Maternal exposure to floricultural work during pregnancy, PON1 Q192R polymorphisms and the risk of low birth weight.
BACKGROUND
Although there is evidence from animal studies of impaired reproductive function by exposure to organophosphates (OP), the effects on birth weight have not been sufficiently evaluated in epidemiological studies. Paraoxonase (PON1) detoxifies organophosphates by cleavage of active oxons. Some PON1 gene polymorphisms could reduce the enzyme activity and increase susceptibility to OP toxicity.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the association between maternal exposure to floriculture during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight (<2500 g) in their offspring, as well as to evaluate the interaction between this exposure and maternal genotype for PON1 Q192R polymorphisms.


METHODS
A cross sectional study was carried out in two Mexican states (States of Mexico and Morelos) with high frequencies of greenhouse activity. We interviewed and collected blood samples from 264 females (floriculturists or partners of floricultural workers) who became pregnant during the 10 years prior to the interview. The questionnaire measured socioeconomic characteristics, tobacco and alcohol consumption, diseases and occupational and reproductive history. We also applied a food frequency questionnaire. Information was obtained pertaining to 467 pregnancies. DNA was extracted from white cells, and PON1 genotype was determined by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism for Q192R polymorphisms. Results were analyzed with generalized estimating equations models.


RESULTS
After adjusting for potential confounders, we detected a statistically significant interaction between maternal exposure to flower growing work during pregnancy and PON1 Q192R polymorphisms on risk of low birth weight. The risk of having a baby with LBW is nearly six times higher if a mother is a floriculture worker during pregnancy and has PON1 192RR genotype (OR 5.93, 95% CI 1.28, 27.5).


CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the interaction between maternal floriculture work during pregnancy and 192RR PON1 genotype increases the probability of having children with LBW.
Moreno-Banda
G
G
Population Health Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Avenida Universidad 655, Colonia Santa María Ahuacatitlán, 62508 Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
Blanco-Muñoz
J
J
Lacasaña
M
M
Rothenberg
S J
SJ
Aguilar-Garduño
C
C
Gamboa
R
R
Pérez-Méndez
O
O
D000328:Adult; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase / Q000235:genetics*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D007230:Infant, Low Birth Weight; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D018811:Maternal Exposure; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010755:Organophosphates / Q000633:toxicity; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011247:Pregnancy; D018570:Risk Assessment
D010755:Organophosphates; D043303:Aryldialkylphosphatase; C468406:PON1 protein, human