title: Localization of root canal orifices in mandibular second molars in relation to occlusal dimension.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the localization and distribution of canal orifices of mandibular second molar teeth in relation to the mesio-distal and bucco-lingual dimensions of coronal tissue.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fifty extracted mandibular second molar teeth were embedded into plaster blocks with their vertical axes aligned perpendicular to the horizontal plane. The teeth were photographed digitally from the occlusal aspect under 12 x magnification. Thereafter, the occlusal halves of crowns were sectioned off to expose the root canal orifices. The teeth were than photographed under the same magnification, after which the pre- and post-sectioning images of each specimen were stacked into a single file. To plot the coordinate of each canal orifice, a 0.5-mm grid analytical plane was mounted digitally on the stack so that the x- and y-axes of the plane were superimposed on the mesiodistal and buccolingual axes (bisectors) of the tooth crowns. Localization and distribution of the coordinates of the canal orifices were evaluated using the chi-square test (P = 0.05).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Only one tooth displayed a single root canal orifice, located in the mesiobuccal-distolingual 'centre' of the occlusal surface. The majority of mandibular second molars had three orifices (72%), followed by those with two (16%) and four (10%). The distal canal was located lingual to the centre of the occlusal plane.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The distal canal was located lingual to the centre of the occlusal plane of mandibular second molars. The possibility of observing more divergent localizations and orifice numbers should not be overlooked in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Endodontics Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Gorduysus
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Nagas
authors.forename: Z C
authors.initials: ZC
authors.lastname: Cehreli
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Gorduysus
authors.forename: Z
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Yilmaz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003766:Dental Occlusion; D003786:Dental Pulp Cavity / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D006801:Humans; D008334:Mandible; D008963:Molar / Q000033:anatomy & histology*; D009811:Odontometry; D018915:Root Canal Preparation / Q000379:methods*; D019228:Tooth Crown / Q000033:anatomy & histology; D014092:Tooth Root / Q000033:anatomy & histology