title: Long-term hypoxia enhances ACTH response to arginine vasopressin but not corticotropin-releasing hormone in the near-term ovine fetus.
abstract: This study tested the hypothesis that long-term hypoxia (LTH) results in enhanced fetal corticotrope sensitivity to the ACTH secretagogues, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), and AVP. Ewes were maintained at high altitude (3,820 m) from 40 to 130-131 days of gestation. Upon return to the laboratory, hypoxia was maintained by maternal nitrogen infusion. Vascular catheters were placed in both LTH (n = 4) and normoxic controls (n = 4). Each fetus received a 15-min infusion of either saline, 100 ng/kg of ovine CRH, or 20 ng/kg of AVP/min over 3 consecutive days in a randomized order. Fetal blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 90 min after the start of infusion and analyzed for ACTH(1-39), ACTH precursors, and cortisol. Anterior pituitaries were collected from additional noninstrumented fetuses for analysis of vasopressin receptor 1b (V1b) mRNA and protein. Basal plasma concentrations of both ACTH(1-39) and ACTH precursors were higher in LTH fetuses and were not altered by saline infusion. In response to CRH, ACTH(1-39) increased in both groups and was higher in the LTH group compared with control (P < 0.05). When analyzed as sum of ACTH(1-39) released (Delta0-90 min) above basal, CRH released equal amounts of ACTH(1-39) in both groups. In LTH fetuses, AVP evoked a greater ACTH(1-39) release (P < 0.05) when analyzed as an increased sum of ACTH(1-39) (Delta0-90 min) above basal. Both CRH and AVP elicited a release of ACTH precursors with no differences observed between LTH and control. AVP and CRH elicited significant increases in cortisol, which were higher in response to AVP than CRH. V1b mRNA and protein were elevated in the anterior pituitary of LTH fetuses compared with control. LTH significantly increases pituitary sensitivity to AVP. This enhanced sensitivity may be a mechanism of our previously observed enhanced corticotrope function.
authors.affiliation: Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda Univ. School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, 92350, USA. cducsay@llu.edu
authors.forename: Charles A
authors.initials: CA
authors.lastname: Ducsay
authors.forename: Malgorzata
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Mlynarczyk
authors.forename: Kanchan M
authors.initials: KM
authors.lastname: Kaushal
authors.forename: Kim
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hyatt
authors.forename: Krista
authors.initials: K
authors.lastname: Hanson
authors.forename: Dean A
authors.initials: DA
authors.lastname: Myers
mesh_terms: D000064:Acclimatization; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone / Q000097:blood*; D000531:Altitude; D000818:Animals; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000378:metabolism*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D005260:Female; D005312:Fetal Blood / Q000378:metabolism*; D005311:Fetal Hypoxia / Q000378:metabolism*; D018507:Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; D005865:Gestational Age; D006854:Hydrocortisone / Q000097:blood; D007030:Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010903:Pituitary Gland, Anterior / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism; D010913:Pituitary-Adrenal System / Q000196:embryology / Q000378:metabolism*; D011247:Pregnancy; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin / Q000235:genetics; D012756:Sheep; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017483:Receptors, Vasopressin; D001127:Arginine Vasopressin; D000324:Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; D003346:Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone; D006854:Hydrocortisone