title: Citrullination of CXCL8 increases this chemokine's ability to mobilize neutrophils into the blood circulation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the first line defense of an infected host, circulating neutrophils invade the inflamed tissue, whereas mature neutrophils from the bone marrow pool migrate into the blood circulation and from there reinforce tissue infiltration. The CXC chemokine CXCL8, also know as interleukin-8, is a potent attractant of neutrophils. Recently, we discovered a new natural post-translational modification of CXCL8, i.e. the deimination of arginine into citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminases.
  
  
  METHODS
  The ability to provoke leukocytosis was assessed by intravenous administration of citrullinated CXCL8 in rabbits. Adsorption of citrullinated CXCL8 to the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines on human or rabbit erythrocytes was evaluated using a competitive binding assay. Finally, surface expression of adhesion molecules was studied after stimulating neutrophils with citrullinated CXCL8.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Citrullination of CXCL8 significantly increased this chemokine's ability to recruit neutrophils into the blood circulation. In addition, the competitive binding properties of CXCL8 for the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines were impaired upon citrullination. Since the Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines is an important scavenging receptor for CXCL8 in the blood stream, citrullination may delay CXCL8 clearance from the circulation. Furthermore, the shedding of CD62L (L-selectin) and the upregulation of CD11b (beta2-integrin) protein expression on CXCL8-induced neutrophils were improved by deimination of CXCL8, possibly contributing to the neutrophil egress from the bone marrow. Conversely, surface expression of CD15, the neutrophilic ligand of endothelial selectins, was equally well upregulated by intact and citrullinated CXCL8.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data show that citrullination of CXCL8 enhances leukocytosis, possibly through impaired chemokine clearance from the blood circulation and prolonged presentation to the bone marrow.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Rega Institute, K.U.Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
authors.forename: Tamara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Loos
authors.forename: Ghislain
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Opdenakker
authors.forename: Jo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Van Damme
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Proost
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001775:Blood Circulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology*; D054441:Cell Migration Assays, Leukocyte / Q000379:methods; D002956:Citrulline / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D016209:Interleukin-8 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D007964:Leukocytosis / Q000097:blood* / Q000175:diagnosis; D018375:Neutrophil Activation / Q000276:immunology; D009504:Neutrophils / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011485:Protein Binding / Q000187:drug effects / Q000276:immunology; D011817:Rabbits
chemical_list: D016209:Interleukin-8; D002956:Citrulline