title: Combining Google Earth and GIS mapping technologies in a dengue surveillance system for developing countries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne illness that places significant burden on tropical developing countries with unplanned urbanization. A surveillance system using Google Earth and GIS mapping technologies was developed in Nicaragua as a management tool.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Satellite imagery of the town of Bluefields, Nicaragua captured from Google Earth was used to create a base-map in ArcGIS 9. Indices of larval infestation, locations of tire dumps, cemeteries, large areas of standing water, etc. that may act as larval development sites, and locations of the homes of dengue cases collected during routine epidemiologic surveying were overlaid onto this map. Visual imagery of the location of dengue cases, larval infestation, and locations of potential larval development sites were used by dengue control specialists to prioritize specific neighborhoods for targeted control interventions.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This dengue surveillance program allows public health workers in resource-limited settings to accurately identify areas with high indices of mosquito infestation and interpret the spatial relationship of these areas with potential larval development sites such as garbage piles and large pools of standing water. As a result, it is possible to prioritize control strategies and to target interventions to highest risk areas in order to eliminate the likely origin of the mosquito vector. This program is well-suited for resource-limited settings since it utilizes readily available technologies that do not rely on Internet access for daily use and can easily be implemented in many developing countries for very little cost.
authors.affiliation: Department of Vector-Borne Disease, Nicaraguan Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua. ayc2113@columbia.edu
authors.forename: Aileen Y
authors.initials: AY
authors.lastname: Chang
authors.forename: Maria E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Parrales
authors.forename: Javier
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Jimenez
authors.forename: Magdalena E
authors.initials: ME
authors.lastname: Sobieszczyk
authors.forename: Scott M
authors.initials: SM
authors.lastname: Hammer
authors.forename: David J
authors.initials: DJ
authors.lastname: Copenhaver
authors.forename: Rajan P
authors.initials: RP
authors.lastname: Kulkarni
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D009033:Culicidae; D003715:Dengue / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003906:Developing Countries / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D040362:Geographic Information Systems / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D006801:Humans; D009527:Nicaragua / Q000453:epidemiology; D011159:Population Surveillance / Q000379:methods*; D012307:Risk Factors; D018531:Spacecraft