title: Comparison of transcutaneous ultrasound over the right flank with transrectal ultrasound for pregnancy diagnosis in the dairy cow.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of transrectal ultrasound and transcutaneous ultrasonography across the right flank between days 31 and 196 of pregnancy in the dairy cow.
  
  
  METHODS
  Pregnancy status and stage of gestation at date of pregnancy diagnosis by transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonography were determined for 1570 dairy cattle. Sensitivity and specificity values and probabilities of a correct diagnosis for both techniques were determined and compared. Possible effects of gestational age, herd, method of transcutaneous ultrasound diagnosis, cow age, cow and bull breed, and calf sex on the determination of a correct diagnosis of pregnancy status were evaluated for both techniques.
  
  
  RESULTS
  The overall sensitivity and probability of a correct diagnosis of pregnancy status from days 31 to 196 of gestation were significantly higher when using transrectal ultrasound relative to transcutaneous ultrasound over the right flank. However, the sensitivity of transcutaneous ultrasound changed over the course of pregnancy: it was low (7-8%) before day 84, increased to 89% between days 141 and 154, and was close to 100% thereafter. The specificity of both methods did not differ significantly. Herd and gestational age at date of pregnancy diagnosis were significantly associated with making a correct test result using transcutaneous ultrasound, although only the latter predictor was significantly associated with making a correct test result using transrectal ultrasound.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  Transcutaneous ultrasound can not be recommended as an accurate method for early pregnancy diagnosis in the dairy cow, particularly on a whole-herd basis. However, if pregnancy testing is undertaken in mid to late gestation, this technique could provide an accurate and rapid alternative to transrectal ultrasound or manual palpation per rectum.
authors: Whangarei Veterinary Services, New Zealand. j.glossop@johnes.co.nz
authors: J C
authors: JC
authors: Hunnam
authors: T J
authors: TJ
authors: Parkinson
authors: N
authors: N
authors: Lopez-Villalobos
authors: S
authors: S
authors: McDougall
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D002417:Cattle / Q000502:physiology*; D005260:Female; D005865:Gestational Age; D008297:Male; D011237:Predictive Value of Tests; D011247:Pregnancy; D011258:Pregnancy Tests / Q000379:methods / Q000662:veterinary*; D011270:Pregnancy, Animal / Q000502:physiology*; D012680:Sensitivity and Specificity; D016216:Ultrasonography, Prenatal / Q000379:methods / Q000592:standards / Q000662:veterinary*