title: Antifungal compounds redirect metabolic pathways in yeasts: metabolites as indicators of modes of action.
abstract: OBJECTIVE
  Metabolic pathways, e.g. biosynthesis of ergosterol or carbohydrate metabolism including respiration, are well-known targets of several fungicides. With our study we wanted to prove that metabolite profiles can be used to classify fungicides according to their mode of action and that concentrations of key metabolites are changed even without detectable reduced growth rates.
  
  
  RESULTS
  We exposed the yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae to inhibitors of the electron transport chain and to compounds known to interact with osmotic stress defence pathways. Glycerol and ethanol were chosen as key metabolites of branches of glucose catabolism. Increased glycerol concentrations were observed not only when the osmotic stress response was activated, but also as response to the inhibition of the electron transfer chain, whereas elevated ethanol levels were observed only when the respiratory pathways were blocked.
  
  
  CONCLUSIONS
  The treatment of the yeasts Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with antimycotic compounds led to a redirection of metabolic pathways, which could be followed by the quantification of both the metabolites ethanol and glycerol. Only the combination of both concentration profiles allowed the clear distinction between inhibitors of the respiratory chain and effects on the osmotic stress response pathway. IMPACT OF STUDY: The extension of the number of metabolites to a comprehensive quantitative metabolic profile of compound-treated test organisms can be an additional tool in fungicide research allowing the detection of compounds which act on fungi and, moreover, the elucidation of modes of action.
authors: Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Research Group Biological Systems Analysis, Inhoffenstr, Braunschweig, Germany.
authors: J
authors: J
authors: Wesolowski
authors: R Y A
authors: RY
authors: Hassan
authors: K
authors: K
authors: Reinhardt
authors: S
authors: S
authors: Hodde
authors: U
authors: U
authors: Bilitewski
mesh_terms: D000935:Antifungal Agents / Q000494:pharmacology*; D002176:Candida albicans / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*; D000431:Ethanol / Q000378:metabolism; D005947:Glucose / Q000378:metabolism; D005990:Glycerol / Q000378:metabolism; D010101:Oxygen Consumption; D012441:Saccharomyces cerevisiae / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000378:metabolism*
chemical_list: D000935:Antifungal Agents; D000431:Ethanol; D005947:Glucose; D005990:Glycerol