title: Intra-articular pressure profiles of painful stiff shoulders compared with those of other conditions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To test two questions raised by a previous study: whether high and steeply rising intra-articular (IA) pressure achieved by controlled fluid infusion would be specific to the painful stiff shoulder (PSS) and whether rupture occurs immediately after the appearance of the third phase so that it could be considered as a preruptural sign.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case series.
  
  
  METHODS
  University Outpatient Clinic of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen PSS patients who had limited range of motion of the shoulder in at least 2 directions for more than a month were participants, and 6 shoulders of 5 people with other conditions including 2 healthy shoulders served as controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Real-time pressure monitoring was done with fluid infusion in a constant-volume rate. For PSS patients, fluid was infused until rupture occurred. More than 25 mL of fluid was instilled in the shoulders of the control group. The pressure-volume (P-V) profiles, number of phases, maximal volume (V(max)) and pressure (P(v_max)) at V(max), stiffness of the capsule (K(ph2)), and the fluid volume (V(ph3)) infused from the appearance of the triphasic curve to the rupture were evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Among the 14 PSS patients, 12 demonstrated steeply increasing pressure (8 triphasic, 4 biphasic), but 2 showed flat and low-pressure profiles. In contrast, the entire control group revealed flat pressure profiles. The PSS subjects showed far higher P(v_max) at lower V(max) than the control subjects. The K(ph2) was significantly higher in the PSS group. The V(ph3) was 5.03 +/- 3.18 mL ranging from 2.33 to 10.99 mL.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The steeply rising, high IA pressure can be considered as a predominant characteristic of the PSS compared with other conditions that showed flat, low-pressure profiles, suggesting the P-V profiles might be used in evaluation of the capsular tightness of various shoulder problems. The triphasic curve appears to be a preruptural sign; however, there are several practical limitations to terminating hydraulic distension before rupture occurs.
authors.affiliation: Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Medicine, and Rheumatism Research Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. suncg@snu.ac.kr
authors.forename: Sun G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Chung
authors.forename: Kyu Jin
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Hee Chan
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Kwan Sik
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Seo
authors.forename: Yong-Taek
authors.initials: YT
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007270:Injections, Intra-Articular; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016059:Range of Motion, Articular; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000503:physiopathology*; D020069:Shoulder Pain / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D013582:Synovial Fluid / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D012965:Sodium Chloride