title: Evaluation of the immediate impact of the Washington, D.C., smoke-free indoor air policy on bar employee environmental tobacco smoke exposure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  On January 2, 2007, thw Washington, D. C., City Council banned smoking in restaurants and bars. We sought to determine the immediate impact of the ban on cotinine-confirmed environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) levels and respiratory symptom reports of a random sample of bar employees.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted an assessment of 66 employees from 41 randomly selected bars in December 2006, a month before the ban went into effect. After analyses of baseline data, 52 employees were eligible and 49 of them (94%) had a post-ban assessment in February 2007. Three participants were excluded due to high cotinine levels at the post-ban assessment, yielding a final sample size of 46 bar employees. ETS exposure levels were documented using saliva cotinine analyses by tandem liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Employee respiratory and sensory symptoms reports were assessed by a standardized, validated form: the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Bronchial Symptoms Questionnaire. Employee ETS exposure reports at work were eliminated after the ban.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Sensory symptoms reports (at < or = 4 weeks) declined significantly by 70% to 100% (p = 0.0016); respiratory symptoms results were inconclusive due to a lack of data. Saliva cotinine medians declined significantly by 70% (p < 0.0001), from a pre-ban mean of 2.11 nanograms per millileter (ng/mL) to a post-ban mean of 0.29 ng/mL, confirming reports of no ETS exposure at work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We concluded that the indoor air law was effective, eliminating employee ETS exposure reports, dramatically reducing their cotinine levels, and almost eliminating reports of sensory symptoms.
authors.affiliation: Department of Prevention & Community Health, School of Public Health & Health Services, George Washington University Medical Center, 2175 K St., Ste. 701, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
authors.forename: Jennifer
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Pearson
authors.forename: Richard
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Windsor
authors.forename: Ayman
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: El-Mohandes
authors.forename: David C
authors.initials: DC
authors.lastname: Perry
mesh_terms: D003367:Cotinine / Q000032:analysis; D004219:District of Columbia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D015397:Program Evaluation; D012147:Restaurants / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D012463:Saliva / Q000737:chemistry; D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution / Q000032:analysis / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000517:prevention & control*; D000078329:Workforce
chemical_list: D014028:Tobacco Smoke Pollution; D003367:Cotinine