title: Altered affective response in marijuana smokers: an FMRI study.
abstract: More than 94 million Americans have tried marijuana, and it remains the most widely used illicit drug in the nation. Investigations of the cognitive effects of marijuana report alterations in brain function during tasks requiring executive control, including inhibition and decision-making. Endogenous cannabinoids regulate a variety of emotional responses, including anxiety, mood control, and aggression; nevertheless, little is known about smokers' responses to affective stimuli. The anterior cingulate and amygdala play key roles in the inhibition of impulsive behavior and affective regulation, and studies using PET and fMRI have demonstrated changes within these regions in marijuana smokers. Given alterations in mood and perception often observed in smokers, we hypothesized altered fMRI patterns of response in 15 chronic heavy marijuana smokers relative to 15 non-marijuana smoking control subjects during the viewing of masked happy and fearful faces. Despite no between-group differences on clinical or demographic measures, smokers demonstrated a relative decrease in both anterior cingulate and amygdalar activity during masked affective stimuli compared to controls, who showed relative increases in activation within these regions during the viewing of masked faces. Findings indicate that chronic heavy marijuana smokers demonstrate altered activation of frontal and limbic systems while viewing masked faces, consistent with autoradiographic studies reporting high CB-1 receptor density in these regions. These data suggest differences in affective processing in chronic smokers, even when stimuli are presented below the level of conscious processing, and underscore the likelihood that marijuana smokers process emotional information differently from those who do not smoke, which may result in negative consequences.
authors: Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA. gruber@mclean.harvard.edu
authors: Staci A
authors: SA
authors: Gruber
authors: Jadwiga
authors: J
authors: Rogowska
authors: Deborah A
authors: DA
authors: Yurgelun-Todd
mesh_terms: D000328:Adult; D000339:Affect / Q000187:drug effects*; D000679:Amygdala / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D001921:Brain / Q000473:pathology; D003863:Depression / Q000523:psychology; D005260:Female; D007839:Functional Laterality / Q000502:physiology; D006179:Gyrus Cinguli / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D006801:Humans; D007091:Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; D008279:Magnetic Resonance Imaging; D008297:Male; D002189:Marijuana Abuse / Q000503:physiopathology; D008385:Marijuana Smoking / Q000503:physiopathology / Q000523:psychology*; D009434:Neural Pathways / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology; D010100:Oxygen / Q000097:blood; D017397:Prefrontal Cortex / Q000187:drug effects / Q000503:physiopathology
chemical_list: D010100:Oxygen