title: Menu labeling as a potential strategy for combating the obesity epidemic: a health impact assessment.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We conducted a health impact assessment to quantify the potential impact of a state menu-labeling law on population weight gain in Los Angeles County, California.
  
  
  METHODS
  We utilized published and unpublished data to model consumer response to point-of-purchase calorie postings at large chain restaurants in Los Angeles County. We conducted sensitivity analyses to account for uncertainty in consumer response and in the total annual revenue, market share, and average meal price of large chain restaurants in the county.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Assuming that 10% of the restaurant patrons would order reduced-calorie meals in response to calorie postings, resulting in an average reduction of 100 calories per meal, we estimated that menu labeling would avert 40.6% of the 6.75 million pound average annual weight gain in the county population aged 5 years and older. Substantially larger impacts would be realized if higher percentages of patrons ordered reduced-calorie meals or if average per-meal calorie reductions increased.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that mandated menu labeling could have a sizable salutary impact on the obesity epidemic, even with only modest changes in consumer behavior.
authors.affiliation: Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 90010, USA. tkuo@ph.lacounty.gov
authors.forename: Tony
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kuo
authors.forename: Christopher J
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Jarosz
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Simon
authors.forename: Jonathan E
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Fielding
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D031204:Caloric Restriction; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002755:Choice Behavior; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005247:Feeding Behavior; D005515:Food Labeling / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000379:methods* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015141:Los Angeles / Q000453:epidemiology; D008612:Menu Planning / Q000379:methods*; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009765:Obesity / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017063:Outcome Assessment, Health Care; D011314:Preventive Health Services / Q000379:methods*; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence; D015430:Weight Gain; D055815:Young Adult