title: Evidence for structural abnormalities of the human habenular complex in affective disorders but not in schizophrenia.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The habenular complex is composed of important relay nuclei linking the limbic forebrain to the midbrain and brain stem nuclei. Based on clinical observations, experiments with animals and theoretical considerations, it has been speculated that this brain area might be involved in psychiatric diseases (i.e. schizophrenia and depression). However, evidence in favour of this hypothesis is still lacking because the human habenular complex has rarely been studied with regard to mental illness.
  
  
  METHODS
  We examined habenular volumes in post-mortem brains of 17 schizophrenia patients, 14 patients with depression (six patients with major depression and eight patients with bipolar depression) and 13 matched controls. We further determined the neuronal density, cell number and cell area of the medial habenular nuclei of the same cohorts using a counting box and a computer-assisted instrument.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Significantly reduced habenular volumes of the medial and lateral habenula were estimated in depressive patients in comparison to normal controls and schizophrenia patients. We also found a reduction in neuronal cell number and cell area in depressive patients for the right side compared to controls and schizophrenia patients. No such changes were seen in schizophrenia.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our anatomical data argue against prominent structural alterations of the habenular nuclei in schizophrenia but demonstrate robust alterations in depressive patients. We are currently applying immunohistochemical markers to better characterize neuronal subpopulations of this brain region in schizophrenia and depression.
authors: Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Ranft
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Dobrowolny
authors: D
authors: D
authors: Krell
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Bielau
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Bogerts
authors: H-G
authors: HG
authors: Bernstein
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D002452:Cell Count; D039721:Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; D005260:Female; D019262:Habenula / Q000002:abnormalities* / Q000473:pathology*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D019964:Mood Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis / Q000473:pathology* / Q000523:psychology*; D009415:Nerve Net / Q000473:pathology; D012559:Schizophrenia / Q000175:diagnosis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index