title: Deterministic mathematical models of the cAMP pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has a key signaling role in all eukaryotic organisms. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it is the second messenger in the Ras/PKA pathway which regulates nutrient sensing, stress responses, growth, cell cycle progression, morphogenesis, and cell wall biosynthesis. A stochastic model of the pathway has been reported.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have created deterministic mathematical models of the PKA module of the pathway, as well as the complete cAMP pathway. First, a simplified conceptual model was created which reproduced the dynamics of changes in cAMP levels in response to glucose addition in wild-type as well as cAMP phosphodiesterase deletion mutants. This model was used to investigate the role of the regulatory Krh proteins that had not been included previously. The Krh-containing conceptual model reproduced very well the experimental evidence supporting the role of Krh as a direct inhibitor of PKA. These results were used to develop the Complete cAMP Model. Upon simulation it illustrated several important features of the yeast cAMP pathway: Pde1p is more important than is Pde2p for controlling the cAMP levels following glucose pulses; the proportion of active PKA is not directly proportional to the cAMP level, allowing PKA to exert negative feedback; negative feedback mechanisms include activating Pde1p and deactivating Ras2 via phosphorylation of Cdc25. The Complete cAMP model is easier to simulate, and although significantly simpler than the existing stochastic one, it recreates cAMP levels and patterns of changes in cAMP levels observed experimentally in vivo in response to glucose addition in wild-type as well as representative mutant strains such as pde1Delta, pde2Delta, cyr1Delta, and others. The complete model is made available in SBML format.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We suggest that the lower number of reactions and parameters makes these models suitable for integrating them with models of metabolism or of the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae. Similar models could be also useful for studies in the human pathogen Candida albicans as well as other less well-characterized fungal species.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. Thomas.Williamson@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Williamson
authors.forename: Jean-Marc
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Schwartz
authors.forename: Douglas B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Kell
authors.forename: Lubomira
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Stateva
mesh_terms: D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases / Q000378:metabolism; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000378:metabolism*; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D042541:Intracellular Space / Q000378:metabolism; D008954:Models, Biological; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases / Q000378:metabolism; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D049490:Systems Biology; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D044385:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits; D029701:Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D017868:Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases; D010727:Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; C083907:Gpa2 protein, S cerevisiae; D018631:ras Proteins; D000262:Adenylyl Cyclases; D005947:Glucose