title: Oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus infected children in highly active antiretroviral therapy era.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Conducted a literature review to identify studies that reported on the oral manifestations in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected children in highly active antiretrovial therapy (HAART) era.
  
  
  METHODS
  A search electronic data base were used and the terms used were 'oral lesions' and 'oral manifestations'. The studies of prevalence of oral manifestation in children with HIV worldwide, descriptive studies, case reports, studies on the association of oral lesions and levels of immune suppression, use of HAART and transmission of HIV were included.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There have been substantial changes in the management of HIV disease, especially in the past decade because of the use of HAART. However, children are still being infected and present some peculiarities when compared with adults. Molecular epidemiology, transmission and therapy of the common opportunistic oral infections of HIV disease need to be better understood as a consequence of improved anti-HIV strategies. Treatment with HAART improves the immune function and decreases mortality, morbidity, and opportunistic infections in HIV-infected persons.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The frequency and severity of oral disease associated with HIV infection have reduced considerably, although the use of HAART may be associated with an increased appearance of oral lesions associated with human papillomavirus and potentially increase the risk of later oral squamous cell carcinoma.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brigadeiro, Trompowsky Avenue, Rio de Janeiro 21941-590, Brazil. raquelodontouff@click21.com.br
authors.forename: Raquel
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: dos Santos Pinheiro
authors.forename: Talita Tenório
authors.initials: TT
authors.lastname: França
authors.forename: Camila Maria Beder
authors.initials: CM
authors.lastname: Ribeiro
authors.forename: Jair Carneiro
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Leão
authors.forename: Ivete Pomarico Ribeiro
authors.initials: IP
authors.lastname: de Souza
authors.forename: Gloria Fernanda
authors.initials: GF
authors.lastname: Castro
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002177:Candidiasis / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D019140:Dental Care for Children; D017742:Dental Care for Chronically Ill; D003731:Dental Caries / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D009059:Mouth Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D009894:Opportunistic Infections / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications / Q000382:microbiology / Q000821:virology; D009909:Oral Health; D012466:Salivary Gland Diseases / Q000150:complications / Q000821:virology; D014777:Virus Diseases / Q000145:classification / Q000150:complications