title: Noninvasive procedures to evaluate liver involvement in HIV-1 vertically infected children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  : Progressive liver injury is a concern in HIV-infected children exposed to long-term antiretroviral drugs and to the cytopathic effect of HIV. Yet liver biopsy is usually considered too invasive to be repeated in these patients. The aims of this study are to evaluate the feasibility of noninvasive hepatic investigations in HIV-1-infected children, assess the prevalence of signs of liver affection, and analyse the influence of the HIV disease severity and the exposure to antiretroviral therapy.
  
  
  METHODS
  : A cross-sectional study conducted in 26 HIV-1 vertically infected children ages 8 to 18 years old. Liver function was assessed with standard serum biochemical markers, FibroTest, ActiTest, SteatoTest, Forns index, aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index, ultrasound, and Fibroscan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  : Nineteen (>60%) children had signs of liver affection on at least 1 of the test results: 13 (50%) had elevated liver enzymes, 15 (63%), 8 (33%), 5 (21%), and 5 (21%) had abnormal FibroTest, ActiTest, Forns index, and aspartate aminotransferase to platelet ratio index results, respectively. Four children (17%) had mild liver steatosis on ultrasound. Fibroscan measures were significantly higher in patients than in age-matched healthy children. Patients with elevated Fibroscan measures also had significantly higher FibroTest results. Age, HIV stage N in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention classification and exposure duration to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs were the main risk factors for hepatotoxicity.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  : More than half of our population of HIV-infected children had biological and/or radiological signs of liver affection. Regular follow-up of liver function is necessary in these patients, which is now possible with noninvasive procedures.
authors: Service de Physiologie et Explorations Fonctionnelles Pédiatriques, Pôle Enfants Adolescents, CHU de Nice et Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, UFR de Médecine, France. rubio.a@chu-nice.fr
authors: Amandine
authors: A
authors: Rubio
authors: Fabrice
authors: F
authors: Monpoux
authors: Emilie
authors: E
authors: Huguon
authors: Régine
authors: R
authors: Truchi
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Triolo
authors: Maria-Alessandra
authors: MA
authors: Rosenthal-Allieri
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: Deville
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Rosenthal
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Boutté
authors: Albert
authors: A
authors: Tran
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000367:Age Factors; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000009:adverse effects; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases / Q000097:blood; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D001792:Blood Platelets; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology* / Q000473:pathology; D002648:Child; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D018450:Disease Progression; D005234:Fatty Liver / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology; D015497:HIV-1; D006801:Humans; D018445:Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; D008099:Liver / Q000201:enzymology / Q000473:pathology*; D008297:Male; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects*
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D018894:Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors; D001219:Aspartate Aminotransferases