title: Endovascular recanalization of the completely occluded internal carotid artery using a flow reversal system at the subacute to chronic stage.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The efficacy and pitfalls of endovascular recanalization were evaluated in cases of internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion in the subacute to chronic stage.
  
  
  METHODS
  Fourteen cases (15 lesions) of symptomatic ICA occlusion with hemodynamic compromise or recurrent symptoms were treated at the subacute to chronic stage using an endovascular technique. The Parodi embolic protection system was used during the recanalization procedure to prevent embolic stroke by reversing the flow from the distal ICA to the common carotid artery.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Recanalization of the occluded ICA was possible in 14 of 15 lesions. The occlusion points were 10 cervical ICAs and 4 petrous/cavernous ICAs in successfully recanalized cases. Ischemic symptoms disappeared completely after the treatment, and new ischemic symptoms did not appear related to the treated lesion. Single photon emission computed tomography findings demonstrated the improvement of hemodynamic compromise in all cases. One case showed right middle cerebral artery branch occlusion during the procedure, but this patient's neurological symptoms were stable due to preexisting hemiparesis. Endovascular recanalization was possible and effective in improving hemodynamic compromise. However, there are still several problems with this technique, such as hyperperfusion syndrome after recanalization, cerebral embolism during treatment, durability after treatment, and identification of the occlusion point before treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Endovascular recanalization using an embolic protection device can be considered as an alternative treatment for symptomatic ICA occlusion with hemodynamic compromise or refractoriness to antiplatelet therapy, even in the subacute to chronic stage of the illness.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Wakayama Rosai Hospital, Wakayama, Japan. tma-terada@wakayamah.rofuku.go.jp
authors: Tomoaki
authors: T
authors: Terada
authors: Hideo
authors: H
authors: Okada
authors: Masataka
authors: M
authors: Nanto
authors: Aki
authors: A
authors: Shintani
authors: Ryo
authors: R
authors: Yoshimura
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Kakishita
authors: Osamu
authors: O
authors: Masuo
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Matsumoto
authors: Toru
authors: T
authors: Itakura
authors: Kosuke
authors: K
authors: Ohshima
authors: Hiroo
authors: H
authors: Yamaga
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002545:Brain Ischemia / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D002340:Carotid Artery Diseases / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002343:Carotid Artery, Internal / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002533:Cerebral Angiography; D002908:Chronic Disease; D038524:Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*; D015899:Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014656:Vascular Surgical Procedures / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods*