title: Within- and between-orchard variability in the sensitivity of Venturia inaequalis to myclobutanil, a DMI fungicide, in the UK.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Myclobutanil, a demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide, is an important fungicide for controlling apple scab and powdery mildew. Overuse of this fungicide has led to establishment of scab isolates with reduced sensitivity to this fungicide in several countries. Experiments were conducted to determine the sensitivity of the causal agent of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, to myclobutanil in the UK, in order to assess whether there is a relationship between fungal insensitivity and the number of DMI applications, and establishing whether fungal sensitivity varied greatly within an orchard.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced sensitivity of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil was positively related linearly to the number of DMI applications. ED(50) values ranged from 0.028 to 1.017 mg L(-1) (average = 0.292) for the baseline population, whereas isolates from two other orchards had much greater ED(50) values, ranging from 0.085 to 5.213 mg L(-1) (average = 1.852). There was significant variation in fungal sensitivity to myclobutanil among fungal isolates from different locations within a single orchard.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spatial spread of insensitive isolates of V. inaequalis to myclobutanil is likely to be limited in distance. Conidia may be an important source of primary inoculum. Myclobutanil should still be effective for most field isolates, but its use should be strategically integrated with other groups of fungicides.
authors.affiliation: College of Crop Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, PR China.
authors.forename: Liqiang
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Gao
authors.forename: Angela
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Berrie
authors.forename: Jiarong
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yang
authors.forename: Xiangming
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D001203:Ascomycota / Q000187:drug effects*; D005659:Fungicides, Industrial / Q000494:pharmacology*; D009570:Nitriles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D029595:Orchidaceae / Q000382:microbiology*; D010935:Plant Diseases / Q000382:microbiology*; D014230:Triazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006113:United Kingdom
chemical_list: D005659:Fungicides, Industrial; D009570:Nitriles; D014230:Triazoles; C446685:systhane