title: Local treatment with alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone reduces corneal allorejection.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Corneal grafting is by far the most common form of transplantation. Many grafts suffer from immune rejection and current therapies are associated with many side effects, requiring more effective and safe therapies. alpha-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a neuropeptide that suppresses host inflammatory defense mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of local therapy with alpha-MSH on corneal allograft survival, and the mechanisms by which it may influence graft outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  Orthotopic corneal transplantation was performed, with recipients receiving subconjunctival alpha-MSH or sham injections twice weekly. Grafts were followed up for 70 days, and graft inflammation/opacification was compared between the two groups in a masked fashion. Graft infiltration and ocular gene expression of select inflammatory cytokines was evaluated at different timepoints. Additionally, allospecific delayed-type hypersensitivity was compared among the groups 3 weeks posttransplantation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Results showed a significant increase in corneal graft survival in alpha-MSH-treated recipients compared with controls. Although 75% of allografts in alpha-MSH-treated hosts survived at 70 days, 43% survived in controls (P=0.04). Graft infiltration studies demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells in alpha-MSH-treated mice compared with controls at days 7 and 14 after transplantation. Furthermore, allospecific delayed-type hypersensitivity and gene expression of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 showed a significantly reduced expression in alpha-MSH-treated mice compared with controls.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provides for the first time, in vivo evidence that treatment with local alpha-MSH may significantly reduce allorejection of orthotopic transplants.
authors.affiliation: Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
authors.forename: Pedram
authors.initials: P
authors.lastname: Hamrah
authors.forename: Zdenka
authors.initials: Z
authors.lastname: Haskova
authors.forename: Andrew W
authors.initials: AW
authors.lastname: Taylor
authors.forename: Qiang
authors.initials: Q
authors.lastname: Zhang
authors.forename: Bruce R
authors.initials: BR
authors.lastname: Ksander
authors.forename: M Reza
authors.initials: MR
authors.lastname: Dana
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D016039:Corneal Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D006084:Graft Rejection / Q000517:prevention & control*; D006085:Graft Survival / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000235:genetics; D007376:Interleukin-2 / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D009479:Neuropeptides / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous / Q000276:immunology; D000521:alpha-MSH / Q000627:therapeutic use*
chemical_list: D007376:Interleukin-2; D009479:Neuropeptides; D000521:alpha-MSH; D007371:Interferon-gamma