title: Pain therapy in children and adolescents.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In children, acute pain occurs predominantly during infectious illnesses or after surgery. Chronic pain, especially headache and abdominal pain, is becoming increasingly common among children and adolescents.
  
  
  METHODS
  Selective literature review, also including evidence-based guidelines and recommendations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Simple self-reporting and behavioral pain scales are easy to use to assess the intensity of acute pain. To evaluate chronic pain, on the other hand, more complicated, multi-dimensional instruments are necessary (e.g., semi-structured interviews). The most commonly used analgesics are ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen). When paracetamol is used, its narrow therapeutic window should be kept in mind. Perioperative pain should be treated with balanced analgesia involving a combination of non-pharmacological treatment strategies, non-opioid drugs, opioids, and regional anesthesia. Chronic pain in children can only be treated successfully over the long term with multidisciplinary team intervention based on this biopsychosocial model.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pain not only causes children momentary suffering but also threatens to impair their normal development. Therefore, every effort should be made to prevent pain and to treat it effectively once it arises.
authors.affiliation: Vodafone Stiftungsinstitut für Kinderschmerztherapie und Pädiatrische Palliativmedizin, Vestische Kinder- und Jugendklinik, Universität Witten/Herdecke.
authors.forename: Boris
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zernikow
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Hechler