title: Testosterone and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Studies suggest that testosterone (TT) replacement may have an antidepressant effect in depressed patients.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study was to explore the effect of TT administration on depression using both a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search was conducted of MEDLINE, the Clinical Trials Registry, and Cochrane Central for English-language publications concerning randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving use of TT therapy in depressed patients. We searched for additional trials in the individual reference lists of the articles identified in the search. A study was judged to be relevant for inclusion in this review and meta-analysis if it reported original data from a controlled trial comparing use of TT and placebo in patients diagnosed with a depressive disorder according to DSM criteria, and the treatment response was evaluated according to changes on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D). We extracted the following data from the identified studies: study source, total number of participants in the study and in each treatment group, participants' ages, number of participants with a diagnosis of hypogonadism or HIV/AIDS, study duration, type of intervention, and change in HAM-D scores in the groups receiving TT versus placebo. The meta-analysis evaluated the effect of TT replacement on response in depressed patients as measured by change in HAM-D scores in the available placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trails.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Seven studies (N=364) were identified that included a placebo-control group in a double-blind design. Eligibility criteria were clearly reported in all trials. Meta-analysis of the data from these seven studies showed a significant positive effect of TT therapy on HAM-D response in depressed patients when compared with placebo (z=4.04, P<0.0001). Subgroup analysis also showed a significant response in the subpopulations with hypogonadism (z=3.84, P=0.0001) and HIV/AIDS (z=3.33, P=0.0009) as well as in patients treated with TT gel (z=2.32, P=0.02).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  TT may have an antidepressant effect in depressed patients, especially those with hypogonadism or HIV/AIDS and elderly subpopulations. The route by which TT is administered may play a role in treatment response.
authors.affiliation: West Virginia University School of Medicine, Charleston Division, WV, USA. fahdzarrouf@hotmail.com
authors.forename: Fahd Aziz
authors.initials: FA
authors.lastname: Zarrouf
authors.forename: Steven
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Artz
authors.forename: James
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Griffith
authors.forename: Cristian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Sirbu
authors.forename: Martin
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Kommor
mesh_terms: D003865:Major Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology*; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D020249:Hormone Replacement Therapy; D006801:Humans; D007006:Hypogonadism / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012042:Registries; D012725:Sexual Behavior / Q000187:drug effects; D013739:Testosterone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D013739:Testosterone