title: Promoting shorter duration of ventilator treatment decreases the number of painful procedures in preterm infants.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To investigate whether promoting shorter ventilator treatment decreases the number of painful procedures and the use of analgesics in preterm infants.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective patient chart review of all preterm infants in one Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) was carried out in 2000 (n = 240) and 2005 (n = 206). Between these cohorts, early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) application and early extubation policy were introduced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Fewer infants were intubated (22 vs. 32%, p = 0.03), the duration of ventilator treatment decreased (6.7 SD 11.3 vs. 9.0 SD 11.1 days, p < 0.001) and nCPAP treatment became more common (41 vs. 25%, p < 0.001) in 2005 than in 2000. Similarly, the infants' exposure to painful procedures did not decrease significantly (61.9 SD 98.5 vs. 67.1 SD 104.3 procedures, p = 0.32) but the procedures related to respiratory support were fewer (45.2 SD 79.5 vs. 68.9 SD 91.1 procedures, p < 0.001) in 2005 than in 2000. In addition, the amount of pain medication used was significantly lower in 2005 than in 2000. One day on a ventilator included more painful procedures than a day on nCPAP (11.2 95% CI: 11.0-11.5 vs. 4.2 95% CI: 4.1-4.4 procedures, p < 0.001) during both study years.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Early nCPAP and early extubation policies were successfully implemented in an NICU resulting in less invasive respiratory support. This was associated with fewer painful procedures and less pain medication in the preterm infants who required respiratory support. Despite this positive effect, the number of painful procedures in all preterm infants stayed at the same level. Our results provide further support for the use of nCPAP in preterm infants.
authors: Department of Nursing Science, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. anna.axelin@utu.fi
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Axelin
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Ojajärvi
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Viitanen
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Lehtonen
mesh_terms: D000700:Analgesics / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D016009:Chi-Square Distribution; D015331:Cohort Studies; D045422:Continuous Positive Airway Pressure / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007234:Infant, Premature; D015931:Intensive Care, Neonatal / Q000379:methods*; D007442:Intubation, Intratracheal / Q000379:methods*; D008297:Male; D010147:Pain Measurement; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D013997:Time Factors; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D015300:Ventilator Weaning; D012122:Ventilators, Mechanical
chemical_list: D000700:Analgesics