title: What factors predict differences in infant and perinatal mortality in primary care trusts in England? A prognostic model.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To identify predictors of perinatal and infant mortality variations between primary care trusts (PCTs) and identify outlier trusts where outcomes were worse than expected.
  
  
  METHODS
  Prognostic multivariable mixed models attempting to explain observed variability between PCTs in perinatal and infant mortality. We used these predictive models to identify PCTs with higher than expected rates of either outcome.
  
  
  METHODS
  All primary care trusts in England. Population For each PCT, data on the number of infant and perinatal deaths, ethnicity, deprivation, maternal age, PCT spending on maternal services, and "Spearhead" status.
  
  
  METHODS
  Rates of perinatal and infant mortality across PCTs.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The final models for infant mortality and perinatal mortality included measures of deprivation, ethnicity, and maternal age. The final model for infant mortality explained 70% of the observed heterogeneity in outcome between PCTs. The final model for perinatal mortality explained 80.5% of the between-PCT heterogeneity. PCT spending on maternal services did not explain differences in observed events. Two PCTs had higher than expected rates of perinatal mortality.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Social deprivation, ethnicity, and maternal age are important predictors of infant and perinatal mortality. Spearhead PCTs are performing in line with expectations given their levels of deprivation, ethnicity, and maternal age. Higher spending on maternity services using the current configuration of services may not reduce rates of infant and perinatal mortality.
authors: School of Health & Population Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT. N.Freemantle@bham.ac.uk
authors: Nick
authors: N
authors: Freemantle
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wood
authors: C
authors: C
authors: Griffin
authors: P
authors: P
authors: Gill
authors: M J
authors: MJ
authors: Calvert
authors: A
authors: A
authors: Shankar
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Chambers
authors: C
authors: C
authors: MacArthur
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D004739:England / Q000453:epidemiology; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D007226:Infant Mortality; D007231:Infant, Newborn; D008297:Male; D008423:Maternal Age; D015999:Multivariate Analysis; D054238:Perinatal Mortality; D011247:Pregnancy; D011320:Primary Health Care / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D011379:Prognosis; D012959:Socioeconomic Factors; D055815:Young Adult