title: Does postoperative delirium limit the use of patient-controlled analgesia in older surgical patients?
abstract: BACKGROUNDPostoperative pain Is an independent predictor of postoperative delirium. Whether postoperative delirium limits patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) use has not been determined.
  
  
  METHODS
  The authors conducted a nested cohort study in older patients undergoing noncardiac surgery and used PCA for postoperative analgesia. Delirium was measured by using the Confusion Assessment Method. The authors computed a structural equation model to determine the effects of pain and opioid consumption on delirium status and the effect of delirium on opioid use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Of 335 patients, 108 (32.2%) developed delirium on postoperative day (POD) 1, and 120 (35.8%) on POD 2. Postoperative delirium did not limit the use of PCA. Patients with postoperative delirium used more PCA in a 24-h period (POD 2) compared to those without delirium (mean dose of hydromorphone +/- SE adjusted for covariates was 2.24 +/- 0.71 mg vs. 1.25 +/- 0.67 mg, P = 0.02). Despite more opioid use, patients with delirium reported higher Visual Analogue Scale scores than those without delirium (POD 1: mean visual analog scale +/- SE at rest 4.2 +/- 0.23 vs. 3.3 +/- 0.22, P = 0.0051; POD 2: 3.3 +/- 0.23 vs. 2.5 +/- 0.19, P = 0.004). Path coefficients from structural equation model revealed that pain and opioid use affect delirium status, but delirium does not affect subsequent opioid dose.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Postoperative delirium did not limit PCA use. Despite more opioid use, visual analog scale scores were higher in patients with delirium. Future studies on delirium should consider the role of pain and pain management as potential etiologic factors.
authors: Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California, San Francisco, 521 Parnassus, Room C-450, San Francisco, California 94143-0648, USA. leungj@anesthesia.ucsf.edu
authors: Jacqueline M
authors: JM
authors: Leung
authors: Laura P
authors: LP
authors: Sands
authors: Sudeshna
authors: S
authors: Paul
authors: Tim
authors: T
authors: Joseph
authors: Sakura
authors: S
authors: Kinjo
authors: Tiffany
authors: T
authors: Tsai
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D016058:Analgesia, Patient-Controlled; D000701:Analgesics, Opioid / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D003693:Delirium / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D004091:Hydromorphone / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D008297:Male; D019637:Orthopedic Procedures; D010147:Pain Measurement; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy*; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000523:psychology*; D011569:Psychiatric Status Rating Scales; D015203:Reproducibility of Results
chemical_list: D000701:Analgesics, Opioid; D004091:Hydromorphone