title: Predictive value of brachial flow-mediated dilation for incident cardiovascular events in a population-based study: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) predicts recurrent cardiovascular events, its predictive value for incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) events in adults free of CVD is not well established. We assessed the predictive value of FMD for incident CVD events in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Brachial artery FMD was measured in a nested case-cohort sample of 3026 of 6814 subjects (mean+/-SD age, 61.2+/-9.9 years) in MESA, a population-based cohort study of adults free of clinical CVD at baseline recruited at 6 clinic sites in the United States. The sample included 50.2% female, 34.3% white, 19.7% Chinese, 20.8% black, and 25.1% Hispanic subjects. Probability-weighted Cox proportional hazards analysis was used to examine the association between FMD and 5 years of adjudicated incident CVD events, including incident myocardial infarction, definite angina, coronary revascularization (coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, or other revascularization), stroke, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and CVD death. Mean (SD) FMD of the cohort was 4.4% (2.8). In probability-weighted Cox models, FMD/unit SD was significantly associated with incident cardiovascular events in the univariate model (adjusted for age and sex) (hazard ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.65 to 0.97; P=0.01), after adjustment for the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.62 to 0.97; P=0.025), and in the multivariable model (hazard ratio, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.71 to 0.99; P=0.04) after adjustment for age, sex, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking status, systolic blood pressure, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, heart rate, statin use, and blood pressure medication use. The c statistic (area under the curve) values of FMD, FRS, and FRS+FMD were 0.65, 0.74, and 0.74, respectively. Compared with the FRS alone, the addition of FMD to the FRS net correctly reclassifies 52% of subjects with no incident CVD event but net incorrectly reclassifies 23% of subjects with an incident CVD event, an overall net correct reclassification of 29% (P<0.001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brachial FMD is a predictor of incident cardiovascular events in population-based adults. Even though the addition of FMD to the FRS did not improve discrimination of subjects at risk of CVD events in receiver operating characteristic analysis, it improved the classification of subjects as low, intermediate, and high CVD risk compared with the FRS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Internal Medicine/Cardiology, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA. jy5y@hscmail.mcc.virginia.edu
authors.forename: Joseph
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Yeboah
authors.forename: Aaron R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Folsom
authors.forename: Gregory L
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Craig
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Joseph F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Polak
authors.forename: Wendy
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Post
authors.forename: Joao A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Lima
authors.forename: John R
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Crouse
authors.forename: David M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Herrington
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001213:Asian / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D050197:Atherosclerosis / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015415:Biomarkers; D044383:Black People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D001916:Brachial Artery / Q000502:physiology*; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006630:Hispanic or Latino / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012039:Regional Blood Flow / Q000502:physiology; D014664:Vasodilation; D044465:White People / Q000706:statistics & numerical data
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers