title: Phacoemulsification skills training and assessment.
abstract: BACKGROUND The quality of ophthalmic surgical training is increasingly challenged by an untimely convergence of several factors. This article reviews the tools currently available for training and assessment in phacoemulsification surgery. METHODS Medline searches were performed to identify articles with combinations of the following words: phacoemulsification, training, curriculum, virtual reality and assessment. Further articles were obtained by manually searching the reference lists of identified papers. RESULTS Thus far phacoemulsification training outside the operating room include wet labs and micro-surgical skills courses. These methods have been criticised for being unrealistic, inaccurate and inconsistent. Virtual reality simulators have the ability to teach phacoemulsification psychomotor skills, as well as to carry out objective assessment. Other ophthalmic surgical skill assessment tools such as Objective Assessment of Skills in Intraocular Surgery (OASIS) and Global Rating Assessment of Skills in Intraocular Surgery (GRASIS) are emerging. Assessor bias is minimised by using video-based assessments, which have been shown to reduce subjectivity. Dexterity analysis technology such as the Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device (ICSAD) and virtual reality simulators can be used as objective assessment devices. CONCLUSION Improvements in technology can be utilised in ophthalmology and will help to address the increasingly limited opportunities for training and assessment during training and throughout a subsequent career (re-training and re-validation). This will inevitably translate into enhanced patient care.
authors.affiliation: Specialist Trainee, South Thames Rotation, 34 Ashgrove House, 28 Lindsay Square, London SW1V 2HW, UK. antspit@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Anthony
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Spiteri
authors.forename: Rajesh
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Aggarwal
authors.forename: Tom
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Kersey
authors.forename: Larry
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Benjamin
authors.forename: Ara
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Darzi
authors.forename: Philip
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bloom
mesh_terms: D002983:Clinical Competence; D004503:Education, Medical, Graduate / Q000379:methods*; D004521:Educational Measurement / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D018918:Phacoemulsification / Q000193:education* / Q000592:standards; D014584:User-Computer Interface