title: Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): norms for verbal fluency tests.
abstract: Lexical fluency tests are frequently used in clinical practice to assess language and executive function. As part of the Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project), we provide age- and education-adjusted norms for three semantic fluency tasks (animals, fruit and vegetables, and kitchen tools), three formal lexical tasks (words beginning with P, M, and R), and three excluded letter fluency tasks (excluded A, E, and S). The sample consists of 346 participants who are cognitively normal, community dwelling, and ranging in age from 50 to 94 years. Tables are provided to convert raw scores to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education-adjusted scaled scores by applying regression-based adjustments. The current norms should provide clinically useful data for evaluating elderly Spanish people. These data may also be of considerable use for comparisons with other international normative studies. Finally, these norms should help improve the interpretation of verbal fluency tasks and allow for greater diagnostic accuracy.
authors: Section of Behavioral Neurology and Dementias, Hospital del Mar, Institut Municipal d'Assistència Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain. jpcasanova@imas.imim.es
authors: Jordi
authors: J
authors: Peña-Casanova
authors: Sonia
authors: S
authors: Quiñones-Ubeda
authors: Nina
authors: N
authors: Gramunt-Fombuena
authors: María
authors: M
authors: Quintana-Aparicio
authors: Miquel
authors: M
authors: Aguilar
authors: Dolors
authors: D
authors: Badenes
authors: Noemí
authors: N
authors: Cerulla
authors: José Luis
authors: JL
authors: Molinuevo
authors: Eva
authors: E
authors: Ruiz
authors: Alfredo
authors: A
authors: Robles
authors: Maria Sagrario
authors: MS
authors: Barquero
authors: Carmen
authors: C
authors: Antúnez
authors: Carlos
authors: C
authors: Martínez-Parra
authors: Anna
authors: A
authors: Frank-García
authors: Manuel
authors: M
authors: Fernández
authors: Verónica
authors: V
authors: Alfonso
authors: Josep M
authors: JM
authors: Sol
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Blesa
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000523:psychology*; D003071:Cognition; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012016:Reference Values; D012660:Semantics; D013030:Spain; D014705:Verbal Behavior