title: Phosphorylation of histone H3 by protein kinase C signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of the developmentally important TBX2 gene.
abstract: The mechanism(s) regulating the expression of the TBX2 gene, a key regulator of development, is poorly understood and thus limits an understanding of its function(s). Here we demonstrate that 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induces TBX2 expression in normal human fibroblasts in a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent and MAPK-independent manner. Our data further reveal that TPA activates transcription of TBX2 through activating MSK1, which leads to an increase in phosphorylated histone H3 and the recruitment of Sp1 to the TBX2 gene. In addition, TPA was shown to activate MSK1 in a PKC-dependent and MAPK-independent manner. This study is the first to provide evidence that phosphorylation of histone H3 leads to the transcriptional activation of the TBX2 gene and to link MSK1 to PKC.
authors.affiliation: Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925 Cape Town, South Africa.
authors.forename: Huajian
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Teng
authors.forename: Reyna Deeya
authors.initials: RD
authors.lastname: Ballim
authors.forename: Shaheen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mowla
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Prince
mesh_terms: D001665:Binding Sites / Q000235:genetics; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002460:Cell Line; D047369:Chromatin Immunoprecipitation; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006657:Histones / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D007093:Imidazoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008301:Maleimides / Q000494:pharmacology; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011485:Protein Binding; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011725:Pyridines / Q000494:pharmacology; D034622:RNA Interference; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012694:Serine / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D005419:Flavonoids; D006657:Histones; D007093:Imidazoles; D007211:Indoles; D008301:Maleimides; D011725:Pyridines; D016329:Sp1 Transcription Factor; C097348:T-Box Domain Protein 2; D020825:T-Box Domain Proteins; D012694:Serine; D038744:Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 90-kDa; C116919:mitogen and stress-activated protein kinase 1; D011493:Protein Kinase C; D020928:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; C070515:bisindolylmaleimide I; D013755:Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate; C093642:SB 203580; C093973:2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one