title: Phytoestrogen modulation of bone-related cytokines and its impact on cell viability in human prostate cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Prostate cancer (PCa) has a high propensity to metastasize to the bone. PCa cells produce several bone-related factors, namely parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP), its PTH type 1 receptor (PTH1R), osteoprotegerin (OPG), and receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL). The effects of these factors might explain, at least in part, the ability of PCa cells to grow in and interact with bone.
  
  
  METHODS
  We first analyzed the expression of the aforementioned factors (by western blot and flow cytometry), and their modulation by the phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein (as potential anti-tumoral agents), in human PCa cells in vitro. We also assessed the impact of these osteomimetic factors on PCa cell viability (by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry, and trypan blue staining).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Genistein and daidzein, at nM range, increased both the PTHrP/PTH1R system and the OPG/RANKL protein ratio, while genistein and, to a lesser extent, daidzein, at >microM doses, inhibited cell viability in PCa cells. Both N- and C-terminal domains of PTHrP inhibited genistein-induced cell death by modulating transcription factor Runx-2 and the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio in PCa cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings indicate that high doses of genistein and daidzein cause PCa cell death. On the other hand, low doses of these phytoestrogens induce some osteomimetic features in PCa cells with putative impact on PCa development.
authors.affiliation: Laboratorio de Metabolismo Mineral y Oseo, Fundación Jiménez Díaz (Capio Group), Madrid, Spain. vea7@pitt.edu
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Alonso
authors.forename: F C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Pérez-Martínez
authors.forename: F J
authors.initials: FJ
authors.lastname: Calahorra
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Esbrit
mesh_terms: D015153:Blotting, Western; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D016923:Cell Death / Q000187:drug effects; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D019833:Genistein / Q000494:pharmacology; D006801:Humans; D007529:Isoflavones / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D053244:Osteoprotegerin / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D048789:Phytoestrogens / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000473:pathology; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000235:genetics; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm / Q000096:biosynthesis; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D007529:Isoflavones; D053244:Osteoprotegerin; C473449:PTH1R protein, human; D044162:Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein; D048789:Phytoestrogens; D053245:RANK Ligand; D012334:RNA, Neoplasm; D044168:Receptor, Parathyroid Hormone, Type 1; C505688:TNFSF11 protein, human; C004742:daidzein; D019833:Genistein