title: Patterns of survival and causes of death following a diagnosis of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance: a population-based study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are limited data on survival patterns among patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared the survival of 4,259 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, collected from hematology outpatient units in Sweden, with the survival of the general population by computing relative survival ratios. We also compared causes of death in these patients with those in 16,151 matched controls.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-, 5-, 10-, and 15-year relative survival ratios were 0.98 (95% CI 0.97-0.99), 0.93 (0.91-0.95), 0.82 (0.79-0.84), and 0.70 (0.64-0.76), respectively. Younger age at diagnosis of the gammopathy was associated with a significantly lower excess mortality compared to that in older patients (p<0.001). The excess mortality among patients with gammopathy increased with longer follow-up (p<0.0001). IgM (versus IgG/A) gammopathy was associated with a superior survival (p=0.038). Patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance had an increased risk of dying from multiple myeloma (hazards ratio (HR)=553; 95% CI 77-3946), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (HR=infinity), other lymphoproliferative malignancies (6.5; 2.8-15.1), other hematologic malignancies (22.9; 8.9-58.7), amyloidosis (HR=infinity), bacterial infections (3.4; 1.7-6.7), ischemic heart disease (1.3; 1.1-1.4), other heart disorders (1.5; 1.2-1.8), other hematologic conditions (6.9; 2.7-18), liver (2.1; 1.1-4.2), and renal diseases (3.2; 2.0-4.9).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our finding of decreased life expectancy in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, which was most pronounced in the elderly and explained by both malignant transformation and non-malignant causes, is of importance in the understanding and clinical management of this disease. The underlying mechanisms may be causally related to the gammopathy, but may also be explained by underlying disease that led to the detection of the hematologic disease. Our results are of importance since they give a true estimation of survival in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance diagnosed in clinical practice.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. sigurdur.kristinsson@karolins-ka.se
authors.forename: Sigurdur Y
authors.initials: SY
authors.lastname: Kristinsson
authors.forename: Magnus
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Björkholm
authors.forename: Therese M-L
authors.initials: TM
authors.lastname: Andersson
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Eloranta
authors.forename: Paul W
authors.initials: PW
authors.lastname: Dickman
authors.forename: Lynn R
authors.initials: LR
authors.lastname: Goldin
authors.forename: Cecilie
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Blimark
authors.forename: Ulf-Henrik
authors.initials: UH
authors.lastname: Mellqvist
authors.forename: Anders
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wahlin
authors.forename: Ingemar
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Turesson
authors.forename: Ola
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Landgren
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008998:Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000401:mortality*; D012307:Risk Factors; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013548:Sweden / Q000453:epidemiology; D013997:Time Factors