title: Skin penetrating abilities and reservoir effects of neat DMF and DMF/water mixtures.
abstract: This study was set out to determine the skin permeabilities of neat N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF, denoted as DMF(100%)) and DMF/water mixtures (including 50% DMF/50% water and 10% DMF/90% water mixtures (v/v), denoted as DMF(50%) and DMF(10%), respectively) and to assess their skin reservoir effects on the systemic absorption. The penetration fluxes for DMF(10%) and DMF(50%) (=0.015 and 0.126 mg/cm(2)/h, respectively) were only approximately 1.1%and 15% in magnitude as that of DMF(100%) (=0.872+/-0.231 mg/cm(2)/h), respectively. The above results could be because the perturbation effect of the DMF content was much more significant than the rehydration effect of the water content on skin permeability. We found that 85.9%, 96.6% and 98.7% of applied doses were still remaining on the skin surface, 4.98%, 0.838% and 0.181% were still remaining in the skin layer, and 9.09%, 2.61% and 1.17% penetrated through the skin layer after the 24-h exposure for DMF(100%), DMF(50%) and DMF(10%), respectively. We found that the half-life (T(1/2)) of DMF retaining in the skin layer were 12.3, 4.07 and 1.24h for DMF(100%), DMF(50%) and DMF(10%), respectively. The estimated reservoir effect for DMF(100%) (=34.1%) was higher than that of DMF(50%) and DMF(10%) (=27.1% and 14.1%, respectively). The above results suggest that the impact associated with the internal burden of DMF could be prolonged even the external exposure of DMF is terminated, particularly for those dermal contact with DMF/water mixtures with high DMF contents.
authors.affiliation: Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
authors.forename: Shih-Min
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Wang
authors.forename: Ho-Yuan
authors.initials: HY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Jui-Chen
authors.initials: JC
authors.lastname: Tsai
authors.forename: Wei-Chao
authors.initials: WC
authors.lastname: Lin
authors.forename: Tung-Sheng
authors.initials: TS
authors.lastname: Shih
authors.forename: Perng-Jy
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D005559:Formamides / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D023421:Models, Animal; D010539:Permeability; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents / Q000737:chemistry; D013552:Swine; D014867:Water / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D005559:Formamides; D012996:Solutions; D012997:Solvents; D014867:Water; D004126:Dimethylformamide