title: Iatrogenic pneumothorax: etiology, incidence and risk factors.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We discuss the etiology and incidence of iatrogenic pneumothorax (IPnx) which can develop after invasive procedures performed for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes, and the efforts to prevent this complication and its consequences.
  
  
  METHODS
  The records of patients who were treated for the diagnosis of IPnx between December 1998 and December 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. The patients were evaluated according to their age, gender, the procedure which caused IPnx, the department which performed the procedure, the treatment and its consequences.
  
  
  RESULTS
  12 010 invasive procedures were performed in our hospital during the period and 164 patients (1.36 %) developed IPnx. Their mean age was 49.27 (range: 8 months-93 years). Of the patients, 101 (61 %) were male and 63 (39 %) were female. The 56.7 % of the invasive procedures which caused IPnx were performed under emergency conditions and 43.3 % were performed under elective conditions. In 69 patients (42 %) the procedures were performed due to underlying lung diseases and in 95 patients (58 %) for diseases other than lung diseases. The most frequent procedure type causing IPnx was central venous catheterization, with 72 patients (43.8 %). The other frequent causes were thoracentesis with 33 patients (20.1 %) and barotrauma due to mechanical ventilation with 15 patients (9.1 %).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  At training hospitals the incidence of IPnx will increase in parallel to the increase in invasive procedures. Invasive procedures should be performed by experienced personnel or under their supervision when risk factors are involved.
authors.affiliation: Thoracic Surgery, Ondokuz Mayis University Medical School, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. cburcin@hotmail.com
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Celik
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sahin
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nadir
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kaptanoglu
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000009:adverse effects; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002983:Clinical Competence; D005260:Female; D006748:Hospital Departments / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006785:Hospitals, University / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011030:Pneumothorax / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology*; D012121:Respiration, Artificial / Q000009:adverse effects; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D019616:Thoracic Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects; D013997:Time Factors; D055815:Young Adult