title: Evaluation of wild-type MIC distributions as a tool for determination of clinical breakpoints for Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to establish wild-type MIC distributions of first-line drugs for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as well as to explore the usefulness of such distributions when setting clinical breakpoints.
  
  
  METHODS
  We determined the MICs of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol for M. tuberculosis using a Middlebrook 7H10 dilution method for 90 consecutive clinical isolates, 8 resistant strains and 16 isolates from the WHO proficiency test panel. M. tuberculosis H37Rv was used for quality control and susceptibility results using 7H10 were compared with the results obtained with BACTEC460.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The agreement with BACTEC460 was very high for isoniazid (99.1%) and rifampicin (99.1%) but lower for ethambutol (94.7%). Intra- and inter-assay variation was below one MIC dilution. The MIC distributions for isoniazid and rifampicin provided a clear separation between susceptible and resistant strains. Regarding ethambutol, the current breakpoint for 7H10 (5 mg/L) is close to the wild-type and all strains (n = 6) showing a disagreement between BACTEC460 and 7H10 were distributed very close to the breakpoint (MIC 4-8 mg/L). This problematic relation was confirmed by investigating isolates from the WHO panel with an agreement <95% (64%-88% among 26 laboratories, n = 4) for which the MICs were 4-8 mg/L.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Utilizing the wild-type MIC distribution was found to be as useful in M. tuberculosis as in other bacteria when setting clinical breakpoints. We suggest that the present clinical breakpoints should be re-evaluated, taking into account wild-type MIC distributions and available pharmacokinetic data.
authors.affiliation: Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kalmar County Hospital, Kalmar, Sweden. thomassc@ltkalmar.se
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schön
authors.forename: Pontus
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Juréen
authors.forename: Christian G
authors.initials: CG
authors.lastname: Giske
authors.forename: Erja
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Chryssanthou
authors.forename: Erik
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Sturegård
authors.forename: Jim
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Werngren
authors.forename: Gunnar
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Kahlmeter
authors.forename: Sven E
authors.initials: SE
authors.lastname: Hoffner
authors.forename: Kristian A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Angeby
mesh_terms: D000995:Antitubercular Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024881:Drug Resistance, Bacterial; D004977:Ethambutol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006801:Humans; D007538:Isoniazid / Q000494:pharmacology*; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D009169:Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012293:Rifampin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014376:Tuberculosis / Q000382:microbiology*
chemical_list: D000995:Antitubercular Agents; D004977:Ethambutol; D007538:Isoniazid; D012293:Rifampin