title: Impact of injection drug use on distribution and severity of chronic venous disorders.
abstract: We examined chronic venous disorders (CVD) in persons who injected illicit drugs. The study design was cross-sectional, comparative stratified by age, gender, ethnicity, as well as by three types of drug use (noninjection; arm or upper body injection only; and legs with or without upper body injection). Subjects completed demographic, health, and substances abuse questionnaires and were evaluated using the clinical component of the Clinical-Etiology-Anatomy-Pathophysiology Classification. Seven hundred and thirteen participants were evaluated. Those who injected in the legs +/- arms had significantly worse CVD. Thirty-nine percent of leg +/- arm injectors vs. 4.2% or noninjectors or arm only injectors had moderate to severe CVD. Persons who injected in the legs +/- arms were 9.14 times more likely to develop venous ulcers than those that injected in the arms and upper body only and 34.64 times more likely as those who never injected. CVD was associated with injecting in the groin, legs and feet as compared with other sites. The pattern of disorders associated with leg injection is consistent with the underlying pathology of chronic venous insufficiency.
authors.affiliation: College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA. bpieper@wayne.edu
authors.forename: Barbara
authors.initials: B
authors.lastname: Pieper
authors.forename: Thomas N
authors.initials: TN
authors.lastname: Templin
authors.forename: Robert S
authors.initials: RS
authors.lastname: Kirsner
authors.forename: Thomas J
authors.initials: TJ
authors.lastname: Birk
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D035002:Lower Extremity / Q000098:blood supply*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016320:Substance Abuse Treatment Centers; D015819:Substance Abuse, Intravenous / Q000150:complications*; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology*