title: Microsatellite instability and survival in rectal cancer.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  High levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) have been associated in many studies with improved prognosis in colon cancer. Very few studies have evaluated the effect of MSI-H on rectal cancer survival. We assessed MSI-H and other genetic and epigenetic changes on survival of 990 individuals diagnosed with first primary rectal cancer.
  
  
  METHODS
  MSI was assessed primarily by instability in the mononucleotide repeat BAT-26. The BRAF V600E mutation was assessed by TaqMan assay. The CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was determined by methylation-specific PCR of CpG islands in MLH1, methylated in tumors (MINT)1, (MINT)2, (MINT)31 and CDKN2A. KRAS2 codons 12 and 13 mutations, and TP53 mutations in exons 5-8 were determined by sequencing.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Multivariate analysis revealed that MSI-H (HRR 2.47, 95% CI 1.13-5.40) and KRAS2 mutations (HRR 1.37, 95% CI 1.04-1.81) were associated with a significantly higher risk of dying of rectal cancer. Only one of 22 MSI-H tumors showed a BRAF V600E mutation. Of 15 MSI-H rectal cancers evaluated for methylation, two exhibited MLH1 methylation and four exhibited CIMP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The genetic and epigenetic characteristics of MSI-H rectal cancers suggest that they are enriched for Lynch-associated tumors; adverse prognosis associated with MSI-H in these tumors may reflect the relatively high frequency of Lynch-associated cancers and/or the effect of radiation or chemotherapy on Lynch-associated rectal cancers or MSI tumors in general.
authors: Department of Pathology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA. wade.samowitz@aruplab.com
authors: Wade S
authors: WS
authors: Samowitz
authors: Karen
authors: K
authors: Curtin
authors: Roger K
authors: RK
authors: Wolff
authors: Sheryl R
authors: SR
authors: Tripp
authors: Bette J
authors: BJ
authors: Caan
authors: Martha L
authors: ML
authors: Slattery
mesh_terms: D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing / Q000235:genetics; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D015820:Cadherins / Q000235:genetics; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D003123:Colorectal Neoplasms, Hereditary Nonpolyposis / Q000235:genetics; D018899:CpG Islands; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16 / Q000235:genetics; D019175:DNA Methylation; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D053842:Microsatellite Instability; D008875:Middle Aged; D009154:Mutation; D009367:Neoplasm Staging; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D016133:Polymerase Chain Reaction; D011379:Prognosis; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D012004:Rectal Neoplasms / Q000235:genetics* / Q000401:mortality* / Q000473:pathology; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics
chemical_list: C079091:APBA1 protein, human; C491636:APBA2 protein, human; C117536:APBA3 protein, human; D048868:Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing; D015820:Cadherins; D002352:Carrier Proteins; D019941:Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p16; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D009419:Nerve Tissue Proteins; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins