title: Improving the quality of life of caregivers of persons with spinal cord injury: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the efficacy of two psychosocial interventions for caregivers of older persons with spinal cord injury (SCI).
  
  
  METHODS
  A multisite, three-group, randomized controlled trial comparing two active intervention conditions with each other and to an information-only control group. One hundred seventy-three caregiver and care-recipient dyads were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: a caregiver-only treatment condition in which caregivers received a multicomponent intervention based on their risk profile; a dual-target condition in which the caregiver intervention was complemented by a treatment targeting the care recipient, designed to address both caregiver and care recipient risk factors; and an information-only control condition in which the caregiver received standard printed information about caregiving, SCI, and aging.
  
  
  METHODS
  A multivariate outcome comprised of six indicators linked to the goals of the interventions was the primary outcome of the study. The multivariate outcome included measures of depressive symptoms, burden, social support and integration, self-care problems, and physical health symptoms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At 12 months, caregivers in the dual-target condition had improved quality of life as measured by our multivariate outcome when compared to the control condition. Using the dyad as the unit of analysis, the dual-target condition was superior to both the control condition and the caregiver-only condition in our multivariate outcomes analysis. Dyads enrolled in the dual-target condition had significantly fewer health symptoms than control condition and caregiver-only condition participants and were less depressed when compared to participants in the caregiver-only condition. In follow-up analyses we found that a higher proportion of caregivers in the dual-target condition had clinically significant improvements in depression, burden, and health symptoms when compared with the caregiver-only condition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Caregivers are in need of and can benefit from interventions that help them manage the medical and functional limitations of the care recipient. Intervention strategies that target both the caregiver and care recipient are particularly promising strategies for improving the quality of life of caregivers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 121 University Place, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. schulz@pitt.edu
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Sara J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Czaja
authors.forename: Amy
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lustig
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Zdaniuk
authors.forename: Lynn M
authors.initials: LM
authors.lastname: Martire
authors.forename: Dolores
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perdomo
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D017028:Caregivers / Q000523:psychology*; D003131:Combined Modality Therapy; D017281:Cost of Illness; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012803:Sick Role; D012944:Social Support; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000523:psychology*