Capillary morphogenesis protein-2 is the major receptor mediating lethality of anthrax toxin in vivo.
Anthrax toxin, a major virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, gains entry into target cells by binding to either of 2 von Willebrand factor A domain-containing proteins, tumor endothelium marker-8 (TEM8) and capillary morphogenesis protein-2 (CMG2). The wide tissue expression of TEM8 and CMG2 suggest that both receptors could play a role in anthrax pathogenesis. To explore the roles of TEM8 and CMG2 in normal physiology, as well as in anthrax pathogenesis, we generated TEM8- and CMG2-null mice and TEM8/CMG2 double-null mice by deleting TEM8 and CMG2 transmembrane domains. TEM8 and CMG2 were found to be dispensable for mouse development and life, but both are essential in female reproduction in mice. We found that the lethality of anthrax toxin for mice is mostly mediated by CMG2 and that TEM8 plays only a minor role. This is likely because anthrax toxin has approximately 11-fold higher affinity for CMG2 than for TEM8. Finally, the CMG2-null mice are also shown to be highly resistant to B. anthracis spore infection, attesting to the importance of both anthrax toxin and CMG2 in anthrax infections.
Liu
Shihui
S
Bacterial Toxins and Therapeutics Section, Laboratory of Bacterial Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA. shliu@niaid.nih.gov
Crown
Devorah
D
Miller-Randolph
Sharmina
S
Moayeri
Mahtab
M
Wang
Hailun
H
Hu
Haijing
H
Morley
Thomas
T
Leppla
Stephen H
SH
D000818:Animals; D000881:Anthrax / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000382:microbiology; D000942:Antigens, Bacterial / Q000378:metabolism*; D001408:Bacillus anthracis / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000502:physiology; D001427:Bacterial Toxins / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D005260:Female; D005347:Fibroblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D015870:Gene Expression; D020043:Genes, Essential / Q000235:genetics; D054884:Host-Pathogen Interactions; D008297:Male; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018000:Receptors, Peptide / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D013171:Spores, Bacterial / Q000254:growth & development
D000942:Antigens, Bacterial; C523012:Antxr1 protein, mouse; C523013:Antxr2 protein, mouse; D001427:Bacterial Toxins; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D011956:Receptors, Cell Surface; D018000:Receptors, Peptide; C030325:anthrax toxin