title: Attention deficit hyperactivity and oppositional defiance disorder in HIV-infected South African children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the prevalence of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiance disorder (ODD) in HIV-infected South African children.
  
  
  METHODS
  Swanson, Nolan and Pelham (SNAP-IV) questionnaires were used to determine ADHD and ODD severity and a draw-a-person (DAP) test was used to screen for developmental disorders. Associations between behavioural subtypes, psychological functioning, demographic and health variables were investigated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The SNAP-IV caregiver questionnaires showed a 26% prevalence of ADHD inattentive type; 38% hyperactive type and 24% combined type. The prevalence of ODD was 12% on parent questionnaires and 9.5% on teacher's questionnaires.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Parents/caregiver-only SNAP-IV questionnaires indicate a high prevalence of significant ADHD (all subtypes) and ODD in HIV-infected children. No significant differences were found between the severity of HIV disease and the presence of a behavioural disorder. The SNAP IV questionnaires and DAP test may prove valuable screening tools in HIV children with behavioural problems.
authors: Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Zeegers
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Rabie
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Swanevelder
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Edson
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cotton
authors: R
authors: R
authors: van Toorn
mesh_terms: D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D019958:Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders / Q000150:complications / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000523:psychology; D044383:Black People; D017028:Caregivers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D001523:Mental Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis; D010290:Parents / Q000523:psychology*; D015995:Prevalence; D011594:Psychometrics; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D013019:South Africa; D013663:Teaching