title: Diversity of Clostridium difficile in pigs and other animals in Slovenia.
abstract: A study of Clostridium difficile diversity in pigs, calves and horses in Slovenia was conducted. A total of 547 samples were collected and C. difficile was isolated from 247/485 (50.9%) piglet samples, from 4/42 (9.5%) calf samples, and 1/20 (5%) horse samples. The isolates were characterized by toxinotyping, PCR-ribotyping, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using restriction endonuclease SmaI. Piglet isolates belonged to two toxinotypes (V and 0), four PCR-ribotypes (066, 029, SI 011, SI 010), and six pulsotypes. Bovine isolates were grouped into two toxinotypes (XIa and 0), three PCR-ribotypes (077, 002, 033), and three pulsotypes. The only equine isolate was indistinguishable from one calf isolate (XIa/033) in toxinotype, PCR-ribotype, and pulsotype. None of detected genotypes was present in all three animal hosts.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbiceva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
authors.forename: Jana
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Avbersek
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Janezic
authors.forename: Mateja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pate
authors.forename: Maja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rupnik
authors.forename: Valerija
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zidaric
authors.forename: Katarina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Logar
authors.forename: Modest
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Vengust
authors.forename: Mateja
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Zemljic
authors.forename: Tina
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Pirs
authors.forename: Matjaz
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ocepek
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D002417:Cattle; D002418:Cattle Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D016360:Clostridioides difficile / Q000145:classification* / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific / Q000378:metabolism; D003967:Diarrhea / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary*; D016521:Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field; D004761:Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000662:veterinary; D014644:Genetic Variation; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology; D006736:Horses; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction / Q000379:methods; D021521:Ribotyping; D017524:Slovenia / Q000453:epidemiology; D013552:Swine; D013553:Swine Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; C025651:CCCGGG-specific type II deoxyribonucleases; D015252:Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific