title: Emerging healthcare-associated problem pathogens in the United States.
abstract: Healthcare-associated infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Dramatic changes in the delivery of healthcare during the past decade have changed the definition of healthcare-associated infections. Healthcare delivery changes include a reduction in the number of general hospital beds, an increase in the proportion of patients who are in intensive care units, a larger proportion of surgical procedures performed as outpatient procedures, a marked increase in patients cared for in outpatient settings, and an increase in the delivery of healthcare in the home setting. These changes have blurred the border between hospital- and community-acquired infections, increased the challenge of controlling transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, and complicated clinicians' treatment decisions. Data from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance system show that between the periods of 1993-1997 and 1998, infections caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococci, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci, and imipenem- or quinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa have significantly increased. In addition, we have witnessed the emergence of vancomycin-intermediate resistant S aureus and the community transmission of MRSA. If we are to turn the tide on the continued emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens, we will need to enhance and expand our infection control programs in all settings in which healthcare is provided and improve the appropriateness of antimicrobial use.
authors: Investigation and Prevention Branch, Hospital Infections Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NW, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. wrj1@CDC.gov
authors: W R
authors: WR
authors: Jarvis
authors: R L
authors: RL
authors: Sinkowitz-Cochran
mesh_terms: D021821:Communicable Diseases, Emerging / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D017714:Community-Acquired Infections / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D003428:Cross Infection / Q000453:epidemiology* / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D024901:Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial / Q000187:drug effects*; D006801:Humans; D017053:Infection Control / Q000379:methods; D055624:Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; D012307:Risk Factors; D013203:Staphylococcal Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000382:microbiology / Q000635:transmission; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D020713:Vancomycin Resistance