title: Elevated scrotal temperature, but not varicocele grade, reflects testicular oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Elevation of scrotal temperature has been known as a cause of male infertility but the exact mechanism leading to impaired spermatogenesis is unknown. This work aimed to investigate the role of elevated scrotal temperature, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in testes of infertile males associated with varicocele.
  
  
  METHODS
  Thirty-two testicular biopsies from patients with left varicocele who underwent preoperative measurement of scrotal temperature (DeltaT), serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, and testosterone were included. Generation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)-modified proteins and proteolytic fragments of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 detected by Western blotting were examined as markers for oxidative stress and apoptosis, respectively. These expressions were compared with clinical parameters.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Irrespective of varicocele grades, sperm concentration, motility, serum FSH, and testosterone were deteriorated with the increase of DeltaT. There was a distinct correlation between generation of 4-HNE-modified proteins and DeltaT, indicating a close association between scrotal temperature and oxidative stress. Cleavages of PARP and caspase-3, which appear at 86 and 17 kDa, respectively, were strongly correlated with DeltaT and generation of 4-HNE-modified proteins.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Elevation of scrotal temperature is one of the major factors to impair spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis in testis with varicocele. This heat stress is shown to be closely associated with oxidative stress, following the apoptosis of germ cells.
authors: Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 111 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan. sirakkkay@aol.com
authors: Koji
authors: K
authors: Shiraishi
authors: Hiroshi
authors: H
authors: Takihara
authors: Hideyasu
authors: H
authors: Matsuyama
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000502:physiology*; D001707:Biopsy, Needle; D015153:Blotting, Western; D015331:Cohort Studies; D006801:Humans; D007150:Immunohistochemistry; D007248:Infertility, Male; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018384:Oxidative Stress / Q000502:physiology*; D011336:Probability; D012611:Scrotum / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D013091:Spermatogenesis / Q000502:physiology; D013696:Temperature; D013737:Testis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology*; D014646:Varicocele / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery; D055815:Young Adult