title: Intraoperative ultrasonographic localization of pulmonary ground-glass opacities.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Ground-glass opacities are typically difficult to inspect and to palpate during video-assisted thoracic surgery. We therefore examined whether ultrasonographic assessments could localize ground-glass opacities and help to achieve adequate resection margins.
  
  
  METHODS
  An intraoperative ultrasonographic procedure was prospectively performed on 44 patients harboring ground-glass opacities of less than 20 mm in diameter to localize these lesions and to achieve adequate margins. We also examined whether there were any complications resulting from the intraoperative ultrasonogram, such as lung injury, heart injury, or arrhythmia. We excluded patients with both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from this study inasmuch as the intraoperative ultrasonographic procedure is more difficult to interpret when residual air is present in the lung.
  
  
  RESULTS
  A total of 53 ground-glass opacities were successfully identified by intraoperative ultrasonography without any complications. Of the 20 mixed ground-glass opacities that we examined, 15 were found on palpation. However, only 4 (12.1%) of the 33 pure ground-glass opacities could be palpated. In all instances in which complete collapse of the lung was achieved (30/53 of these cases), high-quality echo images were obtained. Additionally, a strong correlation was found between the resection margins measured by ultrasonogram and the margins determined by histologic examination in the resected lung specimens (r(2) = 0.954, P < .001).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Intraoperative ultrasonography can both safely and effectively localize pulmonary ground-glass opacities in a completely deflated lung. This procedure is also useful for the evaluation of surgical margins in a resected lung. Hence, ultrasonography may assist surgeons to perform minimally invasive lung resections with clear surgical margins during the treatment of solitary lung ground-glass opacity.
authors: Department of Surgery, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan. kryoichi@shinshu-u.ac.jp
authors: Ryoichi
authors: R
authors: Kondo
authors: Kazuo
authors: K
authors: Yoshida
authors: Kazutoshi
authors: K
authors: Hamanaka
authors: Masahiro
authors: M
authors: Hashizume
authors: Toshiki
authors: T
authors: Ushiyama
authors: Akira
authors: A
authors: Hyogotani
authors: Makoto
authors: M
authors: Kurai
authors: Satoshi
authors: S
authors: Kawakami
authors: Mana
authors: M
authors: Fukushima
authors: Jun
authors: J
authors: Amano
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007432:Intraoperative Period; D008168:Lung / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D008175:Lung Neoplasms / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging* / Q000601:surgery; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010173:Palpation; D011013:Pneumonectomy; D020775:Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted; D014463:Ultrasonography