title: Retrograde filling of a thoracic spinal artery during transforaminal injection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Transforaminal injection of steroids has been associated with infrequent but devastating neurological complications and death. Direct injection of particulate steroids into the vertebral artery or medullary arteries is the leading theory in the majority of these complications. Practice guidelines have been published to minimize the likelihood of directly encountering vulnerable arterial structures. However, retrograde flow into a vertebral or medullary artery has not been considered in the literature.
  
  
  METHODS
  This case demonstrates retrograde flow into a common arterial trunk with subsequent antegrade flow of intravenous contrast into a thoracic spinal artery during thoracic transforaminal injection.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Antegrade flow of particulate steroids through direct cannulation of a vertebral or medullary artery has been advocated as one explanation for complications involving brain or spinal cord infarction. The possibility of retrograde flow into a common arterial trunk with subsequent antegrade flow into vulnerable arteries should also be considered as a possible mechanism by which embolic spinal cord or brain injury may occur.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Retrograde flow into medullary or vertebral arteries without direct cannulation can occur, and provides an alternative mechanism of potential injury to the spinal cord or brain during transforaminal injections.
authors.affiliation: Bellingham Spine Pain Specialists, PS, 2075 Barkley Blvd., Suite 110, Bellingham, Washington 98226, USA. wyin@bellinghamspine.com
authors.forename: Way
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Yin
authors.forename: Nikolai
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Bogduk
mesh_terms: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D000328:Adult; D001158:Arteries / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020520:Brain Infarction / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D003287:Contrast Media / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects; D005260:Female; D005471:Fluoroscopy; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease / Q000517:prevention & control; D007269:Injections, Intra-Arterial / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000150:complications; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013116:Spinal Cord / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D020760:Spinal Cord Ischemia / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000517:prevention & control; D013904:Thoracic Vertebrae / Q000098:blood supply* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014711:Vertebral Artery / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D000305:Adrenal Cortex Hormones; D003287:Contrast Media