title: Novel mechanism of lapatinib resistance in HER2-positive breast tumor cells: activation of AXL.
abstract: HER2-directed therapies, such as trastuzumab and lapatinib, are important treatments for breast cancer. However, some tumors do not respond or develop resistance to these agents. We isolated and characterized multiple lapatinib-resistant, HER2-positive, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer clones derived from lapatinib-sensitive BT474 cells by chronic exposure to lapatinib. We show overexpression of AXL as a novel mechanism of acquired resistance to HER2-targeted agents in these models. GSK1363089 (foretinib), a multikinase inhibitor of AXL, MET, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor currently in phase II clinical trials, restores lapatinib and trastuzumab sensitivity in these resistant cells that exhibit increased AXL expression. Furthermore, small interfering RNA to AXL, estrogen deprivation, or fulvestrant, an ER antagonist, decreases AXL expression and restores sensitivity to lapatinib in these cells. Taken together, these data provide scientific evidence to assess the expression of AXL in HER2-positive, ER-positive patients who have progressed on either lapatinib or trastuzumab and to test the combination of HER2-targeted agents and GSK1363089 in the clinic.
authors: Department of Translational Research, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA.
authors: Li
authors: L
authors: Liu
authors: James
authors: J
authors: Greger
authors: Hong
authors: H
authors: Shi
authors: Yuan
authors: Y
authors: Liu
authors: Joel
authors: J
authors: Greshock
authors: Roland
authors: R
authors: Annan
authors: Wendy
authors: W
authors: Halsey
authors: Ganesh M
authors: GM
authors: Sathe
authors: Anne-Marie
authors: AM
authors: Martin
authors: Tona M
authors: TM
authors: Gilmer
mesh_terms: D000813:Anilides / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D001943:Breast Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000235:genetics* / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D045744:Cell Line, Tumor; D002999:Clone Cells; D004336:Drug Antagonism; D019008:Drug Resistance, Neoplasm / Q000187:drug effects / Q000235:genetics*; D005260:Female; D018734:Genes, erbB-2; D006801:Humans; D000077341:Lapatinib; D015513:Oncogene Proteins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011799:Quinazolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D011804:Quinolines / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis*; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000096:biosynthesis; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
chemical_list: D000813:Anilides; D000911:Antibodies, Monoclonal; D061067:Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; D000970:Antineoplastic Agents; C544831:GSK 1363089; D015513:Oncogene Proteins; D047428:Protein Kinase Inhibitors; D011518:Proto-Oncogene Proteins; D011799:Quinazolines; D011804:Quinolines; D034741:RNA, Small Interfering; D011960:Receptors, Estrogen; D000077341:Lapatinib; D020794:Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases; D000068878:Trastuzumab; D000094963:Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; C000722289:AXL protein, human