title: Assessing vaginal surgical skills using video motion analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To demonstrate the feasibility of using video motion analysis to quantitate a key step of vaginal hysterectomy and define measurable differences between novice and experienced surgical trainees during vaginal hysterectomy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Analyses focused on clamping, transecting, and suturing the left uterosacral ligament. Using a cutoff of 25, trainees were grouped as experienced (n=14) and novice (n=9) based on the total number of vaginal hysterectomies performed by each trainee. Contrasting-groups analysis was used to determine cutoff values that separated novices from experts.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Novice trainees took longer (112 seconds compared with 84 seconds) and had greater cumulative translational motion (92 cm compared with 49 cm, P=.05) while performing the task. Experienced trainees placed the Heaney clamp closer to a right angle to the vertical axis (experienced 96 degrees compared with novice 109 degrees , P=.03) while passing the needle through the uterosacral ligament. Trainees move from novice to experts when the steps occur in 112 or fewer seconds, cumulative translational motion is at or less than 75 cm, and the angle between the clamp to bladder retractor is at or below 105 degrees .
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Video motion analysis is a feasible technique to quantify and compare surgical skills objectively during vaginal surgery. There are measurable differences between novice and more experienced surgical trainees performing vaginal hysterectomy that can be quantified using motion analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  III.
authors.affiliation: From the Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health Institute, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
authors.forename: Gouri B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Diwadkar
authors.forename: Antonie
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: van den Bogert
authors.forename: Matthew D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Barber
authors.forename: J Eric
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Jelovsek
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007045:Hysterectomy, Vaginal; D009038:Motion; D014741:Video Recording