title: Comparison of pharmacokinetic profiles of brand-name and generic formulations of citalopram and venlafaxine: a crossover study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Generic drugs are lower-cost versions of patent-expired brand-name medications. Bioequivalence is decreed when the 90% confidence intervals for the ratios of the generic to the reference compound for the area under the curve and maximum plasma concentration (C(max)) fall within a 0.80 to 1.25 range. The aim of the present pilot study was to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of brand-name and generic formulations of citalopram and extended-release venlafaxine.
  
  
  METHODS
  Effexor XR/Novo-venlafaxine XR 75 mg and Celexa/Gen-citalopram 40 mg were studied in a randomized crossover design. Healthy male volunteers took either Effexor XR or Novo-venlafaxine XR for 4 days, a 4-day washout was allowed, and then participants took the other venlafaxine formulation for 4 days. This was followed by a washout of at least 7 days. The participants then took Celexa or Gen-citalopram for 8 days, a 14-day washout was allowed, and then participants took the other citalopram formulation for 8 days. In each of the study phases, the sequence of treatment (brand-name x generic) was randomly assigned. Plasma levels of drugs were measured at fixed intervals after participants took the drugs and at steady state. The study was conducted from November 2007 through July 2008.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Twelve participants completed the venlafaxine study. Nine of the participants, plus 3 new participants, were then enrolled in the citalopram study, to maintain a total of 12. The plasma levels of citalopram were similar after ingestion of the brand-name and generic drugs. After ingestion of venlafaxine, the C(max) values were 36 +/- 6 ng/mL and 52 +/- 8 ng/mL in the brand-name and generic groups, respectively. The ratio of the log-transformed values of C(max) was 150% and, therefore, not within the acceptable 80% to 125% range. The concentration of the active metabolite of venlafaxine (O-desmethyl-venlafaxine [ODV]) was also significantly increased in the generic group (+43% higher in the generic group at 3 h; +48% higher at 5 h; p < .05). No differences were seen at steady state for either ODV or venlafaxine. Participants taking Novo-venlafaxine reported 3 times more side effects than those taking Effexor XR. Pill contents were identical in the 2 groups, but extraction of venlafaxine occurred more readily with the generic formulation than with the brand-name formulation, which required an additional sonication.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Gen-citalopram appeared to be bioequivalent to Celexa, whereas Novo-venlafaxine XR was not bioequivalent to Effexor XR. Consequently, the Novo-venlafaxine formulation released its active ingredient more rapidly and outside the acceptable norm.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00676039.
authors: Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. franck.chenu@rohcg.on.ca
authors: Franck
authors: F
authors: Chenu
authors: Lisa A
authors: LA
authors: Batten
authors: Gerald
authors: G
authors: Zernig
authors: Elisabeth
authors: E
authors: Ladstaetter
authors: Chantal
authors: C
authors: Hébert
authors: Pierre
authors: P
authors: Blier
mesh_terms: D019540:Area Under Curve; D002214:Capsules / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D002626:Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; D015283:Citalopram / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D018592:Cross-Over Studies; D003511:Cyclohexanols / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D016568:Drugs, Generic / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D013607:Tablets / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013810:Therapeutic Equivalency; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
chemical_list: D002214:Capsules; D015283:Citalopram; D003511:Cyclohexanols; D016568:Drugs, Generic; D017367:Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors; D013607:Tablets; D000069470:Venlafaxine Hydrochloride