title: Nuclear hormone receptor activity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their hydroxylated and methoxylated metabolites in transactivation assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  An increasing number of studies are reporting the existence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their hydroxylated (HO) and methoxylated (MeO) metabolites in the environment and in tissues from wildlife and humans.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to characterize and compare the agonistic and antagonistic activities of principle PBDE congeners and their HO and MeO metabolites against human nuclear hormone receptors.
  
  
  METHODS
  We tested the hormone receptor activities of estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha), ERbeta, androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), thyroid hormone receptor alpha(1) (TRalpha(1)), and TRbeta(1) against PBDE congeners BDEs 15, 28, 47, 85, 99, 100, 153, and 209, four para-HO-PBDEs, and four para-MeO-PBDEs by highly sensitive reporter gene assays using Chinese hamster ovary cells.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 16 compounds tested, 6 and 2 showed agonistic activities in the ERalpha and ERbeta assays, respectively, and 6 and 6 showed antagonistic activities in these assays. 4'-HO-BDE-17 showed the most potent estrogenic activity via ERalpha/beta, and 4'-HO-BDE-49 showed the most potent anti estrogenic activity via ERalpha/beta. In the AR assay, 13 compounds showed antagonistic activity, with 4'-HO-BDE-17 in particular inhibiting AR-mediated transcriptional activity at low concentrations in the order of 10(-8) M. In the GR assay, seven compounds, including two HO-PBDEs and two MeO-PBDEs, showed weak antagonistic activity. In the TRalpha(1) and TRbeta(1) assays, only 4-HO-BDE-90 showed weak antagonistic activity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these results suggest that PBDEs and their metabolites might have multiple endocrine-disrupting effects via nuclear hormone receptors, and para-HO-PBDEs, in particular, possess more potent receptor activities compared with those of the parent PBDEs and corresponding para-MeO-PBDEs.
authors: Hokkaido Institute of Public Health, Sapporo, Japan. kojima@iph.pref.hokkaido.jp
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Kojima
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Takeuchi
authors: Naoto
authors: N
authors: Uramaru
authors: Kazumi
authors: K
authors: Sugihara
authors: Takahiko
authors: T
authors: Yoshida
authors: Shigeyuki
authors: S
authors: Kitamura
mesh_terms: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D000818:Animals; D016466:CHO Cells; D006224:Cricetinae; D003412:Cricetulus; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D006801:Humans; D015394:Molecular Structure; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000378:metabolism*; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta / Q000819:agonists / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors
chemical_list: D059002:Androgen Receptor Antagonists; D000728:Androgens; D047628:Estrogen Receptor alpha; D047629:Estrogen Receptor beta; D055768:Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers; D018160:Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D037021:Thyroid Hormone Receptors alpha; D037042:Thyroid Hormone Receptors beta