title: The prevalence of violence and relation to depression and illicit drug use among incarcerated women in Recife, Brazil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the prevalence and different types of violence experienced by women prisoners in Brazil and the effects of violence on women's depression and illicit drug use.
  
  
  METHODS
  Participants (N=377) were incarcerated women from a state prison in a northeastern city of Brazil. Multivariate logistic regression models (adjusted for age, education, partner status, prison history, drug related offense, and sentencing status) were used to assess associations between each type of violence (physical abuse, sexual abuse, and life threats) and each outcome variable: recent depression and illicit drug use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The majority of participants (87%) reported experiencing some type of violence in their lifetime, including physical violence (83%), sexual victimization (36%), and threats on their life (29%.) Sexual violence was significantly related to both recent depression (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.8; 95% Confidence Interval (CI)=1.4-5.3) and recent substance use (OR=2.7; 95% CI=1.6-4.4) in adjusted models. Experiences of life threats were also significantly associated with illicit drug use (OR=2.2; 95% CI: 1.3-3.7), as was physical violence (OR=2.4; 95% CI: 1.2-4.9); however, neither of these latter two violence variables were significantly associated with depression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reports of lifetime violence victimization among this incarcerated sample of women were extremely prevalent and relevant to women's depression and illicit drug use. Prison efforts to address women's depression and illicit drug use may be most effective by incorporating aspects related to women's history of victimization, especially given the high rates of violence experienced by women in this sample.
authors.affiliation: Duke University Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 02115, United States. liz.reed@duke.edu
authors.forename: Elizabeth
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Reed
authors.forename: Anita
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Raj
authors.forename: Gilliatt
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Falbo
authors.forename: Fatima
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Caminha
authors.forename: Michele R
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Decker
authors.forename: Deborah C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Kaliel
authors.forename: Stacey A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Missmer
authors.forename: Beth E
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Molnar
authors.forename: Jay G
authors.initials: JG
authors.lastname: Silverman
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D015897:Comorbidity; D019548:Crime Victims / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D057237:Criminals / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D005239:Fear; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008297:Male; D012742:Sex Offenses / Q000523:psychology / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D019966:Substance-Related Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014754:Violence / Q000523:psychology* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D013287:Illicit Drugs