title: The psychosocial effects of deployment on military children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The impact of the Global War on Terror on two million U.S. military children remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial profile of school age children during parental deployment utilizing standardized psychosocial health and stress measures, and to identify predictors of children at "high risk" for psychosocial morbidity during wartime deployment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Army spouses with a deployed service member and a child aged 5-12 years completed a deployment packet consisting of demographic and psychosocial questions. The psychosocial health measures included the Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC), the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form and the Perceived Stress Scale-4.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall, 32% of respondents exceeded the PSC cut off score for their child, indicating "high risk" for psychosocial morbidity and 42% reported "high risk" stress on the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form. Parenting stress significantly predicted an increase in child psychosocial morbidity (odds ratio 7.41, confidence interval 2.9-19.0, p < 0.01). Parents utilizing military support reported less child psychosocial morbidity (odds ratio 0.32, confidence interval 0.13-0.77, p < 0.01) and parental college education was related to a decrease in child psychosocial morbidity (odds ratio 0.33, confidence interval 0.13-0.81, p < 0.02). The effects of military rank, child gender, child age, and race or ethnic background did not reach statistical significance.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Families in this study experiencing deployment identified one-third of military children at "high risk" for psychosocial morbidity. The most significant predictor of child psychosocial functioning during wartime deployment was parenting stress. Military, family and community supports help mitigate family stress during periods of deployment.
authors.affiliation: Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA 98431, USA. eric.flake@us.army.mil
authors.forename: Eric M
authors.initials: EM
authors.lastname: Flake
authors.forename: Beth Ellen
authors.initials: BE
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Patti L
authors.initials: PL
authors.lastname: Johnson
authors.forename: Laura S
authors.initials: LS
authors.lastname: Middleton
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002652:Child Behavior; D002653:Child Behavior Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004522:Educational Status; D005190:Family / Q000523:psychology*; D006304:Health Status; D006305:Health Status Indicators; D006801:Humans; D016014:Linear Models; D016015:Logistic Models; D008889:Military Personnel; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010290:Parents; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors; D012944:Social Support; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires