title: Current trends in the management of bladder cancer.
abstract: This article provides a review of bladder cancer etiology, diagnosis, and management for WOC nurses. Bladder cancer incidence continues to rise yearly in the United States, and patients with bladder cancer comprise some of the most challenging cases in urologic oncology. Nurses are involved with all aspects of the processes of care for the patient with bladder cancer, from initial diagnosis and treatment to postsurgical care and follow-up. For nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, treatment includes transurethral resection followed by intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy to prevent recurrence or progression. Radical cystectomy along with chemotherapy protocols provides a survival advantage for muscle invasive bladder cancer, although the timing of chemotherapy remains controversial. Numerous factors are considered when determining the type of urinary diversion used at the time of radical cystectomy, but patient, family, surgeon, and nursing input are essential for preserving an optimal health-related quality of life and reducing morbidity. Patients with metastatic bladder cancer are generally treated with a cisplatin-based chemotherapy but continue to have a poor prognosis. Newer therapies involving novel molecular-targeted agents provide hope for the future for patients with metastatic disease.
authors.affiliation: Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Ohio 44195, USA.
authors.forename: Amit R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Patel
authors.forename: Steven C
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Campbell
mesh_terms: D015653:Cystectomy; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D010030:Ostomy / Q000451:nursing; D017741:Survivors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D001749:Urinary Bladder Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000451:nursing* / Q000532:radiotherapy / Q000601:surgery; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000451:nursing