Chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium vivax malaria in Serbo town, Jimma zone, south-west Ethiopia.
BACKGROUND
Ethiopia has the highest proportion of vivax malaria, approximately 40% of all malaria infections, in contrast to African countries. Chloroquine (CQ) is the drug of choice for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection in the country, although CQ resistant P. vivax (CRPv) has started to challenge the efficacy of the drug. The present study was conducted to assess the current status of CRPv at Serbo, Jimma zone, south-west Ethiopia.


METHODS
A 28-day in vivo therapeutic efficacy test was conducted from October 2007 to January 2008. Recurrence of parasitaemia and the clinical condition of patients were assessed on each visit during the follow-up. The levels of haemoglobin (Hb) in the study participants were determined. The patients' blood drug levels were measured using HPLC. Data was analysed using SPSS for windows version 10.0. HPLC data was computed using Chem Station for LC 3D systems software.


RESULTS
Of the total 84 patients included in the study, 78 completed their 28-day follow-up, six of whom being excluded for different reasons. In three children (aged 7, 12 and 13 years), parasitaemia reappeared within the 28-days follow-up in spite of adequate absorption of the drug and absence of malaria symptom. In addition, on the day of recurrence of parasitaemia the levels of chloroquine-desethylchloroquine (CQ-DCQ) were above the minimum effective concentration (>or=100 etag/ml) in all the three cases, showing that treatment failure could not be attributed to low level of drug in the patients blood.


CONCLUSIONS
Reappearance of the parasite within the 28 days of follow-up is due to parasite resistance to CQ. The 3.6% (95% CI = -0.038 - 0.0758) prevalence of CRPv malaria in the study area signals the need for launching monitory activities for CQ resistant P. vivax. Moreover, as former report from the same country, Debrezeit, also showed the occurrence of CRPv, survey on CRPv malaria should be made in P. vivax endemic areas in order to estimate the level of burden across the country.
Ketema
Tsige
T
Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. tsigeketema@gmail.com
Bacha
Ketema
K
Birhanu
Tarekegn
T
Petros
Beyene
B
D000293:Adolescent; D000328:Adult; D000818:Animals; D000962:Antimalarials / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D001774:Blood Chemical Analysis; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D002738:Chloroquine / Q000494:pharmacology / Q000627:therapeutic use*; D016054:DNA, Protozoan / Q000235:genetics; D004351:Drug Resistance; D005002:Ethiopia; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D016780:Malaria, Vivax / Q000188:drug therapy* / Q000469:parasitology*; D008297:Male; D008875:Middle Aged; D018512:Parasitemia / Q000188:drug therapy / Q000469:parasitology; D010966:Plasmodium vivax / Q000145:classification / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000235:genetics / Q000302:isolation & purification; D012008:Recurrence; D016896:Treatment Outcome; D055815:Young Adult
D000962:Antimalarials; D016054:DNA, Protozoan; D002738:Chloroquine