title: Genetic Alterations in Pesticide Exposed Bolivian Farmers: An evaluation by analysis of chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Pesticides are of concern in Bolivia because of increasing use. Frequent intoxications have been demonstrated due to use of very toxic pesticides, insufficient control of distribution and sale and little knowledge among farmers of protective measures and hygienic procedures.
  
  
  METHODS
  Questionnaires were applied and blood tests taken from 81 volunteers from La Paz County, of whom 48 were pesticide exposed farmers and 33 non-exposed controls. Sixty males and 21 females participated with a mean age of 37.3 years (range 17-76). Data of exposure and possible genetic damage were collected and evaluated by well known statistical methods, controlling for relevant confounders. To measure genetic damage chromosomal aberrations and the comet assay analysis were performed.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Pesticide exposed farmers had a higher degree of genetic damage compared to the control group. The number of chromosomal aberrations increased with the intensity of pesticide exposure. Females had a lower number of chromosomal aberrations than males, and people living at altitudes above 2500 metres seemed to exhibit more DNA damage measured by the comet assay.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Bolivian farmers showed signs of genotoxic damage, probably related to exposure to pesticides. Due to the potentially negative long term health effects of genetic damage on reproduction and the development of cancer, preventive measures are recommended. Effective control with imports and sales, banning of the most toxic pesticides, education and information are possible measures, which could help preventing the negative effects of pesticides on human health and the environment.
authors: Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Denmark.
authors: Erik
authors: E
authors: Jørs
authors: Ana Rosa
authors: AR
authors: Gonzáles
authors: Maria Eugenia
authors: ME
authors: Ascarrunz
authors: Noemi
authors: N
authors: Tirado
authors: Catharina
authors: C
authors: Takahashi
authors: Erika
authors: E
authors: Lafuente
authors: Raquel A
authors: RA
authors: Dos Santos
authors: Natalia
authors: N
authors: Bailon
authors: Rafael
authors: R
authors: Cervantes
authors: Huici
authors: H
authors: O
authors: Jesper
authors: J
authors: Bælum
authors: Flemming
authors: F
authors: Lander