title: Pharmacological treatment of apathy in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the efficacy of pharmacological treatment of apathy in patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  METHODS
  Systematic review of studies assessing the effects of pharmacological treatment on apathy in neurodegenerative diseases.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-five studies were included: 2 meta-analyses, 13 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 14 open-label studies, 5 case series, and 1 single case study. Eight studies included apathy as a primary outcome. A cholinesterase inhibitor was investigated in 24 studies, methylphenidate in 5, and other medications in 6 studies. Most RCTs of cholinesterase inhibitors reported a small but statistically significant improvement of apathetic symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although some medications are promising candidates for further study, there is as yet insufficient evidence that pharmacological treatment improves apathetic symptoms in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Large-scale, placebo-controlled RCTs with apathy as a primary outcome measure are needed to establish the potential benefit of pharmacological treatment of apathy.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: Rosa L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Drijgers
authors.forename: Pauline
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Aalten
authors.forename: Ania
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Winogrodzka
authors.forename: Frans R J
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Verhey
authors.forename: Albert F G
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Leentjens
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016208:Databases, Factual; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D006801:Humans; D015201:Meta-Analysis as Topic; D008774:Methylphenidate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D019636:Neurodegenerative Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D012107:Research Design; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
chemical_list: D000697:Central Nervous System Stimulants; D002800:Cholinesterase Inhibitors; D008774:Methylphenidate