title: Doppler and gray-scale sonographic classification of adnexal torsion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To propose, in cases with coiling of the ovarian vessels, a classification of severity of torsion based on Doppler and gray-scale ultrasound findings and to suggest a treatment strategy for each situation.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventeen patients were examined in a gynecological emergency room between December 1995 and February 2003 due to suspected adnexal torsion. Doppler and gray-scale ultrasound were used to visualize coiling of the ovarian blood vessels. Intraovarian flow was assessed by spectral Doppler and on this basis, along with the patient's clinical condition, the decision was made as to whether surgery was necessary. Findings on surgery were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  All 17 patients showed coiling of the ovarian vessels. Nine had arterial and venous blood flow within the ovary and ultrasound and surgical findings usually demonstrated normal sized or mildly enlarged ovaries. Five had only arterial blood flow within the ovary and surgery usually revealed enlarged ovaries with normal color or mild discoloration. Three had neither arterial nor venous blood flow within the ovary, with vessel coiling evident only on gray-scale and not on Doppler examination, and surgical findings included signs of ovarian ischemia or necrosis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In cases of coiling of the ovarian vessels, Doppler flow analysis of the ovary can help differentiate between ischemic adnexal torsion and coiling of the ovarian blood vessels without strangulation, aiding in the choice of treatment. According to type of blood flow seen on Doppler examination, we suggest the following classification of severity of adnexal torsion and treatment strategy: Class 1, coiling with arterial and venous ovarian blood flow; a conservative approach may be considered if the clinical condition permits; Class 2, coiling with arterial ovarian flow but no venous flow; surgical intervention is required; and Class 3, true strangulation, with no ovarian blood flow; urgent surgical intervention is required.
authors.affiliation: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, affiliated to the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-IIT, The Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
authors.forename: R
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Auslender
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Kaufman
authors.forename: Y
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Goldberg
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bardicef
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Lissak
authors.forename: O
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Lavie
mesh_terms: D000291:Adnexal Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001783:Blood Flow Velocity / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007511:Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D010053:Ovary / Q000098:blood supply / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D014102:Torsion Abnormality / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018615:Ultrasonography, Doppler, Color; D055815:Young Adult