title: Coquillettidia (Culicidae, Diptera) mosquitoes are natural vectors of avian malaria in Africa.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The mosquito vectors of Plasmodium spp. have largely been overlooked in studies of ecology and evolution of avian malaria and other vertebrates in wildlife.
  
  
  METHODS
  Plasmodium DNA from wild-caught Coquillettidia spp. collected from lowland forests in Cameroon was isolated and sequenced using nested PCR. Female Coquillettidia aurites were also dissected and salivary glands were isolated and microscopically examined for the presence of sporozoites.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In total, 33% (85/256) of mosquito pools tested positive for avian Plasmodium spp., harbouring at least eight distinct parasite lineages. Sporozoites of Plasmodium spp. were recorded in salivary glands of C. aurites supporting the PCR data that the parasites complete development in these mosquitoes. Results suggest C. aurites, Coquillettidia pseudoconopas and Coquillettidia metallica as new and important vectors of avian malaria in Africa. All parasite lineages recovered clustered with parasites formerly identified from several bird species and suggest the vectors capability of infecting birds from different families.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying the major vectors of avian Plasmodium spp. will assist in understanding the epizootiology of avian malaria, including differences in this disease distribution between pristine and disturbed landscapes.
authors: Center for Tropical Research, UCLA Institute of the Environment, Los Angeles, California, USA. kynjabo@hotmail.com
authors: Kevin Y
authors: KY
authors: Njabo
authors: Anthony J
authors: AJ
authors: Cornel
authors: Ravinder N M
authors: RN
authors: Sehgal
authors: Claire
authors: C
authors: Loiseau
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Buermann
authors: Ryan J
authors: RJ
authors: Harrigan
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Pollinger
authors: Gediminas
authors: G
authors: Valkiūnas
authors: Thomas B
authors: TB
authors: Smith
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002163:Cameroon; D009033:Culicidae / Q000469:parasitology*; D045303:Cytochromes b / Q000235:genetics; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D004199:Disease Vectors; D005260:Female; D008289:Malaria, Avian / Q000635:transmission*; D008297:Male; D008853:Microscopy; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010802:Phylogeny; D010961:Plasmodium / Q000302:isolation & purification*; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D015800:Protozoan Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D012469:Salivary Glands / Q000469:parasitology; D017422:Sequence Analysis, DNA; D012689:Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; D034101:Sporozoites / Q000166:cytology
chemical_list: D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D015800:Protozoan Proteins; D045303:Cytochromes b