title: The Oort structural equation modeling approach detected a response shift after a COPD self-management program not detected by the Schmitt technique.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  If individuals experience a response shift, scores on measures before and after a self-management intervention may not be comparable. This study evaluated whether persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) experience a response shift after participating in a self-management program. The second objective was to compare the Oort and Schmitt structural equation modeling (SEM) approaches.
  
  
  METHODS
  Secondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial comparing a home- and hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program were used to assess response shift on a physical and mental health-measurement model measured using the Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire (CRQ) and the St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) over a 1-year period.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The Oort approach showed significant changes between the no response shift model and models removing invariance constraints for the residual of the CRQ dyspnea (chi(2)(SBdiff)=7, df=1) (uniform recalibration) and intercepts of the SGRQ activity (chi(2)(SBdiff)=14, df=1) and impact (chi(2)(SBdiff)=10, df=1) subscales (nonuniform recalibration). Change in factor means showed changes in the physical health factor, which was slightly lower in unadjusted (0.32) as compared with the response shift-adjusted model (0.40). The Schmitt procedure was not supportive of any response shift effect and showed a marginal change in random error over time.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study showed that COPD patients experienced a response shift after participating in a self-management program, which resulted in an underestimation of change in physical health. These results suggest that the Oort procedure is more sensitive in detecting a response shift, and that a measurement of response shift is needed before results can be interpreted. Future comparisons with other methods and a control group are needed.
authors: Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, 3654 Prom. Sir-William-Osler, Montréal, Québec, Canada. sara.ahmed@mail.mcgill.ca
authors: Sara
authors: S
authors: Ahmed
authors: Jean
authors: J
authors: Bourbeau
authors: François
authors: F
authors: Maltais
authors: Asmaa
authors: A
authors: Mansour
mesh_terms: D000223:Adaptation, Psychological; D000368:Aged; D004812:Epidemiologic Methods; D005260:Female; D006304:Health Status; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010044:Outpatient Clinics, Hospital; D011594:Psychometrics; D029424:Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive / Q000523:psychology / Q000534:rehabilitation*; D011788:Quality of Life / Q000523:psychology*; D012648:Self Care / Q000523:psychology*; D016896:Treatment Outcome