title: Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in children with cerebrospinal fluid shunts.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper reviews the frequency of central nervous system infections due to Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts in pediatric patients. The need for immunizations in this patient population is also evaluated.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts except those with brain tumors seen in our clinics.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed data in three computer databases, kept prospectively recording details of CSF shunt procedures and CSF shunt-related infections.
  
  
  RESULTS
  1,226 patients underwent 3,889 shunt placements between 1957 and 2007. Twelve patients had 14 episodes of Haemophilus or pneumococcal infections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Children with CSF shunts are at high risk for infection with H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae. Routine immunizations during infancy in addition to the 23-valent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine should be highly and actively encouraged by health care providers caring for children with CSF shunts. Additional expanded-coverage vaccines should be utilized if and when they become available.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash. 98195, USA. david.shurtleff@seattlechildrens.org
authors.forename: D B
authors.initials: DB
authors.lastname: Shurtleff
authors.forename: J D
authors.initials: JD
authors.lastname: Loeser
authors.forename: A M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Avellino
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Duguay
authors.forename: J A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Englund
authors.forename: E K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Marcuse
authors.forename: D
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Peterson
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D002557:Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunts / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006192:Haemophilus Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D006193:Haemophilus influenzae; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D011008:Pneumococcal Infections / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013296:Streptococcus pneumoniae; D055815:Young Adult