title: Comparison of urine results concerning co-consumption of illicit heroin and other drugs in heroin and methadone maintenance programs.
abstract: Urine samples of patients from a heroin maintenance program (HMP) and a methadone maintenance program (MMP) were chromatographically analyzed 1 month before and 6 and 12 months into treatment for the presence of classical markers of heroin use as well as for the presence of markers for illicit heroin abuse. Furthermore, the samples were immunochemically tested for cannabinoids, cocaine metabolites, amphetamine, methylendioxyamphetamines and benzodiazepines. A co-consumption of illicit heroin (HER) in the HMP was determined to be 50% but was significantly lower compared to the MMP with a co-use of 71%. The incidence was high because not only acetylcodeine (AC) as a very specific marker was considered but also other marker substances for illicit HER use. Amphetamines played only a minor part in both collectives, and the proportion of HER and methadone patients using cocaine was similar and decreased during treatment. Also, the benzodiazepine use decreased, and cannabis use was high in both collectives during treatment. Considering only the AC in the present study, a co-use of illicit HER in the HMP was similar to previous reports concerning HER-assisted treatment programs. If additional marker substances were examined, the suspicion of a co-use of illicit HER is markedly enhanced.
authors: Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111, Bonn, Germany. f.musshoff@uni-bonn.de
authors: Frank
authors: F
authors: Musshoff
authors: Jens
authors: J
authors: Trafkowski
authors: Dirk
authors: D
authors: Lichtermann
authors: Burkhard
authors: B
authors: Madea
mesh_terms: D000662:Amphetamines / Q000652:urine; D001569:Benzodiazepines / Q000652:urine; D002186:Cannabinoids / Q000652:urine; D002853:Chromatography, Liquid; D003042:Cocaine / Q000652:urine; D053593:Forensic Toxicology; D003932:Heroin / Q000652:urine*; D006801:Humans; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D008691:Methadone / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D009294:Narcotics / Q000627:therapeutic use / Q000652:urine*; D058850:Opiate Substitution Treatment; D009293:Opioid-Related Disorders / Q000534:rehabilitation; D015813:Substance Abuse Detection; D053719:Tandem Mass Spectrometry
chemical_list: D000662:Amphetamines; D002186:Cannabinoids; D013287:Illicit Drugs; D009294:Narcotics; D001569:Benzodiazepines; D003932:Heroin; D003042:Cocaine; D008691:Methadone