title: Learning substrates in the primate prefrontal cortex and striatum: sustained activity related to successful actions.
abstract: Learning from experience requires knowing whether a past action resulted in a desired outcome. The prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia are thought to play key roles in such learning of arbitrary stimulus-response associations. Previous studies have found neural activity in these areas, similar to dopaminergic neurons' signals, that transiently reflect whether a response is correct or incorrect. However, it is unclear how this transient activity, which fades in under a second, influences actions that occur much later. Here, we report that single neurons in both areas show sustained, persistent outcome-related responses. Moreover, single behavioral outcomes influence future neural activity and behavior: behavioral responses are more often correct and single neurons more accurately discriminate between the possible responses when the previous response was correct. These long-lasting signals about trial outcome provide a way to link one action to the next and may allow reward signals to be combined over time to implement successful learning.
authors.affiliation: The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. mark_histed@hms.harvard.edu
authors.forename: Mark H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Histed
authors.forename: Anitha
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Pasupathy
authors.forename: Earl K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Miller
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D002755:Choice Behavior / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004193:Discrimination Learning / Q000502:physiology*; D017072:Neostriatum / Q000502:physiology*; D009474:Neurons / Q000502:physiology*; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D011323:Primates; D011597:Psychomotor Performance / Q000502:physiology; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology*