title: Perceptions of collapse and assessment of cardiac arrest by bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA).
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An important predictor of outcomes from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OOHCA) is bystander resuscitation, but in industrialised nations this is undertaken only in 15-50%. To explore reasons for this low response rate we analysed bystander perceptions during the victim's collapse, and methods used to assess cardiac arrest.
  
  
  METHODS
  Over a 12-month period we prospectively investigated all dispatches for witnessed cardiac arrest of two physician-staffed emergency medical service (EMS) units within a western European metropolitan area (Berlin, Germany). On scene the bystander was identified by the EMS physician and approached to have a semi-structured interview in the following days.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Out of 201 eligible responses, 138 bystanders could be interviewed (68.7%). 63 (45.3%) of these bystanders did not detect cardiac arrest. 36 bystanders (25.9%) spontaneously reported a "bluish colour" of the patient's head or body which occurred "unexpectedly". 39 persons (28.1%) reported abnormal breathing. Assessment of breathing was not undertaken in 27.0%, nor of circulation in 29.0%. If circulation was assessed pulse check was performed in 93.4%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this sample of interviewed bystanders of OOHCA, almost half of the arrests were not detected. This might be a reason for the low rate of bystander resuscitation. Common bystander perceptions of arrest presence included "bluish skin colour" and abnormal breathing of the victim. These findings indicate that improvement of perception capabilities should be incorporated as a major learning objective into lay basic life support training. In addition, information regarding skin colour may be of value in dispatch protocols.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive Care, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany. jan.breckwoldt@charite.de
authors.forename: Jan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Breckwoldt
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Schloesser
authors.forename: Hans-Richard
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Arntz
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D004522:Educational Status; D004630:Emergencies; D005260:Female; D006323:Heart Arrest / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000628:therapy; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010465:Perception; D012769:Shock / Q000175:diagnosis