title: The role of human movement in the transmission of vector-borne pathogens.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Human movement is a key behavioral factor in many vector-borne disease systems because it influences exposure to vectors and thus the transmission of pathogens. Human movement transcends spatial and temporal scales with different influences on disease dynamics. Here we develop a conceptual model to evaluate the importance of variation in exposure due to individual human movements for pathogen transmission, focusing on mosquito-borne dengue virus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We develop a model showing that the relevance of human movement at a particular scale depends on vector behavior. Focusing on the day-biting Aedes aegypti, we illustrate how vector biting behavior combined with fine-scale movements of individual humans engaged in their regular daily routine can influence transmission. Using a simple example, we estimate a transmission rate (R(0)) of 1.3 when exposure is assumed to occur only in the home versus 3.75 when exposure at multiple locations--e.g., market, friend's--due to movement is considered. Movement also influences for which sites and individuals risk is greatest. For the example considered, intriguingly, our model predicts little correspondence between vector abundance in a site and estimated R(0) for that site when movement is considered. This illustrates the importance of human movement for understanding and predicting the dynamics of a disease like dengue. To encourage investigation of human movement and disease, we review methods currently available to study human movement and, based on our experience studying dengue in Peru, discuss several important questions to address when designing a study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Human movement is a critical, understudied behavioral component underlying the transmission dynamics of many vector-borne pathogens. Understanding movement will facilitate identification of key individuals and sites in the transmission of pathogens such as dengue, which then may provide targets for surveillance, intervention, and improved disease prevention.
authors.affiliation: Entomology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America. ststoddard@gmail.com
authors.forename: Steven T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Stoddard
authors.forename: Amy C
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Morrison
authors.forename: Gonzalo M
authors.initials: GM
authors.lastname: Vazquez-Prokopec
authors.forename: Valerie
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Paz Soldan
authors.forename: Tadeusz J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Kochel
authors.forename: Uriel
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Kitron
authors.forename: John P
authors.initials: JP
authors.lastname: Elder
authors.forename: Thomas W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Scott
mesh_terms: D000330:Aedes / Q000821:virology*; D000818:Animals; D050936:Basic Reproduction Number; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000635:transmission*; D003716:Dengue Virus / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D004199:Disease Vectors; D004641:Emigration and Immigration; D006801:Humans; D007299:Insect Bites and Stings; D015233:Models, Statistical; D010568:Peru