title: "Danger" conditions increase sulfamethoxazole-protein adduct formation in human antigen-presenting cells.
abstract: Antigen-presenting cells (APC) are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of drug-induced immune reactions. Various pathological factors can activate APC and therefore influence the immune equilibrium. It is interesting that several diseases have been associated with an increased rate of drug allergy. The aim of this project was to evaluate the impact of such "danger signals" on sulfamethoxazole (SMX) metabolism in human APC (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, Epstein-Barr virus-modified B lymphocytes, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, and two cell lines). APC were incubated with SMX (100 microM-2 mM; 5 min-24 h), in the presence of pathological factors: bacterial endotoxins (lipopolysaccharide and staphylococcal enterotoxin B), flu viral proteins, cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-10; tumor necrosis factor-alpha; interferon-gamma; and transforming growth factor-beta], inflammatory molecules (prostaglandin E2, human serum complement, and activated protein C), oxidants (buthionine sulfoximine and H(2)O(2)), and hyperthermia (37.5-39.5 degrees C). Adduct formation was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and confocal microscopy. SMX-protein adduct formation was time- and concentration-dependent for each cell type tested, in both physiological and danger conditions. A danger environment significantly increased the formation of SMX-protein adducts and significantly shortened the delay for their detection. An additive effect was observed with a combination of danger signals. Dimedone (chemical selectively binding cysteine sulfenic acid) and antioxidants decreased both baseline and danger-enhanced SMX-adduct formation. Various enzyme inhibitors were associated with a significant decrease in SMX-adduct levels, with a pattern varying depending on the cell type and the culture conditions. These results illustrate that danger signals enhance the formation of intracellular SMX-protein adducts in human APC. These findings might be relevant to the increased frequency of drug allergy in certain disease states.
authors: Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Drug Safety Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
authors: S N
authors: SN
authors: Lavergne
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Wang
authors: H E
authors: HE
authors: Callan
authors: B K
authors: BK
authors: Park
authors: D J
authors: DJ
authors: Naisbitt
mesh_terms: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D000938:Antigen-Presenting Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism*; D001402:B-Lymphocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D002460:Cell Line; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D016207:Cytokines / Q000494:pharmacology; D003713:Dendritic Cells / Q000378:metabolism; D004342:Drug Hypersensitivity / Q000276:immunology*; D004731:Endotoxins / Q000494:pharmacology; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay; D005334:Fever / Q000378:metabolism; D004854:Herpesvirus 4, Human / Q000276:immunology; D006801:Humans; D007109:Immunity / Q000187:drug effects*; D018836:Inflammation Mediators / Q000494:pharmacology; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D009000:Monocytes / Q000378:metabolism; D009975:Orthomyxoviridae / Q000737:chemistry; D016877:Oxidants / Q000494:pharmacology; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism*; D014764:Viral Proteins / Q000494:pharmacology
chemical_list: D000890:Anti-Infective Agents; D003512:Cyclohexanones; D016207:Cytokines; D004731:Endotoxins; D004791:Enzyme Inhibitors; D018836:Inflammation Mediators; D016877:Oxidants; D014764:Viral Proteins; C004774:dimedone; D013420:Sulfamethoxazole