title: Efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections: a systematic review.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To critically review the best available studies evaluating the efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs) in the treatment of radicular pain.
  
  
  METHODS
  MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane database were searched for the period between 1950 and May 2008. Search terms included epidural steroid injection (ESI), transforaminal ESI, foraminal ESI, selective nerve root block, nerve root injection (NRI), selective NRI, periradicular infiltration, and periradicular injection. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), published in English, which evaluated the efficacy of fluoroscopically guided TFESIs were reviewed.
  
  
  METHODS
  Studies were analyzed with a quality checklist modeled after the 2001 CONSORT Statement: Revised Recommendations for Improving the Quality of Reports of Parallel-Group Randomized Trials. Nine studies were found to include a majority of these items.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data included study design, inclusion criteria, symptom duration, randomization protocol, blinding protocol, intervention, control, outcomes, follow-up, dropout, statistical analysis, and conclusions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Each article was assigned a level of evidence: I (high-quality RCT) or II (RCT with <80% follow-up, no blinding or improper randomization). Studies were divided according to control, and overall evidence was graded as A (good), B (fair), C (conflicting/poor quality), or I (insufficient).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is fair evidence supporting TFESIs as superior to placebo for treating radicular symptoms. There is good evidence that TFESIs should be used as a surgery-sparing intervention, and that TFESIs are superior to interlaminar ESIs (ILESIs) and caudal ESIs for radicular pain. In patients with subacute or chronic radicular symptoms, there is good evidence that a single TFESI has similar efficacy as a single transforaminal injection of bupivacaine or saline. Future studies should address the ideal number of injections. While more placebo-controlled trials are needed to conclusively define the role of TFESIs, current studies support their use in the treatment of lumbosacral radicular pain.
authors.affiliation: Christiana Spine Center, MAP 2, Suite 3302, 4735 Ogletown-Stanton Road, Newark, DE 19713, USA. scottrobertsmd@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Scott T
authors.initials: ST
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Stuart E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Willick
authors.forename: Monica E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Rho
authors.forename: Joshua D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Rittenberg
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D007268:Injections, Epidural; D008161:Lumbosacral Region; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016032:Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; D013256:Steroids / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D013256:Steroids