title: In vitro antimicrobial activity of 0.5%, 1%, and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite in root canals instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of 0.5%, 1% and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite in root canals instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty human mandibular premolar teeth with single root canals were infected with a mixture of C. albicans, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S. aureus. The specimens were randomly divided into 5 groups with 10 root canals each according to the irrigant used: group 1: 0.5% NaOCl; group 2: 1% NaOCl; group 3: 2.5% NaOCl; group 4 (positive control): 0.85% sterile saline solution; group 5 (negative control, without microorganisms): 0.85% sterile saline solution. All root canals were instrumented with the ProTaper Universal system. The assessment of the antimicrobial action of the irrigant was performed before the biomechanical preparation (0), and after instrumentation with S1 (1), S2 (2), F1 (3), F2 (4), and F3 (5) files.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All positive control samples showed microbial growth, whereas negative control samples showed no microbial growth before the biomechanical preparation and after the instrumentation with S1, S2, F1, F2, and F3 files. The microorganisms were eliminated after the instrumentation with S1 file in all tested irrigants, except for 1 sample in S1 at 0.5% NaOCl which showed positive growth. There was no significant statistical difference (P = 1.000) among the tested irrigants.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Sodium hypochlorite, at all tested concentrations, was effective in eliminating C. albicans, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, and S. aureus in combination with the NiTi rotary instrumentation with the ProTaper Universal system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil. andreaccam@yahoo.com.br
authors.forename: Andréa Cruz
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: Câmara
authors.forename: Miracy Muniz
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: de Albuquerque
authors.forename: Carlos Menezes
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Aguiar
authors.forename: Ana Cristina Regis
authors.initials: AC
authors.lastname: de Barros Correia
mesh_terms: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D003762:Dental Instruments / Q000382:microbiology; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000601:surgery; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D013293:Enterococcus faecalis / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009532:Nickel; D011550:Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Q000187:drug effects; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology*; D013211:Staphylococcus aureus / Q000187:drug effects; D014025:Titanium
chemical_list: D000891:Anti-Infective Agents, Local; D012388:Root Canal Irrigants; C040654:titanium nickelide; D009532:Nickel; D014025:Titanium; D012973:Sodium Hypochlorite