title: Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: clinical and neuroradiological findings and review of the literature.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare multisystem congenital disorder characterized by uncontrolled proliferation and infiltration of activated lymphocytes and histiocytes, secreting high amounts of inflammatory cytokines; this may affect multiple organs including liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and central nervous system (CNS; Janka, Eur J Pediatr 166:95-109, 1).
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics of the encephalopathy and to correlate the neuroradiological findings with the clinical symptoms and the treatment response in a child with FHL type 3 studied by total body computed tomography and by brain magnetic resonance (MR) and MR spectroscopy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  VF, a 14-month-old female, developed a full-blown FHL, with facial nerve palsy as the only CNS complication. Brain MR imaging showed several focal areas of pathological signal in the subcortical and periventricular white matter, left thalamus, cerebellum, and brain stem. Proton MR spectroscopy also demonstrated no elevated peak of Cho, no lactate peak, and elevated glutamine/glutamate complex. Moreover, an elevated N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) peak was detected. The follow-up MR study after hematopoietic stem cells transplantation showed a dramatic reduction of the lesions and normalization of the metabolic pattern at spectroscopy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Brain lesions and metabolic alterations documented by MR and spectroscopy during active FHL reverted during disease control achieved by therapy.
authors: Department of Radiology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Meyer, Meyer Children Hospital, Florence, Italy, norma.decaminada@gmail.com.
authors: Norma
authors: N
authors: Decaminada
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Cappellini
authors: Marzia
authors: M
authors: Mortilla
authors: Erica
authors: E
authors: Del Giudice
authors: Elena
authors: E
authors: Sieni
authors: Desireè
authors: D
authors: Caselli
authors: Maurizio
authors: M
authors: Aricò
authors: Claudio
authors: C
authors: Fonda
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology*; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D051359:Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000628:therapy; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D009682:Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed