title: Somatic versus cognitive symptoms of depression as predictors of all-cause mortality and health status in chronic heart failure.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Depression is a predictor of adverse health outcomes in chronic heart failure (CHF), but it is not known whether specific symptoms drive this relationship. We examined the impact of somatic/affective, cognitive/affective, and total depressive symptoms on all-cause mortality and health status in CHF.
  
  
  METHODS
  Consecutive CHF outpatients (n = 366) completed the Beck Depression Inventory. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality; the secondary endpoint was disease-specific health status, as measured by the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (n = 285) at inclusion and 1-year follow-up. The study was conducted between October 2003 and March 2007.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were 68 (18.6%) deaths (mean +/- SD follow-up, 37.2 +/- 10.6 months). Patients high on somatic/affective depressive symptoms had a greater incidence of mortality compared to patients low on somatic/affective depressive symptoms (31% vs 15%; hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.38-3.69; P = .001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of mortality between patients high versus low on cognitive/affective depressive symptoms (23% vs 18%; HR = 1.4; 95% CI, 0.80-2.40; P = .25), but there was a significant difference between patients high versus low on total depressive symptoms (24% vs 16%; HR = 1.6; 95% CI, 1.01-2.63; P < .05). After adjusting for demographic and clinical characteristics, we found that somatic/affective depressive symptoms predicted all-cause mortality (HR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.03-3.07; P = .04), while cognitive/affective and total depressive symptoms did not. Both dimensions of depressive symptoms predicted disease-specific health status at 1 year.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Only somatic/affective depressive symptoms significantly predicted all-cause mortality in CHF. In the context of diagnosing and intervening, awareness of subtypes of depressive symptoms is important.
authors: Department of Medical Psychology, TweeSteden Hospital, PO Box 90107, 5000 LA, Tilburg, the Netherlands. aschiffer@tsz.nl
authors: Angélique A
authors: AA
authors: Schiffer
authors: Aline J
authors: AJ
authors: Pelle
authors: Otto R F
authors: OR
authors: Smith
authors: Jos W
authors: JW
authors: Widdershoven
authors: Eric H
authors: EH
authors: Hendriks
authors: Susanne S
authors: SS
authors: Pedersen
mesh_terms: D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D002423:Cause of Death; D002908:Chronic Disease; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D015897:Comorbidity; D003863:Depression / Q000145:classification / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006304:Health Status; D006333:Heart Failure / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000401:mortality* / Q000523:psychology; D006801:Humans; D053208:Kaplan-Meier Estimate; D008137:Longitudinal Studies; D008297:Male; D010555:Personality Inventory; D015995:Prevalence; D011379:Prognosis; D011594:Psychometrics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013001:Somatoform Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000453:epidemiology; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires