title: Imaging of CA IX with fluorescent labelled sulfonamides distinguishes hypoxic and (re)-oxygenated cells in a xenograft tumour model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is suggested to be an endogenous marker of hypoxia. Fluorescent sulfonamides with a high affinity for CA IX (CAI) have been developed and shown to bind to cells only when CA IX protein was expressed and while cells were hypoxic. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vivo CAI binding properties in a xenograft tumour model using fluorescent imaging.
  
  
  METHODS
  NMRI-nu mice subcutaneously transplanted with HT-29 colorectal tumours were treated with 7% oxygen or with nicotinamide and carbogen and were compared with control animals. CAI accumulation was monitored by non-invasive fluorescent imaging.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Specific CAI accumulation could be observed in delineated tumour areas as compared with a non-sulfonamide analogue (P<0.01). Administration of nicotinamide and carbogen, decreasing acute and chronic hypoxia, respectively, prevented CAI accumulation (P<0.05). When treated with 7% oxygen breathing, a 3-fold higher CAI accumulation (P<0.01) was observed. Furthermore, the bound CAI fraction was rapidly reduced upon tumour reoxygenation (P<0.01).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our in vivo imaging results confirm previous in vitro data demonstrating that CAI binding and retention require exposure to hypoxia. Fluorescent labelled sulfonamides provide a powerful tool to visualize hypoxia response. An important step is made towards clinical applicability, indicating the potential of patient selection for CA IX-directed therapies.
authors.affiliation: Maastricht Radiation Oncology (MaastRO) Lab, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands. ludwig.dubois@maastro.unimaas.nl
authors.forename: Ludwig
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Dubois
authors.forename: Natasja G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Lieuwes
authors.forename: Alfonso
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Maresca
authors.forename: Anne
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thiry
authors.forename: Claudiu T
authors.initials: CT
authors.lastname: Supuran
authors.forename: Andrea
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Scozzafava
authors.forename: Bradly G
authors.initials: BG
authors.lastname: Wouters
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Lambin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D001665:Binding Sites; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000032:analysis; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases / Q000378:metabolism*; D015687:Cell Hypoxia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D009368:Neoplasm Transplantation; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D011897:Random Allocation; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D013449:Sulfonamides; D014183:Transplantation, Heterologous; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured
chemical_list: D000951:Antigens, Neoplasm; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D013449:Sulfonamides; C089226:CA9 protein, human; D000071231:Carbonic Anhydrase IX; D002256:Carbonic Anhydrases; D010100:Oxygen