title: In vitro analyses of the effect of aromatic diamidines upon Trypanosoma cruzi.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Aromatic diamidines (ADs) have been recognized as promising antiparasitic agents. Therefore, in the present work, the in vitro trypanocidal effect of 11 ADs upon the relevant clinical forms of Trypanosoma cruzi was evaluated, as well as determining their toxicity to mammalian cells and their subcellular localization.
  
  
  METHODS
  The trypanocidal effect upon trypomastigotes and amastigotes was evaluated by light microscopy through the determination of the IC(50) values. The cytotoxicity was determined by the MTT colorimetric assay against mouse cardiomyocytes. For the subcellular localization, transmission electron microscopy and fluorescence approaches were used. The fluorescence intensity within the kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) of treated parasites was determined using the Image J program.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compounds 2, 5 and 7 showed the lowest IC(50) values (micromolar range) against intracellular amastigotes and trypomastigotes. In the presence of blood, all the tested ADs exhibited a reduction of their activity. The compounds did not exhibit toxicity to cardiac cells and the highest selectivity index (SI) was achieved by compound 5 with an SI of >137 for trypomastigotes and compound 7 with an SI of >107 for intracellular parasites. The subcellular effects upon bloodstream forms treated with compounds 5 and 7 were mainly on kDNA, leading to its disorganization. The higher accumulation in the kDNA observed for all tested ADs was not directly related to their efficacy.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our results show the high activity of this new series of ADs against both trypomastigote and amastigote forms, with excellent SIs, especially compound 7, which merits further in vivo evaluation.
authors: Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
authors: Anissa
authors: A
authors: Daliry
authors: Patrícia B
authors: PB
authors: Da Silva
authors: Cristiane F
authors: CF
authors: Da Silva
authors: Marcos Meuser
authors: MM
authors: Batista
authors: Solange L
authors: SL
authors: De Castro
authors: Richard R
authors: RR
authors: Tidwell
authors: Maria de Nazaré C
authors: Mde N
authors: Soeiro
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology* / Q000633:toxicity; D002470:Cell Survival; D002478:Cells, Cultured; D020128:Inhibitory Concentration 50; D051379:Mice; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D032383:Myocytes, Cardiac / Q000187:drug effects; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts / Q000378:metabolism; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000378:metabolism; D014349:Trypanosoma cruzi / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure
chemical_list: D000981:Antiprotozoal Agents; D013778:Tetrazolium Salts; D013844:Thiazoles; C022616:thiazolyl blue