title: Associations between vascular co-morbidities and depression in insulin-naive diabetes patients: the DIAZOB Primary Care Diabetes study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of depression in insulin-naive diabetes patients and to investigate the associations between different forms of vascular co-morbidity and depression.
  
  
  METHODS
  Cross-sectional data were used from a primary-care sample of 1,269 insulin-naive (i.e. not using insulin therapy) diabetes patients participating in the DIAZOB Primary Care Diabetes study. Demographics, vascular co-morbidities, clinical and lifestyle characteristics, and psychosocial factors were assessed. Depression symptoms were measured with the Edinburgh Depression Scale, with a score >11 defined as depression. The chi (2) and Student's t tests were used to compare groups with and without vascular co-morbidities. Rates and odds ratios of depression were calculated for each vascular co-morbidity, with diabetes only as the reference group, correcting for age and sex. Single and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to test a more comprehensive model regarding the likelihood of depression in diabetes.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The prevalence of depression was 11% in the total sample with little difference between the groups with and without any vascular co-morbidity (11.2% vs 10.0%). Single vascular co-morbidities were not associated with increased rates of depression. The final model predicting depression included: having multiple vascular co-morbidities compared with none; having less social support; having experienced a recent stressful life event; female sex; and being a smoker.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Rates of depression in those with one additional vascular co-morbidity did not differ from patients with diabetes only. Vascular co-morbidities were only associated with higher depression scores in case of multiple co-morbidities.
authors: Center of Research on Psychology in Somatic diseases, Department of Medical Psychology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands.
authors: B
authors: B
authors: Koopmans
authors: F
authors: F
authors: Pouwer
authors: R A
authors: RA
authors: de Bie
authors: G L
authors: GL
authors: Leusink
authors: J K L
authors: JK
authors: Denollet
authors: V J M
authors: VJ
authors: Pop
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D003430:Cross-Sectional Studies; D003863:Depression / Q000453:epidemiology*; D003924:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000523:psychology*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D007328:Insulin / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D014652:Vascular Diseases / Q000453:epidemiology*
chemical_list: D007004:Hypoglycemic Agents; D007328:Insulin