title: Why do elders delay responding to heart failure symptoms?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Elders with heart failure (HF) are at risk for frequent hospitalizations for symptom management. Repeated admissions are partly related to delay in responding to HF symptoms. Contextual factors such as prior illness experiences and social/emotional factors may affect symptom interpretation and response. The Self-Regulation Model of Illness guided this study as it acknowledges the dynamic nature of illness and influence of contextual factors and social environment on the interpretation and response to symptoms.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this study was to describe contextual factors related to symptom recognition and response among elders hospitalized with decompensated HF.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mixed-methods design was used. The HF Symptom Perception Scale (physical factors), Specific Activity Scale (functional performance), and Response to Symptoms Questionnaire (cognitive/emotional factors) were administered to participants aged >or=65 years. Symptom duration and clinical details were collected by interview and chart review. Open-ended questions addressing the symptom experience, including the context in which symptoms occurred, were audiotaped, transcribed, analyzed, and compared across cases to inform the quantitative data.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The convenience sample (n = 77) was 48% female, 85.7% were non-Hispanic White, and mean age was 75.9 years (SD = 7.7 years). Functional performance was low (81% class III/IV). The most frequently reported symptoms were dyspnea, dyspnea on exertion, and fatigue. Median duration of early symptoms of HF decompensation was 5 to 7 days, but dyspnea duration ranged from 30 minutes to 90 days before action was taken. Longer dyspnea duration was associated with higher physical symptom distress (r = .30) and lower anxiety (r = -.31). Sensing and attributing meaning to early symptoms of HF decompensation were problematic.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The physical symptom experience and the cognitive and emotional response to HF symptoms were inadequate for timely care seeking for most of this older aged sample.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8240, USA. corrine.jurgens@stonybrook.edu
authors.forename: Corrine Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Jurgens
authors.forename: Linda
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Hoke
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Byrnes
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Riegel
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001364:Awareness; D003071:Cognition; D004417:Dyspnea / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D004644:Emotions; D005221:Fatigue / Q000209:etiology / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000150:complications / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009519:New York City; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D015143:Philadelphia; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology