title: Functional outcome after language mapping for insular World Health Organization Grade II gliomas in the dominant hemisphere: experience with 24 patients.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Despite the report of recent experiences of insular surgery in the past decade, there has been no series specifically dedicated to studying functional outcome following resection of insular WHO Grade II gliomas involving the dominant hemisphere, in patients with no or only mild preoperative language deficit. In this article, the authors analyze the contribution of awake mapping for preservation of brain function, especially language, in a homogeneous series of 24 patients who underwent surgery for insular Grade II gliomas within the dominant insular lobe.
  
  
  METHODS
  Twenty-four patients underwent surgery for an insular Grade II glioma involving the dominant hemisphere (22 left, 2 right), revealed by seizures in all but 1 case. The preoperative neurological examination result was normal in 17 patients (71%), whereas 7 patients presented with language disorders detected using an accurate language assessment performed by a speech therapist. All surgeries were performed on awake patients utilizing intra-operative language mapping involving cortical and subcortical stimulation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  There were no intrasurgical complications or postsurgical sensorimotor deficits. Despite an immediate postoperative language worsening in 12 cases (50%), all patients recovered to a normal status within 3 months, and 6 cases even improved in comparison with their preoperative examination results. The 24 patients returned to normal social and professional lives. Moreover, the surgery had a favorable impact on epilepsy in all but 4 cases (83%). On control MR imaging, 62.5% of resections were total or subtotal. Three patients underwent a second or third awake surgery, with no additional deficit. All but 2 patients (92%) are alive after a mean follow-up of 3 years (range 3-133 months).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although insular surgery was long believed to be too risky, the present results show that the rate of permanent deficit, especially dysphasia, following resection of Grade II gliomas involving the dominant insula has been dramatically reduced (none in this patient series), thanks to the systematic use of intraoperative awake mapping, even in cases of repeated operations. Furthermore, patient quality of life may be improved due to a decrease of epilepsy after surgery. Thus, the authors suggest systematically considering resection when an insular Grade II glioma is diagnosed after seizures in a patient with no or mild deficit, even a glioma invading the dominant hemisphere.
authors: Department of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. h-duffau@chu-montpellier.fr
authors: Hugues
authors: H
authors: Duffau
authors: Sylvie
authors: S
authors: Moritz-Gasser
authors: Peggy
authors: P
authors: Gatignol
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D001037:Aphasia / Q000209:etiology; D001931:Brain Mapping; D001932:Brain Neoplasms / Q000150:complications / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D002540:Cerebral Cortex / Q000473:pathology / Q000502:physiology / Q000601:surgery*; D004292:Dominance, Cerebral / Q000502:physiology; D004558:Electric Stimulation; D004827:Epilepsy / Q000209:etiology / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery; D005260:Female; D005910:Glioma / Q000473:pathology / Q000601:surgery*; D006801:Humans; D007430:Intraoperative Care; D007802:Language; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016343:Monitoring, Intraoperative; D009460:Neurologic Examination; D019635:Neurosurgical Procedures; D011183:Postoperative Complications / Q000209:etiology; D011300:Preoperative Care; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D014851:Wakefulness