title: Transforming growth factor beta isoforms regulation of Akt activity and XIAP levels in rat endometrium during estrous cycle, in a model of pseudopregnancy and in cultured decidual cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  During the estrous cycle, the rat uterine endometrium undergoes many changes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. If implantation occurs, stromal cells differentiate into decidual cells and near the end of pregnancy, a second wave of apoptosis occurs. This process called decidual regression, is tightly regulated as is it crucial for successful pregnancy. We have previously shown that TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 are expressed in the endometrium during decidual basalis regression, but although we had demonstrated that TGF- beta1 was involved in the regulation of apoptosis in decidual cells, the ability of TGF- beta2 and TGF-beta3 isoforms to trigger apoptotic mechanisms in these cells remains unknown. Moreover, we hypothesized that the TGF-betas were also present and regulated in the non-pregnant endometrium during the estrous cycle. The aim of the present study was to determine and compare the specific effect of each TGF-beta isoform in the regulation of apoptosis in sensitized endometrial stromal cells in vitro, and to investigate the regulation of TGF-beta isoforms in the endometrium during the estrous cycle in vivo.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats with regular estrous cycle (4 days) were killed at different days of estrous cycle (diestrus, proestrus, estrus and metestrus). Pseudopregnancy was induced with sex steroids in ovariectomized rats and rats were killed at different days (days 1-9). Uteri were collected and either fixed for immunohistochemical staining (IHC) or processed for RT-PCR and Western analyses. For the in vitro part of the study, rats were ovariectomized and decidualization was induced using sex steroids. Endometrial stromal decidual cells were purified, cultured and treated with different concentrations of TGF-beta isoforms.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Our results showed that all three TGF-beta isoforms are present, but are localized differently in the endometrium during the estrous cycle and their expression is regulated differently during pseudopregnancy. In cultured stromal cells, we found that TGF-beta3 isoform induced Smad2 phosphorylation, indicating that the Smad pathway is activated by TGF-beta3 in these cells. Furthermore, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 induced a dose-dependant increase of apoptosis in cultured stromal cells, as demonstrated by Hoechst nuclear staining. Noteworthy, TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 reduced the level of the anti-apoptotic XIAP protein, as well as the level of phosphorylated/active Akt, a well known survival protein, in a dose-dependent manner.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Those results suggest that TGF-beta might play an important role in the remodelling endometrium during the estrous cycle and in the regulation of apoptosis in rat decidual cells, in which inhibition of Akt survival pathway might be an important mechanism involved in the regulation of apoptosis.
authors: Départment de Chimie-Biologie, Groupe de Recherche en Biopathologies Cellulaires et Moléculaires, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, Québec, G9A 5H7, Canada. pierre-luc.caron@uqtr.ca
authors: Pierre-Luc
authors: PL
authors: Caron
authors: Guylaine
authors: G
authors: Fréchette-Frigon
authors: Carl
authors: C
authors: Shooner
authors: Valérie
authors: V
authors: Leblanc
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Asselin
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D003656:Decidua / Q000378:metabolism*; D004717:Endometrium / Q000378:metabolism*; D030762:Estrous Cycle / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D011247:Pregnancy; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt / Q000378:metabolism*; D011555:Pseudopregnancy / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017154:Stromal Cells / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000502:physiology*; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000502:physiology; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2 / Q000502:physiology; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3 / Q000502:physiology; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D053781:Transforming Growth Factor beta2; D053782:Transforming Growth Factor beta3; D051636:X-Linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein; D051057:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt