title: Quantification and statistical modeling--part I: breathing-zone concentrations of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate.
abstract: We conducted a repeated exposure-assessment survey for task-based breathing-zone concentrations (BZCs) of monomeric and polymeric 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) during spray painting on 47 automotive spray painters from North Carolina and Washington State. We report here the use of linear mixed modeling to identify the primary determinants of the measured BZCs. Both one-stage (N = 98 paint tasks) and two-stage (N = 198 paint tasks) filter sampling was used to measure concentrations of HDI, uretidone, biuret, and isocyanurate. The geometric mean (GM) level of isocyanurate (1410 microg m(-3)) was higher than all other analytes (i.e. GM < 7.85 microg m(-3)). The mixed models were unique to each analyte and included factors such as analyte-specific paint concentration, airflow in the paint booth, and sampler type. The effect of sampler type was corroborated by side-by-side one- and two-stage personal air sampling (N = 16 paint tasks). According to paired t-tests, significantly higher concentrations of HDI (P = 0.0363) and isocyanurate (P = 0.0035) were measured using one-stage samplers. Marginal R(2) statistics were calculated for each model; significant fixed effects were able to describe 25, 52, 54, and 20% of the variability in BZCs of HDI, uretidone, biuret, and isocyanurate, respectively. Mixed models developed in this study characterize the processes governing individual polyisocyanate BZCs. In addition, the mixed models identify ways to reduce polyisocyanate BZCs and, hence, protect painters from potential adverse health effects.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA.
authors.forename: Kenneth W
authors.initials: KW
authors.lastname: Fent
authors.forename: Linda G Trelles
authors.initials: LG
authors.lastname: Gaines
authors.forename: Jennifer M
authors.initials: JM
authors.lastname: Thomasen
authors.forename: Sheila L
authors.initials: SL
authors.lastname: Flack
authors.forename: Kai
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Ding
authors.forename: Amy H
authors.initials: AH
authors.lastname: Herring
authors.forename: Stephen G
authors.initials: SG
authors.lastname: Whittaker
authors.forename: Leena A
authors.initials: LA
authors.lastname: Nylander-French
mesh_terms: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational / Q000032:analysis*; D001336:Automobiles; D003485:Cyanates / Q000032:analysis*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring / Q000379:methods*; D005374:Filtration / Q000295:instrumentation; D006801:Humans; D019570:Inhalation Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D017953:Isocyanates; D015233:Models, Statistical; D009657:North Carolina; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000517:prevention & control*; D010150:Paint; D012134:Respiratory Protective Devices; D014861:Washington; D017132:Workplace
chemical_list: D000395:Air Pollutants, Occupational; D003485:Cyanates; D017953:Isocyanates; C015262:1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate