title: Chronic exposure to arsenic in the drinking water alters the expression of immune response genes in mouse lung.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Chronic exposure to drinking water arsenic is a significant worldwide environmental health concern. Exposure to As is associated with an increased risk of lung disease, which may make it a unique toxicant, because lung toxicity is usually associated with inhalation rather than ingestion.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  The goal of this study was to examine mRNA and protein expression changes in the lungs of mice exposed chronically to environmentally relevant concentrations of As in the food or drinking water, specifically examining the hypothesis that As may preferentially affect gene and protein expression related to immune function as part of its mechanism of toxicant action.
  
  
  METHODS
  C57BL/6J mice fed a casein-based AIN-76A defined diet were exposed to 10 or 100 ppb As in drinking water or food for 5-6 weeks.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Whole genome transcriptome profiling of animal lungs revealed significant alterations in the expression of many genes with functions in cell adhesion and migration, channels, receptors, differentiation and proliferation, and, most strikingly, aspects of the innate immune response. Confirmation of mRNA and protein expression changes in key genes of this response revealed that genes for interleukin 1beta, interleukin 1 receptor, a number of toll-like receptors, and several cytokines and cytokine receptors were significantly altered in the lungs of As-exposed mice.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings indicate that chronic low-dose As exposure at the current U.S. drinking-water standard can elicit effects on the regulation of innate immunity, which may contribute to altered disease risk, particularly in lung.
authors: Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA.
authors: Courtney D
authors: CD
authors: Kozul
authors: Thomas H
authors: TH
authors: Hampton
authors: Jennifer C
authors: JC
authors: Davey
authors: Julie A
authors: JA
authors: Gosse
authors: Athena P
authors: AP
authors: Nomikos
authors: Phillip L
authors: PL
authors: Eisenhauer
authors: Daniel J
authors: DJ
authors: Weiss
authors: Jessica E
authors: JE
authors: Thorpe
authors: Michael A
authors: MA
authors: Ihnat
authors: Joshua W
authors: JW
authors: Hamilton
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D001151:Arsenic / Q000633:toxicity*; D015153:Blotting, Western; D001992:Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid / Q000737:chemistry / Q000276:immunology; D020869:Gene Expression Profiling; D005786:Gene Expression Regulation / Q000187:drug effects*; D007107:Immune System / Q000187:drug effects*; D008168:Lung / Q000378:metabolism; D008297:Male; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D020411:Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000235:genetics; D020133:Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000633:toxicity*; D014881:Water Supply
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; D001151:Arsenic