title: Tamoxifen inhibits inward rectifier K+ 2.x family of inward rectifier channels by interfering with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate-channel interactions.
abstract: Tamoxifen, an estrogen receptor antagonist used in the treatment of breast cancer, inhibits the inward rectifier potassium current (I(K1)) in cardiac myocytes by an unknown mechanism. We characterized the inhibitory effects of tamoxifen on Kir2.1, Kir2.2, and Kir2.3 potassium channels that underlie cardiac I(K1). We also studied the effects of 4-hydroxytamoxifen and raloxifene. All three drugs inhibited inward rectifier K(+) 2.x (Kir2.x) family members. The order of inhibition for all three drugs was Kir2.3 > Kir2.1 approximately Kir2.2. The onset of inhibition of Kir2.x current by these compounds was slow (T(1/2) approximately 6 min) and only partially recovered after washout ( approximately 30%). Kir2.x inhibition was concentration-dependent but voltage-independent. The time course and degree of inhibition was independent of external or internal drug application. We tested the hypothesis that tamoxifen interferes with the interaction between the channel and the membrane-delimited channel activator, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)). Inhibition of Kir2.3 currents was significantly reduced by a single point mutation of I213L, which enhances Kir2.3 interaction with membrane PIP(2). Pretreatment with PIP(2) significantly decreased the inhibition induced by tamoxifen, 4-hydroxytamoxifen, and raloxifene on Kir2.3 channels. Pretreatment with spermine (100 microM) decreased the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on Kir2.1, probably by strengthening the channel's interaction with PIP(2). In cat atrial and ventricular myocytes, 3 microM tamoxifen inhibited I(K1), but the effect was greater in the former than the latter. The data strongly suggest that tamoxifen, its metabolite, and the estrogen receptor inhibitor raloxifene inhibit Kir2.x channels indirectly by interfering with the interaction between the channel and PIP(2).
authors: Unidad de Investigación Carlos Méndez del Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas de la Universidad de Colima, Colima, Colima, México.
authors: Daniela
authors: D
authors: Ponce-Balbuena
authors: Angélica
authors: A
authors: López-Izquierdo
authors: Tania
authors: T
authors: Ferrer
authors: Aldo A
authors: AA
authors: Rodríguez-Menchaca
authors: Iván A
authors: IA
authors: Aréchiga-Figueroa
authors: José A
authors: JA
authors: Sánchez-Chapula
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002415:Cats; D002460:Cell Line; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology; D004594:Electrophysiology; D004965:Estrogen Antagonists / Q000494:pharmacology*; D006325:Heart Atria / Q000378:metabolism; D006352:Heart Ventricles / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D015640:Ion Channel Gating / Q000187:drug effects; D007473:Ion Channels / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism*; D007700:Kinetics; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate / Q000378:metabolism*; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers / Q000494:pharmacology*; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors* / Q000235:genetics; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D013629:Tamoxifen / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014162:Transfection
chemical_list: D004965:Estrogen Antagonists; D007473:Ion Channels; D019269:Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Diphosphate; D026902:Potassium Channel Blockers; D024661:Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying; D013629:Tamoxifen; D020849:Raloxifene Hydrochloride; D002738:Chloroquine