title: Are weight gain and metabolic side effects of atypical antipsychotics dose dependent? A literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Numerous publications have provided evidence for clinically important metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotics, but there is no systematic evaluation as to whether weight gain and other metabolic changes are dose dependent.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  This review of the available literature aimed to explore a possible relationship between dosage of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and the degree of metabolic side effects.
  
  
  METHODS
  A literature review was conducted in 3 steps: (1) Articles published between 1975 and 2004 were identified on the basis of the bibliography of an extensive review of the metabolic effects of SGAs. (2) Articles published between 2004 and 2008 were identified by a PubMed search with the keywords weight gain, metabolic, glucose, insulin, and lipid AND dose combined with amisulpride, aripiprazole, clozapine, quetiapine, risperidone, sertindole, and ziprasidone. (3) A hand search was conducted based on the bibliography of the identified articles.
  
  
  METHODS
  All studies that provided information on metabolic side-effects in different dose ranges were selected. Data extraction was carried out independently by 2 observers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Preliminary evidence suggests a dose-response relationship between clozapine and olanzapine serum concentrations and metabolic outcomes, although the association between administered daily dose and metabolic outcomes is not clear. Data are controversial with regard to risperidone, and no study has as yet assessed risperidone serum concentrations in association with metabolic outcomes. For the other SGAs, there was little evidence to suggest a dose-response relationship, although, in these agents also, no assessment of serum concentrations was conducted.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The finding that metabolic complications may be associated with clozapine and olanzapine plasma concentrations provides further evidence for a causal contribution to the metabolic disturbances observed with these agents. Further well-designed, prospective studies investigating a possible association between SGA serum concentrations and metabolic outcomes are needed.
authors: Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Semmelweis University Budapest, Hungary.
authors: Viktoria
authors: V
authors: Simon
authors: Ruud
authors: R
authors: van Winkel
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: De Hert
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D002648:Child; D003024:Clozapine / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D018849:Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D004305:Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; D064420:Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions / Q000139:chemically induced*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007328:Insulin / Q000097:blood; D008297:Male; D024821:Metabolic Syndrome / Q000139:chemically induced*; D018967:Risperidone / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014280:Triglycerides / Q000097:blood; D015430:Weight Gain / Q000187:drug effects*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D007328:Insulin; D014280:Triglycerides; D003024:Clozapine; D018967:Risperidone