title: Non-adrenergic non-cholinergic inhibition of gastrointestinal smooth muscle and its intracellular mechanism(s).
abstract: Relaxation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle caused by release of non-adrenergic non-cholinergic (NANC) transmitters from enteric nerves occurs in several physiologic digestive reflexes. Likely candidate NANC inhibitory agents include nitric oxide (NO), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), carbon monoxide (CO), protease-activated receptors (PARs), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), neurotensin (NT) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (beta-NAD). Multiple NANC transmitters work in concert, are pharmacologically coupled and are closely coordinated. Individual contribution varies regionally in the gastrointestinal tract and between species. NANC inhibition of gastrointestinal smooth muscle involves several intracellular mechanisms, including increase of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), increase of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and hyperpolarization of the cell membrane via direct or indirect activation of potassium ion (K+) channels.
authors: Departamento de Cirurgia e Anatomia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil. nmmatsuda@uol.com.br
authors: Nilce Mitiko
authors: NM
authors: Matsuda
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D000818:Animals; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D000242:Cyclic AMP / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D006152:Cyclic GMP / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000502:physiology; D041981:Gastrointestinal Tract / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007425:Intracellular Membranes / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009130:Muscle, Smooth / Q000294:innervation / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology*; D009433:Neural Inhibition / Q000502:physiology*; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents / Q000096:biosynthesis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology; D015221:Potassium Channels / Q000378:metabolism / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018663:Adrenergic Agents; D018678:Cholinergic Agents; D018377:Neurotransmitter Agents; D015221:Potassium Channels; D000242:Cyclic AMP; D006152:Cyclic GMP