title: Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography provides advanced haemodynamic information associated with intra-dialytic hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE) has emerged as a more accurate and effective tool for assessing left ventricular (LV) function, compared to traditional two-dimensional (2D) methods. In this study, we used this new tool to revise the controversial relationship between LV function and intra-dialytic hypotension.
  
  
  METHODS
  This study enrolled 29 intra-dialytic hypotensive patients (the IDH group) and 34 controls (the CON group) on regular maintenance haemodialysis. The RT3DE- and 2D-derived ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume index (SVI) and ratio of early transmitral inflow velocity to diastolic early tissue velocity were assessed at pre-dialysis and mid-dialysis. The intravascular volume was assessed by the inferior vena cava collapsibility index.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pre-dialysis evaluation showed no difference in RT3DE- and 2D-derived parameters between the two groups. At mid-dialysis, the IDH group had a lower 2D EF (54 +/- 9.1 versus 62 +/- 6.8% in the CON group, P < 0.001), RT3DE EF (53 +/- 6 versus 60 +/- 7% in the CON group, P < 0.001) and SVI (24.3 +/- 8 versus 30.6 +/- 12.2 mL in the CON group, P = 0.02). From pre-dialysis to mid-dialysis, the IDH group had greater decrease in the change in 2D EF (-4.8% +/- 12.6% versus 5% +/- 13.7% in the CON group, P = 0.004), RT3DE EF (-11.8 +/- 10.3 versus -3.4 +/- 11.5% in the CON group, P = 0.003) and SVI (-17.3 +/- 18.5 versus -9.2 +/- 19.8% in the CON group, P = 0.004). The calculated cardiac index change also showed a greater decrease in the IDH group (-17.8 +/- 20.2 versus -5.7 +/- 18.5% in the CON group, P = 0.02). No significant difference in the ratio of early transmitral inflow velocity to diastolic early tissue velocity, heart rate, systemic vascular resistance index or inferior vena cava collapsibility index was found between the two groups at the baseline or mid-dialysis. A lack of an increase in heart rate and the systemic vascular resistance index in the IDH group during the hypotensive episodes implies that these patients have autonomic dysfunction. Multivariate analysis showed that the RT3DE EF change of < -9.5% (odds ratio = 6, P = 0.003) and the presence of diabetes (odds ratio = 4.4, P = 0.013) had significant and independent associations with intra-dialytic hypotension.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  By adopting RT3DE to assess LV performance, our data demonstrated that an inadequate compensation in the LV systolic function is the main mechanism mediating the occurrence of intra-dialytic hypotension in patients with autonomic dysfunction.
authors: Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
authors: Ning-I
authors: NI
authors: Yang
authors: Chao-Hung
authors: CH
authors: Wang
authors: Ming-Jui
authors: MJ
authors: Hung
authors: Yung-Chih
authors: YC
authors: Chen
authors: I-Wen
authors: IW
authors: Wu
authors: Chin-Chan
authors: CC
authors: Lee
authors: Mai-Szu
authors: MS
authors: Wu
authors: Li-Tang
authors: LT
authors: Kuo
authors: Chi-Wen
authors: CW
authors: Cheng
authors: Wen-Jin
authors: WJ
authors: Cherng
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D019560:Echocardiography, Three-Dimensional; D005260:Female; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000502:physiology*; D006801:Humans; D007022:Hypotension / Q000503:physiopathology*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D014655:Vascular Resistance / Q000502:physiology; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology