title: Balancing inflammatory, lipid, and xenobiotic signaling pathways by VSL#3, a biotherapeutic agent, in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The interleukin 10 knockout mouse (IL10-KO) is a model of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) used to study host microbial interactions and the action of potential therapeutics. Using Affymetrix data analysis, important signaling pathways and transcription factors relevant to gut inflammation and antiinflammatory probiotics were identified.
  
  
  METHODS
  Affymetrix microarray analysis on both wildtype (WT) and IL10-KO mice orally administered with and without the probiotic VSL#3 was performed and the results validated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and histopathology. Changes in metabolically active bacteria were assessed with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Inflammation in IL10-KO mice was characterized by differential regulation of inflammatory, nuclear receptor, lipid, and xenobiotic signaling pathways. Probiotic intervention resulted in downregulation of CXCL9 (fold change [FC] = -3.98, false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.019), CXCL10 (FC = -4.83, FDR = 0.0008), CCL5 (FC = -3.47, FDR = 0.017), T-cell activation (Itgal [FC = -4.72, FDR = 0.00009], Itgae [FC = -2.54 FDR = 0.0044]) and the autophagy gene IRGM (FC = -1.94, FDR = 0.01), a recently identified susceptibility gene in human IBD. Consistent with a marked reduction in integrins, probiotic treatment decreased the number of CCL5+ CD3+ double-positive T cells and upregulated galectin2, which triggers apoptosis of activated T cells. Importantly, genes associated with lipid and PPAR signaling (PPARalpha [FC = 2.36, FDR = 0.043], PPARGC1alpha [FC = 2.58, FDR = 0.016], Nr1d2 [FC = 3.11, FDR = 0.0067]) were also upregulated. Altered microbial diversity was noted in probiotic-treated mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bioinformatics analysis revealed important immune response, phagocytic and inflammatory pathways dominated by elevation of T-helper cell 1 type (TH1) transcription factors in IL10-KO mice. Probiotic intervention resulted in a site-specific reduction of these pathways but importantly upregulated PPAR, xenobiotic, and lipid signaling genes, potential antagonists of NF-kappaB inflammatory pathways.
authors.affiliation: Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, Aberdeen University, Aberdeen, UK.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Reiff
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Delday
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Rucklidge
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reid
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Duncan
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wohlgemuth
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Hörmannsperger
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Loh
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Blaut
authors.forename: E
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Collie-Duguid
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Haller
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002432:Cecum / Q000502:physiology; D018946:Chemokine CCL5 / Q000378:metabolism; D003106:Colon / Q000502:physiology; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015212:Inflammatory Bowel Diseases / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy*; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D050356:Lipid Metabolism / Q000276:immunology*; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D010587:Phagocytosis / Q000276:immunology; D019936:Probiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*; D040901:Proteomics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000276:immunology*; D048249:Streptococcus thermophilus; D015262:Xenobiotics / Q000494:pharmacology*
chemical_list: C503460:Ccl5 protein, mouse; D018946:Chemokine CCL5; D015262:Xenobiotics; D016753:Interleukin-10