title: Using cognitive interviews to evaluate items for measuring sexual functioning across cancer populations: improvements and remaining challenges.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  One goal of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) is to develop a measure of sexual functioning that broadens the definition of sexual activity and incorporates items that reflect constructs identified as important by patients with cancer. We describe how cognitive interviews improved the quality of the items and discuss remaining challenges to assessing sexual functioning in research with cancer populations.
  
  
  METHODS
  We conducted 39 cognitive interviews of patients with cancer and survivors on the topic of sexual experience. Each of the 83 candidate items was seen by 5-24 participants. Participants included both men and women and varied by cancer type, treatment trajectory, race, and literacy level. Significantly revised items were retested in subsequent interviews.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Cognitive interviews provided useful feedback about the relevance, sensitivity, appropriateness, and clarity of the items. Participants identified broad terms (e.g., "sex life") to assess sexual experience and exposed the challenges of measuring sexual functioning consistently, considering both adjusted and unadjusted sexual experiences.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Cognitive interviews were critical for item refinement in the development of the PROMIS measure of sexual function. Efforts are underway to validate the measure in larger cancer populations.
authors: Center for Clinical and Genetic Economics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, PO Box 17969, Durham, NC 27715, USA.
authors: Alice K
authors: AK
authors: Fortune-Greeley
authors: Kathryn E
authors: KE
authors: Flynn
authors: Diana D
authors: DD
authors: Jeffery
authors: Megan S
authors: MS
authors: Williams
authors: Francis J
authors: FJ
authors: Keefe
authors: Bryce B
authors: BB
authors: Reeve
authors: Gordon B
authors: GB
authors: Willis
authors: Kevin P
authors: KP
authors: Weinfurt
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D003071:Cognition; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008962:Models, Theoretical; D009369:Neoplasms / Q000150:complications* / Q000453:epidemiology; D017060:Patient Satisfaction / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011594:Psychometrics; D036301:Qualitative Research; D019984:Quality Indicators, Health Care; D011788:Quality of Life; D012725:Sexual Behavior; D020018:Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology*; D013315:Stress, Psychological; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology