title: Calculation of risk of colorectal and endometrial cancer among patients with Lynch syndrome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lynch syndrome is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome. Some previous estimates of lifetime risk for CRC and endometrial cancer (EC) did not control for ascertainment and were susceptible to bias toward overestimated risk.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied 147 families with mismatch repair gene mutations (55 MLH1, 81 MSH2, and 11 MSH6) identified at 2 US cancer genetics clinics. Age-specific cumulative risks (penetrance) and hazard ratio (HR) estimates of CRC and EC risks were calculated and compared with the general population using modified segregation analysis. The likelihood for each pedigree was conditioned on the proband and first-degree relatives affected with CRC to reduce ascertainment bias and overestimation of penetrance.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We analyzed 628 cases of CRC, diagnosed at the median ages of 42 and 47 years for men and women, respectively. The cumulative risk of CRC was 66.08% (95% confidence interval [CI], 59.47%-76.17%) for men and 42.71% (95% CI, 36.57%-52.83%) for women, with overall HRs of 148.4 and 51.1, respectively. CRC risk was highest for males with mutations in MLH1. There were 155 cases of EC, diagnosed at a median age of 47.5 years. The cumulative risk of EC was 39.39% (95% CI, 30.78%-46.94%) with an overall HR of 39.0 (95% CI, 30.4-50.2). For women, the cumulative risk of CRC or EC was 73.42% (95% CI, 63.76%-80.54%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifetime risks of CRC and EC in mismatch repair gene mutation carriers are high even after adjusting for ascertainment. These estimates are valuable for patients and providers; specialized cancer surveillance is necessary.
authors.affiliation: Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
authors.forename: Elena
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Stoffel
authors.forename: Bhramar
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Mukherjee
authors.forename: Victoria M
authors.initials: VM
authors.lastname: Raymond
authors.forename: Nabihah
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Tayob
authors.forename: Fay
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Kastrinos
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Sparr
authors.forename: Fei
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Prathap
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bandipalliam
authors.forename: Sapna
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Syngal
authors.forename: Stephen B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Gruber
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics*; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D053843:DNA Mismatch Repair / Q000235:genetics*; D016889:Endometrial Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein / Q000235:genetics*; D009154:Mutation / Q000235:genetics*; D009687:Nuclear Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; C501486:MLH1 protein, human; D009687:Nuclear Proteins; C497172:MSH2 protein, human; D000070957:MutL Protein Homolog 1; D051718:MutS Homolog 2 Protein