Analysis of phenols and nitrophenols in rainwater collected simultaneously on an urban and rural site in east of France.
The behaviour of phenols and nitrophenols in the atmosphere is of concern for environmental research as these are known to be toxic to humans and wildlife. To increase the knowledge about these compounds, the concentrations of 20 phenols and nitrophenols in rainwater were studied in an urban (Strasbourg) and a rural (Erstein) site in Eastern France. The wet rain samples were collected on a weekly basis between January 2002 and July 2003, and analyzed for phenols and nitrophenols using SPME and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The compounds were derivatized with MDBSTFA directly in the injection port of the gas chromatograph. Total concentrations ranged from 0 to 1383 microg L(-1) in Strasbourg and from 0 to 1215 microg L(-1) in Erstein. These concentrations are in the same range than those measured in other studies, but considerably higher than the concentrations measured for pesticides (about 10 times) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (about 1000 times) on the same sites and at the same period. Phenols, except for o-cresol, were generally less concentrated than nitrophenols. o-Cresol was one of the major compounds, probably due to its role as raw material in pesticide production. The concentrations of phenols and nitrophenols were found to vary with time. No seasonal trend was observed, but significant correlations with rainfall amount were identified.
Schummer
Claude
C
Laboratoire des Matériaux, Surfaces et Procédés pour la Catalyse, Equipe de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère (UMR 7515 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg), 1 rue Blessig, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
Groff
Christine
C
Al Chami
Jamal
J
Jaber
Farouk
F
Millet
Maurice
M
D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D004785:Environmental Pollutants / Q000032:analysis; D005602:France; D008401:Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; D009596:Nitrophenols / Q000032:analysis*; D010575:Pesticides / Q000032:analysis; D010636:Phenols / Q000032:analysis*; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons / Q000032:analysis; D011891:Rain / Q000737:chemistry*; D012621:Seasons
D004785:Environmental Pollutants; D009596:Nitrophenols; D010575:Pesticides; D010636:Phenols; D011084:Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons