title: Development of a clinical decision model for thyroid nodules.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Thyroid nodules represent a common problem brought to medical attention. Four to seven percent of the United States adult population (10-18 million people) has a palpable thyroid nodule, however the majority (>95%) of thyroid nodules are benign. While, fine needle aspiration remains the most cost effective and accurate diagnostic tool for thyroid nodules in current practice, over 20% of patients undergoing FNA of a thyroid nodule have indeterminate cytology (follicular neoplasm) with associated malignancy risk prevalence of 20-30%. These patients require thyroid lobectomy/isthmusectomy purely for the purpose of attaining a definitive diagnosis. Given that the majority (70-80%) of these patients have benign surgical pathology, thyroidectomy in these patients is conducted principally with diagnostic intent. Clinical models predictive of malignancy risk are needed to support treatment decisions in patients with thyroid nodules in order to reduce morbidity associated with unnecessary diagnostic surgery.
  
  
  METHODS
  Data were analyzed from a completed prospective cohort trial conducted over a 4-year period involving 216 patients with thyroid nodules undergoing ultrasound (US), electrical impedance scanning (EIS) and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA) prior to thyroidectomy. A Bayesian model was designed to predict malignancy in thyroid nodules based on multivariate dependence relationships between independent covariates. Ten-fold cross-validation was performed to estimate classifier error wherein the data set was randomized into ten separate and unique train and test sets consisting of a training set (90% of records) and a test set (10% of records). A receiver-operating-characteristics (ROC) curve of these predictions and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to determine model robustness for predicting malignancy in thyroid nodules.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Thyroid nodule size, FNA cytology, US and EIS characteristics were highly predictive of malignancy. Cross validation of the model created with Bayesian Network Analysis effectively predicted malignancy [AUC = 0.88 (95%CI: 0.82-0.94)] in thyroid nodules. The positive and negative predictive values of the model are 83% (95%CI: 76%-91%) and 79% (95%CI: 72%-86%), respectively.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  An integrated predictive decision model using Bayesian inference incorporating readily obtainable thyroid nodule measures is clinically relevant, as it effectively predicts malignancy in thyroid nodules. This model warrants further validation testing in prospective clinical trials.
authors: Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Walter Reed Army Medical Center,Washington, DC, USA. alexander.stojadinovic@amedd.army.mil
authors: Alexander
authors: A
authors: Stojadinovic
authors: George E
authors: GE
authors: Peoples
authors: Steven K
authors: SK
authors: Libutti
authors: Leonard R
authors: LR
authors: Henry
authors: John
authors: J
authors: Eberhardt
authors: Robin S
authors: RS
authors: Howard
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Gur
authors: Eric A
authors: EA
authors: Elster
authors: Aviram
authors: A
authors: Nissan
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D019540:Area Under Curve; D001499:Bayes Theorem; D015331:Cohort Studies; D003661:Decision Support Techniques; D003937:Diagnosis, Differential; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D015233:Models, Statistical; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011446:Prospective Studies; D012372:ROC Curve; D013964:Thyroid Neoplasms / Q000175:diagnosis; D016606:Thyroid Nodule / Q000175:diagnosis* / Q000473:pathology* / Q000601:surgery