title: The project ENABLE II randomized controlled trial to improve palliative care for rural patients with advanced cancer: baseline findings, methodological challenges, and solutions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  There is a paucity of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to evaluate models of palliative care. Although interventions vary, all have faced a variety of methodological challenges including adequate recruitment, missing data, and contamination of the control group. We describe the ENABLE II intervention, methods, and sample baseline characteristics to increase intervention and methodological transparency, and to describe our solutions to selected methodological issues.
  
  
  METHODS
  Half of the participants recruited from our rural U.S. comprehensive cancer center and affiliated clinics were randomly assigned to a phone-based, nurse-led educational, care coordination palliative care intervention model. Intervention services were provided to half of the participants weekly for the first month and then monthly until death, including bereavement follow-up call to the caregiver. The other half of the participants were assigned to care as usual. Symptoms, quality of life, mood, and functional status were assessed every 3 months until death.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Baseline data of 279 participants were similar to normative samples. Solutions to methodological challenges of recruitment, missing data, and "usual care" control group contamination are described.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is feasible to overcome many of the methodological challenges to conducting a rigorous palliative care RCT.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756, USA. marie.bakitas@dartmouth.edu
authors.forename: Marie
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bakitas
authors.forename: Kathleen Doyle
authors.initials: KD
authors.lastname: Lyons
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Hegel
authors.forename: Stefan
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Balan
authors.forename: Kathleen N
authors.initials: KN
authors.lastname: Barnett
authors.forename: Frances C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Brokaw
authors.forename: Ira R
authors.initials: IR
authors.lastname: Byock
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Hull
authors.forename: Zhongze
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: McKinstry
authors.forename: Janette L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Seville
authors.forename: Tim A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Ahles
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D006296:Health Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D006801:Humans; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000451:nursing / Q000523:psychology* / Q000628:therapy*; D010166:Palliative Care; D010348:Patient Care Team; D010358:Patient Participation; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012424:Rural Population; D018434:Sickness Impact Profile; D012944:Social Support; D019452:Terminally Ill / Q000523:psychology