title: Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous pneumomediastinum.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Due to its rarity there is no clear policy on the management of spontaneous pneumomediastinum (SPM).
  
  
  METHODS
  We treated 23 SPM patients between January 1 996 and November 2 006. There were 20 males and 3 females and their mean age was 27. Clinical records of the patients were collected and analyzed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The most frequent symptoms were neck swelling (n = 20) and rhinolalia (n = 15). Onset of the symptoms was acute. A preceding factor was found in 19 (83 %) patients; these included vigorous cough, forced physical activity, vigorous sneezing and enormous efforts during spontaneous vaginal delivery. Chest X-ray was sufficient to show mediastinal free air in 18 patients. Computerized chest tomography showed pneumomediastinum in all patients. Twenty patients were treated expectantly. Subcutaneous air drainage was needed to drain massive subcutaneous emphysema in three patients.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Acute onset of typical symptoms, the existence of a preceding factor and the exclusion of other possible causes of pneumomediastinum with the help of CT are sufficient to make a diagnosis of SPM. A surgical intervention is generally not needed for the treatment of this entity.
authors: Thoracic Surgery, Yedikule Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey. mzekigun@gmail.com
authors: M Z
authors: MZ
authors: Gunluoglu
authors: L
authors: L
authors: Cansever
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Demir
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Kocaturk
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Melek
authors: S I
authors: SI
authors: Dincer
authors: M A
authors: MA
authors: Bedirhan
mesh_terms: D000281:Administration, Intranasal; D000328:Adult; D000388:Air; D001510:Bed Rest; D003371:Cough / Q000150:complications; D036861:Delivery, Obstetric / Q000009:adverse effects; D004322:Drainage; D004487:Edema / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D006685:Hoarseness / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008478:Mediastinal Emphysema / Q000150:complications / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000209:etiology / Q000628:therapy*; D009043:Motor Activity; D009333:Neck; D010100:Oxygen / Q000008:administration & dosage; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D012912:Sneezing; D013064:Speech Disorders / Q000209:etiology; D013352:Subcutaneous Emphysema / Q000628:therapy; D013896:Thoracic Diseases / Q000209:etiology; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen