title: Surrogate outcomes in health technology assessment: an international comparison.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to review the recommendations given by health technology assessment (HTA) institutions in their methodological guidelines concerning the use of surrogate outcomes in their assessments. In a second step, we aimed at quantifying the role surrogate parameters take in assessment reports.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed methodological papers and guidelines from HTA agencies with International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment membership as well as from institutions related to pharmaceutical regulation (i.e., reimbursement, pricing). We analyzed the use of surrogate outcomes in a sample of HTA reports randomly drawn from the HTA database. We checked methods, results (including evidence tables), and conclusions sections and extracted the outcomes reported. We report descriptive statistics on the presence of surrogate outcomes in the reports.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We identified thirty-four methodological guidelines, twenty of them addressing the issue of outcome parameter choice and the problematic of surrogate outcomes. Overall HTA agencies call on caution regarding the reliance on surrogate outcomes. None of the agencies has provided a list or catalog of acceptable and validated surrogate outcomes. We extracted the outcome parameter of 140 HTA reports. Only around half of the reports determined the outcomes for the assessment prospectively. Surrogate outcomes had been used in 62 percent of the reports. However, only 3.6 percent were based upon surrogate outcomes exclusively. All of them assessed diagnostic or screening technologies and the surrogate outcomes were predominantly test characteristics.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HTA institutions seem to agree on a cautious approach to the use of surrogate outcomes in technology assessment. Thorough assessment of health technologies should not rely exclusively on surrogate outcomes.
authors.affiliation: Health Care Management, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany. marcial.velasco@tuberlin.de
authors.forename: Marcial
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Velasco Garrido
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangiapane
mesh_terms: D015415:Biomarkers; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D038622:Internationality; D013673:Technology Assessment, Biomedical
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers