title: The green tea polyphenol EGCG potentiates the antiproliferative activity of c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer cells.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of the c-Met and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) promotes the growth and survival of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Specific receptor antagonists have shown efficacy in the clinic, but tumors often become resistant to these therapies. We investigated the ability of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to inhibit cell proliferation, and c-Met receptor and EGFR kinase activation in several NSCLC cell lines.
  
  
  METHODS
  NSCLC cell lines with variable sensitivity to the EGFR antagonist erlotinib were studied. Cell growth was evaluated using proliferation and colony formation assays. Kinase activation was assessed via Western blot analysis. Experiments were conducted with EGCG, the EGFR antagonist erlotinib, and the c-Met inhibitor SU11274. The antagonists were also tested in a xenograft model using SCID mice.
  
  
  RESULTS
  EGCG inhibited cell proliferation in erlotinib-sensitive and -resistant cell lines, including those with c-Met overexpression, and acquired resistance to erlotinib. The combination of erlotinib and EGCG resulted in greater inhibition of cell proliferation and colony formation than either agent alone. EGCG also completely inhibited ligand-induced c-Met phosphorylation and partially inhibited EGFR phosphorylation. The triple combination of EGCG/erlotinib/SU11274 resulted in a greater inhibition of proliferation than EGCG with erlotinib. Finally, the combination of EGCG and erlotinib significantly slowed the growth rate of H460 xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  EGCG is a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, independent of EGFR inhibition, in several NSCLC cell lines, including those resistant to both EGFR kinase inhibitors and those overexpressing c-Met. Therefore, EGCG might be a useful agent to study as an adjunct to other anticancer agents.
authors.affiliation: Feist-Weiller Cancer Center and Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Urology, Louisiana State University-Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana.
authors.forename: Shawn A
authors.initials: SA
authors.lastname: Milligan
authors.forename: Patrick
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Burke
authors.forename: David T
authors.initials: DT
authors.lastname: Coleman
authors.forename: Rebecca L
authors.initials: RL
authors.lastname: Bigelow
authors.forename: Joshua J
authors.initials: JJ
authors.lastname: Steffan
authors.forename: Jennifer L
authors.initials: JL
authors.lastname: Carroll
authors.forename: Briana Jill
authors.initials: BJ
authors.lastname: Williams
authors.forename: James A
authors.initials: JA
authors.lastname: Cardelli
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002289:Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung / Q000378:metabolism*; D002392:Catechin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000494:pharmacology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D006801:Humans; D007211:Indoles / Q000494:pharmacology; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000378:metabolism*; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D016513:Mice, SCID; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D010879:Piperazines / Q000494:pharmacology; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology; D013449:Sulfonamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: C478479:((3Z)-N-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-((3,5-dimethyl-4-((4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl)-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)methylene)-N-methyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indole-5-sulfonamide); D016588:Anticarcinogenic Agents; D007211:Indoles; D010879:Piperazines; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011799:Quinazolines; D013449:Sulfonamides; D002392:Catechin; C045651:epigallocatechin gallate; D000069347:Erlotinib Hydrochloride; D066246:ErbB Receptors; D019859:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met