title: The relationship between pain intensity and severity and depression in older people: exploratory study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pain and depression are known to be associated in later life, and both have a negative effect on physical performance both separately and in combination. The nature of the relationships between pain intensity and depression in elderly persons experiencing pain is less clear. The objectives of this study were to explore which factors are associated with depressed mood in older people experiencing pain, and to test the hypothesis that older people experiencing pain are at risk of depressed mood according to the severity or frequency of their pain. In addition we explored whether other potentially modifiable factors might increase the risk of depressed mood in these persons.
  
  
  METHODS
  The study is a secondary analysis of baseline data for four hundred and six community-dwelling non-disabled people aged 65 and over registered with three group practices in suburban London who had experienced pain in the past 4 weeks. Intensity and frequency of pain was measured using 24 item Geriatric Pain Measure (GPM) and the presence of depressive symptoms using the 5 item Mental Health Inventory. Risk for social isolation was measured using the 6 item Lubben Social Network scale and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall 76 (19%) had depressed mood. Pain frequency and severity were not statistically significantly associated with depressed mood in this population. In multivariate analyses, significant predictors of the presence of depressive symptoms were difficulties with basic ADLs (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1.7.8), risk for social isolation (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.8-9.3), and basic education only (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.1-4.4).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Older people experiencing pain are also likely to experience depression. Among those experiencing pain, social network and functional status seem to be more important predictors of depressive symptoms than the severity of pain. Further studies should evaluate whether improvement of social network and functional status might reduce depressive symptoms in older patients.
authors.affiliation: Department of Primary Care & Population Sciences, University College London, London, UK. s.iliffe@pcps.ucl.ac.uk
authors.forename: Steve
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Iliffe
authors.forename: Kalpa
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kharicha
authors.forename: Claudia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Carmaciu
authors.forename: Danielle
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Harari
authors.forename: Cameron
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Swift
authors.forename: Gerhard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Gillman
authors.forename: Andreas E
authors.initials: AE
authors.lastname: Stuck
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D004522:Educational Status; D005194:Family Practice / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D015438:Health Behavior; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D008131:London / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D010146:Pain / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012934:Social Isolation / Q000523:psychology; D013383:Suburban Population / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires