title: Spatial and temporal evolution of imposex in dogwhelk Nucella lapillus (L.) populations from North Wales, UK.
abstract: Nucella lapillus imposex and organotin tissue contamination were assessed, during 2006, at twenty sites in North Wales, between Anglesey and Shell Island on the Lleyn Peninsula. Vas Deferens Sequence Index (VDSI), Relative Penis Size Index (RPSI) and the percentage of affected females (%I) were used to assess imposex levels which varied between 0.5 and 3.8 for VDSI, 0.0 and 11.5% for RPSI and 49 and 100% for %I. Tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) concentrations in whole tissues varied between 0.8 and 39 and 0.4 and 2.1 ng Sn/g dry weight, respectively. TBT represented the higher fraction of butyltin compounds in the tissues, suggesting that TBT inputs continue to occur. Comparisons with nineteen years of data collected during previous studies demonstrated that there had been a significant reduction in imposex levels over the last two decades following the introduction of legislative restrictions in the U.K. regarding the use of organotin based antifouling paints.
authors: Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal. isabeloliveira@ua.pt
authors: Isabel Benta
authors: IB
authors: Oliveira
authors: Christopher Allan
authors: CA
authors: Richardson
authors: Ana Catarina
authors: AC
authors: Sousa
authors: Shin
authors: S
authors: Takahashi
authors: Shinsuke
authors: S
authors: Tanabe
authors: Carlos Miguez
authors: CM
authors: Barroso
mesh_terms: D000818:Animals; D005075:Biological Evolution; D003710:Demography; D012734:Disorders of Sex Development; D004784:Environmental Monitoring; D005260:Female; D049851:Gastropoda / Q000187:drug effects* / Q000254:growth & development; D008297:Male; D009947:Organotin Compounds / Q000032:analysis / Q000378:metabolism / Q000633:toxicity; D010413:Penis / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D012727:Sex Characteristics; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity; D014649:Vas Deferens / Q000187:drug effects / Q000254:growth & development / Q000503:physiopathology; D014852:Wales; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical / Q000032:analysis* / Q000633:toxicity
chemical_list: D009947:Organotin Compounds; D014220:Trialkyltin Compounds; D014874:Water Pollutants, Chemical; C011559:tributyltin; C030665:triphenyltin