Management of advanced neuroendocrine tumors with hepatic metastasis.
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) in general and specifically these gastroenteropancreatic-neuroendocrine tumors often present a considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially those that behave in an aggressive fashion. The majority of tumors are diagnosed at a stage that the only curative treatment, radical surgical intervention, is no longer an option and thus long-term therapy with somatostatin analogs is focused on symptom amelioration and in the improvement of quality of life. Although biotherapy is currently the most efficient treatment to achieve palliation, conventional chemotherapy may have some utility in undifferentiated or highly proliferating neuroendocrine carcinomas and pancreatic NETs. Hepatic metastases, depending on size, location, and number may be amenable to surgical resection or radiofrequency ablation. If surgery is not feasible, embolization either alone (bland), in combination with chemotherapeutic agents, or using radioactive microspheres can be used. Peptide receptor targeted radiotherapy using radiolabeled octapeptide analogs (Yttrium or Lutetium-octreotide) may lead to reduction in tumor size, but in most circumstances has a tumor stabilizing effect. A variety of antiangiogenesis and growth factor-targeted agents have been evaluated, but to date, the results have failed to meet our expectations.
Khasraw
Mustafa
M
Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, St Leonards NSW, Australia. mkhasraw@med.usyd.edu.au
Gill
Anthony
A
Harrington
Tim
T
Pavlakis
Nick
N
Modlin
Irvin
I
D000328:Adult; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001706:Biopsy; D017115:Catheter Ablation; D016461:Chemoembolization, Therapeutic; D004621:Embolization, Therapeutic; D006498:Hepatectomy; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D018358:Neuroendocrine Tumors / Q000556:secondary* / Q000628:therapy*; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D016896:Treatment Outcome
D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; D019275:Radiopharmaceuticals