title: [Why were they numb again? About the psychological condition of Holocaust survivors and attitudes of society and therapists].
abstract: During the first year after Israel's declaration of independence, 350,000 Holocaust survivors immigrated to Israel, about 1/3 of the country's population at that time. Their poor public image ("soap", "avac adam"--shadow of a man) and the Zionist--pioneer attitude of rejecting the "diasporal mentality", led to arrogance and disrespect towards the survivors. The attitude of therapists towards the victims has been influenced by the public atmosphere and their problems did not receive the attention they deserved. This fact caused an additional trauma--"secondary victimization", which, in turn, was one of the causes for the "conspiracy of silence". This silence lasted for many years and caused HoLocaust survivors to become more vulnerable at an older age. A review of the complex psychological condition of Holocaust survivors in the community is characterized by a combination of toughness and vulnerability and other aspects such as: the frequency of PTSD among Holocaust survivors and its characteristics as well as therapists' difficulties in coping with the post-traumatic state. The sequence of traumatic events in their Lives caused a feeling of vulnerability in some survivors. Furthermore, insult and fear of exposure, that throughout the years prevented them from demanding their rights, was contrary to the normative behaviour in Israeli society. The interest and the number of studies concerning the Holocaust and Holocaust survivors increases as the number of survivors decreases and as we move further in time from the horrors of that war.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To implement a policy of positive discrimination (affirmative action) for survivors in the Israeli health system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Family Medicine, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Maccabi Health Insurance, Ramat Gan. drsteier@inter.net.il
authors.forename: Shmuel Tommy
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Steier
mesh_terms: D001290:Attitude; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology*; D054242:Emigrants and Immigrants / Q000523:psychology; D006167:Guilt; D017767:Holocaust / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D007557:Israel; D011287:Prejudice; D013313:Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D017741:Survivors / Q000523:psychology*