title: Lumbar disc herniation in young children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  This article explores lumbar disc herniation in young children through focusing on matters relevant to patient presentation, physical examination, differential diagnosis, imaging and treatment.
  
  
  METHODS
  Major databases were searched for studies that addressed lumbar disc herniation in young children.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation in young children is usually delayed because of the rarity and lack of experience with this entity and the difficulty in extracting a reliable medical history. Nevertheless, lumbar disc herniation should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any young child presenting with a chief complaint of back pain and/or radiculopathy, especially in the setting of recent trauma. This should be coupled with a directed physical examination to elicit signs and narrow the differential diagnosis. Imaging studies, mainly magnetic resonance imaging, will help establish a diagnosis; yet radiographs are still required to exclude other spinal lesions. The initial management of lumbar disc herniation in children is the same as that in adults and consists of conservative treatment unless lumbar disc herniation affects the patient's motor and neurological functions in which case, early surgical treatment must be undertaken. Although the latter remains more difficult, current experience suggests a favourable outcome.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Awareness of lumbar disc herniation will help the paediatrician extract a relevant medical history, perform a directed physical examination, and order appropriate imaging studies. This will aid in initiating early intervention, be it conservative or operative, and achieving a favourable outcome.
authors: Department of Surgery, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon. rh00@aub.edu.lb
authors: R
authors: R
authors: Haidar
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Ghanem
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Saad
authors: I
authors: I
authors: Uthman
mesh_terms: D001416:Back Pain / Q000209:etiology; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007405:Intervertebral Disc Displacement / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy; D008159:Lumbar Vertebrae / Q000293:injuries*; D008487:Medical History Taking; D010808:Physical Examination; D011843:Radiculopathy / Q000209:etiology