title: Risk-taking attitudes and their association with process and outcomes of cardiac care: a cohort study.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Prior research reveals that processes and outcomes of cardiac care differ across sociodemographic strata. One potential contributing factor to such differences is the personality traits of individuals within these strata. We examined the association between risk-taking attitudes and cardiac patients' clinical and demographic characteristics, the likelihood of undergoing invasive cardiac procedures and survival.
  
  
  METHODS
  We studied a large inception cohort of patients who underwent cardiac catheterization between July 1998 and December 2001. Detailed clinical and demographic data were collected at time of cardiac catheterization and through a mailed survey one year post-catheterization. The survey included three general risk attitude items from the Jackson Personality Inventory. Patients' (n = 6294) attitudes toward risk were categorized as risk-prone versus non-risk-prone and were assessed for associations with baseline clinical and demographic characteristics, treatment received (i.e., medical therapy, coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)), and survival (to December 2005).
  
  
  RESULTS
  2827 patients (45%) were categorized as risk-prone. Having risk-prone attitudes was associated with younger age (p < .001), male sex (p < .001), current smoking (p < .001) and higher household income (p < .001). Risk-prone patients were more likely to have CABG surgery in unadjusted (Odds Ratio [OR] = 1.21; 95% CI 1.08-1.36) and adjusted (OR = 1.18; 95% CI 1.02-1.36) models, but were no more likely to have PCI or any revascularization. Having risk-prone attitudes was associated with better survival in an unadjusted survival analysis (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 0.78 (95% CI 0.66-0.93), but not in a risk-adjusted analysis (HR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.77-1.10).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These exploratory findings suggest that patient attitudes toward risk taking may contribute to some of the documented differences in use of invasive cardiac procedures. An awareness of these associations could help healthcare providers as they counsel patients regarding cardiac care decisions.
authors: Centre for Health and Policy Studies, Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. kingk@ucalgary.ca
authors: Kathryn M
authors: KM
authors: King
authors: Colleen M
authors: CM
authors: Norris
authors: Merril L
authors: ML
authors: Knudtson
authors: William A
authors: WA
authors: Ghali
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D002755:Choice Behavior; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006331:Heart Diseases / Q000401:mortality / Q000523:psychology / Q000628:therapy*; D006801:Humans; D007182:Income; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009204:Myocardial Revascularization / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000379:methods* / Q000401:mortality; D016017:Odds Ratio; D010043:Outcome and Process Assessment, Health Care; D010358:Patient Participation; D010361:Patients / Q000523:psychology*; D010551:Personality; D010555:Personality Inventory; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012309:Risk-Taking; D012737:Sex Factors; D012907:Smoking; D016896:Treatment Outcome