title: Role of Rac1-regulated signaling in medulloblastoma invasion. Laboratory investigation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Medulloblastomas are the most common malignant brain tumors in children. These tumors are highly invasive, and patients harboring these lesions are frequently diagnosed with distant spread. In this study, the authors investigated the role of Rac1, a member of the Rho family of small guanosine triphosphatases, in medulloblastoma invasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three established medulloblastoma cell lines were used: DAOY, UW-228, and ONS-76. Specific depletion of Rac1 protein was accomplished by transient transfection of small interfering RNA. Cell invasion through extracellular matrix (Matrigel) was quantified using a transwell migration assay. Mitogen activated protein kinase activation was determined using phospho-MAP kinase-specific antibodies, and inhibition of MAP kinase pathways was achieved by specific small molecule inhibitors. Localization of Rac1 and its expression levels were determined by immunohistochemical analysis using a Rac1-specific antibody, and Rac1 activation was qualitatively assessed by Rac1 plasma membrane association.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Small interfering RNA-mediated depletion of Rac1 strongly inhibited medulloblastoma cell invasion. Although depletion of Rac1 inhibited the proliferation of UW-228 cells, and of ONS-76 cells to a lesser extent, it stimulated the proliferation of DAOY cells. Depletion of Rac1 also inhibited the activation of the ERK and JNK MAP kinase pathways, and inhibition of either pathway diminished invasion and proliferation. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the Rac1 protein was overexpressed in all medulloblastoma tumors examined, and indicated that Rac1 was hyperactive in 6 of 25 tumors.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' data show that Rac1 is necessary for the invasive behavior of medulloblastoma cells in vitro, and plays a variable role in medulloblastoma cell proliferation. In addition, these results indicate that Rac1 stimulates medulloblastoma invasion by activating the ERK and JNK pathways. The authors suggest that Rac1 and signaling elements controlled by this guanosine triphosphatase may serve as novel targets for therapeutic intervention in malignant medulloblastomas.
authors: Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
authors: Salvatore
authors: S
authors: Zavarella
authors: Mitsutoshi
authors: M
authors: Nakada
authors: Shawn
authors: S
authors: Belverud
authors: Salvatore J
authors: SJ
authors: Coniglio
authors: Amanda
authors: A
authors: Chan
authors: Mark A
authors: MA
authors: Mittler
authors: Steven J
authors: SJ
authors: Schneider
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Symons
mesh_terms: D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002465:Cell Movement; D049109:Cell Proliferation; D002528:Cerebellar Neoplasms / Q000473:pathology*; D003094:Collagen; D004338:Drug Combinations; D006801:Humans; D007797:Laminin; D008527:Medulloblastoma / Q000473:pathology*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011509:Proteoglycans; D034622:RNA Interference; D014162:Transfection; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; C107953:RAC1 protein, human; C059485:matrigel; D003094:Collagen; D020830:rac1 GTP-Binding Protein