title: Ecology and geography of avian influenza (HPAI H5N1) transmission in the Middle East and northeastern Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The emerging highly pathogenic avian influenza strain H5N1 ("HPAI-H5N1") has spread broadly in the past decade, and is now the focus of considerable concern. We tested the hypothesis that spatial distributions of HPAI-H5N1 cases are related consistently and predictably to coarse-scale environmental features in the Middle East and northeastern Africa.We used ecological niche models to relate virus occurrences to 8 km resolution digital data layers summarizing parameters of monthly surface reflectance and landform. Predictive challenges included a variety of spatial stratification schemes in which models were challenged to predict case distributions in broadly unsampled areas.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In almost all tests, HPAI-H5N1 cases were indeed occurring under predictable sets of environmental conditions, generally predicted absent from areas with low NDVI values and minimal seasonal variation, and present in areas with a broad range of and appreciable seasonal variation in NDVI values. Although we documented significant predictive ability of our models, even between our study region and West Africa, case occurrences in the Arabian Peninsula appear to follow a distinct environmental regime.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, we documented a variable environmental "fingerprint" for areas suitable for HPAI-H5N1 transmission.
authors.affiliation: Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA. ricw@ku.edu
authors.forename: Richard A J
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: A Townsend
authors.initials: AT
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000352:Africa, Northern / Q000453:epidemiology; D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D003710:Demography; D004463:Ecology / Q000639:trends*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D008877:Middle East / Q000453:epidemiology; D013045:Species Specificity