title: Ureteral stents and retrograde studies: a primer for the gynecologist.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To review basic techniques and recent advances in endourology for the practicing gynecologist.
  
  
  RESULTS
  New ureteral stent designs are available to improve comfort and reduce some of the complications of indwelling ureteral stents. A large prospective study failed to show a significant benefit of prophylactic ureteral catheterization prior to major gynecological surgery to reduce the risk of ureteral injury. There is a shift in the management of some iatrogenic ureteric injuries from surgical reimplantation to more conservative endoscopic management by interventional radiologists and urologists.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The indications, techniques, and complications of advanced endourology techniques including the use of indwelling ureteral stents and retrograde pyelography are reviewed. Indwelling ureteral stents are used to establish and maintain patency of the ureters for many indications, including specific gynecological indications such as iatrogenic ureteral injury, ureteric fistula, extrinsic compression from tumor, and prophylactically to prevent ureteric injury. Retrograde pyelography is a very useful technique to image the renal collecting system with particular utility in patients with contraindications to intravenous contrast and to investigate suspected iatrogenic ureteral injuries.
authors.affiliation: Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA. Matt.Aungst@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Matthew J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Aungst
authors.forename: Christine Lg
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Fischer
mesh_terms: D004867:Equipment Design; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D015607:Stents; D014513:Ureter / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery*; D014515:Ureteral Diseases / Q000601:surgery; D014546:Urinary Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation; D014567:Urography