title: The role of haptic feedback in laparoscopic simulation training.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic virtual reality simulators are becoming a ubiquitous tool in resident training and assessment. These devices provide the operator with various levels of realism, including haptic (or force) feedback. However, this feature adds significantly to the cost of the devices, and limited data exist assessing the value of haptics in skill acquisition and development. Utilizing the Laparoscopy VR (Immersion Medical, Gaithersburg, MD), we hypothesized that the incorporation of force feedback in the simulated operative environment would allow superior trainee performance compared with performance of the same basic skills tasks in a non-haptic model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ten medical students with minimal laparoscopic experience and similar baseline skill levels as proven by performance of two fundamentals of laparoscopic surgery (FLS) tasks (peg transfer and cutting drills) voluntarily participated in the study. Each performed two tasks, analogous to the FLS drills, on the Laparoscopy VR at 3 levels of difficulty, based on the established settings of the manufacturer. After achieving familiarity with the device and tasks, the students completed the drills both with and without force feedback. Data on completion time, instrument path length, right and left hand errors, and grasping tension were analyzed. The scores in the haptic-enhanced simulation environment were compared with the scores in the non-haptic model and analyzed utilizing Student's t-test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The peg transfer drill showed no difference in performance between the haptic and non-haptic simulations for all metrics at all three levels of difficulty. For the more complex cutting exercise, the time to complete the tasks was significantly shorter when force feedback was provided, at all levels of difficulty (158+/-56 versus 187+/-51 s, 176+/-49 versus 222+/-68 s, and 275+/-76 versus 422+/-220 s, at levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P<0.05). Data on instrument path length, grasping tension, and errors showed a trend toward a benefit from haptics at all difficulty levels, but this difference did not achieve statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In the more advanced tasks, haptics allowed superior precision, resulting in faster completion of tasks and a trend toward fewer technical errors. In the more basic tasks, haptic-enhanced simulation did not demonstrate an appreciable performance improvement among our trainees. These data suggest that the additional expense of haptic-enhanced laparoscopic simulators may be justified for advanced skill development in surgical trainees as simulator technology continues to improve.
authors.affiliation: Saint Mary's Hospital, Waterbury, Connecticut, USA.
authors.forename: Lucian
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Panait
authors.forename: Ehab
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Akkary
authors.forename: Robert L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bell
authors.forename: Kurt E
authors.initials: KE
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Stanley J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Dudrick
authors.forename: Andrew J
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Duffy
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003194:Computer-Assisted Instruction; D004501:Education, Medical; D004521:Educational Measurement; D005246:Feedback; D006801:Humans; D007396:Internship and Residency; D010535:Laparoscopy; D013337:Students, Medical; D013514:Surgical Procedures, Operative / Q000193:education*; D014584:User-Computer Interface