title: Integration between in vivo dosimetry and image guided radiotherapy for lung tumors.
abstract: The article reports a feasibility study about the potentiality of an in vivo dosimetry method for the adaptive radiotherapy of the lung tumors treated by 3D conformal radiotherapy techniques (3D CRTs). At the moment image guided radiotherapy (IGRT) has been used for this aim, but it requires taking many periodic radiological images during the treatment that increase workload and patient dose. In vivo dosimetry reported here can reduce the above efforts, alerting the medical staff for the commissioning of new radiological images for an eventual adaptive plan. The in vivo dosimetry method applied on 20 patients makes use of the transit signal St on the beam central axis measured by a small ion chamber positioned on an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) or by the EPID itself. The reconstructed in vivo dosimetry at the isocenter point Diso requires a convolution between the transit signal St and a dose reconstruction factor C that essentially depends on (i) tissue inhomogeneities along the beam central axis and (ii) the in-patient isocenter depth. The C factors, one for every gantry angle, are obtained by processing the patient's computed tomography scan. The method has been recently applied in some Italian centers to check the radiotherapy of pelvis, breast, head, and thorax treatments. In this work the dose reconstruction was carried out in five centers to check the Diso in the lung tumor during the 3D CRT, and the results have been used to detect the interfraction tumor anatomy variations that can require new CT imaging and an adaptive plan. In particular, in three centers a small ion chamber was positioned below the patient and used for the St measurement. In two centers, the St signal was obtained directly by 25 central pixels of an a-Si EPID, equipped with commercial software that enabled its use as a stable detector. A tolerance action level of +/- 6% for every checked beam was assumed. This means that when a difference greater than 6% between the predicted dose by the treatment planning system, Diso,TPS, and the Diso was observed, the clinical action started to detect possible errors. 60% of the patients examined presented morphological changes during the treatment that were checked by the in vivo dosimetry and successively confirmed by the new CT scans. In this work, a patient that showed for all beams Diso values outside the tolerance level, new CT scans were commissioned for an adaptive plan. The lung dose volume histograms (DVHs) for a Diso,TPs=2 Gy for fraction suggested the adaptive plan to reduce the dose in lung tissue. The results of this research show that the dose guided radiotherapy (DGRT) by the Diso reconstruction was feasible for daily or periodic investigation on morphological lung tumor changes. In other words, since during 3D CRT treatments the anatomical lung tumor changes occur frequently, the DGRT can be well integrated with the IGRT.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Roma 00168, Italy. a.piermattei@rm.unicatt.it
authors.forename: Angelo
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Piermattei
authors.forename: Savino
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Cilla
authors.forename: Luca
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Grimaldi
authors.forename: Domenico
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Sabatino
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Fidanzio
authors.forename: Francesca
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Greco
authors.forename: Alessandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Mameli
authors.forename: Mario
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Balducci
authors.forename: Gian Carlo
authors.initials: GC
authors.lastname: Mattiucci
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Frascino
authors.forename: Gerardina
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stimato
authors.forename: Diego
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Gaudino
authors.forename: Sara
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Ramella
authors.forename: Lucio
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Trodella
authors.forename: Guido
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: D'Onofrio
authors.forename: Giampaolo
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Zini
authors.forename: Gabriella
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Macchia
authors.forename: Cinzia
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Digesu'
authors.forename: Alessio G
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Morganti
authors.forename: Stefania
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Clemente
authors.forename: Mariella
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Cozzolino
authors.forename: Piernicola
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Pedicini
authors.forename: Vincenzo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Fusco
mesh_terms: D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D011857:Radiographic Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011874:Radiometry / Q000379:methods*; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D011880:Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011881:Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D018511:Systems Integration; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*; D016896:Treatment Outcome