title: Clinical profile, etiology and therapeutic outcome in 324 hepatocellular carcinoma patients at a tertiary care center in India.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the profile and outcome of therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data analysis of HCC patients enrolled in liver clinic between 1990 and 2005.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We registered 324 HCC patients [males 284 (88%), mean age 52.4 +/- 13.1 years]. The etiology of HCC was: hepatitis B virus 165 (51%), hepatitis C virus 38 (12%), alcohol 20 (6%), combined 31 (10%) and unknown 70 (21%). Serum alpha-fetoprotein was >400 ng in 36%, portal vein invasion was seen in 40% and distant metastases in 13%. Therapy was offered to 141 (43.5%) patients, but survival data was available in only 130 (93%) of them. Treatment given and median survival time was as follows: surgical resection, 19 months (n = 14); transarterial chemoembolization, 11 months (n = 23); transarterial rhenium therapy, 26 months (n = 7); radiofrequency ablation, 24 months (n = 4); acetic acid ablation, 13 months (n = 17); oral chemotherapy, 26 months (n = 33), and combination therapy, 26 months (n = 32). Vascular invasion, Okuda staging and therapy were independent factors associated with survival. Treated patients had longer median survival compared to untreated ones (16 months vs. 7 months, p < 0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Hepatitis B infection is the predominant cause of HCC in India. Serum alpha-fetoprotein was diagnostic in only one third of our patients. Most patients present late, when curative therapies are not possible. Treated patients had better survival than untreated ones.
authors.affiliation: Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
authors.forename: Shashi B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Paul
authors.forename: Sreenivasa Baba
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Chalamalasetty
authors.forename: Sreenivas
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Vishnubhatla
authors.forename: Kaushal
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Madan
authors.forename: Shivanand R
authors.initials: SR
authors.lastname: Gamanagatti
authors.forename: Yogesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Batra
authors.forename: Siddhartha D
authors.initials: SD
authors.lastname: Gupta
authors.forename: Subrat K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Panda
authors.forename: Subrat K
authors.initials: SK
authors.lastname: Acharya
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D005260:Female; D006509:Hepatitis B / Q000150:complications; D006801:Humans; D008099:Liver / Q000503:physiopathology; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins / Q000032:analysis
chemical_list: D000509:alpha-Fetoproteins