title: Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) trial: baseline evaluation of selected nutrients and food group intake.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little has been reported regarding food and nutrient intake in individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, and most reports have been based on findings in select groups or individuals who self-reported having diabetes.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To describe the baseline food and nutrient intake of the Look AHEAD (Action for Health in Diabetes) trial participants, compare participant intake to national guidelines, and describe demographic and health characteristics associated with food group consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  The Look AHEAD trial is evaluating the effects of a lifestyle intervention (calorie control and increased physical activity for weight loss) compared with diabetes support and education on long-term cardiovascular and other health outcomes. Participants are 45 to 75 years old, overweight or obese (body mass index [BMI] > or = 25), and have type 2 diabetes. In this cross-sectional analysis, baseline food consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire from 2,757 participants between September 2000 and December 2003.
  
  
  METHODS
  Descriptive statistics were used to summarize intake by demographic characteristics. Kruskal-Wallis tests assessed univariate effects of characteristics on consumption. Multiple linear regression models assessed factors predictive of intake. Least square estimates were based on final models, and logistic regression determined factors predictive of recommended intake.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ninety-three percent of the participants exceeded the recommended percentage of calories from fat, 85% exceeded the saturated fat recommendation, and 92% consumed too much sodium. Also, fewer than half met the minimum recommended servings of fruit, vegetables, dairy, and grains.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These participants with pre-existing diabetes did not meet recommended food and nutrition guidelines. These overweight adults diagnosed with diabetes are exceeding recommended intake of fat, saturated fats, and sodium, which may contribute to increasing their risk of cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27104, USA. mvitolin@wfubmc.edu
authors.forename: Mara Z
authors.initials: MZ
authors.lastname: Vitolins
authors.forename: Andrea M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Anderson
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Delahanty
authors.forename: Hollie
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Raynor
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Connie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mobley
authors.forename: Rebecca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Reeves
authors.forename: Monica
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Champagne
authors.forename: Rena R
authors.initials: RR
authors.lastname: Wing
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Mayer-Davis
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015992:Body Mass Index; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D004038:Diet, Reducing; D004041:Dietary Fats / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D015444:Exercise / Q000502:physiology; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018673:Nutrition Policy; D009765:Obesity / Q000150:complications* / Q000628:therapy; D010353:Patient Education as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012982:Sodium, Dietary / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D015431:Weight Loss / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004041:Dietary Fats; D012982:Sodium, Dietary