title: Stage-specific regulation of adhesion molecule expression segregates epithelial stem/progenitor cells in fetal and adult human livers.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Regulated expression of cell adhesion molecules could be critical in the proliferation, sequestration, and maintenance of stem/progenitor cells. Therefore, we determined fetal and adult stage-specific roles of cell adhesion in liver cell compartments.
  
  
  METHODS
  We performed immunostaining for the adhesion molecules, E-cadherin and Ep-CAM, associated proteins, beta-catenin and alpha-actinin, hepatobiliary markers, albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, and cytokeratin-19, and the proliferation marker, Ki-67. Expression of albumin was verified by in situ mRNA hybridization.
  
  
  RESULTS
  In the fetal liver, hepatoblasts showed extensive proliferation with wide expression of E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and alpha-actinin, although Ep-CAM was expressed in these cells less intensely and focally in the cell membrane to indicate weak cell adhesion. Hepatoblasts in ductal plate and bile ducts showed less proliferation and Ep-CAM was intensely expressed in these cells throughout the cell membrane, indicating strong adhesion. In some ductal plate cells, beta-catenin was additionally in the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting active cell signaling by adhesion molecules. In adult livers, cells were no longer proliferating and E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and alpha-actinin were expressed in hepatocytes throughout, whereas Ep-CAM was expressed in only bile duct cells. Some cells in ductal structures of the adult liver with Ep-CAM coexpressed albumin and cytokeratin-19, indicating persistence of fetal-like stem/progenitor cells.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Regulated expression of Ep-CAM supported proliferation in fetal hepatoblasts through weak adhesion and helped in biliary morphogenesis by promoting stronger adhesion in hepatoblasts during this process. Restriction of Ep-CAM expression to bile ducts in the adult liver presumably facilitated sequestration of stem/progenitor cells. This stage-specific and cell compartment-related regulation of adhesion molecules should be relevant for defining how liver stem/progenitor cells enter, exit, and remain in hepatic niches during both health and disease.
authors: Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Ullmann 625, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Inada
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Benten
authors: Kang
authors: K
authors: Cheng
authors: Brigid
authors: B
authors: Joseph
authors: Ekaterine
authors: E
authors: Berishvili
authors: Sunil
authors: S
authors: Badve
authors: Lennart
authors: L
authors: Logdberg
authors: Mariana
authors: M
authors: Dabeva
authors: Sanjeev
authors: S
authors: Gupta