title: Medicare part D after 2 years.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To assess the broad impacts of Medicare Part D and the extent to which prior concerns have been realized.
  
  
  METHODS
  We used administrative data to summarize beneficiary enrollment and plan participation in Part D, and compared pharmaceutical use and out-of-pocket spending before and after the introduction of Part D. We characterized the benefit designs of the 10 largest Part D plans in 2006 and compared them with the benefit designs of 7 non-Part D plans often cited as examples of low-cost or comprehensive drug benefits.
  
  
  RESULTS
  By 2008, nearly 90% of seniors had drug coverage at least as generous as the standard Part D benefit. Excluding premiums, annual out-of-pocket spending in the 10 largest Part D plans was comparable to that of other private and public drug benefits, with the most prominent differences attributable to out-of-pocket spending on drugs not covered in the plan. Poorer beneficiaries have gained the most from Part D in terms of increased access to medications and reduced out-of-pocket spending.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Coverage under Part D is comparable to that under non-Part D plans with respect to key features that are likely to be important to Medicare beneficiaries--access to medications and out-of-pocket costs. Nonetheless, concerns remain over drug pricing and gaps in coverage. The government should continue to monitor the competitiveness of the Part D market to ensure it meets the diverse needs of Medicare beneficiaries.
authors: RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138, USA. gjoyce@rand.org
authors: Geoffrey F
authors: GF
authors: Joyce
authors: Dana P
authors: DP
authors: Goldman
authors: William B
authors: WB
authors: Vogt
authors: Eric
authors: E
authors: Sun
authors: Anupam B
authors: AB
authors: Jena
mesh_terms: D000368:Aged; D005102:Health Expenditures / Q000706:statistics & numerical data* / Q000639:trends; D006801:Humans; D054524:Medicare Part D / Q000191:economics* / Q000592:standards / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D010593:Pharmaceutical Services / Q000191:economics* / Q000706:statistics & numerical data; D055553:Prescription Drugs / Q000191:economics* / Q000627:therapeutic use; D015397:Program Evaluation; D014481:United States
chemical_list: D055553:Prescription Drugs