Location of cardiac arrest in a city center: strategic placement of automated external defibrillators in public locations.
BACKGROUND
Public-access defibrillation with automated external defibrillators (AEDs) is being implemented in many countries worldwide with considerable financial implications. The potential benefit and economic consequences of focused or unfocused AED deployment are unknown.


RESULTS
All cardiac arrests in public in Copenhagen, Denmark, from 1994 through 2005 were geographically located, as were 104 public AEDs placed by local initiatives. In accordance with European Resuscitation Council and American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines, areas with a high incidence of cardiac arrests were defined as those with 1 cardiac arrest every 2 or 5 years, respectively. There were 1274 cardiac arrests in public locations. According to the European Resuscitation Council or AHA guidelines, AEDs needed to be deployed in 1.2% and 10.6% of the city area, providing coverage for 19.5% (n=249) and 66.8% (n=851) of all cardiac arrests, respectively. The excessive cost of such AED deployments was estimated to be $33 100 or $41 000 per additional quality-adjusted life year, whereas unguided AED placement covering the entire city had an estimated cost of $108 700 per quality-adjusted life year. Areas with major train stations (1.8 arrests every 5 years per area), large public squares, and pedestrianized areas (0.6 arrests every 5 years per area) were main predictors of frequent cardiac arrests.


CONCLUSIONS
To achieve wide AED coverage, AEDs need to be more widely distributed than recommended by the European Resuscitation Council guidelines but consistent with the American Heart Association guidelines. Strategic placement of AEDs is pivotal for public-access defibrillation, whereas with unguided initiatives, AEDs are likely to be placed inappropriately.
Folke
Fredrik
F
Research Fellow, Department of Cardiology, Gentofte University Hospital, Hellerup, Denmark, Niels Andersens Vej 65, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark. FF@heart.dk
Lippert
Freddy Knudsen
FK
Nielsen
Søren Loumann
SL
Gislason
Gunnar Hilmar
GH
Hansen
Morten Lock
ML
Schramm
Tina Ken
TK
Sørensen
Rikke
R
Fosbøl
Emil Loldrup
EL
Andersen
Søren Skøtt
SS
Rasmussen
Søren
S
Køber
Lars
L
Torp-Pedersen
Christian
C
D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D047548:Defibrillators / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003718:Denmark / Q000453:epidemiology; D004554:Electric Countershock / Q000191:economics / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000401:mortality; D004632:Emergency Medical Services / Q000191:economics / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006297:Health Services Accessibility; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000191:economics / Q000401:mortality* / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011633:Public Facilities; D014505:Urban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data