title: Disaster response to the release of biohazardous agent: instrument development and evaluation of a firefighter's exercise.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The release of biohazardous agents could affect many people. Preparedness is crucial for adequate responses to accidental or deliberate release of biohazardous agents. It is believed that exercises based on simulated incident scenes are effective methods for the training of firefighters and biohazard response teams. Structured evaluations are important methods used to identify areas of ineffectiveness and to assure the quality of responses to releases of biohazards.
  
  
  METHODS
  A local fire department conducted a full-scale biohazard exercise in an elementary school. The firefighters practiced prohibiting entry to the area, establishing security zones, evacuating victims, assessing hazards, preventing further dissemination, and sampling and keeping the suspicious material in safe custody. Trained observers systematically evaluated the exercise following a standardized evaluation protocol. A set of data collection templates were created based on standard operating procedures extracted from current guidelines.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 60 firefighters, eight members of the incident command, 16 simulated victims, and 18 trained observers that participated in the exercise. Out of 31 standard operating procedures, 20 were in accordance with the guidelines, 10 were performed incorrectly, and one was not applicable. Major problems related to the assessment and handling of the suspicious material, the use of protective equipment, and decontamination of victims. Reasons for incomplete and/or conflicting documentation included insufficient knowledge and training of observers, imprecise instructions about documentation, and the size of observation zones.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intensive education and training of response activities is necessary. Each fire department should perpetually reassess their technical equipment and specific skills and their communication and command structures. The applied documentation system performed well in disclosing discrepancies between observed response activities and current recommendations. Using external observers provided transparent and independent data. However, intensive observer training is necessary. Observer training should include detailed, written instructions and short guidelines that could be available during the exercise.
authors.affiliation: University of Hamburg, Unit of Health Sciences and Education, Hamburg, Germany. matthias.lenz@uni-hamburg.de
authors.forename: Matthias
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lenz
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Richter
mesh_terms: D001694:Biological Warfare; D002959:Civil Defense / Q000458:organization & administration*; D003625:Data Collection; D003695:Delivery of Health Care / Q000458:organization & administration*; D004189:Disaster Planning / Q000379:methods*; D005390:Fires; D005858:Germany; D015386:Hazardous Substances / Q000009:adverse effects*; D006287:Health Planning Guidelines; D006801:Humans; D017145:Models, Educational; D011361:Professional Competence; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012066:Relief Work / Q000458:organization & administration*
chemical_list: D015386:Hazardous Substances