title: Carotid intimal medial thickness predicts cognitive decline among adults without clinical vascular disease.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Though clinical cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are established risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia, less is known about the relations between vascular health and cognition among individuals without these diseases. Carotid intimal medial thickness (IMT), a measure of subclinical vascular disease, is associated with concurrent decrements in cognitive function, but relatively little research has examined longitudinal relations between carotid IMT and prospective cognitive decline.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined relations of carotid IMT to prospective trajectories of cognitive function among 538 (aged 20 to 93, 39% male, 66% white) participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) free of known cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and neurological disease. Participants underwent initial carotid ultrasonography and repeat neuropsychological testing on up to 8 occasions over up to 11 years of follow-up. Mixed-effects regression analyses were adjusted for age, gender, race, education, mean arterial pressure, body mass index, total cholesterol, smoking, depressive symptoms, and cardiovascular medication use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Individuals with greater carotid IMT displayed accelerated decline in performance over time on multiple tests of verbal and nonverbal memory, as well as a test of semantic association fluency and executive function.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Carotid IMT predicts accelerated cognitive decline, particularly in the domain of memory, among community-dwelling individuals free of vascular and neurological disease.
authors: Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA. rice3@umbc.edu
authors: Carrington Rice
authors: CR
authors: Wendell
authors: Alan B
authors: AB
authors: Zonderman
authors: E Jeffrey
authors: EJ
authors: Metter
authors: Samer S
authors: SS
authors: Najjar
authors: Shari R
authors: SR
authors: Waldstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D000375:Aging / Q000473:pathology; D002339:Carotid Arteries / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000473:pathology; D016893:Carotid Stenosis / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000473:pathology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003704:Dementia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008569:Memory Disorders / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017539:Tunica Intima / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014463:Ultrasonography; D055815:Young Adult