Advances in pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the leading cause of chronic liver disease in children and adolescents in the United States. A two- to three-fold rise in the rates of obesity and overweight in children over the last two decades is probably responsible for the NAFLD epidemic. Emerging data suggest that children with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progress to cirrhosis, which may ultimately increase liver-related mortality. More worrisome is the recognition that cardiovascular risk and morbidity in children and adolescents are associated with fatty liver. Pediatric fatty liver disease often displays a histologic pattern distinct from that found in adults. Liver biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis of NASH. Noninvasive biomarkers are needed to identify individuals with progressive liver injury. Targeted therapies to improve liver histology and metabolic abnormalities associated with fatty liver are needed. Currently, randomized-controlled trials are underway in the pediatric population to define pharmacologic therapy for NAFLD.


CONCLUSIONS
Public health awareness and intervention are needed to promote healthy diet, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to prevent and reduce the burden of disease in the community.
Loomba
Rohit
R
Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, CA, USA.
Sirlin
Claude B
CB
Schwimmer
Jeffrey B
JB
Lavine
Joel E
JE
D000293:Adolescent; D035843:Biomedical Research / Q000639:trends*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004032:Diet; D015444:Exercise; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D008019:Life Style; D015995:Prevalence; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology