Subjective health, symptom load and quality of life of children and adolescents in Europe.
OBJECTIVE
To examine cross-cultural differences in the prevalence of school children's subjective health types and the pattern of socio-demographic and socio-economic differences.


METHODS
Within the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children 2005/2006 Survey 200,000 school children aged 11, 13 and 15 answered a general health item, the Cantrill life satisfaction ladder and a subjective health complaints checklist. ANOVA and multilevel logistic regression models were conducted.


RESULTS
Overall, 44% of the respondents reported multiple recurrent health complaints, only poor to fair general health, low life satisfaction or a combination of these. Older adolescents (OR: 1.1-1.6) and girls (OR: 1.2-1.4) reported more health problems, the gender difference increased with age (OR: 1.3-1.6). Low socio-economic status was also associated with health problems (OR: 1.4-2.3). Sizeable cross-national variation in the prevalence of health types and the impact of the above mentioned factors were observed, yet the main pattern of impact could be confirmed cross-culturally.


CONCLUSIONS
Increasing social and gender role pressure with growing age, as well as restricted access to material resources and psychosocial strains are discussed as potential explanations for the observed health inequalities.
Ravens-Sieberer
Ulrike
U
Department of Psychosomatics in Children and Adolescents, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. Ravens-Sieberer@uke.uni-hamburg.de
Torsheim
Torbjorn
T
Hetland
Jorn
J
Vollebergh
Wilma
W
Cavallo
Franco
F
Jericek
Helena
H
Alikasifoglu
Mujgan
M
Välimaa
Raili
R
Ottova
Veronika
V
Erhart
Michael
M
D000293:Adolescent; D002648:Child; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D005060:Europe; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life