title: Mass spectrometry analysis of the variants of histone H3 and H4 of soybean and their post-translational modifications.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Histone modifications and histone variants are of importance in many biological processes. To understand the biological functions of the global dynamics of histone modifications and histone variants in higher plants, we elucidated the variants and post-translational modifications of histones in soybean, a legume plant with a much bigger genome than that of Arabidopsis thaliana.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In soybean leaves, mono-, di- and tri-methylation at Lysine 4, Lysine 27 and Lysine 36, and acetylation at Lysine 14, 18 and 23 were detected in HISTONE H3. Lysine 27 was prone to being mono-methylated, while tri-methylation was predominant at Lysine 36. We also observed that Lysine 27 methylation and Lysine 36 methylation usually excluded each other in HISTONE H3. Although methylation at HISTONE H3 Lysine 79 was not reported in A. thaliana, mono- and di-methylated HISTONE H3 Lysine 79 were detected in soybean. Besides, acetylation at Lysine 8 and 12 of HISTONE H4 in soybean were identified. Using a combination of mass spectrometry and nano-liquid chromatography, two variants of HISTONE H3 were detected and their modifications were determined. They were different at positions of A31F41S87S90 (HISTONE variant H3.1) and T31Y41H87L90 (HISTONE variant H3.2), respectively. The methylation patterns in these two HISTONE H3 variants also exhibited differences. Lysine 4 and Lysine 36 methylation were only detected in HISTONE H3.2, suggesting that HISTONE variant H3.2 might be associated with actively transcribing genes. In addition, two variants of histone H4 (H4.1 and H4.2) were also detected, which were missing in other organisms. In the histone variant H4.1 and H4.2, the amino acid 60 was isoleucine and valine, respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This work revealed several distinct variants of soybean histone and their modifications that were different from A. thaliana, thus providing important biological information toward further understanding of the histone modifications and their functional significance in higher plants.
authors: Department of Biology and State (China) Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China. wutao382@yahoo.com.cn
authors: Tao
authors: T
authors: Wu
authors: Tiezheng
authors: T
authors: Yuan
authors: Sau-Na
authors: SN
authors: Tsai
authors: Chunmei
authors: C
authors: Wang
authors: Sai-Ming
authors: SM
authors: Sun
authors: Hon-Ming
authors: HM
authors: Lam
authors: Sai-Ming
authors: SM
authors: Ngai
mesh_terms: D000107:Acetylation; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D006657:Histones / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D008239:Lysine / Q000378:metabolism; D008745:Methylation; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010940:Plant Proteins / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D011499:Protein Processing, Post-Translational; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013025:Glycine max / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D019032:Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
chemical_list: D006657:Histones; D010940:Plant Proteins; D008239:Lysine