title: Depressed mood is not a risk factor for incident dementia in a community-based cohort.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the relationship between depressed mood and the development of Alzheimer disease in cognitively normal individuals.
  
  
  METHODS
  Longitudinal and observational.
  
  
  METHODS
  Community-based cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 288 participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study-Cognition Study (mean age: 77.52, SD =3.65, range: 70-89). All of the participants were adjudicated as cognitively normal in 1998/1999, and all had at least three visits before 1998/1999 with measures of cognition and mood state. The mean length of follow-up from 1998-1999 to 2007 was 7.1 years (range: 1-9 years, median =9 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  The Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CESD) was used to index mood state, and the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) was the index of cognitive function among participants before 1998/1999. These measures were considered in two ways: participants were classified according to: 1) whether they showed a high-negative correlation between their CESD and 3MSE scores (i.e., indicating that greater depression was linked to poorer cognition) and 2) whether they showed persistently elevated CESD scores. The study outcome, development of dementia (N = 48), was based on consensus classifications, which was based on detailed neuropsychological and neurological exams.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The authors could find no consistent relationship between mood state, either alone or in relation to cognitive status, and the subsequent development of dementia. Those individuals whose cognitive functions were highly correlated with their mood state were no more likely to develop dementia than other participants. Those who had persistently depressed mood were also no more likely to develop dementia than those without persistently depressed mood.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Within the confines of this prospective, community-based study of elderly adults, the authors could not find strong evidence to support the hypothesis that mood disturbance was linked with the development of dementia.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, 3501 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. beckerjt@upmc.edu
authors.forename: James T
authors.initials: JT
authors.lastname: Becker
authors.forename: Yue-Fang
authors.initials: YF
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Oscar L
authors.initials: OL
authors.lastname: Lopez
authors.forename: Mary Amanda
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Dew
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Sweet
authors.forename: Deborah
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Barnes
authors.forename: Kristine
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Yaffe
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Young
authors.forename: Lewis
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Kuller
authors.forename: Charles F
authors.initials: CF
authors.lastname: Reynolds
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000544:Alzheimer Disease / Q000453:epidemiology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D003704:Dementia / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008609:Mental Status Schedule; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012111:Residence Characteristics; D012307:Risk Factors