title: Intraneural injection with low-current stimulation during popliteal sciatic nerve block.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prevention of an intraneural injection of a local anesthetic during peripheral nerve blockade is considered important to avoid neurologic injury. However, the needle-nerve relationship during low-current electrical nerve localization is not well understood.
  
  
  METHODS
  We postulated that intraneural needletip location is common during low-current stimulation popliteal sciatic nerve blockade. Twenty-four consecutive ASA class I-III patients scheduled for foot or ankle surgery under popliteal sciatic nerve block using a combined ultrasound and nerve stimulator-guided technique were prospectively studied. The end point for needle advancement was predetermined to be either an elicited motor response between 0.2 and 0.5 mA (100 mus/2 Hz) or an apparent intraneural location of the needletip as seen on ultrasound, whichever came first. The injection occurred at either end points provided the injection pressure was <20 psi. The injection was considered intraneural when injectate resulted in both the swelling and compartmentalization of the nerve within the epineurium.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Elicited motor response could be obtained only upon entry of the needle into the intraneural space in 20 patients (83.3%). In the remaining four patients (16.7%), a motor response with a stimulating current of 1.5 mA could not be obtained even after the needle entry into the intraneural space. An injection in the intraneural space occurred in all patients who had motor-evoked response at current 0.2-0.4 mA. All 24 blocks resulted in adequate anesthesia for foot surgery. No patient developed postoperative neurologic dysfunction.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The absence of motor response to nerve stimulation during popliteal sciatic nerve block does not exclude intraneural needle placement and may lead to additional unnecessary attempts at nerve localization. Additionally, low-current stimulation was associated with a high frequency of intraneural needle placement.
authors.affiliation: Departments of Anesthesia, University Hospital of Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York City, New York 10025, USA.
authors.forename: Christopher
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Robards
authors.forename: Admir
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hadzic
authors.forename: Lakshmanasamy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Somasundaram
authors.forename: Takashige
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Iwata
authors.forename: Jeff
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Gadsden
authors.forename: Daquan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xavier
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Sala-Blanch
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000842:Ankle / Q000601:surgery; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D005260:Female; D005528:Foot / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009068:Movement; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012584:Sciatic Nerve / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D013697:Thermosensing / Q000187:drug effects; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult