title: Assessment of monoclonal gammopathies by nephelometric measurement of individual immunoglobulin kappa/lambda ratios.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Currently, monoclonal immunoglobulins are identified and quantified from bands on electrophoretic gels. As an alternative, clonality might be determined by measuring the separate light chain types of each Ig class to allow numerical assessment of Ig'kappa/Ig'lambda ratios, analogous to free light chain kappa/lambda ratios.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using immunization, tolerization, and adsorption procedures, we prepared sheep antibodies against each of the 6 separate molecules, IgGkappa, IgGlambda, IgAkappa, IgAlambda, IgMkappa, and IgMlambda. Antibody targets comprised the junctional epitopes between the heavy chain and light chain domains. After purification, we assessed the antisera on a Siemens Dade-Behring BN II nephelometer for analytical quality and clinical utility.
  
  
  RESULTS
  High-avidity, specific antibodies allowed the production of automated nephelometric immunoassays for each Ig light chain type. Laboratory comparison with serum protein electrophoresis, using dilution experiments, showed lower analytical sensitivity for monoclonal IgG detection but similar or greater sensitivity for IgA and IgM, particularly when the monoclonal bands overlaid transferrin. Results obtained from typing of monoclonal proteins into IgG, A, or M types were comparable with results obtained by immunofixation-electrophoresis methods. Initial clinical studies, in multiple myeloma patients, indicated that Ig'kappa/Ig'lambda ratios were sometimes more sensitive than immunofixation electrophoresis, provided numerical results, and correlated with changes in disease.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Immunoassays for intact Ig kappa/lambda pairs are possible and should assist in the management of patients with monoclonal gammopathies.
authors.affiliation: Department of Immunity and Infection, Medical School, University of Birmingham, UK. a.r.bradwell@bham.ac.uk
authors.forename: Arthur R
authors.initials: AR
authors.lastname: Bradwell
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Harding
authors.forename: Nicolas J
authors.initials: NJ
authors.lastname: Fourrier
authors.forename: Gregg L F
authors.initials: GL
authors.lastname: Wallis
authors.forename: Mark T
authors.initials: MT
authors.lastname: Drayson
authors.forename: Hugh D
authors.initials: HD
authors.lastname: Carr-Smith
authors.forename: Graham P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Mead
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D007118:Immunoassay / Q000379:methods*; D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D007525:Isoelectric Focusing; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000097:blood / Q000276:immunology; D009391:Nephelometry and Turbidimetry / Q000379:methods*; D010265:Paraproteinemias / Q000097:blood* / Q000276:immunology; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D012756:Sheep; D052616:Solid Phase Extraction
chemical_list: D007145:Immunoglobulin kappa-Chains; D007146:Immunoglobulin lambda-Chains