title: Time response of alcohol-induced alterations in blood pressure, nitric oxide and oxidant to antioxidant balance in the plasma of rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Low to moderate alcohol consumption is known to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, chronic high-dose alcohol ingestion causes cardiovascular injuries such as hypertension. The time response of alcohol-induced hypertension and associated tissue oxidative stress response has not been fully explored.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the time response of high-dose alcohol ingestion on blood pressure (BP) and to correlate the alterations in plasma nitric oxide (NO) levels and oxidative stress parameters in rats.
  
  
  METHODS
  Male Fisher rats (200 g to 250 g) were divided into two groups of 30 animals each and treated as follows: control (5% sucrose, orally) and 20% ethanol (4 g/kg, orally) daily for 12 weeks. The BP (systolic, diastolic and mean) was recorded every week using the tail-cuff method. Six animals from each group were sacrificed at six, eight, 10 and 12 weeks after treatment, and blood was collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Systolic and mean BP were significantly elevated after six weeks, whereas diastolic BP was elevated after eight weeks of daily ethanol ingestion. BP elevation was related to a significant increase in plasma malondialdehyde and protein carbonyls, and a significant decrease in plasma NO, ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione and the CuZn-superoxide dismutase and Mn-superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase antioxidant enzyme activities in a time-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The duration of alcohol ingestion is important in the induction of hypertension and the associated NO and antioxidant depletion, and oxidative tissue injury.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico.
authors.forename: Kazim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Husain
authors.forename: Jose
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mejia
authors.forename: Jainarine
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lalla
authors.forename: Sheeba
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kazim