Toxicity of formulated glyphosate (glyphos) and cosmo-flux to larval and juvenile colombian frogs 2. Field and laboratory microcosm acute toxicity.
The spraying of coca (Erythroxylum coca) with glyphosate (coca mixture, a combination of formulated glyphosate, Glyphos, and an adjuvant, Cosmo-Flux) in Colombia has raised concerns about possible impacts on amphibians. Although acute LC50 for 8 species of Colombian frogs ranged from 1.2 to 2.78 mg acid equivalents (a.e.)/L, these exposures were conducted in the laboratory in the absence of sediments and organic matter such as would occur under realistic field conditions. In order to assess the effects of overspray of frog habitat under field conditions, Gosner stage 25 tadpoles of Rhinella granulosa, R. marina, Hypsiboas crepitans, and Scinax ruber were placed in outdoor microcosms made from polyethylene plastic fish ponds (2.07 m in diameter, 37 cm high) in an experimental area in Tolima, Colombia. The bottoms of the microcosms were covered with a 3-cm layer of local soil and they were filled to a depth of 15 cm (above the sediment) with local spring water. After up to 100 tadpoles of each frog species were placed in the microcosms, they were sprayed with the coca mixture at concentrations greater and less than the normal application rate (3.69 kg glyphosate a.e./ha). Mortality at 96 h in the control microcosms was between 0 and 16% and LC50 values were between 8.9 and 10.9 kg glyphosate a.e./ha (equivalent to initial concentrations of 5963 to 7303 microg glyphosate a.e./L). Mortality >LC50 was only observed in the tested species when the application rate was >2-fold the normal application rate. In other experiments, juvenile and adult terrestrial stages of frogs were exposed by direct spraying to a range of concentrations of coca mixture. Juveniles and adults were exposed in plastic food containers (19 x 19 cm). The bottom of the container was filled with moistened soil and leaf litter to a depth of 1 cm and 0.5 cm, respectively. Mortality in the controls was low, from 0 to 10%, and from 0 to 35% at the normal application rate. LC50 values ranged between 4.5 kg a.e./ha and 22.8 kg a.e./ha, 1.5- to 6-fold greater than the normal application rate. Data indicate that, under realistic worst-case exposure conditions, the mixture of Glyphos and Cosmo-Flux as used for control of coca in Colombia exerts a low toxicity to aquatic and terrestrial stages of anurans and that risks to these organisms under field conditions are small.
Bernal
M H
MH
Universidad del Tolima, Barrio Santa Elena, Ibague, Colombia. mhbernal@ut.edu.co
Solomon
K R
KR
Carrasquilla
G
G
D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D000401:Aircraft; D000818:Animals; D001001:Anura / Q000502:physiology*; D003678:Defoliants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D004338:Drug Combinations; D004335:Drug and Narcotic Control / Q000379:methods*; D019015:Geologic Sediments / Q000737:chemistry; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D007814:Larva / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D007928:Lethal Dose 50; D008954:Models, Biological; D009043:Motor Activity / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013045:Species Specificity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis / Q000633:toxicity*; D000097797:Glyphosate
D000277:Adjuvants, Pharmaceutic; D003678:Defoliants, Chemical; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005998:Glycine; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D000097797:Glyphosate