title: DNA methylation differences after exposure to prenatal famine are common and timing- and sex-specific.
abstract: Prenatal famine in humans has been associated with various later-life consequences, depending on the gestational timing of the insult and the sex of the exposed individual. Epigenetic mechanisms have been proposed to underlie these associations. Indeed, animal studies and our early human data on the imprinted IGF2 locus indicated a link between prenatal nutritional and DNA methylation. However, it remains unclear how common changes in DNA methylation are and whether they are sex- and timing-specific paralleling the later-life consequences of prenatal famine exposure. To this end, we investigated the methylation of 15 loci implicated in growth and metabolic disease in individuals who were prenatally exposed to a war-time famine in 1944-45. Methylation of INSIGF was lower among individuals who were periconceptionally exposed to the famine (n = 60) compared with their unexposed same-sex siblings (P = 2 x 10(-5)), whereas methylation of IL10, LEP, ABCA1, GNASAS and MEG3 was higher (all P < 10(-3)). A significant interaction with sex was observed for INSIGF, LEP and GNASAS. Next, methylation of eight representative loci was compared between 62 individuals exposed late in gestation and their unexposed siblings. Methylation was different for GNASAS (P = 1.1 x 10(-7)) and, in men, LEP (P = 0.017). Our data indicate that persistent changes in DNA methylation may be a common consequence of prenatal famine exposure and that these changes depend on the sex of the exposed individual and the gestational timing of the exposure.
authors: Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2300 RC, The Netherlands.
authors: Elmar W
authors: EW
authors: Tobi
authors: L H
authors: LH
authors: Lumey
authors: Rudolf P
authors: RP
authors: Talens
authors: Dennis
authors: D
authors: Kremer
authors: Hein
authors: H
authors: Putter
authors: Aryeh D
authors: AD
authors: Stein
authors: P Eline
authors: PE
authors: Slagboom
authors: Bastiaan T
authors: BT
authors: Heijmans
mesh_terms: D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters / Q000235:genetics; D000368:Aged; D002864:Chromogranins; D018899:CpG Islands / Q000235:genetics*; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D016753:Interleukin-10 / Q000235:genetics; D020738:Leptin / Q000235:genetics; D008297:Male; D011247:Pregnancy; D011297:Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects / Q000209:etiology / Q000235:genetics*; D039401:Prenatal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena; D011506:Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D012737:Sex Factors; D035781:Siblings; D013217:Starvation / Q000150:complications*; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: C577836:ABCA1 protein, human; D064286:ATP Binding Cassette Transporter 1; D018528:ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; D002864:Chromogranins; D020738:Leptin; C498907:MEG3 non-coding RNA, human; D011506:Proteins; D062085:RNA, Long Noncoding; D016753:Interleukin-10; C406732:GNAS protein, human; D019205:GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits, Gs