title: The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of donepezil for the treatment of young adults with Down syndrome.
abstract: The objective of our study was to assess the efficacy and safety of donepezil in young adults with Down syndrome (DS) but no evidence of Alzheimer disease (AD). A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 12-week, open-label extension was conducted. The intervention consisted of donepezil (5-10 mg/day) in young adults (aged 18-35 years) with DS, but no AD. The primary measure was the Severe Impairment Battery (SIB) test and secondary measures were the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales (VABS), the Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test for Children, and the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, Third Edition. At baseline, 123 subjects were randomly assigned treatment with donepezil or placebo. During the double-blind phase, SIB scores improved significantly from baseline in both groups, with no significant between-group differences. During the open-label phase, SIB scores in the original donepezil group remained stable; the original placebo group showed an improvement similar to that seen in the double-blind phase. VABS scores improved for donepezil, but not placebo, during the double-blind phase (observed cases, P = 0.03; last observation carried forward, P = 0.07). Post hoc responder analyses were significant for donepezil using three of five response definitions (P < or = 0.045). Adverse event rates were comparable to AD studies. In this first large-scale, multicenter trial of a pharmacological agent for DS, donepezil appears safe. Efficacy interpretation was limited for the primary measure due to apparent learning/practice and ceiling effects. Outcomes in post hoc analyses suggested efficacy in some, but not all subjects, consistent with phenotypic variability of DS. Additional studies are required to confirm potential benefits of donepezil in this population.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA. kishn001@mc.duke.edu
authors.forename: Priya S
authors.initials: PS
authors.lastname: Kishnani
authors.forename: Barbara R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Sommer
authors.forename: Benjamin L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Handen
authors.forename: Benjamin
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Seltzer
authors.forename: George T
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Capone
authors.forename: Gail A
authors.initials: GA
authors.lastname: Spiridigliozzi
authors.forename: James H
authors.initials: JH
authors.lastname: Heller
authors.forename: Sharon
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Richardson
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: McRae
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D003710:Demography; D000077265:Donepezil; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D004314:Down Syndrome / Q000188:drug therapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007189:Indans / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007858:Learning / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D018697:Nootropic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010880:Piperidines / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D007189:Indans; D018697:Nootropic Agents; D010880:Piperidines; D000077265:Donepezil