title: Sun angle time windows for absconding by the dwarf honeybee, Apis florea.
abstract: In Asia, the red dwarf honeybee, Apis florea, is notorious for its absconding habit. Interestingly, such colonies show a bimodal frequency distribution about a noonday lull throughout the year. Because slight errors in reading the relative position of the sun near its zenith results in very large orientation errors in the waggle dances of other honeybees in the tropics, we postulated that the frequency distribution of absconding in the red dwarf honeybee relative to local clock time could be explained in similar fashion. The frequency distribution of absconding by the red dwarf honeybee with respect to time was found to be bimodal with a pronounced lull at noonday, which in turn is related to the altitude angle of the sun. So, these bees largely avoid flying off between 12:00h and 13:00h on the one hand and that their preferred departure angle of the sun is between 55 degrees and 65 degrees on the other. Given the difficulties of taking an accurate reading of the sun at angles +/-6 degrees of the sun's zenith (resulting in a 1h loss around noon) and the 2h required to reach consensus over the final direction to be flown, the bees are simply left with two time windows, morning and afternoon, in which to abscond and, indeed some 90% of the red dwarf honeybee colonies do so. The noonday lull is not associated with high temperatures for any given day. Absconding is not inhibited by high temperatures.
authors.affiliation: King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Ratchaburi Campus, Bangkok, Thailand.
authors.forename: Orawan
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Duangphakdee
authors.forename: Sarah E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Radloff
authors.forename: Christian W W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Pirk
authors.forename: Randall
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hepburn
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001516:Bees / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D005426:Flight, Animal; D013472:Sunlight