title: Mechanisms and potential applications of intestinal electrical stimulation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Electrical stimulation of the gut has recently been under intensive investigation and various studies have revealed therapeutic potentials of gastrointestinal electrical stimulation for gastrointestinal motility disorders and obesity. While there have been a number of reviews on gastric electrical stimulation, there is a lack of systematic reviews on intestinal electrical stimulation. The aim of this review is to provide an overview on the effects, mechanisms, and applications of intestinal electrical stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We evaluated published data on intestinal electrophysiology, pathophysiology, and different methodologies on intestinal electrical stimulation and its possible mechanisms in both research and clinical settings using the MEDLINE database for English articles from 1963 to 2008. Based on this systematic review, intestinal electrical stimulation has been reported to alter intestinal slow waves, contractions and transit; the effects were mediated via both vagal and adrenergic pathways. Intestinal electrical stimulation has been reported to have potentials for treating various intestinal motility disorders and obesity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  It is concluded that intestinal electrical stimulation may have promising applications for treating motility disorders associated with altered intestinal contractile activity. The most recent studies have revealed possible applications of intestinal electrical stimulation for the treatment of obesity. Basic research results are promising; however, further clinical studies are needed to bring IES from bench to bedside.
authors.affiliation: Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, GI Research, Route 0655, Basic Science Building, Room 432, Galveston, TX 77555-0655, USA.
authors.forename: Jieyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Jiande D Z
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Chen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004599:Electric Stimulation Therapy; D005767:Gastrointestinal Diseases / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D005769:Gastrointestinal Motility / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D007422:Intestines / Q000294:innervation*; D009765:Obesity / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*