title: Determination of the elastic/plastic transition of human enamel by nanoindentation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  From a materials scientist's perspective, dental materials used for tooth repair should exhibit compatible mechanical properties. Fulfillment of this criterion is complicated by the fact that teeth have a hierarchical structure with changing mechanical behavior at different length scales. In this study, nanoindentation with an 8 microm spherical indenter was used to determine the elastic/plastic transition under contact loading for enamel.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The indentation elastic/plastic transition of enamel at the length scale of several hundreds of hydroxyapatite crystallites, which are within one enamel rod, is revealed for the first time. The corresponding penetration depth at the determined indentation yield point of 1.6GPa and 0.6% strain is only 7 nm. As a consequence of the small depth it is decisive for the experiment to calibrate the indenter tip radius in this loading regime. The elastic modulus of 123GPa was evaluated directly by the Hertzian penetration and not by the unloading part of the indentation curve.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We believe these data are also a valuable contribution to understand the mechanical behavior of enamel and to develop nanoscale biomimetic materials.
authors: Institute of Advanced Ceramics, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, Hamburg 21073, Germany.
authors: Siang Fung
authors: SF
authors: Ang
authors: Torben
authors: T
authors: Scholz
authors: Arndt
authors: A
authors: Klocke
authors: Gerold A
authors: GA
authors: Schneider
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D001696:Biomechanical Phenomena; D019245:Compressive Strength; D003461:Crystallography; D003743:Dental Enamel / Q000502:physiology* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D003799:Dental Stress Analysis / Q000295:instrumentation; D017886:Durapatite / Q000737:chemistry; D055119:Elastic Modulus; D006244:Hardness; D006801:Humans; D008422:Materials Testing; D008954:Models, Biological; D036103:Nanotechnology / Q000295:instrumentation*; D013314:Stress, Mechanical
chemical_list: D017886:Durapatite