title: Spatially resolved quantification of agrochemicals on plant surfaces using energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  In the present study the principle of energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX), i.e. the detection of elements based on their characteristic X-rays, was used to localise and quantify organic and inorganic pesticides on enzymatically isolated fruit cuticles. Pesticides could be discriminated from the plant surface because of their distinctive elemental composition.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Findings confirm the close relation between net intensity (NI) and area covered by the active ingredient (AI area). Using wide and narrow concentration ranges of glyphosate and glufosinate, respectively, results showed that quantification of AI requires the selection of appropriate regression equations while considering NI, peak-to-background (P/B) ratio, and AI area. The use of selected internal standards (ISs) such as Ca(NO(3))(2) improved the accuracy of the quantification slightly but led to the formation of particular, non-typical microstructured deposits. The suitability of SEM-EDX as a general technique to quantify pesticides was evaluated additionally on 14 agrochemicals applied at diluted or regular concentration.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Among the pesticides tested, spatial localisation and quantification of AI amount could be done for inorganic copper and sulfur as well for the organic agrochemicals glyphosate, glufosinate, bromoxynil and mancozeb.
authors: University of Bonn, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation-Horticultural Science, Bonn, Germany. MHunsche@uni-bonn.de
authors: Mauricio
authors: M
authors: Hunsche
authors: Georg
authors: G
authors: Noga
mesh_terms: D016573:Agrochemicals / Q000032:analysis* / Q000494:pharmacology; D004577:Electron Probe Microanalysis / Q000379:methods*; D018551:Solanum lycopersicum / Q000737:chemistry* / Q000187:drug effects; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D016573:Agrochemicals; D010575:Pesticides