Withdrawal symptoms over time among adolescents in a smoking cessation intervention: do symptoms vary by level of nicotine dependence?
Nicotine dependence may be expressed differently in teens than in adults. Thus, it may not be sufficient to build diagnostic and cessation treatment strategies for teens based on adult-derived clinical and research data. This is the first study to prospectively examine the development of withdrawal symptoms by level of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers. Forty-seven adolescent smokers completed nicotine withdrawal symptoms measures during 10 weeks of cessation treatment. Nicotine dependence was assessed at baseline using the mFTQ. Change in withdrawal symptoms over time by level of nicotine dependence was examined via mixed model ANOVA. Nicotine withdrawal in daily adolescent smokers was strongly and prospectively associated with the level of nicotine dependence. Craving was rated as the most problematic symptom at the baseline assessment. The results of this study may help guide the development of future research on diagnostic and cessation treatment strategies for teens.
Bailey
Steffani R
SR
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Suite 300, Palo Alto, CA 94304-1334, USA. stbailey@stanford.edu
Harrison
Christopher T
CT
Jeffery
Christina J
CJ
Ammerman
Seth
S
Bryson
Susan W
SW
Killen
Diana T
DT
Robinson
Thomas N
TN
Schatzberg
Alan F
AF
Killen
Joel D
JD
D000293:Adolescent; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012495:San Francisco / Q000453:epidemiology; D012907:Smoking / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000628:therapy; D016540:Smoking Cessation; D013375:Substance Withdrawal Syndrome / Q000453:epidemiology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D014029:Tobacco Use Disorder / Q000453:epidemiology*