title: 4D vs 2D ultrasound-guided amniocentesis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of 4D sonography (US) to guide amniocentesis when compared with standard 2D US, and to evaluate the impact this new method may have on needle placement, the number of needle insertions performed, and duration of the procedure.
  
  
  METHODS
  One hundred routine consecutive unselected amniocenteses were performed with 4D US-guided technique and compared with 100 standard 2D US-guided amniocenteses. All procedures were performed by trainees in maternal-fetal medicine under the supervision of expert sonographers.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no significant statistical differences between 4D and 2D US-guided amniocenteses. The procedure time was longer with the 4D US guidance than with the 2D US guidance, but this difference was not statistically significant. A 2nd needle insertion was necessary in two cases with 4D US guidance and in three cases with 2D US guidance. A better visualization of the needle tip was observed in both techniques when a 20-gauge needle was used.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The 4D US, which allows the needle tip to be displayed in real time in three orthogonal planes simultaneously, thus providing reassurance that no fetal parts are in the needle path, did not offer any advantage over 2D US in guiding routine midtrimester amniocentesis and this new modality has not yet proved effective in reducing the number of needle insertions.
authors: Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guastalla Civil Hospital, AUSL Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Tonni
authors: Gabriele
authors: G
authors: Centini
authors: Lucia
authors: L
authors: Rosignoli
authors: Cindy
authors: C
authors: Argento
authors: Giovanni
authors: G
authors: Centini
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000649:Amniocentesis / Q000379:methods*; D005260:Female; D005315:Fetal Diseases / Q000175:diagnosis; D005865:Gestational Age; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted / Q000379:methods*; D011247:Pregnancy; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods*