title: Offshore industry: management of health hazards in the upstream petroleum industry.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Upstream oil and gas operations involve a range of activities, including exploration and drilling, conventional oil and gas production, extraction and processing of 'tar sands', heavy oil processing and pipeline operations.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Firstly, to outline the nature of health risks in the offshore oil and gas industry to date. Secondly, to outline the commercial, technical and social challenges that could influence the future context of health management in the industry. Thirdly, to speculate how the health function within the industry needs to respond to these challenges.
  
  
  METHODS
  A review of the published literature was supplemented with industry subject matter and expert opinion.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There was a relatively light peer-reviewed published literature base in an industry which is perceived as having changed little over three decades, so far as offshore health hazards for physical, chemical, biological hazards are concerned. Recent focus has been on musculoskeletal disorders and stress.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The relative stability of the knowledge base regarding health hazards offshore may change as more innovative methods are employed to develop hydrocarbon resources in more 'difficult' environments. Society's willingness to accept risk is changing. Addressing potential health risks should be done much earlier in the planning process of major projects. This may reveal a skills gap in health professionals as a consequence of needing to employ more anticipatory tools, such as modelling exposure estimations and the skills and willingness to engage effectively with engineers and other HSSE professionals.
authors.affiliation: Shell Health, Shell International B.V., Carel van Bylandtlaan 30, PO Box 162, 2501 AN The Hague, The Netherlands. karen.niven@shell.com
authors.forename: Karen
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Niven
authors.forename: Ron
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: McLeod
mesh_terms: D019652:Extraction and Processing Industry; D006801:Humans; D016272:Occupational Health; D009786:Occupational Health Services; D010578:Petroleum; D012306:Risk; D012308:Risk Management
chemical_list: D010578:Petroleum