title: Left ventricular assist device as destination therapy: application of the payment-by-results approach for the device reimbursement.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Value-based methods are increasingly used to reimburse therapeutic innovation, and the payment-by-results approach has been proposed for handling interventions with limited therapeutic evidence. Because most left ventricular assist devices are supported by preliminary efficacy data, we examined the effectiveness data of the HeartMate (Thoratec Corp, Pleasanton, CA) device to explore the application of the payment-by-results approach to these devices and to develop a model for handling reimbursements.
  
  
  METHODS
  According to our model, after establishing the societal economic countervalue for each month of life saved, each patient treated with one such device is associated to the payment of this countervalue for every month of survival lived beyond the final date of estimated life expectancy without left ventricular assist devices. Our base-case analysis, which used the published data of 68 patients who received the HeartMate device, was run with a monthly countervalue of euro 5000, no adjustment for quality of life, and a baseline life expectancy of 150 days without left ventricular assist devices. Sensitivity analysis was aimed at testing the effect of quality of life adjustments and changes in life expectancy without device.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In our base-case analysis, the mean total reimbursement per patient was euro 82,426 (range, euro 0 to euro 250,000; N = 68) generated as the sum of monthly payments. This average value was close to the current price of the HeartMate device (euro 75,000). Sensitivity testing showed that the base-case reimbursement of euro 82,426 was little influenced by variations in life expectancy, whereas variations in utility had a more pronounced impact.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our report delineates an innovative procedure for appropriately allocating economic resources in this area of invasive cardiology.
authors.affiliation: Laboratory of Pharmacoeconomics, University Hospital of Careggi, Firenze, Italy. andreamessori@interfree.it
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Messori
authors.forename: Sabrina
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Trippoli
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bonacchi
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sani
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003362:Cost-Benefit Analysis; D005060:Europe; D006353:Heart-Assist Devices / Q000191:economics*; D006801:Humans; D008017:Life Expectancy; D012051:Reimbursement Mechanisms; D026712:Value of Life