title: Neurodevelopment in the offspring of Japanese systemic lupus erythematosus patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate pregnancy outcome of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the neuropsychological outcomes in offspring of SLE mothers.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy outcomes of SLE patients from 1989 to 2006 were determined and the neuropsychological development of the children born to SLE patients was examined suited for their age; Bayley Scales of Infant Development up to four years and Kauffmann Assessment Battery for Children from four years onwards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 233 deliveries, 58 (24.7%) were preterm, 72 (30.9%) were low-birth-weight, and 46 (19.7%) were IUGR. Twenty-six children enrolled in this study had normal intelligence. The mean MDI and PDI were 95.8+/-10.1 and 94.6+/-14.1, respectively. The mean scores for the Sequential Processing scale, Simultaneous Processing scale, and Mental Processing composite were 103.1+/-13.3, 104.2+/-10.2, and 104.2+/-12.2, respectively. In the children with anti-Ro/SS-A antibody-positive mothers, mean gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower (p<0.05), as a result, the mean score of Sequential Processing and Mental Processing were significantly lower than that of negative mothers. The presence of maternal antiphospholipid antibody was not related to gestational age, birth weight and any score on the intelligence tests, except for the rate of IUGR.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The rates of preterm delivery and IUGR were frequent in the SLE patients and careful monitoring and management of the disease during pregnancy are still necessary. We should examine the neurodevelopment of the children born from mothers with anti-Ro/SS-A antibody prospectively.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. nao0213@gc5.so-net.ne.jp
authors.forename: Naomi
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Yoshikawa
authors.forename: Kyoko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Tanaka
authors.forename: Mariko
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Sekigawa
authors.forename: Noriko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Kudo
authors.forename: Yayoi
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Arai
authors.forename: Yoshikazu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Ohtsuka
authors.forename: Toshiaki
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Shimizu
mesh_terms: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D044466:Asian People; D001323:Autoantibodies / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D002648:Child; D002657:Child Development / Q000502:physiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D005317:Fetal Growth Retardation; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007360:Intelligence; D008180:Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic / Q000276:immunology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D008297:Male; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011247:Pregnancy / Q000276:immunology; D011248:Pregnancy Complications / Q000276:immunology; D011256:Pregnancy Outcome; D047928:Premature Birth
chemical_list: D000974:Antibodies, Antinuclear; D001323:Autoantibodies; C035356:SS-A antibodies