Innate immune control of nucleic acid-based vaccine immunogenicity.
Optimal vaccine efficacy requires not only a protective antigen, but also a strong immune activator as an adjuvant. Most viral vaccines, such as influenza vaccines and nonviral genetic vaccines (e.g., DNA vaccines), contain nucleic acids, which appear to act as essential 'built-in' adjuvants. Specific receptors, including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible protein-I-like receptors, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors can detect specific nucleic acid patterns, depending on the immunized tissue, cell type and intracellular localization. The resulting immune activation is uniquely regulated by intra- and intercellular signaling pathways, which are indispensable for the ensuing vaccine immunogenicity, such as antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. Thus, elucidation and manipulation of immune signaling and interactions by nucleic acid adjuvants are essential for maximizing the immunogenicity and safety of viral and DNA vaccines.
Koyama
Shohei
S
Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan. koyashou1023@idac.tohoku.ac.jp
Coban
Cevayir
C
Aoshi
Taiki
T
Horii
Toshihiro
T
Akira
Shizuo
S
Ishii
Ken J
KJ
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007113:Immunity, Innate; D009696:Nucleic Acids / Q000276:immunology / Q000494:pharmacology; D019444:Vaccines, DNA / Q000276:immunology*; D014765:Viral Vaccines / Q000276:immunology*
D000276:Adjuvants, Immunologic; D009696:Nucleic Acids; D019444:Vaccines, DNA; D014765:Viral Vaccines