title: Intra-operative fluid warming in elective caesarean section: a blinded randomised controlled trial.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  We assessed the effect of warming intravenous fluids during elective caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia in a blinded, randomised controlled trial.
  
  
  METHODS
  Seventy-five women having elective caesarean section were randomly assigned to receive all intravenous fluids at room temperature, or heated in a cabinet set at 45 degrees C or via a Hotline fluid warmer (Smiths Medical International Ltd, Watford, Herts, UK). After 10 mL/kg crystalloid preload, combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia was performed. Core and ambient temperatures, thermal comfort and shivering were measured every 15 min thereafter. The primary outcome was the temperature at 60 min.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Temperature decreased in all groups. Although the temperature decrease at 60 min was similar in the heated cabinet and Hotline groups, the room temperature group exhibited a greater decrease [difference 0.4 degrees C (95% CI 0.2-0.6 degrees C); P=0.015]. More women felt cold in the room temperature group (8: 32%) than in the heated cabinet set (3: 12%) and Hotline (1: 4%) groups (P=0.02), but the incidence of shivering was similar: 11 (44%), 9 (36%) and 7 (28%) respectively. Apgar scores and neonatal cord gases were similar.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Warming intravenous fluids mitigates the decrease in maternal temperature during elective caesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anaesthesia and improves thermal comfort, but does not affect shivering. Intravenous fluids should be warmed routinely in elective caesarean section, especially for cases of expected long duration, but the use of pre-warmed fluids is as efficient and cheaper than using a Hotline fluid warmer.
authors: Magill Department of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK. melwoolnough@doctors.net.uk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Woolnough
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Allam
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Hemingway
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Cox
authors: S M
authors: SM
authors: Yentis
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000767:Anesthesia, Epidural; D000773:Anesthesia, Obstetrical; D001034:Apgar Score; D001784:Blood Gas Analysis; D001831:Body Temperature / Q000502:physiology; D002585:Cesarean Section; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D017558:Elective Surgical Procedures; D004562:Electrocardiography; D005260:Female; D005440:Fluid Therapy / Q000379:methods*; D006801:Humans; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D011247:Pregnancy; D011446:Prospective Studies; D017694:Rewarming / Q000379:methods*; D012768:Shivering; D013696:Temperature