title: Endocannabinoids and cannabinoid analogues block human cardiac Kv4.3 channels in a receptor-independent manner.
abstract: Endocannabinoids are amides and esters of long chain fatty acids that can modulate ion channels through both receptor-dependent and receptor-independent effects. Nowadays, their effects on cardiac K(+) channels are unknown even when they can be synthesized within the heart. We have analyzed the direct effects of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), the endogenous lipid lysophosphatidylinositol, and cannabinoid analogues such as palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and oleoylethanolamide, as well as the fatty acids from which they are endogenously synthesized, on human cardiac Kv4.3 channels, which generate the transient outward K(+) current (I(to1)). Currents were recorded in Chinese hamster ovary cells, which do not express cannabinoid receptors, by using the whole-cell patch-clamp. All these compounds inhibited I(Kv4.3) in a concentration-dependent manner, AEA and 2-AG being the most potent (IC(50) approximately 0.3-0.4 microM), while PEA was the least potent. The potency of block increased as the complexity and the number of C atoms in the fatty acyl chain increased. The effects were not mediated by modifications in the lipid order and microviscosity of the membrane and were independent of the presence of MiRP2 or DPP6 subunits in the channel complex. Indeed, effects produced by AEA were reproduced in human atrial I(to1) recorded in isolated myocytes. Moreover, AEA effects were exclusively apparent when it was applied to the external surface of the cell membrane. These results indicate that at low micromolar concentrations the endocannabinoids AEA and 2-AG directly block human cardiac Kv4.3 channels, which represent a novel molecular target for these compounds.
authors.affiliation: Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040-Madrid, Spain.
authors.forename: Irene
authors.initials: I
authors.lastname: Amorós
authors.forename: Adriana
authors.initials: A
authors.lastname: Barana
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Caballero
authors.forename: Ricardo
authors.initials: R
authors.lastname: Gómez
authors.forename: Lourdes
authors.initials: L
authors.lastname: Osuna
authors.forename: M Pilar
authors.initials: MP
authors.lastname: Lillo
authors.forename: Juan
authors.initials: J
authors.lastname: Tamargo
authors.forename: Eva
authors.initials: E
authors.lastname: Delpón
mesh_terms: D000577:Amides; D000818:Animals; D016718:Arachidonic Acid / Q000494:pharmacology; D001095:Arachidonic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D016466:CHO Cells; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005227:Fatty Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D005989:Glycerides / Q000494:pharmacology; D006321:Heart / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D009829:Oleic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D010169:Palmitic Acids / Q000494:pharmacology; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides / Q000494:pharmacology; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000577:Amides; D001095:Arachidonic Acids; D063385:Cannabinoid Receptor Modulators; D002186:Cannabinoids; D063388:Endocannabinoids; D004983:Ethanolamines; D005227:Fatty Acids; D005989:Glycerides; D009829:Oleic Acids; D010169:Palmitic Acids; D053284:Polyunsaturated Alkamides; D051672:Shal Potassium Channels; C488250:oleoylethanolamide; D016718:Arachidonic Acid; C005958:palmidrol; C094503:glyceryl 2-arachidonate; C078814:anandamide