affect placenta.
authors.affiliation: Dept. Ultrasound, Southwest Hospital affiliated to Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China.
authors.forename: X
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Hua
authors.forename: L-P
authors.initials: LP
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zhong
authors.forename: Y-F
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Xue
authors.forename: Z-H
authors.initials: ZH
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000009:adverse effects; D005070:Evans Blue / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D005119:Extravasation of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Materials; D005260:Female; D005333:Fetus / Q000737:chemistry / Q000473:pathology; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D007811:Lanthanum / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D008297:Male; D008431:Maternal-Fetal Exchange; D045423:Microbubbles / Q000009:adverse effects; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000032:analysis; D010539:Permeability; D010743:Phospholipids / Q000009:adverse effects; D010920:Placenta / Q000737:chemistry / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000502:physiology; D011247:Pregnancy; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride / Q000009:adverse effects; D014327:Trophoblasts / Q000737:chemistry; D018608:Ultrasonography, Doppler / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D003287:Contrast Media; D028581:Lanthanoid Series Elements; D052638:Particulate Matter; D010743:Phospholipids; C420843:contrast agent BR1; C016534:lanthanide nitrate; D005070:Evans Blue; D007811:Lanthanum; D013459:Sulfur Hexafluoride