title: Orofacial pain in young adults and associated childhood and adulthood factors: results of the population study, Wales, United Kingdom.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of orofacial pain (OFP) among young adults (30-31 years old) and to determine the effect of childhood and adulthood risk factors on the occurrence of OFP.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective cohort study to investigate dental and social effects of malocclusion and effectiveness of orthodontic treatment was conducted in Wales, United Kingdom. At 20-year follow-up 337 subjects aged 30-31 participated (74% from previous follow-up aged 19-20 and 33% from the baseline) and were asked about OFP.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of OFP was 23% (95% CI: 19%, 28%). Childhood factors, socio-demographic, lifestyle, health behavior factors, history of orthodontic treatment and tooth wear were not associated with OFP. Participants with OFP were more likely to report that their teeth did not fit together properly [odds ratio (OR) = 12.4, 95% CI: 2.7-56.5) and reported previous trauma to the jaws (2.3; 1.3-4.2). Both diurnal and nocturnal teeth clenching and grinding were significantly associated with OFP (3.1; 1.4-7.1). Participants with frequent headaches had increased risk of having OFP (3.7; 1.6-8.4) while having reported 4-10 types of pain in other parts of the body other than the head, was associated with OR = 9.2 (3.7-23.0). An increased tendency to have OFP was seen in those individuals with higher levels of psychological distress (2.3; 1.4-3.9), high score on Life Event Inventory (2.6; 1.3-5.3), depressive symptoms (2.2; 1.2-4.0) and stress (2.2; 1.2-4.0). High self-esteem associated with lower risk of OFP (0.5; 0.3-0.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study shows that OFP is frequently reported by young adults aged 30-31 and supports a multifactorial etiology with factors from many domains, including local mechanical factors, psychological and co-morbidities. However, none of the childhood factors considered in this study were associated with OFP in adulthood.
authors.affiliation: Aberdeen Pain Research Collaboration, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Aberdeen, Polwarth Building, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland. Tatiana.Macfarlane@abdn.ac.uk
authors.forename: Tatiana V
authors.initials: TV
authors.lastname: Macfarlane
authors.forename: Pamela
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Kenealy
authors.forename: H Anne
authors.initials: HA
authors.lastname: Kingdon
authors.forename: Benght
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mohlin
authors.forename: J Richard
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Pilley
authors.forename: Caroline W
authors.initials: CW
authors.lastname: Mwangi
authors.forename: Lindsay
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hunter
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richmond
authors.forename: William C
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Shaw
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D002648:Child; D015331:Cohort Studies; D015897:Comorbidity; D005157:Facial Pain / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D015438:Health Behavior; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D015995:Prevalence; D011581:Psychological Tests; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013704:Temporomandibular Joint / Q000502:physiology; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology; D014852:Wales / Q000453:epidemiology