title: Classification of congenital scoliosis and kyphosis: a new approach to the three-dimensional classification for progressive vertebral anomalies requiring operative treatment.
abstract: METHODS
  We reviewed three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) images of congenital spinal deformities and proposed a new classification based on the information obtained.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The purposes of this article were to clearly illustrate the limitations of two-dimensional classification, to summarize the clinical significance of 3D analysis of congenital vertebral anomalies, and to propose a new 3D classification of congenital vertebral anomalies.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The classification of congenital scoliosis or kyphosis were based on radiographic findings of plain radiograph images of congenital vertebral anomalies, it is sometimes difficult in classifying the large variety of anomalous vertebrae or severely twisted 3D curves.
  
  
  METHODS
  Three-dimensional CT images of more than 150 patients with congenital spinal deformities were analyzed and compared with plain radiograph images. By developing the algorithm for the evaluation of malformed vertebrae in terms of numbers of abnormal vertebrae, type of formation failure, and type of segmentation failure in separate steps, we attempted to revise the classification of congenital spinal deformities.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The images of plain radiograph cannot demonstrate the spatial relationship of each structure of the vertebrae. Three-dimensional findings in congenital-deformed vertebrae included several types of laminae and clearer definitions of each type of anomalous vertebrae. By developing an algorithm for the evaluation of congenital spinal deformity, congenital spinal deformity could be mainly classified into 4 types of congenital vertebral abnormalities: Type 1: solitary simple, Type 2: multiple simple, Type 3: complex, Type 4: segmentation failure.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The large volume of information that can be obtained by evaluating 3D CT images of congenitally deformed vertebrae can be a great help in developing a strategy for surgical treatment. We need to develop a new classification of congenital scoliosis based on the perspective of 3D imaging to understand the etiology and embryology, as well as to determine an operative strategy.
authors: Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Meijo Hospital, Nagoya, Japan. nupriver@sea.plala
authors: Noriaki
authors: N
authors: Kawakami
authors: Taichi
authors: T
authors: Tsuji
authors: Shiro
authors: S
authors: Imagama
authors: Lawrence G
authors: LG
authors: Lenke
authors: Rolando M
authors: RM
authors: Puno
authors: Timothy R
authors: TR
authors: Kuklo
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D006801:Humans; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007738:Kyphosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures / Q000379:methods; D011300:Preoperative Care / Q000379:methods; D012600:Scoliosis / Q000145:classification* / Q000151:congenital / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D013131:Spine / Q000002:abnormalities / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging / Q000473:pathology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed / Q000379:methods*