title: Continuous incisional infusion of local anesthetic in pediatric patients following open heart surgery.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  To determine the efficacy and safety of a continuous subcutaneous local anesthetic (LA) infusion in pediatric patients following open heart surgery.
  
  
  BACKGROUND
  The use of a continuous LA infusion has been shown to be beneficial following adult cardiac surgery. To date there are no studies in the pediatric population.
  
  
  METHODS
  Using a prospective, randomized, and double blind design, we compared LA, either 0.25% levobupivacaine or bupivacaine (Treatment Group) to saline (Placebo Group) delivered subcutaneously via a continuous infusion for 72 h after open heart surgery in 72 patients. Requirements for postoperative analgesics and pain scores were recorded for 72 h and plasma levels of local anesthetic were measured. Secondary outcomes measures included time to first oral intake, time to first bowel movement, time to urinary catheter removal, length of stay, requirements for antiemetics and additional sedation.
  
  
  RESULTS
  Total morphine requirements over the first 24 h were less in the Treatment Group than the Placebo Group (0.05 mg x kg(-1) vs 0.2 mg x kg(-1), P = 0.007); this was true for all patient groups except those patients weighing less than 6.3 kg. The number of patients requiring no morphine was greater in the Treatment Group (7/35 vs 1/37, P = 0.02). The Treatment Group also received less midazolam, lorazepam, and ketorolac than the Placebo Group over 72 h due to the reduced clinical need for these agents in patients weighing less than 31 kg. There were no differences in secondary outcomes.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  A continuous incisional infusion of LA reduced postoperative analgesic requirement and sedative use in pediatric patients undergoing a median sternotomy incision. Dosed at a maximum rate of 0.4 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1), a continuous incisional infusion of LA is effective and safe for up to 72 h, with plasma levels of local anesthetic well below the toxic threshold.
authors: Congenital Heart Institute of Miami Children's Hospital and Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Miami, FL 33155, USA. christopher.tirotta@mch.com
authors: Christopher F
authors: CF
authors: Tirotta
authors: Hamish M
authors: HM
authors: Munro
authors: Jane
authors: J
authors: Salvaggio
authors: Danielle
authors: D
authors: Madril
authors: Donald E
authors: DE
authors: Felix
authors: Lynda
authors: L
authors: Rusinowski
authors: Cristi
authors: C
authors: Tyler
authors: William
authors: W
authors: Decampli
authors: Robert L
authors: RL
authors: Hannan
authors: Redmond P
authors: RP
authors: Burke
mesh_terms: D000293:Adolescent; D000779:Anesthetics, Local / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000097:blood; D002045:Bupivacaine / Q000008:administration & dosage* / Q000031:analogs & derivatives / Q000097:blood; D006348:Cardiac Surgical Procedures / Q000379:methods*; D002648:Child; D002675:Child, Preschool; D004311:Double-Blind Method; D005260:Female; D006801:Humans; D007223:Infant; D055104:Infusions, Subcutaneous; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D008297:Male; D009020:Morphine / Q000627:therapeutic use; D010149:Postoperative Pain / Q000188:drug therapy; D020250:Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting / Q000517:prevention & control; D011446:Prospective Studies; D016896:Treatment Outcome
chemical_list: D000779:Anesthetics, Local; D009020:Morphine; D000077554:Levobupivacaine; D002045:Bupivacaine