title: Drugs with anticholinergic properties, cognitive decline, and dementia in an elderly general population: the 3-city study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Despite the high intake of medications with anticholinergic properties by community-dwelling elderly persons, the effects on cognitive decline and dementia have rarely been evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were 4128 women and 2784 men 65 years or older from a population-based cohort recruited from 3 French cities. Cognitive performance, clinical diagnosis of dementia, and anticholinergic use were evaluated at baseline and 2 and 4 years later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 7.5% of the participants reported anticholinergic drug use at baseline. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression indicated that women reporting use of anticholinergic drugs at baseline showed greater decline over 4 years in verbal fluency scores (odds ratio [OR], 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.79) and in global cognitive functioning (OR, 1.22; 95% CI, 0.96-1.55) than women not using anticholinergic drugs. In men, an association was found with decline in visual memory (OR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.08-2.47) and to a lesser extent in executive function (OR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.89-2.44). Notable interactions were observed in women between anticholinergic use and age, apolipoprotein E, or hormone therapy. A 1.4- to 2-fold higher risk of cognitive decline was observed for those who continuously used anticholinergic drugs but not for those who had discontinued use. The risk of incident dementia over the 4-year follow-up period was also increased in continuous users (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65; 95% CI, 1.00-2.73) but not in those who discontinued the use of anticholinergic drugs (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 0.59-2.76).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elderly people taking anticholinergic drugs were at increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Discontinuing anticholinergic treatment was associated with a decreased risk. Physicians should carefully consider prescription of anticholinergic drugs in elderly people, especially in the very elderly and in persons at high genetic risk for cognitive disorder.
authors.affiliation: Inserm, U888, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Carrière
authors.forename: Annie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fourrier-Reglat
authors.forename: Jean-François
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Dartigues
authors.forename: Olivier
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Rouaud
authors.forename: Florence
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Pasquier
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ritchie
authors.forename: Marie-Laure
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Ancelin
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists / Q000009:adverse effects*; D003071:Cognition / Q000187:drug effects*; D003704:Dementia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006801:Humans; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D012737:Sex Factors
chemical_list: D018680:Cholinergic Antagonists