title: Gene expression analysis of endobronchial epithelial lining fluid in the evaluation of indeterminate pulmonary nodules.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Making a definitive preoperative diagnosis in patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules is still a challenge. Gene expression profiling may be a useful adjunctive diagnostic utility in this regard. We investigated the feasibility of bronchoscopic microsampling to collect endobronchial epithelial lining fluid to obtain RNA as a starting point for gene expression profiling.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 15 patients, epithelial lining fluid was collected in triplicate from subsegmental bronchi close to the pulmonary nodules and from contralateral lungs. Diagnosis was confirmed by transbronchial biopsy or surgery (non-small cell lung cancer, n = 11; benign or other lesions, n = 4). Total RNA was isolated from the samples and evaluated concerning quantity and quality. The complementary DNA was generated and analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction for potential lung cancer associated genes like matrix metalloprotinase (MMP9).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total RNA of adequate amount (>0.8 microg) and sufficient quality was obtained in 13 (86%) of the 15 patients. In patients with lung cancer, normalized MMP9 gene expression levels in endobronchial lining fluid samples collected close to the lesions were in median 12 times higher than levels in the matching contralateral samples. MMP9 expression levels were particularly high in endobronchial lining fluid samples collected from patients with squamous cell carcinoma but not elevated in the case of benign lesions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show that quantitative gene expression analysis of endobronchial lining fluid collected by bronchoscopic microsampling is both feasible and reliable and may therefore be a useful additional diagnostic method in patients with indeterminate pulmonary nodules.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Thoraxklinik, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
authors.forename: Nicolas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kahn
authors.forename: Ruprecht
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Kuner
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Eberhardt
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Meister
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Muley
authors.forename: Susanne
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Winteroll
authors.forename: Philipp A
authors.initials: PA
authors.lastname: Schnabel
authors.forename: Akitoshi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Ishizaka
authors.forename: Felix J F
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Herth
authors.forename: Annemarie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Poustka
authors.forename: Holger
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sültmann
authors.forename: Hans
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hoffmann
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001980:Bronchi / Q000166:cytology*; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000166:cytology*; D004847:Epithelial Cells; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D003074:Solitary Pulmonary Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000235:genetics