title: Estimation of postmortem interval by hypoxanthine and potassium evaluation in vitreous humor with a sequential injection system.
abstract: The estimation of the time since death known as postmortem interval (PMI) is a main issue in the field of forensic science and legal medicine. In this work it is proposed a sequential injection system for the determination of hypoxanthine and potassium in the same sample of vitreous humor since the concentrations of both parameters change with PMI and the vitreous humor has been regarded as the ideal extracellular fluid for these kinds of determinations. By measuring both parameters the accuracy of estimation of PMI can be increased, and the effects of factors which influence the values in postmortem chemistry minimized. Hypoxanthine determination is based on its oxidation to uric acid (290 nm), catalyzed by immobilized xanthine oxidase, and the quantification of potassium levels in vitreous humor was performed using a tubular potassium ion-selective electrode. With a unique analytical cycle both analytes were evaluated being potassium levels determined during the degradation of hypoxanthine in the enzymatic reactor. Working concentration ranges between 6.04-40.00 micromol L(-1) and 7.00 x 10(-5) to 1.00 x 10(-1)mmol L(-1) were obtained, for hypoxanthine and potassium, respectively. The method proved to be reproducible with R.S.D. <5% for hypoxanthine and <3% for potassium. Sampling rate was approximately 30 per hour for the sequential determination of both parameters being 15 and 60 determinations per hour if hypoxanthine or potassium, where evaluated independently. Statistical evaluation at the 95% confidence level showed good agreement between the results obtained, for the vitreous humor samples, with both the SIA system and the comparison batch procedures. Moreover the methodology has low environmental impact in agreement with the demands of green analytical chemistry as only 2.7 mL of chemical waste is produced during both determinations.
authors.affiliation: REQUIMTE, Serviço de Química-Física, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Aníbal Cunha, 164, 4099-030 Porto, Portugal.
authors.forename: Marieta L C
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Passos
authors.forename: Ana M
authors.initials: AM
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Ana I
authors.initials: AI
authors.lastname: Pereira
authors.forename: J Rodrigo
authors.initials: JR
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: Agostinho J C
authors.initials: AJ
authors.lastname: Santos
authors.forename: M Lúcia M F S
authors.initials: ML
authors.lastname: Saraiva
authors.forename: José L F C
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Lima
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle; D002851:Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; D017022:Flow Injection Analysis / Q000379:methods*; D044707:Forensic Sciences / Q000191:economics / Q000379:methods*; D019271:Hypoxanthine / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D016014:Linear Models; D011180:Postmortem Changes; D011188:Potassium / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism*; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D013997:Time Factors; D014822:Vitreous Body / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D019271:Hypoxanthine; D011188:Potassium