title: Vitexins, nature-derived lignan compounds, induce apoptosis and suppress tumor growth.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Lignans such as secoisolariciresinol diglucoside in flaxseed, are metabolizes to bioactive mammalian lignans of END and ENL. Because mammalian lignans have chemical structural similarity to the natural estrogen, they are thought to behave like selective estrogen receptor modulators and therefore have anticancer effect against hormone-related cancers. We isolated a series of lignan compounds, named as Vitexins, from the seed of Chinese herb Vitex Negundo.
  
  
  METHODS
  We purified several Vitexin lignan compounds. Cytotoxic and antitumor effects were analyzed in cancer cells and in tumor xenograft models. In vivo metabolism of Vitexins was determined in rat.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Contrasts to the classic lignans, Vitexins were not metabolized to END and ENL. A mixture of Vitexins EVn-50 and purified Vitexin compound 6-hydroxy-4-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-7-methoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde have cytotoxic effect on breast, prostate, and ovarian cancer cells and induces apoptosis with cleavage in poly ADP ribose polymerase protein, up-regulation of Bax, and down-regulation of Bcl-2. This induction of apoptosis seems to be mediated by activation of caspases because inhibition of caspases activity significantly reduced induced apoptosis. We showed a broad antitumor activity of EVn-50 on seven tumor xenograft models including breast, prostate, liver, and cervical cancers. Consistent with in vitro data, EVn-50 treatment induced apoptosis, down-regulated of Bcl-2, and up-regulated Bax in tumor xenografts.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Vitexin is a class of nature lignan compounds, whose action and anticancer effect is mediated by the mechanisms different from the classic lignans. Vitexin-induced antitumor effect and cytotoxic activity is exerted through proapoptotic process, which is mediated by a decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and activation of caspases.
authors: Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China. eshi@lij.edu
authors: YingJun
authors: Y
authors: Zhou
authors: Yiliang Ellie
authors: YE
authors: Liu
authors: JianGuo
authors: J
authors: Cao
authors: GuangYao
authors: G
authors: Zeng
authors: Cui
authors: C
authors: Shen
authors: YanLan
authors: Y
authors: Li
authors: MeiChen
authors: M
authors: Zhou
authors: Yiding
authors: Y
authors: Chen
authors: Weiping
authors: W
authors: Pu
authors: Louis
authors: L
authors: Potters
authors: Y Eric
authors: YE
authors: Shi
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D047310:Apigenin / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D049109:Cell Proliferation / Q000187:drug effects*; D005260:Female; D005419:Flavonoids / Q000494:pharmacology; D006367:HeLa Cells; D006801:Humans; D017705:Lignans / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D008954:Models, Biological; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000473:pathology*; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D047368:Tumor Burden / Q000187:drug effects; D014407:Tumor Cells, Cultured; D023041:Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
chemical_list: D000972:Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic; D005419:Flavonoids; D017705:Lignans; D047310:Apigenin; C032731:vitexin