title: Monitoring adherence to the international code of conduct: highly hazardous pesticides in central Andean agriculture and farmers' rights to health.
abstract: The WHO has advocated monitoring adherence to the Food and Agriculture Organization's Code of Conduct to reduce use of highly hazardous pesticides in lower and middle income countries. We re-framed Code articles in terms of farmers' rights and drew on survey data, farmer focus group results, and direct observations of agrochemical stores in Ecuador and Peru to construct indicators reflecting respect for such rights. Use of highly (Ia and Ib) and moderately (II) hazardous pesticides was common. Worse indicators were observed in places with lower education, greater poverty, and more use of indigenous languages. Limited government enforcement capacity, social irresponsibility of the pesticide industry, and lack of farmers' knowledge of the Code were all factors impeding respect for farmers' rights. Addressing the power imbalance among social actors requires informed farmer and farmworker participation in monitoring adherence and active involvement of non-governmental organizations and municipal governments.
authors: Universidad Federal de Bahia, Instituto de Saúde Colectiva, Brazil.
authors: Fadya A
authors: FA
authors: Orozco
authors: Donald C
authors: DC
authors: Cole
authors: Greg
authors: G
authors: Forbes
authors: Jürgen
authors: J
authors: Kroschel
authors: Susitha
authors: S
authors: Wanigaratne
authors: Denis
authors: D
authors: Arica
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000382:Agricultural Workers' Diseases / Q000517:prevention & control*; D004484:Ecuador; D005260:Female; D017144:Focus Groups; D007722:Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice; D006306:Health Surveys; D006806:Human Rights / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016273:Occupational Exposure / Q000331:legislation & jurisprudence / Q000592:standards*; D010568:Peru; D010575:Pesticides / Q000592:standards*; D011482:Protective Devices / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010575:Pesticides