title: Psychological problems and family functioning as risk factors in addiction.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of the present research was to determine the role of family functioning and psychological problems of drug addicts and non addicts by assessing the difference between the two groups. After detailed literature review it was hypothesized that scores on the variable of communication, affective expression and control among family members of addicts will be higher than non addicts. Furthermore scores on the variables of anger control problems, emotional distress and positive self will also be higher of addicts.
  
  
  METHODS
  This was a cohort study. A cluster sampling method was used. Sample of present research consisted of 240 adolescents divided into two groups of 120 addicts and 120 non-addicts each from different socio-economic status. General scale of Family Assessment Measure-Version III (FAM-III) was administered in order to measure the level of communication, value and norms whereas dyadic Relationship Scale was used to measure affective expression and control among the family members of addicts and non addicts. Renold Adolescent Adjustment Screening Inventory was administered in order to assess anger control problems, emotional distress and positive self in addicts and non addicts. t-test was calculated in order to determine the difference in the level of communication, value and norms, affective expression and control among families of addicts and non addicts. Furthermore difference in anger control problems, emotional distress and positive self between the addicts and non addicts was also determined by calculating t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed significant differences in the variables among the family members and there is also a significant difference between addicts and non addicts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Avenues for further research have been suggested.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medical Education, Isra University, Hyderabad, Pakistan. sajida_agha@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sajida
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Agha
authors.forename: Hamid
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zia
authors.forename: Syed
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Irfan
mesh_terms: D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D005191:Family Characteristics; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D012307:Risk Factors; D012494:Sampling Studies; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires