title: Is the growth in laparoscopic surgery reproducible with more complex procedures?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Laparoscopic (LAP) surgery has experienced significant growth since the early 1990s and is now considered the standard of care for many procedures like cholecystectomy. Increased expertise, training, and technological advancements have allowed the development of more complex LAP procedures including the removal of solid organs. Unlike LAP cholecystectomy, it is unclear whether complex LAP procedures are being performed with the same growth today.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 1998 to 2006, patients who underwent elective LAP or open colectomy (n = 220,839), gastrectomy (n = 17,289), splenectomy (n = 9,174), nephrectomy (n = 64,171), or adrenalectomy (n = 5,556) were identified. The Elixhauser index was used to adjust for patient comorbidities. To account for patient selection and referral bias, a matched analysis was performed using propensity scores. The main endpoints were adjusted for in-hospital mortality and prolonged length of stay (LOS).
  
  
  RESULTS
  Complex LAP procedures account for a small percentage of total elective procedures (colectomy, 3.8%; splenectomy, 8.8%; gastrectomy, 2.4%; nephrectomy, 7.0%; and adrenalectomy, 14.2%). These procedures have been performed primarily at urban (94%) and teaching (64%) centers. Although all LAP procedures trended up, the growth was greatest in LAP colectomy and nephrectomy (P < .001). In a case-controlled analysis, there was a mortality benefit only for LAP colectomy (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.82) when compared with their respective open procedures. All LAP procedures except gastrectomy had a lower prolonged LOS compared with their open counterparts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Despite the significant benefits of complex LAP procedures as measured by LOS and in-hospital mortality, the growth of these operations has been slow unlike the rapid acceptance of LAP cholecystectomy. Future studies to identify the possible causes of this slow growth should consider current training paradigms, technical capabilities, economic disincentive, and surgical specialization.
authors.affiliation: Department of Surgery, Surgical Outcomes Analysis, and Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
authors.forename: Anand
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Singla
authors.forename: Youfu
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Sing Chau
authors.initials: SC
authors.lastname: Ng
authors.forename: Nicholas G
authors.initials: NG
authors.lastname: Csikesz
authors.forename: Jennifer F
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Tseng
authors.forename: Shimul A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Shah
mesh_terms: D000315:Adrenalectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D003082:Colectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D005743:Gastrectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D010535:Laparoscopy / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D007902:Length of Stay; D009392:Nephrectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D013156:Splenectomy / Q000379:methods / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D014481:United States