title: Proton beam therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: the University of Tsukuba experience.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The authors have published a series of studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of proton beam therapy for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a variety of clinical settings. In the current study, they retrospectively reviewed their entire experience treating hepatocellular carcinoma patients with proton beam therapy at their hospital-based facility at the University of Tsukuba.
  
  
  METHODS
  From November 2001 to December 2007, 333 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma were treated with proton beam therapy at the University of Tsukuba. A total of 318 patients were included in this study. Total dose delivered and fractionation scheme were determined by protocols that varied based on location of tumor. Survival rates and prognostic factors were assessed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Overall actuarial survival rates at 1-year, 3-years, and 5-years were 89.5% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 85.7-93.1%), 64.7% (95% CI, 56.6-72.9%), and 44.6% (95% CI, 29.7-59.5%), respectively. Child-Pugh liver function (hazards ratio [HR], 2.84; P < .01), T stage (HR, 1.94; P < .05), performance status (HR, 2.12; P < .01), and planning target volume (HR, 2.12; P < .05) significantly impacted survival. The 3-year and 5-year survival rates were 69.1% (95% CI, 59.9-78.3%) and 55.9% (95% CI, 41.5-70.3%), respectively, for patients with Child-Pugh A disease and 51.9% (95% CI, 32.3-71.5%) and 44.5% (95% CI, 23.1-65.8%), respectively, for patients with Child-Pugh B disease. The actuarial survival rates of patients with Child-Pugh class A were statistically different between groups of planned target volume <or=125 mL and >125 mL (P < .05).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors have shown proton beam therapy to be both safe and effective for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. They strongly recommend the consideration of proton beam therapy in patients for whom other treatment options are risky or contraindicated.
authors: Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. hnakayama@pmrc.tsukuba.ac.jp
authors: Hidetsugu
authors: H
authors: Nakayama
authors: Shinji
authors: S
authors: Sugahara
authors: Mari
authors: M
authors: Tokita
authors: Kuniaki
authors: K
authors: Fukuda
authors: Masashi
authors: M
authors: Mizumoto
authors: Masato
authors: M
authors: Abei
authors: Junichi
authors: J
authors: Shoda
authors: Hideyuki
authors: H
authors: Sakurai
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Tsuboi
authors: Koichi
authors: K
authors: Tokuuye
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D006528:Carcinoma, Hepatocellular / Q000401:mortality / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008113:Liver Neoplasms / Q000532:radiotherapy*; D008297:Male; D061766:Proton Therapy; D011879:Radiotherapy Dosage; D018714:Radiotherapy, Adjuvant; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D015996:Survival Rate; D011522:Protons
chemical_list: D011522:Protons