title: Transarterial embolization of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with direct cortical venous drainage using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx).
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This communication concerns the new possibilities and technical aspects of using ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (Onyx, EVAC) for endovascular treatment of intracranial dural arteriovenous fistulas with direct cortical venous drainage (DAVF-CVs).
  
  
  METHODS
  Five patients with symptomatic DAVF-CVs were treated primarily with transarterial embolization using Onyx.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All patients had complete obliteration of their DAVFs with a single Onyx injection that resulted in passage of embolic agent to the draining vein. One asymptomatic technical adverse event occurred (a broken microcatheter on retrieval). On clinical follow-up (mean 12.6 months, range 1-27 months), two patients with intracranial hemorrhage and one patient with cerebellar symptoms improved significantly after treatment, with residual symptoms that did not affect independence. One patient had remission of tinnitus and headache but developed seizures, and one patient was asymptomatic. Imaging follow-up (mean 4 months, range 1-7 months) did not show any revascularization.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Embolization with Onyx represents a significant improvement in the endovascular treatment of DAVF-CVs. Cases that would not be effectively treated with cyanoacrylate or particles can be cured by embolization alone.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden. sandro.rossitti@lio.se
authors.forename: Sandro
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Rossitti
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001929:Brain Edema / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D020785:Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000628:therapy*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002536:Cerebral Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002550:Cerebral Veins / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide; D004322:Drainage / Q000379:methods*; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011145:Polyvinyls
chemical_list: C450660:Onyx copolymer; D011145:Polyvinyls; D004121:Dimethyl Sulfoxide