title: Estradiol and progesterone modulate spontaneous sleep patterns and recovery from sleep deprivation in ovariectomized rats.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Women undergo hormonal changes both naturally during their lives and as a result of sex hormone treatments. The objective of this study was to gain more knowledge about how these hormones affect sleep and responses to sleep loss.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats were ovariectomized and implanted subcutaneously with Silastic capsules containing oil vehicle, 17 beta-estradiol and/or progesterone. After 2 weeks, sleep/wake states were recorded during a 24-h baseline period, 6 h of total sleep deprivation induced by gentle handling during the light phase, and an 18-h recovery period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At baseline and particularly in the dark phase, ovariectomized rats treated with estradiol or estradiol plus progesterone spent more time awake at the expense of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS) and/or REMS, whereas those given progesterone alone spent less time in REMS than ovariectomized rats receiving no hormones. Following sleep deprivation, all rats showed rebound increases in NREMS and REMS, but the relative increase in REMS was larger in females receiving hormones, especially high estradiol. In contrast, the normal increase in NREMS EEG delta power (an index of NREMS intensity) during recovery was attenuated by all hormone treatments.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Estradiol promotes arousal in the active phase in sleep-satiated rats, but after sleep loss, both estradiol and progesterone selectively facilitate REMS rebound while reducing NREMS intensity. These results indicate that effects of ovarian hormones on recovery sleep differ from those on spontaneous sleep. The hormonal modulation of recovery sleep architecture may affect recovery of sleep related functions after sleep loss.
authors.affiliation: Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
authors.forename: Samüel
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Deurveilher
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Rusak
authors.forename: Kazue
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Semba
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D001143:Arousal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes / Q000008:administration & dosage; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004958:Estradiol / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D004967:Estrogens / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D010052:Ovariectomy; D011374:Progesterone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000097:blood*; D011372:Progestins / Q000097:blood* / Q000494:pharmacology; D011863:Radioimmunoassay / Q000379:methods; D051381:Rats; D017208:Rats, Wistar; D012890:Sleep / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D012892:Sleep Deprivation / Q000097:blood / Q000503:physiopathology*; D012895:Sleep, REM / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D013997:Time Factors; D014851:Wakefulness / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D004129:Dimethylpolysiloxanes; D004967:Estrogens; D011372:Progestins; D011374:Progesterone; D004958:Estradiol; C013830:baysilon