title: Psychophysiology and imaging of visual cortical functions in the blind: a review.
abstract: Imaging, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and psychophysiological recordings of the congenitally blind have confirmed functional activation of the visual cortex but have not extensively explained the functional significance of these activation patterns in detail. This review systematically examines research on the role of the visual cortex in processing spatial and non-visual information, highlighting research on individuals with early and late onset blindness. Here, we concentrate on the methods utilized in studying visual cortical activation in early blind participants, including positron emissions tomography (PET), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and electrophysiological data, specifically event-related potentials (ERPs). This paper summarizes and discusses findings of these studies. We hypothesize how mechanisms of cortical plasticity are expressed in congenitally in comparison to adventitiously blind and short-term visually deprived sighted participants and discuss potential approaches for further investigation of these mechanisms in future research.
authors.affiliation: North Dakota State University, Faigo, ND 58108-6050, USA. stephanie.simondack@ndsu.edu
authors.forename: Stephanie L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Simon-Dack
authors.forename: P Dennis
authors.initials: PD
authors.lastname: Rodriguez
authors.forename: Wolfgang A
authors.initials: WA
authors.lastname: Teder-Sälejärvi
mesh_terms: D001766:Blindness / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005071:Evoked Potentials; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009473:Neuronal Plasticity; D049268:Positron-Emission Tomography; D013028:Space Perception; D050781:Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation; D014793:Visual Cortex / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000503:physiopathology*