title: Relationship of serum bilirubin concentrations to kidney function and albuminuria in the United States adult population. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-2006.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The association of serum bilirubin concentrations with kidney function and albuminuria has not been established in the US general population.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2006 and examined the associations of serum total bilirubin concentrations with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria in a nationally representative sample of 13,184 adults aged 20 years or older. eGFR was estimated using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. Urinary albumin excretion was measured using the albumin/creatinine ratio.
  
  
  RESULTS
  An eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and urinary albumin/creatinine ratio > or = 30 mg/g were present in 8.1% (n=1072) and 10.6% (n=1402) of participants, respectively. A total of 427 (3.2%) individuals had a serum total bilirubin concentration >22.23 micromol/L. After adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, alcohol consumption, viral hepatitis status and other laboratory measures, serum bilirubin was negatively associated with eGFR, and positively with albuminuria both in the whole cohort and in the subgroup of non-diabetic individuals. In contrast, serum bilirubin was not significantly associated with eGFR or albuminuria in persons with diabetes (n=1253).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Increasing serum concentrations of total bilirubin are independently associated with decreasing eGFR and increasing albuminuria in the US adult population.
authors.affiliation: Section of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. giovanni.targher@univr.it
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Targher
authors.forename: Cortney
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Bosworth
authors.forename: Jessica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kendrick
authors.forename: Gerard
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Smits
authors.forename: Giuseppe
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Lippi
authors.forename: Michel
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Chonchol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000419:Albuminuria / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001663:Bilirubin / Q000097:blood*; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003627:Data Interpretation, Statistical; D003710:Demography; D005260:Female; D005919:Glomerular Filtration Rate / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007674:Kidney Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009749:Nutrition Surveys; D044382:Population Groups; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D001663:Bilirubin