title: Autonomic dysfunction is associated with high mobility group box-1 levels in patients after acute myocardial infarction.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) protein, a critical mediator of inflammatory processes, is a novel predictor of adverse post-infarction clinical outcomes, being involved in the healing process after MI. Heart rate recovery (HRR), a marker of autonomic function defined as the fall in heart rate during the first minute after exercise, is a powerful predictor of mortality in post-infarction patients. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that HMGB1 is associated with autonomic dysfunction in post-infarction patients.
  
  
  METHODS
  Sixty-seven consecutive patients (mean age 59.3 years, 84% males) recovering from acute MI were included in the study protocol. All patients underwent Doppler-echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise and HMGB1 assay.
  
  
  RESULTS
  HMGB1 levels were inversely correlated with peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)) (r=-0.449, P<0.001), with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (r=-0.360, P=0.003), and with HRR (r=-0.387, P<0.001). In a linear regression analysis adjusted for multiple confounders, we found a significant inverse association between HMGB1 levels and HRR independent of age, gender, body mass index, VO(2peak), slope of increase in ventilation over carbon dioxide output (VE/VCO(2slope)), and presence of diabetes (beta=-0.377, P=0.034).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This study provided the first evidence for a significant association between increased HMGB1 levels and autonomic dysfunction expressed by post-exercise slower HRR in post-infarction patients. The prognostic implication of such association needs to be explored as well as whether HMGB1 could represent a valid marker for risk stratification either during the acute phase or long-term after MI.
authors: Department of Clinical Medicine, Cardiovascular and Immunological Sciences, Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. giallauria@libero.it
authors: Francesco
authors: F
authors: Giallauria
authors: Plinio
authors: P
authors: Cirillo
authors: Rosa
authors: R
authors: Lucci
authors: Mario
authors: M
authors: Pacileo
authors: Mariantonietta
authors: M
authors: D'Agostino
authors: Paola
authors: P
authors: Maietta
authors: Alessandra
authors: A
authors: Vitelli
authors: Massimo
authors: M
authors: Chiariello
authors: Carlo
authors: C
authors: Vigorito
mesh_terms: D001341:Autonomic Nervous System / Q000503:physiopathology*; D005260:Female; D024243:HMGB1 Protein / Q000097:blood*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D009203:Myocardial Infarction / Q000097:blood* / Q000503:physiopathology*
chemical_list: D024243:HMGB1 Protein