title: Virologic and immunologic correlates with the magnitude of antibody responses to the hepatitis A vaccine in HIV-infected children on highly active antiretroviral treatment.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  HIV-infected individuals mount poor antibody responses to vaccines. We sought to identify the immunologic and virologic factors associated with a robust response to hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine in children on highly active antiretroviral treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred fifty-two pediatric highly active antiretroviral treatment recipients immunized against HAV at weeks 0 and 24 had anti-HAV antibodies, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cell percent assessed at weeks 0 and 32. Subgroups had HIV viremia, B- and T-cell subpopulations, and cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to HAV and other stimulants measured.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Anti-HAV antibodies after complete vaccination correlated positively with CD4+ percent and CD19+ percent and negatively with viremia and CD8+ percent at baseline, but not at 32 weeks. There were no significant correlations between anti-HAV antibodies and B- or T-cell-naïve, memory, or activated subpopulations or non-HAV CMI. Compared with children who remained HAV-CMI-negative, those who mounted HAV-CMI in response to vaccination had higher anti-HAV antibody titers and CD19+ CD21+ CD27+ memory B cell percent at 32 weeks, but no other differences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In HIV-infected children on highly active antiretroviral treatment, control of viral replication and conserved or reconstituted CD19+ and CD4+ cell numbers and function determine a robust antibody response to anti-HAV primary immunization. Our data support a bidirectional B- and T-cell cooperation in the response to the HAV vaccine.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. adriana.weinberg@ucdenver.edu
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Weinberg
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Huang
authors.forename: Terence
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Fenton
authors.forename: Julie
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Patterson-Bartlett
authors.forename: Philimon
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Gona
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Read
authors.forename: Wayne M
authors.initials: WM
authors.lastname: Dankner
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Nachman
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000917:Antibody Formation; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D015496:CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D018414:CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D016207:Cytokines / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000276:immunology* / Q000821:virology; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies / Q000097:blood*; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D014611:Vaccination; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D016207:Cytokines; D035922:Hepatitis A Antibodies; D022362:Hepatitis A Vaccines