title: Tympanic thermometry--normal temperature and reliability.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Clinical measurements such as temperature are commonly used for screening and diagnosis. However, little is known about the reliability of specific thermometers or measurement techniques.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study sought to define normal tympanic temperature and to assess the reliability of tympanic thermometry. Using a cross-sectional survey design, 244 children aged between one and six years at a paediatric outpatients department had their temperature recorded three times in each ear using a Braun Thermoscan thermometer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Mean temperature was 36.65 degrees C with an overall repeatability statistic of 0.78 degrees C, 0.55 degrees C in the left ear and 0.64 degrees C in the right. The level of measurement error did not increase with temperature, or differ between ages. Environmental temperature had only a moderate effect on temperature, and there was no effect from environmental humidity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Tympanic thermometry using the Braun ThermoScan is a reliable method of temperature measurement, with a temperature change of approximately 0.6 degrees C being significant. Although the effects of environmental conditions were slight, these were in temperate conditions. This study should be repeated for other models of thermometer.
authors.affiliation: King's College London, Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery.
authors.forename: Edward
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Purssell
authors.forename: Alison
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: While
authors.forename: Billie
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Coomber
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D001831:Body Temperature; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015400:Clinical Nursing Research; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004209:Disposable Equipment; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006813:Humidity; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009730:Nursing Assessment; D010045:Outpatients; D010371:Pediatric Nursing; D012016:Reference Values; D013817:Thermography / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods* / Q000451:nursing; D014432:Tympanic Membrane