title: Carotenoid crystal formation in Arabidopsis and carrot roots caused by increased phytoene synthase protein levels.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  As the first pathway-specific enzyme in carotenoid biosynthesis, phytoene synthase (PSY) is a prime regulatory target. This includes a number of biotechnological approaches that have successfully increased the carotenoid content in agronomically relevant non-green plant tissues through tissue-specific PSY overexpression. We investigated the differential effects of constitutive AtPSY overexpression in green and non-green cells of transgenic Arabidopsis lines. This revealed striking similarities to the situation found in orange carrot roots with respect to carotenoid amounts and sequestration mechanism.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In Arabidopsis seedlings, carotenoid content remained unaffected by increased AtPSY levels although the protein was almost quantitatively imported into plastids, as shown by western blot analyses. In contrast, non-photosynthetic calli and roots overexpressing AtPSY accumulated carotenoids 10 and 100-fold above the corresponding wild-type tissues and contained 1800 and 500 microg carotenoids per g dry weight, respectively. This increase coincided with a change of the pattern of accumulated carotenoids, as xanthophylls decreased relative to beta-carotene and carotene intermediates accumulated. As shown by polarization microscopy, carotenoids were found deposited in crystals, similar to crystalline-type chromoplasts of non-green tissues present in several other taxa. In fact, orange-colored carrots showed a similar situation with increased PSY protein as well as carotenoid levels and accumulation patterns whereas wild white-rooted carrots were similar to Arabidopsis wild type roots in this respect. Initiation of carotenoid crystal formation by increased PSY protein amounts was further confirmed by overexpressing crtB, a bacterial PSY gene, in white carrots, resulting in increased carotenoid amounts deposited in crystals.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The sequestration of carotenoids into crystals can be driven by the functional overexpression of one biosynthetic enzyme in non-green plastids not requiring a chromoplast developmental program as this does not exist in Arabidopsis. Thus, PSY expression plays a major, rate-limiting role in the transition from white to orange-colored carrots.
authors.affiliation: Faculty of Biology, Cell Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
authors.forename: Dirk
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Maass
authors.forename: Jacobo
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Arango
authors.forename: Florian
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Wüst
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Beyer
authors.forename: Ralf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Welsch
mesh_terms: D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D017360:Arabidopsis / Q000378:metabolism*; D002338:Carotenoids / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D018552:Daucus carota / Q000378:metabolism*; D051232:Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D002338:Carotenoids; D019883:Alkyl and Aryl Transferases; D051232:Geranylgeranyl-Diphosphate Geranylgeranyltransferase