title: Use of caffeine and nicotine in people with schizophrenia.
abstract: There are numerous reports of increased use of both caffeine and nicotine in schizophrenia. Clinical effects of these substances are important and may complicate the interpretation of schizophrenia symptoms and antipsychotic medication side effects. Use of caffeine and nicotine is often linked, with smokers using more caffeine due to interacting metabolic effects. Studies of neurobiology reveal evidence of specific brain changes in schizophrenia that are impacted by nicotine and caffeine and suggest self-medication effects. Interestingly both substances are linked to altered inhibitory mechanisms in brain functioning. Few studies have examined both simultaneously which is critical given their metabolic and symptomatic interactions. This paper reviews use of caffeine and nicotine in people with schizophrenia and gives recommendations for their further study.
authors.affiliation: UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA. williajm@umdnj.edu
authors.forename: Jill M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: Kunal K
authors.initials: KK
authors.lastname: Gandhi
mesh_terms: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects; D002110:Caffeine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6; D004347:Drug Interactions; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000378:metabolism; D009538:Nicotine / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D012565:Schizophrenic Psychology; D012651:Self Medication; D012907:Smoking / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics / Q000523:psychology
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D002110:Caffeine; D009538:Nicotine; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D065637:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2A6