Optimizing vitamin D status to reduce colorectal cancer risk: an evidentiary review.
Vitamin D deficiency is common in the general public and in patients with cancer. Optimizing vitamin D intake is increasingly recognized in cancer risk reduction, particularly in decreasing colorectal cancer risk. Therefore, summarizing the current evidence to promote best practices related to vitamin D intake and colorectal cancer risk reduction is important. The objectives of this article are to examine the current evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on colorectal cancer risk reduction and provide practice recommendations for clinicians. Relevant research articles from 2002-2008 were retrieved from multiple electronic databases. Reference lists of relevant articles also were searched manually. Twenty-five research reports were selected for this article: 4 randomized, controlled trials; 11 cohort or case-control studies measuring serum 25-OH-D levels; and 10 cohort studies reporting vitamin D intake. This review generated three themes: raising 25-OH-D levels to a vitamin D sufficient state (32-100 ng/ml) achieved colorectal cancer risk reduction, increasing the intake of vitamin D reduced colorectal cancer risk, and increasing vitamin D intake to 1,000 IU daily is safe and likely sufficient to raise serum 25-OH-D levels above 32 ng/ml to achieve colorectal cancer risk reduction. Several practice recommendations are suggested.
Zhou
Guiyun
G
Vita Hematology/Oncology, Bethlehem, PA Jefferson School of Nursing, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA. guiyunzhou@hotmail.com
Stoitzfus
Jill
J
Swan
Beth Ann
BA
D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000097:blood / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000209:etiology; D006801:Humans; D009752:Nutritional Status; D012307:Risk Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology; D014807:Vitamin D / Q000009:adverse effects / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D014808:Vitamin D Deficiency / Q000150:complications*
D050071:Bone Density Conservation Agents; D014807:Vitamin D; C104450:25-hydroxyvitamin D