title: The association of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: sex and body mass index interactions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To study the associations of fruits, vegetables, antioxidant vitamins and fibre intake with high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP). Existing literature on these associations is scarce and has rendered conflicting results.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional study of 1060 individuals (675 women, 385 men), representative of the non-institutionalized population, aged >or=18 years, in Porto, Portugal (70% participation rate). Diet over the previous year was assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. Associations between diet and hs-CRP (categorized into <1, 1-3, >3 to <or=10 mg/l) were obtained from ordinal logistic regression models (odds ratio, 95% confidence intervals-OR, 95% CI) adjusted for sociodemographic and behavioural variables.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In normal weight men (body mass index (BMI) <25.0 kg/m(2)), for each 100 g increase in fruit and vegetable intake, there was 30% less probability of changing of hs-CRP category (no risk to moderate risk, or moderate to high risk). Protective associations were also observed between hs-CRP and fruits (OR=0.73, 95% CI 0.56-0.96 per 100 g/day), vegetables (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.86 per 100 g/day), vitamin C (OR=0.34, 95% CI 0.14-0.80 per 10 mg/day) and vitamin E (OR=0.14, 95% CI 0.02-0.88 per 1000 retinol equivalents per day). Overall, associations tended to be weaker in overweight participants. In men (BMI >or=25.0 kg/m(2)), fibre was also negatively associated with hs-CRP. In women, no significant associations were found between dietary variables and hs-CRP. A significant modification effect of the evaluated associations was found by sex for fruits and vegetables, vitamin C and fibre, but not by BMI.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intake of fruits and vegetables, vitamin C, E and fibre were negatively associated with hs-CRP in men.
authors.affiliation: Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology of the University of Porto Medical School, Porto, Portugal. acmatos@med.up.pt
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Oliveira
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Rodríguez-Artalejo
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lopes
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D001205:Ascorbic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage; D015992:Body Mass Index; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004043:Dietary Fiber / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D005260:Female; D005638:Fruit; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D011174:Portugal; D012737:Sex Factors; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014675:Vegetables; D014810:Vitamin E / Q000008:administration & dosage; D014815:Vitamins / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D004043:Dietary Fiber; D014815:Vitamins; D014810:Vitamin E; D002097:C-Reactive Protein; D001205:Ascorbic Acid