title: Development of an integrated laboratory system for the monitoring of cyanotoxins in surface and drinking waters.
abstract: A system of analytical processes has been developed in order to serve as a cost-effective scheme for the monitoring of cyanobacterial toxins on a quantitative basis, in surface and drinking waters. Five cyclic peptide hepatotoxins, microcystin-LR, -RR, -YR, -LA and nodularin were chosen as the target compounds. Two different enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were validated in order to serve as primary quantitative screening tools. Validation results showed that the ELISA methods are sufficiently specific and sensitive with limits of detection (LODs) around 0.1 microg/L, however, matrix effects should be considered, especially with surface water samples or bacterial mass methanolic extracts. A colorimetric protein phosphatase inhibition assay (PPIA) utilizing protein phosphatase 2A and p-nitrophenyl phosphate as substrate, was applied in microplate format in order to serve as a quantitative screening method for the detection of the toxic activity associated with cyclic peptide hepatotoxins, at concentration levels >0.2 microg/L of MC-LR equivalents. A fast HPLC/PDA method has been developed for the determination of microcystins, by using a short, 50mm C18 column, with 1.8 microm particle size. Using this method a 10-fold reduction of sample run time was achieved and sufficient separation of microcystins was accomplished in less than 3 min. Finally, the analytical system includes an LC/MS/MS method that was developed for the determination of the 5 target compounds after SPE extraction. The method achieves extremely low limits of detection (<0.02 microg/L), in both surface and drinking waters and it is used for identification and verification purposes as well as for determinations at the ppt level. An analytical protocol that includes the above methods has been designed and validated through the analysis of a number of real samples.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Physical Chemistry, National Center of Scientific Research Demokritos, Neapoleos 25, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece.
authors.forename: Theodoros
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Triantis
authors.forename: Katerina
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tsimeli
authors.forename: Triantafyllos
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kaloudis
authors.forename: Nicholas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Thanassoulias
authors.forename: Efthymios
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Lytras
authors.forename: Anastasia
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hiskia
mesh_terms: D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D019411:Clinical Laboratory Techniques; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry*; D008387:Marine Toxins / Q000032:analysis*; D052998:Microcystins / Q000032:analysis*; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic / Q000032:analysis; D018511:Systems Integration; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis*; D014881:Water Supply / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D000087522:Cyanobacteria Toxins; D008387:Marine Toxins; D052998:Microcystins; D010456:Peptides, Cyclic; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C063998:nodularin