title: A meta-analysis of interventions to promote mammography among ethnic minority women.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although many studies have been focused on interventions designed to promote mammography screening among ethnic minority women, few summaries of the effectiveness of the interventions are available.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the interventions for improving mammography screening among asymptomatic ethnic minority women.
  
  
  METHODS
  A meta-analysis was performed on intervention studies designed to promote mammography use in samples of ethnic minority women. Random-effects estimates were calculated for interventions by measuring differences in intervention and control group screening rates postintervention.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall mean weighted effect size for the 23 studies was 0.078 (Z = 4.414, p < .001), indicating that the interventions were effective in improving mammography use among ethnic minority women. For mammography intervention types, access-enhancing strategies had the biggest mean weighted effect size of 0.155 (Z = 4.488, p < .001), followed by 0.099 (Z = 6.552, p < .001) for individually directed approaches such as individual counseling or education. Tailored, theory-based interventions resulted in a bigger effect size compared with nontailored interventions (effect sizes = 0.101 vs. 0.076, respectively; p < .05 for all models). Of cultural strategies, ethnically matched intervention deliveries and offering culturally matched intervention materials had effect sizes of 0.067 (Z = 2.516, p = .012) and 0.051 (Z = 2.365, p = .018), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Uniform improvement in mammography screening is a goal to address breast cancer disparities in ethnic minority communities in this country. The results of this meta-analysis suggest a need for increased use of a theory-based, tailored approach with enhancement of access.
authors.affiliation: School of Nursing, School of Nursing, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2110, USA. hhan@son.jhmi.edu
authors.forename: Hae-Ra
authors.initials: HR
authors.lastname: Han
authors.forename: Jong-Eun
authors.initials: JE
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Jiyun
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Kim
authors.forename: Haley K
authors.initials: HK
authors.lastname: Hedlin
authors.forename: Heejung
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Song
authors.forename: Miyong T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Kim
mesh_terms: D005260:Female; D006293:Health Promotion / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D008327:Mammography; D008913:Minority Groups; D010342:Patient Acceptance of Health Care