title: Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 improves recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has neuroprotective properties in vitro and has been reported to limit postischemic lesion volume in vivo. Previously, mGluR5 has been identified on microglia in vitro, but the effects of mGluR5 activation on inflammation in vivo or on recovery after spinal cord injury is unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rats received intrathecal infusion of the selective mGluR5 agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) for 7 days after moderate impact spinal cord injury at T9. Complementary studies examined CHPG effects on activated spinal microglia cultures.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Functional motor recovery was significantly increased by CHPG treatment up to 28 days after injury, with improvements in weight bearing, step taking, and coordination of stepping behavior. CHPG treatment significantly reduced lesion volume and increased white matter sparing at 28 days after injury. Administration of CHPG attenuated microglial-associated inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent fashion, including expression of ED1, Iba-1, Galectin-3, NADPH oxidase components, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Because mGluR5 is expressed by microglial cells in the rat spinal cord, such effects may be mediated by direct action on microglial cells. mGluR5 stimulation also reduced microglial activation and decreased microglial-induced neurotoxicity in spinal cord microglia cultures; the latter effects were blocked by the selective mGluR5 antagonist MTEP.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These data demonstrate that mGluR5 activation can reduce microglial-associated inflammation, suggesting that the protective effects of mGluR5 agonists may reflect this action. Ann Neurol 2009;66:63-74.
authors: Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA. krb27@georgetown.edu
authors: Kimberly R
authors: KR
authors: Byrnes
authors: Bogdan
authors: B
authors: Stoica
authors: Angela
authors: A
authors: Riccio
authors: Ahdeah
authors: A
authors: Pajoohesh-Ganji
authors: David J
authors: DJ
authors: Loane
authors: Alan I
authors: AI
authors: Faden
mesh_terms: D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D000831:Animals, Newborn; D039481:CD11b Antigen / Q000378:metabolism; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D002540:Cerebral Cortex; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D053331:Ectodysplasins / Q000378:metabolism; D004622:Embryo, Mammalian; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists / Q000494:pharmacology; D037502:Galectin 3 / Q000378:metabolism; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000494:pharmacology; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides / Q000633:toxicity; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Q000379:methods; D008297:Male; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D017628:Microglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009474:Neurons / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D009569:Nitric Oxide / Q000378:metabolism; D010648:Phenylacetates / Q000494:pharmacology; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate / Q000819:agonists / Q000378:metabolism*; D020127:Recovery of Function / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D013119:Spinal Cord Injuries / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013997:Time Factors; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: C107349:2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine; C100745:Aif1 protein, rat; D039481:CD11b Antigen; D002135:Calcium-Binding Proteins; D053331:Ectodysplasins; D018690:Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists; D037502:Galectin 3; C578937:Grm5 protein, rat; D008070:Lipopolysaccharides; D008840:Microfilament Proteins; D010648:Phenylacetates; D064529:Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5; D018094:Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; D014409:Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; D009569:Nitric Oxide; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D005998:Glycine