title: Osteochondral defect repair after implantation of biodegradable scaffolds: indirect magnetic resonance arthrography and histopathologic correlation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Biodegradable scaffolds have become an important option in the treatment of osteochondral defects. Therefore, accurate and reproducible monitoring of scaffold repair tissue is crucial.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess the feasibility of indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography in determining the quality of osteochondral repair after scaffold implantation using an MR imaging (MRI) scoring and grading system with histology as reference.
  
  
  METHODS
  Osteochondral defects created at ovine condylar facets were treated with either a commercial poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) scaffold or a modified softer one (n=6/group; 87% and 55% of the elastic modulus of ovine subchondral bone, respectively). Empty defects at the contralateral condyle served as control group. A 1.5T MRI scan was performed after 6 months with proton density (PD)-weighted (w) fat-saturated (fs) fast spin-echo (FSE), T1-w two-dimensional (2D), and 3D fs gradient echo (GE) sequences 30 min after intravenous Gd-DTPA administration and passive joint movement. Two independent radiologists evaluated the repair tissue. The MR findings were correlated with histological findings.
  
  
  RESULTS
  MRI and histological grading correlated well (10/12 cases). The stiff-scaffold group showed significantly superior repair in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). The 3D fs GE sequence proved to be most valuable in evaluating morphologic status. Complete defect filling and integration, intact surface and isointense signal to the adjacent native cartilage, subchondral incorporation with bone marrow edema, and graft plug enhancement were associated with a good histological outcome. Histologically, we found a smooth fibrocartilaginous layer and osseous replacement of the scaffold. Incomplete cartilage repair and irregular subchondral structures on the MRI correlated histologically with fibrocartilage-like repair and subchondral sclerosis, due to substantial degradation of the scaffold.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Indirect MR arthrography is an accurate, noninvasive monitoring tool in the follow-up of scaffold implants. The MRI scoring and grading system allows reliable assessment of normal and pathological repair, with high correlation to histological findings.
authors.affiliation: Department of Radiology, Klinik für Strahlenheilkunde, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany.
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Streitparth
authors.forename: P
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Schöttle
authors.forename: K
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Schlichting
authors.forename: H
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Schell
authors.forename: F
authors.initials: F
authors.lastname: Fischbach
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Denecke
authors.forename: G N
authors.initials: GN
authors.lastname: Duda
authors.forename: R J
authors.initials: RJ
authors.lastname: Schröder
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D002358:Cartilage, Articular / Q000293:injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D003287:Contrast Media; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D007718:Knee Injuries / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods*; D012756:Sheep; D054457:Tissue Scaffolds
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D003287:Contrast Media