title: A comparative analysis of pollinator type and pollen ornamentation in the Araceae and the Arecaceae, two unrelated families of the monocots.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The high diversity of ornamentation type in pollen grains of angiosperms has often been suggested to be linked to diversity in pollination systems. It is commonly stated that smooth pollen grains are associated with wind or water pollination while sculptured pollen grains are associated with biotic pollination. We tested the statistical significance of an association between pollen ornamentation and pollination system in two families of the monocotyledons, the Araceae and the Arecaceae, taking into account the phylogenetic framework.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Character optimization was carried out with the Maximum Parsimony method and two different methods of comparative analysis were used: the Concentrated-Change test and the Discrete method. The ancestral ornamentation in Araceae is foveolate/reticulate. It is probably the same in Arecaceae. The ancestral flowers of Araceae were pollinated by beetles while ancestral pollination in Arecaceae is equivocal. A correlation between ornamentation type and pollination was highlighted in Araceae although the results slightly differ depending on the method and the options chosen for performing the analyses. No correlation was found in palms.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this study, we show that the relationships between the ornamentation type and the pollination system depend on the family and hence vary among taxonomic groups. We also show that the method chosen may strongly influence the results.
authors.affiliation: Univ Paris-Sud, Laboratoire Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR 9079, Orsay, F-91405, France. julie.sannier@gmail.com
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sannier
authors.forename: William J
authors.initials: WJ
authors.lastname: Baker
authors.forename: Marie-Charlotte
authors.initials: MC
authors.lastname: Anstett
authors.forename: Sophie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nadot