title: Anthracosis and anthracofibrosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To define the clinical, radiographic, and bronchoscopic features, and to describe the occupations of the largest group of patients with anthracosis.
  
  
  METHODS
  All patients who underwent flexible bronchoscopy at 2 Iranian hospitals (Imam Hospital [Tehran], and Tohid Hospital [Sanandaj]), Iran, between April 1982 and June 2006 were considered for inclusion in the study. The demographic data, clinical, and radiographic findings of anthracotic and anthracofibrotic patients were recorded.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of the 14,300 patients, 487 cases of simple anthracosis, and 291 of anthracofibrosis were found. A total of 98.4% female patients were housewives, and 86.4% lived in rural areas. Of the male patients, 40.6% were farmers, 29.6% were manual workers, and 7.5% were miners. Of these, 96% of patients had abnormal chest radiography. On bronchoscopic examination, bilateral bronchial involvement was found in 62.5% of the patients. The condition was confined to the trachea in 0.38% of patients, the bronchi involved were the main bronchus in 37%, the lobar bronchi in 83.2%, and segmental bronchi in 35%. Bronchial narrowing and obstruction was observed in 37.4% of the patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anthracosis and anthracofibrosis are neglected conditions that are a common finding on routine bronchoscopic examination. Given the demographic findings, and a review of other reports from developing countries, exposure to combustion of biomass fuel in rural areas is a possible risk factor.
authors: Department of Internal Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran. naseh46@yahoo.com
authors: Naseh
authors: N
authors: Sigari
authors: Shilan
authors: S
authors: Mohammadi
mesh_terms: D055008:Anthracosis / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D001980:Bronchi / Q000473:pathology*; D001999:Bronchoscopy; D003251:Constriction, Pathologic; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007492:Iran / Q000453:epidemiology; D008297:Male; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012424:Rural Population; D012906:Smoke
chemical_list: D012906:Smoke