title: Delayed treatment with isoflurane attenuates lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma-induced activation and injury of mouse microglial cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Isoflurane pretreatment can induce protection against lipopolysaccharide and interferon gamma (IFNgamma)-induced injury and activation of mouse microglial cells. This study's goal was to determine whether delayed isoflurane treatment is protective.
  
  
  METHODS
  Mouse microglial cells were exposed to various concentrations of isoflurane for 1 h immediately after the initiation of lipopolysaccharide (10 or 1000 ng/ml) and IFNgamma (10 U/ml) stimulation or to 2% isoflurane for 1 h at various times after initiation of the stimulation. Nitrite production, lactate dehydrogenase release, and cell viability measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay were assessed after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma for 24 h. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein expression was quantified by Western blotting. The iNOS expression in mouse brain was also studied.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Isoflurane applied 0 and 2 h after the initiation of lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma stimulation improved cell viability. Isoflurane at 2%, but not at 1 or 3%, reduced the lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma-induced nitrite production and decreased cell viability. Aminoguanidine, an iNOS inhibitor, also attenuated this decreased cell viability. Chelerythrine and bisindolylmalemide IX, protein kinase C inhibitors, abolished isoflurane effects on cell viability and iNOS expression after lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma application. Isoflurane also decreased lipopolysaccharide-induced iNOS expression in mouse brain. Late isoflurane application to microglial cells reduced lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma-induced lactate dehydrogenase release that was not inhibited by aminoguanidine.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These results suggest that delayed isoflurane treatment can reduce lipopolysaccharide and IFNgamma-induced activation and injury of microglial cells. These effects may be mediated by protein kinase C.
authors: Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908-0710, USA.
authors: Jie-Ae
authors: JA
authors: Kim
authors: Liaoliao
authors: L
authors: Li
authors: Zhiyi
authors: Z
authors: Zuo
mesh_terms: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000818:Animals; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001921:Brain / Q000187:drug effects / Q000201:enzymology; D002460:Cell Line; D002470:Cell Survival / Q000187:drug effects; D002531:Cerebellum / Q000166:cytology; D007371:Interferon-gamma / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D007530:Isoflurane / Q000494:pharmacology*; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase / Q000097:blood; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000633:toxicity; D008262:Macrophage Activation / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects*; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II / Q000096:biosynthesis; D009573:Nitrites / Q000378:metabolism; D011493:Protein Kinase C / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D018685:Anesthetics, Inhalation; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D009573:Nitrites; D007371:Interferon-gamma; D007530:Isoflurane; D007770:L-Lactate Dehydrogenase; D052247:Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II; D011493:Protein Kinase C