title: Evaluation of compliance with a paper-based, multiplication-factor, intravenous insulin protocol.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hyperglycemia is common in critically ill patients and is an independent risk factor for in-hospital morbidity and mortality.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  To assess compliance with a paper-based, multiplication-factor, intravenous insulin protocol.
  
  
  METHODS
  A retrospective chart review was conducted in a 720-bed urban, academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. During a 1-month period, compliance with and the consequent safety and efficacy of the Brigham and Women's Hospital paper-based, multiplication-factor, intravenous insulin protocol was evaluated.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The primary endpoint of protocol compliance, defined as correct adjustment to insulin infusion rate and correct timing of bedside blood glucose concentration (BBGC) checks +/-10 minutes of prespecified BBGC check according to the Brigham and Women's Hospital Intravenous Insulin Protocol (BHIP), was 47.2%. Seventy-two patients met inclusion criteria. Appropriate adjustment of infusion rates occurred 68.2% (1206/1768) of the time. Compliance with the timing of BBGC checks was found to be the majority of protocol violations. BBGCs were monitored +/-5 minutes of indicated time per the protocol 26.2% (463/1768) of the time. Blood glucose concentration checks within extended timing of +/-10 minutes of indicated time per the protocol occurred 793 (44.8%) times. Blood glucose concentration monitoring took place greater than 20 minutes past indicated time 450 (25.5%) times. In 1768 measurements, blood glucose concentrations between 40 and 60 mg/dL occurred 23 (1.3%) times in 12 (16.7%) patients. Blood glucose concentrations 40 mg/dL or less were detected 3 (0.17%) times in 2 (2.7%) patients. None of these hypoglycemic events led to documented complications.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Overall, a rather low level of compliance with a paper-based, multiplication-factor, intravenous insulin protocol was observed, which warrants further investigation. Compliance rates in this evaluation were found to be similar to the rates observed in previously evaluated fixed-dose intravenous insulin protocols. Protocol noncompliance may be associated with hypo- and hyperglycemia.
authors: Department of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Administration; L-2, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA. rcyrus@partners.org
authors: Rachel M
authors: RM
authors: Cyrus
authors: Paul M
authors: PM
authors: Szumita
authors: Bonnie C
authors: BC
authors: Greenwood
authors: Merri L
authors: ML
authors: Pendergrass
mesh_terms: D000046:Academic Medical Centers; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000032:analysis / Q000187:drug effects; D003422:Critical Care / Q000592:standards; D016638:Critical Illness; D005260:Female; D019983:Guideline Adherence; D006801:Humans; D006943:Hyperglycemia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D007262:Infusions, Intravenous; D007328:Insulin / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin