title: Modulation of physiological hemostasis by irrigation solution: comparison of various irrigation solutions using a mouse brain surface bleeding model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Intraoperative bleeding often obscures the surgical field and may cause neurological damage. The irrigation fluids used during surgery might affect physiological hemostasis because they modulate the extracellular fluid composition of the bleeding area directly. The authors therefore investigated the influence of irrigation fluid on hemostasis in a mouse brain surface bleeding model.
  
  
  METHODS
  The cerebral cortices of ddY strain mice were exposed under irrigation with normal saline, lactated Ringer (LR) solution, or artificial CSF (ACF-95). To investigate the influence of electrolytes, calcium, potassium, or both were also added to the saline. After 10 minutes of irrigation at 100 ml/hour, sequential photographs of the surgical area were taken with a microscope, and the number of bleeding points was counted visually. Irrigation and counting were performed in a masked manner.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were significantly more bleeding points after irrigation with normal saline than with ACF-95; LR solution had a similar effect on physiological hemostasis as ACF-95. Saline augmented with calcium or potassium and calcium was superior to normal saline in terms of hemostasis.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The authors demonstrated that the irrigation fluid used in neurosurgery affects bleeding at the surgical site. To avoid surgical site bleeding, ACF-95 and LR solution should be used as irrigation fluids instead of normal saline. The calcium and potassium content of irrigation solutions seems to be important in hemostasis.
authors: Research and Development Center, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Factory, Inc., Naruto, Tokushima, Japan.
authors: Yasutaka
authors: Y
authors: Fujita
authors: Kazuhisa
authors: K
authors: Doi
authors: Daisuke
authors: D
authors: Harada
authors: Shuji
authors: S
authors: Kamikawa
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D021461:Animals, Outbred Strains; D016063:Blood Loss, Surgical / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002118:Calcium / Q000494:pharmacology; D002543:Cerebral Hemorrhage / Q000503:physiopathology*; D002555:Cerebrospinal Fluid; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006487:Hemostasis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000502:physiology*; D007552:Isotonic Solutions / Q000494:pharmacology; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011188:Potassium / Q000494:pharmacology; D012965:Sodium Chloride / Q000494:pharmacology; D007507:Therapeutic Irrigation; D014743:Videotape Recording
chemical_list: D007552:Isotonic Solutions; C028570:Ringer's acetate; D012965:Sodium Chloride; D011188:Potassium; D002118:Calcium