title: Clinical practice guideline: non-invasive mechanical ventilation as treatment of acute respiratory failure.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIV) has been used to treat acute respiratory failure (ARF) for approximately 20 years. This guideline addresses the indications for, and limitations of, NIV as treatment for ARF according to evidence-based criteria.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of experts from 12 scientific medical societies reviewed circa 2900 publications. The panel judged the clinical relevance of these studies and assessed the evidence presented in each, then held two interdisciplinary consensus conferences to formulate guideline recommendations and algorithms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whenever possible, NIV should be preferred to invasive mechanical ventilation, in order to avoid the risk of ventilator and tube-associated complications such as nosocomial pneumonia (grade of recommendation A). Particularly in patients with hypercapnic ARF, NIV reduces the rate of hospital-acquired pneumonia, the length of hospital stay and mortality in the intensive care unit and in the hospital (grade of recommendation A). NIV (or continuous positive airway pressure) is also recommended in cardiogenic pulmonary edema (grade of recommendation A), as treatment for ARF in immunocompromised patients (grade of recommendation A), to prevent postextubation failure, to facilitate weaning in patients with hypercapnic ARF (grade of recommendation A), and to improve dyspnea in palliative care (grade of recommendation C). NIV is not generally recommended in patients with hypoxic ARF because of its high failure rate of 30% to over 50% in such patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although evidence indicates that NIV can be used as the treatment of first choice for several indications, it is still underutilized in the acute setting. These guidelines provide evidence-based information about the indications for, and limitations of, NIV in the treatment of ARF.
authors.affiliation: Krankenhaus Oststadt-Heidehaus, Abteilung Pneumologie undinternistische Intensivmedizin, Klinikum Region Hannover, Podbielskistrasse 380, Hannover, Germany. Bernd.Schoenhofer@t-online.de
authors.forename: Bernd
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Schönhofer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuhlen
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Neumann
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Westhoff
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Berndt
authors.forename: Helmut
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sitter