title: Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates pulmonary epithelial wound repair by an NF-kappaB dependent mechanism.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hypercapnic acidosis exerts protective effects in acute lung injury but may also slow cellular repair. These effects may be mediated via inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), a pivotal transcriptional regulator in inflammation and repair.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of hypercapnic acidosis in pulmonary epithelial wound repair, to elucidate the role of NF-kappaB and to examine the mechanisms by which these effects are mediated.
  
  
  METHODS
  Confluent small airway epithelial cell, human bronchial epithelial cell and type II alveolar A549 cell monolayers were subjected to wound injury under conditions of hypercapnic acidosis (pH 7.0, carbon dioxide tension (P(CO(2))) 11 kPa) or normocapnia (pH 7.37, P(CO(2)) 5.5 kPa) and the rate of healing determined. Subsequent experiments investigated the role of hypercapnia versus acidosis and elucidated the role of NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. The roles of cellular mitosis versus migration and of matrix metalloproteinases in mediating these effects were then determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hypercapnic acidosis reduced wound closure (mean (SD) 33 (6.3)% vs 64 (5.9)%, p<0.01) and reduced activation of NF-kappaB compared with normocapnia. Buffering of the acidosis did not alter this inhibitory effect. Prior inhibition of NF-kappaB activation occluded the effect of hypercapnic acidosis. Inhibition of ERK, JNK and P38 did not modulate wound healing. Hypercapnic acidosis reduced epithelial cell migration but did not alter mitosis, and reduced matrix metalloproteinase-1 while increasing concentrations of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hypercapnic acidosis inhibits pulmonary epithelial wound healing by reducing cell migration via an NF-kappaB dependent mechanism that may involve alterations in matrix metalloproteinase activity.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anaesthesia, Clinical Sciences Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: O'Toole
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hassett
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Contreras
authors.forename: B D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Higgins
authors.forename: S T W
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: McKeown
authors.forename: D F
authors.initials: DF
authors.lastname: McAuley
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: O'Brien
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Laffey
mesh_terms: D000142:Acidosis, Respiratory / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055371:Acute Lung Injury / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology; D056809:Alveolar Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D006935:Hypercapnia / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D014945:Wound Healing / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016328:NF-kappa B; D019716:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1