title: Identification of vimentin as a novel target of HSF4 in lens development and cataract by proteomic analysis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To explore the target genes of HSF4, especially those involved in lens developmental processes and cataract formation.
  
  
  METHODS
  A slit lamp biomicroscopy examination was performed on Hsf4(tm1Xyk)-knockout mice and wild-type mice. Two-dimensional electrophoresis combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify differentially expressed lens proteins between wild-type and Hsf4(tm1Xyk)-knockout mice and further confirmed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Histologic analysis was used to analyze the denucleation process of lens fiber cells. Moreover, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay were used to validate the effects of HSF4 on vimentin expression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Hsf4(tm1Xyk)-knockout mice had abnormal lenses and developed cataract. The downregulated proteins were major structural proteins including alpha- and beta-crystallins, whereas the upregulated proteins were mainly enzymes and an intermediate filament protein, vimentin. The upregulated vimentin expression level was further confirmed by Western blot, Q-PCR, and immunofluorescence. EMSA, luciferase assay, and ChIP assay validated that HSF4 had DNA-binding ability to vimentin promoter and repressed vimentin expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that HSF4 represses vimentin gene expression via the HSE-like element. The loss of HSF4 function results in an increase in vimentin expression in Hsf4(tm1Xyk)-knockout mice and affects lens differentiation, particularly impairing the denucleation of lens fiber cells. These events appear to implicate a molecular mechanism in abnormal lens development and cataract formation in Hsf4(tm1Xyk)-knockout mice. The HSF4-vimentin axis appears to be a new target for developing anti-cataract drugs, especially for those cataracts resulting from aberrations in HSF4 expression.
authors.affiliation: Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
authors.forename: Lisha
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Mou
authors.forename: Jing-Ying
authors.initials: JY
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Weiye
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Li
authors.forename: Xia
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Lei
authors.forename: Yalan
authors.initials: Y
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Guoxu
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Xu
authors.forename: Xiangyin
authors.initials: X
authors.lastname: Kong
authors.forename: Guo-Tong
authors.initials: GT
authors.lastname: Xu
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D002386:Cataract / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D015536:Down-Regulation; D015180:Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional; D024202:Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000502:physiology*; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins / Q000502:physiology*; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007908:Lens, Crystalline / Q000196:embryology* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D013058:Mass Spectrometry; D051379:Mice; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D010957:Plasmids; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D040901:Proteomics; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors / Q000502:physiology*; D014746:Vimentin / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D038201:alpha-Crystallins; D038204:beta-Crystallins
chemical_list: D004268:DNA-Binding Proteins; D000076249:Heat Shock Transcription Factors; D006360:Heat-Shock Proteins; C484462:Hsf4 protein, mouse; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D012097:Repressor Proteins; D014157:Transcription Factors; D014746:Vimentin; D038201:alpha-Crystallins; D038204:beta-Crystallins