title: [Analysis of lymph node metastases in early esophageal carcinoma and treatment regimens].
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the incidence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in early esophageal carcinoma and the techniques of dissection.
  
  
  METHODS
  Standard three-field dissection was performed in patients with small superficial esophageal carcinoma detected by endoscopy from 1993 - 2007. The lymph node metastases in different regions were identified by histopathology. The survival rate of the cases was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 149 patients with early esophageal carcinoma were identified by postoperative pathological examination. The overall lymph node metastasis (LNM) rate was 22.8%, and the degree of LNM was 2.4% in all fields. Most lymph node metastases from upper thoracic esophageal carcinoma were found in cervical and the right upper mediastinal nodes. The LNM from middle thoracic esophageal carcinoma were approximately equal in the cervical, mediastinal, and abdominal lymph nodes, and abdominal lymph node metastasis predominated in lower thoracic esophageal carcinoma. The metastatic rate of LNM adjacent to the right recurrent laryngeaal nerve was the highest (44.1%). Significant differences were shown among the rates of LNM in relation to different macroscopic pattern, depth of invasion and differentiation of tumor (P < 0.01), but not to the longitudinal length of tumor (P > 0.05). The overall 5-year survival rate was 77.9%. It was 87.0% in patients without LNM, and 47.1% in those with LNM.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lymph node metastasis in early esophageal carcinoma is in a high frequency. Patients with tumor invasion into the mucosa or lamina propria but without lymph node metastasis may undergo a local operation such as endoscopic mucosectomy and have a good prognosis. Patients with tumor invasion into the muscularis mucosae or submucosa should be treated with radical surgery with three-field lymphadenectomy, especially, to dissect the lymph nodes adjacent to the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
authors.affiliation: Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, China.
authors.forename: Lin
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Shuo-yan
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Kun-shou
authors.initials: KS
authors.lastname: Zhu
authors.forename: Jun-qiang
authors.initials: JQ
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Min-gang
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Ying
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002294:Carcinoma, Squamous Cell / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D004938:Esophageal Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008197:Lymph Node Excision / Q000379:methods*; D008198:Lymph Nodes / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis; D008297:Male; D008482:Mediastinum; D008875:Middle Aged; D009092:Mucous Membrane / Q000473:pathology; D009333:Neck; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D015996:Survival Rate