title: The obscuring object of race: clinical breast exams and coping styles in ethnic subpopulations of women.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Differences in breast cancer screening rates have been linked to many factors including race, access to healthcare, and breast cancer knowledge and beliefs; less frequently studied has been the role of characteristic styles of coping. In this study, we examined ethnicity and the role of coping with a possible breast cancer diagnosis in the context of whether or not women obtained clinical breast examinations (CBE).
  
  
  METHODS
  To measure coping, a stressor, in the form of a vignette asking participants to imagine they had just received a breast diagnosis upon a doctor's visit, was used.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three hundred and eight women from seven ethnic subpopulations (and from three racial groups) in the USA were interviewed regarding frequency of breast screening, as well as how they would likely cope with a diagnosis of breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  CBE rates were similar across groups and were differentially predicted by the different coping styles. Analysing the results using typical racial categories (rather than distinct ethnic groupings) obscured these results. Furthermore, avoidance predicted CBE and mammogram rates differently, specifically, predicting mammogram rates differentially for each group, with no relation to CBE rates.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Recognition of the roles of problem solving, social support, and avoidance in coping with a possible breast cancer diagnosis may guide the development and provision of interventions that are more sensitive to the characteristics of specific groups of women. Examinations of psychological variables in preventive health behaviours must begin to analyse diversity by paying attention to ethnic specificity, rather than race, as well as to the underlying nature of the screening task.
authors.affiliation: Department of Psychology, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York, USA.
authors.forename: Elizabeth K
authors.initials: EK
authors.lastname: Kudadjie-Gyamfi
authors.forename: Carol
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Magai
authors.forename: Nathan S
authors.initials: NS
authors.lastname: Consedine
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D001940:Breast; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000208:ethnology* / Q000523:psychology*; D003431:Cross-Cultural Comparison; D003674:Defense Mechanisms; D005006:Ethnicity / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000523:psychology*; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation / Q000523:psychology*; D010555:Personality Inventory; D011340:Problem Solving