title: In vivo and in vitro models of ionizing radiation to the vocal folds.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Radiation therapy (RT) to the head and neck often results in damage to the vocal folds (VF) and surrounding structures. Characterization and treatment of these sequelae is limited, likely due to the lack of experimental models.
  
  
  METHODS
  Larynges from rats exposed to 2 fractionation schedules (40 Gy total) were analyzed histologically. In vitro, reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis, and transcription of select genes associated with ROS, inflammation, and fibrosis were examined in VF fibroblasts after single-dose radiation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Although radiation-induced histologic alterations are made to VF architecture, 1 fractionation schedule was accompanied by significant morbidity and mortality. In vitro, radiation increased ROS synthesis and inflammatory and profibrotic gene expression.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Our data suggest that hyperfractionated RT is more tolerable. Utilizing this model, RT-induced histologic aberrations are made to the VF mucosa. In addition, a relationship between radiation, ROS, and inflammatory and fibrotic gene expression was observed in vitro.
authors: Head and Neck Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA.
authors: Benjamin
authors: B
authors: Saltman
authors: Dennis H
authors: DH
authors: Kraus
authors: Hazel
authors: H
authors: Szeto
authors: Bhupesh
authors: B
authors: Parashar
authors: Ronald
authors: R
authors: Ghossein
authors: Diane
authors: D
authors: Felsen
authors: Ryan C
authors: RC
authors: Branski
mesh_terms: D000505:Alopecia / Q000209:etiology; D000818:Animals; D003681:Dehydration / Q000209:etiology; D019583:Dose Fractionation, Radiation; D004890:Erythema / Q000209:etiology; D005355:Fibrosis; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1 / Q000235:genetics; D006984:Hypertrophy; D066298:In Vitro Techniques; D007820:Laryngeal Mucosa / Q000473:pathology; D008297:Male; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 / Q000235:genetics; D023421:Models, Animal; D012333:RNA, Messenger / Q000378:metabolism; D051381:Rats; D017207:Rats, Sprague-Dawley; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species / Q000378:metabolism; D012883:Skin Ulcer / Q000209:etiology; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta / Q000235:genetics; D014827:Vocal Cords / Q000473:pathology* / Q000528:radiation effects*; D015431:Weight Loss
chemical_list: D012333:RNA, Messenger; D017382:Reactive Oxygen Species; D016212:Transforming Growth Factor beta; D051547:Heme Oxygenase-1; D020781:Matrix Metalloproteinase 1