title: Severe physical violence among intimate partners: a risk factor for vaginal bleeding during gestation in less privileged women?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the role of severe physical violence within intimate partners on the occurrence of vaginal bleeding during gestation in less privileged women.
  
  
  METHODS
  Health service survey.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three large public maternities in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Five hundred and twenty-eight women who gave birth to full-term newborn infants were selected at random among the births that took place during the six months of fieldwork.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information on vaginal bleeding during gestation was obtained from medical records, pre-natal cards, and by means of a questionnaire addressed to the women giving birth. To collect severe physical violence data, use was made of the Portuguese version of the instrument Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, formally adapted for use in Brazil.
  
  
  METHODS
  Vaginal bleeding during gestation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  After accounting for socio-economic, demographic, reproductive, and pregnant women's life-style variables, women who had been victims of two or more acts of severe physical violence were 2.74 (95% CI: 1.37-5.48) times more liable to present with vaginal bleeding during pregnancy than those who did not.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our findings suggest that physical violence increases the risk of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. This result should encourage studies on whether intervention in violent relationships can reduce the risk of vaginal bleeding and other pregnancy complications.
authors.affiliation: The Program of Epidemiological Research in Family Violence, Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors.forename: Claudia Leite
authors.initials: CL
authors.lastname: Moraes
authors.forename: Michael
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Reichenheim
authors.forename: Antônio Paulo
authors.initials: AP
authors.lastname: Nunes
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001938:Brazil; D005260:Female; D006306:Health Surveys; D006801:Humans; D011247:Pregnancy; D012307:Risk Factors; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013179:Spouse Abuse; D014504:Urban Health; D014592:Uterine Hemorrhage / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D035862:Vulnerable Populations; D055815:Young Adult