title: Associations among the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, oral candidiasis, oral Candida species and salivary immunoglobulin A in HIV-infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim was to examine the impact of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral candidiasis, recovery of oral Candida spp. , and salivary levels of total secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and Candida-specific SIgA in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-six HIV+ and 40 HIV- children were cross-sectionally examined for the presence of oral lesions. Whole stimulated saliva samples were collected for the identification of Candida spp. using culture and measurement of total and specific SIgA using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The HIV+ children had a higher prevalence of oral candidiasis (P < .05), higher frequency of detection of Candida spp. (P < .05), and higher levels of total (P < .05) and Candida-specific SIgA (P < .001) than the HIV- children. Among the HIV+ subjects, antiretroviral users had lower viral loads (P < .001) and lower levels of Candida spp. (P < .05) and total SIgA (P < .05) compared with antiretroviral nonusers.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The use of antiretroviral therapy was associated with decreases in the prevalence of oral candidiasis. This diminished exposure to Candida spp. was accompanied by decreases in levels of total and Candida-specific SIgA.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. lupomarico@superig.com.br
authors.forename: Luciana
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Pomarico
authors.forename: Daniella Ferraz
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: Cerqueira
authors.forename: Rosangela Maria
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: de Araujo Soares
authors.forename: Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Gloria Fernanda Barbosa
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: de Araujo Castro
authors.forename: Sigmund
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Socransky
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haffajee
authors.forename: Ricardo Palmier
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Teles
mesh_terms: D017088:AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections / Q000382:microbiology; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002175:Candida / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification; D002180:Candidiasis, Oral / Q000150:complications* / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology / Q000382:microbiology; D006801:Humans; D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D016555:Matched-Pair Analysis; D012463:Saliva / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000382:microbiology; D035781:Siblings
chemical_list: D007071:Immunoglobulin A, Secretory; C118558:SIgA 1