title: Cholesterol, non-cholesterol sterols and bile acids in paediatric gallstones.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depending on underlying aetiopathogenetic factors human gallstones contain various amounts of cholesterol, non-cholesterol sterols and bile acids, which have remained unexplored in paediatric gallstone patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate sterol and bile acids compositions of paediatric gallstones.
  
  
  METHODS
  Study group included 21 consecutively cholecystectomised children. Gas-liquid chromatography was used to quantitate gallstone sterols and bile acids. Results were compared to adult gallstones (n=194).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cholesterol stones (n=9) had higher proportions of cholesterol and lathosterol, but lower those of lanosterol and phytosterols than pigment stones (n=12) (p<0.05 for each). Patients with gallstone cholesterol content over 70% were female. Gallstone cholesterol positively reflected body mass index and, in cholesterol stones-group, age (r=approximately +0.700, p<0.05). Three patients on parenteral nutrition had brown pigment stones consisting of high amounts of campesterol and sitosterol ranging 483-9303 microg/100 mg of stone. Pigment stones had 13-fold higher amount of bile acids than cholesterol stones (p<0.05). Black pigment stones contained approximately 3-fold higher phytosterol proportions, and pigment stones and cholesterol stones had approximately 43% lower proportions of deoxycholic acid than adults (p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gallstones in patients on parenteral nutrition are rich in phytosterols. With respect to gallstone sterols, gallstone disease of adolescent girls resembles that of adults. Composition of bile acids in paediatric gallstones is different from adults.
authors.affiliation: Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
authors.forename: A I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Koivusalo
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Pakarinen
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sittiwet
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Gylling
authors.forename: T A
authors.initials: TA
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: T E
authors.initials: TE
authors.lastname: Miettinen
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Nissinen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001647:Bile Acids and Salts / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002763:Cholecystectomy; D002849:Chromatography, Gas; D005260:Female; D042882:Gallstones / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010288:Parenteral Nutrition / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012737:Sex Factors; D013261:Sterols / Q000032:analysis*
chemical_list: D001647:Bile Acids and Salts; D013261:Sterols