title: The role of T helper cell differentiation in promoting nerve allograft survival with costimulation blockade.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Peripheral nerve allografts provide a temporary scaffold for host nerve regeneration and allow for the repair of significant segmental nerve injuries. Despite this potential, nerve allograft transplantation requires temporary systemic immunosuppression. Characterization of the immunological mechanisms involved in the induction of immune hyporesponsiveness to prevent nerve allograft rejection will help provide a basis for optimizing immunomodulation regimens or manipulating donor nerve allografts to minimize or eliminate the need for global immunosuppression.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors used C57Bl/6 mice and STAT4 and STAT6 gene BALB/c knockout mice. A nonvascularized nerve allograft was used to reconstruct a 1-cm sciatic nerve gap in the murine model. A triple costimulatory blockade of the CD40, CD28/B7, and inducible costimulatory (ICOS) pathways was used. Quantitative assessment was performed at 3 weeks with nerve histomorphometry, walking track analysis, and the enzyme-linked immunospot assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The STAT6 -/- mice received 3 doses of costimulation-blocking antibodies and had axonal regeneration equivalent to nerve isografts, while treated STAT4 -/- mice demonstrated moderate axonal regeneration but inferior to the T helper cell Type 2-deficient animals. Enzyme-linked immunospot assay analysis demonstrated a minimal immune response in both STAT4 -/- and STAT6 -/- mice treated with a costimulatory blockade.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' findings suggest that Type 1 T helper cells may play a more significant role in costimulatory blockade-induced immune hyporesponsiveness in the nerve allograft model, and that Type 2 T helper differentation may represent a potential target for directed immunosuppression.
authors: Department of Neurological Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA.
authors: Wilson Z
authors: WZ
authors: Ray
authors: Rahul
authors: R
authors: Kasukurthi
authors: Esther M
authors: EM
authors: Papp
authors: Amy M
authors: AM
authors: Moore
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Yee
authors: Daniel A
authors: DA
authors: Hunter
authors: Nancy L
authors: NL
authors: Solowski
authors: Thalachallour
authors: T
authors: Mohanakumar
authors: Susan E
authors: SE
authors: Mackinnon
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Tung
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000906:Antibodies / Q000276:immunology; D001369:Axons / Q000502:physiology; D002454:Cell Differentiation; D002470:Cell Survival; D006085:Graft Survival; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008807:Mice, Inbred BALB C; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009416:Nerve Regeneration / Q000502:physiology; D010525:Peripheral Nerves / Q000502:physiology / Q000637:transplantation*; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020426:Sciatic Neuropathy / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000601:surgery*; D015398:Signal Transduction; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D018418:Th2 Cells / Q000276:immunology*; D014184:Transplantation, Homologous
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; D007166:Immunosuppressive Agents; D050797:STAT4 Transcription Factor; D050800:STAT6 Transcription Factor; C494091:Stat4 protein, mouse; C494100:Stat6 protein, mouse