title: Evaluation of test protocol variables for dental implant fatigue research.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This work begins to explore the influence of cycling rate and environment on fatigue testing of dental implants according to the ISO protocol 14801.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four Straumann implants (4.1 mm x 12 mm) were tested up to five million cycles per ISO 14801: loaded at either 2 or 30 Hz in room air at 25 degrees C or normal saline at 37 degrees C (n=6 per group). Implant displacements/cycle were captured during all testing. Fracture-surface features were examined using scanning electron microscopy (n=12). Two complimentary methods were developed to estimate fatigue crack growth rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Failures (bulk fracture) were found to be bi-modally distributed, either <350,000 cycles or >1.5 million cycles at both cycling rates. Following initial crack formation, fatigue crack growth required merely 1100-4200 cycles to failure. Initial crack pop-in was statistically more likely under 2 Hz than 30 Hz (chi(2), p<0.05) but testing in air and normal saline were equivalent in terms of likelihood of fracture versus runout (chi(2), p>0.6). On a microscopic level, fatigue crack growth rates appears to be similar at 2 and 30 Hz, but may be slower in the presence of saline versus dry at 2 Hz.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Implant failure under fatigue conditions involved "classic" damage mechanisms. Failure appears more likely at 2 Hz than 30 Hz for reasons that remain to be elucidated. Saline may enable chemically assisted crack growth involving grain boundaries during the stage of fatigue crack growth, but did not influence likelihood of failure.
authors: Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1615, USA.
authors: Cornell K
authors: CK
authors: Lee
authors: Matthias
authors: M
authors: Karl
authors: J Robert
authors: JR
authors: Kelly
mesh_terms: D000388:Air; D017076:Computer-Aided Design; D003442:Crowns; D000044:Dental Abutments / Q000592:standards; D003722:Dental Alloys / Q000737:chemistry; D015921:Dental Implants / Q000592:standards*; D003764:Dental Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D019232:Dental Restoration Failure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing / Q000592:standards*; D055595:Mechanical Phenomena; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D013499:Surface Properties; D013696:Temperature; D013718:Tensile Strength; D015040:Zirconium / Q000737:chemistry
chemical_list: D003722:Dental Alloys; D015921:Dental Implants; D003764:Dental Materials; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D015040:Zirconium; C028541:zirconium oxide