title: The factors associated with a self-perceived hearing handicap in elderly people with hearing impairment--results from a community-based study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elderly persons with a physiologic hearing deficit (hearing impairment) are not necessarily socially or emotionally disturbed by the deficit in everyday life (hearing handicap). The self-perception of a hearing handicap in elderly people is a key element in seeking consultation for a hearing impairment or using hearing aids. Thus, it is important to determine the factors associated with the self-perception of a hearing handicap. The aims of the present study were to report the relation between a hearing impairment and the self-perception of a hearing handicap, and the factors associated with a self-perceived hearing handicap among a group of randomly recruited, community-dwelling elderly persons, aged 65 yr and older, in Taipei, Taiwan.
  
  
  METHODS
  A cross-sectional survey of community-dwelling elderly persons aged 65 yr and older (N = 1220) participating in an annual general purpose geriatric health examination in 2005 in Taipei. Pure-tone audiometry and a questionnaire including the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly-Screening Version (HHIE-S) were administered, after obtaining the subject's consent to participate in the study. Demographic information, lifestyle, self-report health status, and biochemical data were also collected.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a moderate association (gamma(s) = 0.52) between hearing impairment and self-perceived handicap. Only 21.4% of the study subjects with moderate to profound hearing impairment (M4 >or=41 dB HL, N = 555) perceived themselves as hearing-handicapped (HHIE-S total score >or=10). Besides hearing level, marital status (widowed) and self-perceived general health (bad or neutral) were factors that are significantly associated with a self-perceived hearing handicap among elderly subjects with moderate to profound hearing impairment. For study subjects with moderate to profound hearing impairment (M4 >or=41 dB HL), 5.0% of those with HHIE-S <10 and 45.4% of those with HHIE-S >or=10 used or felt that they required hearing aids (chi2 test, p < 0.001). These data suggested that a self-perceived hearing handicap (HHIE-S >or=10) is an important indicator for referral of elderly persons for hearing-aid fitting.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our study findings, consistent with those of previous studies, demonstrated that not all elderly persons with impaired hearing function (hearing impairment) perceived a hearing deficit socially or emotionally in everyday life (hearing handicap). Marital status (widowed) and bad/neutral general health were nonaudiologically associated factors with a hearing handicap in the present study. Further, those with a self-perceived hearing handicap reported a higher rate of the use of, or requirement for, hearing aids. Because hearing deterioration is a common biologic process of aging, the results of this study can be used to identify the groups among elderly people with a greater need for hearing screening and hearing rehabilitation services.
authors.affiliation: Community Medicine Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Hsin-Pin
authors.initials: HP
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Chin-Yu
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Ho
authors.forename: Pesus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Chou
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001294:Attitude to Health; D001301:Audiometry, Pure-Tone; D001309:Auditory Threshold; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006301:Health Services Needs and Demand; D006310:Hearing Aids / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D008297:Male; D009042:Motivation; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care / Q000523:psychology; D011304:Presbycusis / Q000523:psychology*; D012649:Self Concept; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013624:Taiwan