title: Whole-genome analyses reveal genetic instability of Acetobacter pasteurianus.
abstract: Acetobacter species have been used for brewing traditional vinegar and are known to have genetic instability. To clarify the mutability, Acetobacter pasteurianus NBRC 3283, which forms a multi-phenotype cell complex, was subjected to genome DNA sequencing. The genome analysis revealed that there are more than 280 transposons and five genes with hyper-mutable tandem repeats as common features in the genome consisting of a 2.9-Mb chromosome and six plasmids. There were three single nucleotide mutations and five transposon insertions in 32 isolates from the cell complex. The A. pasteurianus hyper-mutability was applied for breeding a temperature-resistant strain grown at an unviable high-temperature (42 degrees C). The genomic DNA sequence of a heritable mutant showing temperature resistance was analyzed by mutation mapping, illustrating that a 92-kb deletion and three single nucleotide mutations occurred in the genome during the adaptation. Alpha-proteobacteria including A. pasteurianus consists of many intracellular symbionts and parasites, and their genomes show increased evolution rates and intensive genome reduction. However, A. pasteurianus is assumed to be a free-living bacterium, it may have the potentiality to evolve to fit in natural niches of seasonal fruits and flowers with other organisms, such as yeasts and lactic acid bacteria.
authors.affiliation: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan. yazuma@yamaguchi-u.ac.jp
authors.forename: Yoshinao
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Azuma
authors.forename: Akira
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Hosoyama
authors.forename: Minenosuke
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Matsutani
authors.forename: Naoko
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Furuya
authors.forename: Hiroshi
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Horikawa
authors.forename: Takeshi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Harada
authors.forename: Hideki
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Hirakawa
authors.forename: Satoru
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Kuhara
authors.forename: Kazunobu
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Matsushita
authors.forename: Nobuyuki
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Fujita
authors.forename: Mutsunori
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Shirai
mesh_terms: D000091:Acetobacter / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D000222:Adaptation, Physiological / Q000235:genetics; D001483:Base Sequence; D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial / Q000737:chemistry; D014644:Genetic Variation; D016680:Genome, Bacterial; D042822:Genomic Instability; D023281:Genomics; D005838:Genotype; D006358:Hot Temperature; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D009154:Mutation; D010641:Phenotype; D010957:Plasmids / Q000235:genetics; D020080:Tandem Repeat Sequences
chemical_list: D004251:DNA Transposable Elements; D004269:DNA, Bacterial