title: Relationship between stroke volume, cardiac output and filling of the heart during tilt.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Cardiac function curves are widely accepted to apply to humans but are not established for the entire range of filling of the heart that can be elicited during head-up (HUT) and head-down tilt (HDT), taken to represent minimal and maximal physiological filling of the heart, respectively. With the supine resting position as a reference, we assessed stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO) and filling of the heart during graded tilt to evaluate whether SV and CO are maintained during an assumed maximal physiological filling of the heart elicited by 90 degrees HDT in healthy resting humans.
  
  
  METHODS
  In 26 subjects, central blood volume was manipulated with graded tilt from 60 degrees HUT to 90 degrees HDT. We measured SV, CO (Finometer) and cardiac filling by echocardiography of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV; n=12).
  
  
  RESULTS
  From supine rest to 60 degrees HUT, SV and CO decreased 23 ml [confidence intervals (CI): 16-30; P<0.001; 23%] and 0.9 l/min (0.4-1.4; P<0.0001; 14%), respectively, but neither SV nor CO changed during HDT up to 70 degrees . However, during 90 degrees HDT, SV decreased 12 ml (CI: 6-19; P<0.0001; 12%), with an increase of 21 ml (9-33; P=0.002; 16%) in LVEDV because HR increased 3 bpm and CO decreased 0.5 l/min (ns).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study confirmed that SV and CO are maximal in resting, supine, healthy humans and decrease during HUT. However, 90 degrees HDT was associated with increased LVEDV and induced a reduction in SV.
authors: Department of Anaesthesia 2041, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, Denmark. m.bundgaard-nielsen@rh.regionh.dk
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Bundgaard-Nielsen
authors: H
authors: H
authors: Sørensen
authors: M
authors: M
authors: Dalsgaard
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Rasmussen
authors: N H
authors: NH
authors: Secher
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001810:Blood Volume / Q000502:physiology*; D002302:Cardiac Output / Q000502:physiology*; D004452:Echocardiography; D005260:Female; D018475:Head-Down Tilt / Q000502:physiology*; D006339:Heart Rate / Q000502:physiology; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D013318:Stroke Volume / Q000502:physiology; D016683:Supine Position; D018667:Tilt-Table Test; D016277:Ventricular Function, Left / Q000502:physiology; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen