title: Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus infection by penile site in uncircumcised Kenyan men.
abstract: Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence was estimated from 2,705 sexually active, uncircumcised, human immunodeficiency virus seronegative men aged 17-28 years in Kisumu, Kenya. HPV prevalence was 51.1% (95% confidence interval: 49.2-53.0%) in penile cells from the glans/coronal sulcus and/or shaft. HPV prevalence varied by anatomical site, with 46.5% positivity in the glans/coronal sulcus compared with 19.1% in the shaft (p < 0.0001). High-risk HPV was detected in 31.2% of glans and 12.3% of shaft samples (p < 0.0001). HPV16 was the most common type and 29.2% of men were infected with more than one HPV type. Risk factors for HPV infection included presence of C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhea, self-reported sexually transmitted infections, and less frequent bathing. Lifetime number of sexual partners and herpes simplex virus type-2 seropositivity were also marginally associated with HPV infection.
authors.affiliation: Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA. jennifers@unc.edu
authors.forename: Jennifer S
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Smith
authors.forename: Danielle M
authors.initials: DM
authors.lastname: Backes
authors.forename: Michael G
authors.initials: MG
authors.lastname: Hudgens
authors.forename: Robert C
authors.initials: RC
authors.lastname: Bailey
authors.forename: Giovanni
authors.initials: G
authors.lastname: Veronesi
authors.forename: Martijn
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Bogaarts
authors.forename: Kawango
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Agot
authors.forename: J O
authors.initials: JO
authors.lastname: Ndinya-Achola
authors.forename: Ian
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Maclean
authors.forename: Walter
authors.initials: W
authors.lastname: Agingu
authors.forename: Chris J L M
authors.initials: CJ
authors.lastname: Meijer
authors.forename: Stephen
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Moses
authors.forename: Peter J F
authors.initials: PJ
authors.lastname: Snijders
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D052685:Alphapapillomavirus / Q000145:classification / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D002944:Circumcision, Male; D004279:DNA, Viral / Q000235:genetics; D052140:Human papillomavirus 11; D006801:Humans; D007630:Kenya / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D030361:Papillomavirus Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000821:virology*; D010413:Penis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000821:virology*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015995:Prevalence; D012307:Risk Factors; D055815:Young Adult; D055544:beta-Globins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: D004279:DNA, Viral; D055544:beta-Globins