title: Exploring potential associations of suicidal ideation and ideas of self-harm in patients with congestive heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the factors, which are associated with suicidal ideation and ideas of self-harm in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF).
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined 294 patients with documented CHF, New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II-IV, in a cross sectional study at three cardiac outpatient departments. Measures included self-reports of suicidal ideation and self-harm (PHQ-9), depression (SCID), health-related quality of life (SF-36), multimorbidity (CIRS-G), consumption of alcoholic beverages, as well as comprehensive clinical status. Data were analyzed using logistic regression analyses.
  
  
  RESULTS
  50 patients (17.1%) reported experiencing suicidal ideation and/or ideas of self-harm on at least several days over the past two weeks. The final regression model revealed significant associations with health-related quality of life, physical component (odds ratio [OR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35-0.91), and mental component (OR 0.50; 95% CI: 0.31-0.82), consumption of alcoholic beverages (OR 1.27; 95% CI: 1.05-1.54), first-episode depression (OR 3.92; 95% CI: 1.16-13.22), and lifetime depression (OR 10.89; 95% CI: 2.49-47.72). Age was only significant in the univariable (P=.03) regression analysis. NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), etiology of CHF, medication, cardiovascular interventions, multimorbidity, gender, and living situation were not significantly associated with suicidal ideation or ideas of self-harm.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Lifetime depression, in particular, increases the risk of suicidal ideation and ideas of self-harm in CHF patients. Furthermore, the findings of our study underline the necessity of differentiating between first-episode and lifetime depression in CHF-patients in future research and clinical practice.
authors: Department of Psychosomatic and General Internal Medicine, Medical Hospital, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany. Nicole_Lossnitzer@med.uni-heidelberg.de
authors: Nicole
authors: N
authors: Lossnitzer
authors: Thomas
authors: T
authors: Müller-Tasch
authors: Bernd
authors: B
authors: Löwe
authors: Christian
authors: C
authors: Zugck
authors: Manfred
authors: M
authors: Nelles
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Remppis
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Haass
authors: Bernhard
authors: B
authors: Rauch
authors: Jana
authors: J
authors: Jünger
authors: Wolfgang
authors: W
authors: Herzog
authors: Beate
authors: B
authors: Wild
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D000368:Aged; D000428:Alcohol Drinking / Q000523:psychology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003866:Depressive Disorder / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000523:psychology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology; D012307:Risk Factors; D016728:Self-Injurious Behavior / Q000523:psychology*; D012803:Sick Role; D013405:Suicide / Q000523:psychology*; D013406:Suicide, Attempted / Q000523:psychology*; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D018487:Ventricular Dysfunction, Left / Q000523:psychology