title: Postural responses explored through classical conditioning.
abstract: The purpose of the study was to determine whether the central nervous system (CNS) requires the sensory feedback generated by balance perturbations in order to trigger postural responses (PRs). In Experiment 1, twenty-one participants experienced toes-up support-surface tilts in two blocks. Control blocks involved unexpected balance perturbations whereas an auditory tone cued the onset of balance perturbations in Conditioning blocks. A single Cue-Only trial followed each block (Cue-Only(Control) and Cue-Only(Conditioning) trials) in the absence of balance perturbations. Cue-Only(Conditioning) trials were used to determine whether postural perturbations were required in order to trigger PRs. Counter-balancing the order of Control and Conditioning blocks allowed Cue-Only(Control) trials to examine both the audio-spinal/acoustic startle effects of the auditory cue and the carryover effects of the initial conditioning procedure. In Experiment 2, six participants first experienced five consecutive Tone-Only trials that were followed by twenty-five conditioning trials. After conditioning, five Tone-Only trials were again presented consecutively to first elicit and then extinguish the conditioned PRs. Surface electromyography (EMG) recorded muscle activity in soleus (SOL), tibialis anterior (TA) and rectus femoris (RF). EMG onset latencies and amplitudes were calculated together with the onset latency, peak and time-to-peak of shank angular accelerations. Results indicated that an auditory cue could be conditioned to initiate PRs in multiple muscles without balance-relevant sensory triggers generated by balance perturbations. Postural synergies involving excitation of TA and RF and inhibition of SOL were observed following the Cue-Only(Conditioning) trials that resulted in shank angular accelerations in the direction required to counter the expected toes-up tilt. Postural synergies were triggered in response to the auditory cue even 15 min post-conditioning. Furthermore, conditioned PRs were quickly extinguished as participants became unresponsive by the third trial in extinction. In conclusion, our results reveal that the CNS does not require sensory feedback from postural perturbations in order to trigger PRs.
authors.affiliation: School of Human Kinetics, Osborne Centre Unit II, 6108 Thunderbird Boulevard, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z3.
authors.forename: A D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Campbell
authors.forename: C J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Dakin
authors.forename: M G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Carpenter
mesh_terms: D000161:Acoustic Stimulation; D000328:Adult; D003213:Conditioning, Psychological / Q000502:physiology*; D003463:Cues; D004576:Electromyography; D005108:Extinction, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D056228:Feedback, Sensory / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009119:Muscle Contraction / Q000502:physiology; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000294:innervation / Q000502:physiology*; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology*; D011187:Posture / Q000502:physiology*; D012018:Reflex / Q000502:physiology; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult