title: Near-total human face transplantation for a severely disfigured patient in the USA.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Multiple reconstructive procedures are common for the reconstruction of complex facial deformities of skin, soft tissues, bony structures, and functional subunits, such as the nose, lips, and eyelids. However, the results have been unsatisfactory. An innovative approach entailing a single surgical procedure of face allograft transplantation is a viable alternative and gives improved results.
  
  
  METHODS
  On Dec 9, 2008, a 45-year-old woman with a history of severe midface trauma underwent near-total face transplantation in which 80% of her face was replaced with a tailored composite tissue allograft. We addressed issues of immunosuppressive therapy, psychological and ethical outcomes, and re-integration of the patient into society.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After the operation, the patient did well physically and psychologically, and tolerated immunosuppression without any major complication. Routine biopsy on day 47 after transplantation showed rejection of graft mucosa; however, a single bolus of corticosteroids reversed rejection. During the first 3 weeks after transplantation, the patient accepted her new face; 6 months after surgery, the functional outcome has been excellent. In contrast to her status before transplantation, the patient can now breathe through her nose, smell, taste, speak intelligibly, eat solid foods, and drink from a cup.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We show the feasibility of reconstruction of severely disfigured patients in a single surgical procedure using composite face allotransplantation. Therefore, this should be taken in consideration as an early option for severely disfigured patients.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  None.
authors.affiliation: Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA. siemiom@ccf.org
authors.forename: Maria
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Siemionow
authors.forename: Frank
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Papay
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Alam
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Bernard
authors.forename: Risal
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Djohan
authors.forename: Chad
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Gordon
authors.forename: Mark
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Hendrickson
authors.forename: Robert
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lohman
authors.forename: Bijan
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Eghtesad
authors.forename: Kathy
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Coffman
authors.forename: Eric
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kodish
authors.forename: Carmen
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Paradis
authors.forename: Robin
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Avery
authors.forename: John
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Fung
mesh_terms: D001828:Body Image; D046148:Donor Selection; D005081:Exercise Therapy; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000209:etiology / Q000601:surgery*; D054445:Facial Transplantation / Q000941:ethics / Q000379:methods* / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation; D005260:Female; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D007165:Immunosuppression Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods; D008875:Middle Aged; D010348:Patient Care Team / Q000458:organization & administration; D018579:Patient Selection; D011859:Radiography; D020127:Recovery of Function; D009927:Tissue and Organ Procurement; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States; D014948:Wounds, Gunshot / Q000150:complications