Bleeding with anticoagulation therapy - who is at risk, and how best to identify such patients.
Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) has been shown to be effective in the prevention and treatment of thrombotic complications in various clinical settings, including atrial fibrillation (AF), venous thromboembolism (VTE), acute coronary syndromes and after invasive cardiac procedures. Bleeding is the most important complication of VKAs and a major concern for both physicians and patients. The occurrence of bleeding during treatment is not only important for the treated subjects, but also for a correct and complete use of this therapy in all the subjects who have a clear clinical indication for anticoagulation. This review analyses the treatment- and person-associated risk factors for bleeding during VKAs and their combination in clinical prediction rules that have been proposed in the attempt to identify those patients at higher risk for bleeding. The clinical prediction rules may help physicians stratify patients into categories of risk and thus to evaluate their individual risk/benefit ratio of starting or prolonging an anticoagulant treatment.
Palareti
Gualtiero
G
Department of Angiology and Blood Coagulation Marino Golinelli, University Hospital S. Orsola-Malpighi, Via Albertoni, 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy. gualtiero.palareti@unibo.it
Cosmi
Benilde
B
D000367:Age Factors; D000925:Anticoagulants / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects*; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases / Q000235:genetics; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D004347:Drug Interactions; D005260:Female; D020022:Genetic Predisposition to Disease; D006470:Hemorrhage / Q000097:blood / Q000139:chemically induced* / Q000235:genetics / Q000517:prevention & control; D006801:Humans; D019934:International Normalized Ratio; D008297:Male; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases / Q000235:genetics; D010597:Pharmacogenetics; D012307:Risk Factors; D013997:Time Factors; D014812:Vitamin K / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors*; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases; D014859:Warfarin / Q000008:administration & dosage / Q000009:adverse effects
D000925:Anticoagulants; D014812:Vitamin K; D014859:Warfarin; D006899:Mixed Function Oxygenases; C450260:CYP2C9 protein, human; D065729:Cytochrome P-450 CYP2C9; D001189:Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases; D064417:Vitamin K Epoxide Reductases