title: D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 predict venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: results from the Vienna Cancer and Thrombosis Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a well-recognized complication of cancer. Laboratory parameters might be useful to assess the VTE risk in patients with cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate D-dimer and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 (F 1 + 2), which reflect activation of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis, for prediction of cancer-associated VTE.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a prospective, observational, cohort study of 821 patients with newly diagnosed cancer or progression of disease who did not recently receive chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or surgery were enrolled and followed for a median of 501 days (interquartile range, 255 to 731 days). The malignancies in these patients were as follows: breast (n = 132), lung (n = 119), stomach (n = 35), lower gastrointestinal tract (n = 106), pancreas (n = 46), kidney (n = 22), and prostate (n = 101) cancers; high-grade glioma (n = 102); malignant lymphoma (n = 94); multiple myeloma (n = 17); and other tumor types (n = 47). The study end point was occurrence of objectively confirmed symptomatic or fatal VTE.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VTE occurred in 62 patients (7.6%). The cutoff level for elevated D-dimer and elevated F 1 + 2 was set at the 75th percentile of the total study population. In multivariable analysis that included elevated D-dimer, elevated F 1 + 2, age, sex, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, the hazard ratios (HRs) of VTE in patients with elevated D-dimer (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.0 to 3.2; P = .048) and elevated F 1 + 2 (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.6; P = .015) were statistically significantly increased. The cumulative probability of developing VTE after 6 months was highest in patients with both elevated D-dimer and elevated F 1 + 2 (15.2%) compared with patients with nonelevated D-dimer and nonelevated F 1 + 2 (5.0%; P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  High D-dimer and F 1 + 2 levels independently predict occurrence of VTE in patients with cancer.
authors.affiliation: Clinical Division of Haematology and Haemostaseology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer GuerA-1090 Vienna, Austria.
authors.forename: Cihan
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Ay
authors.forename: Rainer
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Vormittag
authors.forename: Daniela
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Dunkler
authors.forename: Ralph
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Simanek
authors.forename: Alexandru-Laurentiu
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Chiriac
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Drach
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Quehenberger
authors.forename: Oswald
authors.initials: O
authors.lastname: Wagner
authors.forename: Christoph
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Zielinski
authors.forename: Ingrid
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Pabinger
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001317:Austria; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000097:blood* / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology; D010446:Peptide Fragments / Q000097:blood*; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011516:Prothrombin; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D010446:Peptide Fragments; C036309:fibrin fragment D; C045879:prothrombin fragment 1.2; D011516:Prothrombin