title: Importin-13 genetic variation is associated with improved airway responsiveness in childhood asthma.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Glucocorticoid function is dependent on efficient translocation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of cells. Importin-13 (IPO13) is a nuclear transport receptor that mediates nuclear entry of GR. In airway epithelial cells, inhibition of IPO13 expression prevents nuclear entry of GR and abrogates anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids. Impaired nuclear entry of GR has been documented in steroid-non-responsive asthmatics. We hypothesize that common IPO13 genetic variation influences the anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled corticosteroids for the treatment of asthma, as measured by change in methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR-PC20).
  
  
  METHODS
  10 polymorphisms were evaluated in 654 children with mild-to-moderate asthma participating in the Childhood Asthma Management Program (CAMP), a clinical trial of inhaled anti-inflammatory medications (budesonide and nedocromil). Population-based association tests with repeated measures of PC20 were performed using mixed models and confirmed using family-based tests of association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among participants randomized to placebo or nedocromil, IPO13 polymorphisms were associated with improved PC20 (i.e. less AHR), with subjects harboring minor alleles demonstrating an average 1.51-2.17 fold increase in mean PC20 at 8-months post-randomization that persisted over four years of observation (p = 0.01-0.005). This improvement was similar to that among children treated with long-term inhaled corticosteroids. There was no additional improvement in PC20 by IPO13 variants among children treated with inhaled corticosteroids.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IPO13 variation is associated with improved AHR in asthmatic children. The degree of this improvement is similar to that observed with long-term inhaled corticosteroid treatment, suggesting that IPO13 variation may improve nuclear bioavailability of endogenous glucocorticoids.
authors.affiliation: Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. rebar@channing.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Benjamin A
authors.initials: BA
authors.lastname: Raby
authors.forename: Kristel
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Van Steen
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lasky-Su
authors.forename: Kelan
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tantisira
authors.forename: Feige
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kaplan
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Weiss
mesh_terms: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016535:Bronchial Hyperreactivity / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology; D019819:Budesonide / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005838:Genotype; D006239:Haplotypes; D006801:Humans; D028884:Karyopherins / Q000235:genetics*; D015810:Linkage Disequilibrium / Q000235:genetics; D017835:Nedocromil / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D020641:Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; C527880:IPO13 protein, human; D028884:Karyopherins; D017835:Nedocromil; D019819:Budesonide