title: Synthesis and biological evaluation of sphingosine kinase substrates as sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor prodrugs.
abstract: In the search for bioactive sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor ligands, a series of 2-amino-2-heterocyclic-propanols were synthesized. These molecules were discovered to be substrates of human-sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 (SPHK1 and SPHK2). When phosphorylated, the resultant phosphates showed varied activities at the five sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P(1-5)). Agonism at S1P(1) was displayed in vivo by induction of lymphopenia. A stereochemical preference of the quaternary carbon was crucial for phosphorylation by the kinases and alters binding affinities at the S1P receptors. Oxazole and oxadiazole compounds are superior kinase substrates to FTY720, the prototypical prodrug immunomodulator, fingolimod (FTY720). The oxazole-derived structure was the most active for human SPHK2. Imidazole analogues were less active substrates for SPHKs, but more potent and selective agonists of the S1P(1) receptor; additionally, the imidazole class of compounds rendered mice lymphopenic.
authors.affiliation: Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, 22904, USA.
authors.forename: Frank W
authors.initials: FW
authors.lastname: Foss
authors.forename: Thomas P
authors.initials: TP
authors.lastname: Mathews
authors.forename: Yugesh
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kharel
authors.forename: Perry C
authors.initials: PC
authors.lastname: Kennedy
authors.forename: Ashley H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Snyder
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Kevin R
authors.initials: KR
authors.lastname: Lynch
authors.forename: Timothy L
authors.initials: TL
authors.lastname: Macdonald
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D008231:Lymphopenia / Q000139:chemically induced; D051379:Mice; D011355:Prodrugs / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D020005:Propanols / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000737:chemistry; D011409:Propylene Glycols / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000494:pharmacology; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000819:agonists* / Q000378:metabolism; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000138:chemical synthesis / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology; D013329:Structure-Activity Relationship
chemical_list: D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D011355:Prodrugs; D020005:Propanols; D011409:Propylene Glycols; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; D000068876:Fingolimod Hydrochloride; D013110:Sphingosine