title: Balloon catheter dilation for complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To evaluate the effectiveness of lacrimal balloon catheter dilation in the treatment of complex congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a retrospective study, the case records of 65 eyes of 59 children 2 to 6 years (mean: 37 months) who underwent probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction were evaluated. Complex obstruction was noted in 21 (32.3%) of the 65 children older than 2 years who underwent probing. Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was performed in 8 (38.09%) of these 21 lacrimal systems. Patient age ranged from 3 to 6 years (mean: 47 months). Balloon catheter dilation was performed according to a standard protocol. Clinical patency of the nasolacrimal system was the main outcome measure and was defined as complete resolution of signs and symptoms (crusting, discharge, and watering) on follow-up. The procedures were performed under general anesthesia. All dilations were performed by the same lacrimal surgeon.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Secondary balloon dacryoplasty was successful in seven of the eight lacrimal systems (87.5%). Complex obstruction at the distal end of the nasolacrimal duct was noted in all children. All children were older than 3 years (mean: 37 months), and all underwent secondary procedures because previous probing was unsuccessful.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Balloon catheter dilation is an effective procedure for complex nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. It can be an alternative to silicone intubation and dacryocystorhinostomy in children after unsuccessful probing.
authors: Orbit Lacrinal & Oculoplasty Services, Shri Ganapati Nerralaya, Jalna, India.
authors: Rajat
authors: R
authors: Maheshwari
mesh_terms: D002404:Catheterization / Q000295:instrumentation*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004867:Equipment Design; D005500:Follow-Up Studies; D006801:Humans; D007767:Lacrimal Duct Obstruction / Q000151:congenital / Q000628:therapy*; D012189:Retrospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome