title: Long-term pain vulnerability after surgery in rats: prevention by nefopam, an analgesic with antihyperalgesic properties.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tissue damage associated with surgery often produces peripheral and central sensitization that may outlast the stimuli, leading to exaggerated postoperative pain. Paradoxically, the use of opioid analgesia, which is essential for surgical pain management may induce pain sensitization leading to enhanced postoperative pain and an increased risk of developing chronic pain. We studied whether a surgical incision in the rat hindpaw may favor the development of long-term pain vulnerability by estimating hyperalgesia induced by an inflammatory stimulation of the unlesioned contralateral hindpaw 3 wk later. We also evaluated the ability of nefopam, an analgesic drug commonly used in postoperative pain management, to prevent not only exaggerated postoperative pain but also long-term pain vulnerability. The efficacy of morphine was assessed 1 day after surgical incision.
  
  
  METHODS
  On Day 0, a surgical plantar incision was performed in one hindpaw of rats treated or untreated with fentanyl (4 x 100 microg/kg, one injection every 15 min). Nefopam (10 mg/kg) or saline was subcutaneously injected 30 min before injury. Three weeks later, once pain measures had returned to basal values, a subsequent nociceptive stimulus, specifically intraplantar carrageenan injection, was performed to evaluate pain sensitivity in incision- and fentanyl-experienced rats. Pain was measured by the paw-pressure vocalization test and the weight bearing test.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Surgical incision in rats induced latent and long-term pain hypersensitivity, which was manifested by exaggerated hyperalgesia on carrageenan injection. Administering fentanyl in association with the surgical incision induced exaggerated postoperative pain. When injected before incision, nefopam reduced the exaggerated postoperative pain induced by perioperative fentanyl treatment and prevented the development of long-term pain hypersensitivity. Preoperative nefopam administration also improved morphine analgesic efficacy in the context of fentanyl-induced postoperative hyperalgesia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Given preemptively, nefopam may be effective at improving postoperative pain management and at reducing the risk of developing postoperative chronic pain, because the drug has both analgesic and antihyperalgesic properties.
authors.affiliation: Université Bordeaux 2, Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS UMR 5227, Bordeaux Cedex, France.
authors.forename: Emilie
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Laboureyras
authors.forename: Jeremy
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Chateauraynaud
authors.forename: Philippe
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Richebé
authors.forename: Guy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Simonnet
mesh_terms: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D000818:Animals; D002351:Carrageenan; D002908:Chronic Disease; D005283:Fentanyl; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000188:drug therapy*; D008297:Male; D009340:Nefopam / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D010146:Pain / Q000139:chemically induced / Q000517:prevention & control; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000187:drug effects; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000209:etiology* / Q000517:prevention & control*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley
chemical_list: D018712:Analgesics, Non-Narcotic; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D009340:Nefopam; D002351:Carrageenan; D005283:Fentanyl