Systematic review: safety and efficacy of extended-duration antiviral chemoprophylaxis against pandemic and seasonal influenza.
BACKGROUND
Neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are stockpiled internationally for extended use in an influenza pandemic.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the safety and efficacy of extended-duration (>4 weeks) NAI chemoprophylaxis against influenza.


METHODS
Studies published in any language through 11 June 2009 identified by searching 10 electronic databases and 3 trial registries.


METHODS
Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind human trials of extended-duration NAI chemoprophylaxis that reported outcomes of laboratory-confirmed influenza or adverse events.


METHODS
2 reviewers independently assessed study quality and abstracted information from eligible studies.


RESULTS
Of 1876 potentially relevant citations, 7 trials involving 7021 unique participants met inclusion criteria. Data were pooled by using random-effects models. Chemoprophylaxis with NAIs decreased the frequency of symptomatic influenza (relative risk [RR], 0.26 [95% CI, 0.18 to 0.37]; risk difference [RD], -3.9 percentage points [CI, -5.8 to -1.9 percentage points]) but not asymptomatic influenza (RR, 1.03 [CI, 0.81 to 1.30]; RD, -0.4 percentage point [CI, -1.6 to 0.9 percentage point]). Adverse effects were not increased overall among NAI recipients (RR, 1.01 [CI, 0.94 to 1.08]; RD, 0.1 percentage point [CI, -0.2 to 0.4 percentage point]), but nausea and vomiting were more common among those who took oseltamivir (RR, 1.48 [CI, 1.86 to 2.33]; RD, 1.7 percentage points [CI, 0.6 to 2.9 percentage points]). Prevention of influenza did not statistically significantly differ between zanamivir and oseltamivir.


CONCLUSIONS
All trials were industry-sponsored. No study was powered to detect rare adverse events, and none included diverse racial groups, children, immunocompromised patients, or individuals who received live attenuated influenza virus vaccine.


CONCLUSIONS
Extended-duration zanamivir and oseltamivir chemoprophylaxis seems to be highly efficacious for preventing symptomatic influenza among immunocompetent white and Japanese adults. Extended-duration oseltamivir is associated with increased nausea and vomiting. Safety and efficacy in several subpopulations that might receive extended-duration influenza chemoprophylaxis are unknown.
Khazeni
Nayer
N
Stanford University Medical Center, Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford Sleep Disorders Center, and Lane Medical Library, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
Bravata
Dena M
DM
Holty
Jon-Erik C
JE
Uyeki
Timothy M
TM
Stave
Christopher D
CD
Gould
Michael K
MK
D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D004196:Disease Outbreaks / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004334:Drug Administration Schedule; D006801:Humans; D009980:Influenza A virus; D007251:Influenza, Human / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D009325:Nausea / Q000139:chemically induced; D009439:Neuraminidase / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D053139:Oseltamivir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects; D012307:Risk Factors; D014839:Vomiting / Q000139:chemically induced; D053243:Zanamivir / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000009:adverse effects
D000998:Antiviral Agents; D053139:Oseltamivir; D009439:Neuraminidase; D053243:Zanamivir