title: Transdermal delivery of haloperidol by proniosomal formulations with non-ionic surfactants.
abstract: Proniosomal formulations with non-ionic surfactant were studied. The effect of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of one or two surfactants on drug solubility, proniosome surface structure and stability and skin permeation of haloperidol from different formulations were investigated. Haloperidol (HP) was entrapped in proniosomes with very high efficiency for all formulations. Stability studies performed at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C for a period of 6 weeks did not reveal any significant drug leakage (p>0.05). Formulations with single surfactants were found to increase the skin permeation of HP more than formulations containing two surfactants. The number of carbons in the alkyl chain of the non-ionic surfactant influenced the in vitro permeation of HP though the epidermis and the skin permeation was increased with increase in hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value of the surfactant. Interfacial tension and surfactant hydrophobicity appeared to be useful for elucidating mechanism of skin permeation and for comparing drug fluxes from different proniosomal formulations.
authors: Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
authors: Anahita Fathi
authors: AF
authors: Azarbayjani
authors: En Hui
authors: EH
authors: Tan
authors: Yew Weng
authors: YW
authors: Chan
authors: Sui Yung
authors: SY
authors: Chan
mesh_terms: D000279:Administration, Cutaneous; D014150:Antipsychotic Agents / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D002784:Cholesterol / Q000737:chemistry; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers / Q000737:chemistry*; D004339:Drug Compounding; D004355:Drug Stability; D004817:Epidermis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000378:metabolism; D005260:Female; D006220:Haloperidol / Q000008:administration & dosage*; D006801:Humans; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D054709:Lecithins / Q000737:chemistry; D008055:Lipids / Q000737:chemistry*; D018613:Microscopy, Confocal; D008855:Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; D008954:Models, Biological; D012995:Solubility; D013500:Surface Tension; D013501:Surface-Active Agents / Q000737:chemistry*
chemical_list: D014150:Antipsychotic Agents; D003692:Delayed-Action Preparations; D004337:Drug Carriers; D054709:Lecithins; D008055:Lipids; D013501:Surface-Active Agents; D002784:Cholesterol; D006220:Haloperidol