title: A method for placing Heschl gyrus depth electrodes.
abstract: A wide range of devices is used to obtain intracranial electrocorticography recordings in patients with medically refractory epilepsy, including subdural strip and grid electrodes and depth electrodes. Penetrating depth electrodes are required to access some brain regions, and 1 target site that presents a particular technical challenge is the first transverse temporal gyrus, or Heschl gyrus (HG). The HG is located within the supratemporal plane and has an oblique orientation relative to the sagittal and coronal planes. Large and small branches of the middle cerebral artery abut the pial surface of the HG and must be avoided when planning the electrode trajectory. Auditory cortex is located within the HG, and there are functional connections between this dorsal temporal lobe region and medial sites commonly implicated in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. At some surgical centers, depth electrodes are routinely placed within the supratemporal plane, and the HG, in patients who require intracranial electrocorticography monitoring for presumed temporal lobe epilepsy. Information from these recordings is reported to facilitate the identification of seizure patterns in patients with or without auditory auras. To date, only one implantation method has been reported to be safe and effective for placing HG electrodes in a large series of patients undergoing epilepsy surgery. This well-established approach involves inserting the electrodes from a lateral trajectory while using stereoscopic stereotactic angiography to avoid vascular injury. In this report, the authors describe an alternative method for implantation. They use frameless stereotaxy and an oblique insertion trajectory that does not require angiography and allows for the simultaneous placement of subdural grid arrays. Results in 19 patients demonstrate the safety and efficacy of the method.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
authors: Chandan G
authors: CG
authors: Reddy
authors: Nader S
authors: NS
authors: Dahdaleh
authors: Gregory
authors: G
authors: Albert
authors: Fangxiang
authors: F
authors: Chen
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Hansen
authors: Kirill
authors: K
authors: Nourski
authors: Hiroto
authors: H
authors: Kawasaki
authors: Hiroyuki
authors: H
authors: Oya
authors: Matthew A
authors: MA
authors: Howard
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001303:Auditory Cortex / Q000503:physiopathology*; D004567:Electrodes, Implanted; D004569:Electroencephalography; D004833:Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology* / Q000601:surgery*; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D038361:Neuronavigation / Q000379:methods*; D013702:Temporal Lobe / Q000503:physiopathology*; D014057:Tomography, X-Ray Computed; D055815:Young Adult