title: Maternal depression and anxiety across the postpartum year and infant social engagement, fear regulation, and stress reactivity.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To examine the effects of maternal depression on infant social engagement, fear regulation, and cortisol reactivity as compared with maternal anxiety disorders and controls and to assess the role of maternal sensitivity in moderating the relations between maternal depression and infant outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using an extreme-case design, 971 women reported symptoms of anxiety and depression after childbirth and 215 of those at the high and low ends were reevaluated at 6 months. At 9 months, mothers diagnosed with a major depressive disorder (n = 22) and anxiety disorders (n = 19) and matched controls reporting no symptoms across the postpartum year (n = 59) were visited at home. Infant social engagement was observed during mother-infant interaction, emotion regulation was microcoded from a fear paradigm, and mother's and infant's cortisol were sampled at baseline, reactivity, and recovery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The infants of depressed mothers scored the poorest on all three outcomes at 9 months-lowest social engagement, less mature regulatory behaviors and more negative emotionality, and highest cortisol reactivity-with anxious dyads scoring less optimally than the controls on maternal sensitivity and infant social engagement. Fear regulation among the children of anxious mothers was similar to that of the controls and their stress reactivity to infants of depressed mothers. Effect of major depressive disorder on social engagement was moderated by maternal sensitivity, whereas two separate effects of maternal disorder and mother sensitivity emerged for stress reactivity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Pathways leading from maternal depression to infant outcome are specific to developmental achievement. Better understanding of such task-specific mechanisms may help devise more specifically targeted interventions.
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center. Electronic address: Feldman@mail.biu.ac.il.
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Feldman
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center.
authors.forename: Adi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Granat
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center.
authors.forename: Clara
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pariente
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center.
authors.forename: Hannah
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Kanety
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center.
authors.forename: Jacob
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kuint
authors.affiliation: Drs. Feldman, Granat, and Gilboa-Schechtman are with Bar-Ilan University; and Drs. Pariente, Kanety, and Kuint are with the Sheba Medical Center.
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gilboa-Schechtman
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological / Q000502:physiology; D001143:Arousal / Q000502:physiology; D019052:Depression, Postpartum / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D005239:Fear / Q000502:physiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008425:Maternal Behavior / Q000502:physiology; D009034:Mother-Child Relations; D010552:Personality Assessment; D011644:Puerperal Disorders / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology*; D012919:Social Behavior
chemical_list: D006854:Hydrocortisone