title: Cobalt chloride-induced hypoxia modulates the invasive potential and matrix metalloproteinases of primary and metastatic breast cancer cells.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Tumor hypoxia promotes cancer progression. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are required for breast cancer cell invasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  The effect of cobalt chloride (CoCl(2))-stimulated hypoxia on invasion potential and the expression of MMPs and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) were investigated in four breast cancer cell lines, derived from primary sites (HCC1395 and HCC1937) and metastatic sites (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231).
  
  
  RESULTS
  CoCl(2)-induced hypoxia induced HIF-1alpha protein expression in all four cell lines. Hypoxia significantly increased the invasiveness of HCC1395 cells, which did not correlate with a change of any one MMP. Constitutive MMP expression was different between primary and metastatic breast cancer cells. MMP-2 and MMP-9 measured by RT-PCR and zymography were notably expressed in primary cancer cells but not apparent in metastatic ones. MMP-7 was also highly expressed in primary cancer cells. Hypoxia increased the expression of MMP-1, -10 and -13 in metastatic breast cancer cells, whereas only MMP-13 was up-regulated in primary HCC1937 cells by hypoxic stimulation. TIMPs were not altered by hypoxia, except for TIMP-4 which was down-regulated in MDA-MB-231 cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study demonstrated a cell line-specific effect of hypoxia on invasive potential and differential expression of constitutive MMPs in primary versus metastatic breast cancer cells, i.e. primary cancer cells expressed a wider range of MMPs, in particular MMP-2, -7 and -9, than the metastatic ones. The data suggest that MMPs play no crucial roles in hypoxia-induced tumor progression in primary breast cancer cells.
authors: Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, PRC.
authors: Ou-Yang
authors: OY
authors: Fu
authors: Ming-Feng
authors: MF
authors: Hou
authors: Sheau-Fang
authors: SF
authors: Yang
authors: Soon-Cen
authors: SC
authors: Huang
authors: Wen-Ying
authors: WY
authors: Lee
mesh_terms: D000230:Adenocarcinoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000556:secondary; D016587:Antimutagenic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor / Q000378:metabolism; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology* / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D003035:Cobalt / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003094:Collagen / Q000378:metabolism; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005260:Female; D015972:Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic / Q000187:drug effects; D006801:Humans; D000860:Hypoxia / Q000188:drug therapy*; D007797:Laminin / Q000378:metabolism; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D011509:Proteoglycans / Q000378:metabolism; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D016587:Antimutagenic Agents; D014408:Biomarkers, Tumor; D004338:Drug Combinations; D007797:Laminin; D011509:Proteoglycans; D012333:RNA, Messenger; D019714:Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases; C059485:matrigel; D003035:Cobalt; D003094:Collagen; D020782:Matrix Metalloproteinases; C018021:cobaltous chloride