title: Biocompatible ionic liquids: a new approach for stabilizing proteins in liquid formulation.
abstract: Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown excellent promise as both solutes and solvents for stabilizing proteins at room temperature. Because many modern drugs are protein-based, these stabilizing characteristics have great potential to provide advances in the field of liquid formulation of therapeutic proteins. However, before these developments can be translated into clinical solutions it is essential to establish data related to the biocompatibility of these ILs. The current work investigates the cytotoxicity of several ILs that were rationally synthesized from natural biomolecules and compounds that have already been approved as excipients for drug formulations. The effect of choline dihydrogen phosphate (choline dhp), choline saccharinate, and 1-butyl 3-methyl imidazolium lactate (bmim lactate) on the metabolic activity of a mouse macrophage cell line (J774) was assessed using the reduction in resazurin as an indicator of activity and, by extension, viability. Two formulations of lysozyme (10 mg/ml and 100 mg/ml) in 80 wt % choline dhp (aq) were prepared and the proteins were evaluated for structural stability immediately following formulation and again at 1 month. Equivalent formulations in 0.1 M Na acetate aqueous buffer were evaluated as controls. A differential scanning microcalorimeter (DSC) was used to evaluate the structural stability on the basis of the unfolding temperature and the enthalpy of unfolding, and a micrococcus lysodiekticus activity test was used to evaluate functional activity. All compounds were found to be relatively benign, with toxicity increasing in the order choline dhp<choline saccharinate<bmim lactate. At 1 month lysozyme that had been stored in choline dhp had a higher activity and folded fraction than lysozyme that had been stored in aqueous buffer. These results suggest that biocompatibility and protein stabilization characteristics can be rationally designed into ionic liquids.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA. rmkemp@uncc.edu
authors.forename: Regina M
authors.initials: RM
authors.lastname: Vrikkis
authors.forename: Kevin J
authors.initials: KJ
authors.lastname: Fraser
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Douglas R
authors.initials: DR
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Gloria D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Elliott
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D001704:Biopolymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D052578:Ionic Liquids / Q000737:chemistry*; D008956:Models, Chemical; D011506:Proteins / Q000737:chemistry*; D012996:Solutions
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001704:Biopolymers; D052578:Ionic Liquids; D011506:Proteins; D012996:Solutions