title: Documenting the experiences of health workers expected to implement guidelines during an intervention study in Kenyan hospitals.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Although considerable efforts are directed at developing international guidelines to improve clinical management in low-income settings they appear to influence practice rarely. This study aimed to explore barriers to guideline implementation in the early phase of an intervention study in four district hospitals in Kenya.
  
  
  METHODS
  We developed a simple interview guide based on a simple characterisation of the intervention informed by review of major theories on barriers to uptake of guidelines. In-depth interviews, non-participatory observation, and informal discussions were then used to explore perceived barriers to guideline introduction and general improvements in paediatric and newborn care. Data were collected four to five months after in-service training in the hospitals. Data were transcribed, themes explored, and revised in two rounds of coding and analysis using NVivo 7 software, subjected to a layered analysis, reviewed, and revised after discussion with four hospital staff who acted as within-hospital facilitators.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 29 health workers were interviewed. Ten major themes preventing guideline uptake were identified: incomplete training coverage; inadequacies in local standard setting and leadership; lack of recognition and appreciation of good work; poor communication and teamwork; organizational constraints and limited resources; counterproductive health worker norms; absence of perceived benefits linked to adoption of new practices; difficulties accepting change; lack of motivation; and conflicting attitudes and beliefs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  While the barriers identified are broadly similar in theme to those reported from high-income settings, their specific nature often differs. For example, at an institutional level there is an almost complete lack of systems to introduce or reinforce guidelines, poor teamwork across different cadres of health worker, and failure to confront poor practice. At an individual level, lack of interest in the evidence supporting guidelines, feelings that they erode professionalism, and expectations that people should be paid to change practice threaten successful implementation.
authors.affiliation: KEMRI Centre for Geographic Medicine Research - Coast, KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Programme, PO Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya. jnzinga@nairobi.kemri-wellcome.org
authors.forename: Jacinta
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Nzinga
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Mbindyo
authors.forename: Lairumbi
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mbaabu
authors.forename: Ann
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Warira
authors.forename: Mike
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: English