title: Microscopic scleral invasion in retinoblastoma: clinicopathological features and outcome.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe the clinical and pathological features of patients with retinoblastoma and microscopic scleral invasion.
  
  
  METHODS
  We reviewed all pathology slides of patients with microscopic scleral invasion who were included in 3 prospective treatment protocols (1988-2007). All patients received adjuvant chemotherapy (moderately intensive chemotherapy in the first 2 protocols or a more intensive combination in the third one). Only patients with cut-end invasion received orbital radiotherapy.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thirty-two of 386 patients had enucleated eyes with intrascleral (21 cases) and transscleral (11 cases) invasion. Of these cases, 20 had tumor invading the optic nerve beyond the lamina cribrosa, with 6 of these having tumor at the surgical margin. Sixteen were treated with moderately intensive chemotherapy and 16 received a higher-intensity regimen. Five-year overall survival was 0.77. Seven patients had an extraocular relapse (central nervous system metastasis, n = 4; systemic metastasis, n = 2; and involving the orbit, n = 3, isolated in 1 and combined with central nervous system disease in 2). All patients who had a relapse died. Patients receiving the intensive regimen had a significantly better outcome (P = .007).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Microscopic scleral invasion might be a risk factor for extraocular relapse, and more intensive chemotherapy results in improved survival for these patients.
authors: Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota.
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Cuenca
authors: Flor
authors: F
authors: Giron
authors: Daisy
authors: D
authors: Castro
authors: Adriana
authors: A
authors: Fandiño
authors: Myriam
authors: M
authors: Guitter
authors: María T G
authors: MT
authors: de Dávila
authors: Guillermo
authors: G
authors: Chantada
mesh_terms: D017024:Chemotherapy, Adjuvant; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D015353:Eye Enucleation; D005134:Eye Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D009361:Neoplasm Invasiveness; D009364:Neoplasm Recurrence, Local / Q000473:pathology*; D011446:Prospective Studies; D019572:Retinal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D012175:Retinoblastoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015422:Scleral Diseases / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000401:mortality / Q000473:pathology*; D015996:Survival Rate