title: Demographic and environmental risk factors for gastroschisis and omphalocele in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Primary prevention efforts for both gastroschisis and omphalocele are limited by the lack of known risk factors. Our objective was to investigate associations between potential maternal risk factors and gastroschisis and omphalocele within a large population-based sample of participants enrolled in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (NBDPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  Demographic, health-related, and environmental exposure data from the NBDPS were collected from women with expected delivery dates between October 1997 and December 2003. Data were collected on 485 cases of gastroschisis, 168 cases of omphalocele, and 4967 controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Women who had offspring with gastroschisis were younger (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.81-0.86) and less likely to be black (AOR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.34-0.85) than controls. They also were more likely to have smoked (AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12-2.03), taken ibuprofen (AOR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.23-2.10), and consumed alcohol (AOR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06-1.79) than controls. Women who had offspring with omphaloceles were more likely to have consumed alcohol (AOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.04-2.25) and be heavy smokers (AOR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.58-11.52) than controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results suggest a moderately increased risk of gastroschisis among women who used tobacco, alcohol, and ibuprofen during early pregnancy. A modestly elevated risk was observed for omphaloceles among women who used alcohol during the first trimester and among women who were heavy smokers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Center for Applied Research and Evaluation, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202-3591, USA.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mac Bird
authors.forename: James M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Robbins
authors.forename: Charlotte
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Druschel
authors.forename: Mario A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Cleves
authors.forename: Shengping
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Charlotte A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Hobbs
mesh_terms: D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D020139:Gastroschisis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D006554:Hernia, Umbilical / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000208:ethnology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007407:Interviews as Topic; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D018811:Maternal Exposure / Q000009:adverse effects*; D011247:Pregnancy; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology