title: Quantitative assessment of the abnormalities of hyperosmolar coma when glucose excess is larger than Na deficit.
abstract: Computing Na and water deficits of hyperosmolar coma (HC) is important in correcting the derangement, to avoid unwanted iatrogenic electrolyte derangements and brain oedema. This paper derives and applies formulas valid when GA (glucose accumulation) >2.DeltaNa (sodium loss), with or without DeltaV (water depletion). We built a model system and wrote the equations describing the relationships between volume and concentration of solutes within the body water compartments. HC was simulated on computer experiments by adding GA in different amounts combined with a large variety of DeltaNa and DeltaV. The ensuing concentrations in Na (PNaNone. (1)) and glucose (PG (1)) were used to identify the condition GA >2 . DeltaNa, DeltaV=0 or not equal 0, and then, with original formulas, to back calculate GA, DeltaNa and DeltaV. These same calculations were applied to 31 patients with HC. The procedure to recognize the conditions under investigation unerringly discarded all simulations except those characterized by GA >2 . DeltaNa, with or without DeltaV. When DeltaV=0, the computations yielded values identical to the true ones for GA and DeltaNa (R (2)=1.00, p<0.0001). When DeltaV was present, the correlation coefficients between calculated and true values were 0.92 (p<0.001) for GA, 0.73 (p<0.001) for DeltaNa, 0.74 (p<0.001) for DeltaV in computer experiments, while they were R (2)>0.47<0.95 (p<0.001) in patient studies. The accuracy in computing solute and water changes demonstrates the validity of our model system of HC, and of the calculation formulas, which can be used to quantitatively evaluate the deficits in Na and volume, as well as the addition of glucose, improving the effectiveness of treatment.
authors.affiliation: Internal Medicine, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale A. Avogadro, Via Solaroli, Novara, Italy. bartoli@med.unipmn.it
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Bartoli
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Castello
authors.forename: P P
authors.initials: PP
authors.lastname: Sainaghi
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Bergamasco
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000378:metabolism*; D001834:Body Water / Q000378:metabolism; D003198:Computer Simulation; D006801:Humans; D006944:Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma / Q000378:metabolism*; D007010:Hyponatremia / Q000378:metabolism*; D008954:Models, Biological; D014883:Water-Electrolyte Imbalance / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose