title: Diet patterns of lactovegetarian adolescent girls: need for devising recipes with high zinc bioavailability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Populations subsisting on plant foods are believed to be at a high risk of mineral deficiencies. The aim of the present study was to examine the diet patterns of vegetarian adolescent girls for zinc adequacy and devise recipes to improve bioavailable zinc intakes.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 630 schoolgirls (10-16 y old) from Pune, India, from 2006 to 2007. Diet was assessed by a 24-h recall method on 3 random days. Diet patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Nutrient intakes were estimated using the cooked-foods database of our laboratory. Twenty recipes representing the diet patterns were formulated using foods that have a high zinc content and using methods such as sprouting/fermentation. In vitro zinc dialyzability of the recipes was determined by simulating gastrointestinal conditions and atomic absorption spectrometry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Five diet patterns were identified reflecting intakes of different cereals. Girls in the five diet patterns had inadequate intakes of energy, protein, and micronutrients including zinc compared with the recommended dietary intakes of India. In the new cereal-based recipes, the average contents of energy, protein, iron, calcium, zinc, beta-carotene, and vitamin C per 100g of cooked weight were 205 kcal, 6.2g, 2.5mg, 105 mg, 1.5mg, 716 microg, and 4.4 mg, respectively. Therefore, a supplement of 200 g of the recipe would fulfil 75% of the daily zinc requirement of adolescents and increase other micronutrient intake manifolds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Diets of Indian schoolgirls were deficient in zinc. Zinc-rich recipes with high bioavailability have the potential to alleviate zinc deficiency in adolescents.
authors.affiliation: Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India.
authors.forename: Rama
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Tupe
authors.forename: Shashi A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Chiplonkar
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D017195:Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D001682:Biological Availability; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003677:Deficiency Diseases / Q000178:diet therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D004032:Diet / Q000379:methods; D014676:Diet, Vegetarian; D002523:Edible Grain; D005260:Female; D005527:Food, Fortified; D006801:Humans; D007194:India / Q000453:epidemiology; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D013054:Spectrophotometry, Atomic; D014131:Trace Elements / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015032:Zinc / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*
chemical_list: D014131:Trace Elements; D015032:Zinc