title: Relation of the severity of mitral regurgitation to thromboembolic risk in patients with atrial fibrillation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) are at risk for thromboembolism. Although mitral regurgitation (MR) could be protective against left atrial (LA) blood stasis, the relationship between the severity of MR and thromboembolic risk has not been clarified in patients with AF.
  
  
  METHODS
  271 patients with permanent AF underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). The severity of MR was assessed by Doppler echocardiography. LA blood stasis on TEE and plasma D-dimer levels were used to evaluate the thromboembolic risk.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Patients with severe MR (n=20) had significantly higher LA appendage peak flow velocity compared to those with no MR (n=114) and those with only mild MR (n=92) (p<0.05). The grade of LA spontaneous echo contrast (SEC) was lower in patients with severe MR compared to those with no, mild or moderate MR (severe MR 0.7±0.7 grade vs moderate MR 1.7±1.0 grade, mild MR 2.2±1.3 grade, and no MR 1.9±1.3 grade, p<0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed severe MR as a negative predictor of LA blood stasis on TEE findings (odds ratio 0.27; 95% confidence interval 0.09-0.86, p<0.05). By contrast, D-dimer level was significantly higher in patients with moderate MR compared to those with any other type of severity of MR (moderate MR 1.72±1.45 µg/ml vs severe MR 0.76±0.95 µg/ml, mild MR 0.97±1.09 µg/ml, and no MR 0.82±1.15 µg/ml, p<0.05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  There is a protective effect of MR on LA blood stasis, but this beneficial effect on thromboembolic risk appears to be limited to patients with severe MR.
authors: The Second Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toyama, Japan.
authors: Nobuyuki
authors: N
authors: Fukuda
authors: Tadakazu
authors: T
authors: Hirai
authors: Kazumasa
authors: K
authors: Ohara
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Nakagawa
authors: Takashi
authors: T
authors: Nozawa
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Inoue
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001281:Atrial Fibrillation / Q000453:epidemiology*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D017548:Echocardiography, Transesophageal; D005260:Female; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008944:Mitral Valve Insufficiency / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000453:epidemiology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D013923:Thromboembolism / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D005338:Fibrin Fibrinogen Degradation Products; C036309:fibrin fragment D