title: Performance monitoring is altered in adult ADHD: a familial event-related potential investigation.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that starts in childhood and frequently persists in adults. Electrophysiological studies in children with ADHD provide evidence for abnormal performance monitoring processes and familial association of these processes with ADHD. It is not yet known whether these processes show the same abnormalities and familial effects in adults.
  
  
  METHODS
  We investigated event-related potential (ERP) indices of performance monitoring in adults with ADHD compared to age matched control participants. We subsequently investigated whether the ERP indices showed a familial association with ADHD by investigating these processes in first degree relatives of children with ADHD. This was achieved using an arrow flanker task presented to 21 adults with ADHD, 20 fathers of children with ADHD and 20 control participants.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Compared to the control group, both adults with ADHD and fathers of children with ADHD displayed significantly weaker error and conflict monitoring, as indexed by the smaller error negativity (Ne) and the N2 components. These two components were highly correlated within each of the three groups (r=0.53-0.65). The groups did not differ on the error positivity (Pe).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  These findings closely resemble those previously found in children with ADHD, suggesting that conflict monitoring and early error processing are also abnormal in adults with ADHD; and share familial influences with ADHD throughout the lifespan. The relationship between different indices of performance monitoring may suggest partly common underlying mechanisms or modulators.
authors: MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE58AF, UK. g.mcloughlin@iop.kcl.ac.uk
authors: Gráinne
authors: G
authors: McLoughlin
authors: Bjoern
authors: B
authors: Albrecht
authors: Tobias
authors: T
authors: Banaschewski
authors: Aribert
authors: A
authors: Rothenberger
authors: Daniel
authors: D
authors: Brandeis
authors: Philip
authors: P
authors: Asherson
authors: Jonna
authors: J
authors: Kuntsi
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D001289:Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity / Q000503:physiopathology*; D001931:Brain Mapping; D016022:Case-Control Studies; D003265:Contingent Negative Variation / Q000502:physiology; D004569:Electroencephalography / Q000379:methods; D005074:Evoked Potentials, Visual / Q000502:physiology*; D005192:Family Health; D005219:Father-Child Relations; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D008991:Monitoring, Physiologic; D009483:Neuropsychological Tests; D010364:Pattern Recognition, Visual / Q000502:physiology; D010775:Photic Stimulation / Q000379:methods; D011930:Reaction Time / Q000502:physiology; D021641:Recognition, Psychology / Q000502:physiology*; D055815:Young Adult