title: The impact of introducing patient co-payments in Germany on the use of IVF and ICSI: a price-elasticity of demand assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Authorities concerned by rising healthcare costs have a tendency to target reproductive treatments because of the perception that infertility is a low priority. In 2004 German health authorities introduced a 50% co-payment for patients, in an effort to save cost. We explored the impact of this pricing policy on the utilization of reproductive treatments in Germany.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using aggregated annual in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle data in Germany, we evaluated the relationship between changes in the number of cycles in relation to changes in costs faced by consumers following the introduction of a patient co-payment from 'no fees' to 1500-2000 euros by estimating the short-run price-elasticity of demand. The impact of introducing patient co-payments for IVF/ICSI on the likelihood of switching to other low-cost fertility treatments was evaluated using the cross-price elasticity methodology. RESULTS The reduction in demand for IVF and ICSI cycles in the year following the introduction of patient co-payments resulted in elasticities of -0.41 and -0.34, respectively. The price-elasticity for the combined reduction of IVF/ICSI in relation to the co-payment was estimated to be -0.36. The cross-price elasticity for clomifene was close to zero (-0.01) suggesting that demand for these interventions are independent of each other and no substitution occurred.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We report price elasticities for IVF and ICSI of -0.41 and -0.34 after introducing a 500-2000 euros co-payment. These findings likely represent short-run elasticities that are likely to vary over time as factors that influence the supply and demand for fertility treatments change.
authors.affiliation: Unit of PharmacoEpidemiology & PharmacoEconomics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. mark@gmasoln.com
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Connolly
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Griesinger
authors.forename: W
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Ledger
authors.forename: M J
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Postma
mesh_terms: D017046:Cost Savings; D017047:Cost Sharing; D005307:Fertilization in Vitro / Q000191:economics*; D005858:Germany; D006801:Humans; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D020554:Sperm Injections, Intracytoplasmic / Q000191:economics*