title: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-2 regulates expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin after arterial injury.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This study tests the hypothesis that S1P2R regulates expression of SMC differentiation genes after arterial injury.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Carotid ligation injury was performed in wild-type and S1P2R-null mice. At various time points after injury, expression of multiple SMC differentiation genes, myocardin, and S1P receptors (S1P1R, S1P2R, and S1P3R) was measured by quantitative PCR. These experiments demonstrate that at day 7 after injury, S1P2R specifically regulates expression of smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and that this is not mediated by changes in expression of myocardin or any of the S1PRs. In vitro studies using carotid SMCs prepared from wild-type and S1P2R-null mice show that S1P stimulates expression of all SMC-differentiation genes tested, but S1P2R significantly regulates expression of SMA and SM22 alpha only. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays suggest that S1P-induced recruitment of serum response factor to the SMA promoter and enhancer largely depends on S1P2R. S1P-stimulated SMA expression requires S1P2R-dependent activation of RhoA and mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. Chelation of calcium does not affect the activation of RhoA by S1P, whereas blockade of Rho by C3 exotoxin partially inhibits the mobilization of calcium by S1P.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results of this study support the hypothesis that S1P2R regulates expression of SMA after injury. We further conclude that transcriptional regulation of SMA by S1P in vitro requires S1P2R-dependent activation of RhoA and mobilization of calcium from intracellular calcium stores.
authors.affiliation: University of Washington, Department of Surgery, 815 Mercer Street, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
authors.forename: Allison D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Grabski
authors.forename: Takuya
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
authors.forename: Jessie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Deou
authors.forename: William M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Mahoney
authors.forename: Michael A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Reidy
authors.forename: Guenter
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Daum
mesh_terms: D000199:Actins / Q000235:genetics*; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D020212:Carotid Artery Injuries / Q000378:metabolism*; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D008246:Lysophospholipids / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000032:analysis; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid / Q000502:physiology*; D013110:Sphingosine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D000199:Actins; D008246:Lysophospholipids; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D049349:Receptors, Lysosphingolipid; C060506:sphingosine 1-phosphate; D020742:rhoA GTP-Binding Protein; D013110:Sphingosine; D002118:Calcium