title: Alkylcarboxylate grafting to polyethylenimine: a simple approach to producing a DNA nanocarrier with low toxicity.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Various strategies have been examined to improve both transfection efficiency and cytotoxicity of polyethylenimine (PEI), a widely used polycationic nonviral gene vector. In the present study, we sought to improve PEI transfection efficiency by combining the osmotic burst mechanism for lysing endocytotic vesicles with the lipid depletion mechanism, which was accomplished by maintaining buffering capacity at the same time as adding a lipid-absorbing hydrophobic shell.
  
  
  METHODS
  PEI was altered via the substitution of various percentages of its primary amines with carboxylate-terminated short, moderate and long alkyl chains, by reaction with bromoacetic, 6-bromohexanoic, 10-bromodecanoic and 16-bromohexadecanoic acids. Modified polymers were complexed with plasmid and the particle size and zeta potential of the polyplexes were determined. Ethidium bromide dye exclusion was used to show the DNA-binding ability of the polymers and their transfection activity and cytotoxicity was evaluated in Neuro2A mammalian cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Decreased DNA-binding ability resulted from increases in either the degree of substitution or hydrocarbon chain length. Particle size and zeta potential measurements demonstrated that modified PEI polymers were able to form nanoparticles in the size range 60-195 nm, and surface charge decreased with an increasing degree of substitution. Higher degrees of substitution resulted in decreased cytotoxicity of polymers. Alkylcarboxylate substitution of primary amines on PEI enhanced transfection efficiencies by up to approximately five-fold relative to underivatized PEI, with the greatest increases occurring with 6-bromohexanoic acid derivatives at degrees of substitution below 10%.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results obtained suggest that an appropriate balance between cationic and hydrophobic regions of alkylated PEI yields the optimal nonviral vector with high transfection efficiency and low toxicity.
authors.affiliation: Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Research Centers, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
authors.forename: Reza K
authors.initials: RK
authors.lastname: Oskuee
authors.forename: Ali
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dehshahri
authors.forename: Wayne T
authors.initials: WT
authors.lastname: Shier
authors.forename: Mohammad
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Ramezani
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002264:Carboxylic Acids / Q000737:chemistry*; D002460:Cell Line; D004247:DNA / Q000378:metabolism; D018014:Gene Transfer Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects; D015316:Genetic Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects; D005822:Genetic Vectors / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000138:chemical synthesis* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D057927:Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; D051379:Mice; D015394:Molecular Structure; D049329:Nanostructures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000737:chemistry; D011094:Polyethyleneimine / Q000737:chemistry*; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D002264:Carboxylic Acids; D011094:Polyethyleneimine; D004247:DNA