title: Osmotic tolerance limits and membrane permeability characteristics of stallion spermatozoa treated with cholesterol.
abstract: Stallion spermatozoa exhibit osmotic damage during the cryopreservation process. Recent studies have shown that the addition of cholesterol to spermatozoal membranes increases the cryosurvival of bull, ram and stallion spermatozoa, but the exact mechanism by which added cholesterol improves cryosurvival is not understood. The objectives of this study were to determine if adding cholesterol to stallion sperm membranes alters the osmotic tolerance limits and membrane permeability characteristics of the spermatozoa. In experiment one, stallion spermatozoa were treated with cholesterol-loaded cyclodextrin (CLC), subjected to anisotonic solutions and spermatozoal motility analyzed. The spermatozoa were then returned to isotonic conditions and the percentages of motile spermatozoa again determined. CLC treatment increased the osmotic tolerance limit of stallion spermatozoa in anisotonic solutions and when returned to isotonic conditions. The second and third experiments utilized an electronic particle counter to determine the plasma membrane characteristics of stallion spermatozoa. In experiment two, stallion spermatozoa were determined to behave as linear osmometers. In experiment three, spermatozoa were treated with CLC, incubated with different cryoprotectants (glycerol, ethylene glycol or dimethyl formamide) and their volume excursions measured during cryoprotectant removal at 5 degrees and 22 degrees C. Stallion spermatozoa were less permeable to the cryoprotectants at 5 degrees C than 22 degrees C. Glycerol was the least permeable cryoprotectant in control cells. The addition of CLC's to spermatozoa increased the permeability of stallion spermatozoa to the cryoprotectants. Therefore, adding cholesterol to spermatozoal membranes reduces the amount of osmotic stress endured by stallion spermatozoa during cryopreservation.
authors: Department of Biomedical Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
authors: Amanda I
authors: AI
authors: Glazar
authors: Steven F
authors: SF
authors: Mullen
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Liu
authors: James D
authors: JD
authors: Benson
authors: John K
authors: JK
authors: Critser
authors: Edward L
authors: EL
authors: Squires
authors: James K
authors: JK
authors: Graham
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002463:Cell Membrane Permeability / Q000187:drug effects; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000494:pharmacology*; D015925:Cryopreservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D003451:Cryoprotective Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D004126:Dimethylformamide / Q000494:pharmacology; D006736:Horses; D008297:Male; D009997:Osmotic Pressure; D012662:Semen Preservation / Q000662:veterinary*; D013081:Sperm Motility / Q000187:drug effects; D013094:Spermatozoa / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D013696:Temperature
chemical_list: D003451:Cryoprotective Agents; D003505:Cyclodextrins; D004126:Dimethylformamide; D002784:Cholesterol