title: Epicardial substrate and outcome with epicardial ablation of ventricular tachycardia in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Efficacy of endocardial ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia may be limited by epicardial VT, right ventricular thickening, or both. We sought to characterize the endocardial versus epicardial substrate, measure right ventricular free wall thickness, and determine epicardial ablation efficacy in patients with right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirteen consecutive patients (3 female; aged 43+/-15 years; range, 17 to 70 years) undergoing endocardial and epicardial sinus rhythm voltage mapping and epicardial VT ablation after failed endocardial VT ablation were included. In each patient, the low bipolar voltage area (<1.0 mV for epicardium and <1.5 mV for endocardium) was more extensive on the epicardium (95+/-47 versus 38+/-32 cm(2); P<0.001) and was uniformly marked by multicomponent and late electrograms. The basal right ventricular thickness assessed by electroanatomic map was >10 mm in 6 of 13 patients compared with 5 to 10 mm in 4 reference patients without structural disease. Twenty-seven VTs were targeted on the epicardium with the use of activation, entrainment, or pace mapping with focal/linear ablation and targeting of late potentials. Epicardial VTs were targeted opposite normal endocardium in 10 patients (77%) and/or opposite ineffective endocardial ablation sites in 11 patients (85%). During 18+/-13 months, 10 of the 13 patients (77%) had no VT, with 2 patients having only a single VT at 2 and 38 months, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Patients with right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia and VT after endocardial ablation have a more extensive epicardial area of electrogram abnormalities and frequently have basal right ventricular wall thickening. Epicardial substrate and VT mapping identifies targets, and ablation results in VT control.
authors.affiliation: Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA.
authors.forename: Fermin C
authors.initials: FC
authors.lastname: Garcia
authors.forename: Victor
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Bazan
authors.forename: Erica S
authors.initials: ES
authors.lastname: Zado
authors.forename: Jian-Fang
authors.initials: JF
authors.lastname: Ren
authors.forename: Francis E
authors.initials: FE
authors.lastname: Marchlinski
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D019571:Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D017115:Catheter Ablation / Q000379:methods*; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010496:Pericardium / Q000503:physiopathology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D012086:Reoperation; D017180:Tachycardia, Ventricular / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult