title: Disseminated intravascular coagulation with a fibrinolytic phenotype at an early phase of trauma predicts mortality.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) with an antifibrinolytic phenotype is characterized by microvascular thrombosis leading to poor outcome at the late-stage of trauma. To test the hypothesis that DIC with a fibrinolytic phenotype at an early stage of trauma also contributes to a poor outcome due to severe bleeding, we conducted a retrospective, cohort study.
  
  
  METHODS
  The subjects included 314 consecutive severe trauma patients. A systematic review of medical records of the patients was conducted to provide the base line characteristics and DIC-related variables. The data of these variables were obtained at 4 time points within 24 hr after arrival to the emergency department (ED); Time Point 1, immediately after arrival to the ED to 4 hr after arrival; Time Point 2, 4 to 8 hr after arrival; Time Point 3, 8 to 16 hr after arrival; Time Point 4, 16 to 24 hr after arrival.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Nonsurvivors (87.3%, 48/55) met the Japanese Association for Acute Medicine (JAAM) DIC criteria showing lower fibrinogen levels, a prolonged prothrombin time, and higher fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) and D-dimer levels in comparison to those of the 289 survivors. The FDP/D-dimer ratio and lactate level were significantly higher in the nonsurvivors than those of the survivors. Lower fibrinogen levels and higher FDP/D-dimer ratio suggest fibrinogenolysis in DIC of the nonsurvivors. Furthermore a stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the JAAM DIC score, levels of fibrinogen, FDP and lactate at Time Point 1 are independent predictors of death. Low levels of fibrinogen and high FDP but not D-dimer predict massive bleeding at an early stage of trauma. The optimal cutoff points for the prediction of death and massive bleeding were fibrinogen (1.90, 1.90 g/L) and FDP (35.2, 68.7 mg/L), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  DIC with a fibrinolytic phenotype modified through fibrinogenolysis at an early phase of trauma contributes to poor prognosis due to massive bleeding. Tissue hypoperfusion may be involved in the pathogenesis of this type of DIC.
authors: Division of Acute and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
authors: Atsushi
authors: A
authors: Sawamura
authors: Mineji
authors: M
authors: Hayakawa
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Gando
authors: Nobuhiko
authors: N
authors: Kubota
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Sugano
authors: Takeshi
authors: T
authors: Wada
authors: Ken-ichi
authors: K
authors: Katabami
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001777:Blood Coagulation; D001792:Blood Platelets / Q000502:physiology; D004211:Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation / Q000097:blood* / Q000209:etiology; D005260:Female; D005342:Fibrinolysis; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010641:Phenotype; D011379:Prognosis; D012372:ROC Curve; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014947:Wounds and Injuries / Q000097:blood*