title: Contrasting effects of type I interferon as a mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccine in mice and humans.
abstract: To identify an adjuvant that enhances antibody responses in respiratory secretions to inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IVV), a comparison was made of responses to intranasal vaccinations of mice with IVV containing monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), type I interferon (IFN) or cholera toxin B (CTB). Antibody in nasal secretions and lung wash fluids from mice was increased after vaccination and lung virus was significantly reduced after challenge to a similar level in each adjuvant group. Interferon was selected for a trial in humans. Trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine was given intranasally to healthy adult volunteers alone or with 1 million units (Mu) or 10 Mu of alpha interferon. Vaccinations were well tolerated but neither serum hemagglutination-inhibiting nor neutralizing antibody responses among the vaccine groups were significantly different. Similarly, neither neutralizing nor IgA antibody responses in nasal secretions were significantly different. Thus, despite exhibiting a significant adjuvant effect in mice, interferon did not exhibit an adjuvant effect for induction of antibody in respiratory secretions of humans to inactivated influenza virus vaccine given intranasally.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM 280, Houston, TX, USA. ikirk@bcm.edu
authors.forename: Robert B
authors.initials: RB
authors.lastname: Couch
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Atmar
authors.forename: Thomas R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Cate
authors.forename: John M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Quarles
authors.forename: Wendy A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Keitel
authors.forename: Nancy H
authors.initials: NH
authors.lastname: Arden
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Wells
authors.forename: Diane
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Niño
authors.forename: Philip R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Wyde
mesh_terms: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000914:Antibodies, Viral / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology*; D002772:Cholera Toxin / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D018928:Immunity, Mucosal; D009980:Influenza A virus / Q000276:immunology; D007252:Influenza Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000517:prevention & control; D007370:Interferon Type I / Q000276:immunology*; D008050:Lipid A / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000276:immunology; D051379:Mice; D008813:Mice, Inbred ICR; D009500:Neutralization Tests; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D000914:Antibodies, Viral; D007252:Influenza Vaccines; D007370:Interferon Type I; D008050:Lipid A; D015164:Vaccines, Inactivated; D002772:Cholera Toxin; C048436:monophosphoryl lipid A