title: A stratified random survey of the proportion of poor quality oral artesunate sold at medicine outlets in the Lao PDR - implications for therapeutic failure and drug resistance.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Counterfeit oral artesunate has been a major public health problem in mainland SE Asia, impeding malaria control. A countrywide stratified random survey was performed to determine the availability and quality of oral artesunate in pharmacies and outlets (shops selling medicines) in the Lao PDR (Laos).
  
  
  METHODS
  In 2003, 'mystery' shoppers were asked to buy artesunate tablets from 180 outlets in 12 of the 18 Lao provinces. Outlets were selected using stratified random sampling by investigators not involved in sampling. Samples were analysed for packaging characteristics, by the Fast Red Dye test, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), X-ray diffractometry and pollen analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 180 outlets sampled, 25 (13.9%) sold oral artesunate. Outlets selling artesunate were more commonly found in the more malarious southern Laos. Of the 25 outlets, 22 (88%; 95%CI 68-97%) sold counterfeit artesunate, as defined by packaging and chemistry. No artesunate was detected in the counterfeits by any of the chemical analysis techniques and analysis of the packaging demonstrated seven different counterfeit types. There was complete agreement between the Fast Red dye test, HPLC and MS analysis. A wide variety of wrong active ingredients were found by MS. Of great concern, 4/27 (14.8%) fakes contained detectable amounts of artemisinin (0.26-115.7 mg/tablet).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This random survey confirms results from previous convenience surveys that counterfeit artesunate is a severe public health problem. The presence of artemisinin in counterfeits may encourage malaria resistance to artemisinin derivatives. With increasing accessibility of artemisinin-derivative combination therapy (ACT) in Laos, the removal of artesunate monotherapy from pharmacies may be an effective intervention.
authors.affiliation: Food and Drug Department, Ministry of Health, Government of the Lao PDR, Vientiane, Lao PDR. sivong_sengaloundeth@yahoo.com
authors.forename: Sivong
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Sengaloundeth
authors.forename: Michael D
authors.initials: MD
authors.lastname: Green
authors.forename: Facundo M
authors.initials: FM
authors.lastname: Fernández
authors.forename: Ot
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Manolin
authors.forename: Khamlieng
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Phommavong
authors.forename: Vongsavanh
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Insixiengmay
authors.forename: Christina Y
authors.initials: CY
authors.lastname: Hampton
authors.forename: Leonard
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Nyadong
authors.forename: Dallas C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Mildenhall
authors.forename: Dana
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Hostetler
authors.forename: Lamphet
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Khounsaknalath
authors.forename: Latsamy
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Vongsack
authors.forename: Samlane
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Phompida
authors.forename: Viengxay
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Vanisaveth
authors.forename: Lamphone
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Syhakhang
authors.forename: Paul N
authors.initials: PN
authors.lastname: Newton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D037621:Artemisinins / Q000032:analysis* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000600:supply & distribution*; D000077332:Artesunate; D002623:Chemistry Techniques, Analytical / Q000379:methods; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004351:Drug Resistance; D006801:Humans; D007812:Laos / Q000453:epidemiology; D008288:Malaria / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011897:Random Allocation; D017211:Treatment Failure
chemical_list: D000962:Antimalarials; D037621:Artemisinins; D000077332:Artesunate