title: Fish, vitamin D, and flavonoids in relation to renal cell cancer among smokers.
abstract: Fish, vitamin D, flavonoids, and flavonoid-containing foods may have cardiovascular benefits and therefore may also reduce the risk of renal cell cancer. Risk was prospectively assessed in the Alpha-Tocopherol Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study (1985-2002) cohort (N = 27,111; 15.2 mean person-years of follow-up). At enrollment, demographic, health, and dietary history information was recorded. Individuals who smoked less than 5 cigarettes/day, with chronic renal insufficiency or prior cancer, were excluded. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals from Cox regression were used to compare upper quartiles (quartiles 2-4) with the lowest quartile (quartile 1) of dietary intake. Among 228 cases, risk (quartile 4 vs. quartile 1) was associated with consumption of the flavonoid quercetin (hazard ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval: 0.4, 0.9; P(trend) = 0.015) and Baltic herring (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 3.0; P(trend) < 0.001), with adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, blood pressure, alcohol use, physical activity, urban residence, and education. In geographically stratified models, the risks associated with herring and total fish intake appeared to be highest in the urban coast region, although the interaction was not statistically significant. These results suggest that the flavonoid quercetin may prevent renal cell cancer among male smokers. The possible risk associated with fish intake warrants further investigation before conclusions may be drawn.
authors: Epidemiology Division, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033-0855, USA. rwilson@psu.edu
authors: Robin Taylor
authors: RT
authors: Wilson
authors: Jiangyue
authors: J
authors: Wang
authors: Vernon
authors: V
authors: Chinchilli
authors: John P
authors: JP
authors: Richie
authors: Jarmo
authors: J
authors: Virtamo
authors: Lee E
authors: LE
authors: Moore
authors: Demetrius
authors: D
authors: Albanes
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000975:Antioxidants / Q000008:administration & dosage; D002292:Carcinoma, Renal Cell / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D015331:Cohort Studies; D016001:Confidence Intervals; D005387:Finland / Q000453:epidemiology; D005396:Fish Products; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007680:Kidney Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D009752:Nutritional Status; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D011794:Quercetin / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D012044:Regression Analysis; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects*; D013223:Statistics as Topic; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D000975:Antioxidants; D005419:Flavonoids; D014807:Vitamin D; D011794:Quercetin