title: Mechanical stress induces Interleukin-11 expression to stimulate osteoblast differentiation.
abstract: Molecular mechanism of mechanical stress-induced bone formation remains unclear. We demonstrate that mechanical unloading suppresses and reloading enhances Interleukin (IL)-11 gene expression in the hindlimb of mice in vivo. Mechanical stress to osteoblasts by fluid shear stress (FSS) in vitro rapidly and transiently enhances fosB gene transcription, stimulates binding of DeltaFosB/JunD complex to activator protein (AP)-1 site of the IL-11 gene promoter, and enhances IL-11 gene transcription. Anti-IL-11 antibody blocks mechanical stress-induced enhancement of osteoblastogenesis and suppression of adipogenesis, suggesting the requirement of IL-11 for the stimulation of osteoblast differentiation by mechanical stress. Down-regulation of DeltaFosB/JunD by small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppresses and overexpression of DeltaFosB/JunD enhances IL-11 gene promoter activity. Consistent with our previous observations that up-regulation of DeltaFosB depends upon activation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) via Ca(2+)-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) to phosphorylate CREB, mechanical stress-induced activation of IL-11 gene transcription is dependent upon Ca(2+)-ERK pathway. Present results also demonstrated that FSS to osteoblasts enhances canonical Wnt signaling in vitro, and that mechanical unloading induces and reloading suppresses the expression of a canonical Wnt signal inhibitor, dickkopf2 (Dkk2), in vivo. In addition, IL-11 siRNA enhances Dkk2 expression suppressed by FSS, and osteoblasts from IL-11 transgenic mice show reduced Dkk2 mRNA expression than those from wild-type mice. These observations are consistent with the notion that mechanical stress stimulates IL-11 gene transcription via an enhanced DeltaFosB/JunD binding to the IL-11 gene promoter, and that increased IL-11 enhances canonical Wnt signal at least in part via a reduction in Dkk2 expression to stimulate osteoblast differentiation.
authors: Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Sciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
authors: Shinsuke
authors: S
authors: Kido
authors: Rika
authors: R
authors: Kuriwaka-Kido
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Imamura
authors: Yuji
authors: Y
authors: Ito
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Inoue
authors: Toshio
authors: T
authors: Matsumoto
mesh_terms: D050156:Adipogenesis; D000818:Animals; D002118:Calcium / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics*; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000235:genetics; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation; D006801:Humans; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D017370:Interleukin-11 / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism; D020935:MAP Kinase Signaling System; D051379:Mice; D010006:Osteoblasts / Q000166:cytology / Q000201:enzymology / Q000378:metabolism*; D010012:Osteogenesis; D011401:Promoter Regions, Genetic / Q000235:genetics; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos / Q000378:metabolism; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D012212:Rheology; D013314:Stress, Mechanical; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1 / Q000378:metabolism; D014158:Transcription, Genetic; D016474:Weight-Bearing; D051153:Wnt Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051176:beta Catenin / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C405060:Dkk2 protein, mouse; D036341:Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; D017370:Interleukin-11; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D016760:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos; D016755:Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-jun; D018808:Transcription Factor AP-1; D051153:Wnt Proteins; D051176:beta Catenin; C528955:junD protein, mouse; D048049:Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases; D002118:Calcium