title: Association between type 1 and type 2 diabetes with periodontal disease and tooth loss.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine whether both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with increased prevalence and extent of periodontal disease and tooth loss compared with non-diabetic subjects within a homogeneous adult study population.
  
  
  METHODS
  T1DM, T2DM and non-diabetic subjects were recruited from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. Additionally, T1DM subjects were retrieved from a Diabetes Centre. The total study population comprised 145 T1DM and 2647 non-diabetic subjects aged 20-59 years, and 182 T2DM and 1314 non-diabetic subjects aged 50-81 years. Periodontal disease was assessed by attachment loss (AL) and the number of missing teeth.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariable regression revealed an association between T1DM (p<0.001) and T2DM (p<0.01) with mean AL after full adjustment. After age stratification (p=0.04 for interaction), the effect of T2DM was only statistically significant in the 60-69-year-old subjects (B=0.90 (95% confidence intervals [95% CI]; 0.49, 1.31). T1DM was positively associated with tooth loss (adjusted, p<0.001). The association between T2DM and tooth loss was statistically significant only for females (odds ratios=1.60 [95% CI: 1.10, 2.33]).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study confirmed an association between both T1DM and T2DM with periodontitis and tooth loss. Therefore, oral health education should be promoted in diabetic subjects.
authors.affiliation: Unit of Periodontology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology, Dental school, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
authors.forename: Gaganpreet
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kaur
authors.forename: Birte
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Holtfreter
authors.forename: Wolfgang
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.forename: Wolfgan G
authors.initials: WG
authors.lastname: Rathmann
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Schwahn
authors.forename: Henry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Wallaschofski
authors.forename: Sabine
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schipf
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Nauck
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kocher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D017622:Periodontal Attachment Loss / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D010518:Periodontitis / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D015995:Prevalence; D012044:Regression Analysis; D016388:Tooth Loss / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D055815:Young Adult