title: Ischemic preconditioning and diazoxide limit mitochondrial Ca overload during ischemia/reperfusion: Role of reactive oxygen species.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with cardioprotection imparted by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and pharmacological PC (PPC). The authors have previously shown that IPC or PPC, using the mitochondrial ATP-sensitive K(+) channel opener diazoxide (DZ), reduce mitochondrial Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](m)) during ischemia and reperfusion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To test the hypothesis that both IPC and PPC (using DZ) lead to reduced [Ca(2+)](m) and improved functional recovery via a ROS-dependent mechanism.
  
  
  METHODS
  Intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](i)) and [Ca(2+)](m) were measured in isolated perfused rat hearts loaded with the fluorescent indicator indo-1 acetoxymethyl ester. [Ca(2+)](m) was determined by quenching the cytosolic indo-1 signal using manganese before ischemia (25 min). IPC and DZ (100 muM) group hearts were studied with and without the ROS scavenger N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine (400 muM) (2-MPG).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Both IPC and DZ significantly reduced [Ca(2+)](i) and [Ca(2+)](m) on reperfusion compared with the control. Administration of 2-MPG with washout before ischemia significantly attenuated the reduction in [Ca(2+)](m) observed on reperfusion in both the IPC and DZ groups. Additionally, the myocardial functional protection imparted by IPC or DZ was lost with the administration of 2-MPG.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The [Ca(2+)](m)-reducing effect of IPC and DZ was attenuated with the administration of 2-MPG, resulting in decreased myocardial functional performance and increased release of creatine kinase, a marker of cellular injury. It can be concluded that IPC and DZ impart their protective effect via a mechanism involving ROS generation before the ischemic episode.
authors.affiliation: Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, Davis;
authors.forename: Matt
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Eaton
authors.forename: Lisa A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Hernandez
authors.forename: Saul
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schaefer