Manganese and its role in Parkinson's disease: from transport to neuropathology.
The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in the neuropathology associated with Mn exposures. We commence with a discussion on occupational manganism and clinical aspects of the disorder. This is followed by novel considerations on Mn transport (see also chapter by Yokel, this volume), advancing new hypotheses on the involvement of several transporters in Mn entry into the brain. This is followed by a brief description of the effects of Mn on neurotransmitter systems that are putative modulators of dopamine (DA) biology (the primary target of Mn neurotoxicity), as well as its effects on mitochondrial dysfunction and disruption of cellular energy metabolism. Next, we discuss inflammatory activation of glia in neuronal injury and how disruption of synaptic transmission and glial-neuronal communication may serve as underlying mechanisms of Mn-induced neurodegeneration commensurate with the cross-talk between glia and neurons. We conclude with a discussion on therapeutic aspects of Mn exposure. Emphasis is directed at treatment modalities and the utility of chelators in attenuating the neurodegenerative sequelae of exposure to Mn. For additional reading on several topics inherent to this review as well as others, the reader may wish to consult Aschner and Dorman (Toxicological Review 25:147-154, 2007) and Bowman et al. (Metals and neurodegeneration, 2009).
Aschner
Michael
M
Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215-B Garland Avenue, 11425 MRB IV, Nashville, TN, 37232-0414, USA. michael.aschner@vanderbilt.edu
Erikson
Keith M
KM
Herrero Hernández
Elena
E
Hernández
Elena Herrero
EH
Tjalkens
Ronald
R
D000818:Animals; D001692:Biological Transport; D002614:Chelating Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015913:Chelation Therapy; D004734:Energy Metabolism; D006801:Humans; D008345:Manganese / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity*; D020149:Manganese Poisoning / Q000150:complications* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008928:Mitochondria / Q000378:metabolism; D009457:Neuroglia / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism / Q000473:pathology; D016273:Occupational Exposure; D010302:Parkinson Disease, Secondary / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000378:metabolism* / Q000473:pathology; D051381:Rats; D009435:Synaptic Transmission / Q000187:drug effects
D002614:Chelating Agents; D026901:Membrane Transport Proteins; D008345:Manganese