title: Practice parameter: the evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: the role of autonomic testing, nerve biopsy, and skin biopsy (an evidence-based review). Report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is the most common variety of neuropathy. Since the evaluation of this disorder is not standardized, the available literature was reviewed to provide evidence-based guidelines regarding the role of autonomic testing, nerve biopsy and skin biopsy for the assessment of polyneuropathy.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review using MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index and Current Contents was performed to identify the best evidence regarding the evaluation of polyneuropathy published between 1980 and March 2007. Articles were classified according to a four-tiered level of evidence scheme and recommendations were based upon the level of evidence.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  1. Autonomic testing may be considered in the evaluation of patients with polyneuropathy to document autonomic nervous system dysfunction (Level B). Such testing should be considered especially for the evaluation of suspected autonomic neuropathy (Level B) and distal small fiber sensory polyneuropathy (SFSN) (Level C). A battery of validated tests is recommended to achieve the highest diagnostic accuracy (Level B). 2. Nerve biopsy is generally accepted as useful in the evaluation of certain neuropathies as in patients with suspected amyloid neuropathy, mononeuropathy multiplex due to vasculitis, or with atypical forms of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). However, the literature is insufficient to provide a recommendation regarding when a nerve biopsy may be useful in the evaluation of DSP (Level U). 3. Skin biopsy is a validated technique for determining intraepidermal nerve fiber (IENF) density and may be considered for the diagnosis of DSP, particularly SFSN (Level C). There is a need for additional prospective studies to define more exact guidelines for the evaluation of polyneuropathy.
authors.affiliation: Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: England
authors.forename: G S
authors.initials: GS
authors.lastname: Gronseth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Franklin
authors.forename: G T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Carter
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Kinsella
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cohen
authors.forename: A K
authors.initials: AK
authors.lastname: Asbury
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Szigeti
authors.forename: J R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Lupski
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Latov
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: P A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Low
authors.forename: M A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Fisher
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Herrmann
authors.forename: J F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lauria
authors.forename: R G
authors.initials: RG
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Polydefkis
authors.forename: A J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Sumner
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D001706:Biopsy; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D011115:Polyneuropathies / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology; D012867:Skin / Q000294:innervation / Q000473:pathology*