title: Orally administered nitrite attenuates cardiac allograft rejection in rats.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Recent studies have shown that nitrite serves as an endogenous reservoir of nitric oxide (NO), particularly in the presence of hypoxia and ischemia. We hypothesized that exogenous nitrite supplementation would protect cardiac allografts.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fully allogeneic heterotopic heart transplantation was performed in LEW to BN combination under tacrolimus. Animals were given either regular or nitrite/nitrate (NOx)-low chow combined with regular water or water containing nitrite (50 mg/L) for 120 days continuously beginning 7 days before transplant.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Serum nitrite/nitrate levels were significantly higher in animals given nitrite water for 30 days, and lower in the animals fed with NOx-low diet than those in animals who received standard diet. Supplementation of drinking water with nitrite enhanced heart graft survival to a median of >120 days from 49.5 days in animals fed a standard diet. In contrast, dietary NOx insufficiency resulted in significantly earlier rejection of allografts (30.5 days). In correlation with graft survival, mRNA levels for interferon-gamma in the spleen or tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the grafts were significantly less when animals were fed nitrite water compared with those without nitrite supplementation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that dietary nitrite supplementation was significantly effective in preventing development of allograft rejection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
authors.forename: Jianghua
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Zhan
authors.forename: Atsunori
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Nakao
authors.forename: Ryujiro
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Sugimoto
authors.forename: Rajeev
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Dhupar
authors.forename: Yinna
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Zhiliang
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Timothy R
authors.initials: TR
authors.lastname: Billiar
authors.forename: Kenneth R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: McCurry
mesh_terms: D000005:Abdomen; D000284:Administration, Oral; D000818:Animals; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D016027:Heart Transplantation / Q000276:immunology / Q000473:pathology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000378:metabolism; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000378:metabolism; D007959:Lymphocyte Culture Test, Mixed; D008264:Macrophages / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D009206:Myocardium / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D009566:Nitrates / Q000097:blood; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000378:metabolism; D009573:Nitrites / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D051381:Rats; D011914:Rats, Inbred BN; D011917:Rats, Inbred Lew; D013601:T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology; D016042:Transplantation, Heterotopic; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015850:Interleukin-6; D009566:Nitrates; D009573:Nitrites; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D053148:Caspase 3