title: Numerical and experimental simulation of the effect of long bone fracture healing stages on ultrasound transmission across an idealized fracture.
abstract: The effect of various stages of fracture healing on the amplitude of 200 kHz ultrasonic waves propagating along cortical bone plates and across an idealized fracture has been modeled numerically and experimentally. A simple, water-filled, transverse fracture was used to simulate the inflammatory stage. Next, a symmetric external callus was added to represent the repair stage, while a callus of reducing size was used to simulate the remodeling stage. The variation in the first arrival signal amplitude across the fracture site was calculated and compared with data for an intact plate in order to calculate the fracture transmission loss (FTL) in decibels. The inclusion of the callus reduced the fracture loss. The most significant changes were calculated to occur from the initial inflammatory phase to the formation of a callus (with the FTL reducing from 6.3 to between 5.5 and 3.5 dB, depending on the properties of the callus) and in the remodeling phase where, after a 50% reduction in the size of the callus, the FTL reduced to between 2.0 and 1.3 dB. Qualitatively, the experimental results follow the model predictions. The change in signal amplitude with callus geometry and elastic properties could potentially be used to monitor the healing process.
authors.affiliation: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Orthopaedic Biomechanics, University of Bath, Bath, Avon, United Kingdom.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Gheduzzi
authors.forename: S P
authors.initials: SP
authors.lastname: Dodd
authors.forename: A W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Miles
authors.forename: V F
authors.initials: VF
authors.lastname: Humphrey
authors.forename: J L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Cunningham
mesh_terms: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D001842:Bone and Bones / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000293:injuries; D002146:Bony Callus / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology; D003198:Computer Simulation; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D004548:Elasticity; D017102:Fracture Healing / Q000502:physiology*; D050723:Fractures, Bone / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D014465:Ultrasonics; D014463:Ultrasonography
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials