Orally administered nitrite attenuates cardiac allograft rejection in rats.
BACKGROUND
Recent studies have shown that nitrite serves as an endogenous reservoir of nitric oxide (NO), particularly in the presence of hypoxia and ischemia. We hypothesized that exogenous nitrite supplementation would protect cardiac allografts.


METHODS
Fully allogeneic heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in LEW to BN combination under tacrolimus. Animals were given either regular or nitrite/nitrate (NOx)-low chow combined with regular water or water containing nitrite (50 mg/L) for 120 days continuously beginning 7 days before transplant.


RESULTS
Serum nitrite/nitrate levels were significantly higher in animals given nitrite water for 30 days, and lower in the animals fed with NOx-low diet than those in animals who received standard diet. Supplementation of drinking water with nitrite enhanced heart graft survival to a median of >120 days from 49.5 days in animals fed a standard diet. In contrast, dietary NOx insufficiency resulted in significantly earlier rejection of allografts (30.5 days). In correlation with graft survival, mRNA levels for interferon-gamma in the spleen or tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the grafts were significantly less when animals were fed nitrite water compared with those without nitrite supplementation.


CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that dietary nitrite supplementation was significantly effective in preventing development of allograft rejection.
Zhan
Jianghua
J
Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Nakao
Atsunori
A
Sugimoto
Ryujiro
R
Dhupar
Rajeev
R
Wang
Yinna
Y
Wang
Zhiliang
Z
Billiar
Timothy R
TR
McCurry
Kenneth R
KR
D000005:Abdomen; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
D015850:Interleukin-6; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3