title: Reliability of a test measuring transversus abdominis muscle recruitment with a pressure biofeedback unit.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are indications that segmental stabilising exercises (SSEs) are effective in the treatment of low back pain. The evaluation of successful training in SSE performance in patients requires a reliable outcome measure. The PRONE test gives an indication of the activity of the transversus abdominis muscle. Performed in prone lying using a pressure biofeedback unit, it has been used as an aid to training and to assess the subject's ability to perform SSEs correctly.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate inter-observer and test-retest reliability of the PRONE test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Repeated measures by three observers on 2 days.
  
  
  METHODS
  Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Forty nurses (39 females and one male), aged between 24 and 62 years, with at least one episode of low back pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  During the test, movement of the abdominal wall was monitored by measuring a change in pressure during muscle contraction termed 'abdominal hollowing'. Defined observation and palpation criteria were verified by the observers to ensure correct execution of the test.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants were tested on two separate days. On the first day, Observer A performed two similar test sets, each with four exercises. On the second test day, Observers B and C conducted one test set each.
  
  
  RESULTS
  This study found an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20 to 0.67] for inter-observer reliability, and an ICC of 0.81 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.90) for test-retest reliability. Kappa values and the limits of agreement were also calculated with similar results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  For this subject group, the PRONE test had relatively low inter-observer reliability but, as may be expected, higher test-retest reliability. It is suggested that by providing visual feedback, the PRONE test may enhance patients' insight into their deep abdominal muscle recruitment and thereby increase their motivation to exercise.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany.
authors.forename: Katharina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: von Garnier
authors.forename: Kirstin
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Köveker
authors.forename: Berid
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rackwitz
authors.forename: Ulrike
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kober
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wilke
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ewert
authors.forename: Gerold
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stucki
mesh_terms: D000009:Abdominal Muscles / Q000502:physiology*; D000328:Adult; D001676:Biofeedback, Psychology; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology*; D011312:Pressure; D016684:Prone Position / Q000502:physiology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results