title: Open globe injuries induced by glass bottles containing carbonated drinks.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Reports on open globe injuries caused by exploding bottles containing carbonated drinks have already raised the demand to switch from multi-use glass bottles to plastic bottles. We retrospectively analyzed our files to find out whether this type of injury is limited to multi-use glass bottles, and to what extent carelessness contributed to the injury
  
  
  METHODS
  Among 1,402 open globe injuries that were treated in the departments of ophthalmology at the universities of Freiburg and Würzburg between 1981 and 2004, we retrospectively identified 33 injuries caused by exploding bottles containing carbonated drinks. Patients were excluded from analysis when the destruction of the bottle was intended (destroyed with a hammer, or bottle used as a weapon). The circumstances of the injury, the treatment and the functional outcome was analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  2.4% of all open globe injuries were related to exploding bottles, with a risk of one injury per 1 million inhabitants per year. Ten eyes suffered from a spontaneous explosion of the bottle when it was moved on a shelf or taken out of a box. Eighteen eyes received the injury after the bottle had fallen down and exploded (six of them in children 2 to 8 years). Five bottles exploded during opening of the bottle. In four cases, the bottle cap came off spontaneously and penetrated the eye. Eleven injuries (33%) occurred at work, five of them while moving the bottle and six during breaks at work.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Spontaneous explosions in multi-use glass bottles could easily be avoided by changing to plastic bottles; however, exploding single-use glass bottles Containing sparkling wine also contributed to the injuries. In many cases, carelessness was involved. Glass bottles should be never exposed to heat or shaking, and children should never carry glass bottles containing carbonated drinks.
authors.affiliation: Universitätsaugenklinik, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany. mail@drwschrader.de
authors.forename: Wolfgang F
authors.initials: WF
authors.lastname: Schrader
authors.forename: Eugen
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Gramer
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D001753:Blast Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D002253:Carbonated Beverages; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005107:Explosions; D015807:Eye Injuries, Penetrating / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D018857:Food Packaging / Q000295:instrumentation*; D005858:Germany / Q000453:epidemiology; D005898:Glass; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D013508:Ophthalmologic Surgical Procedures; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012421:Rupture; D012621:Seasons; D017678:Sex Distribution; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology