title: Differentiation of whole bacterial cells based on high-throughput microarray chip printing and infrared microspectroscopic readout.
abstract: Using robotic automation, a microarray printing protocol for whole bacterial cells was developed for subsequent label-free and nondestructive infrared microspectroscopic detection. Using this contact microspotting system, 24 microorganisms were printed on zinc selenide slides; these were 6 species of Listeria, 10 species of Vibrio, 2 strains of Photobacterium damselae, Yersinia enterocolitica 289, Bacillus cereus ATCC 14529, Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 19075 (serotype 104 B), Shigella sonnei 20143, Klebsiella pneumoniae KP73, Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter freundii 200, and Escherichia coli. Microarrays consisting of separate spots of bacterial deposits gave consistent and reproducible infrared spectra, which were differentiated by unsupervised pattern recognition algorithms. Two multivariate analysis algorithms, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis, successfully separated most, but not all, the bacteria investigated down to the species level.
authors.affiliation: Division of Microbiology, Office of Regulatory Science, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland 20740-3855, USA.
authors.forename: Sufian F
authors.initials: SF
authors.lastname: Al-Khaldi
authors.forename: Magdi M
authors.initials: MM
authors.lastname: Mossoba
authors.forename: Tara L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: Frederick S
authors.initials: FS
authors.lastname: Fry
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000145:classification / Q000302:isolation & purification* / Q000472:pathogenicity; D015373:Bacterial Typing Techniques; D016000:Cluster Analysis; D005506:Food Contamination / Q000032:analysis*; D005516:Food Microbiology; D005517:Foodborne Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000517:prevention & control; D046228:Microarray Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D008832:Microchemistry; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D025341:Principal Component Analysis; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D018036:Selenium Compounds / Q000737:chemistry; D013045:Species Specificity; D017550:Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared / Q000379:methods*; D017967:Zinc Compounds / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D018036:Selenium Compounds; D017967:Zinc Compounds; C044696:zinc selenide