title: Particle seeding enhances interconnectivity in polymeric scaffolds foamed using supercritical CO(2).
abstract: Foaming using supercritical CO(2) is a well-known process for the production of polymeric scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, this method typically leads to scaffolds with low pore interconnectivity, resulting in insufficient mass transport and a heterogeneous distribution of cells. In this study, microparticulate silica was added to the polymer during processing and the effects of this particulate seeding on the interconnectivity of the pore structure and pore size distribution were investigated. Scaffolds comprising polylactide and a range of silica contents (0-50 wt.%) were produced by foaming with supercritical CO(2). Scaffold structure, pore size distributions and interconnectivity were assessed using X-ray computed microtomography. Interconnectivity was also determined through physical measurements. It was found that incorporation of increasing quantities of silica particles increased the interconnectivity of the scaffold pore structure. The pore size distribution was also reduced through the addition of silica, while total porosity was found to be largely independent of silica content. Physical measurements and those derived from X-ray computed microtomography were comparable. The conclusion drawn was that the architecture of foamed polymeric scaffolds can be advantageously manipulated through the incorporation of silica microparticles. The findings of this study further establish supercritical fluid foaming as an important tool in scaffold production and show how a previous limitation can be overcome.
authors: Centre for Formulation Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
authors: Niki J
authors: NJ
authors: Collins
authors: Rachel H
authors: RH
authors: Bridson
authors: Gary A
authors: GA
authors: Leeke
authors: Liam M
authors: LM
authors: Grover
mesh_terms: D000042:Absorption; D001672:Biocompatible Materials / Q000737:chemistry*; D040761:Biomimetic Materials / Q000737:chemistry; D002245:Carbon Dioxide / Q000737:chemistry*; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques / Q000379:methods; D025924:Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid / Q000379:methods; D003460:Crystallization / Q000379:methods; D005109:Extracellular Matrix / Q000737:chemistry; D005740:Gases / Q000737:chemistry; D019344:Lactic Acid / Q000737:chemistry*; D008422:Materials Testing; D010316:Particle Size; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers / Q000737:chemistry*; D016062:Porosity; D013499:Surface Properties; D023822:Tissue Engineering / Q000379:methods*
chemical_list: D001672:Biocompatible Materials; D005740:Gases; D011091:Polyesters; D011108:Polymers; D002245:Carbon Dioxide; D019344:Lactic Acid; C033616:poly(lactide)