title: Sites of regulated phosphorylation that control K-Cl cotransporter activity.
abstract: Modulation of intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) plays a fundamental role in cell volume regulation and neuronal response to GABA. Cl(-) exit via K-Cl cotransporters (KCCs) is a major determinant of [Cl(-)](I); however, mechanisms governing KCC activities are poorly understood. We identified two sites in KCC3 that are rapidly dephosphorylated in hypotonic conditions in cultured cells and human red blood cells in parallel with increased transport activity. Alanine substitutions at these sites result in constitutively active cotransport. These sites are highly phosphorylated in plasma membrane KCC3 in isotonic conditions, suggesting that dephosphorylation increases KCC3's intrinsic transport activity. Reduction of WNK1 expression via RNA interference reduces phosphorylation at these sites. Homologous sites are phosphorylated in all human KCCs. KCC2 is partially phosphorylated in neonatal mouse brain and dephosphorylated in parallel with KCC2 activation. These findings provide insight into regulation of [Cl(-)](i) and have implications for control of cell volume and neuronal function.
authors: Department of Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
authors: Jesse
authors: J
authors: Rinehart
authors: Yelena D
authors: YD
authors: Maksimova
authors: Jessica E
authors: JE
authors: Tanis
authors: Kathryn L
authors: KL
authors: Stone
authors: Caleb A
authors: CA
authors: Hodson
authors: Junhui
authors: J
authors: Zhang
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Risinger
authors: Weijun
authors: W
authors: Pan
authors: Dianqing
authors: D
authors: Wu
authors: Christopher M
authors: CM
authors: Colangelo
authors: Biff
authors: B
authors: Forbush
authors: Clinton H
authors: CH
authors: Joiner
authors: Erol E
authors: EE
authors: Gulcicek
authors: Patrick G
authors: PG
authors: Gallagher
authors: Richard P
authors: RP
authors: Lifton
mesh_terms: D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D019943:Amino Acid Substitution; D000818:Animals; D006801:Humans; D051379:Mice; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010766:Phosphorylation; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D027981:Symporters / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters
chemical_list: D027981:Symporters; D000096922:K Cl- Cotransporters; C119650:SLC12A6 protein, human