title: Angiotensin-converting enzyme D/I and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms are associated with increased risk of spontaneous abortions in polycystic ovarian syndrome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a main cause of infertility, particularly in high-risk settings such as spontaneous abortions (SAB). We aimed to evaluate the effect of genetic polymorphisms in ACE and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) on the occurrence of SAB in PCOS.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred and forty-two PCOS patients (83 women have a history of one or more unexplained SAB, 59 women have successfully live births) and 107 healthy controls matched for age and body mass index were included in the study. Levels of PAI-1, LH, FSH, testosterone, fasting glucose and insulin were measured. ACE deletion (D)/insertion (I) and PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The D/D and/or 4G/4G genotype frequency, the D or 4G allelic frequency, the combination of the ACE D/D and PAI-1 4G/5G, D/I and 4G/4G genotypes of PCOS patients with SAB women were statistically higher than non-SAB group (p<0.05). The 4G/4G or D/D genotype of PCOS with SAB patients had significantly higher PAI-1 levels than non-SAB women.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The ACE D/I and PAI-1 4G/5G gene polymorphisms might represent risk factor in PCOS with SAB. Homozygosity for ACE D or PAI-1 4G polymorphisms as well as compound carrier status are significant positive explanatory variable for PCOS patients with SAB, which may result in increased PAI-1 concentrations and hypofibrinolysis and contribute to early pregnancy loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, No.23 YouZheng Street, Heilongjiang, China.
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lv
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Wei
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Guan
mesh_terms: D000022:Abortion, Spontaneous / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D005260:Female; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone / Q000097:blood; D017353:Gene Deletion; D005787:Gene Frequency; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D005838:Genotype; D006720:Homozygote; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone / Q000097:blood; D016254:Mutagenesis, Insertional; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A / Q000235:genetics*; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 / Q000097:blood / Q000235:genetics*; D011085:Polycystic Ovary Syndrome / Q000235:genetics*; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013739:Testosterone / Q000097:blood; D049629:Waist-Hip Ratio
chemical_list: D007328:Insulin; D017395:Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1; D013739:Testosterone; D007986:Luteinizing Hormone; D005640:Follicle Stimulating Hormone; D007703:Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A