title: Enhanced topical delivery and ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity from a betamethasone dipropionate formulation containing fish oil.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To probe ex vivo the influence of fish oil (FO) on the topical delivery and anti-inflammatory properties of betamethasone dipropionate (BD).
  
  
  METHODS
  Freshly excised porcine ear skin.
  
  
  METHODS
  Ointment formulations containing BD + salicylic acid (SA), BD + SA + FO, or base as control, applied to the skin mounted in Franz cells.
  
  
  METHODS
  Comparative depth profiling; skin probed by immunohistochemistry for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and by ELISA for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).
  
  
  RESULTS
  More BD was obtained in the first 30 layers and the remaining epidermis with BD + SA. However, more penetrants were recovered from the remaining skin treated with BD + SA + FO. Although BD + SA reduced COX-2 expression within the epidermis, greater reduction was observed with BD + SA + FO as indicated by reduced COX-2 expression. FO alone had a comparable effect on the expression of COX-2. Modulation of PGE2 production also supported the anti-inflammatory properties of fish oil, reducing PGE2 levels by an amount comparable to the reduction by BD. Combining FO and BD, however, did not provide the anticipated potentiation effect.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Fish oil enhanced the delivery of BD and SA across skin. Addition of fish oil also enhanced the anti-inflammatory activity of BD, attributed to increased amounts of BD present in the skin and/or the intrinsic anti-inflammatory activity of fish oil.
authors: Cardiff University, UK.
authors: Mohd Hanif
authors: MH
authors: Zulfakar
authors: Nassima
authors: N
authors: Abdelouahab
authors: Charles M
authors: CM
authors: Heard
mesh_terms: D000287:Administration, Topical; D000818:Animals; D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D001623:Betamethasone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015232:Dinoprostone / Q000378:metabolism; D004359:Drug Therapy, Combination; D005395:Fish Oils / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D023421:Models, Animal; D020156:Salicylic Acid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012867:Skin / Q000378:metabolism*; D012869:Skin Absorption / Q000502:physiology*; D013552:Swine
chemical_list: D000893:Anti-Inflammatory Agents; D005395:Fish Oils; C011175:betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate; D001623:Betamethasone; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015232:Dinoprostone; D020156:Salicylic Acid