title: Antifungal drug susceptibility of oral Candida albicans isolates may be associated with apoptotic responses to Amphotericin B.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Candida albicans is the important opportunistic fungal pathogens which can cause oral Candidiasis and even more seriously systemic infection. Apoptosis of C. albicans induced by environmental factor such as weak acid and antifungal drugs were studied recently. Illustrating the phenomenon of apoptosis in C. albicans may help us to discover new antifungal therapy by activating the fungal cells to suicide.
  
  
  METHODS
  Two oral C. albians clinical isolates which isolated respectively from healthy host [Strain 23C: minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) is 0.125 microg/ml for Amphotericin B (AmB)] and advanced cancer patient (Strain 28A: MIC is 2 microg/ml for AmB), were induced by 1 microg/ml AmB in vitro for 200 min, and then studied the apoptosis markers using terminal deoxynucletidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) (shown by diaminobenzidine and fluorescent isothiocyanate), and the ultrastructure of cell nuclear using transmission electron microscope (TEM), quantitative analysis using flow cytometry for the rapid exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer membrane and propodium iodide (PI) double staining. C. albicans conference strain YEM30 was used as the control strain.
  
  
  RESULTS
  With TUNEL assay and TEM, we detected the typical characteristics of apoptosis. Strain 23C (with low MIC) showed significantly higher percentage of apoptosis (19.92%) compared with Strain 28A (with high MIC) which was isolated from the cancer patient (7.29%) (P < 0.01). In addition, 7.3% of early apoptosis cells of Strain 23C can form colonies on the plates, while 15% for Strain 28A. None of the PI+ cells can form colony.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Apoptosis of oral C. albicans isolates can be induced by AmB. The feature of antifungal drug susceptibility of the oral C. albicans clinical isolates may associate with the response of apoptosis inducing.
authors: Department of Oral Medicine School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
authors: Chengzhe
authors: C
authors: Yang
authors: Weiyu
authors: W
authors: Gong
authors: Jingting
authors: J
authors: Lu
authors: Xiujuan
authors: X
authors: Zhu
authors: Qingguo
authors: Q
authors: Qi
mesh_terms: D015100:3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; D000666:Amphotericin B / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017304:Annexin A5; D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D017209:Apoptosis / Q000187:drug effects*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002453:Cell Cycle / Q000187:drug effects; D002462:Cell Membrane / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D002467:Cell Nucleus / Q000187:drug effects / Q000648:ultrastructure; D015169:Colony Count, Microbial; D025141:Drug Resistance, Fungal; D005434:Flow Cytometry; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate / Q000031:analogs & derivatives; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D006801:Humans; D020287:In Situ Nick-End Labeling; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008826:Microbial Sensitivity Tests; D046529:Microscopy, Electron, Transmission; D009055:Mouth / Q000382:microbiology*; D010718:Phosphatidylserines / Q000032:analysis; D011419:Propidium; D013997:Time Factors
chemical_list: D017304:Annexin A5; D000935:Antifungal Agents; C492760:FITC-annexin A5; D005456:Fluorescent Dyes; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D010718:Phosphatidylserines; D015100:3,3'-Diaminobenzidine; D011419:Propidium; D000666:Amphotericin B; D016650:Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate