title: Multiplexed imaging of surface enhanced Raman scattering nanotags in living mice using noninvasive Raman spectroscopy.
abstract: Raman spectroscopy is a newly developed, noninvasive preclinical imaging technique that offers picomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities to the field of molecular imaging. In this study, we demonstrate the ability of Raman spectroscopy to separate the spectral fingerprints of up to 10 different types of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoparticles in a living mouse after s.c. injection. Based on these spectral results, we simultaneously injected the five most intense and spectrally unique SERS nanoparticles i.v. to image their natural accumulation in the liver. All five types of SERS nanoparticles were successfully identified and spectrally separated using our optimized noninvasive Raman imaging system. In addition, we were able to linearly correlate Raman signal with SERS concentration after injecting four spectrally unique SERS nanoparticles either s.c. (R(2) = 0.998) or i.v. (R(2) = 0.992). These results show great potential for multiplexed imaging in living subjects in cases in which several targeted SERS probes could offer better detection of multiple biomarkers associated with a specific disease.
authors: Molecular Imaging Program, Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
authors: Cristina L
authors: CL
authors: Zavaleta
authors: Bryan R
authors: BR
authors: Smith
authors: Ian
authors: I
authors: Walton
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Doering
authors: Glenn
authors: G
authors: Davis
authors: Borzoyeh
authors: B
authors: Shojaei
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Natan
authors: Sanjiv S
authors: SS
authors: Gambhir
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005260:Female; D021621:Imaging, Three-Dimensional / Q000379:methods*; D007275:Injections, Intravenous; D007279:Injections, Subcutaneous; D008099:Liver / Q000378:metabolism; D051379:Mice; D008819:Mice, Nude; D053758:Nanoparticles / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000737:chemistry*; D013059:Spectrum Analysis, Raman; D013499:Surface Properties