title: Superior flow for bridge to life with self-expanding venous cannulas.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recently, a compact cardiopulmonary support (CPS) system designed for quick set-up for example, during emergency cannulation, has been introduced. Traditional rectilinear percutaneous cannulas are standard for remote vascular access with the original design. The present study was designed to assess the potential of performance increase by the introduction of next-generation, self-expanding venous cannulas, which can take advantage of the luminal width of the venous vasculature despite a relatively small access orifice.
  
  
  METHODS
  Veno-arterial bypass was established in three bovine experiments (69+/-10 kg). The Lifebridge (Lifebridge GmbH, Munich, Germany) system was connected to the right atrium in a trans-jugular fashion with various venous cannulas; and the oxygenated blood was returned through the carotid artery with a 17 F percutaneous cannula. Two different venous cannulas were studied, and the correlation between the centrifugal pump speed (1500-3900 RPM), flow and the required negative pressure on the venous side was established: (A) Biomedicus 19 F (Medtronic, Tolochenaz, Switzerland); (B) Smart canula 18 F/36 F (Smartcanula LLC, Lausanne, Switzerland).
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 1500 RPM, the blood flow was 0.44+/-0.26 l min(-1) for the 19 F rectilinear cannula versus 0.73+/-0.34 l min(-1) for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula. At 2500 RPM the blood flow was 1.63+/-0.62 l min(-1) for the 19F rectilinear cannula versus 2.13+/-0.34 l min(-1) for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula. At 3500 RPM, the blood flow was 2.78+/-0.47 l min(-1) for the 19 F rectilinear cannula versus 3.64+/-0.39 l min(-1) for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula (p<0.01 for 18/36 F vs 19 F). At 1500 RPM, the venous line pressure was 18+/-8 mmHg for the 19F rectilinear cannula versus 19+/-5 mmHg for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula. At 2500 RPM the venous line pressure accounted for -22+/-32 mmHg for the 19 F rectilinear cannula versus 2+/-5 mmHg for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula. At 3500 RPM, the venous line pressure was -112+/-42 mmHg for the rectilinear cannula versus 28+/-7 mmHg for the 18/36 F self-expanding cannula (p<0.01 for 18 F/36 F vs 19 F).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The negative pressure required to achieve adequate venous drainage with the self-expanding venous cannula accounts for approximately 31% of the pressure necessary with the 19 F rectilinear cannula. In addition, a pump flow of more than 4 l min(-1) can be achieved with the self-expanding design and a well-accepted negative inlet pressure for minimal blood trauma of less than 50 mmHg.
authors.affiliation: Department of Cardio-vascular Surgery, CardioMet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland. ludwig.von-segesser@chuv.ch
authors.forename: Ludwig K
authors.initials: LK
authors.lastname: von Segesser
authors.forename: Martens
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kalejs
authors.forename: Enrico
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Ferrari
authors.forename: Sandra
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bommeli
authors.forename: Olaf
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Maunz
authors.forename: Judith
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Horisberger
authors.forename: Piergiorgio
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Tozzi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002315:Cardiopulmonary Bypass / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002405:Catheterization, Central Venous / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002417:Cattle; D004630:Emergencies; D004867:Equipment Design; D006355:Heart-Lung Machine; D014690:Venous Pressure