title: Immunogenicity and immunologic memory after hepatitis B virus booster vaccination in HIV-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an important cause of comorbidity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The immunogenicity of HBV vaccination in children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was investigated.
  
  
  METHODS
  HIV-infected children receiving HAART who had low to moderate HIV loads and who had previously received 3 doses of HBV vaccine were given an HBV vaccine booster. Concentrations of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) were determined before vaccination and at weeks 8, 48, and 96. A subset of subjects was administered a subsequent dose, and anti-HBs was measured before and 1 and 4 weeks later.
  
  
  RESULTS
  At entry, 24% of 204 subjects were seropositive. Vaccine response occurred in 46% on the basis of seropositivity 8 weeks after vaccination and in 37% on the basis of a 4-fold rise in antibody concentration. Of 69 subjects given another vaccination 4-5 years later, immunologic memory was exhibited by 45% on the basis of seropositivity 1 week after vaccination and by 29% on the basis of a 4-fold rise in antibody concentration at 1 week. Predictors of response and memory included higher nadir and current CD4 cell percentage, higher CD19 cell percentage, and undetectable HIV load.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  HIV-infected children frequently lack protective levels of anti-HBs after previous HBV vaccination, and a significant proportion of them do not respond to booster vaccination or demonstrate memory despite receiving HAART, leaving this population insufficiently protected from infection with HBV.
authors: University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and The Children's Hospital, 13123 E. 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA. abzug.mark@tchden.org
authors: Mark J
authors: MJ
authors: Abzug
authors: Meredith
authors: M
authors: Warshaw
authors: Howard M
authors: HM
authors: Rosenblatt
authors: Myron J
authors: MJ
authors: Levin
authors: Sharon A
authors: SA
authors: Nachman
authors: Stephen I
authors: SI
authors: Pelton
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Borkowsky
authors: Terence
authors: T
authors: Fenton
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000627:therapeutic use; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000276:immunology*; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies / Q000097:blood; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000276:immunology*; D006801:Humans; D007117:Immunization, Secondary; D007156:Immunologic Memory / Q000276:immunology*; D008297:Male; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D006510:Hepatitis B Antibodies; D017325:Hepatitis B Vaccines; D012367:RNA, Viral