title: The CONFbal scale: a measure of balance confidence--a key outcome of rehabilitation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optimising balance confidence is the goal of rehabilitation among people with mobility problems. The aim of this study was to examine the measurement properties of the CONFbal scale of balance confidence, and comment on its importance in rehabilitation. The 10-item CONFbal scale can also be referred to as a 'falls self-efficacy scale'. STUDY 1: INTERNAL CONSISTENCY AND TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY:
  
  
  METHODS
  CONFbal was administered on two occasions, 1 week apart, using a standardised procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three day centres in south-west London.
  
  
  METHODS
  Older people (n=45, mean age 81 years, standard deviation 7) without any recent change in mobility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The 10 scale items were summed to give an index of balance confidence. Cronbach's alpha for the items was 0.91, with an intra-class correlation coefficient of 0.95. The within-subject standard deviation was 1.145, giving a minimal detectable change of three scale points. This suggests that a change in score of three points following treatment indicates a true difference. STUDY 2: CONCURRENT VALIDITY:
  
  
  METHODS
  Geriatric medical wards in three south-west London hospitals.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and fifty-three people (mean age 81 years, standard deviation 6) completed the test battery prior to discharge.
  
  
  METHODS
  CONFbal; postural instability; perceived unsteadiness; previous mobility; falls in the last 3 years.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CONFbal scores (lower scores indicate greater balance confidence) were related to an index of postural instability [correlation coefficient (r)=0.75], previous mobility (r=-0.76) and perceived unsteadiness (r=0.48), but demonstrated a weak relationship with experience of falling (r=0.26).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The CONFbal scale demonstrates excellent internal consistency, excellent test-retest reliability, and a small minimal detectable change which allows users to judge whether or not there has been a true clinical improvement. Relationships between the CONFbal scale and other relevant physical and psychological variables support its validity in this population.
authors.affiliation: Centre for Rehabilitation and Ageing, Division of Clinical Developmental Sciences, St George's University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK. sgha400@sgul.ac.uk
authors.forename: Janet M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Simpson
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Worsfold
authors.forename: Keren D
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: John D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Valentine
mesh_terms: D000058:Accidental Falls; D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006801:Humans; D004856:Postural Balance; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D020377:Self Efficacy; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires