title: The effect of rising and sitting trot on back movements and head-neck position of the horse.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During trot, the rider can either rise from the saddle during every stride or remain seated. Rising trot is used frequently because it is widely assumed that it decreases the loading of the equine back. This has, however, not been demonstrated in an objective study.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of rising and sitting trot on the movements of the horse.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Sitting trot has more extending effect on the horse's back than rising trot and also results in a higher head and neck position.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twelve horses and one rider were used. Kinematic data were captured at trot during over ground locomotion under 3 conditions: unloaded, rising trot and sitting trot. Back movements were calculated using a previously described method with a correction for trunk position. Head-neck position was xpressed as extension and flexion of C1, C3 and C6, and vertical displacement of C1 and the bit.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sitting trot had an overall extending effect on the back of horses when compared to the unloaded situation. In rising trot: the maximal flexion of the back was similar to the unloaded situation, while the maximal extension was similar to sitting trot; lateral bending of the back was larger than during the unloaded situation and sitting trot; and the horses held their heads lower than in the other conditions. The angle of C6 was more flexed in rising than in sitting trot.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The back movement during rising trot showed characteristics of both sitting trot and the unloaded condition. As the same maximal extension of the back is reached during rising and sitting trot, there is no reason to believe that rising trot was less challenging for the back.
authors.affiliation: Experimental Zoology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen UR, PO Box 338, NL 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: De Cocq
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Prinsen
authors.forename: N C N
authors.initials: NC
authors.lastname: Springer
authors.forename: P R
authors.initials: PR
authors.lastname: van Weeren
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Schreuder
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Muller
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: van Leeuwen
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001415:Back / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D005260:Female; D005684:Gait / Q000502:physiology; D006257:Head; D006736:Horses / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology*; D009333:Neck; D011187:Posture