title: In vivo MRI cell tracking: clinical studies.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this review is to describe the principles of MRI cell tracking with superparamagnetic iron oxides and the four clinical trials that have been performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Clinical MRI cell tracking is likely to become an important tool at the bedside once (stem) cell therapy becomes mainstream. The most prominent role of this technique probably will be verification of accurate cell delivery with MRI-guided injection, in which interventional radiologists will play a role in the near future. All clinical studies described as of this writing have been performed outside the United States.
authors.affiliation: Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, Division of MR Research, Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. jwmbulte@mri.jhu.edu
authors.forename: Jeff W M
authors.initials: JW
authors.lastname: Bulte
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000818:Animals; D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D002465:Cell Movement; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000473:pathology*; D003287:Contrast Media; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000166:cytology; D005260:Female; D005290:Ferric Compounds; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D008207:Lymphatic Metastasis / Q000473:pathology; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008545:Melanoma / Q000473:pathology / Q000556:secondary / Q000628:therapy; D051379:Mice; D012878:Skin Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D013194:Staining and Labeling / Q000379:methods; D033581:Stem Cell Transplantation; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D019496:Cancer Vaccines; D003287:Contrast Media; D005290:Ferric Compounds; C000499:ferric oxide