title: Incidence, presenting features and outcome of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a longitudinal study on 1003 consecutive patients.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  There are few data on the incidence and prognosis of extramedullary (EM) multiple myeloma (MM). There are concerns about a possible increase of EM relapses with the expanding use of high-dose therapy (HDT) and biological agents.
  
  
  METHODS
  The incidence of EM disease, its relationship with prior exposure to HDT or novel agents, and its prognostic impact were analyzed in 1003 MM patients. Based on the different therapies available, three periods were considered: 1971-1993, conventional-dose chemotherapy; 1994-1999, HDT for younger patients; and 2000-2007, introduction of novel agents.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 13% of patients had EM disease, 7% at diagnosis and 6% later. In the 2000-2007 period, there was a significant increase of EM involvement, at diagnosis (P = 0.02) and during follow-up (P = 0.03). The risk of EM spread was not significantly increased after HDT [hazard ratio (HR 0.6)], bortezomib (HR 1.62), or thalidomide/lenalidomide (HR 1.07). EM disease was associated with shorter overall (HR 3.26, P < 0.0001) and progression-free (HR 1.46, P = 0.04) survival.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The incidence of EM disease has increased, probably due to the availability of more sensitive imaging techniques and the prolongation of patients' survival. HDT or novel agents seem not to increase the risk of EM disease. EM involvement confers a poor prognosis.
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. Electronic address: m.varettoni@smatteo.pv.it.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Varettoni
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: A
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Corso
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: G
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Pica
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: S
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Mangiacavalli
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: C
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Pascutto
authors.affiliation: Division of Hematology, Fondazione Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
authors.forename: M
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Lazzarino
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001853:Bone Marrow / Q000473:pathology; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009101:Multiple Myeloma / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011379:Prognosis