title: Restoring a maize root signal that attracts insect-killing nematodes to control a major pest.
abstract: When attacked by herbivorous insects, plants emit volatile compounds that attract natural enemies of the insects. It has been proposed that these volatile signals can be manipulated to improve crop protection. Here, we demonstrate the full potential of this strategy by restoring the emission of a specific belowground signal emitted by insect-damaged maize roots. The western corn rootworm induces the roots of many maize varieties to emit (E)-beta-caryophyllene, which attracts entomopathogenic nematodes that infect and kill the voracious root pest. However, most North American maize varieties have lost the ability to emit (E)-beta-caryophyllene and may therefore receive little protection from the nematodes. To restore the signal, a nonemitting maize line was transformed with a (E)-beta-caryophyllene synthase gene from oregano, resulting in constitutive emissions of this sesquiterpene. In rootworm-infested field plots in which nematodes were released, the (E)-beta-caryophyllene-emitting plants suffered significantly less root damage and had 60% fewer adult beetles emerge than untransformed, nonemitting lines. This demonstration that plant volatile emissions can be manipulated to enhance the effectiveness of biological control agents opens the way for novel and ecologically sound strategies to fight a variety of insect pests.
authors: Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
authors: Jörg
authors: J
authors: Degenhardt
authors: Ivan
authors: I
authors: Hiltpold
authors: Tobias G
authors: TG
authors: Köllner
authors: Monika
authors: M
authors: Frey
authors: Alfons
authors: A
authors: Gierl
authors: Jonathan
authors: J
authors: Gershenzon
authors: Bruce E
authors: BE
authors: Hibbard
authors: Mark R
authors: MR
authors: Ellersieck
authors: Ted C J
authors: TC
authors: Turlings
mesh_terms: D000383:Agriculture; D000818:Animals; D001517:Coleoptera / Q000502:physiology*; D017343:Genes, Plant; D009348:Nematoda / Q000502:physiology*; D031341:Origanum / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D010572:Pest Control, Biological; D018517:Plant Roots / Q000378:metabolism*; D030821:Plants, Genetically Modified; D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes / Q000378:metabolism; D015398:Signal Transduction; D014170:Transformation, Genetic; D003313:Zea mays / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000081223:Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes; D012717:Sesquiterpenes; C024714:caryophyllene