title: Evolution of open radical retropubic prostatectomy--how have open surgeons responded to the challenge of minimally invasive surgery?
abstract: BACKGROUND
  With the advent of minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for treating urologic malignancies, emphasis has been placed on reducing patient morbidity and resuming normal activity. We sought to clarify whether open surgeons (OS) have modified their techniques, surgical equipment, and perioperative management in response to this trend.
  
  
  METHODS
  A survey sent to all members of the Society of Urologic Oncology assessed changes that OS performing radical retropubic prostatectomy have made in analgesia, operative technique, perioperative management, and follow-up patterns. We also assessed OS sense of competition from MIS. Surgeon perception of the influence MIS had on these changes was scored from 0 to 4 (0 = not at all, 1 = slightly, 2 = moderately, 3 = greatly, 4 =completely). Overall and major influence by MIS included scores 1-4 and 3-4, respectively.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Reduced radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) case volume because of MIS competition was reported by 20 OS (24%), with 27 OS (32%) starting to perform MIS, and 20 (24%) doing mostly/exclusively MIS. MIS has influenced OS to reduce incision length (overall influence 56%/major influence 33%), operative time (40%/12%), blood loss (31%/17%), and transfusion rate (33%/14%). MIS has influenced OS to use new instruments (48%/44%) or loupes (20%/9%), modify dissection (45%/31%) or anastomotic technique (14%/12%), and increase the use of hemostatic agents (48%/19%). MIS has reduced convalescence in OS patients by reducing length of stay (52%/28%), time to a regular diet (40%/18%), duration of drain (21%/16%) and Foley (32%/15%), time to return to work (49%/25%), and exercise (44%/21%). MIS has changed follow-up of OS patients by increasing the use of clinical pathways (14%/9%) and validated questionnaires (22%/13%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  To date, the influence of MIS on the OS has not been comprehensively assessed. This survey finds that OS report that MIS serves as major competition to the open technique and that it has influenced them to modify their surgical technique, reduce convalescence, and alter follow-up recommendations.
authors.affiliation: Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA. sujeet.acharya@uchospitals.edu
authors.forename: Sujeet S
authors.initials: SS
authors.lastname: Acharya
authors.forename: Kevin C
authors.initials: KC
authors.lastname: Zorn
authors.forename: Sergey
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Shikanov
authors.forename: Alan
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Thong
authors.forename: Gregory P
authors.initials: GP
authors.lastname: Zagaja
authors.forename: Arieh L
authors.initials: AL
authors.lastname: Shalhav
authors.forename: Gary D
authors.initials: GD
authors.lastname: Steinberg
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000758:Anesthesia / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019060:Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D010820:Physicians; D011182:Postoperative Care; D011468:Prostatectomy / Q000379:methods*