title: Racial and ethnic disparities in pneumonia treatment and mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The extent to which racial/ethnic disparities in pneumonia care occur within or between hospitals is unclear.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  Examine within and between-hospital racial/ethnic disparities in quality indicators and mortality for patients hospitalized for pneumonia.
  
  
  METHODS
  Retrospective cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  A total of 1,183,753 non-Hispanic white, African American, and Hispanic adults hospitalized for pneumonia between January 2005 and June 2006.
  
  
  METHODS
  Eight pneumonia care quality indicators and in-hospital mortality.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Performance rates for the 8 quality indicators ranged from 99.4% (oxygenation assessment within 24 hours) to 60.2% (influenza vaccination). Overall hospital mortality was 4.1%. African American and Hispanic patients were less likely to receive pneumococcal and influenza vaccinations, smoking cessation counseling, and first dose of antibiotic within 4 hours than white patients at the same hospital (ORs = 0.65-0.95). Patients at hospitals with the racial composition of those attended by average African Americans and Hispanics were less likely to receive all indicators except blood culture within 24 hours than patients at hospitals with the racial composition of those attended by average whites. Hospital mortality was higher for African Americans (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.09) and lower for Hispanics (OR = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.89) than for whites within the same hospital. Mortality for patients at hospitals with the racial composition of those attended by average African Americans (OR = 1.21; 95% CI = 1.18, 1.25) or Hispanics (OR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.23) was higher than for patients at hospitals with the racial composition of those attended by average whites.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Racial/ethnic disparities in pneumonia treatment and mortality are larger and more consistent between hospitals than within hospitals.
authors: Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, VA Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA. leslie.hausmann@gmail.com
authors: Leslie R M
authors: LR
authors: Hausmann
authors: Said A
authors: SA
authors: Ibrahim
authors: Ateev
authors: A
authors: Mehrotra
authors: Wato
authors: W
authors: Nsa
authors: Dale W
authors: DW
authors: Bratzler
authors: Maria K
authors: MK
authors: Mor
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Fine
mesh_terms: D001741:Black or African American; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D015331:Cohort Studies; D005260:Female; D054625:Healthcare Disparities; D006630:Hispanic or Latino; D017052:Hospital Mortality; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010414:Pennsylvania / Q000453:epidemiology; D011014:Pneumonia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000208:ethnology / Q000401:mortality; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D012189:Retrospective Studies