title: Detection of counterfeit antiviral drug Heptodin and classification of counterfeits using isotope amount ratio measurements by multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICPMS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS).
abstract: Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) are highly important techniques that can provide forensic evidence that otherwise would not be available. MC-ICP-MS has proved to be a very powerful tool for measuring high precision and accuracy isotope amount ratios. In this work, the potential of combining isotope amount ratio measurements performed by MC-ICP-MS and IRMS for the detection of counterfeit pharmaceutical tablets has been investigated. An extensive study for the antiviral drug Heptodin has been performed for several isotopic ratios combining MC-ICP-MS and an elemental analyser EA-IRMS for stable isotope amount ratio measurements. The study has been carried out for 139 batches of the antiviral drug and analyses have been performed for C, S, N and Mg isotope ratios. Authenticity ranges have been obtained for each isotopic system and combined to generate a unique multi-isotopic pattern only present in the genuine tablets. Counterfeit tablets have then been identified as those tablets with an isotopic fingerprint outside the genuine isotopic range. The combination of those two techniques has therefore great potential for pharmaceutical counterfeit detection. A much greater power of discrimination is obtained when at least three isotopic systems are combined. The data from these studies could be presented as evidence in court and therefore methods need to be validated to support their credibility. It is also crucial to be able to produce uncertainty values associated to the isotope amount ratio measurements so that significant differences can be identified and the genuineness of a sample can be assessed.
authors.affiliation: LGC Ltd., Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, UK. rsf@lgc.co.uk
authors.forename: Rebeca
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Santamaria-Fernandez
authors.forename: Ruth
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Hearn
authors.forename: Jean-Claude
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Wolff
mesh_terms: D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000737:chemistry*; D002247:Carbon Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical / Q000379:methods*; D005607:Fraud; D019259:Lamivudine / Q000737:chemistry*; D008274:Magnesium / Q000032:analysis; D013058:Mass Spectrometry / Q000379:methods*; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes / Q000032:analysis; D013607:Tablets
chemical_list: D000998:Antiviral Agents; D002247:Carbon Isotopes; D009587:Nitrogen Isotopes; D013460:Sulfur Isotopes; D013607:Tablets; D019259:Lamivudine; D008274:Magnesium