title: Ultrasonographic tissue characterisation of human Achilles tendons: quantification of tendon structure through a novel non-invasive approach.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess whether three-dimensional imaging of the Achilles tendon by ultrasonographic tissue characterisation (UTC) can differentiate between symptomatic and asymptomatic tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Case-control study.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sports Medical Department of the Hague Medical Centre.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-six tendons from patients with chronic midportion Achilles tendinopathy were included. The "matched" control group consisted of 26 asymptomatic tendons.
  
  
  METHODS
  Symptomatic and asymptomatic tendons were scanned using the UTC procedure. One researcher performed the ultrasonographic data collection. These blinded data were randomised, and outcome measures were determined by two independent observers.
  
  
  METHODS
  The raw ultrasonographic images were analysed with a custom-designed algorithm that quantifies the three-dimensional stability of echo patterns, qua intensity and distribution over contiguous transverse images. This three-dimensional stability was related to tendon structure in previous studies. UTC categorises four different echotypes that represent (I) highly stable; (II) medium stable; (III) highly variable and (IV) constantly low intensity and variable distribution. The percentages of echo-types were calculated, and the maximum tendon thickness was measured. Finally, the inter-observer reliability of UTC was determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Symptomatic tendons showed less pixels in echo-types I and II than asymptomatic tendons (51.5% vs 76.6%, p<0.001), thus less three-dimensional stability of the echo pattern. The mean maximum tendon thickness was 9.2 mm in the symptomatic group and 6.8 mm in the asymptomatic group (p<0.001). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) for the interobserver reliability of determining the echo-types I+II was 0.95. The ICC for tendon thickness was 0.84.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  UTC can quantitatively evaluate tendon structure and thereby discriminate symptomatic and asymptomatic tendons. As such, UTC might be useful to monitor treatment protocols.
authors: Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, Dr Molenwaterplein 50, Room Ee1614, Rotterdam 3015, The Netherlands. j.vanschie@erasmusmc.nl
authors: H T M
authors: HT
authors: van Schie
authors: R J
authors: RJ
authors: de Vos
authors: S
authors: S
authors: de Jonge
authors: E M
authors: EM
authors: Bakker
authors: M P
authors: MP
authors: Heijboer
authors: J A N
authors: JA
authors: Verhaar
authors: J L
authors: JL
authors: Tol
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Weinans
mesh_terms: D000125:Achilles Tendon / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015588:Observer Variation; D052256:Tendinopathy / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult