title: Thinking about diagnostic thinking: a 30-year perspective.
abstract: This paper has five objectives: (a) to review the scientific background of, and major findings reported in, Medical Problem Solving, now widely recognized as a classic in the field; (b) to compare these results with some of the findings in a recent best-selling collection of case studies; (c) to summarize criticisms of the hypothesis-testing model and to show how these led to greater emphasis on the role of clinical experience and prior knowledge in diagnostic reasoning; (d) to review some common errors in diagnostic reasoning; (e) to examine strategies to reduce the rate of diagnostic errors, including evidence-based medicine and systematic reviews to augment personal knowledge, guidelines and clinical algorithms, computer-based diagnostic decision support systems and second opinions to facilitate deliberation, and better feedback.
authors: Department of Medical Education, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. aelstein@sbcglobal.net
authors: Arthur S
authors: AS
authors: Elstein
mesh_terms: D000465:Algorithms; D003071:Cognition; D003951:Diagnostic Errors / Q000517:prevention & control*; D019317:Evidence-Based Medicine; D005246:Feedback; D017408:Guidelines as Topic; D006801:Humans; D007600:Judgment; D011340:Problem Solving