Reduced hippocampal neurogenesis in the GR(+/-) genetic mouse model of depression.
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) heterozygous mice (GR(+/- )) represent a valuable animal model for major depression. GR(+/- ) mice show a depression-related phenotype characterized by increased learned helplessness on the behavioral level and neuroendocrine alterations with hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis overdrive characteristic of depression. Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels have also been shown to be reduced in GR(+/- ) animals. Because adult hippocampal neurogenesis has been implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders, we studied here the effects of the GR(+/- ) genotype on neurogenesis in vivo. In a 2 x 2 design, GR(+/- ) mice and GR(+/+) littermate controls were either subjected to 1 h of restraint stress or left undisturbed in their home cages after intraperitoneal injection of BrdU. Stress exposure and BrdU injections were performed once daily for 7 days and neurogenesis analyzed 4 weeks later. BrdU cell counts were significantly reduced as an effect of GR(+/- ) genotype and as an effect of stress. Majority of the BrdU+ cells showed co-labeling with mature neuronal marker NeuN or astrocytic marker S100beta with no further significant effect of either experimental condition or of genotype. In sum, this results in reduced neurogenesis in GR(+/- ) mice which is further repressed by restraint stress. Our results, thus, reinforce the link between reduced neurogenesis, stress, neurotrophins, and behavioral symptoms of and susceptibility to depression.
Kronenberg
Golo
G
Klinik und Hochschulambulanz für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, 14050, Berlin, Germany. golo.kronenberg@charite.de
Kirste
Imke
I
Inta
Dragos
D
Chourbaji
Sabine
S
Heuser
Isabella
I
Endres
Matthias
M
Gass
Peter
P
D000704:Analysis of Variance; D000818:Animals; D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor / Q000378:metabolism; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine / Q000378:metabolism; D002454:Cell Differentiation / Q000235:genetics; D003863:Depression / Q000235:genetics* / Q000473:pathology*; D004195:Disease Models, Animal; D006624:Hippocampus / Q000503:physiopathology*; D051379:Mice; D008810:Mice, Inbred C57BL; D018345:Mice, Knockout; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors / Q000378:metabolism; D055495:Neurogenesis / Q000235:genetics*; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase / Q000378:metabolism; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid / Q000172:deficiency*; D012149:Restraint, Physical / Q000379:methods; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins / Q000378:metabolism; D013997:Time Factors
D019208:Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; D009414:Nerve Growth Factors; D011965:Receptors, Glucocorticoid; D064568:S100 Calcium Binding Protein beta Subunit; D009418:S100 Proteins; D010751:Phosphopyruvate Hydratase; D001973:Bromodeoxyuridine