title: Stimulating vaginal repair in rats through skeletal muscle-derived stem cells seeded on small intestinal submucosal scaffolds.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Grafts are used for vaginal repair after prolapse, but their use to carry stem cells to regenerate vaginal tissue has not been reported. In this study, we investigated whether 1) muscle-derived stem cells (MDSC) grown on small intestinal submucosa (SIS) generate smooth-muscle cells (SMC) in vitro and upon implantation in a rat model of vaginal defects; 2) express markers applicable to the in-vivo detection of vaginal endogenous stem cells; and 3) stimulate the repair of the vagina.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse MDSC grown on monolayer, SIS, or polymeric mesh, were tested for cell differentiation by immunocytochemistry, Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Stem cell markers were screened by DNA microarrays followed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and Western blot. Rats that underwent hysterectomy and partial vaginectomy were left as such or implanted in the vagina with 4',6-Diamidino-2-Phenylindole (DAPI)-labeled MDSC on SIS, or SIS without MDSC, immunosuppressed, and killed at 2-8 weeks. Immunofluorescence, hematoxylin-eosin, and Masson trichrome were applied to tissue sections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Muscle-derived stem cell cultures on monolayer and on scaffolds differentiate into SMC, as shown by alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA), calponin, and smoothelin markers. Muscle-derived stem cells express embryonic stem cell markers Oct-4 and nanog. Dual DAPI/ASMA fluorescence indicated MDSC conversion to SMC. Muscle-derived stem cells/SIS stimulated vaginal tissue repair, including keratin-5 positive epithelium formation and prevented fibrosis at 4 and 8 weeks. Oct-4+ putative endogenous stem cells were identified.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Muscle-derived stem cells/SIS implants stimulate vaginal tissue repair in the rat, thus autologous MDSC on scaffolds may be a promising approach for the treatment of vaginal repair.
authors.affiliation: From the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Urology Research Laboratory, Torrance, California; the Division of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California; the Division of Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California; and the Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
authors.forename: Matthew H
authors.initials: MH
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Sanaz
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Heydarkhan
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Vernet
authors.forename: Istvan
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Kovanecz
authors.forename: Monica G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ferrini
authors.forename: Narender N
authors.initials: NN
authors.lastname: Bhatia
authors.forename: Nestor F
authors.initials: NF
authors.lastname: Gonzalez-Cadavid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D007413:Intestinal Mucosa; D007421:Intestine, Small; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D032342:Muscle Cells / Q000166:cytology; D032389:Myocytes, Smooth Muscle / Q000166:cytology; D051381:Rats; D011916:Rats, Inbred F344; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014596:Uterine Prolapse / Q000601:surgery; D014621:Vagina / Q000601:surgery*