title: Role of convective flow in carmustine delivery to a brain tumor.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This paper presents a three-dimensional patient-specific simulation of carmustine delivery to brain tumor. The simulation investigates several crucial factors, particularly the role of convective flow, affecting drug delivery efficacy.
  
  
  METHODS
  The simulation utilizes a complete three-dimensional tissue geometry constructed from magnetic resonance images (MRI) of a brain tumor patient in whom commercially available Gliadel wafers were implanted for sustained delivery of carmustine following excision of the tumor. This method permits an estimation of the convective flow field (in the irregularly shaped anatomical region) which can be used for prediction of drug penetration into the domain of interest, i.e. remnant tumor. A finite volume method is utilized to perform all simulations.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Drug exposure exceeds its threshold therapeutic concentration (approximately 15 microM) but for only a limited time (i.e. less than a week) and only in the immediately adjacent tissue (i.e. less than 2 mm). A quasi-steady transport process is established within 1 day following treatment, in which the drug is eliminated rapidly by transcapillary exchange, while its penetration into the tumor is mainly by diffusion. Convection appears to be crucial in influencing the drug distribution in the tumor: the remnant tumor near the ventricle is, by one to two orders of magnitude, less exposed to the drug than is the distal remnant tumor.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carmustine penetration from Gliadel wafers implanted in brain is limited by rapid elimination via transcapillary exchange. Therefore, it could be useful to consider other therapeutic agents such as paclitaxel. In addition, local convective flow within the cavity appears to be a crucial factor in distributing the drug so that the tumor domain near the ventricle is prone to minimal drug exposure. Thus, complete removal of the tumor from this region is of particular concern.
authors.affiliation: Molecular Engineering of Biological and Chemical Systems (MEBCS), Singapore-MIT Alliance, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
authors.forename: Davis Yohanes
authors.initials: DY
authors.lastname: Arifin
authors.forename: Kam Yiu Timothy
authors.initials: KY
authors.lastname: Lee
authors.forename: Chi-Hwa
authors.initials: CH
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Kenneth A
authors.initials: KA
authors.lastname: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001812:Blood-Brain Barrier / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000378:metabolism*; D002330:Carmustine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D003198:Computer Simulation; D003652:Decanoic Acids / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D011091:Polyesters / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051381:Rats
chemical_list: D003652:Decanoic Acids; D011091:Polyesters; C055401:decanedioic acid-4,4'-(1,3-propanediylbis(oxy))bis(benzoic acid) copolymer; D002330:Carmustine