title: Relationship of nasal and skeletal landmarks in lateral cephalograms of preschool children.
abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between cephalometric nasal and skeletal landmarks in preschool children. Lateral cephalograms of 80 Japanese preschool children (40 boys, mean age 5.4+/-0.3 years; 40 girls, mean age 5.2+/-0.1 years; total mean age 5.3+/-0.3 years) were traced, and 22 skeletal and 3 soft-tissue nasal points were digitized. The coordinates from each subject were transformed to a standardized plane using a custom-made program written in Microsoft Visual C++. In this standard plane, sella was the origin, Frankfort Horizontal (FH) plane was parallel to the X-axis, and all 25 points were rotated to match this reference plane. The three nasal landmarks used in this investigation were: (1) rhi', the intersection point of a line parallel to the FH plane at rhinion and the facial line; (2) pronasale (Prn), the most anterior point on the nose; and (3) subnasale (Sn), the most posterior-superior point where the columella met the upper lip. An independent-groups t-test was used to test for sex differences of coordinates of the nasal landmarks and their related skeletal landmarks. Significance was set at p<0.05. A stepwise regression analysis determined how combinations of skeletal landmarks explained the location of the nasal landmarks. Only one skeletal coordinate (N(X)) and no nasal coordinates showed a significant difference between boys and girls. The coordinates of rhi contributed significantly to the location of rhi' and Prn (except for the Y-coordinate of girls). Moreover A-point and ANS contributed to the location of Prn and Sn. For Sn, the X- and Y-coordinates of girls and the Y-coordinate of boys were related to lower incisor or dentoalveolar structure of the mandible. It appears that the nasal landmarks in preschool children can be predicted from selected skeletal landmarks, and there are no sex differences for the nasal landmarks in children.
authors: Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Field of Developmental Medicine, Course for Health Sciences, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, Japan.
authors: Emi
authors: E
authors: Inada
authors: Issei
authors: I
authors: Saitoh
authors: Haruaki
authors: H
authors: Hayasaki
authors: Yoko
authors: Y
authors: Iwase
authors: Naoko
authors: N
authors: Kubota
authors: Yoshihiko
authors: Y
authors: Tokemoto
authors: Chiaki
authors: C
authors: Yamada
authors: Youichi
authors: Y
authors: Yamasaki
mesh_terms: D002675:Child, Preschool; D005147:Facial Bones / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D005260:Female; D018732:Forensic Anthropology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D007564:Japan; D008297:Male; D009666:Nose / Q000033:anatomy & histology* / Q000000981:diagnostic imaging*; D011859:Radiography; D012044:Regression Analysis; D012737:Sex Factors