title: Intense correlation between brain infarction and protein-conjugated acrolein.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  We recently found that increases in plasma levels of protein-conjugated acrolein and polyamine oxidases, enzymes that produce acrolein, are good markers for stroke. The aim of this study was to determine whether the level of protein-conjugated acrolein is increased and levels of spermine and spermidine, the substrates of acrolein production, are decreased at the locus of infarction.
  
  
  METHODS
  A unilateral infarction was induced in mouse brain by photoinduction after injection of Rose Bengal. The volume of the infarction was analyzed using the public domain National Institutes of Health image program. The level of protein-conjugated acrolein at the locus of infarction and in plasma was measured by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The levels of polyamines at the locus of infarction and in plasma were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The level of protein-conjugated acrolein was greatly increased, and levels of spermine and spermidine were decreased at the locus of infarction at 24 hours after the induction of stroke. The size of infarction was significantly decreased by N-acetylcysteine, a scavenger of acrolein. It was also found that the increases in the protein-conjugated acrolein, polyamines, and polyamine oxidases in plasma were observed after the induction of stroke.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The results indicate that the induction of infarction is well correlated with the increase in protein-conjugated acrolein at the locus of infarction and in plasma.
authors: Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.
authors: Ryotaro
authors: R
authors: Saiki
authors: Kazuhiro
authors: K
authors: Nishimura
authors: Itsuko
authors: I
authors: Ishii
authors: Tomohiro
authors: T
authors: Omura
authors: Shigeru
authors: S
authors: Okuyama
authors: Keiko
authors: K
authors: Kashiwagi
authors: Kazuei
authors: K
authors: Igarashi
mesh_terms: D000111:Acetylcysteine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000171:Acrolein / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D000818:Animals; D001921:Brain / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D002352:Carrier Proteins / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000502:physiology; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D020244:Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery / Q000097:blood* / Q000473:pathology / Q000503:physiopathology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D010777:Photochemistry / Q000379:methods; D012395:Rose Bengal / Q000528:radiation effects; D013095:Spermidine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D013096:Spermine / Q000032:analysis / Q000097:blood*; D013997:Time Factors; D015854:Up-Regulation / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D002352:Carrier Proteins; D016166:Free Radical Scavengers; D012395:Rose Bengal; D013096:Spermine; D000171:Acrolein; D013095:Spermidine; D000111:Acetylcysteine