title: Developmental emergence of power-law wake behavior depends upon the functional integrity of the locus coeruleus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Daily amounts of sleep and wakefulness are accumulated in discrete bouts that exhibit distinct statistical properties. In adult mammals, sleep bout durations follow an exponential distribution whereas wake bout durations follow a power-law distribution. In infant Norway rats, however, wake bouts initially follow an exponential distribution and only transition to a power-law distribution beginning around postnatal day 15 (P15). Here we test the hypothesis that the locus coeruleus (LC), one of several wake-active nuclei in the brainstem, contributes to this developmental transition.
  
  
  METHODS
  At P7, rats were injected subcutaneously with saline or DSP-4, a neurotoxin that targets noradrenergic (NA) LC terminals. Then, at P21, sleep and wakefulness during the day and night were monitored. The effectiveness of DSP-4 treatment was verified by measuring NA, dopamine (DA), and serotonin (5-HT) concentration in cortical and non-cortical tissue using high performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In relation to controls, subjects treated with DSP-4 exhibited significant reductions only in cortical and non-cortical NA concentration. Consistent with our hypothesis, the wake bout durations of DSP-4 subjects more closely followed an exponential distribution, whereas those of control subjects followed the expected power-law distribution. Sleep bout distributions were unaffected by DSP-4.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the fundamental developmental transition in the statistical structure of wake bout durations is effected in part by changes in noradrenergic LC functioning. Considered within the domain of network theory, the hub-like connectivity of the LC may have important implications for the maintenance of network function in the face of random or targeted neural degeneration.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Gall
authors.forename: Badal
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Joshi
authors.forename: Janet
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Best
authors.forename: Virginia R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Florang
authors.forename: Jonathan A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Doorn
authors.forename: Mark S
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Blumberg
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D001596:Benzylamines / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D002940:Circadian Rhythm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism; D004576:Electromyography; D005260:Female; D008125:Locus Coeruleus / Q000502:physiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009638:Norepinephrine / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D012701:Serotonin / Q000378:metabolism; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D001596:Benzylamines; D014179:Neurotransmitter Uptake Inhibitors; D012701:Serotonin; D012965:Sodium Chloride; C012102:DSP 4; D004298:Dopamine; D009638:Norepinephrine