Ethical issues in measuring biomarkers in children's environmental health.
BACKGROUND
Studying the impact of environmental exposures is important in children because they are more vulnerable to adverse effects on growth, development, and health. Assessing exposure in children is difficult, and measuring biomarkers is potentially useful. Research measuring biomarkers in children raises a number of ethical issues, some of which relate to children as research subjects and some of which are specific to biomarker research.


OBJECTIVE
As an international group with experience in pediatric research, biomarkers, and the ethics of research in children, we highlight the ethical issues of undertaking biomarker research in children in these environments.


CONCLUSIONS
Significant issues include undertaking research in vulnerable communities, especially in developing countries; managing community expectations; obtaining appropriate consent to conduct the research; the potential conflicts of obtaining permission from an ethics review board in an economically developed country to perform research in a community that may have different cultural values; returning research results to participants and communities when the researchers are uncertain of how to interpret the results; and the conflicting ethical obligations of maintaining participant confidentiality when information about harm or illegal activities mandate reporting to authorities.


CONCLUSIONS
None of these challenges are insurmountable and all deserve discussion. Pediatric biomarker research is necessary for advancing child health.
Sly
Peter D
PD
WHO Collaborating Centre for Research on Children's Environmental Health, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Australia. peters@ichr.uwa.edu.au
Eskenazi
Brenda
B
Pronczuk
Jenny
J
Srám
Radim
R
Diaz-Barriga
Fernando
F
Machin
Diego Gonzalez
DG
Carpenter
David O
DO
Surdu
Simona
S
Meslin
Eric M
EM
D000293:Adolescent; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000032:analysis*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D004782:Environmental Health / Q000941:ethics*; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D055815:Young Adult
D015415:Biomarkers