title: Global transcriptional analysis of acid-inducible genes in Streptococcus mutans: multiple two-component systems involved in acid adaptation.
abstract: Streptococcus mutans in dental biofilms is regularly exposed to cycles of acidic pH during the ingestion of fermentable dietary carbohydrates. The ability of S. mutans to tolerate low pH is crucial for its virulence and pathogenesis in dental caries. To better understand its acid tolerance mechanisms, we performed genome-wide transcriptional analysis of S. mutans in response to an acidic pH signal. The preliminary results showed that adaptation of S. mutans to pH 5.5 induced differential expression of nearly 14 % of the genes in the genome, including 169 upregulated genes and 108 downregulated genes, largely categorized into nine functional groups. One of the most interesting findings was that the genes encoding multiple two-component systems (TCSs), including CiaHR, LevSR, LiaSR, ScnKR, Hk/Rr1037/1038 and ComDE, were upregulated during acid adaptation. Real-time qRT-PCR confirmed the same trend in the expression profiles of these genes at pH 5.5. To determine the roles of these transduction systems in acid adaptation, mutants with a deletion of the histidine-kinase-encoding genes were constructed and assayed for the acid tolerance response (ATR). The results revealed that inactivation of each of these systems resulted in a mutant that was impaired in ATR, since pre-exposure of these mutants to pH 5.5 did not induce the same level of protection against lethal pH levels as the parent did. A competitive fitness assay showed that all the mutants were unable to compete with the parent strain for persistence in dual-strain mixed cultures at acidic pH, although, with the exception of the mutant in liaS, little effect was observed at neutral pH. The evidence from this study suggests that the multiple TCSs are required for S. mutans to orchestrate its signal transduction networks for optimal adaptation to acidic pH.
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Yongxing
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Gong
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Xiao-Lin
authors.initials: XL
authors.lastname: Tian
authors.affiliation: Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Tara
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Sutherland
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Gary
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Sisson
authors.affiliation: Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.|Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Junni
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Mai
authors.affiliation: Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
authors.forename: Junqi
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Ling
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.|Department of Applied Oral Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada.
authors.forename: Yung-Hua
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Li
mesh_terms: D000143:Acids / Q000633:toxicity*; D017353:Gene Deletion; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D015964:Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D050296:Microbial Viability; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction; D013295:Streptococcus mutans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology*; D013312:Stress, Physiological
chemical_list: D000143:Acids