title: Sustained release of neuron-specific enolase to serum in amateur boxers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We assess the potential of a panel of serum biomarkers to identify chronic neuronal injury in amateur boxers as compared to healthy controls without any history of head trauma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Observational case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A panel of serum biomarkers was measured by a novel biochip array technique on the Evidence Investigator. Serum samples were taken after a 2-month period of nonparticipation in boxing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Boxers had higher serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE, median [range] 11 [2.3-41] ng/mL) than controls (4.8 [0.78-27] ng/mL, p = 0.014) but unchanged levels of the other brain damage biomarker candidates, S-100B, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and heart-type fatty acid binding protein.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The more than doubled median serum level of NSE in boxers after an extended resting period suggests that repetitive head trauma results in sustained release of this brain-specific protein to the peripheral circulation.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden. henrik.zetterberg@gu.se
authors.forename: Henrik
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Zetterberg
authors.forename: Fatih
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Tanriverdi
authors.forename: Kursad
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Unluhizarci
authors.forename: Ahmet
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Selcuklu
authors.forename: Fahrettin
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kelestimur
authors.forename: Kaj
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Blennow
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001914:Boxing / Q000293:injuries*; D001930:Brain Injuries / Q000097:blood / Q000201:enzymology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000097:blood*; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase