title: Optical characterization of Bangerter foils.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Optical penalization is emerging as an alternative to patching for the treatment of amblyopia. Bangerter foils offer a form of optical penalization that is distinctly different from standard techniques making use of atropine or spectacle lens manipulation, or both, to produce defocus. The authors examined the optical properties of Bangerter foils and compared them with the effect of defocus.
  
  
  METHODS
  Bangerter foils were evaluated on an optical bench to calculate point spread and modulation transfer functions. Retinal images through the foils were also simulated and qualitatively compared with those with defocus and Gaussian blur. Subjective visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were compared in two subjects wearing spectacles with foils and with simple defocus.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The optical characteristics of the Bangerter foils do not correspond well with their labeled density designation. Bangerter foils and defocus affect the modulation transfer function similarly, with more attenuation of mid-range spatial frequencies than low spatial frequencies. However, Bangerter foils do not exhibit spurious resolution and phase shifts, as does defocus.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The blur resulting from Bangerter filters is qualitatively different from defocus. Whether this difference is of any consequence when these two methods of optical penalization are used for amblyopia treatment remains to be investigated.
authors: Laboratorio de Optica, Departamento de Física, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
authors: Guillermo M
authors: GM
authors: Pérez
authors: Steven M
authors: SM
authors: Archer
authors: Pablo
authors: P
authors: Artal
mesh_terms: D000550:Amblyopia / Q000628:therapy; D015350:Contrast Sensitivity / Q000502:physiology; D005139:Eyeglasses; D006801:Humans; D055095:Optics and Photonics / Q000295:instrumentation*; D012160:Retina / Q000502:physiology; D012683:Sensory Deprivation; D014792:Visual Acuity / Q000502:physiology; D014796:Visual Perception / Q000502:physiology*