title: Correlations of sleep disturbance with the immune system in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The circadian rhythm and immune system are thought to be associated with the pathological state of diabetes. The aim of this study was to examine the correlation of circadian rhythm disturbance including sleep disturbance with the immune state in patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy controls.
  
  
  METHODS
  Nineteen patients with type 2 diabetes (11 males and 8 females; aged 46-85 years) and 19 healthy controls (7 males and 12 males; aged 45-85 years) were recruited, and the presence of circadian rhythm disturbance including sleep disturbance was examined using an actigraph. Immunological parameters were also measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances were more frequently noted in diabetic patients than in healthy controls. Higher fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were correlated with stronger sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances. The levels of B lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, natural killer activity, and several cytokines were increased in diabetic patients compared to healthy controls. Correlations were shown among sleep disturbance (circadian rhythm disturbance), immunological measures, and diabetic indices.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The exacerbation of diabetes was related to the level of sleep disturbance, circadian rhythm disturbance, and activation of the immune system.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Tsujimura
authors.forename: Yoshinobu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Matsuo
authors.forename: Takahiro
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Keyaki
authors.forename: Kumi
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Sakurada
authors.forename: Jiro
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Imanishi
mesh_terms: D000203:Activities of Daily Living; D000204:Activity Cycles / Q000276:immunology / Q000502:physiology; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002940:Circadian Rhythm; D016207:Cytokines / Q000097:blood; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007107:Immune System / Q000502:physiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012016:Reference Values; D012893:Sleep Wake Disorders / Q000276:immunology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines