title: Managing type 2 diabetes in Soweto-The South African Chronic Disease Outreach Program experience.
abstract: Diabetes (DM) and its resultant complications are a problem worldwide, and especially in developing countries like South Africa (SA). Risk factors associated with DM are potentially modifiable, but DM control is poor. Problems in SA include high prevalence of morbidity from DM and hypertension (HTN), lack of recognition of the importance of chronic kidney disease (CKD), late presentation to health care services, lack of education of health providers and patients, and poor quality of care in primary health care settings (PHC). In response, there has been growing advocacy for prevention strategies and improved support and education for primary health care nurses (PHCNs). A Chronic Disease Outreach Program (CDOP), based on the chronic care model was used to follow patients with DM and HTN, support PHCN, and improve health systems for management in Soweto. A group of 257 DM patients and 186 PHCN were followed over 2 years, with the study including the evaluation of 'functional' and clinical outcomes, diary recordings outlining program challenges, and a questionnaire assessing PHCNs' knowledge and education support, and the value of CDOP. CDOP was successful in supporting PHCNs, detecting patients with advanced disease, and ensuring early referral to a specialist center. It improved early detection and referral of high risk, poorly controlled patients and had an impact on PHCNs' knowledge. Its weaknesses include poor follow up due to poor existing health systems and the programs' inability to integrate into existing chronic disease services. The study also revealed an overworked, poorly supported, poorly educated and frustrated primary health care team.
authors.affiliation: Dumisani Mzamane African Institute of Kidney Disease, University of the Witwatersrand, Old Potch Road, Diepkloof, Soweto, South Africa. ivorjkatz@gmail.com
authors.forename: Ivor
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Katz
authors.forename: Helen
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schneider
authors.forename: Zodwa
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Shezi
authors.forename: Golebemang
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Mdleleni
authors.forename: Trevor
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Gerntholtz
authors.forename: Omar
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Butler
authors.forename: Lenore
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Manderson
authors.forename: Sarala
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Naicker
mesh_terms: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003159:Community-Institutional Relations; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000451:nursing / Q000534:rehabilitation / Q000628:therapy*; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D006973:Hypertension / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010347:Patient Care Planning; D011637:Public Health Nursing; D012944:Social Support; D013019:South Africa / Q000453:epidemiology
chemical_list: D000319:Adrenergic beta-Antagonists; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents