title: Generating 3D and 3D-like animations of strongly uneven surface microareas of bloodstains from small series of partially out-of-focus digital SEM micrographs.
abstract: When dealing with microscopic still images of some kinds of samples, the out-of-focus problem represents a particularly serious limiting factor for the subsequent generation of fully sharp 3D animations. In order to produce fully-focused 3D animations of strongly uneven surface microareas, a vertical stack of six digital secondary-electron SEM micrographs of a human bloodstain microarea was acquired. Afterwards, single combined images were generated using a macrophotography and light microscope image post-processing software. Subsequently, 3D animations of texture and topography were obtained in different formats using a combination of software tools. Finally, a 3D-like animation of a texture-topography composite was obtained in different formats using another combination of software tools. By one hand, results indicate that the use of image post-processing software not concerned primarily with electron micrographs allows to obtain, in an easy way, fully-focused images of strongly uneven surface microareas of bloodstains from small series of partially out-of-focus digital SEM micrographs. On the other hand, results also indicate that such small series of electron micrographs can be utilized for generating 3D and 3D-like animations that can subsequently be converted into different formats, by using certain user-friendly software facilities not originally designed for use in SEM, that are easily available from Internet. Although the focus of this study was on bloodstains, the methods used in it well probably are also of relevance for studying the surface microstructures of other organic or inorganic materials whose sharp displaying is difficult of obtaining from a single SEM micrograph.
authors.affiliation: Area of Prehistory, Rovira i Virgili University, and Catalan Institute of Human Palaeoecology and Social Evolution (CSIC Associate Research Unit), Plaça Imperial Tàrraco 1, E-43005 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain. policarp@prehistoria.urv.cat
authors.forename: Policarp
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hortolà
mesh_terms: D001801:Blood Stains; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning / Q000379:methods*; D018715:Microscopy, Video / Q000379:methods*; D012984:Software