title: Venous thromboembolism after severe trauma: incidence, risk factors and outcome.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) are common life-threatening complications after trauma, but epidemiology and reported risk factors still vary. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence of VTEs among hospitalised trauma patients, to identify potential risk factors and to assess whether their presence was associated with: (a) the magnitude and pattern of injury, (b) therapeutic interventions and (c) outcome, all by using a large population-based registry.
  
  
  METHODS
  Patient data from the Trauma Registry of the German Society for Trauma Surgery (TR-DGU) including datasets from more than 35,000 trauma patients were screened for all clinically relevant VTEs, i.e. deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). A total of 7937 patients were identified for further investigation and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess potential risk factors for VTEs and to evaluate the effect of VTEs on outcome.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One hundred forty-six of 7937 patients developed clinically relevant VTEs during post-traumatic hospitalisation corresponding to an overall incidence rate of 1.8%. Two-thirds (97/146) of all VTEs occurred during the first 3 weeks after admission. At the time point of the event 118/146 (80.8%) patients were under either mechanical or chemical prophylaxis. Multivariate analysis with VTE as dependent variable identified injury severity score, the number of operative procedures, pelvic injury (abbreviated injury scale > or = 2) and concomitant diseases (i.e. diabetes, renal failure, malignancies and congenital or acquired coagulation disorders) as independent risk factors. The presence of VTEs was associated with higher frequencies of sepsis (25% vs. 9.1%), single (63.6% vs. 41.3%) and multiple organ failure (49% vs. 25%) and prolonged in-hospital length of stay (52+/-34 days vs. 29+/-30 days; all p<0.001). The mortality in the VTE group totaled 13.7% vs. 7.4% in the non-VTE group (p=0.004). The presence of PE was associated with a mortality rate of 25.7%. The adjusted odds ratio of post-traumatic VTEs for hospital mortality was 2.08 (CI95 1.15-3.78; p=0.016).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The occurrence of clinically apparent VTEs during post-traumatic hospitalisation is low but associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Conclusions about the effectiveness of different thromboprophylactic measures could not be drawn, since detailed information was not recorded. However, 80.8% of VTE patients had received thromboprophylaxis at the time point of the event.
authors.affiliation: Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne-Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Ostmerheimerstr. 200, D-51109 Cologne, Germany.
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Paffrath
authors.forename: Arasch
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Wafaisade
authors.forename: Rolf
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Lefering
authors.forename: Christian
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Simanski
authors.forename: Bertil
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Bouillon
authors.forename: Timo
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Spanholtz
authors.forename: Sebastian
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wutzler
authors.forename: Marc
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Maegele
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D006760:Hospitalization / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D015601:Injury Severity Score; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010388:Pelvis / Q000293:injuries / Q000601:surgery; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D054556:Venous Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology; D020246:Venous Thrombosis / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D014949:Wounds, Nonpenetrating / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000601:surgery