title: Geographic variation in venom allelic composition and diets of the widespread predatory marine gastropod Conus ebraeus.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Members of the predatory gastropod genus Conus use a venom comprised of a cocktail of peptide neurotoxins, termed conotoxins or conopeptides, to paralyze prey and conotoxin gene family members diversify via strong positive selection. Because Conus venoms are used primarily to subdue prey, the evolution of venoms is likely affected by predator-prey interactions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  To identify the selective forces that drive the differentiation of venoms within species of Conus, we examined the distribution of alleles of a polymorphic O-superfamily conotoxin locus of Conus ebraeus at Okinawa, Guam and Hawaii. Previous analyses of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene sequences suggest that populations of C. ebraeus, a worm-eating Conus, are not structured genetically in the western and central Pacific. Nonetheless, because the sample size from Guam was relatively low, we obtained additional data from this location and reexamined patterns of genetic variation at the mitochondrial gene at Okinawa, Guam and Hawaii. We also utilized a DNA-based approach to identify prey items of individuals of C. ebraeus from Guam and compared this information to published data on diets at Okinawa and Hawaii. Our results show that conotoxin allelic frequencies differ significantly among all three locations, with strongest differentiation at Hawaii. We also confirm previous inferences that C. ebraeus exhibits no genetic differentiation between Okinawa, Guam and Hawaii at the mitochondrial locus. Finally, DNA-based analyses show that eunicid polychaetes comprise the majority of the prey items of C. ebraeus at Guam; while this results compares well with observed diet of this species at Okinawa, C. ebraeus preys predominantly on nereid polychaetes at Hawaii.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results imply that strong selection pressures affect conotoxin allelic frequencies. Based on the dietary information, the selection may derive from geographic variation in dietary specialization and local coevolutionary arms races between Conus and their prey.
authors.affiliation: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. tfduda@umich.edu
authors.forename: Thomas F
authors.initials: TF
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.forename: Dan
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Brittany D
authors.initials: BD
authors.lastname: Lewis
authors.forename: Taehwan
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Lee
mesh_terms: D000483:Alleles; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D052078:Conus Snail / Q000235:genetics / Q000502:physiology*; D017931:DNA Primers; D004032:Diet; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV / Q000737:chemistry / Q000235:genetics; D005787:Gene Frequency; D014644:Genetic Variation; D005843:Geography; D006239:Haplotypes; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D008978:Mollusk Venoms / Q000235:genetics*; D011235:Predatory Behavior; D017386:Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
chemical_list: D017931:DNA Primers; D008978:Mollusk Venoms; D003576:Electron Transport Complex IV