title: Effectiveness of warm water consumption to reduce patient discomfort during colonoscopy: a randomized controlled trial.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Colonic spasm, a relatively common problem during colonoscopy, may interfere with intubation and examination. This study was conducted to compare the effect of warm water consumption before unsedated colonoscopy on the incidence of spasm, pain, and technical difficulties. In addition, we studied the associations between attributes of patients and the degree of pain experienced by them during procedures undertaken after warm water consumption.
  
  
  METHODS
  A prospective, randomized, controlled, and investigator-blinded study was conducted in which three groups of patients underwent unsedated colonoscopies. Those randomized to group A (n=64) were instructed to drink 2 l of warm water and 90 ml of sodium phosphate (NaP) solution before colonoscopy. For comparison, those randomized to groups B (n=64) and C (n=64) were instructed to drink 2 l of cold water and 90 ml of NaP solution, or 90 ml of NaP solution without any additional water, respectively. Patient demographics, procedure-related factors, and degree of spasm, pain, and technical difficulty were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Ileal intubation and withdrawal times were significantly shorter for group A than for groups B and C (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference between groups in the degree of spasm reported by the endoscopist. The level of pain at the sigmoid colon and splenic flexure during colonoscopy was lower for group A than for groups B and C on both advancement and withdrawal of the colonoscope (P<0.001 and P<0.001, respectively). The level of discomfort 2 h after the completion of endoscopy was lower for group A than for the other groups. (P=0.001). A subgroup analysis showed that warm water consumption was especially beneficial for patients <40 years of age and for those with irritable bowel syndrome. A multivariate analysis showed that warm water consumption before colonoscopy (odds ratio (OR) 0.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.48 vs. the cold water group and OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16-0.73 vs. the no water group) was an independent factor for the reduction of pain during colonoscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The intake of warm water before unsedated colonoscopy reduces procedure-related pain and technical difficulty, especially in patients who are young or have irritable bowel syndrome, even though it does not improve the frequency of visible spasmodic events.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
authors.forename: Hyuk
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jae J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Byung-Hoon
authors.initials: BH
authors.lastname: Min
authors.forename: Jun Haeng
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Young-Ho
authors.initials: YH
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Dong Kyung
authors.initials: DK
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jin Yong
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Poong-Lyul
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Rhee
authors.forename: Jong Chul
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Rhee
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D003113:Colonoscopy / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004326:Drinking; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010146:Pain / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010710:Phosphates / Q000008:administration & dosage; D011446:Prospective Studies; D013696:Temperature; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014867:Water / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D010710:Phosphates; D014867:Water; C018279:sodium phosphate