title: Entanglement of Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in marine debris: identifying causes and finding solutions.
abstract: Entanglement in marine debris is a contributing factor in Steller sea lion (SSL; Eumetopias jubatus) injury and mortality. We quantified SSL entanglement by debris type, sex and age class, entanglement incidence, and estimated population level effects. Surveys of SSL haul-outs were conducted from 2000-2007 in Southeast Alaska and northern British Columbia. We recorded 386 individuals of all age classes as being either entangled in marine debris or having ingested fishing gear. Packing bands were the most common neck entangling material (54%), followed by rubber bands (30%), net (7%), rope (7%), and monofilament line (2%). Ingested fishing gear included salmon fishery flashers (lures: 80%), longline gear (12%), hook and line (4%), spinners/spoons (2%), and bait hooks (2%). Entanglement incidence was 0.26% (SD=0.0064, n=69 sites). "Lose the Loop!" Simple procedures such as cutting entangling loops of synthetic material and eliminating the use of packing bands can prevent entanglements.
authors.affiliation: Sea Gypsy Research, 928 NW Cottage St., Newport, Oregon 97365, USA. kim.raum-suryan@oregonstate.edu
authors.forename: Kimberly L
authors.initials: KL
authors.lastname: Raum-Suryan
authors.forename: Lauri A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Jemison
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Pitcher
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000413:Alaska; D000818:Animals; D001955:British Columbia; D005260:Female; D008297:Male; D008386:Marine Biology; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D010140:Pacific Ocean; D011157:Population Dynamics; D046070:Sea Lions; D014866:Waste Products; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000517:prevention & control* / Q000662:veterinary*
chemical_list: D014866:Waste Products