title: Endoscopic injection of skeletal muscle-derived cells augments gut smooth muscle sphincter function: implications for a novel therapeutic approach.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Sphincter function is a common problem in gastroenterology and leads to disorders such as GERD and fecal incontinence.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We hypothesized that transplantation of skeletal muscle-derived cells (MDCs) into GI sphincters may improve their function, leading to a more physiological approach to treating these disorders.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed experiments to test the potential of MDCs to survive and differentiate within the GI smooth muscle in order to gain further knowledge on the biology of skeletal muscle transplantation in GI smooth muscle sphincters as well as to test the safety and feasibility of endoscopic injection of MDCs in a large animal model.
  
  
  METHODS
  Animal laboratory.
  
  
  METHODS
  Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats and adult male beagle dogs were used. Rat-derived and dog-derived MDCs were prepared in vitro and labeled with DiI. DiI-labeled, rat-derived MDCs (200,000/4 muL phosphate buffered saline solution) were injected bilaterally in the pyloric wall of rats, and survival, differentiation, and in vitro contractility were assessed 1 month after transplantation. Dog-derived MDCs (4.0 x 10(6) cells) were also injected into the lower esophageal sphincter of 3 beagle dogs by using a standard variceal sclerotherapy needle after baseline esophageal manometry and pH monitoring. The dogs were treated with daily cyclosporine, and 2 weeks later esophageal manometry was repeated and the esophagus was examined histologically. Differentiation of grafted cells was assessed by immunofluorescence, using specific antibodies to markers of the smooth muscle phenotype (smooth muscle actin) and of the skeletal muscle phenotype (skeletal muscle myosin).
  
  
  RESULTS
  In rats, grafted MDCs were visualized based on DiI fluorescence and were found to be localized within the muscle wall and in the muscularis mucosa. In vitro organ bath studies showed a significant increase in the contractile response of the pyloric sphincter to exogenous acetylcholine. In dogs, MDC injection resulted in a significant increase in baseline lower esophageal sphincter pressure. Further, in 1 dog with significant baseline acid reflux, MDC injection resulted in a reduction of acid reflux, with the fraction of time with pH <4 decreasing from 26.5% to 1.5%. Transplanted MDCs were seen adding bulk to the lower esophageal area and were well-integrated into the surrounding tissue. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed weak expression of skeletal muscle myosin in grafted MDCs and no expression of smooth muscle actin in either rats or dogs.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Animal study.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  MDCs can survive and integrate into GI smooth muscle and augment their contractile response. Thus, they may have potential for the treatment of a variety of conditions.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5187, USA.
authors: Pankaj J
authors: PJ
authors: Pasricha
authors: Ijaz
authors: I
authors: Ahmed
authors: Ron J
authors: RJ
authors: Jankowski
authors: Maria-Adelaide
authors: MA
authors: Micci
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D017690:Cell Transplantation / Q000379:methods*; D004285:Dogs; D016099:Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal; D005455:Fluorescent Antibody Technique; D008297:Male; D018482:Muscle, Skeletal / Q000166:cytology*; D011708:Pylorus / Q000502:physiology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley