title: Autophagy pathway intersects with HIV-1 biosynthesis and regulates viral yields in macrophages.
abstract: Autophagy is a cytoplasmic degradative pathway that can participate in biosynthetic processes, as in the yeast Cvt pathway, but is more commonly known for its functions in removing damaged or surplus organelles and macromolecular complexes. Here, we find that autophagy intersects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) biogenesis, mirroring the above dichotomy. Early, nondegradative stages of autophagy promoted HIV yields. HIV Gag-derived proteins colocalized and interacted with the autophagy factor LC3, and autophagy promoted productive Gag processing. Nevertheless, when autophagy progressed through maturation stages, HIV was degraded. This, however, does not occur, as the HIV protein Nef acts as an antiautophagic maturation factor through interactions with the autophagy regulatory factor Beclin 1, thus protecting HIV from degradation. The dual interaction of HIV with the autophagy pathway enhances viral yields by using the early stages while inhibiting the late stages of autophagy. The role of Nef in the latter process enhances yields of infectious HIV and may be of significance for progression to clinical AIDS.
authors.affiliation: Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA.
authors.forename: George B
authors.initials: GB
authors.lastname: Kyei
authors.forename: Christina
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dinkins
authors.forename: Alexander S
authors.initials: AS
authors.lastname: Davis
authors.forename: Esteban
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Roberts
authors.forename: Sudha B
authors.initials: SB
authors.lastname: Singh
authors.forename: Chunsheng
authors.initials: C
authors.lastname: Dong
authors.forename: Li
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Wu
authors.forename: Eiki
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Kominami
authors.forename: Takashi
authors.initials: T
authors.lastname: Ueno
authors.forename: Akitsugu
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Yamamoto
authors.forename: Maurizio
authors.initials: M
authors.lastname: Federico
authors.forename: Antonito
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Panganiban
authors.forename: Isabelle
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Vergne
authors.forename: Vojo
authors.initials: V
authors.lastname: Deretic
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D001343:Autophagy / Q000502:physiology*; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D008264:Macrophages / Q000648:ultrastructure / Q000821:virology*; D008565:Membrane Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D014779:Virus Replication / Q000502:physiology*; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D051017:Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins; C491997:BECN1 protein, human; D000071186:Beclin-1; D015415:Biomarkers; C477012:MAP1LC3A protein, human; D008565:Membrane Proteins; D008869:Microtubule-Associated Proteins; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011993:Recombinant Fusion Proteins; D054301:gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; D054311:nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus; C514837:nef protein, Human immunodeficiency virus 1; C509349:ATG7 protein, human; D000071193:Autophagy-Related Protein 7; D044764:Ubiquitin-Activating Enzymes