title: High levels of exotic armored scales on imported avocados raise concerns regarding USDA-APHIS' phytosanitary risk assessment.
abstract: Between 1914 and 2007, a quarantine protected California avocado, Persea americana Mill., groves from pests that might be introduced into the state along with fresh, imported avocados. Soon after Mexican avocados were first allowed entry on 1 February 2007, live specimens of several species of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) not believed to be present in California were detected on 'Hass' avocados entering the state from Mexico. Initially, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) prevented avocados infested with these scales from entering the state or required that they be fumigated with an approved treatment such as methyl bromide. After a Science Advisory Panel meeting in May 2007, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) reaffirmed its position that armored scales on shipments of fruit for consumption (including avocados) pose a "low risk" for pest establishment. In compliance with APHIS protocols, as of 18 July 2007, CDFA altered its policy to allow shipments of scale-infested avocados into the state without treatment. Here, we report on sampling Mexican avocados over an 8-mo period, September 2007-April 2008. An estimated 67 million Mexican Hass avocados entered California over this period. Based on samples from 140 trucks containing approximately 15.6% of this volume of fruit, we estimate that approximately 47.6 million live, sessile armored scales and an additional 20.1 million live eggs and crawlers were imported. We found eight probable species of armored scales in the samples, seven of these are not believed to occur in California; 89.3% of the live scales were Abgrallaspis aguacatae Evans, Watson and Miller, a recently described species. In contrast to the USDA-APHIS opinion, we believe the volume of shipments and levels of live scales they contain present a significant risk to California's US$300 million avocado industry and to other crops that might become infested by one or more of these exotic species.
authors.affiliation: Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA. joseph.morse@ucr.edu
authors.forename: J G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Morse
authors.forename: P F
authors.initials: PF
authors.lastname: Rugman-Jones
authors.forename: G W
authors.initials: GW
authors.lastname: Watson
authors.forename: L J
authors.initials: LJ
authors.lastname: Robinson
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Bi
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Stouthamer
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D003132:Commerce; D018556:Crops, Agricultural; D006430:Hemiptera; D007300:Insect Control / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D008800:Mexico; D027421:Persea / Q000469:parasitology*; D018570:Risk Assessment; D014481:United States; D016885:United States Department of Agriculture