title: Recognition of depressive symptoms by physicians.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate the recognition of depressive symptoms of major depressive disorder (MDD) by general practitioners.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  MDD is underdiagnosed in medical settings, possibly because of difficulties in the recognition of specific depressive symptoms.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional study of 316 outpatients at their first visit to a teaching general hospital. We evaluated the performance of 19 general practitioners using Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD) to detect depressive symptoms and compared them to 11 psychiatrists using Structured Clinical Interview Axis I Disorders, Patient Version (SCID I/P). We measured likelihood ratios, sensitivity, specificity, and false positive and false negative frequencies.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The lowest positive likelihood ratios were for psychomotor agitation/retardation (1.6) and fatigue (1.7), mostly because of a high rate of false positive results. The highest positive likelihood ratio was found for thoughts of suicide (8.5). The lowest sensitivity, 61.8%, was found for impaired concentration. The sensitivity for worthlessness or guilt in patients with medical illness was 67.2% (95% CI, 57.4-76.9%), which is significantly lower than that found in patients without medical illness, 91.3% (95% CI, 83.2-99.4%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Less adequately identified depressive symptoms were both psychological and somatic in nature. The presence of a medical illness may decrease the sensitivity of recognizing specific depressive symptoms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Programs for training physicians in the use of diagnostic tools should consider their performance in recognizing specific depressive symptoms. Such procedures could allow for the development of specific training to aid in the detection of the most misrecognized depressive symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Clinicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
authors.forename: Sergio Gonçalves
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Henriques
authors.forename: Renério
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Fráguas
authors.forename: Dan V
authors.initials: DV
authors.lastname: Iosifescu
authors.forename: Paulo Rossi
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: Menezes
authors.forename: Mara Cristina Souza de
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Lucia
authors.forename: Wagner Farid
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Gattaz
authors.forename: Milton Arruda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Martins
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000553:Ambulatory Care / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005188:False Negative Reactions; D005189:False Positive Reactions; D005194:Family Practice; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000592:standards* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011570:Psychiatry; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult