title: Attenuation of Th1 response through galectin-9 and T-cell Ig mucin 3 interaction inhibits autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
abstract: Galectin-9 (gal-9), widely expressed in many tissues, regulates Th1 cells and induces their apoptosis through its receptor, T-cell Ig mucin 3, which is mainly expressed on terminally differentiated Th1 cells. Type 1 diabetes is a Th1-dominant autoimmune disease that specifically destroys insulin-producing beta cells. To suppress the Th1 immune response in the development of autoimmune diabetes, we overexpressed gal-9 in NOD mice by injection of a plasmid encoding gal-9. Mice treated with gal-9 plasmid were significantly protected from diabetes and showed less severe insulitis compared with controls. Flow cytometric analyses in NOD-T1/2 double transgenic mice showed that Th1-cell population in spleen, pancreatic lymph node and pancreas was markedly decreased in gal-9 plasmid-treated mice, indicating a negative regulatory role of gal-9 in the development of pathogenic Th1 cells. Splenocytes from gal-9 plasmid-treated mice were less responsive to mitogenic stimulation than splenocytes from the control group. However, adoptive transfer of splenocytes from gal-9-treated or control mice caused diabetes in NOD/SCID recipients with similar kinetics, suggesting that gal-9 treatment does not induce active tolerance in NOD mice. We conclude that gal-9 may downregulate Th1 immune response in NOD mice and could be used as a therapeutic target in autoimmune diabetes.
authors: Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
authors: Feng-Cheng
authors: FC
authors: Chou
authors: Shing-Jia
authors: SJ
authors: Shieh
authors: Huey-Kang
authors: HK
authors: Sytwu
mesh_terms: D019264:Adoptive Transfer; D000595:Amino Acid Sequence; D000818:Animals; D003922:Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 / Q000276:immunology* / Q000628:therapy; D015536:Down-Regulation / Q000276:immunology; D037161:Galectins / Q000037:antagonists & inhibitors / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D051379:Mice; D016688:Mice, Inbred NOD; D008822:Mice, Transgenic; D008969:Molecular Sequence Data; D010179:Pancreas / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D011110:Polymorphism, Genetic; D011991:Receptors, Virus / Q000235:genetics / Q000378:metabolism*; D016415:Sequence Alignment; D013154:Spleen / Q000276:immunology / Q000378:metabolism; D018417:Th1 Cells / Q000276:immunology* / Q000378:metabolism
chemical_list: D037161:Galectins; C442241:Havcr2 protein, mouse; D000072597:Hepatitis A Virus Cellular Receptor 2; D011991:Receptors, Virus; C508186:galectin 9, mouse