title: Influence of the hydrostatic pulpal pressure on droplets formation in current etch-and-rinse and self-etch adhesives: a video rate/TSM microscopy and fluid filtration study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to investigate the droplet formation using a real-time/confocal microscopy technique, when different self-etching and etch-and-rinse adhesives were applied in the presence or absence of pulpal pressure. Resin-dentin permeability (%P) was also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Optibond FL, Silorane adhesive, Scotchbond 1XT, G-Bond and DC-Bond were bonded in the presence or in absence of simulated pulpal pressure. A fluid-transport model was used to measure the water permeability through resin-bonded dentin. Half of the specimens bonded in the presence of the hydrostatic pulpal pressure (20 cm H2O) were light cured, whereas the remnant half received no light curing. The same was done with the half of the specimens bonded under no pulpal pressure. The specimens were investigated under a confocal TSM.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Optibond FL and G-Bond had the lowest dentin permeability. Optibond FL adhesive showed few water droplets on the polymerized external surface and within the resin-dentin interface. G-Bond showed static interfacial globular-like droplet formation. DC-Bond and Scotchbond 1XT were the most water permeable adhesives both in the presence and in absence of pulpal pressure. A dynamic interfacial non-globular-like droplet formation was observed. Severe droplet formation was observed on the polymerized external surface.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The presence of the pulpal pressure may cause increasing in fluid filtration and droplet formation in simplified adhesives containing HEMA. The adhesives containing 4-META (G-Bond) may be affected by static phase separation but by very low osmotic droplets formation and water permeability. The three-step adhesives are less affected by these problems.
authors.affiliation: Biomaterials, Biomimetics & Biophotonics, King's College London Dental Institute at Guy's, King's College and St. Thomas' Hospitals, Floor 17 Guy's Hospital, London, UK. salvatore.sauro@kcl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Salvatore
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sauro
authors.forename: Francesco
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Mannocci
authors.forename: Manuel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toledano
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Osorio
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Thompson
authors.forename: Timothy F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Watson
mesh_terms: D000134:Acid Etching, Dental / Q000379:methods; D000328:Adult; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate / Q000737:chemistry; D055117:Curing Lights, Dental / Q000145:classification; D003782:Dental Pulp / Q000502:physiology*; D003806:Dentin Permeability / Q000502:physiology; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D005374:Filtration / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D006874:Hydrostatic Pressure; D008422:Materials Testing; D008689:Methacrylates / Q000737:chemistry; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009995:Osmosis; D010539:Permeability; D019279:Resin Cements / Q000737:chemistry; D062047:Silorane Resins; D013499:Surface Properties; D014741:Video Recording; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: C029849:Clearfil Bonding Agent; D017220:Dentin-Bonding Agents; C498353:G-Bond; D008689:Methacrylates; C469607:OptiBond FL; D019279:Resin Cements; D062047:Silorane Resins; C511238:Single Bond Plus; D014867:Water; D017438:Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate