Screening for colorectal cancer: randomised trial comparing guaiac-based and immunochemical faecal occult blood testing and flexible sigmoidoscopy.
BACKGROUND
Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) is widely accepted, but there is no consensus on the preferred strategy. We conducted a randomised trial comparing participation and detection rates (DR) per screenee of guaiac-based faecal occult blood test (gFOBT), immunochemical FOBT (FIT), and flexible sigmoidoscopy (FS) for CRC screening.


METHODS
A representative sample of the Dutch population (n = 15 011), aged 50-74 years, was 1:1:1 randomised prior to invitation to one of the three screening strategies. Colonoscopy was indicated for screenees with a positive gFOBT or FIT, and for those in whom FS revealed a polyp with a diameter > or = 10 mm; adenoma with > or = 25% villous component or high grade dysplasia; serrated adenoma; > or = 3 adenomas; > or = 20 hyperplastic polyps; or CRC.


RESULTS
The participation rate was 49.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 48.1 to 50.9%) for gFOBT, 61.5% (CI, 60.1 to 62.9%) for FIT and 32.4% (CI, 31.1 to 33.7%) for FS screening. gFOBT was positive in 2.8%, FIT in 4.8% and FS in 10.2%. The DR of advanced neoplasia was significantly higher in the FIT (2.4%; OR, 2.0; CI, 1.3 to 3.1) and the FS arm (8.0%; OR, 7.0; CI, 4.6 to 10.7) than the gFOBT arm (1.1%). FS demonstrated a higher diagnostic yield of advanced neoplasia per 100 invitees (2.4; CI, 2.0 to 2.8) than gFOBT (0.6; CI, 0.4 to 0.8) or FIT (1.5; CI, 1.2 to 1.9) screening.


CONCLUSIONS
This randomised population-based CRC-screening trial demonstrated superior participation and detection rates for FIT compared to gFOBT screening. FIT screening should therefore be strongly preferred over gFOBT screening. FS screening demonstrated a higher diagnostic yield per 100 invitees than both FOBTs.
Hol
L
L
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands. l.hol.1@erasmusmc.nl
van Leerdam
M E
ME
van Ballegooijen
M
M
van Vuuren
A J
AJ
van Dekken
H
H
Reijerink
J C I Y
JC
van der Togt
A C M
AC
Habbema
J D F
JD
Kuipers
E J
EJ
D000236:Adenoma / Q000175:diagnosis; D017677:Age Distribution; D000368:Aged; D015179:Colorectal Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis*; D005260:Female; D006138:Guaiac; D006801:Humans; D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D008297:Male; D008403:Mass Screening / Q000379:methods*; D008875:Middle Aged; D009780:Occult Blood; D010358:Patient Participation / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D017678:Sex Distribution; D012812:Sigmoidoscopy / Q000379:methods*; D012923:Social Class
D007202:Indicators and Reagents; D006138:Guaiac