title: Neuropsychological and MRI measures predict short-term evolution in benign multiple sclerosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether neuropsychological tests and MRI measures could be used as predictors of short-term disease evolution in a population of patients with benign multiple sclerosis (B-MS).
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The definition of B-MS is controversial. Recent data suggest that neuropsychological tests and MRI measures can provide valuable information for a more correct definition and interpretation of B-MS.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-three patients with B-MS (Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS] < or =3.0 and disease duration > or =15 years) underwent neuropsychological assessment using the Rao's Brief Repeatable Neuropsychological Battery and the Stroop Test. At that time, conventional brain MRI and magnetization transfer (MT) imaging was performed. White matter lesion load, global and regional brain volumes, and MT ratio in lesions and normal-appearing brain were measured. After a mean follow-up of 5 years, patients still having an EDSS score < or =3.5 were classified as still benign, whereas patients who had developed a secondary progressive course or who had an EDSS score > or =4.0 were defined as no longer benign (NLB).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At end of follow-up, 29% of patients were classified as NLB. Male gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.9; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2-7.5; p = 0.02), number of neuropsychological tests failed (HR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-1.7; p = 0.003), and T1-weighted lesions (HR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.1-1.5; p = 0.002) were related to NLB status. In a model including these 3 variables, the NLB status was predicted with an accuracy of 82%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive assessment and MRI metrics can predict short-term disease evolution in benign multiple sclerosis (B-MS). This information can be useful to correctly identify patients with B-MS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurology, University of Florence, Italy.
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Portaccio
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Stromillo
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Goretti
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Zipoli
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Siracusa
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Battaglini
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Giorgio
authors.forename: M L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Bartolozzi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Guidi
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sorbi
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: M P
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Amato
authors.forename: N
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: De Stefano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards*; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards; D008875:Middle Aged; D009103:Multiple Sclerosis / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D009413:Nerve Fibers, Myelinated / Q000473:pathology; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000592:standards*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012720:Severity of Illness Index