title: Predictors of virologic failure and genotypic resistance mutation patterns in thai children receiving non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Nonnucleoside reverse transcription inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been widely used as a first-line regimen for the treatment of HIV. This study aimed to determine the rate and predictors of virologic failure and describe patterns of resistance mutation.
  
  
  METHODS
  The inclusion criteria were children who were <18 years and receiving NNRTI-based ART. Plasma HIV-1 RNA and CD4 were monitored every 6 months. Virologic failure was defined as plasma HIVRNA >1000 copies/mL.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty (20%) of 202 children had virologic failure, of whom 33 (16%) failed in the first year of therapy. By multivariate analysis, the children who received nevirapine were 3.7 times more likely to develop virologic failure than those receiving efavirenz (P = 0.006). The prevalence's of patients with >or=1 major mutations conferring drug resistance to nucleoside reverse transcription inhibitors (NRTIs) and NNRTIs were 89% and 97%, respectively. The common NNRTI mutations were Y181C/I (58%) and K103N (34%). The NRTI mutations were M184V/I (84%), K65R (11%), Q151M (5%), and >or=3 TAMs (3%).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The virologic failure rate in children was high and mostly occurred in the first year of treatment. The most common resistance mutations were those conferring resistance to NNRTIs and lamivudine. There were few instances of multiNRTI resistance. Early detection of virologic failure might allow more options for second-line regimens.
authors: Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
authors: Podjanee
authors: P
authors: Jittamala
authors: Thanyawee
authors: T
authors: Puthanakit
authors: Sukrapee
authors: S
authors: Chaiinseeard
authors: Virat
authors: V
authors: Sirisanthana
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D019380:Anti-HIV Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D023241:Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active / Q000379:methods*; D018791:CD4 Lymphocyte Count; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D024882:Drug Resistance, Viral; D005260:Female; D005838:Genotype; D015658:HIV Infections / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000821:virology*; D015497:HIV-1 / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D008297:Male; D020125:Mutation, Missense; D012367:RNA, Viral / Q000097:blood; D013785:Thailand; D017211:Treatment Failure; D019562:Viral Load
chemical_list: D019380:Anti-HIV Agents; D012367:RNA, Viral