title: Are school zones effective? An examination of motor vehicle versus child pedestrian crashes near schools.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To analyse the relationships between factors related to school location and motor vehicle versus child pedestrian collisions.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data on all police-reported motor vehicle collisions involving pedestrians less than 18 years of age that occurred in Toronto, Canada, between 2000 and 2005 were analysed. Geographic information systems (GIS) software was used to assess the distance of each collision relative to school location. The relationships between distance from school and collision-related factors such as temporal patterns of school travel times and crossing locations were analysed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Study data showed a total of 2717 motor vehicle versus child (<18) pedestrian collisions. The area density of collisions (collisions/area), particularly fatal collisions, was highest in school zones and decreased as distance from schools increased. The highest proportion of collisions (37.3%) occurred among 10-14-year-olds. Within school zones, collisions were more likely to occur among 5-9-year-old children as they travelled to and from school during months when school was in session. Most collisions within school zones occurred at midblock locations versus intersections.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Focusing interventions around schools with attention to age, travel times, and crossing location will reduce the burden of injury in children. Future studies that take into account traffic and pedestrian volume surrounding schools would be useful for prevention efforts as well as for promotion of walking. These results will help identify priorities and emphasise the importance of considering spatial and temporal patterns in child pedestrian research.
authors: Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Warsh
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Rothman
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Slater
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Steverango
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D000063:Accidents, Traffic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D000293:Adolescent; D017677:Age Distribution; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004779:Environment Design; D040362:Geographic Information Systems; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018986:Motor Vehicles; D009864:Ontario / Q000453:epidemiology; D012574:Schools; D012621:Seasons; D016138:Walking / Q000293:injuries*; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000209:etiology