title: Dichoptic multifocal pupillography reveals afferent visual field defects in early type 2 diabetes.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Multifocal pupillographic perimetry was used to examine differences in the visual fields of 23 subjects with early type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 23 age- and sex-matched control subjects.
  
  
  METHODS
  Independent stimuli were delivered to 44 regions of each eye while pupil responses were recorded with infrared cameras. The stimuli were presented in 8 segments of 30 seconds, and both eyes of each subject were tested twice. The direct and consensual responses provided 88 responses per eye. The diagnostic power of the method was then examined by applying receiver operator analysis to the peak regional contraction amplitudes, time to peaks, and linear combinations of those.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Dichoptic multifocal pupillography provided response amplitudes with a median z-score of 2.63 +/- 0.26 (SE). The diagnostic performance (expressed as areas under ROC plots) of the eight subjects (32 fields) who had had T2D for at least 10 years was 0.87 +/- 0.06 (mean +/- SE) for response amplitude deviations from normative data, rising to 0.95 +/- 0.04 when between-eye symmetry was considered. Mean pupil size did not have diagnostic power. Comparison of direct and consensual response fields indicated that the observed localized field defects were afferent.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Reasonable diagnostic power was obtained, especially for the 16 eyes that had had T2D for more than 10 years, inferring that even in the near absence of visible diabetic retinopathy, some retinal damage had been sustained. This result, if confirmed in a wider group, suggests the that the method may be clinically useful in screening for early damage to the retina in T2D diabetes.
authors: ARC Centre of Excellence in Vision Science and Centre for Visual Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
authors: Andrew
authors: A
authors: Bell
authors: Andrew C
authors: AC
authors: James
authors: Maria
authors: M
authors: Kolic
authors: Rohan W
authors: RW
authors: Essex
authors: Ted
authors: T
authors: Maddess
mesh_terms: D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D011680:Pupil / Q000502:physiology*; D011681:Pupil Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D012372:ROC Curve; D014786:Vision Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis*; D058609:Visual Field Tests / Q000379:methods*; D014794:Visual Fields