title: A novel K-ras mutation in colorectal cancer. A case report and literature review.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Activating mutations in the K-ras oncogene mainly occur in codons 12 and 13 and may be predictive of response to drugs directly linked to the K-ras signaling pathway, such as panitumumab and cetuximab.
  
  
  METHODS
  K-ras analysis was carried out on DNA extracted from paraffin-embedded tumor samples after microdissection. Exons 1 and 2 were amplified by PCR and then sequenced.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A never-reported K-ras mutation (CAG>TAG) determining a premature stop signal at codon 22 (Gln22Stop) was found in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. BRAF and p53 were not found to be modified and microsatellite instability was not present. The patient, however, was found to be unresponsive to an anti-EGFR MAb treatment.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study is the first report of a novel K-ras truncating mutation in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer and is also suggestive for the evaluation of alternative pathways to better identify individuals who are likely to benefit from targeted therapies.
authors: Department of Laboratory Medicine and Advanced Biotechnologies, IRCCS San Raffaele, Via della Pisana 235, 00163 Rome, Italy. raffaele.palmirotta@sanraffaele.it
authors: Raffaele
authors: R
authors: Palmirotta
authors: Annalisa
authors: A
authors: Savonarola
authors: Vincenzo
authors: V
authors: Formica
authors: Giorgia
authors: G
authors: Ludovici
authors: Girolamo
authors: G
authors: Del Monte
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Roselli
authors: Fiorella
authors: F
authors: Guadagni
mesh_terms: D002288:Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000556:secondary; D000328:Adult; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000008:administration & dosage; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000971:Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D002166:Camptothecin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology; D066246:ErbB Receptors / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D005472:Fluorouracil / Q000008:administration & dosage; D006801:Humans; D007124:Immunoenzyme Techniques; D000077146:Irinotecan; D002955:Leucovorin / Q000008:administration & dosage; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds / Q000008:administration & dosage; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins / Q000235:genetics*; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf / Q000235:genetics; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53 / Q000235:genetics; D018631:ras Proteins / Q000235:genetics*
chemical_list: D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; C117307:KRAS protein, human; D009944:Organoplatinum Compounds; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; C495901:TP53 protein, human; D016159:Tumor Suppressor Protein p53; D000077150:Oxaliplatin; D000068258:Bevacizumab; D000077146:Irinotecan; C512478:EGFR protein, human; D066246:ErbB Receptors; C482119:BRAF protein, human; D048493:Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf; D016283:Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); D018631:ras Proteins; D002955:Leucovorin; D005472:Fluorouracil; D002166:Camptothecin