title: First-line therapy for human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Peru using the TLR7 agonist imiquimod in combination with pentavalent antimony.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Current therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis are limited by poor efficacy, long-term course of treatment, and the development of resistance. We evaluated if pentavalent antimony (an anti-parasitic drug) combined with imiquimod (an immunomodulator) was more effective than pentavalent antimony alone in patients who had not previously been treated.
  
  
  METHODS
  A randomized double-blind clinical trial involving 80 cutaneous leishmaniasis patients was conducted in Peru. The study subjects were recruited in Lima and Cusco (20 experimental and 20 control subjects at each site). Experimental arm: Standard dose of pentavalent antimony plus 5% imiquimod cream applied to each lesion three times per week for 20 days. Control arm: Standard dose of pentavalent antimony plus placebo (vehicle cream) applied as above. The primary outcome was cure defined as complete re-epithelization with no inflammation assessed during the 12 months post-treatment period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 80 subjects enrolled, 75 completed the study. The overall cure rate at the 12-month follow-up for the intention-to-treat analysis was 75% (30/40) in the experimental arm and 58% (23/40) in the control arm (p = 0.098). Subgroup analyses suggested that combination treatment benefits were most often observed at the Cusco site, where L. braziliensis is the prevalent species. Over the study period, only one adverse event (rash) was recorded, in the experimental arm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The combination treatment of imiquimod plus pentavalent antimony performed better than placebo plus pentavalent antimony, but the difference was not statistically significant.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Clinical Trials.gov NCT00257530.
authors.affiliation: Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
authors.forename: Cesar
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Miranda-Verastegui
authors.forename: Gianfranco
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Tulliano
authors.forename: Theresa W
authors.initials: TW
authors.lastname: Gyorkos
authors.forename: Wessmark
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Calderon
authors.forename: Elham
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Rahme
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Ward
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cruz
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Llanos-Cuentas
authors.forename: Greg
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Matlashewski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000634:Aminoquinolines / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000965:Antimony / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D000077271:Imiquimod; D007155:Immunologic Factors / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016773:Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010568:Peru; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7 / Q000819:agonists*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000634:Aminoquinolines; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D007155:Immunologic Factors; C495348:TLR7 protein, human; D051199:Toll-Like Receptor 7; D000965:Antimony; D000077271:Imiquimod