title: Interleukin-2 cycling causes transient increases in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and D-dimer that are not associated with plasma HIV-RNA levels.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the effects of interleukin (IL)-2 treatment on inflammatory and thrombotic biomarkers in chronically HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cryopreserved plasma was evaluated retrospectively for C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer at baseline, end of an IL-2 cycle, and long-term follow up from two randomized, controlled trials: 57 IL-2-naive adults receiving either three to six cycles of IL-2 as well as antiretroviral therapy (nucleoside analogues) or antiretroviral therapy alone for 12 months, and 40 IL-2-experienced adults on highly active antiretroviral therapy who either interrupted or continued therapy for 6 months after a baseline IL-2 cycle. High-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) was measured by immunonephelometry (detection limit 0.175 mg/l) and D-dimer by latex agglutination (detection limit 0.20 mg/l). Median within-group differences and pre and post-IL-2 changes between groups were assessed via nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann-Whitney U-tests. Spearman's rank test was used to assess correlations between changes in hsCRP, D-dimer, and HIV-RNA viral load.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significant increases in hsCRP (study 1: 138.6 mg/l; study 2: 58.9 mg/l) and D-dimer (study 1: 3.1 mg/l; study 2: 0.4 mg/l, all P < 0.0001) occurred by the end of the initial IL-2 cycle, returning to baseline by the end of study. No correlations were seen between changes in hsCRP or D-dimer and HIV-RNA, CD4 T-cell count, or proliferation (Ki67 expression). No thrombotic or cardiovascular serious adverse events occurred during these study periods.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  IL-2 dosing caused transient increases in plasma hsCRP and D-dimer levels, regardless of HIV-RNA viral load, suggesting the possibility of increased risk for thrombotic events.
authors.affiliation: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
authors.forename: Brian O
authors.initials: BO
authors.lastname: Porter
authors.forename: Jean
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Shen
authors.forename: Joseph A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Kovacs
authors.forename: Richard T
authors.initials: RT
authors.lastname: Davey
authors.forename: Catherine
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Rehm
authors.forename: Jay
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Lozier
authors.forename: Gyorgy
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Csako
authors.forename: Khanh
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Nghiem
authors.forename: Rene
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Costello
authors.forename: Henry Clifford
authors.initials: HC
authors.lastname: Lane
authors.forename: Irini
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Sereti
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000097:blood / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D006801:Humans; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D011994:Recombinant Proteins / Q000627:therapeutic use; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D007376:Interleukin-2; D012367:RNA, Viral; D011994:Recombinant Proteins; C036309:fibrin fragment D; D002097:C-Reactive Protein