title: Post-traumatic external nasal pain syndrome (a trigeminal based pain disorder).
abstract: Little has been written about persistent external nasal pain after injury to the nose in the neurologic or headache literature. In clinical practice, this can be a disabling and treatment refractory condition. The external portion of the nose is highly innervated by branches of the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve including the nasociliary nerve, external nasal nerve, infratrochlear nerve, anterior ethmoidal nerve, and infraorbital nerve. As these nerves are located on the external portion of the nose just deep enough to the skin they can be easily traumatized with any impact to the nose. Four patients with what is termed the post-traumatic external nasal pain syndrome are reported in this paper, describing the clinical presentation of the disorder and providing treatment options. Post-traumatic external nasal pain syndrome appears to be a novel form of trigeminal-based pain not previously reported in the neurologic literature.
authors.affiliation: The Michigan Head Pain & Neurological Institute-Neurology, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
authors.forename: Todd
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Rozen
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000927:Anticonvulsants / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic / Q000627:therapeutic use; D005151:Facial Injuries / Q000150:complications / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005156:Facial Neuralgia / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D005260:Female; D005726:Ganglia, Parasympathetic / Q000033:anatomy & histology / Q000601:surgery; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008442:Maxillary Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use; D009407:Nerve Block; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D009666:Nose / Q000293:injuries* / Q000294:innervation* / Q000503:physiopathology; D009668:Nose Diseases / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D009882:Ophthalmic Nerve / Q000293:injuries / Q000503:physiopathology; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D020433:Trigeminal Nerve Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000503:physiopathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D000927:Anticonvulsants; D000929:Antidepressive Agents, Tricyclic; D009294:Narcotics