title: The Norwood procedure - does the type of shunt determine outcome?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Stage I palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) and its variants is usually performed by a Norwood operation. The management of pulmonary blood flow during this procedure remains controversial. The RV-to-PA conduit (RVPAC) has been proposed as the better alternative compared to a systemic-to-pulmonary shunt (SPS).
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective single center chart review of consecutive patients who underwent a Norwood I procedure between 01/1997 and 09/2006 was performed. All patients were operated in deep hypothermia, with or without circulatory arrest, using different shunt modifications according to surgeon's preference. Patients were divided into two groups depending on surgical management for pulmonary blood flow (modified BT shunt [BT] and non-valved RVPAC [Sano]).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fifty-four patients were included in the study (BT: 31 patients vs. Sano: 23 patients). Diastolic blood pressure during the first 24 hours postoperatively was significantly lower in the BT group (BT: 38.6 +/- 6.9 mmHg vs. Sano: 42.4 +/- 7.2 mmHg; P < 0.01) with a trend towards a higher systolic blood pressure (BT: 74.1 +/- 13.5 mmHg vs. Sano: 69.8 +/- 12.1 mmHg; P = 0.08). Mean circulatory arrest time in the BT group was significantly longer compared to the Sano patients (BT: 41 +/- 21 min vs. Sano: 25 +/- 23 min; P < 0.01). The mean hospital stay was 18.5 days for BT patients and 20 days for Sano patients ( P = 0.45). Early mortality for the total cohort was 14.8 % (n = 8) (BT 19.4 % [n = 6] vs. Sano 8.7 % [n = 2]; P = 0.12). There was no significant difference in inter-stage mortality between the two groups (BT: 18.2 % vs. Sano: 21.1 %; P = 0.47).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results for both established surgical methods (BT and Sano) for the palliation of HLHS and its variants have improved over time and are reaching acceptable early mortality rates. There was a trend towards a favorable early outcome for Sano patients, which did not reach statistical significance in this study due to the low patient numbers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany. andre.rueffer@uk-erlangen.de
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Rüffer
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Danch
authors.forename: U
authors.initials: U
authors.lastname: Gottschalk
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Mir
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Lacour-Gayet
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Haun
authors.forename: V
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Hraska
authors.forename: H C
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Reichenspurner
authors.forename: R A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Cesnjevar
mesh_terms: D001794:Blood Pressure; D050792:Circulatory Arrest, Deep Hypothermia Induced; D003326:Coronary Circulation; D003422:Critical Care; D005260:Female; D018610:Heart Bypass, Right / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D018636:Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome / Q000401:mortality / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007902:Length of Stay; D008297:Male; D010166:Palliative Care; D011652:Pulmonary Circulation; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome