title: Risk tolerance and bile duct injury: surgeon characteristics, risk-taking preference, and common bile duct injuries.
abstract: BACKGROUND
  Little is known about surgeon characteristics associated with common bile duct injury (CBDI) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). Risk-taking preferences can influence physician behavior and practice. We evaluated self-reported differences in characteristics and risk-taking preference among surgeons with and without a reported history of CBDI.
  
  
  METHODS
  A mailed survey was sent to 4,100 general surgeons randomly selected from the mailing list of the American College of Surgeons. Surveys with a valid exclusion (retired, no LC experience) were considered responsive, but were excluded from data analysis.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Forty-four percent responded (1,412 surveys analyzed), 37.7% reported being the primary surgeon when a CBDI occurred, and 12.9% had more than one injury. Surgeons reporting an injury were slightly older (52.8 +/- 9.0 years versus 51.3 +/- 9.8 years; p < 0.004) and in practice longer (20.8 +/- 9.7 years versus 18.9 +/- 10.5 years; p < 0.001). Surgeons not reporting a CBDI were more likely trained in LC during residency (63.3% versus 55.4% injuring) as compared with surgeons reporting a CBDI, who were more likely trained at an LC course (29.8% versus 38.2%). Surgeons in academic practice or who work with residents had lower reported rates of CBDI (7.9% versus 14.5% [academics]; 18.7% versus 25.0% [residents]). Mean risk score was 12.4 +/- 4.4 (range 6 to 30 [30 = highest]) with a similar average between those who did (12.2 +/- 4.5) and did not (11.9 +/- 4.4) report a CBDI (p < 0.23). Compared with surgeons in the lowest three deciles of risk score, relative risk for CBDI among surgeons in the upper three deciles was 17% greater (p = 0.07).
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  More years performing LC and certain practice characteristics were associated with an increased rate of CBDI. The impact of extremes of risk-taking preference on surgical decision making can be an important part of decreasing adverse events during LC and should be evaluated.
authors: Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6410, USA. massar@u.washington.edu
authors: Nader N
authors: NN
authors: Massarweh
authors: Allison
authors: A
authors: Devlin
authors: Rebecca Gaston
authors: RG
authors: Symons
authors: Jo Ann
authors: JA
authors: Broeckel Elrod
authors: David R
authors: DR
authors: Flum
mesh_terms: D000367:Age Factors; D001652:Bile Ducts / Q000293:injuries*; D017081:Cholecystectomy, Laparoscopic / Q000009:adverse effects*; D002983:Clinical Competence; D003657:Decision Making; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007049:Iatrogenic Disease; D007431:Intraoperative Complications / Q000453:epidemiology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D010818:Practice Patterns, Physicians' / Q000706:statistics & numerical data*; D012307:Risk Factors; D012309:Risk-Taking; D011795:Surveys and Questionnaires; D013997:Time Factors; D014481:United States / Q000453:epidemiology