title: Outcome of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in Grade IV tubercular meningitis with hydrocephalus: a retrospective analysis in 95 patients. Clinical article.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Hydrocephalus is the most common complication of tubercular meningitis (TBM). Relieving hydrocephalus by ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement has been considered beneficial in patients in Palur Grade II or III. The role of VP shunt placement in those of Grade IV is controversial and the general tendency is to avoid its use. Some authors have suggested that patients in Grade IV should receive a shunt only if their condition improves with a trial placement of an external ventricular drain (EVD). In the present study, the authors assessed the outcome of VP shunt placement in patients in Grade IV TBM with hydrocephalus to examine the factors predicting outcome and to determine whether a trial with an EVD is absolutely necessary prior to shunt placement.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ninety-five consecutive cases of TBM with hydrocephalus in which the patients underwent VP shunt placement were retrospectively analyzed, and direct VP shunts were placed whenever possible. An EVD was placed first only in the presence of deranged blood parameters. Outcomes were assessed both in the short and long term.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The mean patient age was 17.5 years (range 1-55 years). Fifty-two patients underwent direct VP shunt placement, and the remaining 43 received EVDs first. Overall, 33 and 45% of patients had favorable short- and long-term outcomes, respectively. Age older than 3 years and duration of altered sensorium < or = 3 days were predictive of a favorable short-term outcome. Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation was predictive of long-term outcome. Of the patients who did not improve with placement of an EVD prior to VP shunt insertion, 24 and 18% had favorable short- and long-term outcomes, respectively; this was not significantly different from the outcome in the patients who underwent direct VP shunt placement.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Direct VP shunt placement is an effective option in patients with Grade IV TBM with hydrocephalus. Age and duration of altered sensorium are predictive of short-term outcome, while Glasgow Coma Scale score at presentation predicts long-term outcome. Ventriculoperitoneal shunts should be considered even in patients who do not improve with an EVD.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.
authors: Umesh
authors: U
authors: Srikantha
authors: Jagadeesh V
authors: JV
authors: Morab
authors: Savitr
authors: S
authors: Sastry
authors: Rojin
authors: R
authors: Abraham
authors: Anandh
authors: A
authors: Balasubramaniam
authors: Sampath
authors: S
authors: Somanna
authors: Indira
authors: I
authors: Devi
authors: Chandramouli A
authors: CA
authors: Bangalore
authors: Paritosh
authors: P
authors: Pandey
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000367:Age Factors; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D023261:Glasgow Outcome Scale; D006801:Humans; D006849:Hydrocephalus / Q000382:microbiology* / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014390:Tuberculosis, Meningeal / Q000150:complications* / Q000473:pathology / Q000628:therapy; D017287:Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt; D055815:Young Adult