title: Nicotine dependence: biology, behavior, and treatment.
abstract: Despite great advances in the understanding and treatment of nicotine dependence, close to 21% of adults in the United States continue to smoke. Tobacco use is the single greatest cause of premature and preventable death in the United States. This article reviews the epidemiology, assessment, neurobiology, genetic etiology, and treatment of nicotine dependence. Enhanced understanding of these dimensions of nicotine dependence may help to advance progress toward lowering the prevalence rate of tobacco use in the U.S. and lowering the rate of tobacco-related morbidity and mortality.
authors.affiliation: Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. rijuray@mail.med.upenn.edu
authors.forename: Riju
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Ray
authors.forename: Robert A
authors.initials: RA
authors.lastname: Schnoll
authors.forename: Caryn
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Lerman
mesh_terms: D006801:Humans; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy