title: An investigation into the influence of counterion on the RS-propranolol and S-propranolol skin permeability.
abstract: The effects of two contra-ions, namely benzoate (Bz) and oleate (Ol), on the in vitro human skin permeability of propranolol racemate (RS-PR) or S-enantiomer (S-PR) were studied. Saline solution (SS) or mineral oil (MO) were selected as vehicles. The MO increased the permeability coefficient (K(p)) of PR-Bz (pK(p) approximately 4) of about four times with respect to SS (pK(p) approximately 8) probably due to the ion pair formation. The steady-state flux of S-enantiomers resulted about twofold higher than that of racemates according to their lower melting temperatures with the exception of (S)-PR-Ol and (RS)-PR-Ol vehicled in SS which not resulted statistically different. This anomalous result could be explained considering the behavior of (RS)-PR-Ol or (S)-PR-Ol in aqueous solutions: these salts formed ion pairs which associated to form aggregates up to a concentration of 20 microg/mL as verified by light scattering. Therefore, their effective concentrations in SS resulted similar and justified the overlapped skin permeation profiles. All three considered variables, namely counterion, vehicle, and chirality, resulted mutually interfering on and deeply influenced the passive diffusion process of PR.
authors: Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Colombo 71, Milano 20133, Italy. francesco.cilurzo@unimi.it
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Cilurzo
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Minghetti
authors: Elisabetta
authors: E
authors: Alberti
authors: Chiara G M
authors: CG
authors: Gennari
authors: Marco
authors: M
authors: Pallavicini
authors: Ermanno
authors: E
authors: Valoti
authors: Luisa
authors: L
authors: Montanari
mesh_terms: D001565:Benzoates / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D002152:Calorimetry, Differential Scanning / Q000379:methods; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D008899:Mineral Oil / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D019301:Oleic Acid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D010539:Permeability; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D011433:Propranolol / Q000737:chemistry / Q000493:pharmacokinetics*; D012869:Skin Absorption; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D012995:Solubility; D012996:Solutions / Q000493:pharmacokinetics; D013237:Stereoisomerism
chemical_list: D001565:Benzoates; D014677:Pharmaceutical Vehicles; D012996:Solutions; D019301:Oleic Acid; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D008899:Mineral Oil; D011433:Propranolol