title: Fern plant-derived protoapigenone leads to DNA damage, apoptosis, and G(2)/m arrest in lung cancer cell line H1299.
abstract: Protoapigenone, isolated from the native fern plant Thelypteris torresiana, has anticancer activity against some cancer cells. However, the toxicological mechanism for protoapigenone is still unknown. Here, we investigated the anticancer effect of protoapigenone on human lung cancer cell lines. The comet assay showed that DNA damage induced by protoapigenone is dose-dependent. Trypan blue exclusion showed that the cell killing by protoapigenone is both time and dose dependent. The IC(50) of protoapigenone for 12, 24, and 48 h in H1299 cells is 6.11, 2.74, and 1.49 microM, respectively. Flow cytometry showed cell cycle perturbation such as sub-G(1) accumulation (at 1.57 microM for 48 h and at 3.57 microM for 12 and 24 h) and G(2)/M arrest (at 3.57 microM for 12 and 24 h) for protoapigenone. The sub-G(1) accumulation phenomena in the 3.57 microM for 24 h sample were shown to be apoptosis using Annexin V-immunofluorescence/propidium iodide staining. These results suggest protoapigenone is a potential chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancers.
authors.affiliation: Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University , Kaohsiung, Taiwan .
authors.forename: Chien-Chih
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chiu
authors.forename: Hsueh-Wei
authors.initials: HW
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Da-Wei
authors.initials: DW
authors.lastname: Chuang
authors.forename: Fang-Rong
authors.initials: FR
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yu-Ching
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Yu-Shan
authors.initials: YS
authors.lastname: Cheng
authors.forename: Ming-Tz
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Wan-Yu
authors.initials: WY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Su-Shuo
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chih-Kuang
authors.initials: CK
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Jeff Yi-Fu
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Hui-Min
authors.initials: HM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Chao-Chieh
authors.initials: CC
authors.lastname: Chen
authors.forename: Yin-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Liu
authors.forename: Yang-Chang
authors.initials: YC
authors.lastname: Wu
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002455:Cell Division / Q000187:drug effects*; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D020552:Comet Assay; D003512:Cyclohexanones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D004249:DNA Damage; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D029624:Ferns / Q000737:chemistry*; D047309:Flavones / Q000494:pharmacology*; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016195:G2 Phase / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D047309:Flavones; C524112:protoapigenone