title: Enhanced chondrogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells by the controlled release of transforming growth factor-beta1 from hybrid microspheres.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Articular cartilage has a limited self-regenerative capacity, and tissue engineering is a promising solution to the problem of cartilage damage.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of hybrid microspheres (MS) composed of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-loaded gelatin MS and chitosan MS on enhancement of the differentiation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) into chondrocytes in pellet culture.
  
  
  METHODS
  In vitro TGF-beta1 release was evaluated by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The content of DNA and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was tested by biochemical methods. In addition, quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of collagen II and aggrecan.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Increased proliferation of ASCs was observed in the hybrid TGF-beta1-loaded MS in comparison to the TGF-beta1-loaded gelatin MS. The chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs in both constructs was evaluated, and GAG content and the gene expression of collagen II and aggrecan were significantly higher in the hybrid TGF-beta1-loaded MS than in the TGF-beta1-loaded gelatin MS.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Enhanced differentiation of ASCs by hybrid TGF-beta1-loaded MS may provide an easy and effective way to construct tissue-engineered cartilage.
authors: Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China. yishenghan@hotmail.com
authors: Yisheng
authors: Y
authors: Han
authors: Yiyong
authors: Y
authors: Wei
authors: Shuseng
authors: S
authors: Wang
authors: Yang
authors: Y
authors: Song
mesh_terms: D000273:Adipose Tissue / Q000166:cytology / Q000378:metabolism; D053674:Aggrecans / Q000235:genetics; D000818:Animals; D001483:Base Sequence; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000187:drug effects; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D048271:Chitosan; D019902:Chondrocytes / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D020219:Chondrogenesis / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics; D024043:Collagen Type II / Q000235:genetics; D017931:DNA Primers / Q000235:genetics; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D016503:Drug Delivery Systems; D005780:Gelatin; D015870:Gene Expression / Q000187:drug effects; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans / Q000096:biosynthesis; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008863:Microspheres; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D011817:Rabbits; D013234:Stem Cells / Q000166:cytology* / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D023822:Tissue Engineering; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1 / Q000008:administration & dosage*
chemical_list: D053674:Aggrecans; D024043:Collagen Type II; D017931:DNA Primers; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D006025:Glycosaminoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D053773:Transforming Growth Factor beta1; D005780:Gelatin; D048271:Chitosan