title: The developmental effects of a municipal wastewater effluent on the northern leopard frog, Rana pipiens.
abstract: Wastewater effluents are complex mixtures containing a variety of anthropogenic compounds, many of which are known endocrine disruptors. In order to characterize the developmental and behavioral effects of such a complex mixture, northern leopard frogs, Rana pipiens, were exposed to a range of concentrations (0%, 10%, 50%, 100%) of municipal wastewater effluent from the egg stage through metamorphosis. The estrogenic activity of the effluent was quantified by the calculation of an estradiol (E2) equivalency (EEQ) factor and was determined to be equivalent to 1.724+/-2.103ng/L E2. Individuals from the 50% and 100% wastewater treatments took significantly longer to reach metamorphosis than individuals in the 0% and 10% treatments. An increased incidence of male testicular oocytes was observed in the 50% and 100% treatments when compared to the control treatment. Morphological changes in the thyroid glands of 100% wastewater-treated individuals were also noted. No effects of wastewater exposure on growth, sex ratio, swim speed, startle response, or female gonadal development were observed. These results suggest that municipal wastewater effluent can alter the timing of the metamorphic process and impact male sexual development in R. pipiens.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 509 Westinghouse Road, Pendleton, SC 29670, USA. sowers@clemson.edu <sowers@clemson.edu>
authors.forename: Anthony D
authors.initials: AD
authors.lastname: Sowers
authors.forename: Marc A
authors.initials: MA
authors.lastname: Mills
authors.forename: Stephen J
authors.initials: SJ
authors.lastname: Klaine
mesh_terms: D000735:Androstenedione / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000818:Animals; D001522:Behavior, Animal / Q000187:drug effects; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D052244:Endocrine Disruptors / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D005618:Fresh Water / Q000737:chemistry; D007220:Industrial Waste / Q000009:adverse effects; D008297:Male; D008675:Metamorphosis, Biological / Q000187:drug effects; D010053:Ovary / Q000166:cytology; D011374:Progesterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D011894:Rana pipiens / Q000254:growth & development*; D013216:Reflex, Startle / Q000187:drug effects; D016019:Survival Analysis; D013737:Testis / Q000166:cytology; D013739:Testosterone / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D013961:Thyroid Gland / Q000166:cytology; D014865:Waste Disposal, Fluid; D014873:Water Pollutants / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*
chemical_list: D052244:Endocrine Disruptors; D007220:Industrial Waste; D014873:Water Pollutants; D013196:Dihydrotestosterone; D013739:Testosterone; D000735:Androstenedione; D011374:Progesterone