title: Nonfluorescent denaturing HPLC-based primer-extension method for allele-specific expression: application to analysis of mismatch repair genes.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Altered germline expression of genes may represent a powerful marker of genetic or epigenetic predisposition to cancer or other diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed and validated a method of nonfluorescent primer extension that uses a single dideoxynucleotide and denaturing HPLC (DHPLC) to analyze the relative allele expression. We devised 5 independent assays for measuring allele-specific expression (ASE) to exploit different markers of mismatch repair genes MLH1 [mutL homolog 1, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 2 (E. coli)] and MSH2 [mutS homolog 2, colon cancer, nonpolyposis type 1 (E. coli)]. We initially confirmed method reproducibility with genomic DNA (gDNA) from individuals heterozygous for a frequent single-nucleotide polymorphism in the MLH1 gene. After this preliminary validation with gDNA, we confirmed assay reproducibility with cDNA templates from control individuals. Relative allele expression was estimated by comparing the heights of the peaks corresponding to the 2 alleles. Results obtained with gDNA templates were used to normalize cDNA results.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With these DHPLC-based primer-extension assays, we detected and confirmed a 5-fold imbalance in MLH1 allele expression in a mutation-negative patient with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and in another patient with a modest degree of imbalance in MLH1 expression. Among control individuals, the relative expression of MLH1 alleles displayed a narrow range of variation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Independent DHPLC-based primer-extension assays for measuring and confirming ASE can be developed for different sequence variants of interest. This DHPLC application provides a cost-effective method for detecting ASE in cases for which conventional screening fails to detect pathogenic mutations in candidate genes and may be applicable for confirming ASE revealed by other methods, such as those used for transcriptome-wide analyses. .
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Movement Sciences, University G d'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
authors.forename: Gitana M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Aceto
authors.forename: Laura
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: De Lellis
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Catalano
authors.forename: Serena
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Veschi
authors.forename: Paolo
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Radice
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Di Iorio
authors.forename: Renato
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Mariani-Costantini
authors.forename: Alessandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cama
authors.forename: Maria Cristina
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Curia
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D000483:Alleles; D002460:Cell Line; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid / Q000379:methods*; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D015870:Gene Expression; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000235:genetics; D009691:Nucleic Acid Denaturation
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D017931:DNA Primers; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein