Electric toothbrush application is a reliable and valid test for differentiating temporomandibular disorders pain patients from controls.
BACKGROUND
Current methods for identifying patients with pain hypersensitivity are sufficiently complex to limit their widespread application in clinical settings. We assessed the reliability and validity of a simple multi-modal vibrotactile stimulus, applied using an electric toothbrush, to evaluate its potential as a screening tool for central sensitization.


METHODS
Fourteen female temporomandibular disorders (TMD) subjects with myofascial pain (RDC/TMD Ia or Ib) and arthralgia (RDC/TMD IIIa) were compared to 13 pain-free controls of matched age and gender. Vibrotactile stimulus was performed with an electric toothbrush, applied with 1 pound pressure for 30 seconds in four locations: over the lateral pole of the temporomandibular joint, masseter, temporalis, and mid-ventral surface of forearm. Pain intensity (0-10) was recorded following the stimulus at 0, 15, 30, and 60 seconds. Test-retest reliability was assessed with measurements from 8 participants, taken 2-12 hours apart. Case versus control differentiation involved comparison of area under the curve (AUC). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine cutoff AUC scores for maximum sensitivity and specificity for this multi-modal vibrotactile stimulus.


RESULTS
Test-retest reliability resulted in an ICC of 0.87 for all 4 pooled sites. ROC-determined AUC cutoff scores resulted in a sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 92% for all 4 pooled sites.


CONCLUSIONS
The electric toothbrush stimulus had excellent test-retest reliability. Validity of the scores was demonstrated with modest sensitivity and good specificity for differentiating TMD pain patients from controls, which are acceptable properties for a screening test.
Nixdorf
Donald R
DR
Department of Diagnostic & Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. nixdorf@umn.edu
Hemmaty
Azar
A
Look
John O
JO
Schiffman
Eric L
EL
John
Mike T
MT
D018771:Arthralgia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003742:Dental Devices, Home Care; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D006930:Hyperalgesia / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D010147:Pain Measurement / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D017288:Pain Threshold; D010812:Physical Stimulation / Q000295:instrumentation* / Q000379:methods; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D012372:ROC Curve; D015203:Reproducibility of Results; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D013705:Temporomandibular Joint Disorders / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000503:physiopathology; D013706:Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction Syndrome / Q000175:diagnosis; D014099:Toothbrushing / Q000295:instrumentation*; D014732:Vibration