title: VEGF and RANKL regulation of NFATc1 in heart valve development.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  NFATc1 (nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1) activity in endocardial cushion (ECC) endothelial cells is required for normal ECC growth and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling during heart valve development.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The mechanisms of NFATc1 activation and downstream effects on cell proliferation and ECM-remodeling enzyme gene expression were examined in NFATc1 mutant mice and chick ECC explants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NFATc1(-/-) mice display reduced proliferation of ECC endothelial and mesenchymal cells at embryonic day 10.5, whereas myocardial cells are unaffected. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF) activates NFATc1 and promotes ECC cell proliferation via the regulatory phosphatase, calcineurin, and mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1-extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (MEK1-ERK1/2)-dependent signaling. As ECCs mature, RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand) and the ECM-remodeling enzyme cathepsin K (CtsK) are expressed by ECC endothelial cells. RANKL inhibits VEGF-induced cell proliferation while causing increased expression of CtsK via calcineurin/NFATc1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)1/2-dependent signaling.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data support a novel mechanism for the transition from ECC growth to remodeling in which NFATc1 promotes a sequential pattern of gene expression via cooperation with ligand-specific cofactors such as MEK1-ERK1/2 or JNK1/2.
authors: Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
authors: Michelle D
authors: MD
authors: Combs
authors: Katherine E
authors: KE
authors: Yutzey
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D019703:Calcineurin / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D056657:Cathepsin K; D002403:Cathepsins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002642:Chick Embryo; D054089:Endocardial Cushions / Q000196:embryology*; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D006351:Heart Valves / Q000196:embryology*; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008817:Mice, Mutant Strains; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9 / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D053245:RANK Ligand / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D050778:NFATC Transcription Factors; C494005:Nfatc1 protein, mouse; D053245:RANK Ligand; C505689:Tnfsf11 protein, mouse; D042461:Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; C467480:vascular endothelial growth factor A, mouse; D048056:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9; D019950:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1; D048052:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3; D048055:Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8; D048369:MAP Kinase Kinase 1; C482127:Map2k1 protein, mouse; D019703:Calcineurin; D002403:Cathepsins; D056657:Cathepsin K; C534132:Ctsk protein, mouse