title: Dopamine modulates persistent synaptic activity and enhances the signal-to-noise ratio in the prefrontal cortex.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The importance of dopamine (DA) for prefrontal cortical (PFC) cognitive functions is widely recognized, but its mechanisms of action remain controversial. DA is thought to increase signal gain in active networks according to an inverted U dose-response curve, and these effects may depend on both tonic and phasic release of DA from midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA) neurons.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We used patch-clamp recordings in organotypic co-cultures of the PFC, hippocampus and VTA to study DA modulation of spontaneous network activity in the form of Up-states and signals in the form of synchronous EPSP trains. These cultures possessed a tonic DA level and stimulation of the VTA evoked DA transients within the PFC. The addition of high (> or = 1 microM) concentrations of exogenous DA to the cultures reduced Up-states and diminished excitatory synaptic inputs (EPSPs) evoked during the Down-state. Increasing endogenous DA via bath application of cocaine also reduced Up-states. Lower concentrations of exogenous DA (0.1 microM) had no effect on the up-state itself, but they selectively increased the efficiency of a train of EPSPs to evoke spikes during the Up-state. When the background DA was eliminated by depleting DA with reserpine and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, or by preparing corticolimbic co-cultures without the VTA slice, Up-states could be enhanced by low concentrations (0.1-1 microM) of DA that had no effect in the VTA containing cultures. Finally, in spite of the concentration-dependent effects on Up-states, exogenous DA at all but the lowest concentrations increased intracellular current-pulse evoked firing in all cultures underlining the complexity of DA's effects in an active network.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Taken together, these data show concentration-dependent effects of DA on global PFC network activity and they demonstrate a mechanism through which optimal levels of DA can modulate signal gain to support cognitive functioning.
authors: Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America. kroener@musc.edu
authors: Sven
authors: S
authors: Kroener
authors: L Judson
authors: LJ
authors: Chandler
authors: Paul E M
authors: PE
authors: Phillips
authors: Jeremy K
authors: JK
authors: Seamans
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D018920:Coculture Techniques; D004298:Dopamine / Q000502:physiology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018408:Patch-Clamp Techniques; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000502:physiology*; D013569:Synapses / Q000502:physiology*
chemical_list: D004298:Dopamine