title: Interleukin-1 stimulates catabolism in C2C12 myotubes.
abstract: Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is an inflammatory cytokine that has been linked to muscle catabolism, a process regulated by muscle-specific E3 proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. To address cellular mechanism, we tested the hypothesis that IL-1 induces myofibrillar protein loss by acting directly on muscle to increase expression of two critical E3 proteins, atrogin1/muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) and muscle RING-finger 1 (MuRF1). Experiments were conducted using mature C2C12 myotubes to eliminate systemic cytokine effects and avoid paracrine signaling by nonmuscle cell types. Time-course protocols were used to define the sequence of cellular responses. We found that atrogin1/MAFbx mRNA and MuRF1 mRNA are elevated 60-120 min after myotube exposure to either IL-1alpha or IL-1beta. These responses are preceded by signaling events that promote E3 expression. Both IL-1 isoforms stimulate phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and stimulate nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling; I-kappaB levels fall and NF-kappaB DNA binding activity increases. Other regulators of E3 expression are unaffected by IL-1 [cytosolic oxidant activity, Forkhead-O (Foxo) activity] or respond paradoxically (AKT). Chronic exposure of C2C12 myotubes over 48 h resulted in reduced myotube width and loss of sarcomeric actin. We conclude that IL-1alpha and IL-1beta act via an oxidant- and AKT/Foxo-independent mechanism to activate p38 MAPK, stimulate NF-kappaB signaling, increase expression of atrogin1/MAFbx and MuRF1, and reduce myofibrillar protein in differentiated myotubes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0298, USA.
authors.forename: Wei
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Moylan
authors.forename: Melissa A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Chambers
authors.forename: Jeffrey
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Michael B
authors.initials: MB
authors.lastname: Reid
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha / Q000494:pharmacology*; D053583:Interleukin-1beta / Q000494:pharmacology*; D051379:Mice; D018485:Muscle Fibers, Skeletal / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D009124:Muscle Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016328:NF-kappa B / Q000378:metabolism; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases / Q000378:metabolism; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051858:Forkhead Transcription Factors; D053582:Interleukin-1alpha; D053583:Interleukin-1beta; D009124:Muscle Proteins; D016328:NF-kappa B; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D000070584:Tripartite Motif Proteins; C486691:Fbxo32 protein, mouse; D044843:SKP Cullin F-Box Protein Ligases; C499084:Trim63 protein, mouse; D044767:Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; D048051:p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases