title: Cytochrome P(450)-dependent toxic effects of primaquine on human erythrocytes.
abstract: Primaquine, an 8-aminoquinoline, is the drug of choice for radical cure of relapsing malaria. Use of primaquine is limited due to its hemotoxicity, particularly in populations with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency [G6PD(-)]. Biotransformation appears to be central to the anti-infective and hematological toxicities of primaquine, but the mechanisms are still not well understood. Metabolic studies with primaquine have been hampered due to the reactive nature of potential hemotoxic metabolites. An in vitro metabolism-linked hemotoxicity assay has been developed. Co-incubation of the drug with normal or G6PD(-) erythrocytes, microsomes or recombinant cytochrome P(450) (CYP) isoforms has allowed in situ generation of potential hemotoxic metabolite(s), which interact with the erythrocytes to generate hemotoxicity. Methemoglobin formation, real-time generation of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs) and depletion of reactive thiols were monitored as multiple biochemical end points for hemotoxicity. Primaquine alone did not produce any hemotoxicity, while a robust increase was observed in methemoglobin formation and generation of ROIs by primaquine in the presence of human or mouse liver microsomes. Multiple CYP isoforms (CYP2E1, CYP2B6, CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) variably contributed to the hemotoxicity of primaquine. This was further confirmed by significant inhibition of primaquine hemotoxicity by the selective CYP inhibitors, namely thiotepa (CYP2B6), fluoxetine (CYP2D6) and troleandomycin (CYP3A4). Primaquine caused similar methemoglobin formation in G6PD(-) and normal human erythrocytes. However, G6PD(-) erythrocytes suffered higher oxidative stress and depletion of thiols than normal erythrocytes due to primaquine toxicity. The results provide significant insights regarding CYP isoforms contributing to hemotoxicity and may be useful in controlling toxicity of primaquine to increase its therapeutic utility.
authors.affiliation: National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University MS 38677, USA.
authors.forename: Shobana
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ganesan
authors.forename: Babu L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Tekwani
authors.forename: Rajnish
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sahu
authors.forename: Lalit M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Tripathi
authors.forename: Larry A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Walker
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System / Q000378:metabolism*; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004912:Erythrocytes / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005473:Fluoxetine / Q000494:pharmacology; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007527:Isoenzymes / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D008706:Methemoglobin / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D008862:Microsomes, Liver / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000187:drug effects; D011319:Primaquine / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds / Q000378:metabolism; D013852:Thiotepa / Q000494:pharmacology; D014217:Troleandomycin / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D007527:Isoenzymes; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D013438:Sulfhydryl Compounds; D005473:Fluoxetine; D008706:Methemoglobin; D003577:Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System; D013852:Thiotepa; D014217:Troleandomycin; D005954:Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase; D011319:Primaquine