title: Toll-like receptor 9 agonists up-regulates the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 via activation of NF-kappaB in prostate cancer cells.
abstract: CpG-oligonucleotides (CpG-ODNs), mimicking bacterial DNA, have recently been shown to stimulate prostate cancer invasion in vitro via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). Since cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), frequently overexpressed in multiple tumor types including prostate cancer, is a causal factor for tumor development, invasion and metastasis, an interesting question is raised whether TLR9 regulates COX-2 expression in prostate cancer cells. To address this question, herein we examined COX-2 expression in PC-3 cells stimulated with different doses and time courses of CpG-ODNs. The regulatory role of NF-kappaB in TLR9-mediated COX-2 expression was also investigated. CpG-ODN was found to up-regulate the expression of COX-2 in PC-3 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but have little impact on COX-1 expression. Moreover, CpG-ODN also promoted nuclear translocation and activation of NF-kappaB, which appeared to be required for COX-2 induction by CpG-ODN. Overall, TLR9 up-regulates COX-2 expression in prostate cancer cells, at least partially through the activation of NF-kappaB, which may be implicated in tumor invasion and metastasis.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 600# Tianhe Road, 510630, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.
authors.forename: Jin Ming
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Di
authors.forename: Jun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pang
authors.forename: Qi Peng
authors.initials: QP
authors.lastname: Sun
authors.forename: Yan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: You Qiang
authors.initials: YQ
authors.lastname: Fang
authors.forename: Xiao Pen
authors.initials: XP
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Jian Hua
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Zhou
authors.forename: Xing Xing
authors.initials: XX
authors.lastname: Ruan
authors.forename: Xin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Gao
mesh_terms: D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000235:genetics*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004790:Enzyme Induction / Q000187:drug effects; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism*; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides / Q000494:pharmacology*; D011471:Prostatic Neoplasms / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000235:genetics*; D021381:Protein Transport / Q000187:drug effects; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9 / Q000819:agonists*; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: C408982:CPG-oligonucleotide; D016328:NF-kappa B; D009838:Oligodeoxyribonucleotides; D012333:RNA, Messenger; C495371:TLR9 protein, human; D051217:Toll-Like Receptor 9; D002738:Chloroquine; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; C496511:PTGS1 protein, human; C496540:PTGS2 protein, human