title: Formalin-induced differential activation of nucleus cuneiformis neurons in the rat: an electrophysiological study.
abstract: The midbrain neural basis underlying each phase of behavior in the formalin test has not been clarified. The present study was designed to investigate neuronal responses to formalin-induced 2-phase pain and morphine-induced antinociception in the nucleus cuneiformis (CnF) that is part of the descending pain modulatory system. Formalin-induced neuronal activities were recorded from the CnF during first and second phases of the formalin test, using an extracellular single-unit recording technique. Our results showed that: 1) the majority of neurons in the CnF displayed monophasic excitatory responses in the first or second phase after formalin injection, except a small portion of neurons which did not exhibit any responses; 2) unit activity of CnF neurons was suppressed after subcutaneous (sc) morphine administration and resumed by naloxone; 3) the increased neuronal firing induced by sc formalin could be suppressed by a single dose of sc morphine; and 4) the response patterns of many CnF neurons changed by preinjection of morphine during 2 phases of the formalin test. Our findings suggest that the diverse activity pattern in the spontaneous background of CnF neurons may have different roles in the transmission of nociceptive information induced by the peripheral noxious stimuli (eg, formalin).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Growing evidence shows the involvement of nucleus cuneiformis in the descending pain modulatory system. Further elucidation of the pain modulatory system could potentially lead to better understanding of pain modulation as well as development of new clinical treatments and/or strategies.
authors.affiliation: Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Haghparast@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Haghparast
authors.forename: Nima
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Naderi
authors.forename: Abbas
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Khani
authors.forename: Reza
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lashgari
authors.forename: Fereshteh
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Motamedi
mesh_terms: D000200:Action Potentials / Q000187:drug effects; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005557:Formaldehyde / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008297:Male; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008839:Microelectrodes; D009020:Morphine / Q000494:pharmacology; D009270:Naloxone / Q000494:pharmacology; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D051381:Rats; D011919:Rats, Inbred Strains
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D002491:Central Nervous System Agents; D009292:Narcotic Antagonists; D005557:Formaldehyde; D009270:Naloxone; D009020:Morphine