title: The role of the legal and illegal trade of live birds and avian products in the spread of avian influenza.
abstract: The panzootic of the H5N1 strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza has become an international crisis. All parts of the world are now considered at risk due to trade globalisation, with the worldwide movement of animals, products and humans, and because of the possible spread of the virus through the migration of wild birds. The risk of introducing notifiable avian influenza (NAI) through trade depends on several factors, including the disease status of the exporting country and the type of products. The highest risk occurs in the trade of live birds. It is important to assess and manage these risks to ensure that global trade does not result in the dissemination of NAI. However, it is also important that the risk of infection is not used as an unjustified trade barrier. The role of the regulatory authorities is thus to facilitate the safe trade of animal products according to international guidelines. Nevertheless, the balance between acceptable risk and safe trade is difficult to achieve. Since the movements of poultry and birds are sometimes difficult to trace, the signature or 'identity card' of each isolated virus can be very informative. Indeed, sequencing the genes of H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses has assisted greatly in establishing links and highlighting differences between isolates from different countries and tracing the possible source of introduction. Recent examples from Asia, Europe and Africa, supported by H5N1 molecular fingerprinting, have demonstrated that the sources of introduction can be many and no route should be underestimated.
authors.affiliation: Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
authors.forename: T
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: van den Berg
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001717:Birds; D002681:China / Q000453:epidemiology; D003132:Commerce / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence*; D016172:DNA Fingerprinting; D004531:Eggs / Q000821:virology; D014943:Global Health; D053124:Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000472:pathogenicity*; D005585:Influenza in Birds / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000635:transmission*; D009549:Nigeria / Q000453:epidemiology; D012307:Risk Factors; D006113:United Kingdom / Q000453:epidemiology