title: Visualization, quantification and correlation of brain atrophy with clinical symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia types 1, 3 and 6.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Biomarkers to monitor neurological dysfunction in autosomal dominant inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are lacking. We therefore aimed to visualize, quantify and correlate localized brain atrophy with clinical symptoms in SCA1, SCA3, and SCA6.
  
  
  METHODS
  We compared patients suffering from SCA1 (n=48), SCA3 (n=24), and SCA6 (n=10) with 32 controls using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on four different scanners in eight centers followed by voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and quantitative three-dimensional (3D) volumetry.
  
  
  RESULTS
  SCA1 and SCA3 patients presented with severe atrophy in total brainstem (consisting of midbrain, pons, and medulla), pons, medulla, total cerebellum, cerebellar hemispheres and cerebellar vermis, putamen and caudate nucleus. Atrophy in the cerebellar hemispheres was less severe in SCA3 than in SCA1 and SCA6. Atrophy in SCA6 was restricted to the grey matter of the cerebellum (VBM and volumetry), total brainstem and pons (volumetry only). Overall, we did not observe substantial atrophy in the cerebral cortex. A discriminant analysis taking into account data from pons, cerebellar hemispheres, medulla, midbrain and putamen achieved a reclassification probability of 81.7% for SCA1, SCA3, and SCA6. The repeat length of the expanded allele showed a weak negative correlation with the volume of the brainstem, pons, caudate nucleus and putamen in SCA3, and a weak correlation with the pons in SCA1, whereas no such correlation was found in SCA6. Clinical dysfunction as measured by the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA) and the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale functional assessment correlated best with the atrophy of pons in SCA1, with total brainstem atrophy in SCA3 and atrophy of total cerebellum in SCA6.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data provide strong evidence that MRI is an attractive surrogate marker for clinical studies of SCA. In each SCA genotype clinical dysfunction may be caused by different patho-anatomical processes.
authors.affiliation: Department of Neurodegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Neurological Medicine, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany. jschulz@ukaachen.de
authors.forename: Jörg B
authors.initials: JB
authors.lastname: Schulz
authors.forename: Johannes
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Borkert
authors.forename: Stefanie
authors.initials: S
authors.lastname: Wolf
authors.forename: Tanja
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Schmitz-Hübsch
authors.forename: Maryla
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Rakowicz
authors.forename: Caterina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Mariotti
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schöls
authors.forename: Ludger
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Schoels
authors.forename: Dagmar
authors.initials: D
authors.lastname: Timmann
authors.forename: Bart
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: van de Warrenburg
authors.forename: Alexandra
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Dürr
authors.forename: Massimo
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Pandolfo
authors.forename: Jun-Suk
authors.initials: JS
authors.lastname: Kang
authors.forename: Andrés González
authors.initials: AG
authors.lastname: Mandly
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Nägele
authors.forename: Marina
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Grisoli
authors.forename: Romana
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Boguslawska
authors.forename: Peter
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Bauer
authors.forename: Thomas
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Klockgether
authors.forename: Till-Karsten
authors.initials: TK
authors.lastname: Hauser
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017668:Age of Onset; D000368:Aged; D001284:Atrophy / Q000473:pathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology*; D001933:Brain Stem / Q000473:pathology; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000473:pathology; D004247:DNA / Q000235:genetics; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D018450:Disease Progression; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006816:Huntington Disease / Q000473:pathology; D016014:Linear Models; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012091:Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D020754:Spinocerebellar Ataxias / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000235:genetics / Q000473:pathology*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D004247:DNA