title: Lactation and incidence of premenopausal breast cancer: a longitudinal study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Findings from observational studies suggest an inverse association between lactation and premenopausal breast cancer risk, but results are inconsistent, and data from large prospective cohort studies are lacking.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used information from 60,075 parous women participating in the prospective cohort study of the Nurses' Health Study II from 1997 to 2005. Our primary outcome was incident premenopausal breast cancer.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We ascertained 608 incident cases of premenopausal breast cancer during 357,556 person-years of follow-up. Women who had ever breastfed had a covariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.56-1.00) for premenopausal breast cancer compared with women who had never breastfed. No linear trend was found with duration of total lactation (P = .95), exclusive lactation (P = .74), or lactation amenorrhea (P = .88). The association between lactation and premenopausal breast cancer was modified by family history of breast cancer (P value for interaction = .03). Among women with a first-degree relative with breast cancer, those who had ever breastfed had a covariate-adjusted HR of 0.41 (95% CI, 0.22-0.75) for premenopausal breast cancer compared with women who had never breastfed, whereas no association was observed among women without a family history of breast cancer.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In this large, prospective cohort study of parous premenopausal women, having ever breastfed was inversely associated with incidence of breast cancer among women with a family history of breast cancer.
authors: Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. astuebe@med.unc.edu
authors: Alison M
authors: AM
authors: Stuebe
authors: Walter C
authors: WC
authors: Willett
authors: Fei
authors: F
authors: Xue
authors: Karin B
authors: KB
authors: Michels
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001942:Breast Feeding; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000235:genetics; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease / Q000235:genetics; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008875:Middle Aged; D010298:Parity; D011247:Pregnancy; D017697:Premenopause; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D012306:Risk; D012307:Risk Factors