title: Symptoms and medication use in children with asthma and traffic-related sources of fine particle pollution.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Exposure to ambient fine particles [particulate matter < or = 2.5 microm diameter (PM(2.5))] is a potential factor in the exacerbation of asthma. National air quality particle standards consider total mass, not composition or sources, and may not protect against health impacts related to specific components.
  
  
  OBJECTIVE
  We examined associations between daily exposure to fine particle components and sources, and symptoms and medication use in children with asthma.
  
  
  METHODS
  Children with asthma (n = 149) 4-12 years of age were enrolled in a year-long study. We analyzed particle samples for trace elements (X-ray fluorescence) and elemental carbon (light reflectance). Using factor analysis/source apportionment, we identified particle sources (e.g., motor vehicle emissions) and quantified daily contributions. Symptoms and medication use were recorded on study diaries. Repeated measures logistic regression models examined associations between health outcomes and particle exposures as elemental concentrations and source contributions.
  
  
  RESULTS
  More than half of mean PM(2.5) was attributed to traffic-related sources motor vehicles (42%) and road dust (12%). Increased likelihood of symptoms and inhaler use was largest for 3-day averaged exposures to traffic-related sources or their elemental constituents and ranged from a 10% increased likelihood of wheeze for each 5-microg/m(3) increase in particles from motor vehicles to a 28% increased likelihood of shortness of breath for increases in road dust. Neither the other sources identified nor PM(2.5) alone was associated with increased health outcome risks.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Linking respiratory health effects to specific particle pollution composition or sources is critical to efforts to protect public health. We associated increased risk of symptoms and inhaler use in children with asthma with exposure to traffic-related fine particles.
authors: Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA. janneane.gent@yale.edu
authors: Janneane F
authors: JF
authors: Gent
authors: Petros
authors: P
authors: Koutrakis
authors: Kathleen
authors: K
authors: Belanger
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Triche
authors: Theodore R
authors: TR
authors: Holford
authors: Michael B
authors: MB
authors: Bracken
authors: Brian P
authors: BP
authors: Leaderer
mesh_terms: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001249:Asthma / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000453:epidemiology / Q000473:pathology*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D016015:Logistic Models; D008297:Male; D010316:Particle Size; D052638:Particulate Matter / Q000633:toxicity*; D001335:Vehicle Emissions
chemical_list: D018927:Anti-Asthmatic Agents; D052638:Particulate Matter; D001335:Vehicle Emissions