title: Spinal segmental stabilisation exercises for chronic low back pain: programme adherence and its influence on clinical outcome.
abstract: Exercise rehabilitation is one of the few evidence-based treatments for chronic non-specific low back pain (cLBP), but individual success is notoriously variable and may depend on the patient's adherence to the prescribed exercise regime. This prospective study examined factors associated with adherence and the relationship between adherence and outcome after a programme of physiotherapeutic spine stabilisation exercises. A total of 32/37 patients with cLBP completed the study (mean age, 44.0 (SD = 12.3) years; 11/32 (34%) male). Adherence to the 9-week programme was documented as: percent attendance at therapy, percent adherence to daily home exercises (patient diary) and percent commitment to rehabilitation (Sports Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale (SIRAS)). The average of these three measures formed a multidimensional adherence index (MAI). Psychological disturbance, fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophising, exercise self-efficacy and health locus of control were measured by questionnaire; disability in everyday activities was scored with the Roland-Morris disability scale and back pain intensity with a 0-10 graphic rating scale. Overall, adherence to therapy was very good (average MAI score, 85%; median (IQR), 89 (15)%). The only psychological/beliefs variable showing a unique significant association with MAI was exercise self-efficacy (Rho = 0.36, P = 0.045). Pain intensity and self-rated disability decreased significantly after therapy (each P < 0.01). Adherence to home exercises showed a moderate, positive correlation with the reduction in average pain (Rho = 0.54, P = 0.003) and disability (Rho = 0.38, P = 0.036); higher MAI scores were associated with greater reductions in average pain (Rho = 0.48, P = 0.008) and a (n.s.) tendency for greater reductions in disability (Rho = 0.32, P = 0.07) Neither attendance at therapy nor SIRAS were significantly related to any of the outcomes. The benefits of rehabilitation depended to a large extent on the patient's exercise behaviour outside of the formal physiotherapy sessions. Hence, more effort should be invested in finding ways to improve patients' motivation to take responsibility for the success of their own therapy, perhaps by increasing exercise self-efficacy. Whether the "adherence-outcome" interaction was mediated by improvements in function related to the specific exercises, or by a more "global" effect of the programme, remains to be examined.
authors.affiliation: Spine Center Division, Department of Research and Development, Schulthess Klinik, Lengghalde 2, 8008, Zurich, Switzerland. anne.mannion@kws.ch
authors.forename: Anne F
authors.initials: AF
authors.lastname: Mannion
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Helbling
authors.forename: Natascha
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Pulkovski
authors.forename: Haiko
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Sprott
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001294:Attitude to Health; D002908:Chronic Disease / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D004185:Disability Evaluation; D005081:Exercise Therapy / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D005260:Female; D006699:Home Care Services / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D055809:Illness Behavior; D007593:Joint Instability / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D017116:Low Back Pain / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care / Q000379:methods*; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000379:methods; D010349:Patient Compliance / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D026741:Physical Therapy Modalities / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012647:Self-Assessment; D013131:Spine / Q000503:physiopathology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D021801:Zygapophyseal Joint / Q000503:physiopathology