title: Comparative effects of the formulation of glyphosate-surfactant herbicides on hemodynamics in swine.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Most of the glyphosate-surfactant herbicides (GlySH) are formulated commercial products containing isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate (IPAG), variable amount of a surfactant, and water. Although glyphosate is only slightly toxic to rats, ingestion of GlySH may lead to severe effects, including death, in humans. We conducted a study to evaluate the cardiovascular effects of the components of GlySH.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used five groups of male piglets, each receiving infusion of normal saline (control), glyphosate in NaOH base, IPA, IPAG, and polyoxyethyleneamine (POEA), respectively. We chose concentrations that are similar to those in the commonly used GlySH (41% of IPAG and 15% surfactant).
  
  
  RESULTS
  We found that IPAG reduced the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and left-ventricular stroke work index (LVSWI) during the infusion, but both recovered gradually. It also decreased the cardiac index but increased the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, central venous pressure (CVP), and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP). POEA infusion reduced the cardiac index and LVSWI, but not the MABP. It also increased the pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, CVP, MPAP, and pulmonary vascular resistance index. IPA increased the MABP, which was higher than those in the control, IPAG, and POEA groups. Glyphosate in NaOH base infusion did not affect the hemodynamics but slightly reduced the blood pH and base excess (BE) values. POEA and IPAG also resulted in metabolic acidosis, with lactate formation and decreased BE values.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  We conclude that both POEA and IPAG infusion affected hemodynamics and resulted in death in piglets, whereas glyphosate (NaOH base) had no similar effects.
authors: Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
authors: Hsin-Ling
authors: HL
authors: Lee
authors: Chung-Dann
authors: CD
authors: Kan
authors: Chia-Ling
authors: CL
authors: Tsai
authors: Ming-Jer
authors: MJ
authors: Liou
authors: How-Ran
authors: HR
authors: Guo
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001835:Body Weight / Q000187:drug effects; D002319:Cardiovascular System / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D004338:Drug Combinations; D005998:Glycine / Q000031:analogs & derivatives* / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D006439:Hemodynamics / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000502:physiology; D006540:Herbicides / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity*; D008136:Longevity / Q000187:drug effects; D008297:Male; D011041:Poisoning / Q000209:etiology* / Q000503:physiopathology; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols / Q000633:toxicity*; D011437:Propylamines / Q000737:chemistry / Q000633:toxicity; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000633:toxicity; D013552:Swine; D023382:Toxicity Tests, Acute; D000097797:Glyphosate
chemical_list: D004338:Drug Combinations; D005998:Glycine; D006540:Herbicides; D011092:Polyethylene Glycols; D011437:Propylamines; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D000097797:Glyphosate; C054694:polyoxyethyleneamine; C035263:2-propylamine