title: Reproducibility of measures of visit-to-visit variability in blood pressure after transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In certain patients in routine practice, blood pressure (BP) measurements differ substantially from week to week or month to month. Although often assumed to be random, such variability could provide information on underlying pathology or prognosis. In order to be informative, however, visit-to-visit BP variability would have to be neither random (i.e. it should be reproducible over time within individuals) nor artefactual (i.e. it should not be an artefact of the method/timing of measurement, for example).
  
  
  METHODS
  We quantified visit-to-visit variability in BP and explored potential confounding factors by analysing repeat measurements obtained every few months during follow-up in two large trials in patients with a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) or minor ischaemic stroke: the UK-TIA Aspirin Trial (effect of aspirin, effect of season and day of the week of measurement) and the European Carotid Surgery Trial (ECST - effect of carotid endarterectomy). By comparing different periods of follow-up, we also determined the reproducibilities of mean and several different measures of variability for both systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP).
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean absolute difference between adjacent SBP readings was 14.7 mm Hg in the UK-TIA Trial and 16.0 mm Hg in ECST. Visit-to-visit variability in both SBP and DBP were independent of the potentially confounding factors studied, but reproducibility of all the variability measures was statistically significantly greater than zero. Reproducibility (intraclass correlation) of standard deviation of SBP was 0.32 (p < 0.0001) in the UK-TIA Trial and 0.18 (p = 0.0007) in ECST. Consequently, classification of patients with high (top quintile) or low (bottom quintile) variability was consistent over time (observed/expected = 2.21, 95% confidence interval 1.71-2.85, p < 0.0001, and 1.65, 1.23-2.21, p = 0.0007, respectively). Reproducibility increased with the number of measurements used to calculate variability, and was independent of any correlation with mean BP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Visit-to-visit variability in BP in these populations was reproducible, independently of any correlation with mean BP, demonstrating that visit-to-visit intra-individual BP variability is not random.
authors.affiliation: Stroke Prevention Research Unit, Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
authors.forename: S C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Howard
authors.forename: P M
authors.initials: PM
authors.lastname: Rothwell
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001241:Aspirin / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001794:Blood Pressure / Q000187:drug effects; D001795:Blood Pressure Determination / Q000592:standards*; D016894:Endarterectomy, Carotid; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D002546:Ischemic Attack, Transient / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009819:Office Visits; D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012621:Seasons; D020521:Stroke / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D010975:Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors; D001241:Aspirin