title: Vascular access type and changes in inflammatory markers in incident dialysis patients: a pilot study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the association between the initial hemodialysis (HD) vascular access type and short-term changes in inflammation markers.
  
  
  METHODS
  This is a prospective, observational study in incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) (stages 4 and 5) patients receiving their first HD vascular access. Serum samples were obtained pre-access placement, and 1 week, and 1 month post-access insertion. Samples were tested for high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) using ELISA. Patients with known inflammatory states (infection, malignancy, connective tissue disorders, organ transplantation and those on immune modulating agents) were excluded. The hsCRP and IL-6 values were transformed into logarithmic scale. Chi-square analysis, independent and paired t-tests were performed where appropriate, and a two-way ANOVA with time as a repeated measure was also performed. Significance was determined at p=0.05.
  
  
  RESULTS
  One-month follow-up data was obtained in 48 patients (arteriovenous fistula (AVF), n=10; tunneled catheter (TC), n=28; arteriovenous graft (AVG), n=10). A significant increase in both hsCRP (p <0.05) and IL-6 (p=0.02) occurring 1 week after TC insertion was observed. Elevation of the IL-6 levels appeared to be sustained 1 month after TC insertion, although this finding was not statistically significant (p=0.68), whereas the hsCRP levels returned to baseline within 1 month. After AVG insertion only the hsCRP levels rose significantly (p=0.01) after 1 week and returned to baseline within 1 month. In the AVF group, inflammatory markers did not change for any time period.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  In CKD patients, TC and AVG insertion result in a transient state of inflammation 1 week post-operatively, which is not observed after AVF surgery. Whether this is a persistent phenomenon after TC insertion requires a larger, longitudinal study.
authors: Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
authors: Mala
authors: M
authors: Sachdeva
authors: Oleksander
authors: O
authors: Kovalchuk
authors: Markus
authors: M
authors: Bitzer
authors: Michele Helene
authors: MH
authors: Mokrzycki
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D001166:Arteriovenous Shunt, Surgical / Q000009:adverse effects*; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood; D019917:Blood Vessel Prosthesis Implantation / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002097:C-Reactive Protein / Q000378:metabolism*; D002408:Catheters, Indwelling / Q000009:adverse effects*; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007249:Inflammation / Q000097:blood / Q000209:etiology*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000097:blood; D015850:Interleukin-6 / Q000097:blood*; D007676:Kidney Failure, Chronic / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000628:therapy*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010865:Pilot Projects; D011446:Prospective Studies; D006435:Renal Dialysis; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; C508600:IL6 protein, human; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D015850:Interleukin-6; D002097:C-Reactive Protein