title: Should we use telegraphic or grammatical input in the early stages of language development with children who have language impairments? A meta-analysis of the research and expert opinion.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  In working with children with language impairments, some clinical scholars and clinicians advocate using input that is simplified to the point of being ungrammatical (telegraphic input), while others advocate simplified but grammatical input. This article considers 2 types of external evidence on this topic.
  
  
  METHODS
  First, a meta-analysis of relevant research, including intervention studies and processing studies, is reported. Next, 4 experts present their opinions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Children in the majority of the intervention studies showed no difference in language comprehension based on type of input, although 1 study with very few children favored telegraphic input for language production. In the processing studies, which measured immediate comprehension, children from clinical populations responded inconsistently when listening to the 2 types of input. Children who had typical language, however, favored grammatical input in their responses. Regarding the experts' opinions, 2 suggest that telegraphic input is sometimes warranted; 1, who previously indirectly promoted its occasional use, no longer believes it should be used; and 1 provides reasons why telegraphic input should not be used and may even be harmful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Empirical findings and expert views are summarized as ways of informing parents of the weak evidence base regarding the best type of input.
authors: University of Texas at Dallas, 75235-7298, USA. annevk@utdallas.edu
authors: Anne
authors: A
authors: van Kleeck
authors: Amy Louise
authors: AL
authors: Schwarz
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Fey
authors: Ann
authors: A
authors: Kaiser
authors: Jon
authors: J
authors: Miller
authors: Elaine
authors: E
authors: Weitzman
mesh_terms: D002648:Child; D002663:Child Language; D006801:Humans; D007806:Language Disorders / Q000628:therapy*; D007808:Language Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D008037:Linguistics