title: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a potential explanation for podocyte depletion in diabetic nephropathy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Depletion of glomerular podocytes is an important feature of progressive diabetic nephropathy. Although the most plausible explanation for this podocyte depletion is detachment from the glomerular basement membrane after cellular apoptosis, the mechanism is unclear. Fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1; encoded by the S100A4 gene) is a member of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins and is constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of tissue fibroblasts or epithelial cells converted into fibroblasts by means of epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cross-sectional analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  109 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, of whom 43 (39%) underwent kidney biopsy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Clinical stage (4 categories) and histological grade (5 categories) of diabetic nephropathy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  FSP1 expression in podocytes in urine and glomeruli in kidney biopsy specimens.
  
  
  METHODS
  Immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  38 of 109 patients (35%) were normoalbuminuric, 16 (15%) had microalbuminuria, 8 (7%) had macroalbuminuria, and 47 (43%) had decreased kidney function. Approximately 95% of podocytes in urine sediment were not apoptotic, and 86% expressed FSP1. The number of FSP1-positive podocytes in urine sediment was significantly larger in patients with macroalbuminuria than in those with normoalbuminuria (P = 0.03). Intraglomerular expression of FSP1 occurred almost exclusively in podocytes from patients with diabetes, and the number of FSP1-positive podocytes was larger in glomeruli showing diffuse mesangiopathy than in those showing focal mesangiopathy (P = 0.01). The number also was larger in glomeruli with nodular lesions than in those without nodular lesions (P < 0.001). FSP1-positive podocytes selectively expressed Snail1 and integrin-linked kinase, a known trigger for epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Nonrepresentative study population.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that the appearance of FSP1 in podocytes of patients with diabetes is associated with more severe clinical and pathological findings of diabetic nephropathy, perhaps because of induction of podocyte detachment through epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenomena.
authors.affiliation: First Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.
authors.forename: Yukinari
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Yamaguchi
authors.forename: Masayuki
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Iwano
authors.forename: Daisuke
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Suzuki
authors.forename: Kimihiko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nakatani
authors.forename: Kuniko
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Kimura
authors.forename: Koji
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Atsushi
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Kubo
authors.forename: Yasuhiro
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Akai
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Toyoda
authors.forename: Masao
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kanauchi
authors.forename: Eric G
authors.initials: EG
authors.lastname: Neilson
authors.forename: Yoshihiko
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Saito
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001706:Biopsy; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000150:complications; D003928:Diabetic Nephropathies / Q000097:blood / Q000150:complications / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D018450:Disease Progression; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D017403:In Situ Hybridization; D007678:Kidney Glomerulus / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D008648:Mesoderm / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D050199:Podocytes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011507:Proteinuria / Q000209:etiology; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D000071999:S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D014556:Urine / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D000071999:S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4; C077591:S100A4 protein, human