title: Vanadium induces dopaminergic neurotoxicity via protein kinase Cdelta dependent oxidative signaling mechanisms: relevance to etiopathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.
abstract: Environmental exposure to neurotoxic metals through various sources including exposure to welding fumes has been linked to an increased incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD). Welding fumes contain many different metals including vanadium typically present as particulates containing vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). However, possible neurotoxic effects of this metal oxide on dopaminergic neuronal cells are not well studied. In the present study, we characterized vanadium-induced oxidative stress-dependent cellular events in cell culture models of PD. V2O5 was neurotoxic to dopaminergic neuronal cells including primary nigral dopaminergic neurons and the EC50 was determined to be 37 microM in N27 dopaminergic neuronal cell model. The neurotoxic effect was accompanied by a time-dependent uptake of vanadium and upregulation of metal transporter proteins Tf and DMT1 in N27 cells. Additionally, vanadium resulted in a threefold increase in reactive oxygen species generation, followed by release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into cytoplasm and subsequent activation of caspase-9 (>fourfold) and caspase-3 (>ninefold). Interestingly, vanadium exposure induced proteolytic cleavage of native protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta, 72-74 kDa) to yield a 41 kDa catalytically active fragment resulting in a persistent increase in PKCdelta kinase activity. Co-treatment with pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK significantly blocked vanadium-induced PKCdelta proteolytic activation, indicating that caspases mediate PKCdelta cleavage. Also, co-treatment with Z-VAD-FMK almost completely inhibited V2O5-induced DNA fragmentation. Furthermore, PKCdelta knockdown using siRNA protected N27 cells from V2O5-induced apoptotic cell death. Collectively, these results demonstrate that vanadium can exert neurotoxic effects in dopaminergic neuronal cells via caspase-3-dependent PKCdelta cleavage, suggesting that metal exposure may promote nigral dopaminergic degeneration.
authors: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
authors: Hilary
authors: H
authors: Afeseh Ngwa
authors: Arthi
authors: A
authors: Kanthasamy
authors: Vellareddy
authors: V
authors: Anantharam
authors: Chunjuan
authors: C
authors: Song
authors: Travis
authors: T
authors: Witte
authors: Robert
authors: R
authors: Houk
authors: Anumantha G
authors: AG
authors: Kanthasamy
mesh_terms: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones / Q000494:pharmacology; D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D053148:Caspase 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D053453:Caspase 9 / Q000378:metabolism; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D045304:Cytochromes c / Q000378:metabolism; D053938:DNA Fragmentation; D004298:Dopamine / Q000378:metabolism*; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D008636:Mesencephalon / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D020258:Neurotoxicity Syndromes / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D018384:Oxidative Stress; D010300:Parkinson Disease / Q000201:enzymology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D034622:RNA Interference; D051381:Rats; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction / Q000187:drug effects; D013997:Time Factors; D014168:Transferrin / Q000378:metabolism; D017968:Vanadium Compounds / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D000099236:Solute Carrier Family 11, Member 2
chemical_list: D000590:Amino Acid Chloromethyl Ketones; D053148:Caspase 3; D053453:Caspase 9; D027682:Cation Transport Proteins; D015853:Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors; D045304:Cytochromes c; D004298:Dopamine; D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D051745:Protein Kinase C-delta; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D014168:Transferrin; D017968:Vanadium Compounds; D000099236:Solute Carrier Family 11, Member 2; C096713:benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone; C066075:vanadium pentoxide; C497260:Prkcd protein, rat; C505410:Casp3 protein, rat; C506435:Casp9 protein, rat