title: Reference frame congruency in search-and-rescue tasks.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Our aim was to investigate how the congruency between visual displays and auditory cues affects performance on various spatial tasks.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  Previous studies have demonstrated that spatial auditory cues, when combined with visual displays, can enhance performance and decrease workload. However, this facilitation was achieved only when auditory cues shared a common reference frame (RF) with the visual display. In complex and dynamic environments, such as airborne search and rescue (SAR), it is often difficult to ensure such congruency.
  
  
  METHODS
  In a simulated SAR operation, participants performed three spatial tasks: target search, target localization, and target recall. The interface consisted of the camera view of the terrain from the aircraft-mounted sensor, a map of the area flown over, a joystick that controlled the sensor, and a mouse. Auditory cues were used to indicate target location. While flying in the scenario, participants searched for targets, identified their locations in one of two coordinate systems, and memorized their location relative to the terrain layout.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Congruent cues produced the fastest and most accurate performance. Performance advantages were observed even with incongruent cues relative to neutral cues, and egocentric cues were more effective than exocentric cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Although the congruent cues are most effective, in cases in which the same cue is used across spatial tasks, egocentric cues are a better choice than exocentric cues.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Egocentric auditory cues should be used in display design for tasks that involve RF transformations, such as SAR, air traffic control, and unmanned aerial vehicle operations.
authors: Adversarial Intent Section, Defence Research and Development Canada, 1133 Sheppard Ave. W., P.O. Box 2000, Toronto, ON, Canada M3M 3B9. nada.pavlovic@drdc-rddc.gc.ca
authors: Nada J
authors: NJ
authors: Pavlovic
authors: Jocelyn
authors: J
authors: Keillor
authors: Justin G
authors: JG
authors: Hollands
authors: Mark H
authors: MH
authors: Chignell
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001359:Aviation; D003463:Cues; D003626:Data Display; D005260:Female; D006309:Hearing; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018635:Rescue Work; D013028:Space Perception; D013647:Task Performance and Analysis; D055815:Young Adult