title: The potential use of biomarkers as an adjunctive tool for staging bipolar disorder.
abstract: Recent data show that biomarkers differ in early and late-stage bipolar disorder (BD). Here we propose a model of staging for bipolar disorder that emphasizes the potential use of biomarkers for differentiating early and late-stage BD patients in the inter-episodic period. The proposed model includes a Latent phase: patients at "ultra-high-risk" for developing BD, characterized by a family history of BD, temperament traits, mood, and anxiety symptoms as well as genetic vulnerability for developing the disorder; Stage I: patients who return to their baseline level of functioning when mood episodes resolve; Stage II: biomarkers and functioning impairment are related to comorbidities or rapid-cycling presentations; Stage III: persistent cognitive and functioning impairment in the inter-episode period as well as changes in biomarkers; and Stage IV: same findings as in Stage III associated with extreme cognitive and functioning impairment, to the point that patients are unable to live autonomously. Empirical testing will determine the ability of the present model to inform patients and clinicians about both prognosis and response to treatment.
authors: Bipolar Disorder Program and Molecular Psychiatry Unit, Hospital de Clínicas, UFRGS, INCT Translational Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil. kapcz@terra.com.br
authors: Flávio
authors: F
authors: Kapczinski
authors: Vasco Videira
authors: VV
authors: Dias
authors: Márcia
authors: M
authors: Kauer-Sant'Anna
authors: Elisa
authors: E
authors: Brietzke
authors: Gustavo H
authors: GH
authors: Vázquez
authors: Eduard
authors: E
authors: Vieta
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Berk
mesh_terms: D000339:Affect / Q000502:physiology; D001007:Anxiety / Q000209:etiology; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000378:metabolism; D001714:Bipolar Disorder / Q000150:complications* / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000523:psychology; D003072:Cognition Disorders / Q000209:etiology*; D016207:Cytokines / Q000378:metabolism; D018450:Disease Progression; D006801:Humans; D008954:Models, Biological; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D012307:Risk Factors; D013694:Temperament / Q000502:physiology
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers; D016207:Cytokines; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors