title: Cognitive performance in community-dwelling English- and Spanish-speaking seniors.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  to examine the association of language (English vs Spanish), and commonly used measures of memory and word fluency among older adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  cross-sectional.
  
  
  METHODS
  community-based settings in New York City, including senior centres and residential complexes.
  
  
  METHODS
  four hundred and twenty independently living adults aged 60 or older (mean 73.8 years).
  
  
  METHODS
  participants completed the Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), animal naming test (ANT) and Wechsler Memory Scale III (WMS) Story A immediate and delayed subtests. Scores were examined by strata of language, age or education and for different thresholds of the MMSE. We tested the association of language and cognitive test performance using multivariable linear regression.
  
  
  RESULTS
  twenty-one per cent of subjects were interviewed in Spanish and 16.2% reported poor-fair English proficiency. The mean WMS scores were not statistically different between English and Spanish groups (immediate recall, 9.9 vs 9.5, P = 0.44; delayed recall, 8.0 vs 7.6, P = 0.36, respectively), whereas ANT scores did differ (16.6 vs 14.3, P < 0.0001). These associations were consistent across MMSE thresholds. The association of language and ANT score was not significant after accounting for education.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  we found little difference in performance on the Story A subtests from the WMS suggesting that this test may be used for both English- and Spanish-speaking populations. Results suggest that variations in ANT performance may be accounted for by adjusting for the level of education. These results have important implications for the generalisability of test scores among diverse older populations.
authors: Division of General Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA. alex.federman@mssm.edu
authors: Alex D
authors: AD
authors: Federman
authors: Helen
authors: H
authors: Cole
authors: Mary
authors: M
authors: Sano
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D003071:Cognition; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D004522:Educational Status; D005260:Female; D015577:Geriatric Assessment; D006801:Humans; D007802:Language; D007807:Language Tests; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D009519:New York City / Q000453:epidemiology; D011594:Psychometrics; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires