title: Association of glucose measures with total and coronary heart disease mortality: does the effect change with time? The Rancho Bernardo Study.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To compare the associations of three glucose measures with coronary heart disease (CHD) and total mortality and to examine how these associations changed over time.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prospective study of 1774 adults (median age 68 years, 56% female). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 2h post-challenge glucose (2hPG), and glycohemoglobin (GHb) were obtained in 1984-1987. Mortality data was obtained for all participants. Multivariable Cox models examined the association of baseline glucose measures with mortality during sequential periods of follow-up (0-6, 7-12, and 13-18 years), adjusting for age, sex, blood pressure, LDL-cholesterol, smoking, exercise, and aspirin use.
  
  
  RESULTS
  854 (48%) participants died during follow-up. In adjusted models, only GHb was associated with total mortality over the entire 18 years (p=0.007). In analyses of mortality in successive six year time intervals, the association of GHb and total mortality was only significant in years 0-6. For each 1% increase in GHb, the hazard ratio for death in years 0-6 was 1.14 (95% CI 1.01-1.30, p=0.04) and the hazard ratio for CHD death was 1.26 (95% CI 1.03-1.55, p=0.02). Stratification by sex and exclusion of participants with diabetes did not change our results.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Higher levels of GHb were associated with increased total and CHD mortality within the first six years independent of cardiac risk factors. Though further research is needed, this supports the hypothesis that early glycemic control may affect mortality outcomes.
authors: General Internal Medicine Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA 94121-1598, USA. Beth.Cohen@ucsf.edu
authors: Beth E
authors: BE
authors: Cohen
authors: Elizabeth
authors: E
authors: Barrett-Connor
authors: Christina L
authors: CL
authors: Wassel
authors: Alka M
authors: AM
authors: Kanaya
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D000369:Aged, 80 and over; D001786:Blood Glucose / Q000502:physiology*; D003327:Coronary Disease / Q000097:blood* / Q000401:mortality*; D005260:Female; D005951:Glucose Tolerance Test; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D016016:Proportional Hazards Models; D011446:Prospective Studies; D018570:Risk Assessment; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D001786:Blood Glucose