title: Application of molecular techniques to the elucidation of the microbial community structure of antique paintings.
abstract: This paper uses molecular techniques to describe the microstructure and microbiological communities of sixteenth century artwork and their relationships. The microbiological populations, analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), were highly influenced by the chemical composition of the pictorial layers detected by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. DGGE revealed that the diversity of microbial communities was lower in pictorial layers composed of pigments with metals, such as Pb, Cu and Hg, than in those found in pictorial layers without such compounds. The number of cultivable microorganisms, mainly fungi and bacteria, was very low in comparison to those found by DGGE, revealing the presence of both cultivable and as-yet-uncultivated (or not viable) species in the samples analysed. Both fungi and bacteria were present in a non-random spatial distribution. Environmental scanning electron microscopy and fluorescent in situ hybridisation analyses revealed that bacterial populations were usually found in close contact with the surface of the pictorial layers, and fungal populations were located on the bacterial biofilm. This work shows, for the first time, the correlation between the diversity of the microbial populations and the chemical composition of the pictorial layers of an artwork.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology, Biology Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, José Antonio Novais, 2, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Antonio
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Alejandro
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Cerrada
authors.forename: Silvia
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: García
authors.forename: Margarita
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: San Andrés
authors.forename: Concepción
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Abrusci
authors.forename: Domingo
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Marquina
mesh_terms: D001419:Bacteria / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D018441:Biofilms; D004396:Coloring Agents / Q000737:chemistry; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000032:analysis; D004271:DNA, Fungal / Q000032:analysis; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000379:methods; D004783:Environmental Microbiology; D005658:Fungi / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D017404:In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D010150:Paint / Q000382:microbiology; D010151:Paintings; D013052:Spectrometry, X-Ray Emission
chemical_list: D004396:Coloring Agents; D004269:DNA, Bacterial; D004271:DNA, Fungal