title: Gene polymorphisms in folate metabolizing enzymes in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: effects on methotrexate-related toxicity and survival.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  The antifolate agent methotrexate is an important component of maintenance therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, although methotrexate-related toxicity is often a reason for interruption of chemotherapy. Prediction of toxicity is difficult because of inter-individual variability susceptibility to antileukemic agents. Methotrexate interferes with folate metabolism leading to depletion of reduced folates.
  
  
  METHODS
  The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polymorphisms for folate metabolizing enzymes with respect to toxicity and survival in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with methotrexate maintenance therapy. To this purpose, we evaluated possible associations between genotype and hematologic and non-hematologic toxicity and effects on survival at 2 years of follow-up in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Polymorphisms in the genes encoding for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR 677C>T) and in dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR 19 bp deletion) significantly increased the risk of hepatotoxicity in single (odds ratio 5.23, 95% confidence interval 1.13-21.95 and odds ratio 4.57, 95% confidence interval 1.01-20.77, respectively) and in combined analysis (odds ratio 6.82, 95% confidence interval 1.38-33.59). MTHFR 677C>T also increased the risk of leukopenia and gastrointestinal toxicity, whilst thymidylate synthase 28 bp repeat polymorphism increased the risk of anemia (odds ratio 8.48, 95% confidence interval 2.00-36.09). Finally, patients with MTHFR 677TT had a decreased overall survival rate (hazard ratio 2.37, 95% confidence interval 1.46-8.45).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Genotyping of folate polymorphisms might be useful in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia to optimize methotrexate therapy, reducing the associated toxicity with possible effects on survival.
authors: Department of Morphology and Embryology, Section of Histology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64/B, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. ngrlss@unife.it
authors: Alessia
authors: A
authors: Ongaro
authors: Monica
authors: M
authors: De Mattei
authors: Matteo Giovanni
authors: MG
authors: Della Porta
authors: GianMatteo
authors: G
authors: Rigolin
authors: Cristina
authors: C
authors: Ambrosio
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Di Raimondo
authors: Agnese
authors: A
authors: Pellati
authors: Federica Francesca
authors: FF
authors: Masieri
authors: Angelo
authors: A
authors: Caruso
authors: Linda
authors: L
authors: Catozzi
authors: Donato
authors: D
authors: Gemmati
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D056486:Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics; D005260:Female; D005492:Folic Acid / Q000378:metabolism*; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D005838:Genotype; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008727:Methotrexate / Q000009:adverse effects* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2) / Q000235:genetics*; D008875:Middle Aged; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic / Q000235:genetics*; D054198:Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000201:enzymology / Q000235:genetics*; D015996:Survival Rate / Q000639:trends; D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase / Q000235:genetics*; D055815:Young Adult
chemical_list: D005492:Folic Acid; D042965:Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (NADPH2); D013762:Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase; D008727:Methotrexate