A1 adenosine receptor: role in diabetes and obesity.
Adenosine mediates its diverse effects via four subtypes (A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3)) of G-protein-coupled receptors. The A(1) adenosine receptor (A(1)AR) subtype is the most extensively studied and is well characterized in various organ systems. The A(1)ARs are highly expressed in adipose tissue, and endogenous adenosine has been shown to tonically activate adipose tissue A(1)ARs. Activation of the A(1)ARs in adipocytes reduces adenylate cyclase and cAMP content and causes inhibition of lipolysis. The role of A(1)ARs in lipolysis has been well characterized by using several selective A(1)AR agonists as well as A(1)AR knockout mice. However, the contribution of A(1)ARs to the regulation of lipolysis in pathological conditions like insulin resistance, diabetes and dyslipidemia, where free fatty acids (FFA) play an important role, has not been well characterized. Pharmacological agents that reduce the release of FFA from adipose tissue and thus the availability of circulating FFA have the potential to be useful for insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Toward this goal, several selective and efficacious agonists of the A(1)ARs are now available, and some have entered early-phase clinical trials; however, none have received regulatory approval yet. Here we review the existing knowledge on the role of A(1)ARs in insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity, and the progress made in the development of A(1)AR agonists as antilipolytic agents, including the challenges associated with this approach.
Dhalla
Arvinder K
AK
Department of Pharmacological Sciences, CV Therapeutics Inc., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA. arvinder.dhalla@cvt.com
Chisholm
Jeffrey W
JW
Reaven
Gerald M
GM
Belardinelli
Luiz
L
D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D017667:Adipocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D000818:Animals; D003920:Diabetes Mellitus / Q000209:etiology*; D006801:Humans; D007333:Insulin Resistance; D008066:Lipolysis; D009765:Obesity / Q000209:etiology*; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1 / Q000032:analysis / Q000502:physiology*
D058907:Adenosine A1 Receptor Agonists; D043682:Receptor, Adenosine A1