title: Comparative acute toxicity of neonicotinoid and pyrethroid insecticides to non-target crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most insecticides used to control rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuscel) infestations are pyrethroids. However, pyrethroids are highly toxic to non-target crayfish associated with rice-crayfish crop rotations. One solution to the near-exclusive reliance on pyrethroids in a rice-crayfish pest management program is to incorporate neonicotinoid insecticides, which are insect specific and effective against weevils but not extremely toxic to crayfish. This study aimed to take the first step to assess neonicotinoids as alternatives to pyrethroids in rice-crayfish crop rotations by measuring the acute toxicities of three candidate neonicotinoid insecticides, clothianidin, dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, to juvenile Procambarus clarkii (Girard) crayfish and comparing them with the acute toxicities of two currently used pyrethroid insecticides, lambda-cyhalothrin and etofenprox.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neonicotinoid insecticides are at least 2-3 orders of magnitude less acutely toxic (96 h LC(50)) than pyrethroids to juvenile Procambarid crayfish: lambda-cyhalothrin (0.16 microg AI L(-1)) = etofenprox (0.29 microg AI L(-1)) >> clothianidin (59 microg AI L(-1)) > thiamethoxam (967 microg AI L(-1)) > dinotefuran (2032 microg AI L(-1)).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Neonicotinoid insecticides appear to be much less hazardous alternatives to pyrethroids in rice-crayfish crop rotations. Further field-level neonicotinoid acute and chronic toxicity testing with crayfish is needed.
authors.affiliation: School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. gbarbee7@lsu.edu
authors.forename: Gary C
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Barbee
authors.forename: Michael J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Stout
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D003400:Astacoidea / Q000187:drug effects*; D007306:Insecticides / Q000633:toxicity*; D012275:Oryza / Q000469:parasitology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000469:parasitology*; D011722:Pyrethrins / Q000633:toxicity*; D048889:Weevils / Q000187:drug effects
chemical_list: D007306:Insecticides; D011722:Pyrethrins