title: Ginsenoside Rh2-mediated G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells is caused by p15 Ink4B and p27 Kip1-dependent inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Present study was undertaken to gain insights into the mechanism of cell cycle arrest by ginseng saponin ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2) using MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cell viability and cell cycle distribution were determined by trypan blue dye exclusion assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Immunoblotting was performed to determine changes in protein levels. Knockdown of desired protein was achieved by transfection with small interfering RNA (siRNA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Rh2 treatment significantly inhibited viability of both cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which correlated with G(0)/G(1) phase cell cycle arrest. Rh2-mediated cell cycle arrest was accompanied by down-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdk) and cyclins leading to decreased interaction between cyclin D1 and Cdk4/Cdk6 and increased recruitment of p15(Ink4B) and p27(Kip1) to cyclin D1/Cdk4 and cyclin D1/Cdk6 complexes. In addition, Rh2 treatment markedly reduced the levels of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein (P-Rb) and decreased transcriptional activity of E2F1 in luciferase reporter assay. Rh2-induced cell cycle arrest was significantly attenuated by knockdown of p15(Ink4B) and/or p27(Kip1) proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rh2-mediated cell cycle arrest in human breast cancer cells is caused by p15(Ink4B) and p27(Kip1)-dependent inhibition of kinase activities of G(1)-S specific Cdks/cyclin complexes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Life Science, Hallym University, Gangwon-do, Korea. sachoi@hallym.ac.kr
authors.forename: Sunga
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Choi
authors.forename: Tae Woong
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Shivendra V
authors.initials: SV
authors.lastname: Singh
mesh_terms: D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology*; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15 / Q000172:deficiency / Q000378:metabolism*; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D005260:Female; D016193:G1 Phase / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D055785:Gene Knockdown Techniques / Q000379:methods; D036145:Ginsenosides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D006801:Humans; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use
chemical_list: D050762:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p15; D036145:Ginsenosides; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D050760:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27; C055305:ginsenoside Rh2; D018844:Cyclin-Dependent Kinases