title: Prognostic stratification of acute pulmonary embolism: focus on clinical aspects, imaging, and biomarkers.
abstract: Pulmonary embolism (PE) represents a common disease in emergency medicine and guidelines for diagnosis and treatment have had wide diffusion. However, PE morbidity and mortality remain high, especially when associated to hemodynamic instability or right ventricular dysfunction. Prognostic stratification to identify high risk patients needing to receive more aggressive pharmacological and closer monitoring is of utmost importance. Modern guidelines for management of acute PE are based on risk stratification using either clinical, radiological, or laboratory findings. This article reviews the modern treatment of acute PE, which is customized upon patient prognosis. Accordingly the current risk stratification tools described in the literature such as clinical scores, echocardiography, helical computer tomography, and biomarkers will be reviewed.
authors: UO Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Cecina, Via Montanara, Località Ladronaia, 57023 Cecina (Li), Italy. luca.masotti@tin.it
authors: Luca
authors: L
authors: Masotti
authors: Marc
authors: M
authors: Righini
authors: Nicolas
authors: N
authors: Vuilleumier
authors: Fabio
authors: F
authors: Antonelli
authors: Giancarlo
authors: G
authors: Landini
authors: Roberto
authors: R
authors: Cappelli
authors: Patrick
authors: P
authors: Ray
mesh_terms: D000208:Acute Disease; D015415:Biomarkers / Q000097:blood*; D003952:Diagnostic Imaging / Q000379:methods; D004452:Echocardiography; D004562:Electrocardiography; D006801:Humans; D018579:Patient Selection; D017410:Practice Guidelines as Topic; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011379:Prognosis; D011655:Pulmonary Embolism / Q000097:blood / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000209:etiology / Q000401:mortality; D018570:Risk Assessment; D012307:Risk Factors; D012720:Severity of Illness Index; D015912:Thrombolytic Therapy; D036542:Tomography, Spiral Computed
chemical_list: D015415:Biomarkers