The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers.
BACKGROUND
Increased pitch counts have been linked to increased complaints of shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers. Improper pitching mechanics have not been shown to adversely affect the upper extremity in youth pitchers.


OBJECTIVE
The correct performance of 5 biomechanical pitching parameters correlates with lower humeral internal rotation torque and elbow valgus load, as well as higher pitching efficiency, in youth and adolescent pitchers.


METHODS
Descriptive laboratory study.


METHODS
In sum, 169 baseball pitchers (aged 9-18) were analyzed using a quantitative motion analysis system and a high-speed video while throwing fastballs. The correct performance of 5 common pitching parameters was compared with each pitcher's age, humeral internal rotation torque, elbow valgus load, and calculated pitching efficiency.


RESULTS
Motion analysis correlated with video analysis for all 5 parameters (P < .05). Youth pitchers (aged 9-13) performing 3 or more parameters correctly showed lower humeral internal rotation torque, lower elbow valgus load, and higher pitching efficiency (P < .05).


CONCLUSIONS
Youth pitchers with better pitching mechanics generate lower humeral internal rotation torque, lower elbow valgus load, and more efficiency than do those with improper mechanics. Proper pitching mechanics may help prevent shoulder and elbow injuries in youth pitchers.


CONCLUSIONS
The parameters described in this study may be used to improve the pitching mechanics of youth pitchers and possibly reduce shoulder and elbow pain in youth baseball pitchers.
Davis
J T
JT
Southern Illinois Orthopaedic Clinic, Carbondale, Illinois, USA.
Limpisvasti
Orr
O
Fluhme
Derrick
D
Mohr
Karen J
KJ
Yocum
Lewis A
LA
Elattrache
Neal S
NS
Jobe
Frank W
FW
D000293:Adolescent; D001265:Athletic Injuries / Q000517:prevention & control; D054874:Athletic Performance / Q000592:standards*; D001484:Baseball / Q000502:physiology*; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena / Q000502:physiology*; D002648:Child; D004551:Elbow Joint / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D009068:Movement / Q000502:physiology; D000070599:Shoulder Injuries; D012785:Shoulder Joint / Q000502:physiology; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000502:physiology*; D000092464:Elbow Injuries