title: Mechanical strain induces involution-associated events in mammary epithelial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Shortly after weaning, a complex multi-step process that leads to massive epithelial apoptosis is triggered by tissue local factors in the mouse mammary gland. Several reports have demonstrated the relevance of mechanical stress to induce adaptive responses in different cell types. Interestingly, these signaling pathways also participate in mammary gland involution. Then, it has been suggested that cell stretching caused by milk accumulation after weaning might be the first stimulus that initiates the complete remodeling of the mammary gland. However, no previous report has demonstrated the impact of mechanical stress on mammary cell physiology. To address this issue, we have designed a new practical device that allowed us to evaluate the effects of radial stretching on mammary epithelial cells in culture.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We have designed and built a new device to analyze the biological consequences of applying mechanical stress to cells cultured on flexible silicone membranes. Subsequently, a geometrical model that predicted the percentage of radial strain applied to the elastic substrate was developed. By microscopic image analysis, the adjustment of these calculations to the actual strain exerted on the attached cells was verified. The studies described herein were all performed in the HC11 non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line, which was originated from a pregnant BALB/c mouse. In these cells, as previously observed in other tissue types, mechanical stress induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation and c-Fos mRNA and protein expression. In addition, we found that mammary cell stretching triggered involution associated cellular events as Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) expression induction, STAT3 activation and AKT phosphorylation inhibition.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Here, we show for the first time, that mechanical strain is able to induce weaning-associated events in cultured mammary epithelial cells. These results were obtained using a new practical and affordable device specifically designed for such a purpose. We believe that our results indicate the relevance of mechanical stress among the early post-lactation events that lead to mammary gland involution.
authors.affiliation: Departamento de Química Biológica e Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina. quaglino@qb.fcen.uba.ar
authors.forename: Ana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Quaglino
authors.forename: Marcelo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Salierno
authors.forename: Jesica
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pellegrotti
authors.forename: Natalia
authors.initials: N
authors.lastname: Rubinstein
authors.forename: Edith C
authors.initials: EC
authors.lastname: Kordon
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002460:Cell Line; D004847:Epithelial Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D005260:Female; D015870:Gene Expression; D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008321:Mammary Glands, Animal / Q000166:cytology*; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D010766:Phosphorylation; D011247:Pregnancy; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D053605:Leukemia Inhibitory Factor; C507838:Lif protein, mouse; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D050796:STAT3 Transcription Factor; C494087:Stat3 protein, mouse; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3