title: Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor inhibitor on proliferation and invasion in bladder cancer.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors are major regulators of cancer cell growth and metastases. We investigated the association between serum VEGF levels and clinicopathological parameters in bladder cancer patients. We also evaluated the effects of VEGF and its receptor inhibitor on proliferation and invasion in bladder cancer cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  Serum VEGF levels were measured in 52 patients with bladder cancer and 45 healthy controls. In highly invasive bladder cancer cell lines (T-24, UMUC-3 and J82), we assessed the effect of VEGF on proliferation and invasion of bladder cancer cell lines. The effect of VEGF receptor (VEGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor against bladder cancer cell lines was also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum levels of VEGF were significantly higher in patients with muscular invasive bladder cancer than in patients with superficial bladder cancer (p < 0.005). VEGF increased tumor proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in all cell lines. VEGFR-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor inhibited proliferation in all three cell lines, and inhibited invasion in T24.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In bladder cancer, the serum VEGF level correlates significantly with muscular invasiveness. This study suggests that VEGF promotes tumor proliferation and invasion through VEGFR-2. VEGF-targeted therapy may be effective in treating invasive bladder cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan. ryo_yah3@yahoo.co.jp
authors.forename: Ryoichi
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Nakanishi
authors.forename: Natsuo
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Oka
authors.forename: Hiroyoshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Nakatsuji
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Koizumi
authors.forename: Manabu
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sakaki
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Takahashi
authors.forename: Tomoharu
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fukumori
authors.forename: Hiro-omi
authors.initials: HO
authors.lastname: Kanayama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002295:Carcinoma, Transitional Cell / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D002934:Cinnamates / Q000494:pharmacology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000097:blood / Q000473:pathology*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000097:blood / Q000494:pharmacology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D002934:Cinnamates; C483044:SU 1498; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; D066246:ErbB Receptors