title: Air pollution and childhood asthma: recent advances  and future directions.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Current levels of air pollution are consistently associated with asthma development and morbidity among children, suggesting that current regulatory policies may be insufficient. This review will describe recent studies that have examined specific emission sources or components of pollutants that may be associated with pediatric asthma and identify subpopulations that may be particularly susceptible to the effects of air pollution exposure.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Important advances include new characterizations of the effects of traffic-related air pollution in urban areas. They also include the application of novel exposure and outcome measures such as pollution estimates derived from land use regression modeling and biological markers of airway inflammation. Additionally, studies have identified host susceptibility characteristics that may modify responses to air pollution exposure, including polymorphisms in oxidative stress genes and epigenetic alterations.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Identifying specific sources and toxic constituents of air pollution and accurately assessing air pollutant-related asthma outcomes are needed to better direct control strategies. Further research is needed to identify additional host factors that confer increased susceptibility to air pollution exposure. Future therapy to reduce the adverse effects of air pollution on respiratory disease will likely depend on targeting susceptible populations for intervention.
authors: Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
authors: Molini M
authors: MM
authors: Patel
authors: Rachel L
authors: RL
authors: Miller
mesh_terms: D000393:Air Pollutants / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000397:Air Pollution / Q000009:adverse effects*; D000818:Animals; D001249:Asthma / Q000209:etiology*; D015415:Biomarkers; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D018450:Disease Progression; D004198:Disease Susceptibility; D004781:Environmental Exposure; D005843:Geography; D006801:Humans; D018986:Motor Vehicles
chemical_list: D000393:Air Pollutants; D015415:Biomarkers