title: Feasibility of simultaneous intracranial EEG-fMRI in humans: a safety study.
abstract: In epilepsy patients who have electrodes implanted in their brains as part of their pre-surgical assessment, simultaneous intracranial EEG and fMRI (icEEG-fMRI) may provide important localising information and improve understanding of the underlying neuropathology. However, patient safety during icEEG-fMRI has not been addressed. Here the potential health hazards associated with icEEG-fMRI were evaluated theoretically and the main risks identified as: mechanical forces on electrodes from transient magnetic effects, tissue heating due to interaction with the pulsed RF fields and tissue stimulation due to interactions with the switched magnetic gradient fields. These potential hazards were examined experimentally in vitro on a Siemens 3 T Trio, 1.5 T Avanto and a GE 3 T Signa Excite scanner using a Brain Products MR compatible EEG system. No electrode flexion was observed. Temperature measurements demonstrated that heating well above guideline limits can occur. However heating could be kept within safe limits (<1.0 degrees C) by using a head transmit RF coil, ensuring EEG cable placement to exit the RF coil along its central z-axis, using specific EEG cable lengths and limiting MRI sequence specific absorption rates (SARs). We found that the risk of tissue damage due to RF-induced heating is low provided implant and scanner specific SAR limits are observed with a safety margin used to account for uncertainties (e.g. in scanner-reported SAR). The observed scanner gradient switching induced current (0.08 mA) and charge density (0.2 microC/cm(2)) were well within safety limits (0.5 mA and 30 microC/cm(2), respectively). Site-specific testing and a conservative approach to safety are required to avoid the risk of adverse events.
authors: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, London, UK. d.carmichael@ion.ucl.ac.uk
authors: David W
authors: DW
authors: Carmichael
authors: John S
authors: JS
authors: Thornton
authors: Roman
authors: R
authors: Rodionov
authors: Rachel
authors: R
authors: Thornton
authors: Andrew W
authors: AW
authors: McEvoy
authors: Roger J
authors: RJ
authors: Ordidge
authors: Philip J
authors: PJ
authors: Allen
authors: Louis
authors: L
authors: Lemieux
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology* / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D004574:Electromagnetic Fields / Q000009:adverse effects; D005240:Feasibility Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000295:instrumentation / Q000379:methods*; D013696:Temperature