title: Anatomical basis for ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia at the junction of the axilla and the upper arm.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ultrasound (US) has emerged in the field of regional anaesthesia in the past few years, as it allows physicians to simultaneously see the needle, the targeted nerves, and the vessels to avoid. Nevertheless, anatomical knowledge is essential for identifying all of the structures seen on the US screen. US also allows an in vivo approach to the variations of nerves and vessels. The aim of this study was to describe the anatomical structures of the axilla through a dissection, an anatomical section and US images performed during daily regional anaesthesia. This work will also discuss the usefulness of US in studying anatomical variations of vasculonervous structures.
  
  
  METHODS
  The axillary region of an embalmed adult cadaver was dissected in the department of Anatomy, and anatomical sections of another embalmed and frozen cadaver were also performed. During the same period, fortuitous anatomical variations discovered during daily routine axillary US-guided nerve blocks were recorded in the department of Anaesthesiology.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The anatomical dissection and sections allowed correlations to be made and structures to be identified on the US images. The most frequent anatomical variations found were double axillary artery, numerous axillary veins, variant location of the musculocutaneous nerve and posterior location of the brachial plexus in relation to the axillary artery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anatomical knowledge is of major importance for US-guided regional anaesthesia. US scan offers a new approach to anatomical variations of the vasculonervous bundle at the junction of the axilla and the upper arm.
authors: Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medecine, Universitary Hospital of Besancon, 3 Bvd Alexander Flemming, 25000, Besancon, France. f1berthier@chu-besancon.fr
authors: Francis
authors: F
authors: Berthier
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Lepage
authors: Yann
authors: Y
authors: Henry
authors: Fabrice
authors: F
authors: Vuillier
authors: Jean-Luc
authors: JL
authors: Christophe
authors: Annie
authors: A
authors: Boillot
authors: Emmanuel
authors: E
authors: Samain
authors: Laurent
authors: L
authors: Tatu
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000765:Anesthesia, Conduction / Q000379:methods*; D001365:Axilla / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation; D001917:Brachial Plexus / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging; D002102:Cadaver; D006801:Humans; D009407:Nerve Block / Q000379:methods*; D018084:Ultrasonography, Interventional / Q000379:methods*; D034941:Upper Extremity / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000294:innervation