title: Differences in SMN1 allele frequencies among ethnic groups within North America.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the most common inherited lethal disease of children. Various genetic deletions involving the bi-allelic loss of SMN1 exon 7 are reported to account for 94% of affected individuals. Published literature places the carrier frequency for SMN1 mutations between 1 in 25 and 1 in 50 in the general population. Although SMA is considered to be a pan-ethnic disease, carrier frequencies for many ethnicities, including most ethnic groups in North America, are unknown.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To provide an accurate assessment of SMN1 mutation carrier frequencies in African American, Ashkenazi Jewish, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic populations, more than 1000 specimens in each ethnic group were tested using a clinically validated, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay that measures exon 7 copy number.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The observed one-copy genotype frequency was 1 in 37 (2.7%) in Caucasian, 1 in 46 (2.2%) in Ashkenazi Jew, 1 in 56 (1.8%) in Asian, 1 in 91 (1.1%) in African American, and 1 in 125 (0.8%) in Hispanic specimens. Additionally, an unusually high frequency of alleles with multiple copies of SMN1 was identified in the African American group (27% compared to 3.3-8.1%). This latter finding has clinical implications for providing accurate adjusted genetic risk assessments to the African American population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Differences in the frequency of SMA carriers were significant among several ethnic groups. This study provides an accurate assessment of allele frequencies and estimates of adjusted genetic risk that were previously unavailable to clinicians and patients considering testing.
authors.forename: B C
authors.initials: BC
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Donohoe
authors.forename: V R
authors.initials: VR
authors.lastname: Akmaev
authors.forename: E A
authors.initials: EA
authors.lastname: Sugarman
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Labrousse
authors.forename: L
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Boguslavskiy
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Flynn
authors.forename: E M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Rohlfs
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Walker
authors.forename: B
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Allitto
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sears
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Scholl
mesh_terms: D018628:Gene Dosage; D005787:Gene Frequency; D006580:Genetic Carrier Screening; D006579:Heterozygote; D006801:Humans; D009134:Muscular Atrophy, Spinal / Q000235:genetics*; D009656:North America; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D044469:Racial Groups / Q000235:genetics*; D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: C526471:SMN1 protein, human; D055533:Survival of Motor Neuron 1 Protein