title: Identification of suitable reference genes for gene expression studies of human serous ovarian cancer by real-time polymerase chain reaction.
abstract: Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) has proven to be a valuable molecular technique in gene expression quantification. Target gene expression levels are usually normalized to a stably expressed reference gene simultaneously determined in the same sample. It is critical to select optimal reference genes to interpret data generated by RT-qPCR. However, no suitable reference genes have been identified in human ovarian cancer to date. In this study, 10 housekeeping genes, ACTB, ALAS1, GAPDH, GUSB, HPRT1, PBGD, PPIA, PUM1, RPL29, and TBP as well as 18S rRNA that were already used in various studies were analyzed to determine their applicability. Totally 20 serous ovarian cancer specimens and 20 normal ovarian epithelial tissue specimens were examined. All candidate reference genes showed significant differences in expression between malignant and nonmalignant groups except GUSB, PPIA, and TBP. The expression stability and suitability of the 11 genes were validated employing geNorm and NormFinder. GUSB, PPIA, and TBP were demonstrated as the most stable reference genes and thus could be used as reference genes for normalization in gene profiling studies of serous ovarian cancer, while the combination of two genes (GUSB and PPIA) or the all three genes should be recommended as a much more reliable normalization strategy.
authors.affiliation: Women's Reproductive Health Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Xueshi Rd. No. 2, Hangzhou 310006, China.
authors.forename: Yan-Li
authors.initials: YL
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Feng
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Ye
authors.forename: Ying
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Hu
authors.forename: Wei-Guo
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Lu
authors.forename: Xing
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xie
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; D006801:Humans; D008875:Middle Aged; D018297:Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010051:Ovarian Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology / Q000473:pathology; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011786:Quality Control; D012015:Reference Standards; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012984:Software; D013997:Time Factors