title: Mesophyll distribution of 'antioxidant' flavonoid glycosides in Ligustrum vulgare leaves under contrasting sunlight irradiance.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Flavonoids have the potential to serve as antioxidants in addition to their function of UV screening in photoprotective mechanisms. However, flavonoids have long been reported to accumulate mostly in epidermal cells and surface organs in response to high sunlight. Therefore, how leaf flavonoids actually carry out their antioxidant functions is still a matter of debate. Here, the distribution of flavonoids with effective antioxidant properties, i.e. the orthodihydroxy B-ring-substituted quercetin and luteolin glycosides, was investigated in the mesophyll of Ligustrum vulgare leaves acclimated to contrasting sunlight irradiance.
  
  
  METHODS
  In the first experiment, plants were grown at 20 % (shade) or 100% (sun) natural sunlight. Plants were exposed to 100 % sunlight irradiance in the presence or absence of UV wavelengths, in a second experiment. Fluorescence microspectroscopy and multispectral fluorescence microimaging were used in both cross sections and intact leaf pieces to visualize orthodihydroxy B-ring-substituted flavonoids at inter- and intracellular levels. Identification and quantification of individual hydroxycinnamates and flavonoid glycosides were performed via HPLC-DAD.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Quercetin and luteolin derivatives accumulated to a great extent in both the epidermal and mesophyll cells in response to high sunlight. Tissue fluorescence signatures and leaf flavonoid concentrations were strongly related. Monohydroxyflavone glycosides, namely luteolin 4'-O-glucoside and two apigenin 7-O-glycosides were unresponsive to changes in sunlight irradiance. Quercetin and luteolin derivatives accumulated in the vacuoles of mesophyll cells in leaves growing under 100 % natural sunlight in the absence of UV wavelengths.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The above findings lead to the hypothesis that flavonoids play a key role in countering light-induced oxidative stress, and not only in avoiding the penetration of short solar wavelengths in the leaf.
authors.affiliation: Istituto di Fisica Applicata Carrara, IFAC, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, I-50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Agati
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Stefano
authors.forename: Stefano
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Biricolti
authors.forename: Massimiliano
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Tattini
mesh_terms: D047310:Apigenin / Q000032:analysis; D003373:Coumaric Acids / Q000032:analysis; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000032:analysis*; D005960:Glucosides / Q000032:analysis; D006027:Glycosides / Q000032:analysis*; D031659:Ligustrum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D047311:Luteolin / Q000032:analysis; D018515:Plant Leaves / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000502:physiology; D011422:Propionates; D012431:Rutin / Q000032:analysis; D013050:Spectrometry, Fluorescence; D013472:Sunlight
chemical_list: D003373:Coumaric Acids; D005419:Flavonoids; D005960:Glucosides; D006027:Glycosides; D011422:Propionates; C120646:luteolin 4'-O-glucoside; D012431:Rutin; C057792:apigetrin; D047310:Apigenin; C060297:echinacoside; C495469:p-coumaric acid; D047311:Luteolin