title: The anti-hepatitis C agent nitazoxanide induces phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2alpha via protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA activation.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  New therapies are needed to treat patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV), a major worldwide cause of chronic liver disease. Nitazoxanide (NTZ), originally used to treat cryptosporidiosis infection, recently was shown to have unexpected antiviral activity in the HCV replicon system and in chronically infected patients. A pilot clinical study suggested that NTZ can augment the antiviral effect of interferon (IFN), although the molecular basis for its effect was unknown.
  
  
  METHODS
  We analyzed the effects of NTZ on the regulation of eukaryotic initiation factor-2alpha (eIF2alpha) and its IFN-induced kinase, protein kinase activated by double-stranded RNA (PKR), in cells that support HCV RNA replication and in vitro biochemical assays.
  
  
  RESULTS
  NTZ increased eIF2alpha phosphorylation, a modification known to mediate host cell antiviral defenses. The addition of IFN to cell cultures increased NTZ-induced eIF2alpha phosphorylation. NTZ also increased PKR phosphorylation. In vitro, NTZ promoted PKR autophosphorylation, a key step in activating PKR's kinase activity for eIF2alpha. Finally, NTZ-induced eIF2alpha phosphorylation was reduced in the presence of specific inhibitors of PKR autophosphorylation.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An important mechanism of NTZ's action involves activation of PKR, a key kinase that regulates the cell's innate antiviral response. These observations could explain the clinical antiviral effect of NTZ. NTZ might represent a new class of small molecules capable of potentiating and recapitulating important antiviral effects of IFN.
authors: Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA.
authors: Menashe
authors: M
authors: Elazar
authors: Michael
authors: M
authors: Liu
authors: Sean A
authors: SA
authors: McKenna
authors: Ping
authors: P
authors: Liu
authors: Elizabeth A
authors: EA
authors: Gehrig
authors: Joseph D
authors: JD
authors: Puglisi
authors: Jean-François
authors: JF
authors: Rossignol
authors: Jeffrey S
authors: JS
authors: Glenn
mesh_terms: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D000998:Antiviral Agents / Q000494:pharmacology; D018929:Cell Culture Techniques; D002460:Cell Line; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2 / Q000378:metabolism*; D006526:Hepatitis C / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D022781:Hepatocytes / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism; D006801:Humans; D007372:Interferons / Q000494:pharmacology; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D010766:Phosphorylation / Q000187:drug effects; D013844:Thiazoles / Q000494:pharmacology*; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000977:Antiparasitic Agents; D000998:Antiviral Agents; D015852:Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2; D009574:Nitro Compounds; D013844:Thiazoles; D007372:Interferons; D019892:eIF-2 Kinase; C041747:nitazoxanide