title: Nutcracker syndrome in a 20-year-old patient treated with intravascular stent placement: a case report.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is a rare condition characterized by the entrapment of the left renal vein (LRV) between the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and the aorta. It was first described in 1950 and the term nutcracker was attributed by de Schepper in 1972.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 20-year-old female patient was admitted to the urology department with a history of hematuria and left flank pain. Basic hematuria investigation was inconclusive. Further investigation revealed a nutcracker syndrome on retrograde phlebography. Surveillance was the option first chosen. Three years later and after several symptomatic episodes, an intravascular stenting procedure was performed.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCS is defined by the compression of the LRV between the SMA and the aorta. Clinical manifestations include left flank pain, hematuria and pelvic congestion syndrome (PCS). Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, basic lab tests and imaging. Sequence of tests can be composed of Doppler ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography scan (CT scan) or magnetic resonance imaging study (MRI) and retrograde phlebography with pressure gradient to confirm the diagnosis. Management options include surveillance, intravascular and extravascular stenting procedures as well as open procedures.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  NCS is a rare condition that represents a challenge for urologists in terms of accurate diagnosis and proper management.
authors: Department of Urology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
authors: Louis-Olivier
authors: LO
authors: Gagnon
authors: Yves
authors: Y
authors: Ponsot
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Benko
authors: Le Mai
authors: le M
authors: Tu
mesh_terms: D001012:Aorta, Abdominal; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D017538:Mesenteric Artery, Superior; D012082:Renal Veins / Q000601:surgery*; D015607:Stents; D013577:Syndrome; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000601:surgery*; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D055815:Young Adult