title: Life-threatening flecainide intoxication in a young child secondary to medication error.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To describe a case of life-threatening flecainide intoxication in a toddler, secondary to accidental reversal of syringes used for oral administration.
  
  
  METHODS
  A 2-year-old male with a history of a persistent junctional reciprocating tachycardia had been receiving flecainide 4.8 mg/kg/day (1 mL 3 times daily) and nadolol 2 mg/kg/day (5 mL once daily) for 10 months. One morning, 3 hours after the drugs were administered, he became bradycardic (heart rate 50 beats/min) and then presented to the emergency department with vital signs absent. After initial cardiopulmonary resuscitation and epinephrine, he was bradycardic; this was followed by wide-complex tachycardia that converted rapidly to narrow-complex tachycardia after bolus administration of intravenous sodium bicarbonate for suspected flecainide intoxication. Following resuscitation, he remained hemodynamically stable and was discharged in normal sinus rhythm without neurologic sequelae. Drug concentrations obtained at the time of presentation showed a serum concentration of flecainide of 0.668 microg/mL. Drug formulations were also analyzed and found to contain the expected concentration of flecainide.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Literature regarding adverse drug events in the pediatric outpatient population is reviewed, as well as how these risks apply to flecainide, a medication with a low margin of safety. Pediatric experience with flecainide intoxication and sodium bicarbonate administration as an antidote is reviewed. Analysis of the serum drug concentrations demonstrated blood concentrations consistent with syringe reversal, which would have produced a 5-fold flecainide overdose. The Naranjo probability scale indicated a highly probable relationship between flecainide ingestion and the life-threatening event in this case.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  This case of life-threatening flecainide intoxication in a young child, secondary to accidental reversal of medication syringes, underscores the importance of providing parents with accurate dispensing information and labeling medication bottles and syringes in an unambiguous manner.
authors: Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital, London Health Sciences Centre, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada.
authors: Lisa C A
authors: LC
authors: D'Alessandro
authors: Michael J
authors: MJ
authors: Rieder
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Gloor
authors: David
authors: D
authors: Freeman
authors: Ilan
authors: I
authors: Buffo-Sequiera
mesh_terms: D000284:Administration, Oral; D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D001919:Bradycardia / Q000139:chemically induced; D016887:Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; D002675:Child, Preschool; D062787:Drug Overdose; D005424:Flecainide / Q000097:blood / Q000506:poisoning*; D006801:Humans; D008297:Male; D008508:Medication Errors; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate / Q000627:therapeutic use; D013594:Syringes; D013610:Tachycardia / Q000139:chemically induced
chemical_list: D000889:Anti-Arrhythmia Agents; D017693:Sodium Bicarbonate; D005424:Flecainide