title: Etiology of urethral stricture disease in the 21st century.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We determined the current etiology of urethral stricture disease in the developed world and whether there are any differences in etiology by patient age and stricture site.
  
  
  METHODS
  Between January 2001 and August 2007 we prospectively collected a database on 268 male patients with urethral stricture disease who underwent urethroplasty at a referral center. The database was analyzed for possible cause of stricture and for previous interventions. Subanalysis was done for stricture etiology by patient age and stricture site.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most important causes were idiopathy, transurethral resection, urethral catheterization, pelvic fracture and hypospadias surgery. Overall iatrogenic causes (transurethral resection, urethral catheterization, cystoscopy, prostatectomy, brachytherapy and hypospadias surgery) were the etiology in 45.5% of stricture cases. In patients younger than 45 years the main causes were idiopathy, hypospadias surgery and pelvic fracture. In patients older than 45 years the main causes were transurethral resection and idiopathy. In cases of penile urethra hypospadias surgery idiopathic stricture, urethral catheterization and lichen sclerosus were the main causes, while in the bulbar urethra idiopathic strictures were most prevalent, followed by strictures due to transurethral resection. The main cause of multifocal/panurethral anterior stricture disease was urethral catheterization, while pelvic fracture was the main cause of posterior urethral strictures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Of strictures treated with urethroplasty today iatrogenic causes account for about half of the urethral stricture cases in the developed world. In about 1 of 3 cases no obvious cause could be identified. The etiology is significantly different in younger vs older patients and among stricture sites.
authors.affiliation: Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium. lumennicolaas@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Nicolaas
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Lumen
authors.forename: Piet
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hoebeke
authors.forename: Pieter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Willemsen
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: De Troyer
authors.forename: Ronny
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Pieters
authors.forename: Willem
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Oosterlinck
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014525:Urethral Stricture / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult