title: Quantification of Paraquat, MPTP, and MPP+ in brain tissue using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
abstract: Animal models, consistent with the hypothesis of direct interaction of paraquat (PQ) and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) with specific areas of the central nervous system have been developed to study Parkinson's disease (PD) in mice. These models have necessitated the creation of an analytical method for unambiguous identification and quantitation of PQ and structurally similar MPTP and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in brain tissue. A method for determination of these compounds was developed using microwave-assisted solvent extraction (MASE) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Extraction solvent and microwave conditions such as power and time were optimized to produce recoveries of 90% for PQ 78% for MPTP and 97% for its metabolite MPP+. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C8, column and detection was carried out using an ion trap as an analyzer with electrospray ionization. Mass spectrometer parameters such as heated capillary temperature, spray voltage, capillary voltage and others were also optimized for each analyte. Analysis was done in selective ion-monitoring (SIM) mode using m/z 186 for PQ, m/z 174 for MPTP, and m/z 170 for MPP+. The method detection limit for paraquat in matrix was 100 pg, 40 pg for MPTP, and 20 pg MPP+.
authors.affiliation: Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
authors.forename: Bozena
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Winnik
authors.forename: Dana B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Barr
authors.forename: Mona
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Thiruchelvam
authors.forename: M Angela
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Montesano
authors.forename: Eric K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Richfield
authors.forename: Brian
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Buckley
mesh_terms: D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine / Q000032:analysis*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000819:agonists; D006540:Herbicides; D051379:Mice; D008872:Microwaves; D010269:Paraquat / Q000032:analysis*; D010300:Parkinson Disease; D010880:Piperidines / Q000032:analysis*; D011720:Pyrazoles / Q000032:analysis*; D012997:Solvents; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: C524478:1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-(4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol)-1H-pyrazole; D015259:Dopamine Agents; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D006540:Herbicides; D010880:Piperidines; D011720:Pyrazoles; D012997:Solvents; D015632:1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine; D010269:Paraquat