title: Implicit versus explicit curricula in general pediatrics education: is there a convergence?
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe and analyze the implicit curriculum of a general pediatrics inpatient setting and to understand how it maps onto competency-based goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted a case study on a general pediatrics floor, which entailed 143 hours of direct observation during 8 months and 39 in-depth interviews with pediatric residents and General Pediatric attendings who were observed on multiple occasions as they worked on the floor. Data were derived from field notes and interview transcripts. We inductively coded the data, clustered it according to competency domains, and systematically inspected it to derive themes about the convergence of the implicit and explicit curricula.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The implicit curriculum, shaped by ordinary events, activities, and conversations, taught residents "how things work." The implicit curriculum aligned well with the competency-based goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum; residents had frequent opportunities to meet >90% (29 of 32) of the written objectives. Nonetheless, no one referred to the explicit curriculum or to the competency domains throughout the study. In contrast to the neat list of goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum, the implicit curriculum was extraordinarily messy and dominated by 1 competency domain: patient care. Moreover, the implicit curriculum was not formally recognized as integral to a competency-based model of education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Representing the competency domains in ways that better reflect how learning opportunities in the implicit curriculum align with the goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum may increase awareness of the full range of residents' learning experiences.
authors: aCenter for Education Research and Evaluation, ColumbiaUniversity Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA. db2595@columbia.edu
authors: Dorene F
authors: DF
authors: Balmer
authors: Christina L
authors: CL
authors: Master
authors: Boyd
authors: B
authors: Richards
authors: Angelo P
authors: AP
authors: Giardino
mesh_terms: D000068:Accreditation; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003162:Competency-Based Education / Q000592:standards*; D003479:Curriculum / Q000592:standards; D006040:Goals; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D007396:Internship and Residency / Q000592:standards*; D008505:Medical Staff, Hospital / Q000592:standards*; D017145:Models, Educational; D010372:Pediatrics / Q000193:education*; D018794:Problem-Based Learning / Q000592:standards; D014481:United States