title: A bundle approach to reduce the incidence of external ventricular and lumbar drain-related infections.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  An important complication of external CSF drainage is bacterial meningitis or ventriculitis, resulting in increased morbidity, mortality, and health care costs. In 2003, a high rate (37%) of probable drain-related infections was identified at the authors' hospital. A multidisciplinary working group was installed to reduce this incidence to < 10% within 1.5 years.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intervention strategy based on 5 pillars (increased awareness, focused standard operating procedures, a diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm, timely administration of prophylaxis, and improvement of the drainage system) was designed and implemented from 2004 to 2006. During this period all patients with external CSF drainage were prospectively monitored.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Between 2004 and 2006, there were 467 patients in whom 579 drains (external ventricular and external lumbar) had been placed. The overall incidence of drain-related infections was 16.2% in 2004, 8.9% in 2005, and 11.3% in 2006. For external lumbar drains the number of infections per 100 drain days was 2.4 in 2004, 0.6 in 2005, and 0.8 in 2006. For external ventricular drains these rates were 1.7, 1.0, and 1.2, respectively. Meanwhile, the causative noncutaneous microorganisms, indicative for systemic-contamination during manipulation, decreased. By retrospective analysis, the proportion of patients with a probable drain-related infection decreased from 37% in 2003 to 9% in 2005 and 2006.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors' multidisciplinary approach in which different preventive measures were combined was associated with a significant reduction in the incidence of drain-related secondary meningitis, and thus provides an important improvement of patient safety.
authors: Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Inflammation, and Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention, Utrecht, The Netherlands. M.LeversteinvHall@umcutrecht.nl
authors: Maurine A
authors: MA
authors: Leverstein-van Hall
authors: Titia E M
authors: TE
authors: Hopmans
authors: Jan Willem Berkelbach
authors: JW
authors: van der Sprenkel
authors: Hetty E M
authors: HE
authors: Blok
authors: Wil A M A
authors: WA
authors: van der Mark
authors: Patrick W
authors: PW
authors: Hanlo
authors: Marc J M
authors: MJ
authors: Bonten
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D020806:Central Nervous System Bacterial Infections / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004322:Drainage / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000379:methods; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D015994:Incidence; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D016920:Meningitis, Bacterial / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology / Q000517:prevention & control*; D008875:Middle Aged; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D055815:Young Adult