title: Comparison of hospitalization risk and associated costs among patients receiving sargramostim, filgrastim, and pegfilgrastim for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sargramostim is a granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Unlike filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, which are granulocyte-colony-stimulating factors (G-CSFs), sargramostim activates a broader range of myeloid lineage-derived cells. Therefore, GM-CSF might reduce infection risk more than the G-CSFs. This study compared real-world infection-related hospitalization rates and costs in patients using G/GM-CSF for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia.
  
  
  METHODS
  This retrospective matched-cohort study analyzed nationally representative health insurance claims in the United States from 2000 through 2007. The sample population included patients who received chemotherapy and G/GM-CSF. G/GM-CSF treatment episodes began with the first administration of G/GM-CSF and ended when a subsequent administration was >28 days after a prior administration. Sargramostim patients were matched 1:1 with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim patients based on gender and birth year. Outcomes included infection-related hospitalization rates and the associated costs. Hospitalization rates were analyzed using univariate and multivariate Poisson methods; covariates included myelosuppressive agents received, tumor type, anemia, and comorbidities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 990 sargramostim-filgrastim and 982 sargramostim-pegfilgrastim matched pairs were analyzed. Cohorts were similar with regard to age, gender, and comorbid conditions. Several differences were observed with regard to tumor type, anemia, and chemotherapy, but no systematic trends were apparent. Sargramostim patients experienced a 56% lower risk of infection-related hospitalizations compared with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim patients. Infection-related hospitalization costs were 84% and 62% lower for sargramostim patients compared with patients treated with filgrastim and pegfilgrastim, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among patients with or at risk for chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, these data indicated that use of sargramostim was associated with a reduced risk of infection-related hospitalization and lower associated costs compared with filgrastim or pegfilgrastim.
authors.affiliation: Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA. m-heaney@ski.mskcc.org
authors.forename: Mark L
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Heaney
authors.forename: Edmond L
authors.initials: EL
authors.lastname: Toy
authors.forename: Francis
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Vekeman
authors.forename: François
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Laliberté
authors.forename: Bree L
authors.initials: BL
authors.lastname: Dority
authors.forename: Daniel
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Perlman
authors.forename: Victoria
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Barghout
authors.forename: Mei Sheng
authors.initials: MS
authors.lastname: Duh
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; D016527:Drug Costs; D005260:Female; D000069585:Filgrastim; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor / Q000191:economics / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications*; D009503:Neutropenia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000191:economics / Q000517:prevention & control; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D012306:Risk
chemical_list: D011994:Recombinant Proteins; D016179:Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor; C455861:pegfilgrastim; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; C081222:sargramostim; D016178:Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; D000069585:Filgrastim