title: Assessment of the optical radiation hazard from a home-use intense pulsed light (IPL) source.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intense pulsed light (IPL) systems have evolved and crossed over from the clinic to the home. Studies have shown home-use IPLs to be clinically effective but there has been no published data on ocular safety. It was our aim to measure the spectral and temporal optical radiation output from a home-use IPL and assess the ocular hazard.
  
  
  METHODS
  The iPulse Personal is a new home-use IPL hair reduction system. We measured its optical radiation spectral output using a calibrated diode array spectrometer that was traceable to national standards. Pulse duration was determined by measurement with a fast photodiode. The results from these measurements were used to assess the optical radiation hazard to the human eye. Retinal thermal hazard (RTH), blue light hazard (BLH), and infrared radiation hazard to the cornea and lens were assessed in accordance with IEC TR 60825-9 and the International Committee on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) Guidelines on Limits of Exposure to Broad-band Incoherent Optical Radiation, as there are no specific international IPL standards.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Neither the BLH radiance dose nor the infrared radiation hazard to the cornea and lens irradiance exceeded the exposure limit values (ELVs) set by the ICNIRP. The RTH radiance, however, was exceeded at a fluence of 11 J cm(-2) and pulse duration of 16 milliseconds. Following these results the settings on the IPL were adjusted and the RTH was no longer exceeded at a new fluence of 10 J cm(-2) and pulse duration of 26 milliseconds.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The home-use device that we assessed does not present an optical hazard according to currently available international standards.
authors.affiliation: Photobiology Unit, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, United Kingdom. ewan.eadie@nhs.net
authors.forename: Ewan
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Eadie
authors.forename: Paul
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Miller
authors.forename: Teresa
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Goodman
authors.forename: Harry
authors.initials: H
authors.lastname: Moseley
mesh_terms: D003357:Cosmetic Techniques / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000295:instrumentation; D004867:Equipment Design; D004869:Equipment Safety; D005131:Eye Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D006204:Hair Removal / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007259:Infrared Rays / Q000009:adverse effects; D028022:Low-Level Light Therapy / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation; D011379:Prognosis; D011832:Radiation Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013057:Spectrum Analysis / Q000379:methods