title: Effect of firocoxib or flunixin meglumine on recovery of ischemic-injured equine jejunum.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine whether treatment of horses with firocoxib affects recovery of ischemic-injured jejunum, while providing effective analgesia.
  
  
  METHODS
  18 horses.
  
  
  METHODS
  Horses (n = 6 horses/group) received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (1 mL/50 kg, IV), flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg, IV, q 12 h), or firocoxib (0.09 mg/kg, IV, q 24 h) before 2 hours of jejunal ischemia. Horses were monitored via pain scores and received butorphanol for analgesia. After 18 hours, ischemic-injured and control mucosa were placed in Ussing chambers for measurement of transepithelial resistance and permeability to lipopolysaccharide. Histomorphometry was used to determine denuded villus surface area. Western blots for cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 were performed. Plasma thromboxane B(2) and prostaglandin E(2) metabolite (PGEM) concentrations were determined.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pain scores did not significantly increase after surgery in horses receiving flunixin meglumine or firocoxib. Transepithelial resistance of ischemic-injured jejunum from horses treated with flunixin meglumine was significantly lower than in saline- or firocoxib-treated horses. Lipopolysaccharide permeability across ischemic-injured mucosa was significantly increased in horses treated with flunixin meglumine. Treatment did not affect epithelial restitution. Cyclooxygenase-1 was constitutively expressed and COX-2 was upregulated after 2 hours of ischemia. Thromboxane B(2) concentration decreased with flunixin meglumine treatment but increased with firocoxib or saline treatment. Flunixin meglumine and firocoxib prevented an increase in PGEM concentration after surgery.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Flunixin meglumine retarded mucosal recovery in ischemic-injured jejunum, whereas firocoxib did not. Flunixin meglumine and firocoxib were effective visceral analgesics. Firocoxib may be advantageous in horses recovering from ischemic intestinal injury.
authors: Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
authors: Vanessa L
authors: VL
authors: Cook
authors: Colleen T
authors: CT
authors: Meyer
authors: Nigel B
authors: NB
authors: Campbell
authors: Anthony T
authors: AT
authors: Blikslager
mesh_terms: D015107:4-Butyrolactone / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D015153:Blotting, Western / Q000662:veterinary; D003002:Clonixin / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1 / Q000378:metabolism; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2 / Q000378:metabolism; D015777:Eicosanoids / Q000097:blood; D004591:Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel / Q000662:veterinary; D006734:Horse Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy*; D006736:Horses; D007511:Ischemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D007579:Jejunal Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000662:veterinary*; D013450:Sulfones / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D013929:Thromboxane B2 / Q000097:blood
chemical_list: D000894:Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; D015777:Eicosanoids; D013450:Sulfones; D013929:Thromboxane B2; C014558:flunixin meglumine; D051545:Cyclooxygenase 1; D051546:Cyclooxygenase 2; D015107:4-Butyrolactone; D003002:Clonixin; C487384:firocoxib