title: Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in children and adolescents.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To report the clinical features of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis in patients < or = 18 years old.
  
  
  METHODS
  Information was obtained by the authors or referring physicians. Antibodies were determined by immunocytochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using HEK293 cells ectopically expressing NR1.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Over an 8-month period, 81 patients (12 male) with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were identified. Thirty-two (40%) were < or =18 years old (youngest 23 months, median 14 years); 6 were male. The frequency of ovarian teratomas was 56% in women >18 years old, 31% in girls < or =18 years old (p = 0.05), and 9% in girls < or =14 years old (p = 0.008). None of the male patients had tumors. Of 32 patients < or =18 years old, 87.5% presented with behavioral or personality change, sometimes associated with seizures and frequent sleep dysfunction; 9.5% with dyskinesias or dystonia; and 3% with speech reduction. On admission, 53% had severe speech deficits. Eventually, 77% developed seizures, 84% stereotyped movements, 86% autonomic instability, and 23% hypoventilation. Responses to immunotherapy were slow and variable. Overall, 74% had full or substantial recovery after immunotherapy or tumor removal. Neurological relapses occurred in 25%. At the last follow-up, full recovery occurred more frequently in patients who had a teratoma that was removed (5/8) than in those without a teratoma (4/23; p = 0.03).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is increasingly recognized in children, comprising 40% of all cases. Younger patients are less likely to have tumors. Behavioral and speech problems, seizures, and abnormal movements are common early symptoms. The phenotype resembles that of the adults, although dysautonomia and hypoventilation are less frequent or severe in children. Ann Neurol 2009;66:11-18.
authors: Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
authors: Nicole R
authors: NR
authors: Florance
authors: Rebecca L
authors: RL
authors: Davis
authors: Christopher
authors: C
authors: Lam
authors: Christina
authors: C
authors: Szperka
authors: Lei
authors: L
authors: Zhou
authors: Saba
authors: S
authors: Ahmad
authors: Cynthia J
authors: CJ
authors: Campen
authors: Heather
authors: H
authors: Moss
authors: Nadja
authors: N
authors: Peter
authors: Amy J
authors: AJ
authors: Gleichman
authors: Carol A
authors: CA
authors: Glaser
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Lynch
authors: Myrna R
authors: MR
authors: Rosenfeld
authors: Josep
authors: J
authors: Dalmau
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000906:Antibodies / Q000378:metabolism*; D002461:Cell Line, Transformed; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004660:Encephalitis / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000628:therapy; D004797:Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007167:Immunotherapy / Q000379:methods; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D004856:Postural Balance / Q000502:physiology; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate / Q000235:genetics / Q000276:immunology*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D018709:Statistics, Nonparametric; D014162:Transfection / Q000379:methods
chemical_list: D000906:Antibodies; C409466:NR1 NMDA receptor; D016194:Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate