title: In vitro studies on the inhibition of colon cancer by butyrate and carnitine.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Epidemiologic studies support an association between diet and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid present in dietary fiber and dairy products, is a potential anticarcinogenic compound. We previously showed that carnitine can enhance the bioavailability of butyrate in vivo. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of butyrate alone and in combination with carnitine on colon cancer cells in vitro, examining proliferation and apoptosis and the molecular mechanisms by which these nutrients may inhibit colon cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  Caco-2 cells, a well-established cell model, were incubated with butyrate (2.5-20mM) with or without carnitine (10mM) for various incubation periods. Proliferation was measured by incorporation of (3)H-thymidine, and apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, and then confirmed by analyzing the presence of single-strand DNA breaks typical of apoptotic cells. Prostaglandin E(2) production was assayed and Bcl-2 and cyclo-oxygenase-2 expressions were examined by western blotting.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Butyrate and carnitine inhibited Caco-2 cell proliferation (P<0.05) and induced apoptosis (P<0.05). Prostaglandin E(2) production was decreased in treated Caco-2 cells. At the molecular level, the expression of proapoptotic Bax and Bak proteins were increased in cells incubated with butyrate and carnitine, whereas expression of antiapoptotic Bcl-x(L) was decreased. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression was decreased in cells incubated with butyrate and carnitine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Butyrate and carnitine inhibit human colon carcinoma cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in human colon carcinoma cells. This is accompanied by an appreciable alteration of the Bax-to-Bcl-x(L) and Bak-to-Bcl-x(L) ratios in favor of apoptosis. This study provides a scientific rationale to study the effects of carnitine and butyrate in colon cancer in vivo.
authors.affiliation: Research Center, Sainte Justine Hospital, Department of Nutrition, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
authors.forename: Marie-Josée
authors.initials: MJ
authors.lastname: Roy
authors.forename: Serge
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Dionne
authors.forename: George
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Marx
authors.forename: Ijaz
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Qureshi
authors.forename: Dittakavi
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sarma
authors.forename: Emile
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Levy
authors.forename: Ernest G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Seidman
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy*; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002087:Butyrates / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D018938:Caco-2 Cells; D002331:Carnitine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects; D003106:Colon / Q000187:drug effects*; D003110:Colonic Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy*; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D053960:DNA Breaks / Q000187:drug effects; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D006801:Humans; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 / Q000378:metabolism; D013936:Thymidine / Q000378:metabolism; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein / Q000378:metabolism; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C494772:BAK1 protein, human; C494826:BAX protein, human; D002087:Butyrates; D019253:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2; D050998:bcl-2 Homologous Antagonist-Killer Protein; D051028:bcl-2-Associated X Protein; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D002331:Carnitine; D013936:Thymidine